This week, we're taking on your science questions. We find out how cockroaches and ants avoid the heat in a microwave oven, how best to protect yourself from lightning and why a light box can save you from a SAD winter. Also, a table decoration inspired, radiation-resistant spaceship design to keep astronauts healthy, how the contraceptive pill hurts A lapdancers' looks and why penguins prefer to go fishing with their pals. Plus, in Kitchen Science, Dave explains how to make a detector for the Earth's magnetic field - a home made compass! But will it work in space? And what will happen when the Earth's magnetic field swaps round? We answer all these questions and more.
In this episode
Pill bad for Lapdancers' fortunes
A new study by researchers at the University of New Mexico at Albuquerque and published in this month's Evolution and Human Behaviour shows that female lapdancers seeking to supersize their earnings should eschew use of the oral contraceptive pill, because it makes them less attractive to tipping punters.
Geoffrey Miller and his colleagues recruited 18 lapdancers from local clubs and asked them to record their menstrual activity, earnings and contraceptive pill use over a 60 day period. The results were striking: the earnings of normally-cycling (non pill-using) women peaked in line with their fertility, exceeding $350 per shift by mid cycle. But their contraceptively-compromised (pill using) counterparts fared less well, earning an average of only $200 in tips per shift throughout their cycles. Significantly, both groups earned approximately the same amount during menstruation, indicating that the effect was not due to an overall difference in attractiveness between the women.
The results strongly argue for the existence of a female "oestrus", which prevailing wisdom claimed had been lost amongst humans during evolution. Instead the results suggest that men can subconsciously detect when women are at their most fertile and tend to judge them as more attractive, valuable and, it would seem, worthy of larger tips at this time! So as well as health consequences, there may be an economic disadvantage to taking the pill too!
Crocs Cry Real Tears
There's an old myth that crocodiles cry in fake remorse while devouring a meal, which is why we say someone is "crying crocodile tears" when they insincerely turn on the waterworks.
But it turns out that crocs really do weep when they are eating, but surely not because they are feeling emotional.
Normally, it's rather tricky to work out whether crocodiles are crying when they eat because they spend so much of their time in water and are such feisty creatures they are difficult to train to eat on land. So instead of looking at crocodiles, scientists from the University of Florida decided to try and work out once and for all whether these scaly reptiles do indeed cry while eating, by watching four caimans and three alligators - the slightly less formidable close relatives of crocodiles - which were trained to feed on dry land at a zoo in Florida.
And the researchers saw that the most of the caiman and alligators did cry while tucking into a meal, some of them even bubbled and frothed from their eyes, confirming what until now had just been anecdotal reports of weeping diners.
There are a couple of possible explanations for the tears shed by the caimans and alligators while they were eating; it could be linked to the hissing and huffing behaviour that often accompanies feeding - by forcing air through their sinuses crocs might stimulate the production of fluid in the lacrimal glands or tear glands; it's also possible that the mechanical action of biting down on their food might cause the jaw muscles to squeeze tears out of the tear glands.
And like human tears, croc tears are likely to be a way of protecting the eyes. While the crocs are feeding there is a lot of activity around the head, when they are subduing their prey, and tears as well as pulling their eyes deeper into their sockets, might help protect them from getting damaged.
And a rather interesting thing is that the idea for this study came partly from a condition in humans known as crocodile tears, in which people cry when they eat. The scientists wanted to get to the bottom of whether crocodiles really do shed tears, and it seems they do.
Particle Physicists Help Fight Fires
Particle Physicists may help foresters by finding fires for them.
This year, forest fires have been particularly in the news with fires in Greece killing at least 64 people and doing nearly a billion pounds worth of damage. Once the fire has got hold it is almost impossible to fight it - the trick is to catch it before it gets to this stage.
Sattelites can detect fires larger than 30 acres and by looking at the smoke you can find smaller fires, as long as it isn't too windy. Still, this is already too late.
Vladamir Peskov and Antonio Zirhichi have been developing Ultra-violet sensors fot the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, to detect light given off by particles coming out of particle collisons. These detectors are 100 times more sensitive than anything else available, and because flames give off UV light they can detect a flame from 25 meters away and will respond in a few microseconds - it could also be used to detect sparks in oil installations.
They are suggesting mounting their detectors on towers to give firefighters better warning of fires before they become unmanageable.
Ant use-by date
New research published in this month's Animal Behaviour reveals that ants seem to be able to predict their own best before dates.
Dawid Moron from Jagiellonian University in Poland artifically aged European Myrmica scabrinodis ants by exposing them to CO2, which damages the nervous system, or by giving them small injuries to make them vulnerable to infection and dehydration. Over the following five weeks the team then followed up how the injured ants fared against their uninjured nest-mates, and what roles they fulfilled in their colonies. Intriguingly, compared with uninjured ants of a similar age, the compromised individuals tended to take on higher risk tasks, such as foraging outside the nest, at a much younger age than normal. And the more severe their injuries, the sooner they took on these tasks. Such roles are usually assigned only to much older ants, which are deemed more expendable because they are closer to the ends of their lives. They are also more likely to carry parasites and other infections that might pose a threat to the colony, so it makes sense for them to spend more time outside the nest, compared with more valuable younger healthier specimens, that are confined to barracks initially.
These new findings shed light on how this pecking order might be achieved, which is at least partly due to ants having a strong grasp of their own mortality, and even their "time to live"!
Penguins pick their favourite fishing palls
Picture the scene. You're sitting on a beach on the south coast of Australia, with your eyes and nose filled with the sounds and smells of waves crashing in the distance. But you're not alone, and a gaggle of fairy penguins come hopping and waddling past you, as they make their way down to the sea to go feeding for the day.
These are the smallest of the worlds penguins, standing just over one foot tall, and instead of dashing down the beach in one big group, the penguins break up into smaller gangs of five to ten, to help avoid being snapped up by predators.
This was the scene that a team of researchers saw at Philip Island Nature Park, in Victoria Australia, and it got them wondering whether the birds form these groups randomly or whether penguins selectively choose particular fishing buddies, a bit like kids picking teams in the school playground for a game of football.
The scientists monitored the movements of individual penguins for four years using an Automated Penguin Monitoring System, which involves placing electronic microchips under their skin.
And they found that penguins do indeed tend to team up with the same penguins to go out fishing, perhaps because it helps if teams of penguins share the same knowledge of particular fishing sites.
But the penguins didn't always team up into the same groups. In years when food was less abundant and fewer chicks were fledged, penguins tended to abandon their groups and feed on their own, perhaps so they didn't have to share the food they found.
And also younger and older penguins weren't picked to form fishing teams because both groups tend to be less good at fishing.
Can ants survive in a microwave?
Someone wrote to us at the Naked Scientists recently who said 'I found a cockroach crawling around in my microwave,' and they said that just for fun they turned on the microwave to zap him. They opened the door 30 seconds later and he was still crawling around. So it seems some things can survive a dose of microwaves.In a microwave oven the microwaves come out from the right hand side and they bounce off the metal of the far side. It acts like a mirror and it bounces backwards and forwards and they form what's called a standing wave. You get areas of the microwave which are very, very hot; which have got very, very powerful microwaves and others with approximately nothing at all. There's about 7.5cm between these hotspots. So you get about four or five hotspots in your microwave, depending on how big it is. If an ant were in a hotspot it would just feel to them like they were in a very, very hot place. So naturally, they'd want to get away from it to somewhere cooler. They would just walk to somewhere cooler where they'll feel a lot more comfortable: just sit there and be fine! It would be more interesting if there's a turntable because it's there to move the food through the hotspots all the time. The ants would have to keep walking round the turntable to avoid getting cooked.So it's not a myth after all. There was somebody who made their way into the newspapers for all the wrong reason and they didn't survive, actually. They decided, in a rush to go out on a date, that they would put their head in the microwave to dry their hair quickly. Unfortunately they didn't survive the experience but their hair looked great afterwards!
What should I do when cycling in a thunderstorm?
The way a car protects you from a lightning strike is not because the tyres are insulating so the lightning can't go through it. It's because you're surrounded by the steel body of the car which conducts electricity much better than you do. If lightning hits the car the current is going to want to go through the steel much more than it's going to want to go through you, so the current just goes around you and you're absolutely fine in the middle. This effect is called a Faraday Cage. If you're sitting on a bike and you're not surrounded by metal then the bike will probably make it worse because it will produce a very nice conductive path from your head, through your arms, through the bike and down to the ground very easily. Rubber is an insulator, but even though the tyres are rubber, They're only about 1 inch across and this means the voltage needed to put a spark across that isn't very large. The spark has already jumped about 500m from the clouds to you through the sky. Another inch to the ground isn't going to be too much of a problem.
Why do cooked plums taste so bitter?
We couldn't answer this on the show last time, so we asked you to help. This answer came from Colleen in Michigan:Colleen suspects it's to do with the breakdown of sugars that give that bitter taste. When you're cooking the sugars at high heat you get non-enzymatic browning which occurs either through caramelisation or something called the Maillard reaction. That is an interaction of proteins and sugars. A free amino group of a protein reacts with a carbon-R group of a sugar, producing something called N-glycosylamine. This is unstable and is basically a downstream product. It breaks down into something called the melanoidins which can be bitter to taste. The reactions are pretty complex, she says, and not well understood. So there could be lots of different reasons. That might be why cooking, she says, is so much of an art!
21:23 - Great Trainers or Cash Drainers?
Great Trainers or Cash Drainers?
with Professor Rami Abboud, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School at the University of Dundee
Chris - Now, there's a very interesting study that's been done this week and to join us to talk about it is Professor Rami Abboud. Hello Rami, how are you?
Rami - Hello!
Chris - Thank you for joining us. Now, people think that the more you spend on a pair of trainers the better they're going to be for your sporting prowess but you're saying that's not the case?
Rami - Well, that's what we've found in a study that we've conducted. This is a part of a bigger study, in fact. The database got published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine from a much smaller part of a study that was started some five years ago. What we've done with this study is we've taken three brands and for each brand we have taken low-, medium- and high-cost running shoes. We've compared these three within the same brand. We've used a system called Pedar® which has electronic insoles with 99 sensors each, capable of measuring the pressure between the trainer and the plantar surface of the foot. Then we compared the outcome between the different price tags of each brand and then across the brand.
What we found was that the medium cost and the low-cost running shoes are as good as the most expensive ones if not better within the categories that we have chosen.
Chris - Now, you chose quite a narrow price-banding, if I may say so. I mean GBP30 for a pair of trainers in my book is quite expensive. I go and buy the tenner variety. So what do you think would happen if you bought the really cheap trainers?
Rami - What we have done is look at the branded names. Now, one thing we have not done is look at the non-branded ones. We looked at the branded ones and have actually covered the price tags from GBP30 to GBP150. But this data that we have published now only covered the GBP40-GBP75 bracket.
Chris - So the bottom line is, don't waste money on some really expensive trainers because there's no benefit to your bones through doing that.
Rami - Well, the effect of cushioning that we've found in the lower and medium was as good as the most expensive in the ones that we tested. What I would advise the consumers to buy are trainers that are going to fit length and width. They have to be comfortable for them, the shoes have to conform to the feet and that should be irrespective of the price tag. Someone's going to tell me that some of the higher-end has support, more than lower band. I would refute that because within the brand there are, at the lower end as well, support for the feet. You should go with what is best for your feet irrespective of the price tag.
Chris - So how do these big name brands get away with telling us we should be parting with GBP100 for a set of trainers when actually your clinical evidence says that there's no benefit of doing that.
Rami - Well, I think that's a question that should go to the manufacturers.
Chris - Will you be sending them a copy of this paper? They're obviously ripping people off, aren't they?
Rami - Well this paper is available for anybody to download from the journal. We have, as I said, done extensive studies on these trainers. There will be a series of these papers coming out each year, covering endurance, covering - will they go the extra mile - and so forth. It has been a comprehensive study, not only using sensor-pressure devices but we even used Pedar® meters to look at the shock waves.
Chris - Well, thank you very much for telling us about that, Rami.
Rami - Pleasure.
Chris - That was Professor Rami Abboud, he's from the Ninewells Hospital and Medical School at the University of Dundee.
Why do I feel my phone vibrating on the wrong leg?
We here at the Naked Scientists wouldn't like to comment on whether or not Tommy is weird, but if he is, he's in good company! Our very own Dr Chris experiences something similar:
Chris - What I have got is, on the outside edge of each elbow, if I pinch the outer skin of my elbow I feel a pain on a strip of skin on my trunk (about, if I laid my arm down by my side, where my elbow would be on my trunk). I feel that hurting there too. On both sides.
This is interesting. I think it's a sort of miswiring of the nervous system and it's got an embryological basis to it.
When the body develops, you start off as this flat plate of cells and that then rolls up into a tube. It's split up into segments a bit like a centipede. Well, we're very similar, we have segments to our body. And some of those segments are specialised.
Two segments produce arms at the top and two segments down below produce legs. They bud out from the body segment and they pull the nerve supply from that segment with them.
You end up with a sort of extension of the nervous system down into the two limbs: upper and lower.
That then goes into the central nervous system and informs your spinal column as to what's going on in that bit of the body.
It's possible, I suppose, that some of the nerves, as well as being connected to the hand and the spinal cord area encoding the hand, could also be routed to the bit of the body that original bulge came out of to form the limb.
So in the case of the questionner, I suspect there's a sort of a crossover going on in his nervous system where something has not crossed properly and the nerves from one side of the body are triggering nerves for the other side of the body. So it's a sort of referred sensation phenomenon.
What does a compass do in space?
This basically depends where you are in space. You may have played with a magnet when you were a kid with some iron filings on a piece of paper. You'll have seen something that looks very much like the Earth's magnetic field produced by a magnet. From a magnet it comes out of the North Pole and curves round in two big ovals and comes back upwards at the South Pole. We on Earth can't see that field and so when we're on the ground it's going from the South Pole to the North Pole and so the compass points north. If you were right at the North Pole it would actually point straight downwards and if you were at the south pole it would point straight upwards. Now if you were out in space you would have the same thing. So if you were above the equator it would essentially be pointing to the north. And if you were above the Poles it would be pointing straight up or down. The farther away you go, the weaker it will get so that eventually the sun's magnetic field will overwhelm it. So if you were to fly around the world in a geosychronous way so that you were parallel to the equator and going round at the same rate as the Earth, it should still point north-south. But if you were to do an orbit Pole-Pole, like some of the weather satellites do, would it get confused as it went over the North Pole pointing straight down at the North Pole and rotating over and over its head as you go round.Spaceships mostly they get their direction by looking at the stars. The North Star is always in the same direction so you look at where it is and you know which direction you're pointing in.
How do spiders spring webs across gaps?
Spiders produce a very light and floaty piece of silk from their spinneretts and just wave it out in the breeze. the wind will carry it away and if it actually sticks on to something a bit further away it can start building its web. It's all a bit chancy really, it's not a determined thing. Once that first little thin line has stuck on they'll climb along it and reinforce that first strut. Then they actually use their own bodies and footsteps to measure along and count back to the middle of it to get to the central point. Then they drop a sort of plumb line using themselves as the weight. They'll go down like an absailer down a cliff. They absail down that line to make a Y-shape and that is the scaffolding they'll fill in with different patterns.
Do daylight replacement boxes work?
There's lots of research on light boxes that really do work. Lots of people have Seasonal Affective Disorder. It's a real entity, we think it has a genetic basis. This is where people feel the urge to want to hibernate as soon as you go into Winter. As soon as the days start to get shorter, you don't get enough sun exposure. Or if you have to work nights, it can make you feel really quite nasty and quite depressed. For people who have this it can be quite disabling. So scientists have found that if you get a light box which gives you lots and lots of light in the morning (morning seems to be quite important) it seems to make people feel better. What's the physiological basis for it? Well, you have a body clock in the part of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus. It's got about five thousand nerve cells that work like a genetic domino effect. One gene turns on a second gene which turns on a third gene and that turns on a fourth gene and that turns off the first gene again and the whole thing goes round in a circle. That's how it keeps time. It needs to be able to reset itself because if you go abroad on an aeroplane you get jetlagged for a little while before it resets. Recently, in the last four or five years, scientists have found there's a population of nerve cells in your eyes which see light which is at the blue end of the spectrum and they don't actually show your brain what they're seeing. They just tell your body clock what they're seeing. They tell the body clock when it's bright and when it's dark and by doing that they can reset your body clock and keep it in time. By shining this extra light, scientists think that's how you can rescue your body clock if you need to.
34:38 - Machinima
with Chris Vallance
Now we have a new feature on the Naked Scientists each month with the help of Chris Vallance. We'll be taking a look at exciting new developments in the world of technology. This month he joins us to talk about the emerging world of machinima. This is where people use computer games to make movies of their own. They use design features built into the game to edit the scenery and use characters to tell a story of their own. They record this and distribute it over the internet. It sounds really weird and whacky but is actually a big business!
Red vs Blue clip - "Yes, everything is coming together as planned and these fools still have no idea. Once the young one gets his sword there will be no stopping us. Mwahahahahahaaa..."
Chris Vallance - What we just heard is a little clip of 'machinima'. Now, the word itself is a contraction of machine-cinema which tells you what it's all about. If you think about puppetry, well, these are films made. Instead of using physical puppets what you use are the characters in computer games. So, instead of picking up big bird or whatever the puppet of choice is, groucho, you go and turn on your Xbox or Playstation and use the characters in the game. Now what we heard there was a clip from one of the best-known machinima films, it's Red vs. Blue, it's based on the game Halo. It has become incredibly popular as many of these games have. And we've started to see them influence the mainstream. We're starting to see film-makers and advertisers pick up on this stuff as well which is why this weekend at De Montfort University, as the programme is going out, Europe's first festival of machinima bringing together filmmakers and people interested in this technology from all over Europe. I spoke to Professor Andre Hugill who is director of the Institute of Creative Technologies at De Montfort University. I asked him why machinima wasn't just an updated form of puppetry or physical theatre.
Andre Hugill - It's got elements of both of those and it's got elements of animation and cinema. What's unique is that it's user-generated content. It's empowering or enabling people to create original work fairly easily and they've got quite a range of resources available to them such as the ability to use camera angles, render buildings at any time of day or night with ease; create virtual environments and so on. I thin kit offers up a portfolio of possibilities.
Chris - So Andrew Hugill seems pretty convinced as to its worth but to be honest, Chris it sounds a little geeky or anorak-y. Do you think this is really going to catch on and be popular?
Chris Vallance - Well I think the examples there from advertising are perhaps the clearest. There are starting to emerge machinima-type commercials. In the States, recently aired during the football games, a Toyota commercial but was based on World of Warcraft. We have World of Warcraft characters and one of them suddenly pops up with a brand new Toyota truck and he meets the boss baddy at the end with his amazing magic pick-up. That kind of thing is definitely becoming mainstream. Now what's different about machinima is that it's actually live. The characters aren't manipulated and it's filmed without animation or careful step-by-step processes. It's much more like puppetry in that sense.
Chris - Do you actually see a convergence between what's happening in the gaming world then and the film world? Is this an attempt to maximise the commercial potential because you can get one feeding off the other?
Chris Vallance - If we go back to Red vs. Blue we've just had the new version of Halo out to much excitement in the gaming world. Obviously Red vs. Blue is based on Halo so how does the fact that there's a new version of the game affect the films? Well, that's a question I put to Jason Saldaña of Rooster Teeth, the company that produced Red vs. Blue.
Jason Saldaña - It's good. It makes us figure out ways to do it, it's fun to do and we also have fun playing the game. With Halo 3, I haven't stopped playing it since it came out and the same can be said for all of the guys that we work with.
Chris Vallance - And is this a full-time job for you now?
Jason Saldaña - Yes, it is.
Chris Vallance - How many people do you know of who make their living making machinima?
Jason Saldaña - Probably just the six of us.
Chris Vallance - But it must be pretty fun on mortgage applications, I imagine.
Jason Saldaña - Yeah! Trying to explain to people what I do...today I went to the dentists and they asked me what I did for work and it took me, like, 20 minutes to tell them. You know, it can bee complicated.
Chris Vallance - So you heard from Jason there, well he's actually making a living out of machinima. Okay, there are only a few people in the world who can claim that but that does suggest that it's starting to creep its way into the commercial sphere.
Chris - So what do people think of the potential for this kind of technology? There must be manifold spin-offs that you could do with this kind of thing.
Chris Vallance - Well, there are. I don't know how much of an 80s kid you were but do you remember the Human League, do you remember Heaven 17? Well, if you do you'll know who Martin Ware is. He was a member of all those bands. He's now part of a group called the illustrious company working with 3D soundscapes. I spoke to Martin and asked him how he saw the future of machinima developing.
Martin Ware - Well, I'm very interested in this new form of narrative. All the time, the barriers between the visual and the real are becoming broken down and I think Duran Duran have already done a full-scale concert in second life. That's not quite the same as machinima but it is related in a sense. For instance, the Gorillaz is an animated version of the band. Only a sort of art-conceit in a way. In my career as a musician and producer I've always been interested in things that relate to paint in the old still perspective of conceptualising stuff like mini-symphonies in four minutes. I think this is potentially the 21st century version of that from a musical point of view.
Chris Vallance - So I think that's quite a nice idea, the idea of a live performance, both of music and of a virtual video, if you like: produced in a machinima style way. Perhaps when Mick Jagger gets that little bit too creaky to finally make his way onto the stage he'll consider replacing himself with a character from Halo 3.
Chris - Well that sounds pretty good!. The Rolling Stones could carry on for another five thousand years. Thank you very much Chris for joining us this month to bring us up to speed on the art of machinima, which apart from being hard to understand is also impossible to say, We look forward to joining you again next month for another update on what's hot from the world of technology.
Chris Vallance - Look forward to it.
Why do chickens lay all year round?
Well, it's actually all to do with selective breeding over thousands of years. Originally, if you get very old breeds of chicken, they are seasonal. Over each generation people have been picking the chickens which lay the most eggs and trying to breed those chickens. And so after generation after generation, the period which they lay eggs for is longer and longer and longer until, I'm not sure, probably the last 200 years they got to the point where they had chickens which would lay eggs all year round. So now, chickens will lay eggs all year round. Naked Scientist Dave Ansell used to keep chickens when he was growing up , and noticed that they would lay a lot more in the Spring than in the rest of the year. In the Spring you'd get 2 or 3 times more eggs than you would, say, in the Winter.With regards bloodspots, lots of people discard eggs that have blood spots in them because they think they've been fertilised. But there's more than one reason why you can have a bloodspot in an egg. As the egg is being formed in the oviduct, which is the part of the chicken which makes the egg, sometimes you can get a tear in the tissue or a leak from a blood vessel. This squirts a little bit of the chicken's blood into the egg. It's not harmful and doesn't mean the egg's been fertilised, it's just a bit of blood. So that's why you have bloodspots.
43:27 - How much would the sea rise if we stopped storing water in our houses?
How much would the sea rise if we stopped storing water in our houses?
Assuming everyone was storing maybe a cubic metre of water, (although some people have very big swimming pools most people maybe only have a little tank of water in the loft between four or five people). So with ten billion people we'd have 10,000 billion litres of water stored. If you work out the area of the Earth it comes out at about 100,000 billion square metres so maybe sea level would rise by about a millimetre.The calculation is that every twenty thousand years or so enough water arrives from outer space to raise the level of the oceans about an inch. So, it's miniscule against that.
Would an alarm clock attached to a light work well?
Getting higher levels of light in the morning would certainly help to beat Seasonal Affective Disorder. There was also an alarm clock made by researchers in America which was teathered to your brainwave patterns. When you are dreaming and at certain points during the night you tend to have REM (rapid eye movements), this means your brain is much more active than when it's in deep sleep. If you wake someone up when the brain's much more active then they feel much better and come-to much quicker than if you wake them up when they're in a deep sleep. So with this clock which you set the ideal time to wake up, and then it follows your sleep pattern and wakes you up based on you brain activity as close to your ideal time as it can.
45:25 - Avian Heartbeat count?
Avian Heartbeat count?
We put this question to Neil Forbes, a specialist in bird medicine and the president of the European College of Avian Medicine & Surgery, based at Great Western Exotic Vets in Swindon.
A little bit of explanation. The questioner suggests that his bird's heartrate is 10 x his own and I think that, as in many of these cases, some of these figures are wrong. The resting heartrate of a macaw is published to be 127, rising to 350 when being restrained or upset or in flight. And the recommended lifespan of a macaw is 35-50 years as opposed to the 80 years which is suggested. Now taking those figures, that would work out with a heartbeat of 4.3-6.2 x 10^9 so, in fact, far less than the 1.5 trillion suggested. In reality I think the honest answer is that actually birds have less heartbeats than mammals and that isn't a surprise at all. The metabolic rate of a bird is significantly faster than a mammal. Rather similar to a car engine running a bit faster than another car and as such you would expect them to run out a bit sooner than a mammal, rather than a bit later.
48:48 - Why do Jack Russell dogs sometimes run on three legs with a hind leg lifted?
Why do Jack Russell dogs sometimes run on three legs with a hind leg lifted?
This one has stumped the Naked Scientists team - we really don't know! Do you have any idea why this may be? If so, let us know!
Where is the safest place in a wood to run in a thunderstorm?
Well, you might think that standing under a tree is a really good idea because then the tree will get hit by lightning rather than you because it's a much better path than you are. The problem is that sap tends to heat up, turns to steam and then explodes, so you get bits of tree flying off and they can hit you and do more damage than possibly even by being hit by lightning itself. Also the tree is behaving as a wonderful lightning conductor and this is raising the the electrical potential of the ground around the tree. Animals like cows and sometimes horses are found dead in fields because the electricity flows over the ground. It's easier for the electricity to go up the cow's front legs, along its body and down its back legs, killing it in the process, than it is to go across the ground. At least some of the electricity does. So you could still get taken down by electricity spreading away across the forest floor.
How long will the earths magnetic field dissappear for?
The Earth's magnetic field does seem to flip every few hundred thousand years and we're overdue for one at the moment. A few years ago they thought this would take hundreds of thousand of years for it to flip slowly. But recent evidence suggests that it'll maybe flip over faster. In the process of it flipping over it doesn't tend to flip over evenly. What tends to happen is the North Pole gets weaker and weaker and sometimes you get two, three or four other North Poles around the Earth in different places that move around quite fast. Eventually it'll stabilise again the other way around. maybe after 20-30 years.
Is it just humans that get runny noses?
No, we're not. Lots of creatures do have sticky noses and it's all about protecting yourself from those things you might be breathing in. Basically it's a layer of stickiness to catch dust and, more importantly, viruses that might invade your delicate mucous membranes. Things get breathed in and whirled around in your nose like in a miniature dyson vacuum cleaner, and then they get flung to the sides where you've got these sticky walls. Then you blow your nose and get rid of it, or swallow it so it gets broken down in your stomach.

An tseachtain seo, táimid ag glacadh ar do cheisteanna eolaíochta. Faighimid amach conas a sheachain cockroaches agus ants an teas i oigheann micreathonn, conas is fearr chun tú féin a chosaint ó thimpiste agus cén fáth gur féidir le bosca solais a shábháil tú ó gheimhreadh SAD. Chomh maith leis sin, tá sé deartha ag bord a spreagadh, dearadh spásárthach atá frith- radaíocht chun spásairí a choinneáil sláintiúil, conas a dhéanann an pill frithghiniúna dochar do chuma lapdancers agus cén fáth go bhfuil pinginí ag dul ag iascaireacht lena gcairde. Ina theannta sin, in Kitchen Science, míníonn Dave conas braiteoir a dhéanamh do réimse maighnéadach na Talún - compás tí! Ach an oibreoidh sé sa spás? Agus cad a tharlóidh nuair a mhalartú réimse maighnéadach an Domhain ar fud? Freagraímid ar na ceisteanna seo go léir agus níos mó.
Sa eipeasóid seo
Pill olc do fortunes Lapdancers '
Léiríonn staidéar nua a rinne taighdeoirí in Ollscoil Nua-Mheicsiceo in Albuquerque agus a foilsíodh in Evolution and Human Behaviour an mhí seo go gcaithfidh damhsairí baineann atá ag iarraidh a n-ioncam a mhéadú a sheachaint úsáid a bhaint as an pill frithghiniúna ó bhéal, toisc go ndéanann sé níos lú tarraingteacha iad do lucht ceasaíneo.
Ghlac Geoffrey Miller agus a chomhghleacaithe 18 lapdancers ó chlubanna áitiúla agus d'iarr siad orthu a ngníomhaíocht menstrual, a thuilleamh agus a n-úsáid pill frithghiniúna a thaifeadadh thar thréimhse 60 lá. Bhí na torthaí suntasacha: tháinig an t-ioncam a bhí ag mná a bhí ag rothaíocht go gnáth (nach raibh ag úsáid pill) ar an airde i gcomhréir lena dtáirgeacht, ag dul thar $350 in aghaidh na hoibre faoi lár an tsraith. Ach ní raibh an-mhaith ag a gcomhghleacaithe a bhí faoi choimhríocht ó thaobh coscghiniúna (ag úsáid pill), agus ní raibh siad ag fáil ach $200 ar an meán i mbonn in aghaidh na hoibre ar feadh a gcuid timthriallta. Go suntasach, d'fhuair an dá ghrúpa thart ar an méid céanna le linn menstruation, ag léiriú nach raibh an éifeacht mar gheall ar difríocht fhoriomlán i tarraingteacht idir na mná.
Tugann na torthaí argóint láidir do bheith ann do "oestrus" baineann, a mhaígh an eagna atá i réim go raibh sé caillte i measc na ndaoine le linn an éabhlóide. Ina áit sin, léiríonn na torthaí gur féidir le fir a bhrath go fo-chomasach nuair a bhíonn mná ag a gcuid féirnéasa is mó agus go bhfuil claonadh acu breithniú a dhéanamh orthu mar níos tarraingtí, níos luachmhara agus, is cosúil, is fiú le fo-iarsmaí níos mó ag an am seo! Mar sin, chomh maith le hiarmhairtí sláinte, d'fhéadfadh míbhuntáiste eacnamaíoch a bheith ann freisin an pill a ghlacadh!
Tá na crocs ag caoineadh deochanna fíor
Tá sean-scéal ann go bhfuil crocodileanna ag caoineadh i aithreachas bréige agus iad ag ithe béile, agus sin an fáth a deirimid go bhfuil duine ag "caoineadh deora crocodile" nuair a chuireann siad an obair uisce ar aghaidh go míshásta.
Ach is léir go n-aontóidh crocodileanna i ndáiríre nuair a bhíonn siad ag ithe, ach is cinnte nach bhfuil siad ag mothú mothúchánach.
De ghnáth, tá sé deacair a fháil amach an bhfuil crocodileanna ag caoineadh nuair a itheann siad mar go gcaitheann siad an oiread sin dá gcuid ama san uisce agus go bhfuil siad ina gcrutháin chomh feisty go bhfuil sé deacair iad a oiliúint chun ithe ar thalamh. Mar sin, seachas féachaint ar chrocodíl, shocraigh eolaithe ó Ollscoil Florida iarracht a dhéanamh a fháil amach go deo an bhfuil na greamaigh scálacha seo ag caoineadh i ndáiríre agus iad ag ithe, trí bhreathnú ar cheithre caimín agus trí alligator - na gaolmhainn bheag nach bhfuil chomh mór le crocodileanna - a d'fhoghlaim go mbeadh siad ag ithe ar thalamh tirim i bhfásach in Florida.
Agus chonaic na taighdeoirí go raibh an chuid is mó de na caimín agus na alligators ag caoineadh agus iad ag cur isteach ar bhéile, cuid acu fiú ag boilgeoga agus ag scamhadh óna súile, ag deimhniú na tuairiscí anecdotal go dtí seo de chuairteoirí ag caoineadh.
Tá cúpla míniú is féidir ann ar na deora a chaitheann na caimíní agus na alligairí agus iad ag ithe; d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith nasctha leis an iompar síceáil agus huffing a bhíonn ag gabháil le hithe go minic - trí aer a chur trína sinuses d'fhéadfadh crocs a spreagadh táirgeadh sreabhach sna glúine lacrimal nó glúine deora; is féidir freisin go bhféadfadh an gníomh meicniúil a bhaineann le cnagadh ar a gcuid bia a bheith ag cur ar na matáin bhéal deora a shruthlú amach as na glúine deora.
Agus cosúil le deora an duine, is dócha go bhfuil deora na crocodile ina bhealach chun na súile a chosaint. Cé go bhfuil na crocs ag ithe tá a lán gníomhaíochta timpeall an chinn, nuair a bhíonn siad ag subjugating a n-íobairt, agus deora chomh maith le tarraingt a n-súil níos doimhne isteach ina sockets, d'fhéadfadh cabhrú a chosaint iad ó damáiste.
Agus rud suimiúil go leor is ea go tháinig an smaoineamh don staidéar seo go páirteach ó riocht i ndaoine ar a dtugtar deora crocodile, ina mbíonn daoine ag caoineadh nuair a itheann siad. Bhí na heolaithe ag iarraidh teacht go bun an bhfuil crocodileanna ag caitheamh deora i ndáiríre, agus is cosúil go ndéanann siad.
Cabhraíonn Físeoirí Páirtnéil le Dóiteáin a Chur
D'fhéadfadh Físeoirí Páirtnéid cuidiú le foraoiseoirí trí thine a aimsiú dóibh.
An bhliain seo, bhí tinte foraoise go háirithe sna nuachtanna le tinte sa Ghréig ag marú 64 duine ar a laghad agus ag déanamh damáiste ar fiú beagnach billiún punt. Nuair a bhíonn an tine ag gabháil le chéile tá sé beagnach dodhéanta troid a dhéanamh leis - is é an cleas é é a ghabháil sula dtéann sé go dtí an chéim seo.
Is féidir le satailítí tineanna níos mó ná 30 acra a bhrath agus trí féachaint ar an deatach is féidir leat tineanna níos lú a aimsiú, chomh fada agus nach bhfuil sé ró-ghaoithe. Fós féin, tá sé seo ró-dhéanach.
Tá Vladamir Peskov agus Antonio Zirhichi ag forbairt braiteoirí Ultra-Violet don Chóstach Mór Hadron ag CERN, chun solas a shainaithint a scaoiltear ó phíosaí a thagann amach ó chollisíní píosaí. Tá na braiteoirí seo 100 uair níos íogaire ná aon rud eile atá ar fáil, agus toisc go ndéanann lasracha solas UV a scaoileadh is féidir leo lasadh a bhrath ó 25 méadar ar shiúl agus beidh freagairt acu i gceann cúpla micreathrú - d'fhéadfaí é a úsáid freisin chun sparks a bhrath i suiteálacha ola.
Tá siad ag moladh a gcuid braiteoirí a chur ar thúr chun rabhadh níos fearr a thabhairt do na tineoirí faoi tinte sula ndéantar iad a rialú.
Dáta éaga
Léiríonn taighde nua a foilsíodh in Animal Behaviour an mhí seo go bhfuil an chuma ar an mbeith go bhfuil siad in ann a gcuid is fearr féin a thuar roimh dhátaí.
Dawid Moron ó Ollscoil Jagiellonian sa Pholainn a bhí ag dul in aois go saorga le mheaisíní Eorpacha Myrmica scabrinodis trína nochtadh dóibh do CO2, a dhéanann damáiste don chóras néaróg, nó trína ndéanamh díobhálacha beaga orthu chun iad a dhéanamh leochaileach do ionfhabhtuithe agus do dhíshuiteáil. Thar na cúig seachtaine ina dhiaidh sin lean an fhoireann ar aghaidh ansin ar an gcaoi a ndeachaigh na miorcanna gortaithe i gcoinne a gcuid comhpháirtithe nead neamhghorta, agus cad iad na róil a chomhlíon siad ina gcolúin. Go hiontach, i gcomparáid le miornáid neamhchlaonta den aois chéanna, bhí na daoine aonair atá faoi mhíchumas ag glacadh le cúraimí níos mó riosca, mar shampla bia a fháil lasmuigh den nead, ag aois i bhfad níos óige ná mar is gnách. Agus an níos déine a gcuid gortuithe, an níos luaithe a ghlac siad ar na tascanna. De ghnáth ní chuirtear róil den sórt sin ar fáil ach do mhná a bhfuil níos sine ná iad, a mheastar a bheith níos inúsáidte toisc go bhfuil siad níos gaire do dheireadh a saol. Tá seans níos mó ann freisin go bhfuil paraisítí agus ionfhabhtuithe eile acu a d'fhéadfadh bagairt a bheith ann don choilíneacht, mar sin tá sé ciallmhar dóibh níos mó ama a chaitheamh lasmuigh den nead, i gcomparáid le samplaí níos luachmhaire níos óige níos sláintiúla, atá teoranta do bharaic ar dtús.
Tugann na torthaí nua seo léargas ar an gcaoi a bhféadfaí an ord peicte seo a bhaint amach, rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith mar gheall ar a laghad go páirteach ar an bhfíric go bhfuil greim láidir ag an mbeithín ar a bháis féin, agus fiú ar a "am chun maireachtáil"!
Roghnaíonn pinginí a gcuid píolótaí iascaireachta is fearr leo
Samhlaigh an radharc. Tá tú ina suí ar thrá ar chósta theas na hAstráile, agus do shúile agus do shrón líonta le fuaimeanna agus le boladh na bhfuaimeanna ag cur isteach sa chiall. Ach níl tú i d'aonar, agus tagann ghrúpa de phinginí féar ag léim agus ag dul thart ort, agus iad ag dul síos go dtí an fharraige chun bia a fháil don lá.
Is iad seo na pingviní is lú ar domhan, ag seasamh díreach os cionn cosa amháin ar airde, agus in ionad dul síos an trá i ngrúpa mór amháin, scoilteann na pingviní isteach i ngrúpaí níos lú de chúig go deich, chun cabhrú le bheith ag snapped suas ag dílseoirí.
Ba é seo an radharc a chonaic foireann taighdeoirí i bPáirc Náisiúnta Oileán Philip, i Victoria san Astráil, agus chuir sé i gceist acu an ndéanann na héin na grúpaí seo go randamach nó an roghnaíonn na pinginí cairde iascaireachta áirithe, rud beag cosúil le páistí a roghnaíonn foirne i gcluiche peile sa pháirc scoile.
Rinne na heolaithe faireachán ar ghluaiseachtaí pingíní aonair ar feadh ceithre bliana trí Chóras Fhaireacháin Penguin Uathoibrithe a úsáid, rud a chiallaíonn go gcuirtear micreaclaí leictreonacha faoi a gcraiceann.
Agus fuair siad amach go bhfuil claonadh ag pingviní dul i ngleic le pingviní céanna chun dul amach ag iascaireacht, b'fhéidir toisc go gcuireann sé le chéile má tá an t-eolas céanna ag foirne pingviní faoi áiteanna iascaireachta ar leith.
Ach ní raibh na pingíní i gcónaí ag comhoibriú isteach sna grúpaí céanna. Sna blianta nuair a bhí bia níos lú abundant agus níos lú na cailíní bhí fledged, pingviní claonadh a thréigean a gcuid grúpaí agus a ithe ar a gcuid féin, b'fhéidir mar sin ní raibh siad a roinnt ar an bia a fuair siad.
Agus freisin ní raibh na pingíní níos óige agus níos sine roghnaithe chun foirne iascaireachta a fhoirmiú toisc go mbíonn an dá ghrúpa níos lú maith ag iascaireacht.
An féidir le miornáid maireachtáil i maicreathonn?
Scríobh duine éigin dúinn ag na Eolaithe Nocht le déanaí a dúirt 'Fuair mé cracóg ag crawling timpeall i mo mhicreathonn,' agus dúirt siad go díreach le haghaidh spraoi chuir siad ar an mhicreathonn chun é a zapadh. D'oscail siad an doras 30 soicind ina dhiaidh sin agus bhí sé fós crawling timpeall. Mar sin is cosúil gur féidir le roinnt rudaí dul i ngleic le dáileog de mhicreathonn.I oigheann mhicreathonn, téann na micreathonn amach ón taobh dheis agus déanann siad titim ar an miotail ar an taobh eile. Gníomhóidh sé cosúil le scáthán agus bounces sé ar ais agus ar aghaidh agus tá siad a fhoirmiú cad a dtugtar tonn seasamh. Tá áiteanna sa mhicreathonn atá an-te, a bhfuil micreathonn an-chumhachtach acu agus áiteanna eile nach bhfuil aon rud acu. Tá thart ar 7.5 cm idir na hotspots seo. Mar sin, faigheann tú thart ar ceithre nó cúig phointe te i do mhicreathonn, ag brath ar cé chomh mór is atá sé. Má bhí an t-amhrán i hotspot bheadh sé ach a bhraitheann dóibh mar a bhí siad i áit an-te, an-te. Mar sin, go nádúrtha, ba mhaith leo dul ar shiúl óna áit éigin níos fuara. Bheadh siad ag siúl go dtí áit éigin níos fuaraí áit a mbraitheann siad i bhfad níos compordaí: suí ann agus a bheith go maith! Bheadh sé níos suimiúla má tá turntable mar tá sé ann chun bogadh an bia trí na hotspots an t-am ar fad. Ba chóir do na miotail leanúint ar aghaidh ag siúl timpeall an turntable chun a sheachaint a bheith cócaráilte.Mar sin ní miotas é tar éis an tsaoil. Bhí duine éigin a rinne a mbealach isteach sna nuachtáin ar an chúis go léir mícheart agus ní raibh siad maireachtáil, i ndáiríre. Chinn siad, i bhrú chun dul amach ar dháta, go gcuirfí a gcinn sa mhicreathonn chun a gcuid gruaige a thriomú go tapa. Ar an drochuair níor mhair siad an taithí ach bhí a gcuid gruaige iontach ina dhiaidh sin!
Cad ba chóir dom a dhéanamh nuair a bhíonn mé ag rothaíocht i dtimpeallacht thunderstorm?
An bealach a chosnaíonn carr tú ó bhuail léim nach bhfuil mar gheall ar na bóithre inslithe ionas nach féidir leis an léim dul tríd. Tá sé toisc go bhfuil tú timpeallaithe ag an comhlacht cruach an charr a dhéanann leictreachas i bhfad níos fearr ná tú. Má bhuaileann an charr an chraobh, beidh an sruth ag iarraidh dul tríd an cruach i bhfad níos mó ná mar a bheidh sé ag iarraidh dul tríd tú, mar sin tá an sruth ag dul timpeall ort agus tá tú go hiomlán go maith sa lár. Tugtar Cage Faraday ar an éifeacht seo. Má tá tú ina suí ar rothar agus nach bhfuil tú timpeallaithe ag miotail ansin an rothar is dócha go mbeidh sé níos measa toisc go mbeidh sé a tháirgeadh an-deas treo iondúcháin ó do cheann, trí do lámha, tríd an rothar agus síos go dtí an talamh go han-éasca. Is insulator rubber, ach cé go bhfuil na taidhreacha rubber, Tá siad ach thart ar 1 orlach ar fud agus ciallaíonn sé seo an voltas a theastaíonn chun a chur ar sparc thar nach bhfuil an-mhór. Tá an spárga léim cheana féin thart ar 500m ó na scamaill chun tú tríd an spéir. Ní bheidh inch eile go dtí an talamh a bheith ró-mhór de fhadhb.
Cén fáth go bhfuil blas an-bhródúil ag plumaí cócaráilte?
Ní raibh muid in ann freagra a thabhairt ar an seó seo an uair dheireanach, mar sin d'iarramar ort cabhrú. Tháinig an freagra seo ó Colleen i Michigan: Creideann Colleen go bhfuil baint ag an bpríomh-chúis le scrios siúcraí a thugann an blas searbh sin. Nuair a bhíonn tú ag cócaireacht na siúcraí ag teas ard a fhaigheann tú neamh-enzymeacha browning a tharlaíonn trí caramelisation nó rud éigin ar a dtugtar an Maillard imoibriú. Is idirghníomhaíocht é sin de phróitéiní agus siúcraí. Freagraíonn grúpa amino saor in aisce de phróitéin le grúpa carbóin-R de shiúcra, rud éigin ar a dtugtar N-glycosylamine a tháirgeadh. Tá sé seo neamhsheasmhach agus go bunúsach is táirge iarshrutha é. Briseann sé síos i rud éigin ar a dtugtar na melanoidins a d'fhéadfadh a bheith searbh chun blas. Tá na frithghníomhartha an-chasta, a deir sí, agus ní thuigeann siad go maith iad. Mar sin d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh go leor cúiseanna éagsúla ann. B'fhéidir gurb é sin an fáth go bhfuil an oiread sin ealaíne sa chócaireacht, a deir sí!
21:23 - An iad na hoiliúnaithe móra nó iad na daoine a chaitheann airgead?
Traenálaithe Mór nó Dréineoirí Airgid?
leis an Ollamh Rami Abboud, Ospidéal Ninewells agus Scoil Leighis in Ollscoil Dundee
Chris - Anois, tá staidéar an-suimiúil déanta an tseachtain seo agus chun dul isteach linn chun labhairt faoi is é an tOllamh Rami Abboud. Dia duit Rami, conas atá tú?
Rami - Hello!
Chris - Go raibh maith agat as bheith linn. Anois, daoine a cheapann go bhfuil an níos mó a chaitheann tú ar péire de oiliúnaithe an níos fearr a bheidh siad ag dul a bheith do do prowess spóirt ach tá tú ag rá nach bhfuil sé sin an cás?
Rami - Bhuel, sin a fuair muid i staidéar a rinneamar. Is cuid de staidéar níos mó é seo, go deimhin. Foilsíodh an bunachar sonraí sa British Journal of Sports Medicine ó chuid i bhfad níos lú de staidéar a thosaigh thart ar chúig bliana ó shin. An rud a rinneamar leis an staidéar seo ná go ndearna muid trí bhranda agus do gach branda ghlacamar bróga rith ar chostas íseal, meánmhéide agus ard. Tá comparáid déanta againn idir na trí cinn seo laistigh den bhranda céanna. D'úsáid muid córas ar a dtugtar Pedar® a bhfuil insíleanna leictreonacha aige le 99 braiteoir gach ceann, atá in ann an brú idir an oiliúnóir agus dromchla plantar an chos a thomhas. Ansin rinneamar comparáid idir na torthaí idir na lipéid phraghsanna éagsúla de gach branda agus ansin ar fud na brandaí.
Is é a fuair muid ná go bhfuil na bróga rith meánchostas agus ísealchostas chomh maith leis na cinn is daoire mura bhfuil siad níos fearr laistigh de na catagóirí a roghnaigh muid.
Chris - Anois, roghnaigh tú go leor caol-bandáil praghas, más féidir liom a rá mar sin. Ciallaíonn mé GBP30 le haghaidh péire de oiliúnaithe i mo leabhar go leor costasach. Téim agus a cheannach an tenner éagsúlacht. Mar sin, cad a cheapann tú a tharlódh má cheannaigh tú na traenálaithe an-éag?
Rami - Is é an rud a rinneamar ná breathnú ar na hainmneacha branda. Anois, rud amháin nach ndearna muid ná breathnú ar na cinn neamhbhrandaithe. D'fhéachamar ar na cinn brandaithe agus d'fhulaing muid na lipéid phraghas ó GBP30 go GBP150. Ach ní raibh an fhaisnéis seo a d'fhoilsigh muid anois ach ar an mbraicéad GBP40-GBP75.
Chris - Mar sin, is é an líne bhun, ná airgead a chaitheamh ar roinnt oilithreoirí an-daor toisc nach bhfuil aon tairbhe do do chnámha trí sin a dhéanamh.
Rami - Bhuel, an éifeacht de cushioning go bhfuil muid fuair i níos ísle agus meán bhí chomh maith leis an ceann is daoire i na cinn a thástáil muid. Cad ba mhaith liom a chomhairle a thabhairt do na tomhaltóirí a cheannach tá oiliúnaithe a bhfuil ag dul a oireann fad agus leithead. Caithfidh siad a bheith compordach dóibh, ní mór na bróga a bheith ag teacht leis na cosa agus ba cheart go mbeadh sé sin gan beann ar an lipéad praghais. Tá duine éigin ag dul a insint dom go bhfuil cuid de na níos airde-deireadh tacaíocht, níos mó ná banna níos ísle. Ba mhaith liom a dhiúltú go toisc laistigh den bhranda tá, ag an deireadh níos ísle chomh maith, tacaíocht do na cosa. Ba chóir duit dul leis an rud is fearr do do chosa gan aird a thabhairt ar an lipéad praghais.
Chris - Mar sin conas a fháil amach na brandaí ainm mór le rá dúinn ba chóir dúinn a bheith ag scaradh le GBP100 le haghaidh sraith de oiliúnaithe nuair i ndáiríre a deir do fhianaise chliniciúil nach bhfuil aon tairbhe a dhéanamh go.
Rami - Bhuel, sílim gur ceist í sin ba chóir a chur ar na monaróirí.
Chris - An mbeidh tú ag seoladh cóip den pháipéar seo dóibh? Tá sé soiléir go bhfuil siad ag scriosadh daoine, nach bhfuil siad?
Rami - Bhuel tá an páipéar seo ar fáil do dhuine ar bith a íoslódáil ón iris. Tá, mar a dúirt mé, staidéar fairsing déanta againn ar na hoiliúnaithe seo. Beidh sraith de na páipéir seo ag teacht amach gach bliain, ag clúdach seasmhacht, ag clúdach - an rachaidh siad an míle breise - agus mar sin de. Bhí sé ina staidéar cuimsitheach, ní hamháin ag baint úsáide as feistí braiteora brú ach d'úsáid muid méadair Pedar® fiú chun féachaint ar na tonnta buille.
Chris - Bhuel, go raibh maith agat go mór as sin a insint dúinn, Rami.
Rami - Pleasure.
Chris - Ba é an tOllamh Rami Abboud a bhí ann, tá sé ó Ospidéal Ninewells agus Scoil Leighis in Ollscoil Dundee.
Cén fáth a bhraitheann mé mo ghuthán vibrating ar an cos mícheart?
Ní mhaith linn anseo ag na Eolaithe naked a chur in iúl ar cibé an bhfuil nó nach bhfuil Tommy aisteach, ach má tá sé, tá sé i gcuideachta maith! Tá rud éigin den chineál céanna ag ár Dr. Chris féin:
Chris - Cad a fuair mé, ar an imeall seachtrach de gach clog, má tá mé pinch an craiceann seachtrach de mo chlog mé bhraitheann pian ar an snas de chraiceann ar mo thrian (thart ar, má leag mé mo lámh síos ag mo thaobh, áit a mbeadh mo chlog ar mo thrian). Tá mé ag mothú go bhfuil an pian ann freisin. Ar an dá thaobh.
Tá sé seo suimiúil. Sílim go bhfuil sé cineál miswiring an chórais néarógach agus tá sé fuair bunús embryological dó.
Nuair a fhorbraíonn an corp, tosaíonn tú mar phláta cothrom cealla agus ansin rolladh suas i dtúba. Tá sé roinnte ina chuid beag cosúil le cilipéad. Bhuel, tá muid an-chosúil, tá muid codanna ar ár gcorp. Agus tá cuid de na codanna sin speisialaithe.
Tá dhá chuid ag cruthú lámha ag an mbarr agus tá dhá chuid thíos ag cruthú cosa. Tá siad bud amach as an chuid comhlacht agus tarraingíonn siad an soláthar nerve ó an chuid sin leo.
Is é an rud a thagann chun cinn ná leathnú den chóras néaróg síos sna dhá chomhlacht: uachtarach agus íseal.
Téann sé sin isteach sa lárchóras néaróg agus tugann sé faisnéis do chúlra spine faoi na rudaí atá ag tarlú sa chuid sin den chorp.
Is féidir, is dóigh liom, go bhfuil roinnt de na néaróg, chomh maith le bheith ceangailte leis an lámh agus an limistéar méirchill spinal códú an lámh, d'fhéadfaí a bheith routed freisin go dtí an chuid den chorp go bunaidh bulge tháinig amach as a fhoirmiú an lámh.
Mar sin, i gcás an cheistneora, tá amhras orm go bhfuil cineál tras-scríobh ag tarlú ina chóras néaróg nuair nach bhfuil rud éigin tras-scríobh go ceart agus na néaróg ó thaobh amháin den chorp ag spreagadh néaróg don taobh eile den chorp. Mar sin is cineál feiniméan braistint tagartha é.
Cad a dhéanann brúdach san spás?
Braitheann sé seo go bunúsach ar an áit a bhfuil tú sa spás. B'fhéidir gur bhain tú taitneamh as maighnéad nuair a bhí tú óg le roinnt sciatháin iarainn ar phíosa páipéir. Beidh tú a bheith le feiceáil rud éigin a bhfuil cuma an-mhór cosúil le réimse maighnéadach na Talún a tháirgtear ag maighnéad. Ó mhaighnéid a thagann sé amach as an Poil Thuaidh agus cromáin timpeall i dhá ovals mór agus tagann sé ar ais suas ag an Poil Theas. Ní féidir linn ar an Domhan a fheiceáil go réimse agus mar sin nuair a bhíonn muid ar an talamh tá sé ag dul ó na Poil ó dheas go dtí an Poil ó thuaidh agus mar sin an pointe brúinneacha thuaidh. Má bhí tú ceart ag an Polainn Thuaidh bheadh sé i ndáiríre pointe díreach síos agus má bhí tú ag an bpolainn theas bheadh sé pointe díreach suas. Anois, má bhí tú amach sa spás bheadh an rud céanna agat. Mar sin, má bhí tú os cionn an eas-réitigh bheadh sé ag pointeáil go bunúsach go dtí an tuaisceart. Agus má bhí tú os cionn na Polainn bheadh sé ag pointeáil díreach suas nó síos. An níos faide a théann tú, an níos laige a gheobhaidh sé ionas go mbeidh réimse maighnéadach na gréine a overwhelm é sa deireadh. Mar sin, dá mbeadh tú ag eitilt timpeall an domhain ar bhealach geosychronous ionas go mbeadh tú comhthreomhar leis an easbhóir agus ag dul timpeall ag an ráta céanna leis an Domhan, ba chóir go mbeadh sé fós ag pointeáil ó thuaidh go deisceart. Ach má bhí tú a dhéanamh ar orbit Poil-Pól, mar a dhéanann roinnt de na satailítí aimsire, bheadh sé a fháil mearbhall mar a chuaigh sé thar an Poil Thuaidh ag pointeáil díreach síos ar an Poil Thuaidh agus rothlú thar agus os a cheann mar a théann tú timpeall.Spaceships den chuid is mó a fháil ar a n-aird ag féachaint ar na réaltaí. Tá an Réalta Polar i gcónaí sa treo céanna mar sin féachann tú ar an áit a bhfuil sé agus tá a fhios agat cén treo a bhfuil tú ag pointeáil isteach.
Conas a dhéanann spidéil líonta a scaipeadh ar fud na bearnaí?
Táirgeann spidéil píosa síoda an-ealaíne agus snámha óna spinneretts agus ní bhíonn ann ach é a shéideadh amach sa ghaoth. Beidh an gaoth a iompar amach agus má tá sé i ndáiríre greamaíonn ar rud éigin beagán níos faide amach is féidir leis tosú ag tógáil a líonra. Tá sé go léir beagán dóchasach i ndáiríre, nach bhfuil sé rud cinnte. Nuair a bheidh an chéad líne bheag tanaí greamaithe orthu, rachaidh siad ar a fhad agus daingneoidh siad an chéad strut. Ansin úsáideann siad a gcorp féin agus a gcuid céimeanna chun tomhas a dhéanamh agus chun an lár a chomhaireamh chun teacht ar an bpointe lárnach. Ansin scaoileann siad cineál píobáin ag baint úsáide as iad féin mar an meáchan. Beidh siad dul síos cosúil le absailer síos cliff. Tá siad absail síos an líne a dhéanamh ar Y-chruth agus go bhfuil an scaffolding beidh siad a líonadh isteach le patrúin éagsúla.
An oibríonn boscaí malartacha lá?
Tá go leor taighde ar bhocsa solais a oibríonn i ndáiríre. Tá an-chuid daoine ag fulaingt ó neamhoird mhothúchánach séasúrach. Is é an t-eintiteas fíor, is dóigh linn go bhfuil bunús géiniteach. Is é seo an áit a mbraitheann daoine an t-éileamh a bheith ag iarraidh hibernate chomh luath agus a théann tú isteach i samhradh. Chomh luath agus a thosaíonn na laethanta ag éirí níos giorra, ní bhíonn go leor nochtadh gréine agat. Nó má tá tú a bheith ag obair oíche, is féidir é a dhéanamh tú a bhraitheann i ndáiríre go leor míshásta agus go leor dúlagar. I gcás daoine a bhfuil sé seo is féidir é a bheith go leor faoi mhíchumas. Mar sin, tá eolaithe fuair amach go má fhaigheann tú bosca solais a thugann tú go leor agus go leor solais ar maidin (is cosúil go bhfuil maidin an-tábhachtach) is cosúil go bhfuil sé a dhéanamh ar dhaoine a bhraitheann níos fearr. Cad é an bunús fiseolaíoch dó? Tá clog coirp agat sa chuid den inchinn ar a dtugtar an núicléas suprachiasmatic sa hypothalamus. Tá thart ar chúig mhíle cealla néaróg ann a oibríonn cosúil le héifeacht domino géiniteach. Athraíonn géin amháin an dara géin a athraíonn an tríú géin agus a athraíonn an ceathrú géin agus a athraíonn an chéad géin arís agus téann an rud ar fad timpeall i gciorcal. Sin an chaoi a choinníonn sé am. Ní mór dó a bheith in ann é féin a athshocrú mar má théann tú thar lear ar eitleán gheobhaidh tú jetlag ar feadh tamaill beag sula n-athshocraíonn sé. Le déanaí, le ceithre nó cúig bliana anuas, fuair eolaithe go bhfuil pobal cealla néaróige i do shúile a fheiceann solas atá ag deireadh gorm an speictream agus ní thaispeánann siad do inchinn cad atá á fheiceáil acu. Ní thugann siad ach a rá do clog comhlacht cad atá á fheiceáil acu. Deir siad don clog coirp nuair a bhíonn sé geal agus nuair a bhíonn sé dorcha agus trína dhéanamh sin is féidir leo do clog coirp a athshocrú agus é a choinneáil in am. Trí an solas breise seo a shoiléiriú, creideann eolaithe gur féidir leat do chuid clog comhlachta a shábháil más gá.
34:38 - Machinima
le Chris Vallance
Anois tá gné nua againn ar na Eolaithe Nóg gach mí le cabhair ó Chris Vallance. Beidh muid ag féachaint ar fhorbairtí nua spreagúla i saol na teicneolaíochta. An mhí seo, tá sé ag teacht chugainn chun labhairt faoi shaol nua-aimseartha na machinima. Seo an áit a n-úsáideann daoine cluichí ríomhaire chun scannáin a dhéanamh dá gcuid féin. Baineann siad úsáid as gnéithe dearaidh a tógadh isteach sa chluiche chun an radharcra a chur in eagar agus carachtair a úsáid chun scéal a insint dóibh féin. Taifeadann siad é seo agus scaiptear é ar an idirlíon. Fuaimeann sé an-aisteach agus whacky ach tá sé i ndáiríre gnó mór!
Clip Dearg vs Gorm - "Tá gach rud ag teacht le chéile mar a bhí beartaithe agus níl aon smaoineamh ag na amadáin seo fós. Nuair a fhaigheann an duine óg a chlaíomh ní bheidh aon stopadh againn. Mwahahahahahaaa... "
Chris Vallance - Is é an rud a chuala muid díreach ná gearrthóg beag de 'machinima'. Anois, is é an focal féin a laghdú de meaisín-cineamáin a insíonn duit cad é go léir faoi. Má smaoiníonn tú ar puppeteering, tá na scannáin seo déanta. In ionad puppets fisiciúla a úsáid cad a úsáideann tú tá na carachtair i cluichí ríomhaire. Mar sin, in ionad a phiocadh suas éan mór nó cibé is é an t-ainneog rogha, groucho, téann tú agus cas ar do Xbox nó Playstation agus úsáid a bhaint as na carachtair sa chluiche. Anois, a chuala muid go raibh clipe ó cheann de na scannáin machinima is fearr ar a dtugtar, tá sé dearg vs gorm, tá sé bunaithe ar an cluiche Halo. Tá sé tar éis a bheith an-tóir mar go leor de na cluichí seo a bhfuil. Agus tá muid ag tosú ag féachaint orthu ag tionchar a imirt ar an príomhshrutha. Tá muid ag tosú ag féachaint ar scannánaithe agus fógraithe ag glacadh leis an ábhar seo chomh maith agus is é sin an fáth an deireadh seachtaine seo in Ollscoil De Montfort, mar a bhfuil an clár ag dul amach, an chéad fhéile na hEorpa de machinima a thabhairt le chéile scannánaithe agus daoine a bhfuil suim acu sa teicneolaíocht seo ó gach cearn den Eoraip. Labhair mé leis an Ollamh Andre Hugill atá ina stiúrthóir ar Institiúid na Teicneolaíochtaí Cruthaitheacha in Ollscoil De Montfort. D'fhiafraigh mé dó cén fáth nach raibh machinima ach foirm nuashonraithe de puppeteer nó amharclann fisiciúil.
Andre Hugill - Tá eilimintí de na dhá cheann agus tá eilimintí de bheochan agus scannáin. Is é an rud atá uathúil ná go bhfuil sé ina ábhar a chruthaíonn úsáideoirí. Tá sé ag cur cumhacht nó ag cur ar chumas daoine obair bhunaidh a chruthú go leor go héasca agus tá raon go leor acmhainní ar fáil dóibh mar an cumas chun uillinneacha ceamara a úsáid, foirgnimh a thabhairt ag am ar bith den lá nó den oíche go héasca; timpeallachtaí fíorúla a chruthú agus mar sin de. Tairgeann an trealamh seo tairseach de féidearthachtaí.
Chris - mar sin is cosúil Andrew Hugill go leor cinnte mar a luach ach a bheith macánta, Chris fuaimeann sé beagán geeky nó anorak-y. An gceapann tú go bhfuil sé seo ag dul a ghabháil i ndáiríre agus a bheith tóir?
Chris Vallance - Bhuel, sílim go bhfuil na samplaí ó fhógraíocht an ceann is soiléire. Tá fógraí den chineál machinima ag tosú ag teacht chun cinn. Sna Stáit, a craoladh le déanaí le linn na cluichí peile, a Toyota tráchtála ach bhí bunaithe ar World of Warcraft. Tá carachtair againn i World of Warcraft agus tá duine acu ag teacht suas go tobann le trucail Toyota nua agus buaileann sé leis an bád boss ag an deireadh lena pickup draíochta iontach. Tá an cineál sin rud ag éirí go cinnte príomhshrutha. Anois, cad atá difriúil faoi machinima Is go bhfuil sé i ndáiríre beo. Níl na carachtair á n-imní agus tá sé scannánú gan beochan nó nósanna imeachta cúramach céim ar chéim. Tá sé i bhfad níos mó cosúil le puppeteer sa chiall sin.
Chris - An bhfeiceann tú i ndáiríre comhtháthú idir an méid atá ag tarlú i saol na gcluichí agus i saol na scannáin? An iarracht é seo an acmhainneacht tráchtála a uasmhéadú toisc gur féidir leat ceann a fháil ag beathaithe ar an gceann eile?
Chris Vallance - Má théann muid ar ais go Red vs Blue tá an leagan nua de Halo díreach amach go mór ag an domhan cearrbhachais. Ar ndóigh, tá Red vs Blue bunaithe ar Halo mar sin conas a dhéanann an fíric go bhfuil leagan nua den chluiche tionchar a imirt ar na scannáin? Bhuel, sin ceist a chuir mé le Jason Saldaña de Rooster Teeth, an chuideachta a tháirg Red vs Blue.
Jason Saldaña - Tá sé go maith. Déanann sé dúinn teacht ar bhealaí chun é a dhéanamh, tá sé spraoi a dhéanamh agus tá muid ag spraoi a imirt an cluiche. Le Halo 3, ní raibh mé stop ag imirt é ó tháinig sé amach agus is féidir an rud céanna a rá le haghaidh gach ceann de na guys go bhfuil muid ag obair le.
Chris Vallance - Agus an bhfuil sé seo post lánaimseartha duit anois?
Jason Saldaña - Sea, tá sé.
Chris Vallance - Cé mhéad duine a bhfuil aithne agat orthu a dhéanann machinaima mar bheatha?
Jason Saldaña - is dócha nach bhfuil ach sé againn.
Chris Vallance - Ach caithfidh sé a bheith suimiúil go leor ar iarratais morgáiste, is féidir liom a shamhlú.
Jason Saldaña - Sea! Ag iarraidh a mhíniú do dhaoine cad a dhéanann mé... inniu chuaigh mé go dtí an fiaclóirí agus d'iarr siad dom cad a rinne mé le haghaidh obair agus thóg sé dom, mar, 20 nóiméad a insint dóibh. Tá a fhios agat, is féidir é a bheith casta.
Chris Vallance - Mar sin chuala tú ó Jason ann, go maith tá sé ag déanamh beo i ndáiríre amach as machinima. Ceart go leor, níl ach cúpla duine ar domhan a d'fhéadfadh é sin a rá ach léiríonn sé go bhfuil sé ag tosú ag creep isteach sa réimse tráchtála.
Chris - Mar sin, cad a cheapann daoine faoi fhéidearthacht an chineáil seo teicneolaíochta? Ní mór go mbeadh go leor spin-offs gur féidir leat a dhéanamh leis an saghas seo rud.
Chris Vallance - Bhuel, tá. Níl a fhios agam cé mhéad de na 80í leanbh a bhí tú ach an cuimhin leat an League Daonna, an cuimhin leat Heaven 17? Bhuel, má dhéanann tú beidh a fhios agat cé Martin Ware. Bhí sé ina bhall de na bannaí sin go léir. Tá sé anois mar chuid de ghrúpa ar a dtugtar an chuideachta illustrious ag obair le soundscapes 3D. Labhair mé le Martin agus d'fhiafraigh mé dó conas a chonaic sé todhchaí machinaima ag forbairt.
Martin Ware - Bhuel, tá an-spéis agam sa fhoirm nua seo de scéal. Gach an t-am, tá na bacainní idir an amhairc agus an fíor ag éirí ag briseadh síos agus sílim go bhfuil Duran Duran tar éis a dhéanamh cheana féin ar an gclár iomlán i saol an dara. Ní hé sin an rud céanna le machinima ach tá baint aige i bhfocail áirithe. Mar shampla, is leagan beochana den bhanna é an Gorillaz. Ach cineál ealaíne-conceit ar bhealach. I mo shlí bheatha mar cheoltóir agus mar léiritheoir bhí suim agam i gcónaí i rudaí a bhaineann le péintíocht sa sean-réamhamharc fós de rudaí a choincheapadh mar mhion-simfóníochtaí i gceithre nóiméad. Sílim go bhfuil sé seo go hiondúil an leagan 21ú haois de sin ó thaobh ceoil de.
Chris Vallance - Mar sin, sílim go bhfuil sé seo go leor smaoineamh maith, an smaoineamh ar fheidhmíocht beo, an dá ceol agus físeán fíorúil, más mian leat: a tháirgtear i stíl machinima bhealach. B'fhéidir nuair a bhíonn Mick Jagger a fháil go bhfuil an beagán ró-creaky chun a bhealach ar an stáitse a dhéanamh ar deireadh thiar beidh sé a mheas a chur in ionad é féin le carachtar ó Halo 3.
Chris - Bhuel is cosúil go maith go leor! D'fhéadfadh na Rolling Stones leanúint ar aghaidh ar feadh cúig mhíle bliain eile. Go raibh maith agat go mór Chris as bheith linn an mhí seo chun a thabhairt dúinn suas go tapa ar an ealaín de machinima, a thuilleadh ar a bheith deacair a thuiscint freisin is féidir a rá, táimid ag tnúth le bheith linn arís an mhí seo chugainn le haghaidh nuacht eile ar cad atá te ó domhan na teicneolaíochta.
Chris Vallance - Bí ag súil leis.
Cén fáth a bhfuil sicín ag cur le chéile ar feadh na bliana?
Bhuel, tá sé i ndáiríre go léir a dhéanamh le breeding roghnach thar na mílte bliain. Ar dtús, má fhaigheann tú póraí an-aois de chearc, tá siad séasúrach. Thar gach glúin daoine a bheith ag roghnú na sicíní a leagan an chuid is mó uibheacha agus iarracht a ghiniúint na sicíní. Agus mar sin tar éis glúin tar éis glúin, an tréimhse a bhfuil siad a chur uibheacha le haghaidh níos faide agus níos faide agus níos faide go dtí, níl mé cinnte, is dócha go bhfuil na 200 bliain anuas fuair siad go dtí an pointe ina raibh siad sicíní a bheadh uibheacha a chur ar feadh na bliana. Mar sin anois, beidh sicín uibheacha a chur ar feadh na bliana. Ba ghnách le Dave Ansell, Eolaí Nocht, sicíní a choinneáil nuair a bhí sé ag fás aníos, agus thug sé faoi deara go raibh siad i bhfad níos mó i rith an Earraigh ná an chuid eile den bhliain. Sa earrach gheobhaidh tú dhá nó trí huaire níos mó uibheacha ná mar a gheobhaidh tú, a rá, sa Gheimhreadh. Maidir le spots fola, go leor daoine scrios uibheacha a bhfuil spots fola iontu toisc go gceapann siad go bhfuil siad féirithithe. Ach tá níos mó ná cúis amháin ann go bhféadfadh an fuil a bheith i n-uibhe. De réir mar a bhíonn an ubh á fhoirmiú sa oviduct, is é sin an chuid den sicín a dhéanann an ubh, uaireanta is féidir leat a fháil ar an tear sa fíochán nó sceitheadh ó soitheach fola. Seo sprays beagán de na sicín an fhuil isteach sa uibhe. Níl sé díobhálach agus ní chiallaíonn go bhfuil an ubh féilte, tá sé ach beagán fola. Mar sin sin, sin an fáth go bhfuil tú spots fola.
43:27 - Cé chomh ard a bheadh an fharraige dá gcuirfí deireadh le huisce a stóráil inár dtithe?
Cé mhéad a bheadh an fharraige ag ardú dá gcuirfí deireadh le huisce a stóráil inár dtithe?
Ag glacadh leis go raibh gach duine ag stóráil méadar ciúbach uisce, (cé go bhfuil linnte snámha an-mhór ag roinnt daoine, b'fhéidir nach bhfuil ach tanc beag uisce ag an gcuid is mó de dhaoine sa lóchta idir ceithre nó cúig dhuine). Mar sin le deich billiún duine bheadh 10,000 billiún lítear uisce againn. Má oibríonn tú amach an limistéar an Domhain a thagann sé amach ar thart ar 100,000 billiún méadar cearnach mar sin b'fhéidir go dtiocfadh leibhéal na farraige ag ardú faoi milliméadar. Is é an ríomh go bhfuil gach fiche míle bliain nó mar sin go leor uisce a thagann ó spás amuigh a ardú ar leibhéal na farraigeanna faoi orlach. Mar sin, tá sé beag i gcomparáid leis sin.
An mbeadh cluaisín aláraim ceangailte le solas ag obair go maith?
Is cinnte go gcabhródh leibhéil níos airde solais ar maidin le hIarbhú Seasonal Affective a bhuachan. Bhí freisin a clog aláraim déanta ag taighdeoirí i Meiriceá a bhí teathered do do patrún tonnta inchinn. Nuair a bhíonn aisling agat agus ag amanna áirithe i rith na hoíche bíonn claonadh agat REM (gluaiseachtaí súl tapa), ciallaíonn sé seo go bhfuil do inchinn i bhfad níos gníomhaí ná nuair a bhíonn sé i gcodladh domhain. Má dhúisíonn tú duine nuair a bhíonn an inchinn i bhfad níos gníomhaí ansin is fearr a bhraitheann siad agus teacht-go-go leor níos tapúla ná má dhúisíonn tú iad nuair a bhíonn siad i codladh domhain. Mar sin, leis an clog seo a shocraíonn tú an t-am idéalach chun éirí, agus ansin leanann sé do phátrún codlata agus déanann sé tú a dhúisigh bunaithe ar do ghníomhaíocht inchinn chomh gar do chuid ama idéalach is féidir leis.
45:25 - Comhaireamh Plé Heartbeat Avian?
Comhaireamh Pléas Pléas Avian?
Chuir muid an cheist seo le Neil Forbes, speisialtóir i leigheas éan agus uachtarán na Coláiste Eorpach um Leigheas agus Ghnóthaí Éanlaithe, atá lonnaithe ag Veitriúnaithe Exotic an Iarthair Mhóir i Swindon.
Míle míniú. Tugann an cheistneoir le fios go bhfuil an t-uafás croí a éan 10 x é féin agus sílim, mar atá i go leor cásanna den sórt sin, go bhfuil roinnt de na figiúirí seo mícheart. Tá an ráta croí ag an ara ag sosadh foilsithe go bhfuil sé 127, ag ardú go 350 nuair a bhíonn sé faoi smacht nó ag cur isteach nó ag eitilt. Agus is é an fad saoil molta de macaw 35-50 bliain i gcomparáid leis an 80 bliain a mholtar. Anois ag glacadh na figiúirí, go mbeadh a bheith ag obair amach le buille croí de 4.3-6.2 x 10 ^ 9 mar sin, i ndáiríre, i bhfad níos lú ná an 1.5 trilliún a mhol. I ndáiríre, sílim go bhfuil an freagra macánta go bhfuil i ndáiríre éan níos lú buille croí ná mamaigh agus nach bhfuil iontas ar chor ar bith. Tá ráta meitibileach éan i bhfad níos tapúla ná mamaigh. Cosúil le inneall carr ag rith beagán níos tapúla ná carr eile agus mar sin bheadh tú ag súil go mbeadh siad ag rith amach beagán níos luaithe ná mamaigh, seachas beagán níos déanaí.
48:48 - Cén fáth a bhíonn madraí Jack Russell ag rith ar thrí chos uaireanta agus an cos cúl ina sheasamh?
Cén fáth a rith madraí Jack Russell uaireanta ar thrí chos agus cos cúl ardaithe?
Tá an ceann seo stumped an fhoireann Eolaithe naked - ní féidir linn a fhios i ndáiríre! An bhfuil aon smaoineamh agat cén fáth go bhféadfadh sé seo a bheith ann? Má tá, cuir in iúl dúinn!
Cá bhfuil an áit is sábháilte i bhforaois chun rith i thunderstorm?
Bhuel, b'fhéidir go gceapann tú go bhfuil seasamh faoi chrann smaoineamh an-mhaith mar ansin beidh an crann a bhuail le bolg seachas tú mar tá sé i bhfad níos fearr cosán ná tú. Is é an fhadhb go bhfuil an sap claonadh a teas suas, casann sé go dtí gaile agus ansin explodes, mar sin a fháil tú píosaí de chrann ag eitilt amach agus is féidir leo bualadh tú agus a dhéanamh níos mó damáiste ná is féidir fiú ag a bheith bhuail le léim féin. Chomh maith leis sin tá an crann ag iompar mar conductor liathróid iontach agus tá sé seo ag ardú an an acmhainneacht leictreach an talamh timpeall an chrainn. Faigheann ainmhithe cosúil le muca agus uaireanta capaill bás i réimsí toisc go ritheann an leictreachas thar an talamh. Tá sé níos éasca don leictreachas dul suas na cosa tosaigh an bó, ar feadh a chorp agus síos a cosa cúl, a mharú sa phróiseas, ná go bhfuil sé dul ar fud an domhain. Ar a laghad cuid den leictreachas a dhéanann. Mar sin d'fhéadfá a bheith fós a ghlacadh síos ag leictreachas scaipeadh ar shiúl ar fud an urlár foraoise.
Cé chomh fada a bheidh an réimse maighnéadach na talún a bheith imithe ar feadh?
Is cosúil go n-athraíonn réimse maighnéadach na Talún gach cúpla céad míle bliain agus tá muid thar am le haghaidh ceann amháin faoi láthair. Cúpla bliain ó shin cheap siad go dtógfadh sé seo na céadta mílte bliain dó dul ar ais go mall. Ach léiríonn fianaise le déanaí go bhféadfadh sé a bheith níos tapúla. Sa phróiseas a casadh sé thar sé nach bhfuil claonadh a casadh thar go cothrom. Cad is gnách a tharlaíonn go bhfuil an Polair Thuaidh a fhaigheann níos laige agus níos laige agus uaireanta a fhaigheann tú dhá, trí nó ceithre Polair Thuaidh eile ar fud an Domhain i áiteanna éagsúla a bogann timpeall go leor tapa. Faoi dheireadh beidh sé a chobhsú arís ar an mbealach eile timpeall. b'fhéidir tar éis 20-30 bliain.
An bhfuil sé ach daoine a fháil srón runny?
Níl, nílimid. Tá a lán créatúir ag snámh greamaitheach agus tá sé go léir faoi chosaint tú féin ó na rudaí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag anailís i. Go bunúsach tá sé ina shraith greamaithe chun dust a ghabháil agus, níos tábhachtaí fós, víris a d'fhéadfadh ionradh a dhéanamh ar do mhéabarna mucous íogair. Tá rudaí a fháil breathed isteach agus rothlú timpeall i do shrón cosúil i scagaire dúchála Dyson mion, agus ansin a fháil siad flung go dtí na taobhanna áit a bhfuil tú na ballaí greamaitheach. Ansin scuabann tú do shrón agus fáil réidh leis, nó swallow sé mar sin faigheann sé briseadh síos i do bholg.


37m yr old fossil of 'giant penguin' found near Antarctica
Researchers have discovered a fossil, which provided the proof that 'colossal penguins' existed around 37 to 40 million years ago, on a small island near Antarctica.
The discovery disclosed about the penguin species, known as 'Palaeeudyptes Klekowskii', which was 6ft 6ins high and weighed around 115 kilos, Metro.co.uk reported.
A wing bone of the giant extinct penguin along with a 9.1 centimetre long tarsometatarsus, which would have been formed by the fusion of ankle and foot bones, were discovered by Carolina Acosta Hospitaleche from the La Plata Museum in Argentina.
Dan Ksepka at the Bruce Museum in Greenwich, Conneticut said that this was the longest foot bone he had ever seen.
(Posted on 03-08-2014)

Fóslach 'pingín ollmhór' 37m bliain d'aois a fuarthas in aice le hAntartach
Fuair taighdeoirí fosil, a thug an cruthúnas go raibh 'pingíní colosúla' ann thart ar 37 go 40 milliún bliain ó shin, ar oileán beag in aice le hAntartach.
D'fhoilsigh an fionnachtanas faoi speiceas an phingin, ar a dtugtar 'Palaeeudyptes Klekowskii', a bhí 6ft 6ins ar airde agus a mheá thart ar 115 kilos, a thuairiscigh Metro.co.uk.
Fuair Carolina Acosta Hospitaleche ó Mhúsaem La Plata san Airgintín cnámh sciath den phingin ollmhór atá imithe i gcineál, mar aon le tarsometatarsus 9.1 ceintiméadar ar fad, a bheadh déanta as cnámha an chnoic agus na cos a chomhcheangal.
Dúirt Dan Ksepka ag an Músaem Bruce i Greenwich, Connecticut gurb é seo an cnámh cos is faide a chonaic sé riamh.
(Póstaithe ar 03-08-2014)


Stem cell transplantation
Stem cell transplantation is an important treatment option for individuals with blood cancers (haematological malignancies). During the procedure, blood-forming (stem) cells, derived from the bone marrow, peripheral blood or umbilical cord blood of a healthy donor, are transplanted into a person with a blood cancer. The aim is to replenish the recipient's body with healthy cells after treatment with conditioning regimens such as chemotherapy or radiation (or both). Peripheral blood stem cells and bone marrow stem cells are the standard stem cell sources used in adults. The most successful transplantations occur when stem cells are transplanted from a healthy donor whose tissue is genetically compatible with that of the recipient (matched related donor). If no matched donor can be identified, it is possible to transplant cells from a matched unrelated donor or from donors carrying certain mismatches. In principle, the higher the degree of genetic mismatch, the higher the risk of severe transplant-related complications, especially graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), in which a donor's white blood cells (T cells) attack the recipient's healthy tissues.
Peripheral blood versus bone marrow stem cells
Peripheral blood stem cells are collected after the donor has received a drug that acts to mobilise stem cells from the bone marrow to the peripheral blood. Bone marrow stem cell donation involves the removal of stem cells from the pelvic bone of the donor under general anaesthesia. Donor convenience as well as logistic reasons favour peripheral blood stem cell donation.
This review addresses the question of which stem cell source - bone marrow or peripheral blood - is the most suitable for individuals undergoing stem cell transplantation.
Clinical results from several studies have been published comparing the use of bone marrow stem cells and peripheral blood stem cells in individuals with haematological malignancies. In most of these studies, the rates at which stem cells received during transplantation start to grow and make new blood cells (known as engraftment) have been shown to be faster following the transplantation of peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCT) than following transplantation of bone marrow stem cells (BMT) platelets. Some studies have reported PBSCT to be associated with a higher risk of developing GvHD than BMT. GvHD is associated with a lower risk of relapse, reflecting the capability of the immune response to simultaneously attack the malignant cells (Graft versus Malignacy effect). On the other hand, GvHD can be an important driver of transplant-related mortality and morbidity. Disease-free and overall survival have usually been reported not to differ between PBSCT and BMT. A systematic review from 2005, based on data from individual recipients, could not identify a preferred stem cell source and was largely based on data from the late 1990s. Since then, transplant indications and strategies, as well as supportive care measures, have changed substantially.
Results of this meta-analysis
In this systemic review we included nine randomised controlled trials involving 1521 participants. Key inclusion criteria were adults undergoing stem cell transplantation for a blood cancer using either bone marrow stem cells or peripheral stem cells as a stem cell source. Participants were treated between 1994 and 2009. The evidence is current to February 2014.
In summary, we found overall and disease-free survival to be comparable for both PBSCT and BMT. Recipients of bone marrow stem cells from related donors were more likely to relapse than recipients of peripheral blood stem cells from related donors, but this difference was not seen in the recipients of bone marrow stem cells from unrelated donors. The incidence of acute GvHD following PBSCT and BMT was comparable; however, there was a tendency to more severe GvHD with PBSCT. PBSCT was associated with higher rates of chronic GvHD. The time to engraftment was significantly shorter with PBSCT than with BMT. The quality of the evidence was considered moderate to high.
Against the background of altering clinical strategies these results confirm that the current practice of using peripheral blood rather than bone marrow as a source of stem cells for stem cell transplantation in adults with haematological malignancies is not deleterious with respect to overall survival.
This systematic review found high-quality evidence that overall survival following allo-HSCT using the current clinical standard stem cell source - peripheral blood stem cells - was similar to that following allo-HSCT using bone marrow stem cells in adults with haematological malignancies. We found moderate-quality evidence that PBSCT was associated with faster engraftment of neutrophils and platelets, but a higher risk of GvHD (in terms of more overall and extensive chronic GvHD). There was an imprecise effect on relapse and on severe (grades III to IV) acute GvHD. Quality of life, which is severely affected by GvHD, was not evaluated.
Against the background of transplantation practices that have clearly changed over the past 10 to 15 years, our aim was to provide current data on the best stem cell source for allo-HSCT, by including the results of recently conducted trials. Our review includes participants recruited up to 2009, a proportion of whom were older, had received reduced-intensity conditioning regimens or had been transplanted with stem cells from unrelated donors. However, only one, large, study included relatively recently treated participants. Nevertheless, our findings are comparable to those of previous meta-analyses suggesting that our results hold true for today's practice.
Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is an established treatment option for many malignant and non-malignant disorders. In the past two decades, peripheral blood stem cells replaced bone marrow as stem cell source due to faster engraftment and practicability. Previous meta-analyses analysed patients treated from 1990 to 2002 and demonstrated no impact of the stem cell source on overall survival, but a greater risk for graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) in peripheral blood transplants. As transplant indications and conditioning regimens continue to change, whether the choice of the stem cell source has an impact on transplant outcomes remains to be determined.
To assess the effect of bone marrow versus peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in adult patients with haematological malignancies with regard to overall survival, incidence of relapse and non-relapse mortality, disease-free survival, transplant-related mortality, incidence of GvHD and time to engraftment.
We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2014, Issue 1), MEDLINE (from 1948 to February 2014), trial registries and conference proceedings. The search was conducted in October 2011 and was last updated in February 2014. We did not apply any language restrictions.
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing bone marrow and peripheral blood allogeneic stem cell transplantation in adults with haematological malignancies.
Two review authors screened abstracts and extracted and analysed data independently. We contacted study authors for additional information. We used the standard methodological procedures expected by The Cochrane Collaboration.
We included nine RCTs that met the pre-defined selection criteria, involving a total of 1521 participants. Quality of data reporting was heterogeneous among the studies. Overall, the risk of bias in the included studies was low.
For the primary outcome overall survival, our analysis demonstrated comparable results between bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) (six studies, 1330 participants; hazard ratio (HR) 1.07; 95% CI 0.91 to 1.25; P value = 0.43; high-quality evidence).
Disease-free survival (six studies, 1225 participants; HR 1.04; 95% CI 0.89 to 1.21; P value = 0.6; moderate-quality of evidence) and non-relapse or transplant-related mortality (three studies, 758 participants; HR 0.98; 95% CI 0.76 to 1.28; P = 0.91; high-quality evidence) were also comparable between transplantation arms.
In the related-donor setting, data from two of eight studies with 211 participants (21%) indicated a higher relapse incidence in participants transplanted with bone marrow stem cells rather than peripheral blood stem cells (HR 2.73; 95% CI 1.47 to 5.08; P value = 0.001). There was no clear evidence of a difference in relapse incidence between transplantation groups in unrelated donors (HR 1.07; 95% CI 0.78 to 1.47; P value = 0.66). The difference between the donor-related and -unrelated subgroups (P-value = 0.008) was considered to be statistically significant.
BMT was associated with lower rates of overall and extensive chronic GvHD than PBSCT (overall chronic GvHD: four studies, 1121 participants; HR 0.72; 95% CI 0.61 to 0.85; P value = 0.0001, extensive chronic GvHD: four studies, 765 participants; HR 0.69; 95% CI 0.54 to 0.9; P value = 0.006; moderate-quality evidence for both outcomes). The incidence of acute GvHD grades II to IV was not lower (six studies, 1330 participants; HR 1.03; 95% CI 0.89 to 1.21; P value = 0.67; moderate-quality evidence), but there was a trend for a lower incidence of grades III and IV acute GvHD with BMT than with PBSCT (three studies, 925 participants; HR 0.75; 95% CI 0.55 to 1.02; P value = 0.07; moderate-quality evidence).
Times to neutrophil and platelet engraftment were longer with BMT than with PBSCT (neutrophil: five studies, 662 participants; HR 1.96; 95% CI 1.64 to 2.35; P value < 0.00001; platelet: four studies, 333 participants; HR 2.17; 95% CI 1.69 to 2.78; P value < 0.00001).

Iarscríbhinn I
Is rogha cóireála tábhachtach é trasphlandú cealla bunchloíte do dhaoine aonair a bhfuil ailse fola (gnéasanna malignaithe hematúlacha) orthu. Le linn an nós imeachta, déantar cealla (cnámh) a chruthaíonn fola, a fhaightear ó mhearbhall cnámh, ó fhuil imeallach nó ó fhuil cnámhchlaí de dheonóir sláintiúil, a ghlanadh isteach i duine a bhfuil ailse fola aige. Is é an aidhm atá leis ná cealla sláintiúla a athsholáthar i gcorp an fhaighteora tar éis cóireáil le cóireálacha coinníollaithe amhail ceimiteiripe nó radaíocht (nó an dá cheann). Is iad cealla bunchloí na fola imeallach agus cealla bunchloí na mearóg cnámh na foinsí bunchloí caighdeánacha a úsáidtear in aosaigh. Is é an t-aistriúchán is rathúla ná nuair a chuirtear cealla bunchloch ó dheontóir sláintiúil a bhfuil a fíochán comhoiriúnach go géiniteach le fíochán an fhaighteora (díonóir gaolmhar comhoiriúnach). Mura féidir aon dheontóir comhoiriúnaithe a shainaithint, is féidir cealla a ghlanadh ó dheontóir neamhghaolta comhoiriúnaithe nó ó dheontóirí a bhfuil míchomhoiriúnaithe áirithe acu. Go bunúsach, is é an méid níos airde mí-chomhoiriúnacht géiniteach, is mó an baol de choimhlintí tromchúiseacha a bhaineann le trasphlandú, go háirithe galar graft-versus-host (GvHD), ina ndéanann cealla fola bána (cealla T) deontóra ionsaí ar fhíocháin shláintiúla an fhaighteora.
Fuil imchlúdach i gcoinne bunchill mhéar cnámh
Bailítear bunchill fola imeallach tar éis don dheonóir druga a fháil a oibríonn chun bunchill a shlógadh ó mhear cnámh go dtí an fhuil imeallach. Baineann deonú bunchill mhéar cnámh le bunchill a bhaint ó chnámh pelvic an dheonóra faoi anaistéiséis ghinearálta. Is fearr le cill mháthair na fola imeallach a bhronnadh de bharr go bhfuil sé áisiúil don dheonóir agus de bharr cúiseanna loighisticiúla.
Déantar an t-athbhreithniú seo ar an gceist cé acu foinse cill stáit - méarchlainne nó fola imeallach - is oiriúnaí do dhaoine aonair a bhfuil trasphlandú cille stáit á dhéanamh orthu.
Foilsíodh torthaí cliniciúla ó roinnt staidéir ina ndéantar comparáid idir úsáid stéimchéalla méirchnámh agus stéimchéimeanna fola imeallach i ndaoine a bhfuil droch- ghalair hematolaíocha orthu. I bhformhór na staidéir seo, léiríodh go raibh na rátaí a thosaíonn cealla bun a fhaightear le linn trasphlandú ag fás agus ag déanamh cealla fola nua (ar a dtugtar engraftment) níos tapúla tar éis trasphlandú cealla bun fola imeallach (PBSCT) ná tar éis trasphlandú cealla bun méir cnámh (BMT) plátaí. Tuairiscíodh i roinnt staidéir go raibh baint ag PBSCT le riosca níos airde GvHD a fhorbairt ná BMT. Tá baint ag GvHD le riosca níos ísle athchóirithe, ag léiriú cumas an fhreagra imdhíonachta ionsaí a dhéanamh ar na cealla malignant ag an am céanna (éifeacht Graft versus Malignacy). Ar an láimh eile, is féidir le GvHD a bheith ina thiománaí tábhachtach de bhás agus de thinneas a bhaineann le trasphlandú. De ghnáth, tuairiscíodh nach raibh difríocht idir PBSCT agus BMT i dtaca le maireachtáil saor ó ghalair agus maireachtáil iomlán. Ní raibh sé indéanta foinse stéimchill a shainaithint i athbhreithniú córais ó 2005, bunaithe ar shonraí ó fhaighteoirí aonair, agus bhí sé bunaithe go mór ar shonraí ó dheireadh na 1990idí. Ó shin i leith, tá athruithe suntasacha tagtha ar tháscairí agus ar straitéisí trasphlandú, chomh maith le bearta cúraim tacaíochta.
Torthaí na meta-anailíse seo
Sa athbhreithniú córais seo chuireamar naoi dtrialacha rialaithe randamaithe san áireamh ina raibh 1521 rannpháirtí. Ba iad na príomhchritéir chuimsiú daoine fásta a bhí ag fulaingt ó ghreamú cill bun le haghaidh ailse fola ag baint úsáide as cill bun mearbhall nó cill bun imeallach mar fhoinse cill bun. Rinneadh cóireáil ar rannpháirtithe idir 1994 agus 2009. Tá an fhianaise reatha go dtí Feabhra 2014.
Go hachomair, fuair muid go raibh an t-am iomlán agus an t-am saor ó ghalair inchomparáide do PBSCT agus BMT araon. Bhí seans níos mó ann go dtarlódh athbhliain i gcás daoine a fuair céilí bunamhrán cnámh ó dheontóirí gaolmhara ná i gcás daoine a fuair céilí bunamhrán fola imeallach ó dheontóirí gaolmhara, ach níor breathnaíodh an difríocht seo i gcás daoine a fuair céilí bunamhrán cnámh ó dheontóirí neamhghaolmhara. Bhí an minicíocht GvHD géarmhíochaine tar éis PBSCT agus BMT inchomparáide; áfach, bhí claonadh ann go mbeadh GvHD níos déine le PBSCT. Bhí baint ag PBSCT le rátaí níos airde GvHD ainsealach. Bhí an t- am chun an greantaithe go suntasach níos giorra le PBSCT ná le BMT. Meastar go raibh cáilíocht na fianaise meánach go mór.
I bhfianaise na straitéisí cliniciúla atá ag athrú, dearbhaíonn na torthaí seo nach bhfuil an cleachtas reatha chun fuil imill a úsáid seachas méar cnámh mar fhoinse cill mháthair le haghaidh trasphlandú cill mháthair in dhaoine fásta le droch- ghalair hematúla díobhálach maidir leis an maireachtáil iomlán.
Fuair an t-athbhreithniú córais seo fianaise ardchaighdeáin go raibh an maireachtáil iomlán tar éis allo- HSCT ag baint úsáide as an bhfoinse stáit chill chliniciúil chaighdeánach reatha - stáit chill na fola imeallach - cosúil leis an maireachtáil tar éis allo- HSCT ag baint úsáide as stáit chill mhearóg in dhaoine fásta le droch- ghalair hematological. Fuair muid fianaise measartha cáilíochta go raibh baint ag PBSCT le greanta níos tapúla neodróifílí agus plátaí, ach riosca níos airde GvHD (i dtéarmaí GvHD ainsealach níos foriomlán agus níos fairsinge). Bhí éifeacht neamhchinnte ar athchóirithe agus ar GvHD géarmhíochaine tromchúiseach (ghrád III go IV). Ní raibh measúnú déanta ar cháilíocht na beatha, a bhfuil tionchar tromchúiseach aige ar GvHD.
I bhfianaise na gcleachtais trasphlandála a d'athraigh go soiléir le 10 go 15 bliana anuas, ba é ár gcuspóir sonraí reatha a sholáthar ar an bhfoinse cealla bun is fearr le haghaidh allo-HSCT, trí thorthaí thrialacha a rinneadh le déanaí a chur san áireamh. Áirítear inár n-athbhreithniú rannpháirtithe a earcaíodh go dtí 2009, a raibh cuid acu níos sine, a fuair réimeas coinníollaithe íseal-déine nó a ndearnadh trasphlandú leo le cealla bunchloiche ó dheontóirí neamhghaolta. Mar sin féin, ní raibh ach staidéar amháin, mór, a bhí i gceist le rannpháirtithe a ndearnadh cóireáil orthu go réasúnta le déanaí. Mar sin féin, tá ár bhfigiúirí inchomparáide le cinn na meiteanailísithe roimhe seo a thugann le tuiscint go bhfuil ár dtorthaí fíor le haghaidh cleachtas an lae inniu.
Is rogha cóireála bunaithe é trasphlandú cealla bunchill hematopoietic allogineach (allo-HSCT) le haghaidh go leor neamhoird malignant agus neamh-malignant. Le dhá scór bliain anuas, tháinig bunchill na fola imeallach in ionad na méirchille cnámh mar fhoinse bunchill mar gheall ar fhás níos tapúla agus ar fheidhmiúlacht. Rinne meta- anailís roimhe seo anailís ar othair a ndearnadh cóireáil orthu ó 1990 go 2002 agus níor léirigh siad aon tionchar ag foinse na ngéibheanna bunscoile ar mhaireachtáil iomlán, ach riosca níos mó le haghaidh galar greanta i gcoinne óstach (GvHD) i n-atharchurtálacha fola imeallach. De réir mar a leanann táscairí trasphlandaithe agus scéimeanna coinníollaithe ag athrú, ní mór a chinneadh an bhfuil tionchar ag rogha an fhoinse cealla bunchlocha ar thorthaí trasphlandaithe.
Measúnú a dhéanamh ar éifeacht mhídhle oscain i gcomparáid le trasphlandú bunchill fola imeallach i n-othair fásta le droch- ghalair hematúla maidir le maireachtáil iomlán, teagmhais athfhás agus bás neamh- athfhás, maireachtáil saor ó ghalair, bás a bhaineann le trasphlandú, teagmhais GvHD agus am go dtí an trasphlandú.
Rinneamar cuardach ar Chlár lárnach Cochrane na Trialacha Rialú (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2014, Issue 1), MEDLINE (ó 1948 go Feabhra 2014), cláir thrialacha agus imeachtaí comhdhála. Rinneadh an cuardach i mí Dheireadh Fómhair 2011 agus nuashonraíodh é den uair dheireanach i mí Feabhra 2014. Ní raibh aon srianta teanga againn.
Cuireadh triail randamaithe rialaithe (RCTs) san áireamh a rinne comparáid idir trasphlandú cealla bun alóineach méar cnámh agus fola imeallach in aosaigh le droch- ghalair hematúla.
Rinne dhá údar athbhreithnithe scagadh ar shúileanna agus bhain siad sonraí amach agus rinne siad anailís orthu go neamhspleách. Chuir muid i dteagmháil le húdair an staidéir le haghaidh tuilleadh faisnéise. D'úsáid muid na nósanna imeachta modheolaíocha caighdeánacha a bhí ag súil leis an gComhpháirtíocht Cochrane.
Cuireadh naoi RCT san áireamh a chomhlíonann na critéir roghnúcháin réamhshainithe, lena raibh 1521 rannpháirtí san iomlán. Bhí cáilíocht tuairiscithe na sonraí heterogenous i measc na staidéir. Ar an iomlán, bhí an baol claontachta i staidéir na n-iontrálacha íseal.
Maidir leis an mbonn maireachtála foriomlán is príomhchríochnaithe, léirigh ár n-anailís torthaí inchomparáide idir trasphlandú méirchnámh (BMT) agus trasphlandú cill bunchloíte fola imeallach (PBSCT) (sé staidéar, 1330 rannpháirtí; cóimheas riosca (HR) 1.07; 95% CI 0. 91 go 1. 25; luach P = 0. 43; fianaise ardchaighdeáin).
Bhí maireachtáil saor ó ghalair (sé staidéir, 1225 rannpháirtí; HR 1.04; 95% CI 0. 89 go 1. 21; luach P = 0. 6; cáilíocht mheánmhéide fianaise) agus básmhaireacht neamh- athfhillte nó a bhaineann le trasphlandú (trí staidéar, 758 rannpháirtí; HR 0. 98; 95% CI 0. 76 go 1. 28; P = 0. 91; fianaise ardchaighdeáin) inchomparáide idir brains trasphlandú freisin.
I suíomh deonaí gaolmhar, léiríodh sonraí ó dhá cheann de ocht staidéar le 211 rannpháirtí (21%) go raibh minicíocht níos airde athfhillte ag rannpháirtithe a ndearnadh trasphlandú le cealla bunchloch méirchloch ná le cealla bunchloch fola imeallach (HR 2.73; 95% CI 1. 47 go 5. 08; luach P = 0. 001). Ní raibh aon fhianaise shoiléir ann go raibh difríocht idir na grúpaí trasphlandú i dtráthchuiditheoirí neamhghaolta (HR 1.07; 95% CI 0. 78 go 1.47; luach P = 0. 66). Meastar go raibh an difríocht idir na fo-ghrúpaí a raibh gaol acu leis an dónóir agus na fo-ghrúpaí nach raibh gaol acu leis (luach P = 0. 008) suntasach go staidrimh.
Bhí baint ag BMT le rátaí níos ísle GvHD coiteann agus fairsing ná PBSCT (GvHD coiteann ainsealach: ceithre staidéar, 1121 rannpháirtí; HR 0. 72; 95% CI 0. 61 go 0. 85; luach P = 0. 0001; GvHD coiteann ainsealach: ceithre staidéar, 765 rannpháirtí; HR 0. 69; 95% CI 0. 54 go 0. 9; luach P = 0. 006; fianaise meánmhéide cáilíochta don dá cheann de na torthaí). Ní raibh an minicíocht GvHD géarchéim II go IV níos ísle (sé staidéar, 1330 rannpháirtí; HR 1.03; 95% CI 0. 89 go 1. 21; P- luach = 0. 67; fianaise meáchain- cháilíochta), ach bhí treocht ann do minicíocht níos ísle GvHD géarchéim III agus IV le BMT ná le PBSCT (trí staidéar, 925 rannpháirtí; HR 0. 75; 95% CI 0. 55 go 1.02; P- luach = 0. 07; fianaise meáchain- cháilíochta).
Bhí amanna chun neutrophil agus plaiceadáin graftment níos faide le BMT ná le PBSCT (neutrophil: cúig staidéir, 662 rannpháirtí; HR 1.96; 95% CI 1. 64 go 2. 35; P luach < 0. 00001; plaiceadáin: ceithre staidéir, 333 rannpháirtí; HR 2. 17; 95% CI 1. 69 go 2. 78; P luach < 0. 00001).