Concrete curb construction using slipforms can provide several benefits and a better finished project. Concrete curb construction during the last century was made by hand and with a slow-finishing process. Nowadays, techniques have improved; slipform machines have become faster and more reliable and will produce a better-looking concrete curb.Concrete curbs are placed using a low-slump concrete which can harden in a relatively small amount of time, instead of longer periods when regular concrete is used. The concrete used for curbs can be placed directly into hoppers of the slipform equipment, and start placing it immediately.
Importance of Concrete Curbs
Concrete curbs are very important preventing a rapid decay of road surface. The importance of using concrete curbs is:
- Concrete curbs strengthen the pavement surface.
- It confines flexible pavement and improves sub-base compaction.
- Concrete curbs maintain the pavement edge's integrity.
- It reduces the space needed when ROW are being required.
- It eliminates drainage swales and flat side slopes.
- Minimizes drainage maintenance works.
- It reduces erosion and sediments going into storm sewer systems.
- Creates a visual border of the pavement, ideal for drivers at night.
- Concrete curb reduces the driveway length from the edge of the street.
- Straighter edges can be obtained when compared to regular forms.
- It is less dependent of the labor skill.
- Reduces steel or wood forms use and consumption.
- Will allow for a better sloped surface finishing.
- Reduces or eliminates the need for intermediate spacers or templates needed to achieve required slope.
- Water will flow better when compared to regular forms concrete curbs.
- Better production can be obtained.
- Less time consuming and more installation per day.
- Minimizes the uses of pre-cast sections.
- Reduces waste of concrete material since it is placed directly into the machine.
- Several radius measurements can be obtained.
- It minimizes settlement from individual curb placement.
- Slipform equipments are equipped with concrete vibrators helping with the consolidation and placement procedure.
- Some slipforms machines are equipped with automatic finishing equipment, to insert dowel bars at joints.
- Slipform comes in a variety of sizes.
- Slipform machines can work on areas where grade elevations are different.
- Newer machines have built-in GPS operation.
Concrete Curb Slipform BenefitsSlipform benefits are various, but the most significant ones are:

Is féidir le tógáil bordáin concrait ag baint úsáide as slifoirmeacha roinnt buntáistí a sholáthar agus tionscadal críochnaithe níos fearr a fháil. Bhí tógáil clóbhuailte concrait le linn na haoise seo caite déanta de láimh agus le próiseas críochnaithe mall. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá feabhas tagtha ar theicnící; tá meaisíní sliabhadh níos tapúla agus níos iontaofa agus déanfaidh siad curb concrait a bheidh níos fearr le feiceáil. Cuirtear curbs concrait ag baint úsáide as concrait íseal-slump ar féidir leis a cruachadh i méid réasúnta beag ama, in ionad tréimhsí níos faide nuair a úsáidtear concrait rialta. Is féidir an concrait a úsáidtear le haghaidh curbs a chur go díreach i hoppers an trealaimh slipform, agus tosú ag cur é láithreach.
An tábhacht a bhaineann le curbs concrait
Tá curbs concrait an-tábhachtach chun meath tapa ar shlí na bóthair a chosc. Tá tábhacht le bordáin chioncréite a úsáid:
- Neartaíonn curbs concrait dromchla an chosáin.
- Cuireann sé srian ar chosán solúbtha agus feabhsaíonn sé comhdhéanamh fo-bhonn.
- Coimeádann curbs concrait iomláine imeall an chosáin.
- Laghdaíonn sé an spás a theastaíonn nuair a bhíonn ROW ag teastáil.
- Seachnaíonn sé swales dránaíochta agus sléibhte taobh cothrom.
- Íoslaghdaíonn sé obair chothabhála dránaithe.
- Laghdaíonn sé creimeadh agus díolacháin ag dul isteach i gcórais sclábhaithe stoirme.
- Cruthaíonn teorainn amhairc ar an mbóthar, idéalach do thiománaithe san oíche.
- Laghdaíonn curb concrait fad an chosáin ó imeall na sráide.
- Is féidir imeall níos díreacha a fháil i gcomparáid le foirmeacha rialta.
- Tá sé níos lú ag brath ar an scileanna saothair.
- Laghdaíonn sé úsáid agus tomhaltas foirmeacha cruach nó adhmaid.
- Beidh a cheadú le haghaidh níos fearr sloped dromchla críochnú.
- Laghdaíonn nó scriosann sé an gá le spásadóirí idirmheánacha nó le teimpléid a theastaíonn chun an claonadh riachtanach a bhaint amach.
- Beidh uisce a sreabhadh níos fearr i gcomparáid le foirmeacha rialta bordúirí concrait.
- Is féidir táirgeadh níos fearr a fháil.
- Níos lú ama a thógann agus níos mó suiteála in aghaidh an lae.
- Íoslaghdaíonn sé úsáid na gciorruithe réamhchasta.
- Laghdaíonn sé dramhaíl ábhair chonraíochta ós rud é go gcuirtear go díreach isteach sa mheaisín é.
- Is féidir roinnt tomhais radais a fháil.
- Laghdaíonn sé socrúchán ó shuíomh troscán aonair.
- Tá trealamh sliotán feistithe le vibratóirí coincréite a chabhraíonn leis an nós imeachta daingniúcháin agus socraithe.
- Tá trealamh críochnaithe uathoibríoch ar fáil do roinnt meaisíní sliabhchruthaithe chun barraí dowel a chur isteach ag na hailt.
- Tá Slipform i méideanna éagsúla.
- Is féidir le meaisíní sliotán a bheith ag obair ar limistéir ina bhfuil ardú céime difriúil.
- Tá feidhmiú GPS iardhealaithe ag meaisíní níos nuaí.
Sochair Slipform Concrete CurbSlipform Sochair éagsúla, ach is iad na cinn is suntasaí iad:


Faced with news of the driest April snowpack in recorded history, Gov. Jerry Brown on Wednesday morning ordered the first-ever statewide mandatory water reductions for Californians.
Standing amid grass, dirt and rocks atop a dry Sierra ridge, Brown announced actions that he vowed will save water, such as instructing officials to cut urban water use by 25 percent, boost enforcement of water-wasting, streamline the state”s drought response and invest in new water-saving technologies.
“This historic drought demands unprecedented action,” said Brown, joined by state water officials at Echo Summit”s Phillips Station off Highway 50, southwest of Lake Tahoe.
“As Californians, we must pull together and save water in every way possible,” he said.
Snow surveyers announced Wednesday that no snow was found at the Phillips site — the first time in 75 years of early-April measurements. This shatters the previous low record of 25 percent, set last year and in 1977.
This is an anxiously watched rite of spring in drought-stricken California, because snowpack traditionally is at its peak by early April, before it begins to melt.In an average year, there would be 66.5 inches, or 5.5 feet, at the Phillips site.
With the state”s historically wettest winter months now gone, the drought is now firmly rooted in its fourth consecutive year.
Californians can expect to receive almost no water from the meager snowpack as it melts in the coming weeks, said Department of Water Resources director Mark Cowin, who joined Brown at the 6,800-foot-high test site, dense with fragrant pine, fir, and cedar.
In the San Francisco Bay Area, some once-green rolling hillsides are already touched with gold, as dry grasses produce seeds.
This dismal news has huge implications for the cities, farms and wildlife that depend on melting snowpack to yield water during the spring, summer and fall.
This will be California”s fourth dry year. Groundwater levels continue to drop and key reservoirs remain below average. For instance, the State Water Project”s principal reservoir, Lake Oroville, holds 51 percent of its 3.5 million acre-foot capacity.
Across the Sierra, electronic readings indicate the water content of the northern Sierra snowpack on Wednesday was 1.4 inches; central Sierra, 1.5 inches and southern Sierra, 1.3 inches — all 5 percent of average.
Among other steps, Brown seeks to prohibit new homes from irrigating with potable water unless water-efficient drip irrigation systems are used; ban watering of ornamental grass on public street medians; require campuses, golf courses, cemeteries and other large landscapes to make significant cuts in water use, create a new rebate program to replace old wasteful appliances, and work with local goverments to replace 50 million square feet of lawns throughout the state with drought tolerant landscaping.
So far, the impact of the drought has been felt most acutely by farmers, wildlife, and residents in lower income communities that rely on shallow wells.
Brown”s new order means much more aggressive conservation by residents of cities and towns.
The annual April snowpack is a crucial benchmark for state water managers who use the totals to calculate how much the spring snow melt will supply to the state”s reservoirs.
After one of the warmest winters on record, the snowpack has declined since a wet December, when electronic readings recorded the snowpack”s water content at 50 percent of the Dec. 30 historical average, according to the state Department of Water Resources.
The California Water Foundation”s Lester Snow applauded the governor”s executive order as “a necessary and critical part of the state”s response. With the drought already upon us, there are only so many things the state can do, and today”s actions are among them.”
He urged Californians to shift away from grass and instead plant more native and drought-tolerant landscaping. He also recommended state reforms to make it easier for someone with water to transfer it to someone who needs it more –including the environment.
“With practically no runoff forecasted from the Sierra into our network of reservoirs and rivers, we are in store for what could be the most challenging summer our farms, our fish and our families have ever witnessed,” Snow said in a prepared statement.
“Over the next several months we will see rural communities run out of clean water, crops and trees left to wither, and streams and wetlands dried up, leaving fish and water fowl with nowhere to go.”
Check back for more on this story as it develops.
Contact Lisa M. Krieger at 650-492-4098. Follow her at Twitter.com/Lisa M. Krieger.

Ag tabhairt aghaidh ar an nuacht faoin sneachta is tirim i mí Aibreáin i stair taifeadta, dúirt an Gob. D'ordaigh Jerry Brown ar maidin Dé Céadaoin an chéad laghdú éigeantach uisce ar fud an stáit do Californians.
Ag seasamh i measc féar, salachar agus carraigeacha ar bharr crann tirim Sierra, d'fhógair Brown gníomhartha a gheall sé go sábhálfaidh sé uisce, mar shampla údaráis a threorú chun úsáid uisce uirbeach a ghearradh 25 faoin gcéad, forfheidhmiú dramhaíl uisce a threisiú, freagairt triomachta an stáit a shruthlú agus infheistíocht a dhéanamh i dteicneolaíochtaí nua sábhála uisce.
"Tá gá le gníomh gan fasach ag an triomaire stairiúil seo", a dúirt Brown, a chuaigh le hoifigigh uisce stáit ag Stáisiún Echo Summit Phillips amach ó Highway 50, ó dheas ó Loch Tahoe.
"Mar Californians, ní mór dúinn a tharraingt le chéile agus a shábháil uisce ar gach bealach is féidir", a dúirt sé.
D'fhógair léitheoirí sneachta Dé Céadaoin nach bhfuarthas aon sneachta ag suíomh Phillips  den chéad uair i 75 bliain de thomhas go luath i mí Aibreáin. Tá an taifead roimhe seo de 25 faoin gcéad, a bhí i bhfeidhm an bhliain seo caite agus i 1977, curtha i gcló.
Is deasghnátha earrach é seo a bhfuil súil go géar leis i California atá buailte ag triomaíocht, toisc go bhfuil an cnoc sneachta ag a bhuaic is mó go traidisiúnta go luath i mí Aibreáin, sula dtosaíonn sé ag titim. I meánbhliain, bheadh 66.5 orlach, nó 5.5 troigh, ag suíomh Phillips.
Le míonna geimhridh an stáit is mó a bhí ann go stairiúil imithe anois, tá an triomaíocht anois bunaithe go daingean sa cheathrú bliain as a chéile.
Is féidir le Californians a bheith ag súil go bhfaighidh siad beagnach aon uisce ón sneachta beag mar a dhíscaoileann sé sna seachtainí atá le teacht, a dúirt stiúrthóir na Roinne Acmhainní Uisce Mark Cowin, a chuaigh le Brown ag an suíomh tástála 6,800 troigh ar airde, dlúth le pianaigh, fir, agus cédar cumhra.
I Limistéar Bhaile San Francisco, tá roinnt cnoic chonair a bhí uaine ar dtús, le ór, mar go dtáirgeann féar tirim síolta.
Tá impleachtaí ollmhóra ag an nuacht uafásach seo do na cathracha, na feirmeacha agus na fiadhúlra a bhfuil ag brath ar an sneachta leáite chun uisce a thabhairt le linn an earraigh, an tsamhraidh agus an fhómhara.
Beidh sé seo ar an gceathrú bliain tirim California. Tá leibhéil na n-uisce talún ag titim agus tá na príomh-chladáin fós faoi bhun an mheán. Mar shampla, tá 51 faoin gcéad de a chumas 3.5 milliún acra-chéim ag an bpríomh-chúlchiste, Loch Oroville, atá ag an bPróiseacht Uisce Stáit.
Ar fud na Sierra, léitheoireacht leictreonach a thaispeáint ar an ábhar uisce de na Sierra thuaidh sneachta ar an Dé Céadaoin a bhí 1.4 orlach; lár Sierra, 1.5 orlach agus Sierra theas, 1.3 orlach  gach 5 faoin gcéad den mheán.
I measc céimeanna eile, tá sé mar aidhm ag Brown cosc a chur ar theaghlaigh nua uisce óil a úllmhú mura n-úsáidtear córais uisceuisceála drip éifeachtach uisce; cosc a chur ar uisceáil féirín ornáideacha ar mheánbhóithre sráide poiblí; éilíonn sé ar champais, cúrsaí gailf, tuamaigh agus tírdhreacha móra eile gearrachtaí suntasacha a dhéanamh ar úsáid uisce, clár aisíocaíochta nua a chruthú chun sean-uirlisí mídhíola a athsholáthar, agus oibriú le rialtais áitiúla chun 50 milliún troigh cearnach de ghruaig ar fud an stáit a athsholáthar le tírdhreacha inbhuanaithe ar thriomú.
Go dtí seo, is iad na feirmeoirí, na fiadhúlra, agus cónaitheoirí i bpobail íseal-ioncaim a bhfuil muinín acu as tobar neamhchruinn, a bhraith tionchar an triomaigh is mó.
Ciallaíonn ordú nua Brown go bhfuil cosaint i bhfad níos ionsaithí ag cónaitheoirí cathracha agus bailte.
Is é an cnap sneachta bliantúil i mí Aibreáin an t-amhrán ríthábhachtach do bhainisteoirí uisce stáit a úsáideann na huimhreacha chun a ríomh cé mhéad a chuirfidh sneachta an earraigh le damáistí an stáit.
Tar éis ceann de na geimhreadh is teo a taifeadadh, tá an cnap sneachta tar éis titim ó mhí na Nollag fliuch, nuair a thaifeadadh léitheoireacht leictreonach ábhar uisce an chnap sneachta ag 50 faoin gcéad den mheán stairiúil 30 Nollaig, de réir na Roinne Acmhainní Uisce stáit.
Chuir Lester Snow de chuid California Water Foundation moladh ar ordú feidhmiúcháin an rialtóra mar "rochtanas riachtanach agus ríthábhachtach de fhreagra an stáit". Leis an triomaíocht atá againn cheana féin, níl ach an oiread rudaí is féidir leis an stát a dhéanamh, agus tá gníomhartha an lae inniu i measc na n-iarrachtaí sin.
D'iarr sé ar Chalifornians bogadh ar shiúl ó ghrás agus ina ionad sin níos mó tírdhreachú dúchasach agus inbhuanaithe d'eascair a phlandaí. Mhol sé freisin athchóirithe stáit a dhéanamh chun go mbeidh sé níos éasca do dhuine a bhfuil uisce aige é a aistriú chuig duine a bhfuil níos mó gá leis - lena n-áirítear an timpeallacht.
"Le beagnach aon runoff réamh-mheasta ó na Sierra isteach inár líonra de stórálacha agus aibhneacha, táimid ag fanacht leis an samhradh is dúshlánach a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag ár bhfeirmeacha, ár n-iasc agus ár dteaghlaigh riamh", a dúirt Snow i ráiteas ullmhaithe.
Le linn na míonna amach romhainn feicfimid go mbeidh uisce glan ag imeachtaí tuaithe, go mbeidh barra agus crainn ag dul i ngleic le triomú, agus go mbeidh sruthanna agus tailte fliuch ag triomú, gan áit le dul do iasc agus do éan uisce.
Seiceáil ar ais le haghaidh tuilleadh ar an scéal seo mar a fhorbraíonn sé.
Déan teagmháil le Lisa M. Krieger ag 650-492-4098. Lean í ag Twitter.com/Lisa M. Krieger.


Originally posted on Avispa Midia
For the indigenous peoples of Mexico, the winds of war today seem to be the same as those of previous governments. Andrés Manuel López Obrador’s (AMLO) government has been in power just four months and the imposition of development projects, dispossession, persecution, harassment, forced disappearances, and murders continue as before.
On May 4, in the southern Mexican state of Guerrero, indigenous Nahuas belonging to the Popular Indigenous Council of Guerrero – Emiliano Zapata (CIPOG-EZ), held a meeting to coordinate actions at state and federal agencies to pressure them into meeting their social and political demands that had been rejected by the three levels of government. At the end of the meeting, at approximately 6pm, an armed group in Chilapa, Guerrero, kidnapped and later murdered José Lucio Bartolo Faustino and Modesto Verales Sebastián, both members of the National Indigenous Congress (CNI).
On more than one occasion, members of CIPOG-EZ informed the Mexican president that they had been under “siege by criminal organizations tolerated by the three levels of government,” reported members of the Indigenous Governing Council (CIG). The indigenous groups are unequivocal in asserting that AMLO had information about the situation in these communities and therefore cannot say that “he did not know.”
For their part, in a joint statement, the CNI-CIG and the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) said that the indigenous men were killed by narco-paramilitaries who receive government backing. “It is important to mention that our murdered compañeros and their communities have for years been organizing their own Community Police in order to resist the violence, extortion, and poppy cultivation imposed by two criminal groups in the area, Los Ardillos and Los Rojos. These two groups control municipal presidencies across the region and are protected by the Mexican army and the municipal and state police. At one point they even managed to get one of their leaders named president of the Guerrero State Congress,” the statement asserted.
The creation of Los Ardillos criminal group dates back to the 1980s, when it was founded by former rural police officer Celso Ortega Rosas, nicknamed La Ardilla (The Squirrel), who used to grow poppy in the area of Quechultenango, Guerrero. In 2008, he was detained for the kidnapping of a woman and for the murder of two agents of the Deputy Attorney General’s Office for Special Investigations on Organized Crime (SEIDO). He was released in 2011.
Los Rojos criminal organization is in a territorial dispute with Los Ardillos in the municipalities of Chilapa and Chilpancingo. According to authorities in the area, Los Rojos is led by Zenén Nava Sánchez, who operates a kidnapping and extortion ring and is responsible for getting drugs into Chilpancingo prison.
Members of the CNI-CIG and EZLN blame the three levels of government for this crime, “for being complicit in the repression of the peoples’ organizing in defense of their territories. We also hold them responsible for the safety and security of our brothers and sisters of the CIPOG-EZ.”
Additionally, members of the CIPOG-EZ have 67 outstanding arrest warrants against them, including against the two who were murdered. Even so, they insist they will continue “walking from below with the indigenous peoples and against the capitalist system that dispossesses, exploits, loathes and murders us. As indigenous people, we walk with the principles that we inherited from the struggles of our people, those who walked with Vicente Guerrero and with Emiliano Zapata.”
From the first day of this new government, baptized by AMLO as the “Fourth Transformation,” the CNI-CIG has documented the following: increased harassment by the Navy against the autonomous process in the community of Santa María Ostula in the Aquila municipality of Michoacán; harassment of the Community Assembly of the indigenous Binniza community of Gui’ Xhi’ Ro’ in Álvaro Obregón, Oaxaca; persecution and arrest warrants against Mateo López Cruz and Juan Sánchez Torres from the community of Suclumpa in the Salto de Agua municipality in Chiapas; threats of displacement from lands reclaimed by the Chol people in 1994 in the community of San José El Bascan in the Salto de Agua municipality in Chiapas; forced disappearances of five members of the Guzmán Cruz family, P’urhépechas from Tarejero, Michoacán; disappearances and murders of members of the Committee for the Defense of Indigenous Rights (CODEDI) in Oaxaca, among many others.
One of the events that inaugurated this new government was the murder of Samir Flores Soberanes, a community leader from Amilcingo, Morelos, and one of the main opponents of the neoliberal Integral Project for Morelos.
“We denounce the intensification of neoliberal repression against the indigenous peoples, nations, and tribes who do not consent to these projects of death in Guerrero and in all of Mexico, nor to the violence which is used to impose these projects and to repress, kidnap, disappear, and murder those of us who have decided to sow a new world from the indigenous geographies that we are,” said the CNI-CIG.
The indigenous peoples who make up the CNI-CIG continue their organizing processes throughout the country to resist new neoliberal policies being put forward with new arguments, such as the Trans-Isthmus Corridor and the Maya Train, among others. They assert they will not recognize any kind of consultation and “we reject any form of simulation aimed at the dispossession of territories,” they said.

Arna fhoilsiú ar dtús ag Avispa Midia
Maidir le pobail dhúchasacha Mheicsiceo, is cosúil go bhfuil na gaotha cogaidh inniu mar an gcéanna le gaotha rialtais roimhe seo. Níl rialtas Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO) i gcumhacht ach ceithre mhí agus leanann tionscadail forbartha a fhorchur, dífhostaíocht, géarleanúint, ionsaí, imeacht éigeantach agus dúnmharú mar a bhí roimhe.
Ar 4 Bealtaine, i stát Guerrero i ndeisceart Mheicsiceo, bhí cruinniú ag na Nahuas dúchasacha a bhaineann le Comhairle Dúchasacha Poblach Guerrero  Emiliano Zapata (CIPOG-EZ), chun gníomhartha a chomhordú ag gníomhaireachtaí stáit agus cónaidhme chun brú a chur orthu chun a n-éileamh sóisialta agus polaitiúil a chomhlíonadh a dhiúltaigh na trí leibhéal rialtais. Ag deireadh na cruinnithe, thart ar 6pm, thug grúpa armtha i Chilapa, Guerrero, José Lucio Bartolo Faustino agus Modesto Verales Sebastián, comhaltaí den Chomhdháil Náisiúnta Dúchasach (CNI), a kidnapped agus a mharaigh ina dhiaidh sin.
Ar níos mó ná ócáid amháin, chuir baill de CIPOG-EZ in iúl do uachtarán Mheicsiceo go raibh siad faoi áireamh ag eagraíochtaí coiriúla a d'fhulaing na trí leibhéal rialtais, a thuairiscigh baill den Chomhairle Rialtais Thírdhíreach (CIG). Tá na grúpaí dúchasacha gan amhras ag deimhniú go raibh eolas ag AMLO faoin staid sna pobail seo agus dá bhrí sin ní féidir a rá nach raibh a fhios aige.
Ina theannta sin, i ráiteas comhpháirteach, dúirt an CNI-CIG agus Arm Zapatista na Saorála Náisiúnta (EZLN) gur mharaigh na fir dúchasacha ag naicníochtaí-pharaimiliteacha a fhaigheann tacaíocht ón rialtas. Tá sé tábhachtach a lua go bhfuil ár gcomhghleacaithe maraithe agus a bpobail ag eagraíocht a bPóilíní Pobail féin le blianta fada chun seasamh in aghaidh an fhoréigean, an t-easpag agus an chothú maic a fhorchuirtear ag dhá ghrúpa coiriúil sa cheantar, Los Ardillos agus Los Rojos. Tá na dhá ghrúpa seo i gceannas ar uachtaránachtaí cathracha ar fud na réigiúin agus tá siad faoi chosaint ag arm Mheicsiceo agus póilíní cathrach agus stáit. Ag pointe amháin d'éirigh leo fiú ceann dá gcuid ceannairí a ainmniú mar uachtarán ar Chongress Stáit Guerrero, "a dhearbhaigh an ráiteas.
Tosaíonn cruthaitheacht ghrúpa coiriúil Los Ardillos ar ais go dtí na 1980idí, nuair a bhunaigh iar-oifigeach póilíní tuaithe Celso Ortega Rosas, a thugtar La Ardilla (An Squirrel) air, a d'fhás poppy i gceantar Quechultenango, Guerrero. I 2008, cuireadh i gcoinne é as bean a ghabháil agus as dhá ghníomhaire d'Oifig an Leas-Aighne Ginearálta um Imscrúduithe Speisialta ar Choireacht Eagraithe (SEIDO) a mharú. Scaoileadh saor é i 2011.
Tá an eagraíocht choiriúil Los Rojos i gcontúirt chríochach le Los Ardillos i mbunscoileanna Chilapa agus Chilpancingo. De réir údaráis sa cheantar, tá Zenén Nava Sánchez i gceannas ar Los Rojos, a oibríonn gréasán kidnapping agus extortion agus atá freagrach as drugaí a fháil isteach i bpríosún Chilpancingo.
Tá baill den CNI-CIG agus EZLN ag cur an chionta seo ar na trí leibhéal rialtais, "mar go bhfuil siad comhpháirteach i gcúlú na ndaoine" a eagraíonn chun a gcríocha a chosaint. Cuirimid freagracht orthu freisin as sábháilteacht agus slándáil ár mbráithre agus deirfiúracha de CIPOG-EZ.
Ina theannta sin, tá 67 ordú gabhála neamhspleách ag baill CIPOG-EZ ina gcoinne, lena n-áirítear an bheirt a maraíodh. Mar sin féin, seasann siad go leanfaidh siad ag coimhlint ón mbun leis na daoine dúchasacha agus i gcoinne an chórais chaipitiliste a dhíbirt, a shaothraíonn, a ghortú agus a mharaíonn muid. Mar dhaoine dúchasacha, téimid leis na prionsabail a d'fhásamar ó streachailt ár ndaoine, iad siúd a chuaigh le Vicente Guerrero agus le Emiliano Zapata.
Ón gcéad lá den rialtas nua seo, a bhaisteadh ag AMLO mar an "Ceathrú Athrú", tá an CNI-CIG tar éis na nithe seo a leanas a dhoiciméadú: méadú ar an gcuideachta ag an bhFlaitheas i gcoinne an phróisis uathrialaigh i bpobal Santa María Ostula i bhféile Aquila de Michoacán; cuideachta ar Tionól Pobail phobail dúchasach Binniza Gui Xhi Ro i Álvaro Obregón, Oaxaca; géarleanúint agus ordaithe gabháil i gcoinne Mateo López Cruz agus Juan Sánchez Torres ó phobal Suclumpa i bhféile Salto de Agua i Chiapas; bagairtí díláithrithe ó thailte a d'athraigh daoine Chol i 1994 i bpobal San José El Bascanas i bhféile Salto de Aguachas i Chiapas; imeachtaí foréigneacha de chúig chomhalta den teaghlach Guzmán Cruz, Purpejero ó Purpejero, Michoacán; agus dúnmharú ar chomhaltaí an Choiste um Chearta na dTúchasaigh i Oaxaca (CODEDI), i measc go leor eile.
Ceann de na himeachtaí a thug tús leis an rialtas nua seo ná dúnmharú Samir Flores Soberanes, ceannaire pobail ó Amilcingo, Morelos, agus ceann de na príomh-iomaitheoirí ar an Tionscadal Comhtháite neoliberal do Morelos.
Molaimid an déine a bhaineann leis an smachtú nua-liobrálaí i gcoinne na bpobal, na náisiún agus na treibheanna dúchasacha nach n-aontaíonn leis na tionscadail bháis seo i Guerrero agus i Meicsiceo ar fad, ná leis an bhforéigean a úsáidtear chun na tionscadail seo a fhorchur agus chun na daoine a chuir i bhfeidhm, a ghabháil, a imeacht, agus a mharú a chinnigh domhan nua a shíol ó na tíreoga dúchasacha atá againn,  dúirt an CNI-CIG.
Leanann na daoine dúchasacha a dhéanann suas an CNI-CIG a bpróisis eagraithe ar fud na tíre chun seasamh i gcoinne bheartais nua nua-liobrálacha a chuirtear ar aghaidh le argóintí nua, mar an Chonair Trans-Isthmus agus an Traein Maya, i measc daoine eile. Deir siad nach n-aithneoidh siad aon chineál comhairliúcháin agus "diúltaímid d'aon chineál samhlaíochta a bhfuil sé mar aidhm aige críoch a dhíghábháil", a dúirt siad.


WINDSOR–Max Nelson earned his PhD in classical studies through pioneering scholarship and 10 litres of the oldest beer ever produced in Canada.
"The beer recipe reflected what they were doing in Egypt millennia ago," says Nelson, a University of Windsor professor and beer history guru.
He describes the ancient beer, called bouza in Arabic, as intensely sweet-sour in taste and a beautiful ruby red in colour – once the heavy sediment settles.
Nelson served the bouza to the PhD examiners in 2001 to drive home the key finding from his exhaustive delving into old monastery records and classical literature – although the first beer was produced in Egypt or Mesopotamia 3,000 years ago, the suds consumed around the world today stem from much more recent European beer-making.
"And so does all the cultural baggage," Nelson adds. That cultural baggage is the lingering prejudice against beer as a second-class tipple in contrast to the snobbery, pretence and inflated prices surrounding wine.
"There appears to be no limit to what people will pay for a bottle of wine but you can't imagine handing over more than $10 for a bottle of beer in a store," Nelson says. "How can something possibly taste thousands of times better than something else?"
It doesn't, of course, but blame the ancient Greeks and Romans for a lingering anti-beer tilt in our culture (which we inherited from Europe). And credit the Germans for softening that stigma after the Roman Empire fell to beer-loving Goth invaders in the 5th century.
The Romans called the Goths barbarians and Nelson's detail-rich book tracing the history of beer in Europe up to 1000 is titled The Barbarian's Beverage (Routledge, 2005).
The 34-year-old scholar obviously lives and breathes classical studies. Nearly every surface in his office displays some ancient artifact, such as oil lamps, coins and vases.
A tall stand holds a replica breastplate and helmet of a Roman legionnaire and nearby are a shield and sword ("The proper term is actually legionary, if it matters"). For a photograph, Nelson volunteers to don a Roman toga and down pints in a campus pub.
"Why divorce pleasure and work? I flew through my PhD because I loved the topic," he says.
In scouting a doctoral topic at the University of British Columbia, Nelson discovered that no writer had seriously tackled the history of beer in ancient Europe. Yet he uncovered a wealth of revealing information from sources as varied as the writings of Aristotle to parchment records from monasteries in France.
"There were a lot of things that no one had ever looked at before because they hadn't been translated from the Latin. But if you see hops and barley listed together, it has to be for beer."
Such dogged detective work led to several key insights about Europe's contribution to modern beer culture and technology, including:
"The beer we drink today is a European drink even though the Pharaohs in Egypt also drank beer, and that would have been pretty good beer, too," Nelson says.
Yet, while beer was good enough for the rulers of Egypt and Mesopotamia, the Greeks dismissed it as fit only for foreigners, who were by definition inferiors. Nelson says this bias probably arose because the Greeks weren't very good scientists where booze was concerned.
"They understood that different drinks were intoxicating but they didn't understand that they were intoxicating because of alcohol."
Aristotle suggested that beer and wine must cause intoxication by different means because drunken beer-drinkers collapsed on their backs while drunken wine-imbibers fell in all directions.
Greek thinkers classed wine as a hot and dry substance and beer as a cold and wet one. And since they equated hot and dry with being manly and cold and wet with being effeminate, beer was shunned.
"The Greeks are the first people we know of who avoided making beer, even though they had an abundance of cereal and knew how to make it. It's very odd, because they were surrounded by people drinking beer," Nelson says.
Along with many other cultural influences, the Romans incorporated this anti-beer bias from the Greeks and spread it throughout their empire.
By the second century BC, the Gauls had come to regard beer as lower class and enriched the Roman economy by importing vast quantities of wine.
That wine arrived by sea in twin-handled pottery jars called amphora. Mounds of amphora shards at southern French cities like Toulouse are mute testimony to this cultural imperialism.
But then along came the barbarians, the Goths from Germany and farther north.
"The barbarian attitude was: it tastes good and makes you drunk, then you might as well drink it."
But while the German tribes rejected the notion of beer as unmanly, Nelson's research shows they still bought into the concept of wine as the elite drink.
Something worth considering as you order that next round.

WINDSOR D'éirigh le Max Nelson a PhD i staidéir clasaiceacha trí scoláireacht réamhtheachtaíochta agus 10 lítear den bhia is sine a tháirgtear riamh i gCeanada.
"Ba é an t-oideas beoir a léiríonn an méid a bhí á dhéanamh san Éigipt mílte bliain ó shin", a deir Nelson, ollamh in Ollscoil Windsor agus gurbh-ealaíontóir beoir.
Déanann sé cur síos ar an sean-beoir, ar a dtugtar bouza san Araibis, mar bhlas an-sásta-saor agus dearg ruby álainn i dhath  nuair a shuíonn an sediment trom.
D'fháiltigh Nelson an bouza do scrúdaitheoirí PhD i 2001 chun an príomhfhiosrúchán a thiomáint óna scaipeadh tuillteach i dtaifead sean-mhonastóireachta agus litríocht clasaiceach  cé gur táirgeadh an chéad beoir san Éigipt nó i Mesopotamia 3,000 bliain ó shin, tagann na spúnóg a íoctar ar fud an domhain inniu ó dhéanamh beoir na hEorpa i bhfad níos déanaí.
"Agus mar sin tá an bagáiste cultúrtha go léir", a deir Nelson. Is é an bagairt chultúrtha sin an réamhchinnteacht atá ann i gcoinne an bhia mar dheoch dara ranga i gcodarsnacht leis an snobbery, an t-iompraíocht agus na praghsanna ard a bhaineann le fíon.
"Is cosúil nach bhfuil teorainn ar bith ann do na daoine a íocfaidh le haghaidh buidéal fíona ach ní féidir leat smaoineamh ar níos mó ná $ 10 a thabhairt le haghaidh buidéal beoir i siopa", a deir Nelson. "Conas is féidir rud éigin a blas na mílte uair níos fearr ná rud éigin eile?"
Ní dhéanann sé, ar ndóigh, ach a chur ar an gcosa na Gréagaigh agus na Rómhánaigh ársa as a leanúnach frith-beoir i ár gcultúr (a fuair muid ó na hEorpa). Agus creidmheas na Gearmánaigh a mhaolú go stigma tar éis an Impireacht Rómhánach thit go beoir-grá na ionsaitheoirí Goth sa 5ú haois.
D'iarr na Rómhánaigh na Goths barbár agus tá leabhar shaibhir sonraí Nelson ag rianú stair an bhia san Eoraip suas go dtí 1000 dar teideal The Barbarian's Beverage (Routledge, 2005).
Is léir go bhfuil an scoláirí 34 bliain d'aois ag maireachtáil agus ag anailís ar staidéir clasaiceacha. Léiríonn beagnach gach dromchla ina oifig roinnt ealaín ársa, mar shampla lampaí ola, boinn agus vases.
Tá stán ard ag coinneáil cóip de chrios-chroí agus de chrios-chlaidheamh léigiúnaí Rómhánach agus in aice láimhe tá sciath agus claíomh ("Is é an téarma ceart legiúnach, más rud é go bhfuil sé tábhachtach"). Le haghaidh grianghraf, déanann Nelson deonach toga Rómhánach a chaitheamh agus pinteanna síos i bpub ar an gcampas.
"Cén fáth a scriosadh spraoi agus obair? D'fhill mé tríd mo PhD toisc gur thaitin an t-ábhar liom, "a deir sé.
Agus é ag scagadh ábhar dochtúireachta in Ollscoil British Columbia, fuair Nelson amach nach raibh aon scríbhneoir tar éis dul i ngleic go dáiríre le stair an bhia san Eoraip ársa. Ach fuair sé amach saibhreas faisnéise nochtadh ó fhoinsí chomh éagsúil le scríbhinní Aristotle go dtí taifid peirginéireachta ó mhonastóirí sa Fhrainc.
"Bhí a lán rudaí nach raibh duine ar bith a d'fhéach riamh roimh toisc nach raibh siad aistrithe ó na Laidine. Ach má fheiceann tú hops agus barla liostaithe le chéile, ní mór go mbeadh sé le haghaidh beoir. "
Mar thoradh ar an obair dheascaigh dheascach sin, tháinig roinnt léargas lárnach ar ranníocaíocht na hEorpa le cultúr agus teicneolaíocht an bhoir nua-aimseartha, lena n-áirítear:
"Is deoch Eorpach an beoir a ólann muid inniu cé go raibh beoir ag na Pharaoh san Éigipt freisin, agus bheadh sé sin go maith freisin", a deir Nelson.
Ach cé go raibh beoir maith go leor do rialóirí na hÉigipte agus na Meisopotáime, níor mheas na Gréagaigh go raibh sé oiriúnach ach do choigríche, a bhí níos ísle de réir sainmhíniú. Nelson deir an bias is dócha ardaíodh toisc nach raibh na Gréagaigh eolaithe an-mhaith nuair a bhí alcól i gceist.
"Bhí siad a thuiscint go raibh deochanna éagsúla intoxicating ach ní raibh siad a thuiscint go raibh siad intoxicating mar gheall ar alcól".
Mhol Aristóteles go gcaithfidh beoir agus fíon meisce a chur ar bhealaí éagsúla toisc go dtitfeadh deochóirí beoir ar a gcúl agus go dtitfeadh deochóirí fíona i ngach treo.
Bhí smaointeoirí na Gréige ag aicmiú fíon mar substaint te agus tirim agus beoir mar cheann fuar agus fliuch. Agus ós rud é go raibh siad chomh te agus tirim le bheith feargach agus fuar agus fliuch le bheith effeminate, bhí beoir shunned.
"Is iad na Gréagaigh na chéad daoine a bhfuil a fhios againn a sheachain beoir a dhéanamh, cé go raibh go leor gráin acu agus go raibh a fhios acu conas é a dhéanamh. Tá sé an-aisteach, mar bhí daoine ag ól beoir timpeall orthu", a deir Nelson.
Chomh maith le go leor tionchair chultúrtha eile, chuir na Rómhánaigh an claonadh frith-beoir seo isteach ó na Gréagaigh agus scaip siad é ar fud a n-impireacht.
Faoi an dara haois RC, bhí na Gauls tar éis beoir a mheas mar rang níos ísle agus saibhrigh siad geilleagar na Róimhe trí chainníochtaí móra fíona a allmhairiú.
Tháinig an fíon sin ar muir i jaranna talún a raibh dhá láimhseáil orthu ar a dtugtar amphora. Is fianaise muthe iad na cnapanna amphora i gcathracha de theas na Fraince mar Toulouse ar an impirialism cultúrtha seo.
Ach ansin tháinig na barbár, na Goths ó Ghearmáin agus níos faide ó thuaidh.
"Ba é an dearcadh barbarach: tá blas maith aige agus déanann sé tú a ól, ansin d'fhéadfá é a ól chomh maith sin".
Ach cé gur dhiúltaigh na treibheanna Gearmánacha don choincheap beoir mar rud neamh-fhearúil, léiríonn taighde Nelson gur ghlac siad fós le coincheap an fhíona mar an deoch ard.
Rud is fiú a mheas agus tú ag ordú an chéad bhabhta eile.


Vascular dementia is loss of mental function due to destruction of brain tissue because its blood supply is reduced or blocked. The cause is usually strokes, either a few large ones or many small ones.
Vascular dementia is the second most common cause of dementia among older people.
A series of strokes may result in vascular dementia. These strokes are more common among men and usually begin after age 70. Risk factors for vascular dementia include the following:
High blood pressure, diabetes, and atherosclerosis damage blood vessels in the brain. Atrial fibrillation increases the risk of strokes due to blood clots from the heart. Unlike other types of dementia, vascular dementia can sometimes be prevented by correcting or eliminating the risk factors for strokes.
Strokes can destroy brain tissue by blocking the blood supply to parts of the brain. An area of brain tissue that is destroyed is called an infarct. Dementia may result from a few large strokes or, more commonly, many small ones. Some of these strokes seem minor or may not even be noticed. They cause little or no muscle weakness and no paralysis. However, people may continue to have small strokes, and after enough brain tissue is destroyed, dementia can develop. Thus, vascular dementia may develop before strokes cause severe symptoms or sometimes even any noticeable symptoms.
Vascular dementia includes the following, which may overlap somewhat:
Vascular dementia often occurs with Alzheimer disease (as mixed dementia).
Unlike dementia caused by Alzheimer disease, vascular dementia may progress in steps. Symptoms may worsen suddenly, then plateau or lessen somewhat. They then become worse months or years later when another stroke occurs. Dementia that results from many small strokes usually progresses more gradually than that due to a few large strokes. The small strokes may be so subtle that dementia may seem to develop gradually and continuously instead of in steps.
Symptoms (memory loss, difficulty planning and initiating actions or tasks, slowed thinking, and a tendency to wander) are similar to those of other dementias. However, compared with Alzheimer disease, vascular dementia tends to cause memory loss later and to affect judgment and personality less. People with vascular dementia may have particular difficulty planning and initiating actions, and their thinking may be noticeably slow.
Symptoms can vary depending on what part of the brain is destroyed. Usually, some aspects of mental function are not impaired because the strokes destroy tissue in only part of the brain. Thus, people may be more aware of their losses and more prone to depression than people with other types of dementia.
As more strokes occur and dementia progresses, people may have other symptoms due to the strokes. An arm or a leg may become weak or paralyzed. People may have difficulty speaking. For example, they may slur their speech. Vision may be blurred or partly or completely lost. Coordination may be lost, making walking unsteady. People may laugh or cry in appropriately. People may have difficulty controlling bladder function, resulting in urinary incontinence.
About 6 in 10 people die within 5 years after symptoms begin. It is often due to a stroke or heart attack.
The diagnosis is similar to that of other dementias (see Diagnosis).
Once dementia is diagnosed, doctors suspect vascular dementia in people who have risk factors for or symptoms of a stroke. Then doctors do a thorough evaluation to check for stroke (see Diagnosis). Computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is done too check for evidence of a stroke. Results of these tests can support the diagnosis but are not definitive.
Treatment involves general measures to provide safety and support, as for all dementias (see Treatment). Treating diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol levels can help prevent and slow or stop the progression of vascular dementia. Stopping smoking is also recommended.
There is no specific treatment for vascular dementia. Sometimes cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, the drugs used for Alzheimer disease, are given because some people with vascular dementia also have Alzheimer disease. For people who have had a stroke, doctors may recommend that they take aspirin, which can reduce the risk of another stroke. People with atrial fibrillation are given warfarin, an anticoagulant, to help reduce the risk of another stroke.
Last full review/revision July 2013 by Juebin Huang, MD, PhD

Is caillteanas feidhm mheabhrach é an díomhaoin bhaiscúil de bharr scrios fíochán inchinne toisc go bhfuil a soláthar fola laghdaithe nó blocáilte. Is é an chúis de ghnáth stróc, nó cúpla ceann mór nó go leor cinn beaga.
Is é an díomhaoin bhaiscúil an dara cúis is coitianta de díomhaoin i measc daoine scothaosta.
D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh dementia vascular mar thoradh ar shraith stróc. Tá na strócanna seo níos coitianta i measc na bhfear agus de ghnáth tosaíonn siad tar éis aois 70. I measc na ngnéithe riosca le haghaidh díomhaoin bhaiscúil tá na nithe seo a leanas:
Déanann brú fola ard, diaibéiteas, agus atherosclerosis damáiste do na soithigh fola sa inchinn. Méadaíonn fibrillation atrial an baol stróc mar gheall ar chlúdaigh fola ón gcroí. Murab ionann agus cineálacha eile díomhaoin, is féidir díomhaoin vascular a chosc uaireanta trí na fachtóirí riosca le haghaidh stróc a cheartú nó a dhíchur.
Is féidir le strócanna fíochán inchinne a scriosadh trí bhac a chur ar an soláthar fola do chuid den inchinn. Tugtar infarct ar limistéar fíochán inchinn a scriostar. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh cúpla stróc mór nó, níos coitianta, go leor stróc beaga mar thoradh ar dhímheas. Is cosúil go bhfuil cuid de na strócanna seo beag nó b'fhéidir nach dtuigtear iad fiú. Ní bhíonn aon lagú muscle nó gan aon lagú agus gan aon pharáil. Mar sin féin, d'fhéadfadh stróc beag a bheith ag daoine, agus tar éis dó fíochán clúire go leor a scriosadh, d'fhéadfadh dementia a fhorbairt. Dá bhrí sin, d'fhéadfadh díomhaoin vascular forbairt sula gcuireann stróc comharthaí tromchúiseacha nó uaireanta fiú aon chomharthaí suntasacha.
Áirítear ar dhímheas coiriúil na nithe seo a leanas, a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag dul i gcodarsnacht le chéile go pointe éigin:
Is minic a tharlaíonn díomhaoin bhaiscúil le galar Alzheimer (mar díomhaoin mheasctha).
Murab ionann agus díomhaoin a bhíonn mar thoradh ar ghalar Alzheimer, d'fhéadfadh díomhaoin vascular dul chun cinn i gcéimeanna. D'fhéadfadh na hairíonna a bheith níos measa go tobann, ansin pláta nó a laghdú go pointe éigin. Ansin bíonn siad níos measa míonna nó blianta ina dhiaidh sin nuair a tharlaíonn stróc eile. De ghnáth, téann an díomhaoin a thagann ó go leor strócanna beaga chun cinn níos deireanaí ná an díomhaoin a thagann ó chúpla stróc mór. D'fhéadfadh na strócanna beaga a bheith chomh subtle go bhféadfadh sé go mbeadh an chuma ar an dímheas a fhorbairt de réir a chéile agus go leanúnach seachas i gcéimeanna.
Tá na hairíonna (tuillteanas cuimhne, deacracht le pleananna a dhéanamh agus gníomhartha nó tascanna a thionscnamh, smaointeoireacht mall, agus claonadh chun dul ar shiúl) cosúil le hairíonna dementias eile. Mar sin féin, i gcomparáid le galar Alzheimer, bíonn claonadh ag an díomhaoin vascular caillteanas cuimhne a chur ar bun níos déanaí agus tionchar níos lú a bheith aige ar bhreithiúnas agus ar phearsantacht. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh deacracht ar leith ag daoine a bhfuil díomhaoin vascular orthu gníomhartha a phleanáil agus a thionscnamh, agus d'fhéadfadh a gcuid smaointeoireachta a bheith mall go suntasach.
Is féidir le hairíonna a bheith éagsúil ag brath ar an gcuid den inchinn a scriosadh. De ghnáth, ní bhíonn aon bhaol ar roinnt gnéithe de fheidhm mheabhrach toisc nach ndéanann na strócanna ach fíochán i gcuid amháin den inchinn a mhilleadh. Dá bhrí sin, d'fhéadfadh daoine a bheith níos mothaithe ar a gcaillteanas agus níos mó seans maith go dtiocfadh dúlagar orthu ná daoine a bhfuil cineálacha eile díomhaoin acu.
De réir mar a tharlaíonn níos mó stróc agus a théann an díomhaoin chun cinn, d'fhéadfadh comharthaí eile a bheith ag daoine mar gheall ar na strócanna. D'fhéadfadh lámh nó cos a bheith lag nó paralach. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh deacracht ag daoine labhairt. Mar shampla, b'fhéidir go mbraitheann siad go bhfuil siad ag labhairt go mí-ádh. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh an radharc cliste nó go hiomlán nó go páirteach. D'fhéadfadh sé go gcaillfí comhordú, rud a fhágann go bhfuil sé ag siúl gan seasamh. D'fhéadfadh daoine gáire nó caoineadh a dhéanamh go cuí. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh deacracht ag daoine feidhmiú an bhlasraí a rialú, rud a fhágann go mbeidh incontinence urinary ann.
Faigheann thart ar 6 as 10 duine bás laistigh de 5 bliana tar éis na hairíonna a thosú. Is minic a bhíonn sé mar gheall ar stróc nó ar ionsaí croí.
Tá an diagnóis cosúil le diagnóis dhéimeantais eile (féach Diagnosis).
Nuair a dhéantar diagnóis dhímheasa, ceaptar go bhfuil damáiste vascular ag dochtúirí i measc daoine a bhfuil fachtóirí riosca acu nó a bhfuil comharthaí stróc acu. Ansin déanann dochtúirí meastóireacht chuimsitheach chun a sheiceáil an bhfuil stróc ann (féach Diagnóis). Déantar tomagraf ríomhaireachta (CT) nó íomháíocht athsholáthair maighnéadach (MRI) freisin chun fianaise stróc a sheiceáil. Is féidir le torthaí na dtástálacha seo tacú leis an diagnóis ach níl siad críochnaitheach.
I gcás gach dementia, baineann an cóireáil le bearta ginearálta chun sábháilteacht agus tacaíocht a sholáthar (féach Cóireáil). Is féidir le cóireáil diaibéiteas, brú fola ard, agus leibhéil arda cholesterol cabhrú le dul chun cinn na damáiste soithíoch a chosc agus a mhoilliú nó a stopadh. Moltar freisin caitheamh tobac a scor.
Níl aon chóireáil shonrach ann le haghaidh díomhaoin vascular. Uaireanta tugtar coscairí cholinesterase agus memantine, na drugaí a úsáidtear le haghaidh galar Alzheimer, toisc go bhfuil galar Alzheimer ag daoine áirithe a bhfuil díomhaoin vascular orthu freisin. I gcás daoine a raibh stróc orthu, d'fhéadfadh dochtúirí a mholadh go nglacfadh siad aspirin, rud a d'fhéadfadh an baol stróc eile a laghdú. Tugtar warfarin, frith-chruthú, do dhaoine a bhfuil fibrillation atrial acu chun cabhrú le riosca stróc eile a laghdú.
Athbhreithniú iomlán deireanach/athbhreithniú Iúil 2013 le Juebin Huang, MD, PhD


Imagine girls coast-to-coast-to-coast across Canada getting inspired and learning how to harness the power of technology on the same day. Girls will leave feeling excited, confident and ready to be a part of something big!
On June 20, 2020, join the girl in your life for our seventh annual #glcCodeDay, and witness gasps of awe, giggling and “I did it!” moments. This year, we’re empowering girls to use Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) to make an impact on cyberbullying. Ignite change today!Find a workshop
This year, girls from coast-to-coast-to-coast will learn how to leverage technology to make a difference in their digital world. Girls will learn how to train a machine to become their very own anti-cyberbullying assistant that will help guide positive online behaviour, like our friend here, Riley!
Girls will get an introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI) and learn how to train a machine – two cool coding concepts used in the technology industry today and beyond!
1 out of every 5 youth in Canada experience some form of bullying and 1 out of every 6 youth in Canada participate in cyberbullying. It’s time to make an impact. Girls will learn how to be more mindful online and how to find resources to take action in response to cyberbullying.
Girls will be working with digital tools, participating in group discussions in virtual breakout rooms and work together through activities. Collaborating, mingling and giggling – it’s hard not to make new friends!
Artificial Intelligence is defined as a machine or computer program that has the ability to make decisions. Did you know? One of the early functions of AI is playing a game of chess or checkers on your computers!
Machine Learning is an application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and is used to train (AI) algorithms. For example, when you’re online shopping, Machine Learning is what trained the website to know what you like!
On #glcCodeDay, we’ll be working with multiple definitions of cyberbullying because the digital world is always evolving. Taking the lead from Kids Help Phone, Government of Ontario and Government of Canada, cyberbullying can be defined as when an individual or group intends to cause harm to another person or group on a digital platform. This can be by spreading rumours, sharing hurtful comments or any other actions with the intent of embarrassing or humiliating the targeted person.
Canada Learning Code is not a subject matter expert in the bullying (including cyberbullying) space. Canada Learning Code is not a website for personal disclosure of suicidal thoughts or behaviours. If you, or someone you know, are in immediate harm, please call 911 or go to your nearest emergency department for assistance. You can also visit Kids Help Phone, TELUS Wise, Project Shift, IMPACT!, MediSmarts and Interland for resources and support.

Samhlaigh cailíní ó chósta go cósta ar fud Cheanada ag fáil spreagtha agus ag foghlaim conas cumhacht na teicneolaíochta a bhainistiú ar an lá céanna. Fágfaidh cailíní an-spéisiúil, muiníneach agus réidh le bheith mar chuid de rud éigin mór!
Ar 20 Meitheamh, 2020, déan teagmháil leis an gcailín i do shaol le haghaidh ár seachtú lá #glcCode bliantúil, agus bíodh tú ag tabhairt fianaise ar chnapáin, ar chugha agus ar nóiméad "Rinne mé é!" I mbliana, táimid ag cur le cailíní úsáid a bhaint as Intleacht Shaorga (AI) agus Foghlaim Mheaisín (ML) chun tionchar a imirt ar chibearbhuileáil. Tosaigh ag athrú inniu!Féach ar obairlann
I mbliana, foghlaimfidh cailíní ó chósta go cósta conas teicneolaíocht a ghiaráil chun difríocht a dhéanamh ina saol digiteach. Foghlaimfidh cailíní conas meaisín a oiliúint chun a bheith ina gcabhairí frith-ciber-bhrúiteora féin a chabhróidh le hiompar dearfach ar líne a threorú, cosúil lenár gcairde anseo, Riley!
Gheobhaidh cailíní tabhairt isteach ar Intleacht Shaorga (AI) agus foghlaimfidh siad conas meaisín a oiliúint  dhá choincheap códaithe fionnuar a úsáidtear i dtionscal na teicneolaíochta inniu agus níos faide i gcéin!
Bíonn 1 as gach 5 óg i gCeanada ag fulaingt ó chineál éigin bullying agus 1 as gach 6 óg i gCeanada rannpháirteach i cyberbullying. Tá sé in am tionchar a imirt. Foghlaimfidh cailíní conas a bheith níos aireach ar líne agus conas acmhainní a aimsiú chun gníomhú mar fhreagra ar chibearbhuileáil.
Beidh cailíní ag obair le huirlisí digiteacha, ag glacadh páirt i ndíospóireachtaí grúpa i seomraí briseadh amach fíorúla agus ag obair le chéile trí ghníomhaíochtaí. Comhoibriú, meascáil agus gáireáil  tá sé deacair gan cairde nua a dhéanamh!
Sainmhínítear Inntleacht Chumasach mar mheaisín nó clár ríomhaire a bhfuil an cumas aige cinntí a dhéanamh. An raibh a fhios agat? Ceann de na feidhmeanna luath de AI Is ag imirt cluiche de chess nó dam ar do ríomhairí!
Is feidhmchlár de Sláinte Chliste (AI) é Foghlaim Inmhiotal agus úsáidtear é chun algartaim (AI) a oiliúint. Mar shampla, nuair a bhíonn tú ag siopadóireacht ar líne, is í an Fhoghlaim Mheaisín a mhúineadh an suíomh Gréasáin chun a fháil amach cad is maith leat!
Ar #glcCodeDay, beidh muid ag obair le sainmhínithe éagsúla ar chibearbhuileáil toisc go bhfuil an domhan digiteach ag teacht chun cinn i gcónaí. Ag glacadh le ceannaireacht ó Kids Help Phone, Rialtas Ontario agus Rialtas Cheanada, is féidir cibearbhuileáil a shainmhíniú mar nuair a bhíonn sé i gceist ag duine aonair nó grúpa dochar a dhéanamh do dhuine nó grúpa eile ar ardán digiteach. D'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith trí ráflaí a scaipeadh, tuairimí díobhálacha a roinnt nó aon ghníomhartha eile a dhéanamh d'fhonn an duine atá i gceist a chur i náire nó a ídiú.
Ní saineolaí ábhair i réim bullying (lena n-áirítear cyberbullying) í Cód Foghlama Ceanada. Ní láithreán gréasáin é Cód Foghlama Cheanada chun smaointe nó iompraíochtaí féinmharú a nochtadh go pearsanta. Má tá tú féin, nó duine éigin a bhfuil aithne agat air, i mbaol láithreach, glaoigh ar 911 nó téigh chuig an roinn éigeandála is gaire duit le haghaidh cúnamh. Is féidir leat dul chuig Kids Help Phone, TELUS Wise, Project Shift, IMPACT!, MediSmarts agus Interland le haghaidh acmhainní agus tacaíochta.


Everyone has heard that the early bird gets the worm but is that necessarily true? Actually, according to a fascinating new video by AsapSCIENCE, the answer isn’t quite as clear cut as you have been lead to believe. While early birds typically function better in the early part of the day, night owls do have an advantage by the afternoon. And did you know that you may not even have a choice in whether you can get up early or not?
That’s right. It’s not a habit, it’s genetic. Turns out there are slight but meaningful differences in the DNA of people who get up early and people who stay up late. Those changes affect the amount of white matter, and thus the levels of serotonin, dopamine, and cortisol in your brain. And weirdly enough, the same DNA sequence has been linked to your time of death! Find out more by watching this video!

Tá gach duine tar éis a chloisteáil go bhfaigheann an t-éan go luath an féar ach an bhfuil sé sin fíor go forleathan? Go deimhin, de réir físeán nua suimiúil ag AsapSCIENCE, níl an freagra chomh soiléir agus a bhí tú ag creidiúint. Cé go n-oibríonn na páistí go luath níos fearr go ginearálta ar maidin, tá buntáiste ag na h-uibheacha oíche faoin tráthnóna. Agus an raibh a fhios agat nach féidir leat a roghnú fiú má fhéadann tú a bheith ag ardú go luath nó nach féidir?
Sin ceart. Ní cleachtadh é, is géiniteach é. Tá difríochtaí beaga, ach suntasacha ann i dDNA na ndaoine a dhúisíonn go luath agus na ndaoine a fhanann go déanach. Bíonn tionchar ag na hathruithe sin ar mhéid an ábhair bhána, agus dá bhrí sin ar leibhéil serotonin, dopamine, agus cortisol i do inchinn. Agus go hiontach go leor, tá an t-iarsma DNA céanna nasctha le d'am báis! Faigh amach níos mó trí féachaint ar an bhfíseán seo!


April 24, 2014,
Birth Control and Family Planning
Spermicidal and Barrier Contraception
Barrier contraceptives are devices that provide a physical barrier between the sperm and the egg. Examples of barrier contraceptives include the male condom, female condom, diaphragm, cervical cap, and sponge. The condom is the only contraceptive method that helps prevent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
Vaginal spermicides are sperm-killing substances available as foams, creams, gels, films, or suppositories, and are often used in female contraception with barrier and other devices. Spermicides are usually available without a prescription or medical examination.
The active ingredient in U.S.-made spermicides is usually nonoxynol-9, which attacks the surface of the sperm cell. Nonoxynol-9, however, does not provide any protection against sexually-transmitted diseases or HIV (the virus that causes AIDS). Research indicates that frequent use can cause vaginal and rectal irritation and abrasions that may actually increase the risk for HIV transmission in women. In addition, use of a spermicide with a barrier device may increase the risk for a urinary tract infection in women, regardless of whether the device is a condom or diaphragm. (Non-spermicidal lubricated condoms are safe to use.)
In general, spermicides may be an appropriate choice for women who have intercourse only once in a while, or need backup protection against pregnancy (for instance, if they forget to take their birth control pills). Spermicides should not be used alone as the primary method of birth control.
The Male Condom
The condom is still the only reversible form of male contraception currently available.
Pregnancy Protection . The condom should be put on before intercourse when the penis is erect, since the male can discharge sufficient semen to cause pregnancy before ejaculation occurs. With typical use, the average rate of pregnancy for couples that rely only on condoms for protection is high -- about 17%. For those who use a condom correctly each time, the annual risk for pregnancy is 2%.
Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases . Condoms are important in the prevention of sexually transmitted disease including gonorrhea, Chlamydia , syphilis, herpes, trichomoniasis, and HIV.
Most condoms come pre-lubricated. Lubricants can also be purchased and applied separately. Only water-based lubricants (K-Y Jelly, Astroglide, AquaLube, glycerin) should be used with latex condoms. Do not use petroleum jelly or other oil-based lubricant products as these can damage the condom. In general, it's best to use a pre-lubricated condom or to apply a water-based lubricant. Unlubricated condoms may injure vaginal tissue and make it vulnerable to infections.
Condom Materials . Condoms made of latex rubber are the most common types. They are less likely to slip or break than those made of polyurethane, and they are contoured for a better fit that can provide fairly effective protection. Some people are allergic to latex, however, and in some cases the reaction can be very dangerous. The latex smell may also be unpleasant for some people. Condoms made from animal membrane (such as lambskin) can prevent pregnancy, but they are permeable and do not protect against sexually transmitted infections.
The female condom (Reality, Femidom) is a lubricated, loose-fitting pouch that lines the vagina. It is designed to create a physical barrier against sperm and sexually transmitted diseases by surrounding the penis during intercourse. The failure rate for the female condom is about the same as for the diaphragm and cervical cap. It is available without a prescription but may be hard to find. The female condom may be a good option for women at risk for sexually transmitted diseases and who are not certain that their male partner will use a condom.
Use and Insertion of the Female Condom. The female condom is about 3 inches wide and 6 - 7 inches long (larger than a male condom), with a flexible ring at both ends. Current products are made of polyurethane.
- The ring at the closed end is used to insert the device into the vagina and hold it in place over the cervix.
- The ring at the open end remains outside the vagina and partly covers the labia (lips).
The insertion process may seem difficult at first but becomes much easier with practice:
- The female condom is inserted by hand into the vagina up to 8 hours before intercourse. (It should never be used in combination with a male condom.)
- Although the female condom is prelubricated, extra lubricant is sometimes needed while inserting the device or during intercourse. (It is not made of latex, so oil lubricants will not harm it.)
- During intercourse, the woman checks to be sure that the outer ring is lying flat against her labia and then guides her partner's penis into the ring.
The female condom should be removed in the following circumstances:
- If it tears during insertion or use
- If the outer ring is pushed inside
- If it bunches up inside the vagina
Advantages of the Female Condom. The female condom is an effective barrier to viruses, including HIV, and other sexually transmitted organisms, particularly since it covers a large area, including external genitals. However, it does not completely protect against sexually transmitted diseases.
- The standard female condom is made of polyurethane, which is thin and soft but at the same time stronger than the latex male condoms. Polyurethane is not damaged by lubricating oils, as latex is and is also less likely to cause an allergic reaction. It transmits body heat better than latex, providing a more "natural" sensation.
- The man does not have to withdraw his penis immediately after ejaculation, as is the case with the male condom, but can, if he wishes, withdraw after he has lost his erection.
Disadvantages and Complications of the Female Condom. Compliance rates are low for many reasons. About 25% of women have difficulty on the first attempt at self-insertion. Some women are distressed by self-insertion. The inner ring may be uncomfortable for some women (in which case it can be removed). Some couples complain that the female condom is unpleasant to look at and can be noisy during intercourse. Without sufficient lubrication, it can also be pushed out of place by the penis. Using more lubricant can help keep the female condom in place and reduce the noise. Female condoms are also expensive, and some women wash them out and reuse them to save money. (In such cases, they should be disinfected first and then washed carefully.) Repeated washings can increase the risk for damage and holes.
The diaphragm is a small dome-shaped latex cup with a flexible ring that fits over the cervix. The cup acts as a physical barrier against the entry of sperm into the uterus. A diaphragm is usually used along with a spermicide, although whether spermicide is necessary is an issue of some debate.
Diaphragms come in different sizes and require a fitting by a trained health care provider. Some women will need to be refitted with a different-sized diaphragm after pregnancy, abdominal or pelvic surgery, or weight loss or gain of 10 pounds or more. As a general rule, diaphragms should be replaced every 1 - 2 years.
Although the diaphragm has a relatively high failure rate, even with perfect use, it is considered a good choice for women whose health or lifestyle prevents them from using more effective hormonal contraceptives. Certain conditions of the vagina and uterus, a history of toxic shock syndrome, or a history of recurrent urinary tract infections, may disqualify a woman from using the device. The diaphragm should not be used if either partner is allergic to latex or spermicides.
Using and Inserting the Diaphragm. The diaphragm can be placed in the vagina up to 1 hour before intercourse. The following are general guidelines for insertion:
- Before or after each use, the woman should hold the diaphragm up to the light and fill it with water to check for holes, tears, or leaks.
- A small amount of spermicide (about 1 tablespoon) is usually placed inside the cup, and some is smeared around the lip of the cup.
- The device is then folded in half and inserted into the vagina by hand or with the assistance of a plastic inserter.
- The diaphragm should fit over the cervix, blocking entry to the womb.
- If more than 6 hours pass before repeat intercourse occurs, the diaphragm is left in place and extra spermicide is inserted into the vagina using an applicator.
- The diaphragm must remain in the vagina for 6 - 8 hours after the final act of intercourse, and can safely stay there up to 24 hours after insertion.
- The diaphragm should be washed with soap and warm water after each use and then dried and stored in its original container, which should be kept in a cool dry place.
Advantages of the Diaphragm. The diaphragm can be carried in a purse, can be inserted up to an hour before intercourse begins, and usually (although not always) cannot be felt by either partner. It does not interfere with a woman’s hormones.
Disadvantages and Complications of the Diaphragm. Some disadvantages or complications are as follows:
- Failure rates are high, about 16% with typical use.
- Some women dislike having to insert the device every time intercourse occurs or have trouble mastering the insertion and removal process.
- The diaphragm can be dislodged during sex.
- Frequent urinary tract infections and vaginal infections are a problem for some women. This difficulty can sometimes be resolved by a refitting, by urinating before inserting the device, or by urinating after intercourse.
- Some women may have allergic reactions to the latex or spermicides.
- Although rare, cases of toxic shock syndrome have been reported among diaphragm users. To be safe, the diaphragm should not stay in place for more than 24 hours and should not be used during menstrual periods. (For pregnancy protection, however, the diaphragm should stay in place for 6 - 8 hours after intercourse.)
- The diaphragm does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases.
The cervical cap (FemCap) is a thimble-shaped latex cup that fits over the cervix. It is always used with a spermicidal cream or gel. It is similar to a diaphragm, but smaller, and is available in only four sizes. The cap is sold by prescription and requires a pelvic examination, Pap test, and fitting by a health care provider.
Insertion and Use of the Cervical Cap. After a small amount of spermicide is placed in the cap, the device is inserted by hand. As in diaphragm use, instruction and practice is required. The cap must be kept in the vagina for 8 hours after the final act of intercourse. Caps wear out and should be replaced every 1 - 2 years. A refitting may also be needed when a woman experiences certain changes in her health or physical status.
Candidacy for the Cervical Cap. Because of the restricted range of available sizes, about 1 in 5 women will not be able to be fitted for the cap. The cap is not widely used, and some women, particularly those who live in sparsely populated areas, may not have access to health care professionals who are trained in fitting this device. Other conditions that can preclude cap use include:
- An abnormal Pap test
- A history of toxic shock syndrome
- A sexually transmitted or reproductive tract infection
- Inflammation of the cervix
- The cap has little value for women who have had children, because the stretching of the vagina and cervix makes a proper fit more difficult and failure rates are high.
Advantages of the Cervical Cap. Among women who have never given birth, the cap's failure rate is similar to that of the diaphragm. The cap in general is also similar to the diaphragm in terms of cost, ease of use, and also the potential for latex or spermicidal allergies. But unlike the diaphragm, the cap can safely remain in the vagina for up to 48 hours (twice the time limit for a diaphragm), so it can be inserted well in advance of intercourse. The cap is rarely associated with urinary tract infections.
Disadvantages of the Cervical Cap. The following are disadvantages of the cervical cap:
- May be difficult to insert
- May be pushed out of place during sex
- Cannot be used during menstruation
- High failure rates (32% typical use) for women who have given birth
Lea’s Shield . Approved in 2002, Lea’s shield is similar to a cervical cap but contains an air valve that helps it stick to the vaginal walls and allow for the passage of cervical mucus. Unlike cervical caps, it is available in only one size and does not need to be fitted. Lea’s shield is made of silicone, and its cup-shaped bowl completely surrounds the cervix without resting on it. The shield is as effective as the diaphragm and cap when used with spermicide. Its advantages are:
- One size fits all
- Can be left for 48 hours after intercourse
- Reusable for 6 months
The sponge is a disposable form of barrier contraception. It is made of soft polyurethane foam coated with spermicide, is round in shape, and fits over the cervix like a diaphragm, but is smaller and easily portable. The Today sponge is the only brand of contraceptive sponge available in the United States.
The Today sponge originally came on the U.S. market in 1983, but was withdrawn in1994 because of problems at the company's manufacturing facility. In 2009, after several failed attempts, the Today sponge was relaunched and is now available in drugstore chains throughout the United States.
Use and Insertion . To use the sponge, the woman first wets it with water, then inserts it into the vagina with a finger, using a nylon cord loop attachment. It can be inserted up to 6 hours before intercourse and should be left in place for at least 6 hours following intercourse. The sponge provides protection for up to 12 hours. It should not be left in for more than 30 hours from time of insertion.
The sponge should not be used during menstruation, after childbirth, miscarriage, or termination of pregnancy, or by women with a history of toxic shock syndrome.
Advantages and Disadvantages. The sponge is easy to use, is not felt during intercourse, and can be inserted up to 6 hours before intercourse. However, because it contains the spermicide nonoxynol-9, it does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases and may increase the risk for vaginal irritation and transmission of HIV.
- Oral Contraception and Combination Hormonal Methods
- Implant Contraception
- Injected Contraception
- Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)
- Spermicidal and Barrier Contraception
- Fertility Awareness Methods
- Emergency Contraception
- Female Sterilization
- News & Features
- Reporter's File
- Expert Q & A
- Questions for Your Doctor
- Clinical Trials
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24 Aibreán, 2014,
Rialú Breithe agus Pleanáil Teaghlaigh
Cosc ar phléascadh le spermicidal agus bac
Is iad na cóireálacha coscbhainne bac ná feistí a chuireann bac fisiciúil idir an sperm agus an ubh. I measc samplaí de chóireálacha coiriúla bacainn tá cóndam fireann, cóndam baineann, diaphragm, caipín ceirvical, agus spúinse. Is é an coiscín an t-aon mhodh frithghiniúna a chabhraíonn le galair a tharchur ó thaobh gnéas de a chosc.
Is substaintí spermicides vaginacha iad spermicides atá ar fáil mar scama, uachtar, géil, scannáin, nó suppositories, agus is minic a úsáidtear iad i gconarthaí ban le bacainn agus feistí eile. De ghnáth, tá spermicides ar fáil gan oideas nó scrúdú leighis.
Is gnách gurb é nonoxynol-9 an comhábhar gníomhach i spermicides a dhéantar sna Stáit Aontaithe, a ionsaíonn dromchla an tséil sperm. Ní chuireann Nonoxynol- 9 aon chosaint ar fáil i gcoinne galair a tharchur le gnéas nó in aghaidh VEID (an víreas a chuireann SEIF i gcúis). Léiríonn taighde gur féidir le húsáid go minic a bheith ina chúis le greannú agus scriosadh vaginal agus rectal a d'fhéadfadh an baol a mhéadú i ndáiríre maidir le tarchur VEID i measc na mban. Ina theannta sin, d'fhéadfadh úsáid spermicide le feiste bacainn riosca ionfhabhtú an chonair folláin a mhéadú i mná, is cuma an bhfuil an feiste coiscín nó diaphragm. (Tá coiscíní neamh-spermicidal lubricated sábháilte le húsáid.)
Go ginearálta, d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh spermicides rogha oiriúnach do mhná nach mbíonn gnéas acu ach uair amháin ar feadh tamaill, nó a bhfuil gá leo le cosaint cúltaca i gcoinne toirchis (mar shampla, má dhéanann siad dearmad a gcuid pills rialaithe toirchis a ghlacadh). Níor chóir spermicides a úsáid ina n-aonar mar phríomh-mhodh rialaithe breithe.
An Cóndón Fear
Is é an coiscín an t-aon fhoirm in-athraitheach de chóireáil toirchis fireann atá ar fáil faoi láthair.
Cosaint toirchis . Ba chóir an coiscín a chur ar aghaidh roimh an gcaidreamh nuair a bhíonn an bod ar bun, ós rud é gur féidir leis an bhfear go leor sperm a scaoileadh chun toirchis a chur faoi deara sula dtarlaíonn ejaculation. Le húsáid tipiciúil, tá an meánráta toirchis do lánúineacha nach mbraitheann ach ar choiscíní le haghaidh cosanta ard - thart ar 17%. I gcás na ndaoine a úsáideann coiscín i gceart gach uair, is é an baol bliantúil le haghaidh toirchis 2%.
Cosc ar Ghalair a Iompar Go Sexual . Tá coiscíní tábhachtach i gcosaint na ngalar a tharchuirtear go gnéasach lena n-áirítear gonorrhea, Chlamydia , sifilis, herpes, trichomoniasis, agus VEID.
Tagann an chuid is mó de na coiscíní réamh-leithite. Is féidir le luibheanna a cheannach agus a chur i bhfeidhm ar leithligh freisin. Níor chóir úsáid a bhaint ach le luibheanna uisce-bhunaithe (K-Y Jelly, Astroglide, AquaLube, glycerin) le coiscíní láite. Ná húsáid jelly peitriliam nó táirgí mónacha eile ola-bhunaithe mar is féidir leo damáiste a dhéanamh don choiscín. Go ginearálta, is fearr coiscín réamh-leithite a úsáid nó leacht leithis uisce-bhunaithe a chur i bhfeidhm. D'fhéadfadh coiscíní neamh-leithdhíola díobháil a dhéanamh do fhíochán na coirce agus é a dhéanamh so-ghabhálach d'ionfhabhtuithe.
Ábhar Cóndóim . Is iad na coiscíní a dhéantar de rubar látex na cineálacha is coitianta. Tá sé níos lú seans ann go sleamhnóidh nó go bristear iad ná iad siúd a dhéantar as poileurétáin, agus tá siad contúrtha le haghaidh oiriúnachta níos fearr a d'fhéadfadh cosaint réasúnta éifeachtach a sholáthar. Tá ailléirgí ag daoine áirithe ar an latex, áfach, agus i gcásanna áirithe is féidir an imoibriú a bheith an-díreach. D'fhéadfadh an boladh láitecs a bheith míshásta do roinnt daoine freisin. Is féidir le coiscíní a dhéantar as membrane ainmhithe (mar shampla leathar uan) toirchis a chosc, ach tá siad inscne agus ní chosnaíonn siad i gcoinne ionfhabhtuithe a tharchuirtear go gnéasach.
Is éard atá sa choiscín baineann (Reality, Femidom) ná mála lubricated, scaoilte a chuireann an vagina ar líne. Tá sé deartha chun bacainn fhisiciúil a chruthú i gcoinne sperm agus galair a tharchur go gnéasach trína timpeallacht an bod le linn an ghnéas. Tá an ráta faillí don choiscín baineann thart ar an gcéanna leis an diaphragm agus an cap ceirvical. Tá sé ar fáil gan oideas ach d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith deacair a fháil. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an coiscín baineann ina rogha maith do mhná atá i mbaol galair ghnéas-tarchurtha agus nach bhfuil cinnte go n-úsáidfidh a bpáirtnéir fireann coiscín.
Úsáid agus Ionsú an Choinnleach Ban. Tá an coiscín baineann thart ar 3 orlach ar leithead agus 6 - 7 orlach ar fhad (níos mó ná coiscín fireann), le fáinne solúbtha ag an dá cheann. Déantar táirgí reatha de phóiléaréthan.
- Úsáidtear an fáinne ag an deireadh dúnta chun an gléas a chur isteach sa vagina agus é a choinneáil in áit os cionn na ceirfíce.
- Fanann an fáinne ag an deireadh oscailte lasmuigh den fhágáin agus clúdaíonn sé na labia (liopaí) go páirteach.
D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh sé deacair an próiseas ionchorpraithe a dhéanamh ar dtús ach bíonn sé i bhfad níos éasca le cleachtadh:
- Cuirtear an coiscín baineann isteach sa fhágáin de láimh suas le 8 uair an chloig roimh an gcaidreamh. (Ní ba chóir é a úsáid i gcomhar le coiscín fireann riamh.)
- Cé go bhfuil an coiscín baineann réamh-leáite, bíonn gá le móramhán breise uaireanta agus an gléas á chur isteach nó le linn gnéas. (Ní dhéantar é as láitecs, mar sin ní dhéanfaidh lubricants ola dochar dó.)
- Le linn an ghnéas, déanann an bhean seiceáil chun a bheith cinnte go bhfuil an fáinne seachtrach suite go cothrom i gcoinne a labia agus ansin treoraíonn sí bod a pháirtí isteach sa fáinne.
Ba cheart an coiscín baineann a bhaint sna himthosca seo a leanas:
- Má tá sé ag tarraingt le linn a chur isteach nó a úsáid
- Má bhrúitear an fáinne seachtrach isteach
- Má chlúdaíonn sé suas taobh istigh den vagina
Buntáistí an Chónam Ban. Is bacainn éifeachtach é an coiscín baineann ar víris, lena n-áirítear VEID, agus ar orgánaigh eile a tharchur go gnéasach, go háirithe ós rud é go gcumhdaíonn sé limistéar mór, lena n-áirítear gnéasanna seachtracha. Mar sin féin, ní chosnaíonn sé go hiomlán i gcoinne ghalair a tharchur ó ghnéas.
- Tá an coiscín baineann caighdeánach déanta as poileurétáin, atá tanaí agus bog ach ag an am céanna níos láidre ná na coiscíní fireann láitecsa. Ní dhéantar damáiste do pholaireatán ag olaí mónacha, mar a dhéantar le láitecs agus tá sé níos lú seans ann go dtarlóidh frithghníomh hailléirgeach. Tá sé níos fearr ná latex chun teas an chomhlachta a tharchur, rud a thugann mothúchán níos "nádúrtha".
- Ní gá don fear a phinsin a tharraingt siar láithreach tar éis eiaculaíocht, mar atá i gcás an choiscín fireann, ach is féidir leis, más mian leis, a tharraingt siar tar éis dó a chur suas a chailleadh.
Míbhuntáistí agus Comhfhadhbanna an Choinnleach Mná. Tá rátaí comhlíonta íseal ar chúiseanna éagsúla. Tá deacrachtaí ag thart ar 25% de na mná ar an gcéad iarracht féin-chuir isteach. Tá imní ar roinnt mná mar gheall ar an bhféiniúlacht. D'fhéadfadh an fáinne inmheánach a bheith míchompordach do roinnt mná (sa chás sin is féidir é a bhaint). Gearánann roinnt lánúineacha go bhfuil an coiscín baineann míshásta le breathnú air agus go bhféadfadh sé a bheith torrach le linn an ghnéas. Gan lubrication leordhóthanach, is féidir leis an bod é a bhrú amach as a áit. Is féidir le níos mó mó móidliúite a úsáid chun an coiscín baineann a choinneáil ina háit agus an torann a laghdú. Tá coiscíní mná daor freisin, agus ní bhíonn ach roinnt mná ag cur amach iad agus ag athúsáid iad chun airgead a shábháil. (I gcásanna den sórt sin, ba cheart iad a dhíghalrú ar dtús agus ansin a ní go cúramach.) Is féidir le níocháin athfhillte an baol damáiste agus poill a mhéadú.
Is cupán beag latex ceapaithe-chruinne é an diaphragm le fáinne solúbtha a oireann thar an cervix. Feidhmíonn an cupán mar bhac fisiciúil i gcoinne dul isteach sperm isteach sa uterus. De ghnáth úsáidtear diaphragm in éineacht le spermicide, cé go bhfuil roinnt díospóireachta ann maidir le cibé an bhfuil spermicide riachtanach.
Tá méideanna éagsúla ag diaphragms agus ní mór do sholáthraí cúraim sláinte oilte iad a chur in oiriúint. Beidh gá le diaphragm de mhéid difriúil a athshlánú ar roinnt mná tar éis toirchis, máinliacht abdominal nó pelvic, nó meáchain caillteanas nó méadú 10 punt nó níos mó. De ghnáth, ba cheart diaphragms a athsholáthar gach 1 - 2 bhliain.
Cé go bhfuil ráta neamhthorthaí réasúnta ard ag an diaphragm, fiú le húsáid foirfe, meastar gur rogha maith é do mhná a bhfuil a sláinte nó a stíl mhaireachtála ag cur cosc orthu frithghinicí hormónacha níos éifeachtaí a úsáid. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh galair áirithe sa fhágáin agus sa uterus, siondróm shock tocsaineach i stair, nó ionfhabhtuithe athfhillteach ar an gcosfholcáin, ag baint le bean a bheith neamhcháilithe an gléas a úsáid. Níor chóir an diaphragm a úsáid má tá aon pháirtí ailléirgeach ar latex nó spermicides.
Ag baint úsáide as an Diaphragm agus ag a chur isteach. Is féidir an diaphragm a chur isteach sa fhágáin suas le 1 uair an chloig roimh an gcaidreamh. Seo a leanas treoirlínte ginearálta maidir le cur isteach:
- Sula n-úsáidtear nó tar éis gach úsáide, ba cheart don bhean an diaphragm a choinneáil suas go dtí an solas agus é a líonadh le huisce chun seiceáil ar pholl, deora nó sceitheadh.
- De ghnáth cuirtear méid beag spermicide (thart ar 1 spúnóg boird) taobh istigh den chupan, agus smearedar cuid acu timpeall liopa an chupan.
- Déantar an gléas a phlé ar leath agus a chur isteach sa vagina de láimh nó le cabhair ó insert plaisteach.
- Ba chóir go mbeadh an diaphragm oiriúnach thar an cervix, ag bacadh iontráil chuig an uterus.
- Má théann níos mó ná 6 uair an chloig roimh an gcoincheart a athdhéanamh, fágfar an diaphragm san áit agus cuirfear spermicide breise isteach sa vagina ag baint úsáide as iarratasóir.
- Ní mór don diaphragm fanacht sa vagina ar feadh 6 - 8 uair an chloig tar éis an ghnímh chomhlachta deiridh, agus is féidir leis fanacht ann go sábháilte suas le 24 uair an chloig tar éis a chur isteach.
- Ba chóir an diaphragm a ní le gallúnach agus le huisce te tar éis gach úsáide agus ansin é a thriomú agus a stóráil ina choimeádán bunaidh, a chaithfear a choinneáil in áit thirim.
Buntáistí an Diaphragm. Is féidir an diaphragm a iompar i mála, is féidir é a chur isteach suas le uair an chloig sula dtosaíonn an caidreamh, agus de ghnáth (cé nach bhfuil sé i gcónaí) ní féidir le páirtí ar bith é a mhothú. Ní chuireann sé isteach ar hormóin na mban.
Míbhuntáistí agus Comhfhadhbanna an Diaphragm. Tá roinnt míbhuntáistí nó deacrachtaí mar seo a leanas:
- Tá rátaí faill ard, thart ar 16% le húsáid tipiciúil.
- Ní maith le roinnt mná an gléas a chur isteach gach uair a bhíonn gnéas acu nó tá deacracht acu an próiseas ionchuir agus a bhaint a mháistir.
- Is féidir an diaphragm a dislodged le linn gnéas.
- Tá fadhbanna ag roinnt mná le h-ionfhabhtuithe rianchríocha agus ionfhabhtuithe vaginacha a bhíonn ann go minic. Is féidir an deacracht seo a réiteach uaireanta trí ath-fheistiú, trí uirí sula gcuirtear an gléas isteach, nó trí uirí tar éis an ghnéas.
- D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh frithghníomhartha ailléirgeacha ag mná áirithe ar an latex nó ar na spermicides.
- Cé go bhfuil sé annamh, tuairiscíodh cásanna de shroic theicniúil i measc úsáideoirí diaphragm. Chun a bheith sábháilte, níor cheart don diaphragm fanacht ar a áit ar feadh níos mó ná 24 uair an chloig agus níor cheart é a úsáid le linn tréimhsí míosta. (Ar mhaithe le cosaint ó toirchis, áfach, ba cheart don diaphragm fanacht ar a áit ar feadh 6 - 8 uair an chloig tar éis an ghnéas coiteann.)
- Ní chosnaíonn an diaphragm i gcoinne galair a tharchur go gnéasach.
Is cupán látex de chineál fingertip é an caipín ceircíceach (FemCap) a oireann thar an ceircíce. Úsáidtear é i gcónaí le uachtar nó le gel spermicidal. Tá sé cosúil le diaphragm, ach níos lú, agus níl sé ar fáil ach i gceithre mhéid. Díoltar an caipín le oideas agus teastaíonn scrúdú pelvic, tástáil Pap, agus oiriúnú ag soláthraí cúraim sláinte.
Instealladh agus Úsáid an Chaipín Cearcall. Tar éis méid beag spermicide a chur sa chaipín, cuirtear an gléas isteach de láimh. Mar a tharla le húsáid diaphragm, teastaíonn teagasc agus cleachtadh. Ní mór an capall a choinneáil sa vagina ar feadh 8 uair an chloig tar éis an ghnímh coiteann deiridh. Caitheann an capsáil agus ba chóir é a athsholáthar gach 1 - 2 bhliain. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh gá le hathchóirithe freisin nuair a bhíonn athruithe áirithe ar shláinte nó ar stádas fisiceach na mban.
Ceanglaíocht don Chaipín Cearclach. Mar gheall ar an raon teoranta méideanna atá ar fáil, ní bheidh thart ar 1 as 5 bean in ann an caipín a chur in oiriúint. Ní úsáidtear an caipín go forleathan, agus b'fhéidir nach mbeidh rochtain ag roinnt mná, go háirithe iad siúd a chónaíonn i gceantair éadrom daonra, ar shaineolaithe cúraim sláinte a bhfuil oiliúint acu chun an gléas seo a chur air. I measc na gcoinníollacha eile a d'fhéadfadh úsáid an chaipte a chosc ná:
- Tá tástáil Pap neamhghnácha
- Siondróm suaitheadh tocsaineach a bhí agat roimhe seo
- Aithris inscne a tharchur go gnéasach nó ar an gcrios atáirgthe
- Athrú ar an gcroí úire
- Níl mórán luach ag an gcnapán do mhná a raibh leanaí acu, toisc go ndéanann síneadh an fhágáin agus na cearcáin an oiriúnach ceart a dhéanamh níos deacra agus tá rátaí ard teipeanna.
Buntáistí an Chábla Cearcall. I measc na mban nach ndearna breith riamh, tá ráta na faill sa chaipín cosúil le diaphragm. Tá an caipín i gcoitinne cosúil leis an diaphragm i dtéarmaí costas, éasca úsáide, agus freisin an fhéidearthacht le haghaidh ailléirgí láite nó spermicidal. Ach murab ionann agus an diaphragm, is féidir leis an gcnapsa a bheith i do bhróg go sábháilte ar feadh suas le 48 uair an chloig (an dá oiread den teorainn ama do diaphragm), ionas gur féidir é a chur isteach go maith roimh an gcoincheangal. Is annamh a bhaineann an caipín le haignéis i gcos na niúirí.
Míbhuntáistí an Chábla Cearcall. Seo a leanas míbhuntáistí an chaipitli cervical:
- D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith deacair a chur isteach
- D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith i bhfolach le linn an ghnéas
- Ní féidir é a úsáid le linn menstruation
- Rátaí ard teipe (32% de úsáid tipiciúil) do mhná a d'fhág páiste
Scairt Leas . Ceadaíodh é i 2002, tá sciath Lea cosúil le caipín ceircíceach ach tá comhla aeir ann a chabhraíonn leis greamaigh leis na ballaí vaginacha agus a ligeann do mucus ceircíceach dul tríd. Murab ionann agus caipíní cairdeocha, níl sé ar fáil ach i méid amháin agus ní gá é a chur isteach. Tá sciath an liopa déanta as síleacóin, agus cuireann a cháil i gcruth cupán timpeall ar an gcroí uterus go hiomlán gan fanacht air. Tá an sciath chomh héifeachtach leis an diaphragm agus an caipín nuair a úsáidtear é le spermicide. Is iad na buntáistí a bhaineann leis:
- Tá méad amháin ag gach duine
- Is féidir é a fhágáil ar feadh 48 uair an chloig tar éis an ghnéas.
- Inathúsáidte ar feadh 6 mhí
Is foirm inúsáidte cosc-ghlactha bacainn é an spúnóg. Tá sé déanta as scamh póiléarétáin bog atá cóirithe le spermicide, tá sé cruinn i gcruth, agus oireann sé thar an cervix mar diaphragm, ach tá sé níos lú agus is furasta a iompar. Is é an spúnga Today an t-aon bhranda spúnga frithghiniúna atá ar fáil sna Stáit Aontaithe.
Tháinig an spúnga Today ar mhargadh na Stát Aontaithe i 1983, ach aistríodh é i1994 mar gheall ar fhadhbanna ag saoráid déantúsaíochta na cuideachta. I 2009, tar éis roinnt iarrachtaí a d'fhás, tugadh an spúinse Today ar ais agus tá sé ar fáil anois i slabhraí siopaí drugaí ar fud na Stát Aontaithe.
Úsáid agus Inmheascáil . Chun an spúnóg a úsáid, déanann an bhean é a mhúscailt le huisce ar dtús, agus ansin cuireann sí isteach sa vagina é le huimhir, ag baint úsáide as cnaipe snátha nailon. Is féidir é a chur isteach suas le 6 uair an chloig roimh an gcaidreamh agus ba chóir é a fhágáil ar a áit ar feadh 6 uair an chloig ar a laghad tar éis an chaidreamh. Soláthraíonn an spúnga cosaint ar feadh suas le 12 uair an chloig. Níor chóir é a fhágáil i gceann níos mó ná 30 uair an chloig ón am a chuirtear isteach é.
Níor chóir an spúnóg a úsáid le linn menstruation, tar éis breith, mí-ghortú, nó deireadh a chur le toirchis, nó ag mná a bhfuil siondróm shock tocsaineach acu.
Buntáistí agus Míbhuntáistí. Tá an spúnóg éasca le húsáid, ní bhraitheann sé le linn gnéas, agus is féidir é a chur isteach suas le 6 uair an chloig roimh an gnéas. Mar sin féin, toisc go bhfuil an nonoxynol- 9 spermicide ann, ní chosnaíonn sé i gcoinne ghalair a tharchur le gnéas agus d'fhéadfadh sé an baol a mhéadú go mbeidh irritation vagina agus tarchur VEID.
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