- What is how to photoshop a picture on a picture
- Top 5 Tips and Tricks for Photoshopping a Picture onto Another Image
- Frequently Asked Questions about How to Photoshop a Picture on a Picture
- Advanced Techniques for Adding or Removing Elements from Two Images
- 1) Using Layer Masks
- 2) Utilizing Clipping Masks
- 3). Patch-Tool
- Secrets to Blending Images Perfectly with Different Lighting and Backgrounds
- 1. Understand Lighting
- 2. Identify Elements to Blend
- 3.Perform Smart Photomerge Adjustments
- 4.Pay Attention to Details
- Pro Tools and Plugins for Photoshopping Pictures onto Other Images Like a Pro
- Best Practices for Achieving Stunning Results with Pictures over Pictures in Adobe Photoshop
- Table with useful data:
- Historical fact:
What is how to photoshop a picture on a picture
How to photoshop a picture on a picture is the process of overlaying one image over another using Adobe Photoshop software. This technique allows you to create unique and creative compositions, add visual interest or enhance an existing image in just few clicks. Simply choose your desired images, adjust sizes and layers.
- To get started with Photoshop, open both images (base and added) as separate files in the program
- Select the ‘Move’ tool from the toolbar and drag one of the photos onto the other so that they’re stacked together
- When you have both images in place, use ‘layer mask’ tool from layers panel for blending two pictures properly into each other with new composition
In brief, mastering how to photoshop a picture on a picture can result into limitless creativity possibilities when it comes for story telling through imagery.
Top 5 Tips and Tricks for Photoshopping a Picture onto Another Image
Photoshopping a picture onto another image may seem simple and straightforward, but it is more intricate than you may have initially thought. It takes skill and precision to blend two images together seamlessly. However, with the right tips and tricks at your disposal, you can execute this task like a pro.
One of the essential aspects of Photoshop-ping an image onto another photo is getting lighting right. The light in both photos has to be consistent if you want them to merge naturally without any abrupt edges or out-of-place tones – after all, even our eyes are trained to notice discrepancies in shadows that just don’t belong! Consider using adjustment layers or duplicating skin textures/light sources on both images so they mesh better for those added touches of realism.
2. Scale & placement
The second most crucial thing in merging two photographs into one is resizing and positioning correctly! If either element doesn’t match up well enough (too large or too small), then it will stick out as something’s wrong about what should otherwise look seamless. This tip can make all of the difference between creating beautiful results that honestly invite viewers’ gazes versus clunky weirdness that cracks people up due only because ‘something’s not quite right.’
After blending images’ scaling correct placement down perfectly comes transparency/opacity settings which are critical when dealing across varied subjects/bacgrounds.. You might find yourself working with different colors in each layer and important details such as foregrounds or backgrounds fading away because the opacity isn’t set right; therefore giving off strange hues by bleeding through other elements around them–so work carefully here!
4. Color correction & matching tones
When combining multiple pictures together, variations from hue to contrast color balancing differences become overwhelmingly noticeable unless carefully addressed before moving forward.Give time specifically allocated towards correcting these variables accordingly within your creation process- whether via layer adjustments filters masks levels for darkening/highlighting aspects that need such tweaks.Effective and subtle color correction can elevate an ordinary image into a captivating creation!
5. Editing with patience
The last tip is to take your time! Patience goes a long way when dealing with these detailed processes because it’s easier not to catch errors until they’re glaringly obvious once you’ve gone through steps 1-4.. There are no shortcuts in Photoshop, so avoid rushing the project or settling for less than optimal results.
In conclusion, we hope these tips assist in creating stunning pictures while Photoshopping two images together successfully; skillfully managing light settings transitioning between scales/opacity aspects and working carefully during each step of color matching outshining all contribute towards turning photos from mundane creations as something rivetingly transformative!
Frequently Asked Questions about How to Photoshop a Picture on a Picture
In the world of graphic design, Photoshop is a household name. It is the market-standard photo and image editing software used by professionals worldwide to create stunning visual masterpieces. From touching up skin blemishes in portrait photography to creating surreal fantastical landscapes, Photoshop can do it all.
However, for beginners or anyone new to using this powerful tool, there are some common questions about how to photoshop a picture on a picture that they might have. In the following FAQ section, expert designers will detail their creative process while providing helpful tips for getting started with Adobe’s versatile imaging program.
1) What is “Photoshopping” and why would I want to do it?
The term “Photoshopping” refers specifically to manipulating images in Adobe Photoshop software. There are several reasons someone may want to use these techniques; for example:
– To remove unwanted elements from an image (such as red eye or background distractions)
– To composite multiple photos together into one cohesive design
– To resize or adjust specific aspects of an image
2) How difficult is learning how to manipulate pictures in Photoshop?
While mastering any complex skill requires time and effort, even those completely unfamiliar with the software should be able to achieve relatively simple manipulations such as resizing or removing small objects without too much trouble.
3) Does every designer have their own unique approach when working on Pictures?
Yes – because each project has its own distinct requirements!
Some projects may require precision work such as extensive airbrushing or masking intricately detailed areas whilst others may need significantly less fine-tuning if there isn’t much correction needed. Therefore knowing what tools you’ll need ahead of taking on your latest challenge will save time down the line.
4)What tools are available during ‘how-to’ session?
In short: almost too many! Thankfully key ones listed below make up most essential toolkit:
– The Brush Tool – Used primarily for painting with an adjustable size and opacity to best capture their required shape.
– Cloning Stamp – This duplicates a chosen part of the image or pattern and pastes it seamlessly elsewhere in your artwork.
– Smudge Tool – Allows you to make subtle tonal adjustments while using multiple blends on one brush, pushing or dragging pixels around with ease.
5) How do I combine photos?
Depending on what kind of combination effect is desired (blending them together into one cohesive look versus cropping images onto different layers that occupy distinct spaces), there are several techniques at disposal.Increasingly popular is implementing layer masks which allow for greater control over collage construction.
6) Is there anything else I should keep in my arsenal when learning ‘how-to’ Photoshop pictures?
There’s no substitution technique design process with regular work-outs as practice makes progress! Become acquainted familiarizing yourself with software updates introduced every year while reading up information from online tutorials, attending webinars about specific design topics etcetera can also be very helpful towards honing your skills set.
Photoshop has become increasingly more user-friendly even though this doesn’t mean mastering these complex tools happens overnight.Creating unique masterpieces after some trial-and-error exploration yields truly rewarding results… so put all questions above into action next time need to take tackling latest visual challenge seen throughout world wide web. With effort taking sharpening imagination photography expertise ensures truly sophisticated digital creations outshine competition every single time!
Advanced Techniques for Adding or Removing Elements from Two Images
In the world of image editing and graphic design, one of the most commonly used techniques is adding or removing elements from an image. Whether you need to retouch a photo by erasing a distracting background, combine two different images seamlessly, or add text overlays to your artwork – mastering this skill can help you take your designs to the next level.
So what are some advanced techniques for adding or removing elements from two images? Let’s dive in!
1) Using Layer Masks
Layer masks are a powerful tool that allow you to selectively hide or reveal parts of an image without permanently altering it. By creating a mask on the layer where you want to remove something (such as a background), you can use the brush tool set to black color and simply “paint away” parts of the layer that aren’t needed.
Alternatively, if you’re adding something new onto another layer (for example, combining two images), create a mask on the top layer and again use black brush strokes where you don’t need any overlapping areas.
This technique allows for precise adjustments while maintaining full control over non-destructive alterations.
2) Utilizing Clipping Masks
Another method that professionals use when merging multiple layers into one cohesive whole is clipping masks. This is particularly useful when applying textures or patterns over portions of an image such as typography in graphics designing.
With clipping masks,the details/details in lower layers remain intact and unaffected by other components because they’re designated solely for specific sections. This way users get more maneuverability within their work whilst keeping everything together without changes affecting other aspects beneath them.
A hidden but very important tool available in photoshop arsenal at times offers precision unattainable with preceding methods especially removimg subjects from complex imagery through selecting adjacent patches similar minus inconsistencies during alteration.Apply it like so;
- Select Quilt Tool
- Encase Target Area,
- Drag selected area beyond unwanted detail(s)
In conclusion, these advanced techniques not only eliminate intricate detail(s) in designs but equally saves time whilst enhancing creativity. Be bold and try out best suited methods for your project challenging the bounds of creative design!
Secrets to Blending Images Perfectly with Different Lighting and Backgrounds
As an image editor, one of the most challenging tasks can be blending images with different lighting and backgrounds. However, mastering this skill is crucial if you want to create professional-looking designs. In this blog post, I’ll share some secrets to help blend images perfectly while keeping a consistent look and feel.
1. Understand Lighting
Before getting started on any image editing project that involves blending, it is essential first to understand how lighting works. Photography relies heavily on light sources such as natural daylight or artificial light sources like studio lights or lamps. Different types of light will affect your images in various ways.
For instance, when combining two pictures taken under varying lighting conditions, adjusting brightness levels and contrast may not suffice alone. That’s because different tines of photos might have different color temperatures – warm temperature (orange tint) for indoor shots against fluorescent bulbs versus cool shades(blue tone)for outdoor sunset photography or photographs taken near windows during night time.
To tackle such situations — convert the selected layers into smart objects then tweak around using color balance adjustment layer effects until achiving a common whitebalance throughout the photo montage before doing further adjustments
2. Identify Elements to Blend
When deciding what elements from separate photos need merging try strategically choosing feasible backdrops whilst scrutinizing them carefully along with required subject; consider highlighting shadow areas upon merging next element without failing shift focus from its overall appearance making sure they all flow seamlessly without altering area clarity vis-a-vis depth perception within the context they exist.
3.Perform Smart Photomerge Adjustments
As mentioned earlier , once selections are made allow performing smoothening cover ups overtime- applying gradient filters between background features since it offers a soft transition between both subjects harmoniously and adds defined leading lines which make blended pictures seem visually appealing.Use tools provided b ythe Photoshop app hold down shift keyand drag Move tool horizontally until multiple selection highlight fallswithin each section required then press Ctrl+E shortcut command merge extractions done before applying added effects especially on sharpness of merged selections
4.Pay Attention to Details
The final touch always accounts for polish work completed. Devote as much time as possible checking edges surrounding your finished image, mainly if there’s a choppy line or less clean crisps around the blend points. The healing brush tool will come in handy during these frustrating yet essential stages.
In conclusion, blending images smoothly with different lighting and backgrounds is something that takes patience and practice honing through mastery and experience over time. However following this recommended tips carefully helps give more professional results without any compromises within multi-picture collages going forward .
Pro Tools and Plugins for Photoshopping Pictures onto Other Images Like a Pro
As technology advances, so does the way we edit and manipulate images. Photo editing has become an essential part of our lives in today’s digital age. And as photo enthusiasts around the world are constantly looking for new ways to enhance their images, software like Adobe Photoshop and Pro Tools offer a wide range of innovative tools and plugins that allow you to do just that.
Whether it’s adding filters, adjusting brightness and contrast or cropping out unwanted areas altogether – these programs have all the necessary features to take your image manipulation skills from amateur-level to pro level with ease.
One thing that is particularly noteworthy about Pro Tools when compared to other photo editing software is its versatility; it can be used by photographers who want complete control over every aspect of their image – right down to pixel-perfect accuracy!
With its intuitive user interface, anyone can learn how to use this powerful tool-set effectively – whether you’re an experienced professional photographer or someone who wants better selfies at home! You don’t need any complex technical knowledge or even high-end equipment – all you need is patience and willingness-to-learn.
For those looking for more diverse creative options while digitally manipulating photographs, there are certain plugins available with specific functions tailored towards enhancing pictures on top of others:
1) Alien Skin Exposure: A plugin famous for transforming your photos into classic film stocks like Kodak Portra 400 or Fujifilm Velvia. It offers unique color effects derived from popular analog films & darkroom techniques such as authentic-looking grain structures .
2) Nik Collection: Developed by Google before being acquired by DxO Labs , boasts plugins optimised specifically towards “making stunning photographic looks” rather than professionals creating truly realistic depictions. Its defining feature includes Analog Efex Pro which allows access directly into analog settings including but not limited too dusting scratches, semi-transparent textiles simulating flaws inherent with shooting on vintage machinery
3) Perfect Layers : This one offers much more precise layering tools than Photoshop alone, allowing you to easily integrate different images into one complete picture – until they’re completely seamless!
Starting & creating eye-catching works solely with your photo editing software and your imagination can be challenging at first but with Pro Tools and it’s associated plugins, such difficulties become rather smooth as silk. With this article we are looking forward to sharing our tips and tricks on how these programs can help take your pictures from just “good” to unforgettable!
Best Practices for Achieving Stunning Results with Pictures over Pictures in Adobe Photoshop
Adobe Photoshop is a versatile and powerful tool for designers, photographers, and artists alike. It allows you to manipulate images in any way imaginable to create stunning results. One of the most important aspects of working with Adobe Photoshop is understanding best practices for achieving amazing pictures over pictures.
Here are some tips to help get you started:
1. Pay Attention To Composition
Whether it’s a portrait or landscape picture, composition plays an essential role in creating stunning results. Ensure that your subject or focal point is not completely centered; instead, follow the rule of thirds by dividing your image into three equal parts vertically and horizontally.
2. Keep Adjusting The Color Balance
The color balance can significantly affect how your final image appears. You might lose clarity due to incorrect contrast adjustments if you don’t keep tweaking colors until reaching perfection.
3. Focus On Enhancing Contrast
Contrast adjustment does much more than just adding “pop” factors; it helps contouring each person’s features ideally while enhancing shadows areas too without overly darkening them.
4. Utilize Masks For More Control Over Edits
If you’re applying effects or making adjustments on specialized areas like eyes (more vibrancy), lips (colorizing), select those regions using techniques called masks so as only specific alterations will apply within those layers allowing greater precision control!
5.Use Less Filters In Order Not To Ruin Originality Of Pictures
Filters allow for quick editing enhancements but risk ruining original authenticity if used excessively—consider picking settings thoughtfully rather than going crazy about all different available samples from online sources until finding something perfect according-to-lights shadows presets matching newer technology capabilities today which outperforms older filters/samples libraries fast progressing world has created vast possibilities untouched avenues still left unexplored awaiting our next invention breakthrough discovery yet unknown magical algorithms nobody probably knows about give chances looking things through new perspective innovative mindsets explore further horizons bring life novel ideas fresh concepts unique experience opening up whole world unbeaten tracks!
In conclusion, achieving stunning results with pictures over pictures in Adobe Photoshop doesn’t need to be complicated. By focusing on composition and color balance, enhancing contrast while using masks for more control makes everything easier than ever before! Don’t ruin originality of images by layering too many filters without careful thought consideration; instead, use them judiciously picking settings that can overall improvement of your final output. So now that you know these tips consider applying them next time you fire up the Adobe Photoshop tool for achieving amazing picture-perfect results every time!
Table with useful data:
|1||Open Adobe Photoshop and select the picture you wish to work with.|
|2||Select the layer of the picture you want to add another picture onto.|
|3||Open the picture you want to add to the selected layer.|
|4||Select the picture you just opened and copy it.|
|5||Paste the copied picture onto the desired layer.|
|6||Position and resize the added picture using the transform tool.|
|7||Apply layer masks to blend the added picture with the original picture.|
|8||Adjust the lighting and color of the added picture to match the original picture.|
|9||Save the edited picture as a new file for future use.|
Information from an expert: To Photoshop a picture on a picture, start by selecting the image you want to insert onto the background photo. Copy and paste it onto your chosen background layer, then use the Transform tool to resize and position it as desired. Adjust its opacity if necessary, then refine any edges using the Clone Stamp or Eraser tools. Apply some color corrections if required; you can also add shadows or highlights details for depth effect. Finally, merge all layers down and save in your preferred format. Remember that practice makes perfect!
The practice of manipulating photographs dates back to the mid-19th century when photographers would manually retouch and alter negatives to enhance or remove certain elements from the final print. However, digital manipulation as we know it today became mainstream with the release of Adobe Photoshop 1.0 in February 1990.

- Cad é mar a Photoshop pictiúr ar pictiúr
- Top 5 Leideanna agus Tricks le haghaidh Photoshop Picture ar Íomhá eile
- Ceisteanna a Chuirtear go minic faoi Conas Pictiúr a Photoshop ar Pictiúr
- Teicneolaíochtaí chun Eileamaint a chur nó a bhaint as dhá íomhá
- 1) Máistir Chéim a úsáid
- 2) Máistir Chliceála a Úsáid
- 3). Uirlis Patch
- Rúnna chun Íomhánna a Chomhcheangal go foirfe le Solas agus Cúlchistí Difriúla
- Ceann. Tuiscint a fháil ar an Solas
- Dhá. Na Comhpháirteanna a Aithníonn tú le Measc
- 3.Achtú cliste fotomírge a dhéanamh
- 4.Féach ar na Mionsonraí
- Uirlisí agus Plugins Pro le haghaidh Photoshopping Pictiúir ar Íomhánna Eile Cosúil le Pro
- Na Cleachtais is Fearr chun Torthaí Stunning a bhaint amach le Pictiúir thar Pictiúir in Adobe Photoshop
- Tábla le sonraí úsáideacha:
- Fíric stairiúil:
Cad é conas a Photoshop pictiúr ar pictiúr
Is é an próiseas a bhaineann le pictiúr a phéinteáil ar phictiúr ná pictiúr a chur thar ceann eile ag baint úsáide as bogearraí Adobe Photoshop. Ligeann an teicníc seo duit comhdhéanamh uathúil agus cruthaitheach a chruthú, spéis amhairc a chur leis nó íomhá atá ann cheana a fheabhsú i gceann cúpla cliceáil. Roghnaigh na híomhánna is mian leat, déan na méideanna agus na sraitheanna a choigeartú.
- Chun tús a chur le Photoshop, oscailt an dá íomhánna (bhunús agus a chur leis) mar chomhaid ar leithligh sa chlár
- Roghnaigh an uirlis Move ón mbarra uirlisí agus tarraing ceann de na grianghraif ar an gceann eile ionas go mbeidh siad stacáilte le chéile
- Nuair a bheidh an dá íomhá agat i láthair, bain úsáid as uirlis ' masc sraithe ' ó phainéal sraitheanna chun dhá íomhá a mheascadh go cuí lena chéile le comhdhéanamh nua
Go hachomair, is féidir le máistreacht ar conas pictiúr a phéinteáil ar phictiúr a bheith ina thoradh ar fhéidearthachtaí cruthaitheachta gan teorainn nuair a thagann sé chun scéal a insint trí íomhánna.
Na 5 Mholtaí agus Tricks is Fearr le haghaidh PhotoShopping Ar Íomhá Ar Íomhá Eile
D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh sé simplí agus simplí pictiúr a chur ar phictiúr eile le Photoshop, ach tá sé níos casta ná mar a cheap tú ar dtús. Éilíonn sé scileanna agus cruinneas chun dhá íomhá a chomhcheangal le chéile gan stró. Mar sin féin, leis na leideanna agus na cleasanna ceart atá ar fáil duit, is féidir leat an tasc seo a dhéanamh mar ghairmí.
Ceann de na gnéithe riachtanacha de Photoshop-ping íomhá ar grianghraf eile ag fáil solais ceart. Caithfidh an solas sa dá ghrianghraf a bheith comhsheasmhach más mian leat iad a chumasc go nádúrtha gan aon imeall tobann nó tonna as áit  tar éis an tsaoil, tá ár súile oiliúna chun neamhréireachtaí a thabhairt faoi deara i scáthanna nach mbaineann le chéile! Smaoinigh ar shraith oiriúnaithe a úsáid nó téacsanna craiceann / foinsí solais a dhúbailt ar an dá íomhá ionas go mbeidh siad níos fearr chun na tuisceanna réalaíocha sin a chur leis.
2. Seachadadh. Scála & socrú
Is é an dara rud is tábhachtaí i measc dhá ghrianghraf i gceann amháin ná an méid agus an suíomh a athrú i gceart! Má tá aon cheann de na heilimintí nach bhfuil ag teacht le chéile go maith go leor (ró-mhór nó ró-bheag), ansin beidh sé a sheasann amach mar rud éigin s mícheart faoi cad ba chóir a bheadh eile breathnú gan aon cheangal. Is féidir leis an mbonn seo an difríocht a dhéanamh idir torthaí áille a chruthú a thugann cuireadh do lucht féachana go hionraic stánas i gcoinne weirdness clunky a bhriseann daoine suas de bharr ach amháin toisc go bhfuil  rud éigin  nach bhfuil ceart go leor.
Tar éis íomhánna a mheascadh ag scálaíocht an socrúchán ceart síos go foirfe tagann socrúcháin trédhearcachta / opacity atá ríthábhachtach nuair a bhíonn tú ag déileáil le hábhair / cúlra éagsúla.. D'fhéadfadh go bhfaighidh tú féin ag obair le dathanna éagsúla i ngach sraith agus sonraí tábhachtacha mar réamhaisnéisí nó cúlra ag dul ar shiúl toisc nach bhfuil an opacity socraithe i gceart; dá bhrí sin ag cur as tonna aisteach trí fhuil trí eilimintí eile timpeall orthuso obair go cúramach anseo!
4. Tá an t-am Ceartú dathanna & tonna comhoiriúnacha
Nuair a bhíonn pictiúir iomadúla á gcomhcheangal le chéile, bíonn difríochtaí ó thineas go contrártha ag teacht go mór le feiceáil mura ndéantar aghaidh go cúramach orthu sula dtéann tú ar aghaidh. Tabhair am atá leithdháilte go sonrach chun na hathraitheoirí seo a cheartú dá réir sin laistigh de do phróiseas cruthaithe - cibé acu trí choigeartuithe sraitheanna scagairí leibhéil masc le haghaidh gnéithe dorcha / béim ar aird a theastaíonn tweaks den sórt sin uathu. Is féidir le ceartú dath éifeachtach agus subtle íomhá gnáth a ardú go cruthaitheacht captivating!
5. Tá an t-am ann. Eagarthóireacht le foighne
Is é an leideanna deireanach ná a bheith go mall! Tá foighne ag teastáil ó dhaoine nuair a bhíonn siad ag déileáil leis na próisis mhionsonraithe seo toisc go bhfuil sé níos éasca gan earráidí a ghabháil go dtí go bhfuil siad soiléir go soiléir nuair a bheidh tú tar éis dul trí chéimeanna 1-4.. Níl aon ghearrthreoracha i Photoshop, mar sin ná déan an tionscadal a chur ar siúl go tapaidh nó ní bheidh torthaí níos lú ná na cinn is fearr agat.
Mar fhocal scoir, tá súil againn go gcabhróidh na leideanna seo le pictiúir iontacha a chruthú agus dhá íomhá á n-imirt le chéile go rathúil; socruithe solais a bhainistiú go scileanna ag aistriú idir scálaí / gnéithe opacity agus ag obair go cúramach le linn gach céim de dhíscaoileadh dath a mheaitseáil go léir a chuireann le pictiúir a chasadh ó chruthaitheacht laethúil mar rud éigin a athraíonn go hiontach!
Ceisteanna a Chuirtear go minic faoi Conas Pictiúr a Photoshop ar Pictiúr
Sa domhan na dearadh grafach, is ainm teaghlaigh é Photoshop. Is é an bogearraí cóireála grianghraf agus íomhá caighdeánach an mhargaidh a úsáideann gairmithe ar fud an domhain chun máistreacht amhairc iontach a chruthú. Ó chúnamh a dhéanamh ar mheall craiceann i ngrianghrafadóireacht phortait chun tírdhreacha fantastic surreal a chruthú, is féidir le Photoshop é a dhéanamh go léir.
Mar sin féin, do thosaitheoirí nó do dhuine ar bith atá nua ag baint úsáide as an uirlis chumhachtach seo, tá roinnt ceisteanna coitianta ann maidir le conas pictiúr a Photoshop ar phictiúr a d'fhéadfadh a bheith acu. Sa chuid FAQ seo a leanas, déanfaidh dearthóirí saineolaithe mionsonraí a thabhairt ar a bpróiseas cruthaitheach agus a thabharfaidh leideanna cabhrach chun tús a chur le clár íomháithe ilghnéitheach Adobe.
1) Cad é Photoshopping agus cén fáth ar mhaith liom é a dhéanamh?
Tagraíonn an téarma Photoshopping go sonrach do íomhánna a ionramháil i mbogearraí Adobe Photoshop. Tá roinnt cúiseanna ann go bhféadfadh duine a bheith ag iarraidh na teicnící seo a úsáid; mar shampla:
 Eileamaintí nach bhfuil ag teastáil ó íomhá a bhaint (mar shampla súile dearga nó dífhuachtálacha cúlra)
 Grianghrafanna éagsúla a chomhcheangal le chéile i ndearadh comhtháite amháin
 Chun gnéithe sonracha de íomhá a athmhéid nó a choigeartú
2) Cé chomh deacair is atá sé foghlaim conas pictiúir a ionramháil i Photoshop?
Cé go dteastaíonn am agus iarracht ó dhuine a bhfuil scileanna casta aige, ba cheart go mbeadh fiú iad siúd nach bhfuil an bogearraí ar eolas acu in ann déileálacha réasúnta simplí a bhaint amach mar athmheas nó rudaí beaga a bhaint gan mórán deacrachtaí.
3) An bhfuil cur chuige uathúil ag gach dearthóir féin agus iad ag obair ar Pictiúir?
Sea  toisc go bhfuil a riachtanais ar leith ag gach tionscadal!
D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh obair chruinnithe ag teastáil ó roinnt tionscadal, mar shampla aerbrústaíocht fhorleathan nó limistéir mhionsonraithe casta a mhacasáil, agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh gá le níos lú fíneáil ag daoine eile mura bhfuil mórán ceartúcháin ag teastáil. Dá bhrí sin, má tá a fhios agat cad iad na huirlisí a bheidh uait roimh do dhúshlán is déanaí, sábhálfaidh sé am duit sa deireadh.
4)Cé na huirlisí atá ar fáil le linn seisiún 'cén chaoi le déanamh'?
Go hachomair: beagnach ró-mhór! Go raibh maith agat, is iad na príomh-uirlisí atá liostaithe thíos an trealamh is tábhachtaí:
 An Brústa Oiriúna  Úsáidte go príomha le haghaidh péintíochta le méid agus opacity inchoigeartaithe chun a gcruth riachtanach a ghabháil ar an mbealach is fearr.
 Stamp Clónaithe  Déanann sé seo dúblaíocht ar chuid roghnaithe den íomhá nó den patrún agus greamaíonn sé é go réidh in áit eile i do chuid ealaíne.
 Uirlis Smudge  Ligeann sé duit coigeartuithe tonúla íseal a dhéanamh agus tú ag úsáid meascáin éagsúla ar scuab amháin, ag brú nó ag tarraingt picteilíní timpeall go héasca.
5) Conas a dhéanfaidh mé grianghraif a chomhcheangal?
Ag brath ar an gcineál éifeacht teaglaim atá ag teastáil (a mheascadh le chéile i gcuma comhtháite i gcoinne íomhánna a ghearradh ar shraithí éagsúla a ghlacann spásanna ar leith), tá roinnt teicnící ar fáil. Tá níos mó agus níos mó tóir ar mhaiscí sraithe a chur i bhfeidhm a cheadaíonn rialú níos mó ar thógáil collage.
6) An bhfuil aon rud eile ar chóir dom a choinneáil i mo armlann nuair a bhíonn mé ag foghlaim conas pictiúir Photoshop a dhéanamh?
Níl aon phróiseas dearadh teicnící malartaithe le hoibreacha rialta de réir mar a théann an cleachtas chun cinn! Is féidir le bheith eolach ar fheabhsúcháin bogearraí a chuirtear isteach gach bliain agus eolas á léamh agat ó theagascóirí ar líne, ag freastal ar fhéachtanna gréasáin faoi ábhair shonracha dearaidh etc. a bheith an-chabhrach freisin chun do scileanna a shaothrú.
Tá Photoshop ag éirí níos éasca le húsáid, cé nach gciallaíonn sé seo go dtarlaíonn máistreacht na n-uirlisí casta seo thar oíche. Tá torthaí fíor-bhrathmhar ag baint le máistreacht uathúil a chruthú tar éis roinnt iniúchadh triail agus earráide... mar sin cuir na ceisteanna thuas i ngníomh an chéad uair eile a chaithfidh tú dul i ngleic leis an dúshlán amhairc is déanaí a fheictear ar fud an ghréasáin domhanda. Le iarracht a ghlacadh a ghéarú samhlaíocht a chinntiú saineolas grianghrafadóireachta cruthaitheacht digiteach fíor-sophistice outshine iomaíocht gach uair amháin!
Teicneolaíochtaí Ardteicneolaíocha chun Eileamaint a chur nó a bhaint as Dhá Íomhá
I saol eagarthóireachta íomhá agus dearadh grafach, is é ceann de na teicnící is coitianta a úsáidtear eilimintí a chur leis nó a bhaint as íomhá. Cibé an gá duit grianghraf a athchóiriú trí chúlra a chur i gcontúirt a scriosadh, dhá íomhá éagsúla a chur le chéile gan stró, nó téacs a chur i do chuid oibre ealaíne  is féidir le máistreacht a fháil ar an scileanna seo cabhrú leat do dhearadh a thógáil go dtí an chéad leibhéal eile.
Mar sin, cad iad roinnt teicnící chun gnéithe a chur nó a bhaint as dhá íomhá? Let's tumadh isteach!
1) Má tá masc sraitheanna á úsáid
Is uirlis chumhachtach é masc sraitheanna a ligeann duit codanna de íomhá a cheilt go roghnach nó a nochtadh gan é a athrú go buan. Trí masc a chruthú ar an sraith ina bhfuil tú ag iarraidh rud éigin a bhaint (mar shampla cúlra), is féidir leat an uirlis scuab a shocrú go dath dubh a úsáid agus go simplí 'páirteanna den sraith nach bhfuil ag teastáil a phionósú'.
Más rud é go bhfuil tú ag cur rud éigin nua ar shraith eile (mar shampla, dhá íomhá a chur le chéile), déan masc ar an sraith is airde agus bain úsáid as strócanna bróiste dubh arís nuair nach gá duit aon limistéir a bheith ag dul thar a chéile.
Ceadaíonn an teicníc seo coigeartuithe beacht agus rialú iomlán á choimeád ar athruithe neamh-díobhálacha.
2) Máistir Gearrthóg a Úsáid
Bealach eile a úsáideann gairmithe nuair a bhíonn sraitheanna éagsúla á ndlúthú i dlúthpháirt amháin is ea masc a ghearradh. Tá sé seo úsáideach go háirithe nuair a chuirtear uigeachtaí nó patrún i bhfeidhm ar chodanna de íomhá mar an typography i ndearadh grafaicí.
Le masc clipeála, fanann na sonraí/na mionsonraí sna sraitheanna níos ísle slán agus gan tionchar a bheith acu ar chomhpháirteanna eile toisc go bhfuil siad ceaptha go heisiach do rannáin shonracha. Ar an mbealach seo, faigheann úsáideoirí níos mó mó mónaibritheacht ina gcuid oibre agus iad ag coimeád gach rud le chéile gan athruithe a théann i bhfeidhm ar ghnéithe eile atá thíos leo.
Tá uirlis i bhfolach ach an-tábhachtach ar fáil i arsenal Photoshop ag amanna a thairgeann cruinneas nach féidir a bhaint amach le modhanna roimhe seo go háirithe removimg ábhair ó íomhánna casta trí patches comhghaoltach a roghnú cosúil mín míchuí le linn athrú.
- Roghnaigh uirlis Quilt
- Ábhar sprioc a chur i gcló,
- Drag limistéar roghnaithe thar mionsonraí neamh-iarracht
Mar fhocal scoir, ní hamháin go ndéanann na teicnící ardteicneolaíochta seo mionsonraí casta a dhíothú i ndearadh ach sábhálann siad am agus cuireann siad le cruthaitheacht. Bíodh misneach agat agus déan iarracht na modhanna is oiriúnaí do do thionscadal a thriail teorainneacha na ndearadh cruthaitheach!
Na rúndiomanna chun Íomhánna a Chothú go foirfe le Solas agus Cúlchistí Difriúla
Mar eagarthóir íomhá, is féidir le ceann de na tascanna is dúshlánaí a bheith ag meascán íomhánna le soilsiú agus cúlra éagsúla. Mar sin féin, tá sé ríthábhachtach an scileanna seo a bheith agat má tá tú ag iarraidh dearadh a bhfuil cuma ghairmiúil air a chruthú. Sa phost blag seo, roinnfidh mé roinnt rúin chun cabhrú le híomhánna a mheascadh go foirfe agus cuma agus mothú comhsheasmhach á choimeád.
1. an t-am a bhí ann. Tuiscint a fháil ar an Solas
Sula dtosaíonn tú ar aon tionscadal eagarthóireachta íomhá a chuimsíonn meascán, tá sé riachtanach ar dtús tuiscint a fháil ar an gcaoi a n-oibríonn solais. Tá an grianghrafadóireacht ag brath go mór ar fhoinsí solais mar solas laethúil nádúrtha nó foinsí solais shaorga mar sholas stiúideo nó lampaí. Beidh tionchar ag cineálacha éagsúla solais ar do chuid íomhánna ar bhealaí éagsúla.
Mar shampla, nuair a dhéantar dhá phictiúr a tógadh faoi choinníollacha solais éagsúla a chur le chéile, b'fhéidir nach leor leibhéil shoille agus an choimeádach a choigeartú ina n-aonar. Tá sé sin toisc go bhféadfadh teocht dath difriúil a bheith ag tinte éagsúla grianghraf  teocht te (ton oráiste) le haghaidh lámhaigh faoi dhíon i gcoinne bolgán fluaraiseanta i gcoinne scáthanna fionnuar  ton gorm) le haghaidh grianghrafadóireachta grianlaithe lasmuigh nó grianghrafálacha a tógadh in aice le fuinneoga i rith na hoíche.
Chun dul i ngleic le cásanna den sórt sin  a thiontú na sraitheanna roghnaithe i réadaí cliste ansin tweak timpeall ag baint úsáide as éifeachtaí sraithe coigeartú cothromaíocht dathanna go dtí achishing comhchothromaíocht bán ar fud an montage grianghraf sula ndéantar coigeartuithe breise
2. Seachadadh. Na Comhpháirteanna a Aithníonn tú le Measc
Nuair a bhíonn tú ag cinneadh cén eilimintí ó ghrianghraif ar leithligh a chaithfidh a chumasc, déan iarracht cúlraí indéanta a roghnú go straitéiseach agus iad a scrúdú go cúramach in éineacht leis an ábhar riachtanach; smaoinigh ar limistéir scáth a chur i bhfios nuair a chumasc tú an chéad eilimint eile gan dul i bhfios ar a chuma foriomlán gan a chinntiú go sreabhann siad go hiomlán gan a ghlanadh limistéar a athrú i gcomparáid le tuiscint ar dhomhain laistigh den chomhthéacs a bhfuil siad ann.
3.Achtú cliste fotomírge a dhéanamh
Mar a luadh roimhe seo, nuair a dhéantar roghanna, is féidir le sleamhnú a dhéanamh, clúdach a dhéanamh thar am- scagairí gradient a chur i bhfeidhm idir gnéithe cúlra toisc go dtugann sé aistriú bog idir an dá ábhar go comhchuí agus go gcuireann sé línte tosaigh sainithe a fhágann go bhfuil pictiúir mheasctha tarraingteach go amhairc. Úsáid uirlisí a sholáthraítear ag an aip Photoshop agus an eochair Shift a choinneáil síos agus a tharraingt
4.Cuir aird ar mhionsonraí
Is é an croí deiridh i gcónaí an obair phéileála a chríochnófar. Déan an oiread ama agus is féidir a chaitheamh ag seiceáil imeall timpeall do íomhá críochnaithe, go príomha má tá líne choppy nó crisps níos lú glan timpeall na bpointí meascáin. Beidh an uirlis scuab leighis a bheith úsáideach le linn na céimeanna frustrach ach riachtanach.
Mar fhocal scoir, tá sé rud a thógann foighne agus cleachtadh a dhéanamh trí mhaistreacht agus taithí le himeacht ama íomhánna a mheascadh go réidh le soilse agus cúlra éagsúla. Mar sin féin , cabhraíonn na leideanna molta seo a leanúint go cúramach le torthaí níos gairmiúla a thabhairt gan aon choimhridí laistigh de chollasaí il-pictiúr a théann ar aghaidh .
Uirlisí agus Plugins Pro le haghaidh Photoshopping Pictiúir ar Íomhánna Eile Cosúil le Pro
De réir mar a théann teicneolaíocht chun cinn, déantar an bealach a ndéanaimid íomhánna a eisiúint agus a ionramháil a athrú freisin. Tá eagarthóireacht grianghraf anois ina chuid riachtanach dár saol in aois dhigiteach an lae inniu. Agus mar a bhíonn lucht díograise grianghraf ar fud an domhain ag lorg bealaí nua i gcónaí chun a gcuid íomhánna a fheabhsú, soláthraíonn bogearraí cosúil le Adobe Photoshop agus Pro Tools raon leathan uirlisí nuálacha agus breiseáin a ligeann duit é sin a dhéanamh.
Cibé an bhfuil sé ag cur scagairí, ag coigeartú geal agus coimeas nó ag gearradh amach limistéir nach dteastaíonn go hiomlán, tá na gnéithe riachtanacha go léir ag na cláir seo chun do scileanna ionramhála íomhá a thógáil ó leibhéal amaitéaracha go leibhéal gairmiúil go héasca.
Is é an rud atá thar a bheith suntasach faoi Pro Tools i gcomparáid le bogearraí eile le haghaidh eagarthóireachta grianghraf ná a ilfheidhmíocht; is féidir é a úsáid ag grianghrafadóirí ar mian leo smacht iomlán a bheith acu ar gach gné dá n-íomhá  go díreach go dtí cruinneas pixel-dearfach!
Leis an comhéadan úsáideora intuitive, is féidir le duine ar bith foghlaim conas an trealamh cumhachtach seo a úsáid go héifeachtach - cibé an grianghrafadóir gairmiúil taithí agat nó duine ar bith atá ag iarraidh féin-ghrianghraf níos fearr sa bhaile! Ní gá duit aon eolas teicniúil casta ná trealamh ard-deireadh a bheith agat ach foighne agus toilteanas foghlaim.
I gcás na ndaoine a bhfuil roghanna cruthaitheacha níos éagsúla á lorg acu agus grianghraf á n-imní go digiteach, tá breiseáin áirithe ar fáil le feidhmeanna sonracha atá oiriúnach chun pictiúir a fheabhsú ar bharr na ndaoine eile:
1) Alien Skin Exposure: Plugin a bhfuil cáil air as do chuid grianghraif a athrú ina stoic scannáin clasaiceacha cosúil le Kodak Portra 400 nó Fujifilm Velvia. Tairgeann sé éifeachtaí dathanna uathúla a dhíorthaítear ó scannáin analóga tóir & teicnící seomra dorcha mar struchtúir ghrán a bhfuil cuma barántúil orthu .
2) Nik Collection: Forbraíodh é ag Google sular cheannaigh DxO Labs é, tá breiseáin ann a uasmhéadú go sonrach chun "féachtas grianghrafadóireachta iontach a dhéanamh" seachas gairmithe a chruthaíonn léiriú fíorréalaíoch. Áirítear ar a saintréith sainithe Analog Efex Pro a ligeann rochtain go díreach i suíomhanna analógach lena n-áirítear ach gan a bheith teoranta freisin scratches dusting, teicstílí leath-trédhearcach simulú lochtanna atá ann le lámhach ar meaisín seanré
3) Réitigh foirfe: Cuireann an ceann seo uirlisí sraitheanna i bhfad níos cruinne ar fáil ná Photoshop ina n-aonar, rud a ligeann duit íomhánna éagsúla a chomhtháthú go héasca i bpictiúr iomlán amháin  go dtí go bhfuil siad  go hiomlán gan sreang!
Is féidir le tús & a chruthú eye-catching oibreacha go heisiach le do bogearraí eagarthóireachta grianghraf agus do samhlaíocht a bheith dúshlánach ar dtús ach le Pro Tools agus it's comhlánaigh gaolmhara, deacrachtaí den sórt sin a bheith go leor réidh mar síoda. Leis an alt seo táimid ag súil le roinnt ár gcuid leideanna agus cleasanna ar conas is féidir leis na cláir seo cabhrú le do chuid pictiúir a thógáil ó díreach  maith go neamhfhoghlaimí!
Na Cleachtais is Fearr chun Torthaí Stunning a bhaint amach le Pictiúir thar Pictiúir in Adobe Photoshop
Is uirlis ilchineálach cumhachtach é Adobe Photoshop do dhearthóirí, grianghrafadóirí agus ealaíontóirí araon. Ligeann sé duit íomhánna a ionramháil ar aon bhealach is féidir a shamhlú chun torthaí iontacha a chruthú. Ceann de na gnéithe is tábhachtaí de bheith ag obair le Adobe Photoshop is ea na cleachtais is fearr a thuiscint chun pictiúir iontacha a bhaint amach thar pictiúir.
Seo roinnt leideanna chun cabhrú leat tosú:
1. an t-am a bhí ann. Tabhair aird ar an gComhdhéanamh
Cibé an í an phictiúr portráid nó tírdhreach é, tá ról ríthábhachtach ag an gcomhdhéanamh chun torthaí iontacha a chruthú. Déan cinnte nach bhfuil do chuspóir nó do phointe fócais i lár go hiomlán; ina ionad sin, lean an riail na dtríú cuid trí do ghrianghraf a roinnt ina thrí chuid chomhionann go hionchuir agus go cothrománach.
2. Seachadadh. Coinnigh an t-Ionad Dath Ag Cobhsú
Is féidir leis an chothromaíocht dathanna tionchar suntasach a imirt ar an gcaoi a bhfuil do ghrianghraf deiridh le feiceáil. D'fhéadfadh sé go gcaillfí soiléireacht mar gheall ar choigeartaithe mícheart an choimeádais mura gcoinníonn tú ag tweaking dathanna go dtí go sroicheann tú foirfeacht.
3. Tá an t-am ann. Dírigh ar an Idirbhreathnú a Mhéadú
Ní dhéanann coigeartú an choimeádais i bhfad níos mó ná fachtóirí "pop" a chur leis; cabhraíonn sé le gnéithe gach duine a chómhdhéanamh go hiontach agus áiteanna scáthanna á gcur chun cinn freisin gan iad a dhorchlú go ró-mhór.
4. Tá an t-am Úsáid masc chun níos mó smachta a bheith agat ar eagarthóirí
Má tá tú ag cur éifeachtaí nó ag déanamh coigeartuithe ar limistéir speisialaithe cosúil le súile (níos mó beogacht), liopaí (dathú), roghnaigh na réigiúin sin ag baint úsáide as teicnící ar a dtugtar maisc ionas nach mbeidh ach athruithe sonracha i bhfeidhm laistigh de na sraitheanna sin a cheadaíonn rialú níos cruinne!
5.Use Níos lú scagairí d'fhonn nach ruin Originality na pictiúir
Ceadaíonn scagairí feabhsuithe eagarthóireachta tapa ach tá riosca ann go gcuirfear fírinneacht bunaidh i mbaol má úsáidtear go iomarcach smaoinigh ar shuíomhanna a roghnú go cúramach seachas dul as a chéile faoi gach samplaí éagsúla atá ar fáil ó fhoinsí ar líne go dtí go bhfaighidh tú rud éigin foirfe de réir-solas scáthanna réamhshocraithe ag teacht le cumais teicneolaíochta níos nuaí inniu a théann níos fearr ná sean-scagadh / leabharlanna samplaí Tá domhan ag dul chun cinn go tapa tar éis féidearthachtaí ollmhóra a chruthú bealaí gan sroich fós gan a bheith iniúchadh ag fanacht lenár gcéad fhionnachtúchán eile fionnachtú rathúil fós anaithnid algartam nach bhfuil a fhios ag aon duine faoi is dócha go dtugann sé seans rudaí a fheiceáil trí shúlra nua smaointe nuálacha a iniúchadh a thabhairt níos faide réamhair smaointe nua beatha a thabhairt coincheapa uathúla taithí a oscailt suas domhan iomlán rianta gan bua!
I ndeireadh na dála, ní gá go mbeadh sé casta torthaí iontacha a bhaint amach le pictiúir thar pictiúir in Adobe Photoshop. Trí díriú ar chomhdhéanamh agus ar chothromaíocht datha, ag cur le difríocht agus masc a úsáid le haghaidh níos mó rialaithe, déanann gach rud níos éasca ná riamh! Ná scrios bunús na n-íomhánna trí shraith a chur ar ró-a lán scagairí gan machnamh cúramach; ina ionad sin, bain úsáid as go ciallmhar ag roghnú socruithe a fhéadfaidh feabhas iomlán a chur ar do thorthaí deiridh. Mar sin anois go bhfuil a fhios agat na leideanna a mheas iad a chur i bhfeidhm an chéad uair eile a thosaíonn tú ar an uirlis Adobe Photoshop chun torthaí iontach pictiúr-dearfach a bhaint amach gach uair!
Tábla le sonraí úsáideacha:
1  Open Adobe Photoshop agus roghnaigh an pictiúr ar mian leat a bheith ag obair leis.
2 Saill SaillSelect an sraith den phictiúr gur mian leat pictiúr eile a chur air.
3    Oscail an pictiúr is mian leat a chur leis an sraith roghnaithe.
"Select an pictiúr a d'oscail tú díreach agus é a chóipeáil".
5
6
7
8 Saideideide Scaoil an solas agus dath an phictiúr breise chun teacht leis an phictiúr bunaidh.
Saved the edited picture as a new file for future use. Saved the edited picture as a new file for future use. Saved the edited picture as a new file for future use.
Leideanna ó shaineolaí: Chun pictiúr a phéinteáil le Photoshop ar phictiúr, tosaigh ag roghnú an íomhá is mian leat a chur isteach ar an bpictiúr cúlra. Cló agus greamaigh é ar an gciseal cúlra a roghnaigh tú, ansin úsáid an uirlis Athrú chun é a athdhéanamh agus a shuíomh de réir mar is mian leat. Déan an opacity a choigeartú más gá, ansin déanaigí aon imeall a scagadh ag baint úsáide as uirlisí Stamp Clone nó Eraser. Cuir roinnt ceartaithe dathanna i bhfeidhm más gá; is féidir leat scáthanna nó mionsonraí a mhúscailt freisin chun éifeacht domhain a fháil. Ar deireadh, a chumasc gach sraith síos agus a shábháil i do fhormáid is fearr leat. Cuimhnigh go ndéanann cleachtadh foirfeacht!
Tosaíonn an cleachtas grianghraf a ionramháil ó lár an 19ú haois nuair a dhéanfadh grianghrafadóirí retouch agus athruithe ar dhiúltacha go láimhe chun gnéithe áirithe a fheabhsú nó a bhaint den phriont deiridh. Mar sin féin, tháinig meabhrú digiteach mar a bhfuil a fhios againn inniu go mór le scaoileadh Adobe Photoshop 1.0 i mí Feabhra 1990.


The increased incidence of infections seen in spinal cord injury patients is directly linked to a disruption of the normal central nervous system, according to researchers from Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Harvard Medical School and Ohio State University.
A newly-discovered reflex arc mediates a process which leads to a disruption in the hormones secreted by the adrenal glands which, in turn, results in an increased susceptibility to bacterial infections. The finding breaks new ground in the development of treatments to reduce the incidence of infections.
Injuries to the brain or spinal cord, such as those caused by stroke or trauma, result in a considerable weakening of the immune system. This often leads to severe infections, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infections, which hamper nervous tissue regeneration as well as rehabilitation in affected patients.
Until now, our understanding of the exact manner in which nerve tissue damage leads to infections (and which physiological parameters are responsible) has remained rudimentary at best.
Immune System Dysregulation
Charité – Universitätsmedizin’s Dr. Harald Prüß, who co-led the research, said:
“Our study was based on the premise that nerve pathways originating in the spinal cord exert a direct influence on organs involved in the immune system, such as lymph nodes and the spleen. To our surprise, we found that the disruption of immune organ function does not occur as a result of this direct connection; instead, it is the result of an immune system dysregulation which affects the entire body.”
The researchers demonstrated that the nervous system uses adrenal hormones as part of an indirect path of communication which results in the rapid breakdown of many immune cells. In a healthy body, the adrenal glands are controlled by both the nervous system and the relevant hormone control centers.
Until recently, it had been assumed that a brain injury via hormonal signals results in the adrenal glands secreting cortisol, while a trauma-induced stress response results in the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline.
“Our data show that the disruption in the normal function of the adrenal glands is under the direct control of damaged nerve tissue,”
explains the neurologist. In contrast to received opinion, trauma-induced spinal cord injury initially resulted in a decrease in stress hormones and an increase in cortisol production.
Pathological Reflex Arc
This alteration in hormone levels led to a dramatic decrease in the numbers of many immune cells, particularly affecting the precursors of T-cells and B-cells. In some cases, this resulted in a reduction of between 50 and 80 percent in the size of the spleen, thymus or lymph nodes.
While experimental deactivation of the adrenal glands led to a reversal of this dramatic loss of immune cells, the mice treated in this manner remained susceptible to infections.
However, an autograft of adrenal tissue, transplanted into these mice, conferred protection against infections. While the transplanted adrenals produce the hormones needed by the body, they are no longer subject to the dysfunctional nervous system control mechanisms which develop following high level spinal injury.
The identification of this two-stage pathological reflex arc – consisting of nerve pathways between the spinal cord and the adrenal glands, as well as a hormone-mediated link with the immune system – helps to deepen our understanding of the interconnections which exist between the nervous and immune system.
The discovery of this ‘immune system paralysis’ and its underlying mechanisms represents an important step on the path to improving the treatment of spinal cord injury patients. Rather than merely experiencing the more obvious symptom of motor-sensory paralysis, paraplegic patients also experience a paralysis of the immune system.
“Comprehensive analyses of patients’ cortisol and (nor)adrenaline levels have shown that they exhibit a fundamentally similar behavior to that seen in experimental studies,”
explains Prof. Dr. Dr. Jan M. Schwab, Head of Charité’s Department of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries. This suggests that treatment aimed at normalizing this neuro-endocrine reflex may prove effective in controlling the sometimes life-threatening infections associated with injuries to the central nervous system.
Harald Prüss, Andrea Tedeschi, Aude Thiriot, Lydia Lynch, Scott M Loughhead, Susanne Stutte, Irina B Mazo, Marcel A Kopp, Benedikt Brommer, Christian Blex, Laura-Christin Geurtz, Thomas Liebscher, Andreas Niedeggen, Ulrich Dirnagl, Frank Bradke, Magdalena S Volz, Michael J DeVivo, Yuying Chen, Ulrich H von Andrian & Jan M Schwab
Spinal cord injury-induced immunodeficiency is mediated by a sympathetic-neuroendocrine adrenal reflex
Nature Neuroscience (2017) doi:10.1038/nn.4643
Image: Harald Prüss
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Tá nasc dhíreach ag an ardú ar ionfhabhtuithe a fheictear i n-othair a bhfuil díobháil cnámh cnámha orthu le cur isteach ar an gcóras néaróg lárnach gnáth, de réir taighdeoirí ó Charité  Universitätsmedizin Berlin, an tIonad Gearmánach um Ghalair Neurodegenerative (DZNE), Scoil Leighis Harvard agus Ollscoil Stáit Ohio.
Déanann arc reflex nua-aimsigh idirghabháil le próiseas a fhágann go bhfuil cur isteach ar na hormóin a d'eisíonn na glúine adrenal a fhágann, ina dhiaidh sin, go bhfuil siad níos so-ghabhálacha d'ionfhabhtuithe baictéaracha. Tá an toradh seo ina thorthaí nua maidir le cóireálacha a fhorbairt chun ionfhabhtuithe a laghdú.
Mar thoradh ar ghortú ar an inchinn nó ar an méarchluais, amhail iad siúd a tharlaíonn de bharr stróc nó trauma, lagú suntasach ar an gcóras imdhíonachta. Is minic a bhíonn ionfhabhtuithe tromchúiseacha mar thineamóine nó ionfhabhtuithe an chonair bhéaloideacha mar thoradh air seo, rud a chuireann bac ar athghiniúint fíochán néarógach chomh maith le haisghiniúint i ndíoltóirí atá buailte.
Go dtí seo, bhí ár dtuiscint ar an mbealach beacht a mbíonn ionfhabhtuithe mar thoradh ar dhéine na fíochán néaróg (agus cé na paraiméadair fiseolaíocha atá freagrach) rudimentary ar a laghad.
Dysregulation Córas Imdhíonachta
Dúirt an Dr. Harald Prüß ó Charité  Universitätsmedizin, a bhí i gcomhchathaoirleach ar an taighde:
Baineadh úsáid as ár staidéar as an bhfíric go mbíonn tionchar díreach ag cosáin néaróige a thagann ón méarchluais ar orgáin a bhfuil baint acu leis an gcóras imdhíonachta, amhail na nóid lymph agus an spléine. Ar ár n-iontas, fuair muid amach nach mar thoradh ar an nasc díreach seo a tharlaíonn cur isteach ar fheidhm orgánach imdhíonachta; ina ionad sin, is toradh é ar dhisrialú córas imdhíonachta a théann i bhfeidhm ar an gcomhlacht ar fad.
Léirigh na taighdeoirí go n-úsáideann an córas néarógach hormóin adrenal mar chuid de shlí dírí cumarsáide a fhágann go ndéantar go leor cealla imdhíonachta a bhriseadh síos go tapa. I gcorp sláintiúil, déanann an córas néarógach agus na hionaid rialaithe hormónacha ábhartha an dá rud a rialú ar na glúine adrenal.
Go dtí le déanaí, glacadh leis go dtarlaíonn díobháil inchinn trí chomharthaí hormónacha go ndéanann na glúine adrenal cortisol a scaoileadh, agus go mbíonn adrenaline agus noradrenaline scaoilte mar thoradh ar fhreagra strus a spreagadh ag trauma.
Léiríonn ár sonraí go bhfuil an cur isteach ar fheidhm ghnáth na nglándra adrenal faoi rialú díreach fíochán néarógach damáiste,
Míníonn an néarolaí. I gcodarsnacht leis an tuairim a bhí á rá, bhí laghdú ar hormóin strus agus méadú ar tháirgeadh cortisol mar thoradh ar ghortú cnámh cnámha a bhí mar thoradh ar thráma.
Arc Athbhéim Pathological
Mar thoradh ar an athrú seo ar leibhéil hormóin tháinig laghdú suntasach ar líon go leor cealla imdhíonachta, ag dul i bhfeidhm go háirithe ar réamhtheachtaí na gcealla T agus na gcealla B. I gcásanna áirithe, bhí laghdú idir 50 agus 80 faoin gcéad ar mhéid an spléine, an thymus nó na nóid limfe mar thoradh air seo.
Cé gur tháinig an t-athrú seo ar an gcaillteanas suntasach cealla imdhíonachta nuair a cuireadh na glúine adrenal as feidhm i dtaighde, d'fhan na lucha a ndearnadh cóireáil orthu ar an mbealach seo in ann ionfhabhtuithe a fháil.
Mar sin féin, thug autograft de fhíochán adrenal, a athlonnú isteach sna lucha seo, cosaint i gcoinne ionfhabhtuithe. Cé go ndéanann na adrenals a ghiniúint na hormóin a theastaíonn ón gcomhlacht, níl siad faoi réir na meicníochtaí rialaithe neamhfheidhmiúla an chórais néarógach a fhorbraíonn tar éis díobhála ardleibhéil spine.
Cuidíonn a aithint ar an arc athfhéach patholach dhá chéim seo  ina bhfuil cosáin néaróige idir an méid scamhóige agus na glúine adrenal, chomh maith le nasc idirghabhálaithe hormónach leis an gcóras imdhíonachta  le tuiscint níos doimhne a fháil ar na hidirnascaíochtaí atá ann idir an córas néarógach agus an córas imdhíonachta.
Is céim thábhachtach é an fionnachtadh ar an "paralysis an chórais imdhíonachta" seo agus ar na meicníochtaí atá bunta leis ar an mbealach chun cóireáil othar le díobháil cnámh cnámha a fheabhsú. Ní hamháin go bhfuil comhartha níos soiléire na paralaise mótair-fhaireasach ag othair paraplegic ach go bhfuil paralaise ar an gcóras imdhíonachta acu freisin.
 Léirigh anailís chuimsitheach ar leibhéil cortisol agus (nó) adrenaline na n-othair go bhfuil iompar bunúsach den chineál céanna acu leis an iompar a fheictear i staidéir thrialacha,
Míníonn an tOllamh Dr. Dr. Jan M. Schwab, Ceann na Roinne um Dhearmad Chrónach Spinal Cord i Charité. Tugann sé seo le tuiscint go bhféadfadh cóireáil a bhfuil sé mar aidhm aici an reflex neuro-endocrine seo a normalú a bheith éifeachtach chun na haingneacha a bhíonn i mbaol beatha uaireanta a bhaineann le díobhálacha ar an lárchóras néaróg a rialú.
Harald Prüss, Andrea Tedeschi, Aude Thiriot, Lydia Lynch, Scott M Loughhead, Susanne Stutte, Irina B Mazo, Marcel A Kopp, Benedikt Brommer, Christian Blex, Laura-Christin Geurtz, Thomas Liebscher, Andreas Niedeggen, Ulrich Dirnagl, Frank Bradke, Magdalena S Volz, Michael J DeVivo, Yuying Chen, Ulrich H von Andrian & Jan M Schwab
Tá imdhíolúchas a spreagann díobháil cnámh cnámha spinal idirghabhálaithe ag reflex adrenal comhchruinn-neuroendocrine
Neuroscience na Nádúr (2017) doi:10.1038/nn.4643
Grianghraf: Harald Prüss
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There were several ideas that I came across at the Rick Morris seminar a couple days ago in Santa Rosa. A couple days ago, I mentioned the differentiation of hand signals. He also mentioned the use of music to initiate transitions. So, for example, he suggested using the Mission Impossible theme song to mean that school is about to start, so everyone needs to have their homework out, get off the computers, get in their seats, and be facing the board before the song is finished. The theme song is about a minute, so that's perfect.
There are a couple things that should be considered when using musical transitions. #1 You need to train your students in how they will respond to each particular musical transition (if you have more than one). I guess if you wanted to have a little fun with it, you could paint the picture as though they're on a mission and they need to complete their mission before the time runs out (i.e. get everything ready before the song is over). I think most kids would get a kick out of that.
#2 What do you do if a student doesn't properly respond to the song? This is my best guess. When you have time, such as during recess, take them aside, and ask the student what the song means. If they've heard it enough, they should know what it means. And then, take time out of their recess for not responding to the song as everyone else is.
Anyway, the musical transitions idea is pretty cool. I think I'll utilize it once I have my own class.

Bhí roinnt smaointe ann a tháinig mé ar aghaidh ag seimineár Rick Morris cúpla lá ó shin i Santa Rosa. Cúpla lá ó shin, luaigh mé an difríocht idir comharthaí láimhe. Thug sé faoi deara freisin go n-úsáidtear ceol chun aistriúcháin a thionscnamh. Mar shampla, mhol sé an t-amhrán Mission Impossible a úsáid chun a léiriú go bhfuil an scoil le tosú, mar sin ní mór do gach duine a gcuid obair bhaile a dhéanamh amach, dul as na ríomhairí, dul ina suíocháin, agus a bheith ag tabhairt aghaidh ar an mbord sula mbeidh an t-amhrán críochnaithe. Tá an t-amhrán ar feadh thart ar nóiméad, mar sin tá sé foirfe.
Tá cúpla rud ba chóir a mheas nuair a bhíonn aistriúcháin ceoil á n-úsáid. #1 Ní mór duit do mhic léinn a oiliúint ar an gcaoi a bhfreagróidh siad ar gach aistriú ceoil ar leith (má tá níos mó ná ceann agat). Is dócha má theastaigh uait spraoi a bheith agat leis, d'fhéadfá an pictiúr a phéinteáil amhail is dá mba rud é go bhfuil siad ar mhisean agus go gcaithfidh siad a gcuid misean a chomhlánú sula dtéann an t-am amach (i.e. gach rud a fháil réidh sula bhfuil an t-amhrán críochnaithe). Sílim go mbeadh an chuid is mó páistí a fháil ar kick as sin.
#2 Cad a dhéanann tú mura n-fhreagraíonn mac léinn go cuí ar an amhrán? Is é seo mo guess is fearr. Nuair a bheidh am agat, mar shampla le linn na scoilte, tabhair iad ar leataobh, agus iarr ar an mac léinn cad is brí leis an amhrán. Má chuala siad go leor é, ba chóir go mbeadh a fhios acu cad a chiallaíonn sé. Agus ansin, am a thógáil as a gcuid recession ar nach bhfuil ag freagairt don amhrán mar gach duine eile.
Ar aon chuma, tá an smaoineamh idirthréimhse ceoil an-cool. Sílim go mbainfidh mé úsáid as nuair a bheidh mo rang féin agam.


There has been a general agreement that there must be some supplementary mechanism that is synchronized with the changes in the level of solar activity which serves to effectively "amplify" the small changes caused by the weak variations in solar insolation. Some of the proposed mechanisms have included:
a) Svensmark's Cosmic-Ray Cloud Model
b) The effects of variations in UV upon energy absorption in the Ozone Layer.
c) Thermal heating of the Stratosphere by the solar wind.
But what if there another mechanism that was responsible for this amplification?
The Astro-Climate Model.
This particular model claims that the "amplification" is actually caused by the effects of long-term variations in the lunar tides upon the Earth’s LOD, atmospheric tides, and oceanic upwelling (via tidal dissipation). The model further claims that it is the tidally induced changes in these parameters that effect the Earth's climate through their long-term influence upon the ENSO and AMO.
According to this model, it is the periodicities in the planetary gravitational and tidal forces that are determining the long-term periodicities that are observed in the level of solar activity as well as the long-term variations that are seen in the strength of the lunar tides (as experienced on the Earth). This produces a natural synchronization between the changes in the Earth's climate that are caused by the Sun and those that are produced by the Moon.
The model proposes that it is this synchronization between these two drivers of long-term climate change that is the cause of the amplification.
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Bhí comhaontú ginearálta ann go gcaithfidh sé go mbeadh meicníocht fhorlíontach ann a bheidh comhchruinnithe leis na hathruithe i leibhéal na gníomhaíochta gréine a fhreastalaíonn ar "mhéadú" éifeachtach na hathruithe beaga a bhíonn mar thoradh ar na hathruithe lag i insolúine gréine. I measc roinnt de na meicníochtaí a mholtar bhí:
a) Samhail Neamh-Scagaire Cosmaí Svensmark
(b) Na héifeachtaí a bhíonn ag athruithe i UV ar ionsú fuinnimh sa Chiseal Ozóin.
c) Teas teasa na Stratosphere ag an gaoth gréine.
Ach cad a tharlaíonn má bhí sé meicníocht eile a bhí freagrach as an méadú seo?
An samhail astro-aimsire.
Éilíonn an tsamhail áirithe seo go bhfuil an "mhéadú" i ndáiríre mar gheall ar éifeachtaí na hathruithe fadtéarmacha sna taíde gealach ar LOD na Talún, taíde atmaisféarach, agus upwelling aigéin (trí díthréimhseáil taíde). Deir an tsamhail freisin gurb iad na hathruithe a spreagann na fáinní seo a dhéanann difear do ghéarchéim na Talún trína dtionchar fadtéarmach ar an ENSO agus ar an AMO.
De réir an múnla seo, is iad na tréimhsí sna fórsaí gravity agus tide pláinéadach a chinntíonn na tréimhsí fadtéarmacha a breathnaítear i leibhéal na gníomhaíochta gréine chomh maith leis na hathruithe fadtéarmacha a fheictear i neart na dtimpeallachtaí gealaí (mar a bhíonn orthu ar an Domhan). Táirgeann sé seo sioncróineacht nádúrtha idir na hathruithe ar aeráid an Domhain a bhíonn mar thoradh ar an Ghrian agus na cinn a tháirgeann an Ghealach.
Molann an tsamhail gurb é an sioncróint seo idir an dá thiománaí seo den athrú aeráide fadtéarmach is cúis leis an méadú.
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Diamond Class (Nursery) 2019-20
Teacher: Miss Wills
Teaching assistant: Mrs Singh/Mrs Wroe/Miss Robinson
The children will continue to take part in short focused sessions on the carpet. These sessions are: Phonics, Maths and Communication and Language. George the bear helps the children to remember the listening rules during these sessions.
The children will also continue to spend lots of time learning in the different areas of the classroom, for example the creative area, reading area and outside.
Phonics: We have now started the Read Write Inc programme and have learnt some sounds already.
In these sessions we practise ‘Fred Talk’ – sounding out the word before reading (blending) and sound-blending – putting sounds together to make a word, e.g. c–a–t cat.
We also practice forming the letters using different rhymes for each letter.
Communication and Language: During these sessions the children will be developing their listening and attention skills and enlarging their vocabulary. We will read the books ‘We’re Going on a Bear Hunt’ and ‘The Gruffalo’. We will be having a fun Teddy Bear’s picnic to link in with learning about bears.
Maths: During these sessions the children will learn about number and other aspects of Maths through number songs, rhymes and stories. We are continuing to practise recognising numbers up to 10.
We will be practising the one-one principle. This involves the children saying one number name for each object that is being counted. We encourage the children to line up objects and touch each one as they count, saying one number name per object.
Thank you to those parents who have been coming along. It is great to see you taking part in activities with your child. These will continue to take place every half term. We hope to see lots of you there.
I hope you are all enjoying sharing books at home with your child, talking to them about the pictures and asking simple questions.
Please remember to fill in their reading record book so that we know the children are sharing their book with you at home. Some children will start to bring home books which have words in them.
The children need to bring their books in every THURSDAY so the teacher can help them to change their book and share their new one with them.
Fine motor skills
Fine motor skills is the coordination of small muscle movements – usually involving small, precise thumb, finger, hand, and wrist movements. In the Early Years we provide opportunities that are fun and interactive for the children. Developing fine motor skills in early childhood education helps build the foundation for important future skills like writing and self-care.
Examples of activities that can be provided at home or school are:
- Threading beads, pasta etc
- Playing with playdough
- Cutting/snipping paper
- Building with lego and blocks
- Dressing dolls
- Sorting pom poms/objects with play tweezers
Things to remember:
Items from home
Please try to discourage your child from bringing in items from home, such as toys, drinks and snacks. We have lots of resources at school for the children to play with and we wouldn’t want any toys from home to get lost or damaged at school.
We provide the children with healthy snacks – fruit, veg, toast, and milk each day and they have access to drinking water. They don not need to bring any additional food or drink to school.
Please make sure your child brings a warm coat to school plus a hat, scarf and gloves.
Spare Clothes and Jumpers
Please ensure your child has a bag of spare clothes with them in school at all times, including underwear and socks. It is very important that we are able to change your child and make them comfortable if any toileting accidents occur or if they get wet from water play. We explore the outdoors in all weathers so children need to be dressed appropriately.
All children require a pair of wellies in school with their name in them. The children will really enjoy outdoor water play and accessing the outdoor sandpit.
Please ensure that your child’s name is in their jumper or cardigan so we can return it to them when they are found in the classroom.
We ask that the children bring in a voluntary contribution of 50p every week, on a Monday, to contribute towards the cost of providing the children with a range of healthy snacks, such as breadsticks, crackers and toast.
Children must be in correct school uniform at all times. This includes appropriate footwear. Please ensure your child’s uniform is clearly labelled with your child’s name.
We have three focus children per class, per week. During the week we record additional information on paper to be kept in the child’s folder in the classroom. Parents can contribute to this by bringing in or emailing photos to the Early Years email address. Examples of photos might be: a trip to the park, visiting family, swimming lessons. The photos may be used as prompts for your child to share news with the class. You will receive a letter when your child is selected as the focus child.
Your child is also welcome to bring in something from home that they would like to do a ‘show and tell’ about.
We are continuing to use the online reward system called ‘Class Dojo’. Teachers and other adults around school will be encouraging positive behaviours by giving whole class and individual points. Each child will have their own colourful and exciting character, which should encourage them to collect points on a weekly basis.

Rang Diamond (Nursary) 2019-20
Múinteoir: Miss Wills
Cúntóir teagaisc: Mrs Singh/Mrs Wroe/Miss Robinson
Leanfaidh na páistí ag glacadh páirte i seisiúin ghearr dírithe ar an gcarpéad. Is iad na seisiúin seo: Fónics, Matamaitice agus Cumarsáid agus Teanga. Cuidíonn George an t-ádh leis na páistí cuimhneamh ar na rialacha éisteachta le linn na seisiúin seo.
Beidh na páistí ag cur go leor ama i mbun foghlama i réimsí éagsúla an tseomra ranga, mar shampla an limistéar cruthaitheach, an limistéar léitheoireachta agus lasmuigh.
Fónics: Tá tús curtha againn anois leis an gclár Read Write Inc agus tá roinnt fuaimeanna foghlamtha againn cheana féin.
Sna seisiúin seo, cleachtann muid Fred Talk  an focal a fhuaimniú sula léann muid (measc) agus fuaim-measc  fuaimeanna a chur le chéile chun focal a dhéanamh, e.g. Cat beag.
Braitheann muid freisin ar na litreacha a fhoirmiú ag úsáid rím éagsúla do gach litir.
Cumarsáid agus Teanga: Le linn na seisiúin seo beidh na páistí ag forbairt a gcuid scileanna éisteachta agus aird agus ag leathnú a gcuid focal. Léimid na leabhair "We're Going on a Bear Hunt" agus "The Gruffalo". Beidh piocnic Teddy Bear spraoi againn chun nasc a dhéanamh le foghlaim faoi bhéar.
Matamaitic: Le linn na seisiún seo foghlaimíonn na páistí faoi uimhir agus gnéithe eile de Mhatamaitic trí amhráin uimhreacha, rímí agus scéalta. Táimid ag leanúint ar aghaidh ag cleachtadh a aithint uimhreacha suas go dtí 10.
Beidh muid ag cleachtadh an phrionsabal duine-a-aon. Baineann sé seo leis na páistí ainm uimhir amháin a rá do gach rud atá á comhaireamh. Spreagann muid na páistí rudaí a shíneadh agus teagmháil a dhéanamh le gach ceann de na rudaí agus iad ag comhaireamh, ag rá ainm uimhir amháin in aghaidh gach rudaí.
Go raibh maith agat do na tuismitheoirí sin a bhí ag teacht. Tá sé iontach a fheiceáil go bhfuil tú ag glacadh páirte i ngníomhaíochtaí le do leanbh. Leanfaidh na comórtais sin ar aghaidh ag teacht chun cinn gach sé mhí. Tá súil againn go bhfeicfimid go leor agaibh ann.
Tá súil agam go bhfuil tú go léir ag taitneamh a bhaint as leabhair a roinnt sa bhaile le do pháiste, ag caint leo faoi na pictiúir agus ag cur ceisteanna simplí.
Cuimhnigh le do thoil a leabhar taifead léitheoireachta a líonadh ionas go mbeidh a fhios againn go bhfuil na páistí ag roinnt a leabhar leat sa bhaile. Tosaíonn roinnt páistí ag tabhairt leabhair abhaile ina bhfuil focail iontu.
Ní mór do na páistí a gcuid leabhair a thabhairt gach Déardaoin ionas gur féidir leis an múinteoir cabhrú leo a gcuid leabhair a athrú agus a gcuid nua a roinnt leo.
scileanna mótair bheaga
Is éard atá i scileanna mótair bheaga ná comhordú gluaiseachtaí muscle beaga  a bhaineann le gluaiseachtaí beaga beacht, beacht, lámha agus lámhacha de ghnáth. Sna Blianta Luath soláthraímid deiseanna atá spraoi agus idirghníomhach do na páistí. Cuidíonn forbairt scileanna mótair bheaga i oideachas luathóige le bunús a thógáil do scileanna tábhachtacha sa todhchaí mar scríobh agus féinchúram.
Seo samplaí de ghníomhaíochtaí is féidir a chur ar fáil sa bhaile nó sa scoil:
- Gránna, pasta etc. a threading
- Ag imirt le playdough
- Páipéar a ghearradh/a ghearradh
- Tógadh le lego agus le bloic
- Docaí á n-aodach
- Pom-poms/earraí a scagadh le pincetí
Rudaí le cuimhneamh:
Rudaí ó bhaile
Déan iarracht a spreagadh le do leanbh gan rudaí a thabhairt isteach ón mbaile, mar shampla bréagáin, deochanna agus greimíní. Tá go leor acmhainní againn sa scoil le haghaidh na leanaí a imirt agus ní mhaith linn go gcaillfí nó go ndearnadh damáiste d'aon bréagán ón mbaile sa scoil.
Soláthraímid snacks sláintiúla do na páistí  torthaí, glasraí, toast, agus bainne gach lá agus tá rochtain acu ar uisce óil. Ní gá dóibh aon bhia nó deoch breise a thabhairt ar scoil.
Déan cinnte go dtógfaidh do leanbh cóta te leis go dtí an scoil chomh maith le hata, sciál agus lámhainní.
Earraí Coisithe agus Seomraí
Déan cinnte go bhfuil mála éadaí breise ag do leanbh sa scoil i gcónaí, lena n-áirítear éadaí agus stocaí. Tá sé an-tábhachtach go mbeimid in ann do leanbh a athrú agus iad a dhéanamh compordach má tharlaíonn aon timpistí ag dul ar an leithreas nó má bhíonn siad fliuch ó imirt uisce. Déanaimid iniúchadh lasmuigh i ngach aimsir mar sin ní mór do leanaí éadaí cuí a bheith acu.
Teastaíonn péire wellies ó gach páiste sa scoil lena n-ainm orthu. Beidh na páistí ag taitneamh go mór as imirt uisce lasmuigh agus rochtain a fháil ar an bpáirc gainimh lasmuigh.
Déan cinnte go bhfuil ainm do pháiste ar a n-iompóir nó a gcardígan ionas gur féidir linn é a thabhairt ar ais dóibh nuair a fhaightear iad sa seomra ranga.
Iarrann muid ar na páistí ranníocaíocht dheonach de 50p a thabhairt gach seachtain, ar Dé Luain, chun rannchuidiú leis an gcostas a bhaineann le réimse greannáin shláintiúla a sholáthar do na páistí, amhail briotáin, creataí agus toast.
Ní mór do leanaí éide scoile ceart a bheith acu i gcónaí. Áirítear leis seo bróga oiriúnach. Déan cinnte go bhfuil ainm do pháiste ar fhoirm do pháiste.
Tá trí leanbh fócas againn in aghaidh an rang, in aghaidh na seachtaine. Le linn na seachtaine, déanaimid faisnéis bhreise a thaifeadadh ar pháipéar a choimeádfar sa chomhad páistí sa seomra ranga. Is féidir le tuismitheoirí cur leis seo trí ghrianghraif a thabhairt isteach nó a sheoladh chuig seoladh ríomhphoist na Bliana Luath. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh samplaí de phictiúir mar seo: turas chuig an bpáirc, cuairt ar theaghlach, ceachtanna snámha. D'fhéadfadh na grianghraif a úsáid mar spreagadh do do leanbh chun nuacht a roinnt leis an rang. Gheobhaidh tú litir nuair a roghnófar do leanbh mar an leanbh fócas.
Tá fáilte roimh do leanbh rud éigin a thabhairt isteach ón mbaile ar mhaith leis "seó agus scéal" a dhéanamh faoi.
Táimid ag leanúint ar aghaidh ag úsáid an chóras duais ar líne ar a dtugtar Class Dojo. Beidh múinteoirí agus daoine fásta eile timpeall na scoile ag spreagadh iompar dearfach trí phointí a thabhairt do gach rang agus do dhaoine aonair. Beidh carachtar datha agus spreagúil ag gach leanbh, rud a spreagfaidh iad pointí a bhailiú gach seachtain.


KILLING, TORTURE AND THE DISHONORING OF WOMEN WILL NOT DETER THE WILL OF KASHMIRIS TO ACHIEVE THEIR BIRTH RIGHT OF FREEDOM: WORLD KASHMIR DIASPORA ALLIANCE
The subcontinent was being divided in deference to the Two-Nation Theory, which demanded the carving out of a nation state comprising of the contiguous Muslim majority areas in the undivided India. Kashmir's union with Pakistan, based on this criterion, was only too obvious. In addition, there were compelling strategic compulsions recommending such a course. Sources of three major rivers irrigating Pakistan - Indus, Jhelum and Chenab - lay in Kashmir. Besides, the State's entire outside communication passed through territory that was to constitute Pakistan: Road Pindi-Murree-Muzzaffarabad-Srinagar comprised one route, while Sialkot-Jammu-Banihal Pass-Srinagar constituted the other. The third route - a dirt track - passed through the Muslim-dominated district of Gurdaspur in Punjab, providing a minor link to Srinagar through the Pathankot railhead. It was certain that once Punjab was divided, Gurdaspur being a Muslim-dominated district of Punjab and contiguous to other Muslim majority areas, would form part of Pakistan. The design to forcibly wrest Kashmir began to unfold on August 16, 1947, with the announcement of the Radcliffe Boundary Award. The June 3, 1947 Partition Plan envisaged establishing boundary in Bengal, Assam, Sylhet and Punjab under the stewardship of Sir Cyril Radcliffe. When the Award was announced, it's most controversial decision dealt with awarding the Gurdaspur District to India.
The fraudulent, forcible occupation and killing of more than 500,000 (five hundred thousand) innocent Kashmiris on November 05, 1947 in one day in Jammu by Brahmins- Hindu military could not deter the will of Kashmiris to achieve their birth right of freedom. Precisely, the Brahmins-Hindus' democracy is out to exterminate the Muslims in Kashmir and to change it to the Muslim minority state. We have paid the price of losing more than 700,000 innocent Kashmiris (infants, children, males and females and elderly). Despite all these, with the grace of Almighty God, the Muslims are alive and determined to break the 'Shackles of Brahmins-Hindus' Slavery. As such, we would like to let the world know that we are strong-minded to live freely and not under the occupation of the Indian administration as we are not a part of India, never have been and will never be.

Ní chuirfidh marú, tortúr agus mí-onóir na mban bac ar thoiliú Kashmiris chun a gceart breithe saoirse a bhaint amach: Comhlachas Domhanda Diaspora Kashmir
Bhí an fho-chríoch á roinnt i gcomhlíonadh Theoiric an Dhá Náisiún, a éilíonn stáit náisiún a dhéanamh amach de na ceantair mhóra Moslamacha atá in aice le chéile san India neamhroinnte. Bhí aontacht Chasmíir leis an bPacastáin, bunaithe ar an gcritéar seo, ach ró-soiléir. Ina theannta sin, bhí cosc straitéiseach láidir ag moladh an cúrsa sin. Bhí foinsí na dtrí abhainn mhóra a bhí ag soláthar uisce do Phácastáin - Indus, Jhelum agus Chenab - i gCashmir. Thairis sin, bhí cumarsáid seachtrach iomlán an Stáit ag dul trí chríoch a bhí le bheith ina pháirtí de Phakistan: bhí bealach amháin de Bhóthar Pindi-Murree-Muzzaffarabad-Srinagar, agus Sialkot-Jammu-Banihal Pass-Srinagar mar an ceann eile. An tríú bealach - rian salach - a chuaigh tríd an gcathair Gurdaspur a raibh Moslamach i gceannas air i Punjab, ag soláthar nasc beag le Srinagar trí cheann traenach Pathankot. Bhí sé cinnte, nuair a bhí an Punjab roinnte, gur cuid de Phacastáin a bheadh Gurdaspur, a bhí ina cheantar a raibh Moslamach i gceannas air i Punjab agus a bhí in aice le ceantair mhóra Moslamach eile. Thosaigh an dearadh chun Kashmir a bhaint go foréigneach ar 16 Lúnasa, 1947, le fógra an Gradaim Teorainneacha Radcliffe. I bPlean Páirtithe an 3 Meitheamh, 1947, bhí sé beartaithe teorainn a bhunú i mBéarla, Assam, Sylhet agus an Punjab faoi stiúir Sir Cyril Radcliffe. Nuair a fógraíodh an Gradam, is é an cinneadh is conspóide a bhain le Deontas Gurdaspur a bhronnadh ar an India.
Ní fhéadfadh an t-aistriú, an áitíocht fhoréigneach agus an mharaithe ar níos mó ná 500,000 (céad míle) Caismíre neamhchiontach ar an 5 Samhain, 1947 in aon lá amháin i Jammu ag míleata Brahmins-Hindu a chur bac ar thoil na Caismíre chun a gceart breithe saoirse a bhaint amach. Go beacht, tá an daonlathas Brahmins-Hindus chun na Moslamaigh a dhíothú i gCasmíir agus é a athrú go stát mionlaigh Moslamach. Tá praghas íoctha againn as níos mó ná 700,000 Caismíre neamhchiontach (naíonáin, leanaí, fir agus mná agus daoine scothaosta) a chailleadh. In ainneoin na n-uile seo, le grásta Dé Uilechumhachtach, tá na Moslamaigh beo agus atá cinnte go gcuirfidh siad 'Scéala Brahmins-Hindus' as Slavery. Mar sin, ba mhaith linn a chur in iúl don domhan go bhfuil ár n-intinn láidir chun maireachtáil saor in aisce agus ní faoi áitiú an riaracháin Indiach mar nach bhfuil muid mar chuid den India, riamh a bhí agus ní bheidh riamh.


It is very important that all those involved in the conservation of concrete heritage know the recommendations of the experts.
This section provides the link to the fundamental documents related to the conservation of monuments and sites, heritage of the twentieth century and, of course, to the Cadiz Document (2020) “InnovaConcrete/ICOMOS Concrete Conservation Guidelines”, developed by ICOMOS ISC20C in the framework of InnovaConcrete project.
Cadiz Document (2020). "InnovaConcrete/ICOMOS Conservation Guidelines"
This document provides guidance for the conservation of concrete heritage with respect to its cultural, historical, aesthetic, social and technological significance and the values represented for local communities. It provides guidance to public officials, private owners, architects, engineers, conservators, contractors and craftsmen for the conservation of cultural, historical, aesthetic and technological significance of concrete heritage.Learn more
Venice Charter (1964). "International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites"
Imbued with a message from the past, the historic monuments of generations of people remain to the present day as living witnesses of their age-old traditions. People are becoming more and more conscious of the unity of human values and regard ancient monuments as a common heritage. The common responsibility to safeguard them for future generations is recognized. It is our duty to hand them on in the full richness of their authenticity. It is essential that the principles guiding the preservation and restoration of ancient buildings should be agreed and be laid down on an international basis, with each country being responsible for applying the plan within the framework of its own culture and traditions.Learn more
Declaration of Amsterdam (1975). "Conservation of the architectural heritage"
Unless a new policy of protection and integrated conservation is urgently implemented, our society will shortly find itself obliged to give up the heritage of buildings and sites which form its traditional environment. Protection is needed today for historic towns, the old quarters of cities, and towns and villages with a traditional character as well as historic parks and gardens. The conservation of these architectural complexes can only be conceived in a wide perspective, embracing all buildings of cultural value, from the greatest to the humblest - not forgetting those of our own day together with their surroundings. This overall protection will complement the piecemeal protection of individual and isolated monuments and sites.Learn more
Nara Document (1994). "The Nara Document on Authenticity"
The diversity of cultures and heritage in our world is an irreplaceable source of spiritual and intellectual richness for all humankind. The protection and enhancement of cultural and heritage diversity in our world should be actively promoted as an essential aspect of human development.Learn more
Madrid-New Delhi Document (2017). "Approaches for The Conservation of Twentieth Century Cultural Heritage"
The sweeping economic, social, technological and political developments of the twentieth century produced unprecedented change. Two world wars, the Cold War that followed, the Great Depression, and decolonisation, together, significantly altered the fabric of society over the course of the twentieth century. Rapid urbanisation and the growth of large cities, accelerated technological and scientific development and the emergence of mass communications and transportation fundamentally changed the way we lived and worked, producing new buildings and structures, unprecedented building types and forms, using experimental materials. Massively changed landscapes were created by industrialisation and mechanised agriculture. And yet, comparatively few of the sites and places created by such tumultuous events have been listed and protected for their heritage values. Thus, too many of the heritage places and sites of the twentieth century remain at risk. Although appreciation of mid-century modernism is increasing in some regions, the range of buildings, structures, cultural landscapes and industrial sites that are characteristic of the twentieth century are still threatened by a general lack of awareness and recognition. All too often they are pressured by redevelopment, unsympathetic change, or simply by neglect.Learn more
Madrid Document (2014). "Approaches for the Conservation of Twentieth Century Architectural Heritage"
Too many of the heritage structures and buildings of the twentieth century are at risk. They are threatened by a general lack of appreciation and recognition, and all too often they are pressured by redevelopment or unsympathetic change or simply by neglect. There is also some confusion about the basic principles of conservation that should be applied to twentieth-century sites and places. This publication is a contribution of the ICOMOS International Scientific Committee on Twentieth-Century Heritage (ISC20C) toward providing benchmark guidance about how to practically conserve and manage this important era of international architectural heritage.Learn more

Tá sé an-tábhachtach go mbeadh a fhios ag gach duine atá bainteach le caomhnú oidhreachta concrait faoi mholtaí na saineolaithe.
Tá nasc sa rannóg seo leis na doiciméid bhunúsacha a bhaineann le caomhnú na ndearmad agus na suíomhanna, oidhreacht an fiche céad agus, ar ndóigh, le Doiciméad Cadiz (2020) InnovaConcrete/Treoirlínte Caomhnaithe Concrete ICOMOS, a d'fhorbair ICOMOS ISC20C faoi chuimsiú tionscadail InnovaConcrete.
Doiciméad Cádiz (2020). "Treoirlínte Coimirce InnovaConcrete/ICOMOS"
Soláthraíonn an doiciméad seo treoir maidir le hachmhainn shonraigh a chaomhnú i dtaca lena tábhacht chultúrtha, stairiúil, ealaíne, sóisialta agus teicneolaíoch agus na luachanna a léiríonn sé do phobail áitiúla. Soláthraíonn sé treoir d'oifigeach poiblí, d'úinéirí príobháideacha, d'ailtire, d'innealtóirí, d'chonstabhálaithe, d'chonraitheoirí agus d'aisteoirí chun tábhacht chultúrtha, stairiúil, aeistéiseach agus theicneolaíoch oidhreachta concróide a chaomhnú.Tuilleadh eolais
Cairt na Veinéise (1964). "Cairt Idirnáisiúnta um Chaomhnú agus Athchóiriú Archomharthaí agus Áiteanna"
Tá teachtaireacht ón am atá caite ar na hailt stairiúla de ghlúin daoine a bhfuil cónaí orthu go dtí an lá atá inniu ann mar fhinnéithe beo ar a dtrádálacha sean-aois. Tá daoine ag éirí níos mothaithe ar a chéile ar a chéile na luachanna daonna agus measann siad ar shéadchomharthaí ársa mar oidhreacht choitinn. Aithnítear an fhreagracht chomhchoiteann chun iad a chosaint do ghlúin amach anseo. Is é ár ndualgas iad a thabhairt ar aghaidh i gcuile saibhreas a n-airíonna. Tá sé ríthábhachtach go ndéanfaí comhaontú agus go ndéanfaí na prionsabail a threoraíonn caomhnú agus athchóiriú na bhfoirgnimh ársa a leagan síos ar bhonn idirnáisiúnta, agus go mbeidh gach tír freagrach as an bplean a chur i bhfeidhm laistigh de chreat a chultúr agus a thraidisiúin féin.
Dearbhú Amstardam (1975). "Conservation of the architectural heritage" (Conservaíocht na hoidhreachta ailtireachta)
Mura gcuirfear beartas nua cosanta agus caomhnaithe chomhtháite i bhfeidhm go práinneach, beidh ar ár sochaí a bheith iallach go gairid ar a thír féin diúltú don oidhreacht foirgnimh agus láithreáin a chruthaíonn a thimpeallacht thraidisiúnta. Tá gá le cosaint inniu do bhailte stairiúla, do sheancheantair cathracha, agus do bhailte agus sráidbhailte a bhfuil carachtar traidisiúnta acu chomh maith le páirceanna agus gairdíní stairiúla. Ní féidir ach le heagrú na gcomhdhéanta ailtireachta seo a chur san áireamh i dtríú cur chuige leathan, lena n-áirítear gach foirgneamh a bhfuil luach cultúrtha air, ón gceann is mó go dtí an ceann is lú - gan dearmad a dhéanamh ar na foirgneamh atá againn inniu agus a dtimpeallacht. Beidh an chosaint fhoriomlán seo ina chomhlánú ar chosaint mhion-leathan ar shéadchomharthaí agus ar shuíomhanna aonair agus iargúlta.Féach tuilleadh
Doiciméad Nara (1994). "An Doiciméad Nara ar Aithintíocht"
Is foinse dochloinneach saibhreas spioradálta agus intleachtúil don chine daonna uile é an éagsúlacht cultúrtha agus oidhreachta inár saol. Ba cheart go gcuirfí go gníomhach chun cinn éagsúlacht chultúrtha agus oidhreachta inár saol agus go ndéanfaí í a chosaint agus a fheabhsú mar ghné riachtanach d'fhorbairt an duine.Learn more
Doiciméad Maidrid-Dhéilí Nua (2017). "Conair chun Oidhreacht Chultúrtha an Chúigiú haois a Chaomhnú"
Ba é an forbairt mhór eacnamaíoch, sóisialta, teicneolaíoch agus polaitiúil a tharla sa ficheú haois a chruthaigh athrú gan fasach. D'athraigh dhá chogadh domhanda, an Cogadh Fuar a lean, an Briseadh Mór, agus díchoilíneáil, go suntasach, fíochán na sochaí i rith an fhichiú haois. D'athraigh an uirbeiriú tapa agus fás na gcathracha móra, forbairt theicneolaíoch agus eolaíoch luathaithe agus teacht chun cinn cumarsáide agus iompair mhóra an bealach a raibh muid ag maireachtáil agus ag obair go bunúsach, ag táirgeadh foirgneamh agus struchtúr nua, cineálacha agus foirmeacha foirgníochta gan fasach, ag baint úsáide as ábhair thrialacha. Cruthaíodh tírdhreacha a athraíodh go mór le tionsclaíocht agus le talmhaíocht mheicniúil. Agus fós, tá comparáid beag de na suíomhanna agus na háiteanna a chruthaigh imeachtaí tumultuous den sórt sin liostaithe agus cosanta dá luachanna oidhreachta. Dá bhrí sin, tá ró-chuid de na háiteanna agus na suíomhanna oidhreachta sa fiche céad i mbaol. Cé go bhfuil meas ar nua-aimsearthacht lár-chéad bliain ag méadú i roinnt réigiúin, tá an raon foirgnimh, struchtúir, tírdhreacha cultúrtha agus láithreáin thionsclaíocha atá tréithúil don fhichiú haois fós faoi bhagairt ag easpa feasachta agus aitheantais i gcoitinne. Go minic bíonn brú orthu de bharr athfhorbairt, athruithe neamh-simpatiúil, nó ach faillí.Féach tuilleadh
Doiciméad Maidrid (2014). "Conair chun Oidhreacht Ailtireachta an Chéadchéadóg a Chaomhnú"
Tá an iomarca de struchtúir agus foirgneamh oidhreachta an ficheú haois i mbaol. Tá siad faoi bhagairt ag easpa meas agus aitheantais i gcoitinne, agus go minic bíonn athfhorbairt nó athrú neamh-simpatiúil nó dearmad simplí orthu. Tá roinnt mearbhall ann freisin maidir leis na bunphrionsabail maidir le caomhnú a ba cheart a chur i bhfeidhm ar shuíomhanna agus ar áiteanna an fhicheú haois. Is ranníocaíocht é an foilseachán seo ó Choiste Eolaíochta Idirnáisiúnta ICOMOS ar Oidhreacht an Chúigiú haois (ISC20C) chun treoir thomhaiste a sholáthar maidir le conas an ré tábhachtach seo den oidhreacht ailtireachta idirnáisiúnta a chaomhnú agus a bhainistiú go praiticiúil.Tuilleadh eolais


Following a fire that destroyed the roof and spire of the 850-year-old Notre-Dame de Paris cathedral in central Paris on 15 April, architectural organizations in France and abroad have mourned the loss of an architectural and historic landmark and pledged support for a rebuild.
Speaking on ABC News 24, the Australian Institute of Architects’ national president Clare Cousins said the building was “not only a sacred place of worship, it is a place loved by generations upon generations of people all around the world.”
“Over the centuries it has become a cherished part of our cultural fabric, something that incites wonder, a symbol of love, resilience and a structure of tremendous worldwide significance.
“We, alongside countless others across the globe, mourn the damage that has been inflicted by this devastating fire.
“We share the anguish and immense sorrow of the French people at this loss but likewise we have every confidence in their ability to restore the Cathedral with great cultural sensitivity.”
French president Emmanuel Macron has promised that the damage to the cathedral would be repaired and rebuilt.
Like many medieval cathedrals, the Notre Dame was the product of an intergenerational, centuries-long design and construction project. An icon of the gothic architecture style, the church is particularly significant for its flying buttresses and ornate stained-glass windows.
In a statement, the national council of the French Ordre des Architectes said its members were “ready to mobilize all their know-how to participate, alongside craftsmen and other actors in the built environment.
“Let us not forget that the construction of the cathedral has also demonstrated the exceptional technical mastery of its carpenters, masons, sculptors, stained glass, and thousands of workers.”
“Heritage, ancient or contemporary, is a revealing and structuring element of our culture, and we must take the same care to keep alive these markers of our history.”
Cousins said, “The overwhelming response to this terrible event reinforces the extraordinary power truly great architecture has to bring people together, to provide a place where countless special memories are made, where wonder and magic abound.
“Restoring this icon will take extraordinary skill, time and resources – but what’s not lacking is the determination to do so.
The cause of the fire has not yet been determined, although authorities are not treating the blaze as suspicioud.
The cathedral is one of 70 in Paris owned by the French Government and administered by the Catholic Church.

Tar éis dó tine a scrios an díon agus an spire de na 850 bliain d'aois Notre-Dame de Paris cathedral i lár na Páras ar an 15 Aibreán, eagraíochtaí ailtireachta sa Fhrainc agus thar lear ag caoineadh an caillteanas ailtireachta agus ceannródaíoch stairiúil agus gealltanas tacaíocht a thabhairt do atógáil.
Ag labhairt dó ar ABC News 24, dúirt uachtarán náisiúnta Institiúid Ailtireachta na hAstráile Clare Cousins nach raibh an foirgneamh ach áit naofa adhartha, is áit é a bhfuil grá ag glúine ar glúine daoine ar fud an domhain.
Trí na céadta bliain, tá sé ina chuid chothaitheach dár n-imdhíol cultúrtha, rud a spreagann iontas, siombail de ghrá, athléimneacht agus struchtúr a bhfuil tábhacht mhór aige ar fud an domhain.
Táimid, in éineacht le daoine eile gan áireamh ar fud an domhain, ag caoineadh an damáiste a rinne an tine scriosach seo.
'Táimid chomhchruinnithe le géarchéim agus le brón ollmhór na ndaoine na Fraince ar an gcaillteanas seo ach mar an gcéanna tá muinín iomlán againn ina gcumas an Chathedral a athbhunú le íogaireacht chultúrtha mhór.'
Geall Uachtarán na Fraince Emmanuel Macron go ndéanfaí an damáiste don eaglais a dheisiú agus a athchóiriú.
Cosúil le go leor cathaidríní meánaoiseacha, ba é Notre Dame toradh tionscadail dearaidh agus tógála idirghinearálta, a mhair na céadta bliain. Is íon den stíl ailtireachta gotach í, tá an séipéal suntasach go háirithe dá chúlchláir eitilte agus dá fhuinneoga gloine stainithe ornáideacha.
I ráiteas, dúirt comhairle náisiúnta Ordre des Architectes na Fraince go raibh a chomhaltaí "ag ullmhú a gcuid scileanna go léir a shlógadh chun páirt a ghlacadh, in éineacht le ceardaithe agus le gníomhaithe eile sa timpeallacht tógtha.
Ná déanfaimid dearmad go léir gur léirigh tógáil na cathaidride freisin máistreacht teicniúil eisceachtúil a chréatóirí, a bhratchóirí, a scultóirí, a ghloine staite agus na mílte oibrí.
Is gné nochtadhta agus struchtúrtha dár gcultúr é oidhreacht, sean-aoiseach nó coimhthíocha, agus ní mór dúinn an cúram céanna a ghlacadh chun na marcóirí seo dár stair a choinneáil beo.
Dúirt Cousins, "Tá an freagra mór ar an imeacht uafásach seo ag cur leis an gcumhacht neamhghnách atá ag ailtireacht iontach i ndáiríre chun daoine a thabhairt le chéile, chun áit a sholáthar ina ndéantar cuimhní cinn speisialta gan áireamh, ina bhfuil an t-iontas agus an draíocht ag dul in olcas.
Beidh sé ag teastáil scileanna, ama agus acmhainní neamhghnácha chun an íocán seo a athbhunú  ach ní bheidh an diongbháilteacht ann chun é sin a dhéanamh.
Ní raibh an chúis leis an tine a chinneadh go fóill, cé nach bhfuil na húdaráis ag déileáil leis an blaze mar amhrasach.
Tá an cathedral ar cheann de 70 i bPáras faoi úinéireacht Rialtas na Fraince agus á riaradh ag an Eaglais Chaitliceach.