In sign bilingual programs the signed language and the spoken language are often kept quite separate. Representation of the spoken language in signed form is frequently condemned as inappropriate as are attempts to teach deaf children basic speaking and listening skills. I show that a radical separation of Auslan and English is not desirable and does not reflect the experience of most signing deaf children. By recognising the distinction between native sign languages, and natural and artificial sign systems, one can exploit even minimal knowledge of the phonology of a spoken language to build a bridge to literacy. I conclude that literacy may be facilitated by exploiting natural sign systems, and by recognising differences between spoken and schooled registers of the target language.

I gclár dé-theanga comhartha, is minic a choinnítear an teanga chomhartha agus an teanga labhartha go hiomlán ar leithligh. Is minic a dhéantar cáineadh ar léiriú an teanga labhartha i bhfoirm chomh míchuí agus a dhéantar iarracht na leanaí bodhra a mhúineadh le scileanna bunúsacha labhairt agus éisteachta. Taispeánann mé nach bhfuil sé inmhianaithe go ndéanfaí idirdhealú radacach idir Auslan agus Béarla agus nach léiríonn sé taithí an chuid is mó de na páistí bodhar comharthacha. Trí an idirdhealú idir teangacha comhartha dúchais, agus córais comhartha nádúrtha agus saorga, a aithint, is féidir le duine leas a bhaint as eolas íosta fiú ar fhónalóg teanga labhartha chun droichead a thógáil chuig litearthacht. Táim ag teacht ar an gconclúid gur féidir léitheoireacht a éascú trí úsáid a bhaint as córais comhartha nádúrtha, agus trí aithint a dhéanamh ar na difríochtaí idir cláir labhartha agus cláir scoile an chultúir sprioctheanga.


The Allied pilots who flew the fighters and bombers of World War Two were often first taught to fly in the American Stearman biplane. It was designed from the start as a ‘primary’ trainer, stable enough in the air not to catch out novice flyers and rugged enough to survive clumsy landings.
The Stearman first flew in 1933. By 1938 the Stearman Aircraft Company had been taken over by Boeing, but the name stuck. Sales were initially modest, but the coming of World War Two transformed the market and about 10,000 Stearmans had been built by the end of the war in 1945.
It should come as no surprise that the design harks back to what Biggles might have piloted when dogfighting the dastardly Red Baron over the Western Front in 1918. The Stearman first took to the air just 15 years after World War One had ended, and its design continued the tried, tested and well-understood features of the aircraft of the day. It has two wings to increase lift (at the expense of high drag). The fuselage is a welded steel tube and the wing spars and ribs are made of wood. Both are covered in fabric. (Originally it would have been ‘doped’ – or varnished – to tauten it. Our Stearmans are covered in Ceconite, a man made fibre that is heat shrinkable, it’s tightened up using a tool quite similar to a domestic iron – rather like ironing a vast shirt’). The fixed undercarriage can take plenty of punishment. A radial engine powers the airplane, driving the propellers so fast that their tips break the sound barrier, giving the Stearman a distinctive rasp as it banks and rolls overhead.
When it was used as a trainer the two pilots sat in tandem, with the instructor in the rear cockpit. [*Open cockpits were favoured for training because novice pilots were encouraged to get a ‘feel’ for their aircraft, and the way the wind was blowing around their head was an important factor in making sure the aircraft was flying in balance – or not]. It was the standard design for the training aircraft of the era. (The contemporary British de Havilland Tiger Moth biplane is very similar, although a bit smaller and less powerful.)
Other pilots bought them to recreate the barnstorming acts of the 1920s and 1930s, a tradition that continues to this day, nearly seventy years after the last Stearman rolled off the production line.When the war ended thousands of Stearmans came onto the civilian market. Often they were fitted with tanks and nozzles for agricultural ‘crop dusting’ duties. In a roundabout way this led to the Stearman’s most famous appearance in the movies, when Cary Grant is chased by a machine gun toting crop-duster in Alfred Hitchcock’s classic thriller, North by Northwest.
The airplanes that make up the Aerosuperbatics Wingwalking team are not stock Stearmans, though. There are no controls in the forward cockpit because the wingwalkers need to climb out and up – unimpeded by a control column – onto the upper wing before they can begin their act. (If they travelled from their base to air shows on the top wing they would be exhausted and frozen by the time the display started.) And although the ladies of the team are breathtaking in their elegant athleticism, in aerodynamic terms they are giant air brakes – their bodies create a great deal of ‘drag.’ So the engines are considerably boosted to punch that assembly of wings, wires, struts and ladies through the air.
Standard Stearmans have a 220 horsepower engine. The ‘Super Stearmans’ of the AeroSuperBatics Wingwalking team are driven by 450 hp radials. That mighty extra power means the pilots don’t need to gain energy for manoeuvres by continually diving, then climbing for altitude in order to dive again. All the energy they need is bolted to the front of the aircraft.
And in order to improve the roll speed of the aircraft an extra pair of ailerons are fitted to the upper biplane wings, slaved to the ones on the lower wings. (‘Aileron’ is a French word that literally means ‘little wing;’ as they move up and down in the airflow they roll the airplane.)
Supercharging performance like this transforms a sedate primary trainer into a dazzling circus performer, ready and willing to thrill air show crowds with electrifying barnstorming displays.
Lloyd Carlton Stearman was born in Wellsford, Kan., Oct. 26, 1898, the son of Fred and Icie May (Grimm) Stearman, who came to Kansas from the Chicago area. According to the Wichita (Kan.) Eagle-Beacon, Lloyd Stearman had a quiet nature, loved classical music, played violin and was conservative, practical and an “aircraft designer extraordinary.”
He formed the Stearman Aircraft Company Inc. alongside Fred Hoyt and Mac Short in 1927.

Is minic a bhí na píolótaí Comhghuaillithe a bhí ag eitilt na n-aerárthaí agus na mbombairí sa Dara Cogadh Domhanda ag foghlaim ar dtús eitilt sa dhá-eiplean Stearman Meiriceánach. Dearadh é ón tús mar oiliúnóir príomh, seasmhach go leor san aer gan eitiltí nua-aimseartha a ghabháil amach agus garbh go leor chun tuirlingthe clumsy a mhaireachtáil.
D'eitil an Stearman den chéad uair i 1933. Faoi 1938, bhí Boeing tar éis Coiste Aerárthaí Stearman a ghlacadh, ach d'fhan an t-ainm. Bhí díolacháin measartha ar dtús, ach d'athraigh teacht an Dara Cogadh Domhanda an margadh agus tógadh thart ar 10,000 Stearmans faoi dheireadh na cogaidh i 1945.
Níor chóir go mbeadh aon iontas ann go gcuireann an dearadh ar ais go dtí an rud a d'fhéadfadh Biggles a bheith ag eitilt nuair a bhí an Barón Dearg feargach ag troid ar an gCuain Thiar i 1918. Thóg an Stearman ar an aer den chéad uair díreach 15 bliain tar éis dheireadh an Chéad Chogaidh Domhanda, agus lean a dhearadh na gnéithe a bhí triail, tástáil agus tuiscint mhaith acu ar eitleán an lae. Tá dhá sciath aige chun an t-ardú a mhéadú (ar chostas an chraicinn ard). Is píobán cruach leáite é an fuselage agus tá na spártha sciatháin agus na ribí déanta as adhmad. Tá an dá chlúdaithe i ndréacht. (Ar dtús bheadh sé  doped   nó varnished  chun é a thaifeadadh. Tá ár Stearmans clúdaithe i Ceconite, snáithín déanta ag an duine atá in-athraithe teasa, tá sé a shíneadh suas ag baint úsáide as uirlis atá an-chosúil le iarann tí - seachas cosúil le stánadh geansaí ollmhór). Is féidir leis an mbonn seasta go leor pionós a ghlacadh. Cuireann inneall radaigh cumhacht ar an eitleán, ag tiomáint na héileáin chomh tapa sin go ndéanann a gcuid barr an bacainn fuaime a bhriseadh, rud a thugann an Stearman rasp sainiúil agus é ag cur báir agus ag casadh os cionn.
Nuair a úsáideadh é mar oiliúnóir shuigh an dá phíolóta i ndán, leis an teagascóir sa cockpit cúl. [* Bhí cóipíní oscailte fabhrach le haghaidh oiliúna toisc gur spreagadh píolótaí nua-aimseartha chun 'fhios' a fháil dá n-aerárthaí, agus ba ghné thábhachtach é an bealach a raibh an ghaoth ag eitilt timpeall a gcinn chun a chinntiú go raibh an t-aerárthach ag eitilt i gcothromaíocht nó nach raibh]. Ba é an dearadh caighdeánach é do eitleáin oiliúna na tréimhse. (Tá an biplane de Havilland Tiger Moth sa lá atá inniu ann an-chosúil, cé go bhfuil sé beagán níos lú agus níos lú cumhachta.)
Cheannaigh píolótaí eile iad chun gníomhartha barnstorming na 1920idí agus na 1930idí a athchruthú, traidisiún a leanann go dtí an lá atá inniu ann, beagnach seacht mbliana tar éis don Stearman deireanach rolladh as an líne táirgthe. Nuair a chríochnaigh an cogadh tháinig na mílte Stearman ar an margadh sibhialta. Go minic bhí tancanna agus nozzles feistithe acu le haghaidh dualgais talmhaíochta "dustáil barra". Ar bhealach imsheoilte, ba é seo an chuma is cáiliúla ar an Stearman sna scannáin, nuair a bhíonn gunna meaisín ag Carry Grant ag gabháil le crop-dust in thriller clasaiceach Alfred Hitchcock, North by Northwest.
Ní stiúrthóirí stoic iad na hiomparáin a dhéanann suas an fhoireann Wingwalking Aerosuperbatics, áfach. Níl aon rialacháin sa cockpit tosaigh toisc go gcaithfidh na wingwalkers dul amach agus suas  gan bhac ó cholún rialaithe  ar an sciath uachtarach sula bhféadfaidh siad a n-ionad a thosú. (Má thaistil siad óna mbonn go dtí seónna aeir ar an sciath uachtarach bheadh siad tuirseach agus reoite faoin am a thosaigh an taispeántas.) Agus cé go bhfuil na mná den fhoireann breathnach ina n-ailtireacht íogair, i dtéarmaí aerodynamic tá siad breacanna aer ollmhór  a gcorp a chruthú go leor de  drag. Mar sin, na hinnill a spreagadh go suntasach chun punch an tionól sin de sciatháin, sreanga, struts agus mná tríd an aer.
Tá innill 220 capair cumhachta ag Stearmans caighdeánach. Tá na "Super Stearmans" den fhoireann AeroSuperBatics Wingwalking tiomanta ag 450 ceallraí rás. Ciallaíonn an chumhacht bhreise cumhachtach sin nach gá do na píolótaí fuinneamh a fháil le haghaidh maneuvers trí dhíriú go leanúnach, ansin ag dul suas ar airde chun dul isteach arís. Tá an fuinneamh go léir a theastaíonn uathu boltáilte go ceann tosaigh an aerárthaigh.
Agus d'fhonn luas rothla an aerárthaí a fheabhsú, tá péire breise ailerons feistithe ar na sciatháin uachtaracha, a bhfuil siad ceangailte leis na sciatháin is ísle. (Is focal Fraincis é Aileron a chiallaíonn go litriúil  sciathán beag; de réir mar a ghluaiseann siad suas agus síos san aerfhluach casann siad an t-aerárthach.)
Supercharging feidhmíocht mar seo a athrú ar oiliúnóir bunscoile sedate i léiritheoir siorcas dazzling, réidh agus toilteanach thrill lucht féachana taispeáint aer le taispeántais barnstorming leictreach.
Rugadh Lloyd Carlton Stearman i Wellsford, Kan., 26 Deireadh Fómhair, 1898, mac Fred agus Icie May (Grimm) Stearman, a tháinig go Kansas ó cheantar Chicago. De réir an Wichita (Kan.) Eagle-Beacon, bhí nádúr ciúin ag Lloyd Stearman, bhí grá aige don cheol clasaiceach, bhí sé ag seinm fíolla agus bhí sé coimeádach, praiticiúil agus dearthóir aerárthaí neamhghnách.
Bhunaigh sé Stearman Aircraft Company Inc. in éineacht le Fred Hoyt agus Mac Short i 1927.


ABOUT THIS BOOK
In the eighteenth century, the Cul de Sac plain in Saint-Domingue, now Haiti, was a vast open-air workhouse of sugar plantations. This microhistory of one plantation owned by the Ferron de la Ferronnayses, a family of Breton nobles, draws on remarkable archival finds to show that despite the wealth such plantations produced, they operated in a context of social, political, and environmental fragility that left them weak and crisis prone.
Focusing on correspondence between the Ferronnayses and their plantation managers, Cul de Sac proposes that the Caribbean plantation system, with its reliance on factory-like production processes and highly integrated markets, was a particularly modern expression of eighteenth-century capitalism. But it rested on a foundation of economic and political traditionalism that stymied growth and adaptation. The result was a system heading toward collapse as planters, facing a series of larger crises in the French empire, vainly attempted to rein in the inherent violence and instability of the slave society they had built. In recovering the lost world of the French Antillean plantation, Cul de Sac ultimately reveals how the capitalism of the plantation complex persisted not as a dynamic source of progress, but from the inertia of a degenerate system headed down an economic and ideological dead end.

Maidir leis an Leabhar Seo
Sa ochtú haois déag, bhí an chúl de Sac i Saint-Domingue, anois Haiti, ina teach oibre mór oscailte de phlandaí siúcra. Tá an micreamh-stair seo de phlandaíocht amháin faoi úinéireacht na Ferron de la Ferronnayses, teaghlach uasal Breton, ag tarraingt ar aimsithe taifeadta suntasacha chun a thaispeáint, in ainneoin an saibhreas a tháirgtear ó phlandaíochtaí den sórt sin, go n-oibrigh siad i gcomhthéacs na frásachta shóisialta, polaitiúla agus comhshaoil a fhágann go raibh siad lag agus buailte ag géarchéim.
Ag díriú ar chomhfhreagras idir na Ferronnayses agus a mbainisteoirí plandaíochta, molann Cul de Sac go raibh córas plandaíochta na Cairibe, lena spleáchas ar phróisis táirgthe cosúil le monarchana agus margaí an-chuimsithe, ina léiriú nua-aimseartha go háirithe ar chaipitilíocht an ochtú haois déag. Ach bhí sé bunaithe ar bhunús traidisiúnachas eacnamaíoch agus polaitiúil a chuir bac ar fhás agus ar oiriúnú. Ba é an toradh córas a bhí ag dul i dtreo titim mar plandaí, ag tabhairt aghaidh ar shraith géarchéimeanna níos mó i Impireacht na Fraince, iarracht a dhéanamh gan toradh a chur ar an foréigean agus ar neamhsheasmhacht atá i gceist sa tsochaí sclábhaí a bhí tógtha acu. Agus domhan caillte plandaí na Fraince Antillean á fháil ar ais, nochtann Cul de Sac sa deireadh conas a mhair caipitleachas an choimpléisc plandaí ní mar fhoinse dinimiciúil dul chun cinn, ach ó neamhghníomhacht córas díghrádú a bhí ag dul síos go deireadh eacnamaíoch agus idé-eolaíoch.


If your cat is female, most likely she’ll be left pawed. And your boy…well, he’ll be a rightie. Yes, that’s been proven after Deborah Wells, a senior lecturer at Queen’s University Belfast School of Psychology, and co-author Sarah Millsopp examined the paw use of 42 domestic cats last year. Each cat repeatedly completed three play-like tasks while at home with their owners.
Per the report the first a bit of tuna was placed at the bottom of an empty, narrow-mouthed jar., and the cats were observed how they attempted to extract the food treat.
The second task watched which paw the cat used to reach for a toy mouse suspended above the cat’s head on a string.
For the last task the same toy was slowly dragged on the ground in front of the cats. The first paw used by the cats to try to grab the toy was recorded.
Each feline had 100 paw responses recorded for the study.
What was the overall result? The cats didn’t favor a certain paw to play or reach for the toy mouse. However, the preferred paw to reach for the tuna in the narrow-mouthed jar definately was observed for all cats. The study findings were later published in the scientific journal Animal Behavior.

Má tá do chait baineann, is dócha go mbeidh sí fágtha paed. Agus do bhuachaill... Bhuel, beidh sé a bheith ceart. Sea, cruthaíodh é sin tar éis do Deborah Wells, léachtóir sinsearach in Ollscoil na Banríona i Scoil na Síceolaíochta i mBéal Feirste, agus an comh-údar Sarah Millsopp scrúdú a dhéanamh ar úsáid 42 cat baile an bhliain seo caite. Rinne gach cat trí thasc cosúil le súgradh a chomhlánú arís agus arís eile agus iad sa bhaile lena n-úinéirí.
De réir na tuairisce, cuireadh an chéad chuid de thuna ag bun jar folamh, béal caol, agus breathnaíodh ar na cait conas a rinne siad iarracht an chóireáil bia a bhaint amach.
Bhí an dara tasc ag féachaint cén cnámh a d'úsáid an cat chun luch bréagán a bhaint as a raibh croí an chata ar shnáithín.
Maidir leis an tasc deireanach, tarraingíodh an bréagán céanna go mall ar an talamh os comhair na gcait. Taifeadadh an chéad phé a d'úsáid na cait chun iarracht a dhéanamh an bréagán a ghabháil.
Bhí 100 freagraí paic a taifeadadh ag gach cat don staidéar.
Cad a bhí mar thoradh ar an méid sin? Ní raibh na cait fabhraí a paw áirithe a imirt nó a bhaint amach le haghaidh an luch bréagán. Mar sin féin, breathnaíodh go cinnte go raibh an phé is fearr le teacht ar an tuna sa bhosca béal caol do gach cat. Foilsíodh torthaí na staidéir ina dhiaidh sin sa iris eolaíoch Animal Behavior.


Inflammation or infection of the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside (urethra) is called urethritis. In many cases, this condition arises as a result of bacterial or viral infection, among which can be sexually transmitted infections such as chlamydia or gonorrhea.
However, in others, its origin is not infectious and, therefore, it is necessary to detect the exact cause and initiate the appropriate treatment in each case.
Different factors can cause inflammation and irritation of the urethra and as we will see below may be infectious or non-infectious.
When the condition is due to some type of infection, the most frequent causes are:
- Gonorrhea: infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
- Chlamydia: infection is caused due to bacteria : chlamydia trachomatis .
- Although the above are frequent, there are other bacteria that can give rise to this condition, such as mycoplasma genitalium , mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum .
- Herpes simplex virus infection or cytomegalovirus.
If urethritis is of non-infectious origin , it may occur due to:
- Injuries caused by the insertion of an instrument such as a urinary catheter.
- Sensitivity to certain chemical components of products such as creams, spermicides, etc.
- Reactive arthritis or Reiter’s syndrome: a disease that can lead to inflamed joints and inflammation in the eyes, genitals and urinary tract.
Main Symptoms of Urethritis
In Women: frequent urination and constant urge to urinate, abdominal pain, pain during urination, pelvic pain, pain during intercourse, abnormal vaginal discharge, fever and chills.
In men: frequent urination, painful urination, urethral discharge, blood in the urine or semen, itching, inflammation and tenderness in the penis, pains during sex, swollen glands in the groin.
What To Do
Drink plenty of water
In addition to the treatment of urethritis that the doctor indicates in each case, there are a number of natural remedies and remedies that can supplement such treatment and help to reduce the symptoms of urethritis and improve the health and well-being of the person affected remarkably.
One of the first measures recommended to promote the healing of inflammation of the urethra is to drink plenty of water during the day. With this, in addition to keeping us well hydrated, we help urine dissolve properly and efficiently eliminate the bacteria or microorganisms responsible for the infection. On the other hand, it is convenient to avoid the consumption of beverages that, on the contrary, can accentuate the inflammation or irritation and the constant urge to urinate, as is the case of those containing caffeine, alcoholic beverages or soft drinks.
Also Read: How Much Water To Drink Everyday?
Medicinal plants good for Urethritis
Among the most effective home remedies for urethritis are some medicinal plants with which we can make excellent natural infusions to deflate the urethra and favor the elimination of bacteria from the urinary tract. Let’s see below which are the most recommended by specialists:
- Chamomile: ideal for eliminating bacteria through urination due to its antibacterial properties. In addition, it is perfect to keep the bladder clean and prevent health problems in it.
- Thyme: stands out for its antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties.
- Gayuba : the leaves of this plant contain hydroquinones, which give it a high antibacterial power and is very useful in case of urethritis or cystitis.
- Parsley: Helps cleanse the bladder and urinary tract as well as prevent new infections.
For the properties of these plants to act favorably against urethritis, it is best to take about 2 cups daily of any of these infusions.
Home Remedies for UTI
Cranberry juice, excellent for urinary tract infections
Another drink-like preparation that can be taken to treat urethritis naturally is cranberry juice. Its benefits are well known to promote the cure of urinary tract infections, and these small fruits are able to prevent the adhesion of bacteria in the urinary tract and its subsequent proliferation, as well as helping to clean the body through the urine for its diuretic properties.
It is possible to buy the blueberry juice already prepared or prepare it at home by liquefying about 2 cups of blueberries, 1 cup of water and 1/2 lemon juice. You can add a little sugar to sweeten it. It is best to take 2 glasses a day of this juice and supplement it with the abundant consumption of water and a balanced and healthy diet. In the article How to take blueberries for urine infection, we show other forms of consumption also beneficial.
Garlic to cure Urethritis naturally
When urethritis is of infectious origin and is caused by a particular bacteria, one of the best remedies that can be used is the consumption of garlic. This food contains allicin, a compound that gives it magnificent natural antibiotic properties and makes it good for eliminating bacteria and facilitating the disappearance of symptoms.
In this case, to cure urethritis, it is recommended to prepare an infusion by crushing 2 cloves of garlic and adding them to 1 cup of boiling water. Leave it to stand for about 5 minutes, strain and drink.
Pineapple, Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Properties
Also among the best home remedies for urethritis is pineapple, a delicious fruit that is ideal for decreasing the symptoms of infections that affect the urinary tract, disinflamming the urethra and eliminating bacteria. All this is mainly thanks to a substance that contains bromelain and its anti-inflammatory properties.
In addition to consuming the pineapple in slices, a good natural treatment for inflammation of the urethra is to prepare a pineapple tea and drink it about 3 times a day. To do this, the peel should be separated from the pulp of 1 medium pineapple and cook the pineapple peels along with 1 sprig of cinnamon in 2 liters of water.
After about 30 minutes of cooking, it should be removed from the heat, poured and allowed to cool.
This is a good remedy also to favor weight loss, we show more details in the article How to make pineapple tea to lose weight.
Tips to Prevent Urethritis
- Maintain good intimate hygiene and avoid the use of products with chemical or irritant components.
- Make use of the condom when having sex.
- Ensure that a new partner does not suffer from any type of contagious venereal disease.
- Urinating after having sex to prevent bacteria and other microorganisms from entering the urethra and causing infection.
- To undergo the necessary medical and gynecological examinations and with the required regularity.
This article is purely informative, we do not have the power to prescribe any medical treatment or make any kind of diagnosis. We encourage you to go to a doctor in the case of any type of condition or discomfort.

Tugtar urethritis ar athlasadh nó ar ionfhabhtú an tshubha a iompraíonn fual ón mblasar go dtí an taobh amuigh (urethra). I go leor cásanna, tagann an coinníoll seo chun cinn mar thoradh ar ionfhabhtú baictéarach nó víreasach, lena n-áirítear ionfhabhtuithe a d'fhéadfadh a bheith tarchuirte go gnéasach mar chlamydia nó gonorrhea.
I gcásanna eile, áfach, ní hionfhabhtaíonn an galar agus, dá bhrí sin, is gá an chúis cheart a bhrath agus an cóireáil iomchuí a thosú i ngach cás.
Is féidir le fachtóirí éagsúla athlasadh agus greannú an urethra a chur faoi deara agus mar a fheicfimid thíos d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith ionfhabhtach nó neamh-ionfhabhtach.
Nuair a bhíonn an riocht mar gheall ar chineál éigin ionfhabhtaithe, is iad na cúiseanna is minice:
- Gonorrhea: ionfhabhtú a bhíonn mar thoradh ar an baictéar Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
- Chlamydia: tá ionfhabhtú mar gheall ar bhaictéir: chlamydia trachomatis .
- Cé go bhfuil na baictéir thuasluaite coitianta, tá baictéir eile ann a d'fhéadfadh an riocht seo a chur chun cinn, mar shampla Mycoplasma genitalium , Mycoplasma hominis agus ureaplasma urealyticum .
- Infectión víreas Herpes simplex nó cytomegalovirus.
Má tá urethritis de bhunadh neamh-ionfhabhtaithe , d'fhéadfadh sé tarlú mar gheall ar:
- Gortú a tharlaíonn de bharr iontráil uirlisí amhail catheter urinary.
- Éasacht do chomhpháirteanna ceimiceacha áirithe de tháirgí amhail uachtar, spermicides, etc.
- Artrit imoibritheach nó siondróm Reiter: galar a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina chúis le comhpháirteanna athlasta agus athlasadh sna súile, sna genitalia agus sna
Príomh-Simplíochtaí an Uretritis
I mBan: mionnadh go minic agus éigean leanúnach mionnadh, pian abdominála, pian le linn mionnadh, pian pelvic, pian le linn gnéas, scaoileadh neamhghnácha ó bhéal, fiabhras agus creathadh.
I bhfear: mionnadh go minic, mionnadh pianmhar, scaoileadh urethral, fuil san fháinne nó san sperm, itching, athlasadh agus íogaireacht sa phéinis, pian le linn gnéas, glúineanna swollen sa groin.
Cad atá le déanamh
Ól go leor uisce
Chomh maith le cóireáil urethritis a léiríonn an dochtúir i ngach cás, tá roinnt leigheasanna nádúrtha agus leigheasanna ann a d'fhéadfadh cur leis an gcóireáil sin agus cabhrú le hairíonna urethritis a laghdú agus sláinte agus folláine an duine atá i gceist a fheabhsú go suntasach.
Ceann de na chéad bhearta a mholtar chun go n-éireoidh le tinneas athlastaithe an urethra ná go dtabharfaí go leor uisce le linn an lae. Leis seo, chomh maith le go gcoinníonn muid go maith hidrithe, cabhraímid leis an bpíosa a dhíscaoileadh i gceart agus na baictéir nó na miocrorgánaigh atá freagrach as an ionfhabhtú a dhíchur go héifeachtach. Ar an láimh eile, is áisiúil gan deochanna a ithe a d'fhéadfadh, ar a mhalairt, an tinneas nó an suaitheadh a chur i bhfolach agus an t-éileamh leanúnach a bheith ag mionn, mar atá i gcás deochanna a bhfuil caifein iontu, deochanna alcóil nó deochanna suaite.
Chomh maith leis sin Léigh: Cé mhéad Uisce le hÍoch gach Lá?
Plandaí leighis maith le haghaidh Urethritis
I measc na leigheasanna baile is éifeachtaí ar urethritis tá roinnt plandaí leighis ar féidir linn infusions nádúrtha den scoth a dhéanamh chun an urethra a dhíbirt agus chun baictéir a bhaint as an gconair urinary. Féach thíos cé acu iad na cinn is mó a mholann speisialtóirí:
- Camomile: is maith leis na baictéir a dhíchur trí bhúrú mar gheall ar a airíonna frithbacteiriúla. Ina theannta sin, tá sé foirfe chun an bolgán a choinneáil glan agus fadhbanna sláinte a chosc ann.
- Thyme: tá sé ar eolas mar gheall ar a airíonna antiseptic, frith-athlastacha agus frith-bacteriocha.
- Gayuba: tá hidreacinónna sa phlanda seo, rud a thugann cumhacht ard frithbacteriach dó agus a bhfuil an-úsáideach i gcás urethritis nó cystitis.
- Parsley: Cabhraíonn sé leis an mblaosc agus an t-aisteoir urinary a ghlanadh chomh maith le heinsí nua a chosc.
Chun go n-oibreoidh na hairíonna seo go fabhrach i gcoinne urethritis, is fearr thart ar 2 chupan a ghlacadh in aghaidh an lae de cheann de na h-infusions seo.
Leigheas sa bhaile le haghaidh UTI
Cranberry sú, den scoth le haghaidh ionfhabhtuithe an chonair folláin
Is é an sú cranberry ullmhúchán eile cosúil le deoch a d'fhéadfaí a ghlacadh chun urethritis a chóireáil go nádúrtha. Tá a chuid buntáistí ar eolas go maith chun leigheas ionfhabhtuithe an chonair folláine a chur chun cinn, agus tá na torthaí beaga seo in ann bac a chur ar bhaictéir a bheith ag greamaíocht sa chonair folláine agus a iomadú ina dhiaidh sin, chomh maith le cuidiú leis an gcomhlacht a ghlanadh tríd an bpíosa mar gheall ar a airíonna diuretic.
Is féidir an sú blueberry a cheannach réidh nó é a ullmhú sa bhaile trí thart ar 2 chupan de blueberries, 1 chupan uisce agus 1/2 sú liomóide a leá. Is féidir leat beagán siúcra a chur leis chun é a milis. Is fearr 2 ghloine an tsá seo a ghlacadh in aghaidh an lae agus é a chomhlánú le tomhaltas go leor uisce agus le réim chothrom agus sláintiúil. Sa alt Conas bleibíní a ghlacadh le haghaidh ionfhabhtaithe fuála, léiríonn muid cineálacha eile tomhaltais atá tairbheach freisin.
Garlic chun leigheas Urethritis go nádúrtha
Nuair a bhíonn urethritis de bhunadh ionfhabhtaithe agus go bhfuil baictéir áirithe mar chúis leis, is é an t-eitleán a itheann sé ar cheann de na leigheasanna is fearr is féidir a úsáid. Tá allicin sa bhia seo, comhdhúil a thugann air airíonna iontach antaibheathacha nádúrtha agus a fhágann go bhfuil sé go maith chun baictéir a dhíchur agus chun na hairíonna a mhaolú.
Sa chás seo, chun urethritis a leigheas, moltar infusion a ullmhú trí 2 clúdach ailge a phruthú agus iad a chur le 1 cupán uisce fiuchphointe. Lig é seasamh ar feadh thart ar 5 nóiméad, strain agus ól.
Pineapple, Príomhghnéithe Diuretic agus Frith-athlastacha
Tá anán, toradh blasta atá oiriúnach chun comharthaí ionfhabhtuithe a théann i bhfeidhm ar an gcosfholcadh, a laghdú, an urethra a dhíinfheistiú agus baictéir a dhíothú, ar cheann de na leigheasanna baile is fearr le haghaidh urethritis freisin. Tá sé seo go léir go príomha a bhuíochas le substaint ina bhfuil bromelain agus a airíonna frith-athlastacha.
Chomh maith le an ananas a ithe i sliceanna, is leigheas nádúrtha maith é le haghaidh athlasadh an urethra tae ananas a ullmhú agus é a ól thart ar 3 huaire sa lá. Chun é seo a dhéanamh, ba cheart an craiceann a scaradh ó pholl 1 ananas meánmhéide agus na craiceann ananas a chócaráil chomh maith le 1 sprig cinamón i 2 lítear uisce.
Tar éis thart ar 30 nóiméad de chócaireacht, ba cheart é a bhaint ón teas, a dhoirteadh agus a ligean dó fuarú.
Is leigheas maith é seo freisin chun meáchain caillteanas a chur chun cinn, léiríonn muid tuilleadh sonraí san alt Conas tae anán a dhéanamh chun meáchan a chailleadh.
Leideanna chun Urethritis a Chosc
- Coinnigh dea-ghineolaíocht intí agus seachain táirgí a bhfuil comhpháirteanna ceimiceacha nó greannmhar iontu a úsáid.
- Bain úsáid as an coiscín nuair a bhíonn gnéas agat.
- A chinntiú nach bhfuil aon chineál galar inscne gabhálach ag an gcomhpháirtí nua.
- Urinating tar éis gnéas a bheith agat chun bac a chur ar bhaictéir agus ar mhicreorganismí eile dul isteach sa urethra agus ionfhabhtú a chur faoi deara.
- na scrúduithe leighis agus ginecolaíocha is gá a dhéanamh dó agus go rialta.
Tá an t-alt seo go hiomlán eolaíoch, níl sé de chumhacht againn aon chóireáil leighis a fhorordú ná aon chineál diagnóis a dhéanamh. Moltar duit dul chuig dochtúir i gcás aon chineál staid nó míchompord.


Auto safety has come a long way in the last few decades, and one of the most effective innovations is the crumple zone. Also known as a crush zone, crumple zones are areas of a vehicle that are designed to deform and crumple in a collision. This absorbs some of the energy of the impact, preventing it from being transmitted to the occupants.
Of course, keeping people safe in auto accidents isn't as simple as making the whole vehicle crumple. Engineers have to consider many factors in designing safer cars, including vehicle size and weight, frame stiffness and the stresses the car is likely to be subjected to in a crash. For example, race cars experience far more severe impacts than street cars, and SUVs often crash with more force than small cars.
We're going to find out how crumple zones redistribute the forces involved in a crash, what crumple zones are made out of and learn about a few other advanced safety systems that are being tested right now. We'll also find out how crumple zones have been incorporated into race cars, and why a number of racing fatalities could have been prevented if the sport had adopted these safety features sooner. We'll even take a look at crumple zones designed to absorb the massive impact of a train collision.
To find out the forces involved in a collision, and to learn how a well designed crumple zone can minimize occupant injury, read the next page.

Tá an tsábháilteacht gluaisteán tar éis dul ar aghaidh go mór le cúpla bliain anuas, agus ceann de na nuálaíochtaí is éifeachtaí ná an limistéar crumple. Is limistéir deartha iad na limistéir crúite, ar a dtugtar crios brúite freisin, a dhéantar feithicil a dheformú agus a chrúchadh i dtimpiste. Glacann sé seo cuid den fhuinneamh a thagann as an timpiste, rud a chosnaíonn go dtarraingítear é chuig na daoine a bhfuil sa charr.
Ar ndóigh, ní chomh simplí le daoine a choinneáil sábháilte i dtimpistí gluaisteán ná an fheithicil iomlán a chur i gcroí. Caithfidh innealtóirí go leor fachtóirí a mheas chun gluaisteáin níos sábháilte a dhearadh, lena n-áirítear méid agus meáchan na feithicle, stiffness fráma agus na strus a d'fhéadfadh an carr a bheith faoi réir i dtimpiste. Mar shampla, bíonn tionóiscí i bhfad níos déine ag gluaisteáin rásaíochta ná gluaisteáin sráide, agus is minic a thit SUVanna le níos mó fórsa ná gluaisteáin bheaga.
Tá muid ag dul a fháil amach conas crumple criosanna athdháileadh na fórsaí a bhfuil baint acu le timpiste, cad crumple criosanna a dhéanamh amach agus foghlaim faoi roinnt córais sábháilteachta chun cinn eile atá á thástáil anois. Faighimid amach freisin conas a cuireadh criosanna crúbla isteach i gcarranna rásaíochta, agus cén fáth go bhféadfaí roinnt báis rásaíochta a chosc dá nglacfaí na gnéithe sábháilteachta seo níos luaithe sa spórt. Déanaimid fiú breathnú ar chriosanna crumple atá deartha chun an tionchar ollmhór de cholláiste traenach a ionsú.
Chun na fórsaí a bhíonn i gceist le timpiste a fháil amach, agus chun a fháil amach conas is féidir le limistéar crumple atá deartha go maith díobháil na n-osáideoirí a íoslaghdú, léigh an chéad leathanach eile.


|Lexington Elementary School
teachers met in collaborative team meetings with teachers from Marlboro
and Washington Elementary Schools to review the Content Standards
in depth. Indicators were rewritten in simple "I CAN"
statements so students and parents know what students are learning.
Teachers developed a pacing chart for each subject by nine week
sessions. Click on the grade, subject, and nine week session in
the table below to see specific indicators your child is learning
each nine weeks. Power standards (those determined by teachers to
be crucial to the ongoing learning process) are typed in bold
print. Parents receive individual progress reports on power
standards along with the student report card each nine weeks.

Bunscoil Lexington
Tháinig múinteoirí le chéile i gcruinnithe foirne comhoibritheacha le múinteoirí ó Marlboro
agus Bunscoileanna Washington chun na Caighdeáin Ábhar a athbhreithniú
go domhain. Athscríobhadh táscairí i simplí "I CAN"
ráitis ionas go mbeidh a fhios ag mic léinn agus tuismitheoirí cad atá á fhoghlaim ag mic léinn.
D'fhorbair múinteoirí cairt pacing do gach ábhar ag naoi seachtaine
seisiúin. Cliceáil ar an grád, ar an ábhar, agus ar an seisiún naoi seachtaine in
an tábla thíos chun táscairí sonracha a fheiceáil atá ag do leanbh ag foghlaim
gach naoi seachtaine. Tá na caighdeáin chumhachta (na caighdeáin a shocraíonn múinteoirí chun
Tá an t-eolas a chuirtear ar fáil ar an suíomh gréasáin seo (le haghaidh na n-ealaíona)
priontáil. Faigheann tuismitheoirí tuarascálacha ar dhul chun cinn aonair maidir le fuinneamh
caighdeáin chomh maith leis an cárta tuairisc mac léinn gach naoi seachtaine.


Daily LIFT #284
Postal workers on strike in New York City, March 1970 -- Daily LIFT #284
50 years ago postal workers in the United States went on strike in a pivotal fight to win full union rights. Over 200,000 hit the picket lines, the largest strike against the US government in history.
They were threatened with criminal prosecution and firing by the Nixon administration.
In the end the workers won many major demands, despite intimidation and attempts to use soldiers to deliver the mail. Mail delivery turned out to be much more skilled than the government thought! The soldiers were terrible at it.

Lift Laethúil # 284
Oibrithe poist ar stailc i gCathair Nua Eabhrac, Márta 1970 -- Daily LIFT #284
50 bliain ó shin chuaigh oibrithe poist sna Stáit Aontaithe i stailc i ngleic ríthábhachtach chun cearta comhionannais iomlána a bhuachan. Tharla níos mó ná 200,000 ar na línte picéid, an stailc is mó i gcoinne rialtas na Stát Aontaithe sa stair.
Bhí siad faoi bhagairt ag rialtas Nixon ionchúiseamh coiriúil agus é a dhíscaoileadh.
Sa deireadh bhuaigh na hoibrithe go leor éilimh mhóra, in ainneoin eagla agus iarrachtaí air saighdiúirí a úsáid chun an post a sheachadadh. Bhí an post a sheachadadh i bhfad níos saineolaí ná mar a shíl an rialtas! Bhí na saighdiúirí uafásach ann.


A short philtrum is a shorter than normal distance between the upper lip and the nose.
The philtrum is the groove that runs from the top of the lip to the nose.
The length of the philtrum is passed down from parents to their children through genes. This groove is shortened in people with certain conditions.
This condition can be caused by:
- Chromosome 18q deletion syndrome
- Cohen syndrome
- DiGeorge syndrome
- Oral-facial-digital syndrome (OFD)
No home care needed for a short philtrum, in most cases. However, if this is only one symptom of another disorder, follow your health care provider's instructions on how to care for the condition.
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Call your provider if you notice a short philtrum on your child.
What to Expect at Your Office Visit
An infant with a short philtrum may have other symptoms and signs. Taken together, these may define a specific syndrome or condition. The provider will diagnose that condition based on a family history, medical history, and physical exam.
Medical history questions may include:
- Did you notice this when the child was born?
- Have any other family members had this feature?
- Have any other family members been diagnosed with a disorder associated with a short philtrum?
- What other symptoms are present?
Tests to diagnose a short philtrum:
If your provider diagnosed a short philtrum, you may want to note that diagnosis in your personal medical record.
Buckley RH. Primary defects of cellular immunity. In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St. Geme JW, Schor NF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 20th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 125.
Jones KL, Jones MC, Del Campo M. Facial-limb defects as major feature. In: Jones KL, Jones MC, Del Campo M, eds. Smith's Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2013:chap I.
Madan-Khetarpal S, Arnold G. Genetic disorders and dysmorphic conditions. In: Zitelli, BJ, McIntire S, Nowalk AJ, eds. Zitelli and Davis' Atlas of Pediatric Diagnosis. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2018:chap 1.
Review Date 2/19/2018
Updated by: Neil K. Kaneshiro, MD, MHA, Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

Is éard atá i filtrum gearr ná achar níos giorra ná mar is gnáth idir an liopa uachtarach agus an srón.
Is é an philtrum an groove a ritheann ó bharr an liopa go dtí an srón.
Tá fad an philtrum a tharchur ó thuismitheoirí go dtí a gcuid leanaí trí ghéin. Tá an sliocht seo gearr i ndaoine a bhfuil coinníollacha áirithe acu.
Is féidir an coinníoll seo a bheith mar thoradh ar:
- Siondróm díleá Chromosóim 18q
- Siondróm Cohen
- Síndróm DiGeorge
- Síndróm béil-aghaidh-digiteach (OFD)
Ní gá cúram baile a bheith ag teastáil le haghaidh philtrum gearr, i bhformhór na gcásanna. Mar sin féin, mura bhfuil sé seo ach comhartha amháin de neamhoird eile, lean treoracha do sholáthraí cúraim sláinte maidir le conas cúram a thabhairt don riocht.
Nuair a Tharraingíonn tú le Proifisiúnta Leighis
Cuir glaoch ar do sholáthraí má thugann tú faoi deara philtrum gearr ar do leanbh.
Cad is Féidir Leat a bheith Ag súil leis ag do Chuardach Oifige
D'fhéadfadh comharthaí agus comharthaí eile a bheith ag leanbh a bhfuil philtrum gearr aige. I gcomhcheangal, d'fhéadfadh siad seo siondróm nó riocht ar leith a shainiú. Déanfaidh an soláthraí diagnóis ar an riocht sin bunaithe ar stair teaghlaigh, stair leighis, agus scrúdú fisiceach.
D'fhéadfadh ceisteanna faoi stair leighis a bheith ina measc:
- An bhfaca tú é seo nuair a rugadh an leanbh?
- An raibh aon chomhaltaí eile den teaghlach an ghné seo?
- An ndearnadh aon chomhaltaí eile den teaghlach a dhiagnóisiú le neamhoird a bhaineann le philtrum gearr?
- Cad iad na hairíonna eile atá i láthair?
Tástálacha chun philtrum gearr a dhiagnóisiú:
Má dhearbhaigh do sholáthraí filtrum gearr, b'fhéidir gur mhaith leat an diagnóis sin a thabhairt faoi deara i do thaifead leighis phearsanta.
Buckley RH. Defects bunscoile na díolúine ceallach. In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St. Geme JW, Schor NF, eds. Leabhar-Teagaisc Pediatrics Nelson. 20ú ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: caibidil 125.
Jones KL, Jones MC, Del Campo M. Mí-chomhionannas ar na foircinn aghaidh mar phríomh-ghné. I: Jones KL, Jones MC, Del Campo M, eds. Smith's Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation. Patrúin Aithnithe de Mhalfhorbairt Daonna. 7ú heagrán. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2013:chap I.
Madan-Khetarpal S, Arnold G. Athruithe géiniteacha agus coinníollacha dysmorphic. I: Zitelli, BJ, McIntire S, Nowalk AJ, eds. Zitelli agus Davis 'Atlas ar Dhiagnóisíocht Pediatric. 7ú heagrán. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2018:chap 1.
Dáta athbhreithnithe 2/19/2018
Nuashonraithe ag: Neil K. Kaneshiro, MD, MHA, Ollamh Cliniciúil Pediatrics, Scoil Leighis Ollscoil Washington, Seattle, WA. Rinne David Zieve, MD, MHA, Stiúrthóir Leighis, Brenda Conaway, Stiúrthóir Eagarthóireachta, agus an A.D.A.M. athbhreithniú freisin Foireann eagarthóireachta.


Laptops, tablets, cell phones and similar devices emit electromagnetic fields (EMF), invisible waves that can pass through a human body. People of all ages use these electronics daily; however, the medical profession warns that EMF exposure over a long period of time can cause high blood pressure, sleeplessness and severe headaches. Some suspect that EMF may lead to cancer. Curtailing cell phone use is a way to protect limit EMF, but most people find that suggestion impossible. A better solution is an EMF protection device from Vortex BioShield when using electronics. The most convenient is the EMF protection necklace, which can be worn around the neck or carried in a pocket. The necklace is made of high-quality materials and comes in several traditional styles. Like other EMF protection devices the company produces, each necklace contains powerful crystals that help defuse unseen EMF waves. The attractive bioshield necklace is just one value-priced protector from Vortex BioShield. Each device is ideal for combating the threat of EMF over exposure, yet none will interfere with the performance of your electronic devices.

Tá an-chuid de na meaisíní leictreamaighnéadacha, a bhfuil cumas neamhfhaithin orthu dul trí chorp an duine, a scaoiltear ó ríomhaire glúine, táibléad, fón póca agus feistí den chineál céanna. Úsáideann daoine de gach aois na leictreonaic seo go laethúil; áfach, tugann an ghairm leighis rabhadh go bhféadfadh nochtadh EMF thar thréimhse fada ama brú fola ard, neamhchlaon agus tinneas cinn tromchúiseacha a chur faoi deara. Measann cuid acu go bhféadfadh EMF a bheith ina chúis le hailse. Is bealach é úsáid fón póca a theorannú chun EMF teorainn a chosaint, ach is dóigh leis an gcuid is mó daoine nach féidir an moladh sin a dhéanamh. Is réiteach níos fearr é feiste cosanta EMF ó Vortex BioShield nuair a bhíonn leictreonaic á úsáid agat. Is é an ceann is áisiúla ná an coláiste cosanta EMF, is féidir a chaitheamh timpeall an mhuineál nó a iompar i bpóca. Déantar an necklace de ábhair ardchaighdeáin agus tá roinnt stíleanna traidisiúnta ann. Cosúil le feistí cosanta EMF eile a tháirgeann an chuideachta, tá criostail chumhachtach i ngach cúlán a chabhraíonn le tonnta EMF nach bhfeictear a dhíspreagadh. Níl sa chúlra tarraingteach bioshield ach cosantóir luach-phraghas amháin ó Vortex BioShield. Tá gach feiste oiriúnach chun dul i ngleic leis an mbagairt a bhaineann le CEM thar nochtadh, ach ní chuirfidh aon cheann acu isteach ar fheidhmíocht do ghléasanna leictreonacha.


White balance tools (like those in Lightroom or Photoshop) will tell you the color temperature of the neutral card essentially directly, based on the color temperature data in the RAW file.
More theoretically, if you're shooting with a known color temperature (even approximately known), then the color of the neutral target is directly related to the color temperature of the lighting. Doing this precisely has several big catches (e.g., it doesn't really apply to fluorescent or mixed lighting, and understanding color theory is a prerequisite), but doing it relatively is eminently practical:
- if the card is bluish, it's lit with a higher color temperature than your setting.
- if the card is reddish, it's lit with a lower color temperature than your setting.
With practice, the card isn't needed; you can see the relevant color casts in any neutral object, and particularly in shadows.
Personally, I think the best advice is to try to memorize the approximate color temperatures of typical situations, like this chart from Cambridge in Colour (the full article is worth a read):
- 1000-2000K – Candlelight
- 2500-3500K – Tungsten Bulb (household variety)
- 3000-4000K – Sunrise/Sunset (clear sky)
- 4000-5000K – Fluorescent Lamps1
- 5000-5500K – Electronic Flash
- 5000-6500K – Daylight with Clear Sky (sun overhead)2
- 6500-8000K – Moderately Overcast Sky
- 9000-10000K – Shade or Heavily Overcast Sky
1 Fluorescent lamps aren't standard light sources, and many variations exist, so this should be considered a very approximate figure.
2 There's an old joke about the noon sky outside of Kodak's offices being exactly 5500K.

Inseoidh uirlisí cothromaíochta bán (cosúil leis na cinn i Lightroom nó Photoshop) teochta dath an chárta neodrach duit go bunúsach go díreach, bunaithe ar na sonraí teochta dath sa chomhad RAW.
Níos teoiriciúla, má tá tú ag lámhach le teocht dath ar a dtugtar (fiú thart ar a dtugtar), ansin tá dath an sprioc neodrach go díreach a bhaineann leis an teocht dath an soilsiú. Tá roinnt catches móra ag déanamh go beacht (m.sh., ní bhaineann sé i ndáiríre le soilsiú fluaraise nó le soilsiú measctha, agus is réamhriachtanas é teoiric dathanna a thuiscint), ach tá sé an-phraiticiúil é a dhéanamh go réasúnta:
- má tá an cárta bluish, tá sé ardaithe le teocht dath níos airde ná do shocrú.
- má tá an cárta dearg, tá sé ardaithe le teocht dath níos ísle ná do shocrú.
Le cleachtadh, ní gá an cárta; is féidir leat na casts dath ábhartha a fheiceáil in aon réad neodrach, agus go háirithe i scáthanna.
Go pearsanta, sílim gurb é an comhairle is fearr ná iarracht a dhéanamh teochtaí dath thart ar chásanna tipiciúla a mheabhrú, mar an chairt seo ó Cambridge in Colour (is fiú an t-alt iomlán a léamh):
- 1000-2000K  Solas coinne
- 2500-3500K  Bulb Tungstáin (sóineacht tí)
- 3000-4000K  Sunrise/Sunset (ceann spéir shoiléir)
- 4000-5000K  lampaí fluaraiseanta1
- 5000-5500K  Flash leictreonach
- 5000-6500K  Solas laethúil le Spéir Chlár (sol os cionn) 2
- 6500-8000K  Spéir chlúdach go measartha
- 9000-10000K  Scáth nó Spéir lán-scéal
1 Ní foinsí solais chaighdeánacha iad lampaí fluaraiseanta, agus tá go leor athruithe ann, mar sin ba cheart an figiúr seo a mheas mar fhigiúr an-timchlúdach.
2 Tá sean-scéal ann faoi spéir lá lá lá lá amuigh de oifigí Kodak a bheith díreach 5500K.


Building Tomorrow’s Leaders…
Since 1910, Scouting has helped mold future leaders by combining educational activities and lifelong values with fun.
Scouting helps meet six essential needs of young people:
Scouting provides youth with good role models who can have a powerful impact on their lives. We have a process that screens, selects, and trains the leaders who can provide the attention all young people need to succeed in life.
Scouting provides structured settings where kids can learn new skills and develop habits of continual learning that will help them succeed. Scouting offers a proven program of discovering, sharing, and applying knowledge and skills that last a lifetime.
One of the key tenets of Scouting is “duty to God.” While Scouting does not define religious belief for its members, it does encourage each young person to begin a spiritual journey through the practice of his or her faith tradition.
Scouting is deeply rooted in the concept of doing for others. “Do a Good Turn Daily” is a core Scouting precept. Scouting encourages young people to recognize the needs of others and take action accordingly.
Young people need to be well. To get the most from life, one must be both mentally and physically fit. A commitment to physical wellness has been reflected in Scouting’s outdoor programs such as hiking, camping, swimming, climbing, and conservation. First aid, lifesaving, and safety programs are synonymous with Scouting. Our programs today include strong drug abuse awareness and prevention programs emphasizing the value of healthy living habits.
Few will argue with the importance of teaching values and responsibility to our children – not only right from wrong, but specific, affirmative values such as fairness, courage, honor, and respect for others. Beginning with the Scout Oath and Scout Law, the Boy Scouts of America program is infused with character-building activities that allow youth to apply abstract principles to daily living situations.
Next Page In Our Scouting 101 Tour…

Treoirlínte maidir le Treoirlínte maidir le Treoirlínte maidir le Treoirlínte maidir le Treoirlínte
Ó 1910, chabhraigh Scouting le ceannairí sa todhchaí a mhúnlú trí ghníomhaíochtaí oideachais agus luachanna saoil a chomhcheangal le spraoi.
Cabhraíonn an scáistiú le sé riachtanas bunúsach óige a chomhlíonadh:
Soláthraíonn an Scouting do dhaoine óga samplaí maith a d'fhéadfadh tionchar láidir a bheith acu ar a saol. Tá próiseas againn a scagann, a roghnú, agus a oiliúint na ceannairí a d'fhéadfadh an aird a sholáthar a theastaíonn ó gach duine óg chun rath a bhaint amach sa saol.
Soláthraíonn Scouting suíomhanna struchtúrtha inar féidir le páistí scileanna nua a fhoghlaim agus nósanna foghlama leanúnacha a fhorbairt a chabhróidh leo a bheith rathúil. Cuireann Scouting clár cruthaithe ar fáil chun eolas agus scileanna a aimsíonn, a roinneann agus a chuireann i bhfeidhm a mhaireann ar feadh an tsaoil.
Ceann de phríomh-theagasc na Scouting is ea  dualgas do Dhia. Cé nach sainmhíníonn Scouting creideamh reiligiúnach dá bhaill, spreagann sé gach duine óg chun turas spioradálta a thosú trí chleachtadh a thraidisiúin chreidimh.
Tá an scáileánra bunaithe go domhain ar an gcoincheap a bhaineann le déanamh do dhaoine eile. Is bunphrionsabal Scout é "Go maith a dhéanamh gach lá". Spreagann Scouting daoine óga riachtanais daoine eile a aithint agus gníomhú dá réir.
Ní mór do dhaoine óga a bheith sláintiúil. Chun an chuid is mó a fháil as an saol, ní mór do dhuine a bheith sláintiúil go meabhrach agus go fisiciúil araon. Tá tiomantas do shláinte fhisiceach le feiceáil i gcláir lasmuigh Scouting mar siúl, campaíocht, snámh, dreapadóireacht agus caomhnú. Tá cláir chéadchabhair, sábhála beatha agus sábháilteachta comhchiallach le Scouting. Áirítear ar ár gcláir inniu cur i láthair láidir maidir le mí-úsáid drugaí agus cláir chosc a chuireann béim ar luach nósanna maireachtála sláintiúla.
Ní dhéanfaidh mórán argóint le tábhacht luachanna agus freagrachta a mhúineadh dár leanaí - ní hamháin ceart ó dhroch, ach luachanna sonracha dearfacha mar chothrom, misneach, onóir, agus meas ar dhaoine eile. Ag tosú leis an Oath Scout agus an Scout Law, tá clár Scouts na Meiriceánach lán le gníomhaíochtaí tógála carachtair a ligeann do dhaoine óga prionsabail aistrithe a chur i bhfeidhm ar chásanna maireachtála laethúla.
An chéad leathanach eile dár Turas Scouting 101...


At the end of December 2014, the FP WHEB Sustainability Fund was analysed by external experts[i] to determine the volume of carbon emissions generated by companies in the fund. This analysis showed that 91 tonnes of CO2e[ii] was produced per £1million invested in the fund. This compares with 282 tonnes of CO2e per £1million invested in the fund’s benchmark. An investment in the WHEB fund therefore has a carbon ‘footprint’ that is 70% less than an equivalent investment in the benchmark.
|Carbon footprinting is a methodology that is used to measure the total greenhouse gas emissions associated with a given investment fund.[iii] Using data on the percentage of shares owned by the fund, the analysis calculates what proportion of each company’s total emissions the fund is ‘responsible’ for and then aggregates these to give the total ‘footprint’ of the fund.|
This total is then divided by the size of the fund to give the tonnes of CO2e produced per £1millon invested. We compare this with the benchmark figure which gives an ‘average’ figure for the market as a whole. The FP WHEB Fund is in the top 20% of funds globally and the top 10% in the UK market on this measure.[iv]
Why is the WHEB footprint so small?
The size of the WHEB fund’s footprint is driven by two related factors. The first and most important contribution is the proportion of the fund that is invested in heavy carbon emitting sectors like energy utilities and oil and gas companies. 8% of the MSCI World is invested in oil and gas companies with a further 3% in utilities and another 2% in basic resources (mainly mining). Together these sectors make up nearly three-quarters of all carbon emissions from the MSCI World.
In contrast, the WHEB fund is a ‘fossil fuel free fund’ and has no exposure to basic materials or oil and gas companies.[v] In a supreme irony, however, solar companies are actually classified within the oil and gas super-sector, and the WHEB Fund does have 2% allocated to this sector and with a further 2% in waste and water utilities, this accounts for 32% of the fund’s total emissions.
The second factor driving the size of the footprint is the selection of companies within sectors with some companies having radically higher carbon emissions compared to peers. Here our performance is more mixed. For example, the largest absolute contributor to the fund’s carbon footprint is the water and waste business Suez Environnement which is responsible for 17% of the fund’s footprint (treating water and waste is still a relatively energy intensive business). But the company is also 20% more carbon intensive than the average for its sector. Similarly, Smurfit Kappa, a manufacturer of recycled cardboard packaging, is twice as carbon intensive as its sector peers. We plan to write to both of these businesses to understand why they seem to perform so poorly and what they might do to improve this performance.
Carbon footprinting is, we believe, a useful tool giving a snapshot of a fund’s carbon profile and highlighting areas of weak performance. It is, however, not perfect. For example, the energy used in solar module manufacturing is captured in the footprint, but not the energy that is subsequently saved through their use. We think that the fund’s footprint would be still smaller were these full life-cycle savings to be taken into account.
Nonetheless, we plan to repeat this exercise regularly to monitor our overall footprint and how we compare against the benchmark and other funds. We are therefore also pleased to support the Montreal Pledge[vi] as part of our commitment to drive further carbon reductions in the fund.
[ii] Carbon Dioxide Equivalents (CO2e)
[iii] Carbon footprinting was originally developed to measure the carbon emissions associated with products. It was first applied to investment funds by members of the WHEB team in 2005.
[iv] Perse Comm CSSP

I ndeireadh mhí na Nollag 2014, rinne saineolaithe seachtracha anailís ar Chiste Inbhuanaitheachta FP WHEB[i] chun méid na n-astaíochtaí carbóin a ghin na cuideachtaí sa chiste a chinneadh. Léirigh an anailís seo go ndearnadh 91 tonna CO2e[ii] a tháirgeadh in aghaidh an £1 milliún a infheistíodh sa chiste. Tá sé seo i gcomparáid le 282 tonna CO2e in aghaidh an £1 milliún a infheistíodh i mhodh tagartha an chiste. Tá an t-ioncam carbóin a bhaineann le infheistíocht sa chiste WHEB 70% níos lú ná infheistíocht chomhionann sa mheastóireacht.
Is modh-eolaí é an lorg charbóin a úsáidtear chun na hastaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa iomlána a bhaineann le ciste infheistíochta áirithe a thomhas. [iii] Ag baint úsáide as sonraí maidir le céatadán na scaireanna atá faoi úinéireacht an chiste, ríomhtar san anailís cé chomh mór is atá an ciste "fhreagrach" as an gcumhír de na hastaíochtaí iomlán a bhíonn ag gach cuideachta agus ansin cuirtear na sonraí sin le chéile chun "athrú" iomlán an chiste a fháil.
Déantar an t-iomlán seo a roinnt ansin ar mhéid an chiste chun na tonna CO2e a tháirgtear in aghaidh an £1million a infheistíodh a fháil. Déanaimid comparáid idir an figiúr tagartha sin agus an figiúr tagartha a thugann meán don mhargadh ina iomláine. Tá Ciste FP WHEB i measc na 20% is fearr de chistí ar fud an domhain agus i measc na 10% is fearr sa mhargadh sa RA maidir leis an mbeart seo. [iv]
Cén fáth go bhfuil an léarscáil WHEB chomh beag?
Tá dhá fhachtóir gaolmhara ag tiomáint méid léarscáil chiste WHEB. Is é an chéad ranníocaíocht is tábhachtaí ná an céatadán den chiste a infheistítear i earnálacha a astaíonn carbóin trom mar fóntais fuinnimh agus cuideachtaí ola agus gáis. Tá 8% de MSCI World infheistiú i gcuideachtaí ola agus gáis agus 3% eile i mbunaíochtaí agus 2% eile i mbonn acmhainní (go príomha mianadóireacht). Le chéile, is ionann na hearnálacha seo agus beagnach trí cheathrú den astaíochtaí carbóin uile ó MSCI World.
I gcodarsnacht leis sin, is "ciste saor ó bhreoslaí iontaise" é ciste WHEB agus níl aon nochtadh aige do bhunábhair ná do chuideachtaí ola agus gáis. [v] I ndáil le hionstraimí a bhaineann le fuíoll agus le huisce, tá sé an-ionraic, áfach, go bhfuil cuideachtaí gréine aicmithe i ndáiríre laistigh den mhór-earnáil ola agus gáis, agus tá 2% de leithdháileadh ag an gCiste WHEB ar an earnáil seo agus le 2% eile i mbunaíochtaí dramhaíola agus uisce, cuireann sé seo 32% de na haastaíochtaí iomlána an chiste.
Is é an dara fachtóir a spreagann méid an chosláir ná roghnú cuideachtaí laistigh de earnálacha a bhfuil astaíochtaí carbóin i bhfad níos airde ag roinnt cuideachtaí i gcomparáid le comhghleacaithe. Anseo tá ár bhfeidhmíocht níos measctha. Mar shampla, is é an gnó uisce agus dramhaíola Suez Environnement an ranníocóir abhsaite is mó do lorg charbóin an chiste atá freagrach as 17% de lorg chatha an chiste (is gnó atá fós ina ghnó déanach fuinnimh é cóireáil uisce agus dramhaíola). Ach tá an chuideachta 20% níos déine i gcarbóin ná an meán dá earnáil. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, tá Smurfit Kappa, monaróir pacáistithe cártachain athchúrsáilte, dhá oiread chomh dian carbóin agus a chomhghleacaithe san earnáil. Tá sé beartaithe againn scríobh chuig an dá ghnólachtaí seo chun a thuiscint cén fáth go bhfuil a gcuid feidhmíochta chomh dona agus cad a d'fhéadfadh siad a dhéanamh chun an feidhmíocht seo a fheabhsú.
Creidimid gur uirlis úsáideach é an lorg charbóin a thugann léargas ar phróifíl charbóin ciste agus a thugann béim ar réimsí ina bhfuil feidhmíocht lag. Ach níl sé foirfe. Mar shampla, gabhadh an fuinneamh a úsáidtear i ndéantúsaíocht modúl gréine san iompraíocht, ach ní gabhadh an fuinneamh a shábháilfear ina dhiaidh sin trína n-úsáid. Is dóigh linn go mbeadh an léas-chloch ar an gciste níos lú fós dá gcuirfí na coigiltis seo ar feadh an tsraith saoil iomlán san áireamh.
Tá sé beartaithe againn an cleachtadh seo a athdhéanamh go rialta chun faireachán a dhéanamh ar ár mbosca foriomlán agus ar an gcaoi a ndéanaimid comparáid leis an macasamhail agus le cistí eile. Tá áthas orainn, dá bhrí sin, tacú leis an ngealltanas Montreal[vi] mar chuid dár ngealltanas chun laghdú breise carbóin a thiomáint sa chiste.
[ii] Comhionannas Dé-ocsaíd charbóin (CO2e)
[iii] Forbraíodh an lorg charbóin ar dtús chun na astaíochtaí carbóin a bhaineann le táirgí a thomhas. Ba é baill den fhoireann WHEB a chuir an chéad iarratas air i leith cistí infheistíochta i 2005.
[iv] Perse Comm CSSP


Date: December 2000
Creator: Rochelle, Gary B.
Description: The Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning (WRAML) is a relatively new instrument used in the assessment of memory in children. The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of the WRAML by comparing the performance of children on both the WRAML and the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Ability- Revised (WJTCA-R). Subjects for the study were children in treatment for a brain tumor at a regional children's medical center. Fifty children participated in the study ranging from ages 6 to 17. A multiple regression analysis was conducted to determine which of four selected clusters from the WJTCA-R would have the highest correlation with the Verbal Memory Index (VERI) from the WRAML. The Short-Term Memory (GSM) cluster had the highest correlation ( r = .82) as predicted. A Pearson's product-moment correlational analysis was conducted between the Visual Processing (GV) cluster from the WJTCA-R and the Visual Memory Index (VISI) from the WRAML. GV was found to have a high positive correlation ( r = .63) with VISI. A similar analysis was conducted between the Long-Term Retrieval (GLR) cluster from the WJTCA-R and the Learning Index (LRNI) from the WRAML. GLR was found to have a high positive correlation ...
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries

Dáta: Nollaig 2000
Creators: Rochelle, Gary B.
Tuairisc: Is ionstraim réasúnta nua é an Measúnú Arán-Range ar Chuimhne agus ar Foghlaim (WRAML) a úsáidtear chun cuimhne a mheas i leanaí. Ba é cuspóir an staidéir seo bailíocht WRAML a scrúdú trí fheidhmíocht leanaí a chur i gcomparáid ar WRAML agus ar Thástálacha Woodcock-Johnson ar Fheidhmíocht Chognitive- Athbhreithnithe (WJTCA-R). Ba leanaí a bhí i mbun cóireála le haghaidh tumoir inchinn ag ionad leighis leanaí réigiúnach a bhí mar chuspóirí don staidéar. Ghlac caoga páiste páirt sa staidéar idir 6 agus 17 bliana d'aois. Rinneadh anailís athchóirithe il chun a chinneadh cé acu de cheithre chlústéar roghnaithe ón WJTCA-R a bheadh an coibhneas is airde acu leis an Innéacs Cuimhneachta Béil (VERI) ón WRAML. Bhí an comhghaol is airde (r = .82) ag an gclastráil Cuimhne Gearrthéarmach (GSM) mar a bhí tuartha. Rinneadh anailís comhghaoltach táirge-am Pearson idir an clústear Próiseála Amhairc (GV) ón WJTCA-R agus an tIonad Cuimhne Amhairc (VISI) ón WRAML. Fuarthas go raibh comhghaol dearfach ard ag GV (r = .63) le VISI. Rinneadh anailís den chineál céanna idir an cluster Long-Term Retrieval (GLR) ón WJTCA-R agus an Learning Index (LRNI) ón WRAML. Fuarthas amach go raibh comhghaol dearfach ard ag GLR ...
Comhpháirtí rannpháirteach: Leabharlanna UNT


In his article, Solar power’s new look: more landscape-friendly siting (April 2018), Timothy B. Wheeler wrote, “But if many cornfields turn into solar fields, it could have unforeseen consequences on land use, local economies, wildlife habitat and maybe even water quality.” Actually, we have enough scientific knowledge to foresee quite a few of those consequences — and they would be positive ones. For example:
Sure, but what if the price of corn goes through the roof, and the solar subsidy is eliminated, and the value of corn on the land is worth more than the price of the power produced?
- Cornfields are dominated by a single crop species, while the vegetation under solar fields is much more varied (native grasses, goldenrods, etc.) and thus more biodiverse. Because of these differences, the vegetation under solar fields provides much better habitat for wildlife — particularly for early-successional bird species whose populations have been declining at alarming rates. Similarly, solar fields provide much better resources for pollinating insects such as bees and butterflies than cornfields.
- Cornfields are annual row crops and, of course, farmers try to keep the growth of weeds between those rows to a minimum. This means that they have considerable amounts of bare ground and thus substantial losses of soil to erosion, together with the runoff of the nutrients that spur eutrophication, a major cause of the Bay’s dead zones. On the other hand, the meadow vegetation under solar fields is perennial, not annual, and thus provides year-round cover. So it reduces erosion and nutrient runoff significantly. This is true even compared to well-managed row crop rotations using no-till management and winter cover crops.
- Unlike cornfields, solar fields don’t require the use of insecticides, fungicides, tillage or irrigation. Nor do they require fertilizer, whether synthetically or from manure, both of which lead to water pollution.
- Solar fields provide substantially more revenue to rural landowners, with much lower costs as well as less risk. The income they generate is dependable over the long term because typical solar leases are for periods of 20 years or more.
This makes it possible for farmers to keep their land instead of having to sell it in the face of suburban sprawl.My usual response to the fallacious rising sea level argument:
Moreover, the benefits of converting cornfields to solar reach far beyond the farm. By reducing global warming, they slow down the rising sea levels and extreme storms that threaten communities along the Bay and far beyond.
(There's also no evidence of increasing storminess)
They also cut down on the air pollution from coal-fired electric power plants, gasoline-burning cars and natural-gas-heated offices. In this way they reduce one of the most important threats plaguing public health, manifested in such illnesses as asthma, toxic chemicals such as mercury, and smog.I can buy the argument that producing solar electricity is marginally better than growing corn to make ethanol to burn in cars. But you can't eat electricity.
Like a cornfield, a solar farm uses land and the sun’s energy to produce something that people vitally need. But it does it with a lot more positive impact on the environment — locally, across the Bay’s watershed and around the world.
And, it makes possible the transition to an economy powered by 100 percent renewable energy — the critical environmental need of the 21st century.
Linked at Pirate's Cove in the weekly "Sorta Blogless Sunday Pinup" and links. Wombat-socho has "Rule 5 Sunday: Camille Paglia Approved!" open for business at The Other McCain.

Ina alt, Solar powers new look: more landscape-friendly siting (Aibreán 2018), scríobh Timothy B. Wheeler, "Ach má thiocfaidh go leor páirceanna arbhar i bpáirceanna gréine, d'fhéadfadh iarmhairtí gan choinne a bheith aige ar úsáid talún, eacnamaíochtaí áitiúla, gnáthóg fiadhúlra agus b'fhéidir fiú cáilíocht uisce. Mar shampla:
Cinnte, ach cad a tharlaíonn má théann praghas an arbhar tríd an díon, agus tá an fóirdheontas gréine a dhíchur, agus an luach arbhar ar an talamh is fiú níos mó ná praghas an chumhacht a tháirgtear?
- Tá speiceas amháin de chothabháil ag na páirceanna arbhar, agus tá an fhéithíocht faoi na páirceanna gréine i bhfad níos éagsúla (fithis dhúchasacha, goldenrods, srl.) agus dá bhrí sin níos mó bithéagsúlachta. Mar gheall ar na difríochtaí seo, soláthraíonn an fhéithíocht faoi cheantair ghréasáin áit chónaithe i bhfad níos fearr d'ainmhithe fiáine  go háirithe d'ealaíon éan luath-scríbhneoireachta a bhfuil a ndaonra ag titim ag rátaí imníoch. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, soláthraíonn réimsí gréine acmhainní i bhfad níos fearr d'iniseictí pollinating mar bheacha agus féileacáin ná réimsí arbhar.
- Is plandaí sraitheacha bliantúla iad feirmeoirí arb é is cúis leo ná go bhfuil an fhás féar idir na sraitheanna sin a choinneáil ar a laghad. Ciallaíonn sé seo go bhfuil méideanna suntasacha talún lom acu agus dá bhrí sin caillteanais suntasacha talún le creimeadh, mar aon le sreabhadh na n-oideas a spreagann eutrophication, príomhchúis le criosanna marbh an Bhaile. Ar an láimh eile, tá na féithneacha féirín faoi réimsí gréine go leorbhlianta, ní bliantúla, agus dá bhrí sin soláthraíonn siad clúdach ar feadh na bliana. Mar sin laghdaíonn sé creimeadh agus runoff cothaithigh go suntasach. Tá sé seo fíor fiú i gcomparáid le rothaí barra sraitheacha a bhainistítear go maith ag baint úsáide as bainistíocht gan fhilleadh agus le barra clúdaigh geimhridh.
- Murab ionann agus i gcampaí arbhar, ní gá le páirceanna sólar inseticidí, fungicidí, tuilte ná uisciú a úsáid. Ní gá dóibh breosla, bíodh sé sintéiseach nó ó fhéile, a thugann truailliú uisce.
- Soláthraíonn réimsí gréine ioncam i bhfad níos mó d'úinéirí talún tuaithe, le costais i bhfad níos ísle chomh maith le riosca níos lú. Tá an t-ioncam a ghineann siad inchurtha go fadtéarmach toisc go bhfuil cánacha solair tipiciúla ar feadh tréimhsí 20 bliain nó níos mó.
Cuireann sé seo ar chumas feirmeoirí a gcuid talún a choinneáil in ionad a bheith ag iarraidh iad a dhíol i bhfianaise an leathadh forbhaile.Mo fhreagra is gnách ar an argóint bhréagach maidir le leibhéal na farraige ag ardú:
Thairis sin, tá na buntáistí a bhaineann le feirmeacha arbhar a thiontú go gréine i bhfad níos faide ná an fheirm. Trí théamh domhanda a laghdú, déanann siad an leibhéal farraige atá ag ardú agus stoirmeacha iomarcacha a chuireann bagairt ar phobail ar feadh an Bhá agus i bhfad níos faide.
(Níl aon fhianaise ann freisin ar thromlach stoirme)
Laghdaigh siad freisin an truailliú aeir ó ghléasraí cumhachta leictreacha a thiománaítear le guail, ó charranna a thiománaítear le gása agus ó oifigí a téitear le gáis nádúrtha. Ar an mbealach seo laghdaíonn siad ceann de na bagairtí is tábhachtaí a bhíonn ag fulaingt ar shláinte phoiblí, a léirítear i ghalair mar asthma, ceimiceáin tocsaineacha mar mhercúirí, agus smog. Is féidir liom an argóint a cheannach go bhfuil leictreachas gréine a tháirgeadh beagán níos fearr ná arbhar a fhás chun eitánól a dhéanamh le dó i gcarranna. Ach ní féidir leat leictreachas a ithe.
Cosúil le réimse arbhair, úsáideann feirm ghrianchlainne talamh agus fuinneamh na gréine chun rud éigin a tháirgeadh a bhfuil gá mhór ag daoine leis. Ach déanann sé é le tionchar i bhfad níos dearfacha ar an gcomhshaol  go háitiúil, ar fud an logainmneacha na Mhéire agus ar fud an domhain.
Agus, déanann sé an t-aistriú go geilleagar a chumhachtú ag 100% fuinnimh in-athnuaite a dhéanamh indéanta - an riachtanas ríthábhachtach comhshaoil den 21ú haois.
Nasctha ag Cove Pirate sa tseachtain "Sorta Blogless Sunday Pinup" agus naisc. Tá "Rule 5 Sunday: Camille Paglia Approved!" ag Wombat-socho. oscailte do ghnó ag an McCain eile.


Champagne was not the only wine product enjoyed at the Mount Vernon estate by the Washington family.
In eighteenth century America, wines from France were less commonly available than those from Spain and Portugal, primarily because of frequent political conflicts between France and England. Several types of French wines did make their way to America for those who could afford the higher prices, including champagne, which was a product of vineyards in northeastern France. During this period, the pale red beverage was typically served in tall champagne flutes, between dinner and dessert, or at evening parties.1
Like other men of his social class, George Washington had the money and connections to acquire champagne for his table. He may have first become acquainted with champagne in the palace in Williamsburg, where the royal governor, Lord Botetourt is known to have had three bottles stored "In the Vault" at the time of his death in 1770.2 In 1793, as president, Washington purchased 485 bottles of champagne and burgundy, which cost him $355.67. Six bottles were "got as a sample" in May of 1794 and another twelve found their way to the executive mansion in November of the same year. Judging from these last two purchases, champagne at this time cost Washington about $1.00 per bottle.3
After the Revolution, Robert Hunter, Jr., a guest at Mount Vernon, recorded that "a very elegant supper" was served around nine at night. The dinner’s special guest was Washington’s old friend, Richard Henry Lee, who was the president of Congress and from whom Washington was "anxious to hear the news of Congress." Hunter noted that "The General with a few glasses of champagne got quite merry, and being with his intimate friends laughed and talked a good deal." Hunter also recognized how rare this was, commenting that "Before strangers, he [Washington] is generally very reserved and seldom says a word. I was fortunate in being in his company with his particular acquaintances. I'm told that during the war he was never seen to smile…."4
In 1791, Scottish artist Archibald Robertson visited the presidential mansion in Philadelphia in order to deliver a gift to George Washington from the Earl of Buchan--an oak box, "elegantly mounted with silver." The box was made from the "celebrated oak tree that sheltered the WASHINGTON of Scotland, the brave and patriotic Sir William Wallace, after his defeat at the battle of Falkirk, in the beginning of the fourteenth century, by Edward the 1st." Robertson was asked to stay for dinner.
The custom of ladies withdrawing to another room after dinner was common practice in the eighteenth century. Based on descriptions by Washington’s dinner guests, this practice was followed both at Mount Vernon and in the presidential household. During this particular meal, however, the custom seems to have been reversed. Robertson recorded that dinner ended with several glasses of "sparkling champagne," "over which people lingered for about 45 minutes." Afterwards George Washington and Tobias Lear rose from the table and went to another room, "leaving the ladies in high glee," which Robertson attributed to Lord Buchan and the "Wallace box," but may have been due more to both the unaccustomed role change and the effects of the sparkling wine.5
Mary V. Thompson
Mount Vernon Estate
5. William Spohn Baker, Washington After the Revolution, 1785-1799 (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1898), 231-232, 232n.

Ní raibh seampáin an t-aon táirge fíona a bhain an teaghlach Washington taitneamh as ag eastát Mount Vernon.
Sa Mheiriceá an ochtú haois déag, bhí fíonta ón bhFrainc níos lú ar fáil ná iad siúd ón Spáinn agus ón bPortaingéil, go príomha mar gheall ar choimhlintí polaitiúla go minic idir an Fhrainc agus Shasana. Rinne roinnt cineálacha fíona na Fraince a mbealach go Meiriceá dóibh siúd a d'fhéadfadh na praghsanna níos airde a íoc, lena n-áirítear champagne, a bhí mar tháirge fíonghort i dtuaisceart na Fraince. Le linn na tréimhse seo, de ghnáth bhí an deoch dearg lom á sheirbheáil i mblainc champagne ard, idir dinnéar agus milseog, nó ag páirtithe tráthnóna.1
Cosúil le fir eile dá rang sóisialta, bhí an t-airgead agus naisc ag George Washington chun champagne a fháil dá tábla. B'fhéidir gur tháinig sé ar an eolas faoi champagne den chéad uair sa phálás i Williamsburg, áit a bhfuil a fhios go raibh trí bhuidéal stóráilte ag an rialtóir ríoga, an Tiarna Botetourt "Sa Chlós" tráth a bháis i 1770.2 I 1793, mar uachtarán, cheannaigh Washington 485 bhuidéal champagne agus burgundy, a chosnaíonn $ 355.67. Fuair sé bhuidéil "mar shampla" i mí na Bealtaine 1794 agus fuair dhá cheann déag eile a mbealach chuig an mbaile feidhmiúcháin i mí na Samhna den bhliain chéanna. Ag breithiúnas ó na dhá cheannachán deireanach seo, bhí costas champagne ag Washington ag an am sin thart ar $1.00 an buidéal.3
Tar éis an Réabhlóide, thaifead Robert Hunter, Jr., a bhí ina hóstach ag Mount Vernon, go raibh "oícheán an-chúramach" á sheirbheáil timpeall naoi a chlog san oíche. Ba é an t-aoi speisialta an dinnéir cara sean Washington, Richard Henry Lee, a bhí ina uachtarán ar an gComhdháil agus a raibh Washington "fonnmhar ar an nuacht a chloisteáil ón gComhdháil". Thug Hunter faoi deara go raibh "An Ginearál le cúpla gloine champagne go leor sásta, agus a bheith lena chairde pearsanta ag gáire agus ag caint go maith". D'admhaigh Hunter chomh maith cé chomh neamhchoitianta a bhí sé seo, ag trácht go bhfuil "i láthair strainséirí, tá sé [Washington] an-chomhshláintiúil de ghnáth agus is annamh a deir sé focal. Bhí mé fortune a bheith i a chuideachta lena acquaintances speisialta. Deirtear liom gur le linn an chogaidh níor fheicthe riamh é ag gáire.... "4
I 1791, thug an t-ealaíontóir Albainis Archibald Robertson cuairt ar an mbaile uachtaránachta i Philadelphia d'fhonn bronntanas a sheachadadh do George Washington ó Iarla Buchan - bosca oighir, "a bhí suite go hálainn le huisce airgid". Déantar an bosca as an "craoibhe cáiliúil a thug tearmann do WASHINGTON na hAlban, an Sir William Wallace cróga agus tírghrá, tar éis a defeat ag cath Falkirk, ag tús an déagú haois déag, ag Edward an 1ú". D'iarr Robertson fanacht le haghaidh dinnéar.
An nós na mban a tharraingt siar go seomra eile tar éis dinnéar a bhí gnáthchleachtas sa ochtú haois déag. Bunaithe ar thuairiscí ó aíonna dinnéar Washington, leanadh an cleachtas seo ag Mount Vernon agus sa teaghlach uachtaránachta araon. Ach is cosúil gur athraigh an nós le linn na béile seo. Scríobh Robertson gur chríochnaigh an dinnéar le roinnt gloine "seampáin chraobh, a raibh daoine ag fanacht thart ar 45 nóiméad". Ina dhiaidh sin d'ardaigh George Washington agus Tobias Lear ón mbord agus chuaigh siad isteach i seomra eile, "ag fágáil na mban i gléas ard", a thug Robertson do Lord Buchan agus an "ciste Wallace", ach b'fhéidir go raibh sé níos mó mar gheall ar an athrú ról neamhghnách agus ar éifeachtaí an fhíona spárálach.5
Mary V. Thompson
Eastáit Mount Vernon
5. Tá an t-am ann. William Spohn Baker, Washington After the Revolution, 1785-1799 (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1898), 231-232, 232n.


Using a hydroponics system — a method of growing plants using mineral nutrient solutions in water — and LED lighting, the company grows nine kinds of veggie and three herbs year long in the 2.5 acres underneath the London Underground’s Northern line.
As a part of the larger company Zero Carbon Food, cofounded by Richard Ballard and Steven Dring, Growing Underground prides itself on being a carbon neutral operation. The underground farm estimates that its hydroponics system uses 70 percent less water than the traditional open-field farming.
Besides providing eco-friendly food, Growing Underground’s system seeks to reduce “food miles” — or the distance it takes for produce to reach your plate. Because the company grows in, around and under London for London residents, the time between harvest and sale could be as little as four hours.
“Global farming is responsible for a third of the world’s output of CO2, the depletion of oil, water resources and the use of phosphorous, which just isn’t future-proof,” the duo behind Growing Underground said in their video pitch. “Our method uses virtually no food miles, no pesticides, giving you a longer shelf life.”
In an effort to continue the growth of the actual operation and not its underground greens, Growing Underground started a crowdfunding campaign on CrowdCube. For now, the company has raised about £45,000 (a little under $75,000) of a £300,000 (about $490,000) goal with 51 days left to go.
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Ag baint úsáide as córas hidropónicí - modh plandaí a fhás ag baint úsáide as réitigh cothaithigh mianraí in uisce - agus soilsiú LED, déanann an chuideachta naoi gcineál glasraí agus trí luibheanna a fhás ar feadh na bliana sna 2.5 acra faoi Líne Thuaidh London Underground.
Mar chuid den chuideachta níos mó Zero Carbon Food, a bhunaigh Richard Ballard agus Steven Dring, bródúil as Growing Underground a bheith ina oibríocht neodrach carbóin. Measann an fheirm faoi thalamh go n-úsáideann a chóras hidropónicí 70 faoin gcéad níos lú uisce ná an fheirmeoireacht thraidisiúnta oscailte.
Chomh maith le bia atá neamhdhíobhálach don chomhshaol a sholáthar, tá sé mar aidhm ag an gcóras Growing Underground                                                                                Toisc go bhfásann an chuideachta i Londain, timpeall agus faoi Londain do chónaitheoirí Londain, d'fhéadfadh an t-am idir an fómhar agus an díol a bheith chomh beag le ceithre uair an chloig.
'Tá feirmeoireacht dhomhanda freagrach as an tríú cuid de tháirgeadh CO2 ar domhan, as an díghrádú ar acmhainní ola, uisce agus as úsáid an fhósfar, rud nach bhfuil cinnte go mbeidh sé ann amach anseo,' a dúirt an dá dhuine atá taobh thiar de Growing Underground ina gcuid físeáin. Ní úsáideann ár modh beagnach aon mhíle bia, aon lotnaidicídí, rud a thugann saolré níos faide duit.
I iarracht leanúint ar aghaidh le fás na hoibríochta iarbhír agus ní a ghlasáin faoi thalamh, thosaigh Growing Underground feachtas maoinithe slua ar CrowdCube. Faoi láthair, tá thart ar £45,000 (beagán faoi $75,000) curtha ar fáil ag an gcuideachta de sprioc £300,000 (thart ar $490,000) agus 51 lá fágtha.
An bhfuil rud éigin le cur leis an scéal seo? Cuir é sna tuairimí.


One of the most revered early modern Hindu temples in Vrindavan, the Radha Raman Temple, is situated about two kilometres from the Vrindavan Railway Station. It is devoted to Lord Krishna, who is regarded as Radha Raman, or someone who offers Radha pleasure.
The Shaligram deity of Radharani, who is the self-manifested god from Shaligram Shila and has a mysterious smile on his face, is also said to be present in the temple with the original Shaligram deity of Krishna. The samadhi of Gopal Bhatta is also part of the Radha Raman temple complex and is situated exactly adjacent to Radha Raman’s place of appearance.
Among the seven temples built by Thakur of Vrindavan, Radha Raman Temple is regarded as one of the most important. It is significant, especially to Gaudiya Vaishnavism adherents.
The temple was exquisitely constructed when it was built in 1542, but Shah Behari Lallji later rebuilt it in 1826. Despite being named after Radha and devoted to her, the temple does not contain a statue of Radha Rani. This is an intriguing detail about the temple. Only a crown is retained by Krishna to indicate her presence.
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Tá ceann de na teampall Híndúcha nua-aimseartha is mó a bhfuil meas orthu i Vrindavan, Teampall Radha Raman, suite thart ar dhá chiliméadar ó Stáisiún Iarnróid Vrindavan. Tá sé tiomanta do Tiarna Krishna, a mheastar a bheith ina Radha Raman, nó duine a thairgeann pléisiúr Radha.
Deirtear go bhfuil dé Shaligram de Radharani, atá ina Dhia féin-mhínithe ó Shaligram Shila agus a bhfuil gáire mistéireach ar a aghaidh, i láthair sa teampall freisin le dé Shaligram bunaidh Krishna. Tá samadhi Gopal Bhatta mar chuid den choimpléasc teampall Radha Raman agus tá sé suite go díreach in aice le háit ina bhfuil Radha Raman le feiceáil.
I measc na seacht teampall a thóg Thakur de Vrindavan, meastar gur ceann de na cinn is tábhachtaí é Teampall Radha Raman. Tá sé suntasach, go háirithe do lucht leanúna Gaudiya Vaishnavism.
Bhí an teampall tógtha go hiontach nuair a tógadh é i 1542, ach d'athchóirigh Shah Behari Lallji é ina dhiaidh sin i 1826. In ainneoin gur ainmníodh Radha agus go bhfuil sé tiomanta di, níl dealbh de Radha Rani sa teampall. Is mion-fhiosrúchán suimiúil é seo faoin teampall. Ní choinníonn Krishna ach coróin chun a láithreacht a léiriú.
Bí páirteach sa teaghlach de 3000+ taistealaithe sona!


The MindPlus is a programme for gifted 6-13 year olds that provides intellectual, creative, social and emotional learning and support. Children come together, with a specialist teacher, for one day each week. There is no more than 16 permanent students in a class, although fluctuations can occur occasionally to accommodate students. Together they engage in differentiated, strength-based learning experiences to further develop their gifts and talents and a greater understanding of themselves.
The MindPlus programme brings learners of like mind together to:
How are students selected?
The selection process combines information from the student’s school, the parents and from student participation in a selection workshop.
The selection process begins in term three, in order for student workshops, parent and teacher assessments to be completed. Please approach your school in the beginning of term 3 if you're interested.
Is your child's school a cluster school?
How much does it cost?
In 2017, families are charged $35 per day for attending MindPlus. This works out at $350/term and $1400 annually. Currently families are asked to make their financial contribution at the beginning of each term. We ask families to commit to the entire year as placements are limited.

Is clár é MindPlus do dhaoine buannacha 6-13 bliana d'aois a sholáthraíonn foghlaim agus tacaíocht intleachtúil, cruthaitheach, sóisialta agus mothúchánach. Tagann páistí le chéile, le múinteoir speisialtóir, ar feadh lá amháin gach seachtain. Níl níos mó ná 16 mac léinn buan i rang, cé go bhféadfadh athruithe a bheith ann ó am go ham chun freastal ar mhic léinn. Le chéile, bíonn siad ag foghlaim taithí dhifriúnaithe, bunaithe ar neart chun a gcuid bronntanais agus buanna a fhorbairt tuilleadh agus tuiscint níos fearr a fháil orthu féin.
Tugann an clár MindPlus foghlaimeoirí a bhfuil a ndícheall acu a chéile chun:
Conas a roghnaítear mic léinn?
Is éard atá sa phróiseas roghnúcháin ná faisnéis a fháil ó scoil an mhic léinn, ó thuismitheoirí agus ó rannpháirtíocht an mhic léinn i gceardlann roghnúcháin.
Tosaíonn an próiseas roghnúcháin sa tríú téarma, d'fhonn ceardlanna mac léinn, measúnuithe tuismitheoirí agus múinteoirí a chur i gcrích. Cuir teagmháil le do scoil ag tús an tríú téarma más rud é go bhfuil suim agat.
An bhfuil scoil do pháiste ina scoil chlúste?
Cé mhéad a chosnaíonn sé?
In 2017, tá $35 iníoctha ag teaghlaigh in aghaidh an lae chun freastal ar MindPlus. Oibríonn sé seo amach ag $350/téarma agus $1400 in aghaidh na bliana. Faoi láthair iarrtar ar theaghlaigh a gcuid ranníocaíochta airgeadais a dhéanamh ag tús gach téarma. Iarrann muid ar theaghlaigh tiomantas a dhéanamh don bhliain iomlán mar go bhfuil seoltaí teoranta.


Boesky, Amy. "Solving the Crime of Modernity: Nancy Drew in 1930." Studies in the Novel 42.1&2 (2010): 185-201.
"middle class threatened by various aspects of modernity—new economic instabilities, the erosion of "older" orders and the replacement of certain kinds of labor (even fictionwriting) by new modes of mechanical reproduction" (185).
"Stratemeyer was in the process of building a mass-market syndicate that went on to produce thousands of books for young readers before his death in 1930. Unlike the dime novels of the 1880s and '90s, Stratemeyer's new formula fiction starred young people taking part in adventures firmly anchored in middle-class America." (188)
"Stratemeyer's characters seemed like models of sublimation: The protagonists of his most successful series—including the Hardy Boys and the Nancy Drew mysteries— embodied as if by prescription Hall's eight "optimal" (17) adolescent traits: health and hygiene, superabundant energy, a willingness to be taxed or "stretched," sympathy, love of nature, sublimation, activity, and loyalty or fidelity, both to self and community (Hall 17, 451-67)." (188)
"To a great extent, these books marginalized adults, leaving the starring roles to adolescents. While the police conveniently show up to take criminals away after Nancy has found them, adult law enforcers are portrayed in these books as bumbling or delayed, and in their absence Nancy obligingly outperforms them." (189)
"Nancy Drew is Miller's "amateur supplement" writ large: she constantly polices the terrain of River Heights, finding clues where others see nothing,
locating suspicious persons with her uncanny (and unerring) "intuition," identifying criminals through such superficial symptoms as bad posture,
unusual accents, or poor vocabulary. Using her inherent (and inherited) sense
of right and wrong, Nancy defends a middle class that increasingly defines itself against intruders—foreigners, "Negroes," thugs, robbers, the poor." (189)
"Lesko has argued that adolescents often take up "border zones between the imagined end points of adult and child, male and female, sexual and asexual, rational and emotional, civilized and savage, and productive and unproductive" (50), and Nancy Drew exemplifies this kind of border work (190)."
"Delinquency is as fixed in the world of Nancy Drew as virtue; bad characters can be captured and punished in these books, and good characters rescued from danger, but bad people never reform. Criminals do not change in Nancy Drew's world but instead are revealed. In this sense, the juvenile detective series presumes, as Miller argues elsewhere, that crime is an enclosed world from which it is all but impossible to escape, one that constantly threatens the "middle-class world of private life" (5-6)." (189)
"[A]s Bobbi Ann Mason notes, Nancy's mysteries are not "whodunits" so much as adventures set on a "bedrock of domesticity" (60). Injustice here is corrected; crimes of character or judgment resolved; goods restored to the good.... River Heights is at once mythic and localized, filled with lakeside cottages, summer camps, department stores, roadways and avenues, bungalows, and endless houses, each setting working within the "feminine, domestic, aristocratic, slightly Gothic" remnants of a "traditional…idealized world" (Mason 57)." (189-190)
Mason notes the repetitive structure of the mysteries:
The plots of Nancy Drew mysteries are like sonnets—endless variations on an inflexible form. A plot may contain any or all of these elements: the pursuit of at least two separate mysteries which turn out to be astonishingly intertwined; a warning to get off the case; a trip to a quaint or exotic place (with tourist bureau description supplied); the befriending of an innocent victim…who faces ruin if the mystery isn't solved; a romantic story about a tradition or secret in a prominent family; the appearance of twins or doubles….(57). (189-190)

Boesky, Amy. "An Coireacht Nua-Aimsire a réiteach: Nancy Drew i 1930". Staidéar sa Nuacht 42.1&2 (2010): 185-201.
"meán-aicme faoi bhagairt ag gnéithe éagsúla den nua-aimsearthacht: neamhsheasmhacht eacnamaíoch nua, díothú orduithe "sean" agus athsholáthar cineálacha áirithe saothair (fiú ficsean-scríobh) le modhanna nua atáirgeadh meicniúil" (185).
"Bhí Stratemeyer ag tógáil síndicate margaíochta mais a d'éirigh leis na mílte leabhar a tháirgeadh do léitheoirí óga roimh a bháis i 1930. Murab ionann agus úrscéalta dime na 1880idí agus na 90idí, bhí ficsean foirmle nua Stratemeyer ina réaltaí daoine óga ag glacadh páirte i ndea-eachtraí atá ag gabháil go daingean i Meiriceá an tsláir mheán. " (188)
"Bhí carachtair Stratemeyer cosúil le samhlacha sublimation: Bhí príomhcharachtair a shraith is rathúla - lena n-áirítear na Hardy Boys agus na mistéireach Nancy Drew - corpraithe mar a bheadh trí oidis ocht dtréithe óige "uasta" (17) Hall: sláinte agus sláintíocht, fuinneamh thar a bheith, toilteanas a bheith cánach nó "an-suntasach", comhbhrón, grá don nádúr, sublimation, gníomhaíocht, agus dílseacht nó dílseacht, féin agus don phobal (Hall 17, 451-67). " (188)
"Go mór, chuir na leabhair seo daoine fásta ar an imeall, ag fágáil na róil mhóra do dhéagóirí. Cé go léiríonn na póilíní go háisiúil chun coiriúla a thógáil amach tar éis do Nancy iad a aimsiú, déantar na hoifigigh dlí aondacha a léiriú sna leabhair seo mar dhaoine botún nó moille, agus ina n-easnamh bíonn Nancy níos fearr ná iad". (189)
"Nancy Drew is Miller's" amateur forlíonadh "scríobh mór: sí i gcónaí póilíní an talamh River Heights, ag lorg leideanna nuair a fheiceann daoine eile rud ar bith,
daoine amhrasach a aimsiú lena "intintúis" neamhghnách (agus gan locht), coiriúla a aithint trí chomharthaí dromchla mar droch-stán,
aistritheoirí neamhghnácha, nó focal-riachtanais bochta. Ag baint úsáide as a ciall nádúrtha (agus oidhreacht)
ceart agus mícheart, Nancy cosnaíonn sé an meán-aicme a sainmhíníonn níos mó féin i gcoinne intruders, eachtrannaigh, "Negroes", thugs, robbers, na bochta. " (189)
"D'áitigh Lesko go nglacann déagóirí go minic" criosanna teorann idir na pointí deiridh samhlacha d'aosaigh agus leanaí, fireann agus baineann, gnéasach agus neamhghnéasach, réasúnach agus mothúchánach, sibhialta agus fiáin, agus táirgiúil agus neamhtháirgiúil " (50), agus is sampla den chineál seo oibre teorann é Nancy Drew (190). "
"Tá an coire chomh seasta i saol Nancy Drew agus is é an dea-ghníomh; is féidir carachtair olc a ghabháil agus a phionósú sna leabhair seo, agus carachtair maithe a shábháil ó bhaol, ach ní athraíonn daoine olc riamh. Ní athraíonn coiriúla i saol Nancy Drew ach ina ionad sin nochttar iad. Sa chiall seo, tá sé de bhun an tsraith imscrúdaithe óige, mar a mhaíonn Miller in áit eile, gur domhan faoi cheangal é an coireacht as ar féidir éalú, ceann a chuireann i mbaol i gcónaí "domhan príobháideach an aicme mheán" (5-6). " (189)
"[A] mar a thugann Bobbi Ann Mason faoi deara, ní "whodunits" iad rúndachtaí Nancy ach eachtraí atá suite ar "cathra na teaghlaigh" (60). Tá an éagóir anseo ceartaithe; déileáiltear le coireanna carachtar nó breithiúnais; déantar earraí a athbhunú don mhaith.... Tá River Heights ina mhiotaseach agus ina háit áitiúla ag an am céanna, líonta le cottages in aice leis an loch, campaí samhraidh, siopaí móra, bóithre agus bealaí, bungalows, agus tithe gan deireadh, ag obair gach suíomh laistigh de na fáinní "baineann, tí, aristócratach, beagán Gothic" de "domhan traidisiúnta...idealaithe" (Mason 57). " (189-190)
Tugann Mason faoi deara struchtúr athdhéanta na mistéireach:
Tá na plotaí de rúndachtaí Nancy Drew cosúil le sonets - athruithe gan deireadh ar fhoirm neamhshrianta. D'fhéadfadh aon cheann de na heilimintí seo nó iad go léir a bheith i gceist le plota: an lorg ar dhá rúndacht ar a laghad ar leithligh a léiríonn go bhfuil siad idirnasctha go hiontach; rabhadh chun éirí as an gcás; turas chuig áit chréach nó eacóideach (le tuairisc ar oifig turasóireachta a sholáthraítear); cairdeas a dhéanamh le híospartach neamhchiontach ... a bhíonn i ngleic le tubaiste mura réiteofar an rúndacht; scéal rómánsúil faoi thraidisiún nó rún i dteaghlach suntasach; cuma na nduaine nó na nduaineacha ... (189-190)