Writing and giving a persuasive speech is easier if it's on a topic you know and love. If you love horses, then write about them. The horse world has many controversial topics to work with and a even a few topics that might not be controversial but can still be the basis of a good persuasion. Pick your topic, take a side, do your research and deliver a winning persuasive speech.
Horseback Riding as a Sport
Although many schools have horseback riding clubs that encourage competitive riding, most do not consider horseback riding a sport. To argue that horseback riding should be considered a sport, focus on what makes an activity a sport. Research the calories burnt during different horseback riding events including during training and what muscles are worked by the person, not the horse. Don't forget to emphasise the amount of training and dedication required to be successful.
Many types of techniques are used to break and train a horse, and most trainers will vehemently defend their preferred method. Choose a training technique such as natural horsemanship and do a little research. Personal interviews with local trainers will give you a wealth of information on why they prefer natural horsemanship over traditional training techniques or vice versa.
Speaking out against horse slaughterhouses may seem like an easy persuasive speech, but you'll need to remember to stick to facts and not rely on emotional pleas to persuade your audience. Also, while researching this topic, check into the repercussions of closing the slaughterhouses: horses sent overseas for inhumane slaughtering in foreign countries, horses set free in state and national parks and forests and horses left to pasture without proper care. This is an emotional topic with two interesting sides from which to choose.
In the aftermath of the closing of slaughterhouses and no where else to send retired race horses, horse rescue facilities are full and in need of volunteers and supplies. A good persuasive speech on horse rescue should include information on the number of horses going through a local facility annually and the amount of money and number of man hours required to care for each rescued horse in order to inspire the listener to volunteer or donate.
- Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images

Tá sé níos éasca labhairt agus labhairt le tuiscint má tá sé ar ábhar a bhfuil aithne agat air agus a bhfuil grá agat dó. Má tá grá agat do chapaill, ansin scríobh fúthu. Tá go leor ábhar conspóideach ag an saol capall le bheith ag obair leis agus fiú cúpla ábhar nach bhféadfadh a bheith conspóideach ach a d'fhéadfadh a bheith mar bhonn le haghaidh a chur ina luí maith. Roghnaigh do ábhar, a ghlacadh ar thaobh, a dhéanamh do thaighde agus a sheachadadh bua ag labhairt mealltach.
Rith ar Chéile mar Spóirt
Cé go bhfuil clubanna marcaíochta ag go leor scoileanna a spreagann marcaíocht iomaíoch, ní mheasann an chuid is mó marcaíocht mar spórt. Chun a mhaíomh gur chóir marcaíocht ar charr a mheas mar spórt, díriú ar an méid a dhéanann gníomhaíocht spórt. Déan taighde ar na calraí a loscann tú le linn imeachtaí éagsúla marcaíochta, lena n-áirítear le linn oiliúna agus cén matáin a oibríonn an duine, ní an capall. Ná déan dearmad a chur i bhfios an méid oiliúna agus díograis a theastaíonn chun a bheith rathúil.
Úsáidtear go leor cineálacha teicnící chun capall a bhriseadh agus a oiliúint, agus cosnóidh an chuid is mó de na hoiliúnaithe go forleathan a modh is fearr leo. Roghnaigh teicníc oiliúna mar a bheadh i gcapall nádúrtha agus déan beagán taighde. Tabharfaidh agallaimh phearsanta le hoiliúnaithe áitiúla go leor faisnéise duit faoi cén fáth go mbraitheann siad gur fearr leo an t-eitilt nádúrtha ná na teicnící traidisiúnta oiliúna nó vice versa.
D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh sé éasca labhairt i gcoinne na mbásanna capaill mar óráid spreagtha, ach ní mór duit cuimhneamh go gcaithfidh tú cloí le fíricí agus gan brath ar aighneachtaí mothúchánach chun do lucht éisteachta a chur ina luí. Chomh maith leis sin, agus an t-ábhar seo á taighdeáil agat, seiceáil isteach na héifeachtaí a bhaineann le na hailte talún a dhúnadh: capaill a seoladh thar lear le haghaidh marú mídhaonna i dtíortha eachtracha, capaill a scaoileadh saor i bpáirceanna stáit agus náisiúnta agus i bhforaoisí agus capaill a fhágtar ar an bhfásach gan cúram cuí. Is ábhar mothúchánach é seo le dhá thaobh suimiúil le roghnú as.
Tar éis na haisithe a dhúnadh agus gan áit eile le capaill rás a chuir ar scor, tá saoráidí tarrthála capaill lán agus tá deochanna agus soláthairtí ag teastáil uathu. Ba cheart go mbeadh faisnéis i gceist i gcaint dhea-chontúirteach maidir le cabhair a thabhairt do chapaill maidir leis an líon capaill a théann trí shaoráid áitiúil gach bliain agus an méid airgid agus líon na n-uaireanta fear a theastaíonn chun aire a thabhairt do gach capall a shábháil d'fhonn an lucht éisteachta a spreagadh chun obair dheonach nó deontas a dhéanamh.
- Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images


The Elliot Wave theory is a technical analysis method used to predict future market trends by identifying patterns in past market data. The theory is named after Ralph Elliott, who first proposed the theory in the 1930s.
The Elliot Wave theory states that market prices move in cycles, with each cycle consisting of five waves. The first three waves are known as the “impulse” waves, while the last two are the “corrective” waves. The direction of the impulse waves will determine the direction of the overall trend.
The theory can be applied to any time frame but is most commonly used on more extended time frames, such as daily or weekly charts. When applying the Elliot Wave theory to forex trading, traders will look for patterns in the currency pairs they are trading.
The Elliot Wave theory can be a helpful tool for traders when trying to predict future market trends. However, you must remember that no one technical indicator is perfect. The Elliot Wave theory should be used with other technical indicators and fundamental analysis.
You can use the Elliot Wave theory when trading forex through Saxo Bank.
Identify the market trend
The first step in applying the Elliot Wave theory is identifying the overall market trend. You can do this by looking at a price chart and seeing if prices are generally moving up, down, or sideways.
If prices are moving up, this is known as an uptrend. However, a downtrend refers to decreasing prices. A sideways moving price is known as a consolidation period.
It is important to note that the Elliot Wave theory can only be used during an uptrend or downtrend. Therefore, you cannot use it during a consolidation period.
Identify wave patterns
Once the overall market trend has been identified, traders will then look for specific wave patterns that they can use to predict future market movements.
There are three types of wave patterns that traders will look for:
- Impulse Waves: These are the first three waves in a cycle, and they move in the direction of the overall trend. For example, impulse waves will also move upward if prices are in an uptrend.
- Corrective Waves: These are the last two waves in a cycle, and they move against the direction of the overall trend. For example, if prices are uptrend, corrective waves will be downward moving.
- Triangle Patterns: These occur when the market consolidates, and prices are trading within a tight range.
Once a wave pattern has been identified, traders can then look to enter trades in the overall trend direction.
For example, should prices be in an uptrend and a trader identifies an impulse wave, they would look to enter a buy order. Alternatively, if prices are downtrend and a trader identifies a corrective wave, they would look to enter a sell order.
It is critical to know that not all waves will be clear and easy to identify. Sometimes it may be challenging to determine if a specific wave pattern is an impulse wave or a corrective wave. In these cases, traders may want to wait for prices to break out of the Consolidation Pattern before entering any trades.
Once you have entered a trade, it is essential to place a stop-loss order if the market moves against the trader’s position.
You can place a stop-loss order with a broker to sell a security if it reaches a specific price.
For example, a trader buys XYZ stock at $100 and places a stop-loss order at $95. If XYZ’s stock price falls to $95, the trade will be automatically sold by the broker.
Stop-loss orders are essential because they help traders limit their losses if the market moves against them.
In addition to stop-loss orders, traders may also want to place take-profit orders.
A take-profit order is placed with a broker to trade security when it reaches a specific price.
For example, a trader buys XYZ stock at $100 and places a take-profit order at $105. If XYZ’s stock price rises to $105, the broker will automatically sell the trade.
Take-profit orders are essential because they help traders lock in profits when the market moves in their favour.

Is modh anailíse teicniúil é teoiric Elliot Wave a úsáidtear chun treochtaí margaidh sa todhchaí a thuar trí patrún a aithint i sonraí margaidh roimhe seo. Ainmníodh an teoiric i ndiaidh Ralph Elliott, a mhol an teoiric den chéad uair sna 1930idí.
Deir teoiric Elliot Wave go dtéann praghsanna margaidh i gcúrsaí, agus tá cúig thonnta ag gach timthriall. Tugtar na chéad trí tonn mar na tonnta impuls, agus is iad an dá cheann deireanach na tonnta  ceartaithe. Cinnfidh treo na ngrás impulse treo na treochta foriomlán.
Is féidir an teoiric a chur i bhfeidhm ar aon fráma ama ach is minic a úsáidtear é ar frámaí ama níos faide, mar shampla cairteacha laethúla nó seachtainiúla. Nuair a chuirtear teoiric Elliot Wave i bhfeidhm ar thrádáil forex, déanfaidh trádálaithe patrún a lorg sna péirí airgeadra atá á ndíol acu.
Is féidir leis an teoiric Elliot Wave a bheith ina uirlis cabhrach do thrádálaithe agus iad ag iarraidh treochtaí margaidh sa todhchaí a thuar. Mar sin féin, ní mór duit cuimhneamh nach bhfuil aon táscaire teicniúil foirfe. Ba cheart teoiric Elliot Wave a úsáid le táscairí teicniúla eile agus anailís bhunúsach.
Is féidir leat úsáid a bhaint as an teoiric Elliot Wave nuair a thrádáil forex trí Saxo Banc.
Treocht an mhargaidh a shainaithint
Is é an chéad chéim i bhfeidhm teoiric Elliot Wave ná an treocht iomlán margaidh a aithint. Is féidir leat é seo a dhéanamh trí bhreathnú ar chairt praghsanna agus féachaint an bhfuil praghsanna ag gluaiseacht suas, síos, nó go taobh.
Má tá praghsanna ag bogadh suas, is é seo a dtugtar uptrend. Mar sin féin, tagraíonn treocht ísle do phraghsanna ag titim. Tugtar tréimhse comhdhlúite ar phraghas a théann ar thaobh.
Tá sé tábhachtach a thabhairt faoi deara nach féidir teoiric Elliot Wave a úsáid ach amháin le linn uptrend nó downtrend. Dá bhrí sin, ní féidir leat é a úsáid le linn tréimhse comhdhlúite.
Patrúin tonn a aithint
Nuair a bheidh an treocht iomlán margaidh sainaitheanta, déanfaidh trádálaithe patrún tonn sonrach a lorg ar féidir leo a úsáid chun gluaiseachtaí margaidh sa todhchaí a thuar.
Tá trí chineál patrúin tonn ann a bheidh ag trádálaithe a lorg:
- Tuairimí Impulse: Is iad seo na chéad trí thuairim i dtimthriall, agus bogann siad i dtreo an treochta foriomlán. Mar shampla, gluaiseoidh tonnta impulse suas freisin má tá praghsanna i dtreo ardú.
- Tuairimí ceartaitheacha: Is iad seo an dá thuairim dheireanach i dtimthriall, agus bogann siad i gcoinne treo an treochta foriomlán. Mar shampla, má tá praghsanna ag dul suas, beidh tonnta ceartaitheacha ag gluaiseacht síos.
- Patrúin Triantán: Tarlaíonn siad seo nuair a chomhdhlúitear an margadh, agus nuair a bhíonn praghsanna á ndíol laistigh de raon dlúth.
Nuair a bheidh patrún tonn aithnithe, is féidir le trádálaithe dul isteach i ngnólachtaí sa treo foriomlán.
Mar shampla, má tá praghsanna i dtreo ardú agus má aithníonn trádálaí tonn impulse, déanfaidh siad iarracht ordú ceannaigh a iontráil. I gcás ina bhfuil an t-airgead ag dul i ngleic le treocht a bhaineann le luachanna a bheith ag dul i ngleic le treocht a bhaineann le luachanna a bheith ag dul i ngleic le treocht a bhaineann le luachanna a bheith ag dul i ngleic le treocht a bhaineann le luachanna a bheith ag dul i ngleic le treocht a bheith ag dul i ngleic le treocht a bheith ag dul i ngleic le treocht a bheith ag dul i ngleic le treocht a bheith ag dul i ngleic le treocht a bheith ag dul i ngleic le treocht a bheith ag dul i ngleic le treocht a bheith ag dul i ngleic.
Tá sé ríthábhachtach a fhios a bheith agat nach mbeidh gach tonn soiléir agus éasca a aithint. Uaireanta d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith dúshlánach a chinneadh an bhfuil patrún tonn ar leith ina tonn impulse nó ina tonn ceartaithe. I gcásanna den sórt sin, b'fhéidir go mbeidh trádálaithe ag iarraidh fanacht go dtiocfaidh praghsanna amach as an Patrún Comhdhlúite sula dtéann siad isteach in aon trádáil.
Nuair a bheidh tú tar éis dul isteach i trádáil, tá sé riachtanach ordú stop-caillteanais a chur i bhfeidhm má théann an margadh i gcoinne seasamh an trádálaithe.
Is féidir leat ordú stop-caillteanais a chur le bróicéir chun urrús a dhíol má shroichann sé praghas ar leith.
Mar shampla, ceannaíonn trádálaí stoc XYZ ag $ 100 agus cuireann sé ordú stop-caillteanas ag $ 95. Má thiteann praghas stoic XYZ go $ 95, díolfaidh an bróicéir an trádáil go huathoibríoch.
Tá orduithe stop-caillteanais ríthábhachtach toisc go gcuireann siad le trádálaithe a gcaillteanais a theorannú má théann an margadh ina choinne.
I dteannta orduithe stop-caillteanais, b'fhéidir go dteastaíonn ó thrádálaithe orduithe glactha brabúis a chur freisin.
Is ordú brabúis a chuirtear le bróicéir chun urrús a thrádáil nuair a shroichfidh sé praghas ar leith.
Mar shampla, ceannaíonn trádálaí stoc XYZ ag $ 100 agus cuireann sé ordú brabúis ag $ 105. Má éiríonn praghas stoic XYZ go $ 105, déanfaidh an bróicéir an trádáil a dhíol go huathoibríoch.
Tá orduithe brabúis a ghlacadh ríthábhachtach toisc go gcuireann siad le trádálaithe brabúis a ghlasáil nuair a théann an margadh ina bhfabhar.


Torsion Test Bench
The torsion test rig can be used to investigate and measure so-called elastomer claw couplings. Such couplings connect, for example, the input and output sides in automotive powertrains and can transmit high torques, but exhibit complex dynamic behavior. The coupling's design and elastomer elements exhibit nonlinear progressive stiffness, hysteresis and creep effects.
The test bench can be used to analyze these characteristics in detail, to parameterize and test corresponding models, and to create and test controllers based on them. Two motors (nominal torque 25Nm) serve as actuators and also enable freely rotating measurement scenarios. On both sides, the torsional angles and torques as well as the coupling temperature are measured. On the software side, the test bench is operated within a MATLAB/Simulink environment, which simplifies the testing of advanced control approaches.
The test bench is also suitable for investigating nonlinear resonance phenomena, such as those familiar from the start-up behavior of machine tools to washing machines. In this way, ideas can be developed and implemented to control resonances in technical applications or even to use them in a targeted manner.
Application in Practice
- Mapping of torsion tests or engine test benches under laboratory conditions
- Investigation of start-up behaviour of machine tools

Bainisteoir tástála torsion
Is féidir an trealamh tástála torsion a úsáid chun na comhcheangail claí elastóimearacha mar a thugtar orthu a imscrúdú agus a thomhas. Tá an cineál seo de chóipeanna ag nascadh, mar shampla, na taobhanna ionchuir agus aschuir i dtrínne cumhachta gluaisteán agus is féidir leo torcaí arda a tharchur, ach tá iompar dinimiciúil casta acu. Tá stioghtas, histereis agus éifeachtaí creep neamhlíneacha ag baint le dearadh an ghualainn agus le heilimintí elastómaire.
Is féidir an banc tástála a úsáid chun na tréithe seo a anailísiú go mionsonraithe, chun na samhlacha comhfhreagracha a pharaméadaireacht agus a thástáil, agus rialaitheoirí a chruthú agus a thástáil bunaithe orthu. Tá dhá mhótar (torc ainmniúil 25Nm) ag feidhmiú mar ghníomhaitheoirí agus ceadaíonn siad cásanna tomhais a rothlú go saor. Ar an dá thaobh, déantar na uillinneacha torsional agus na torques chomh maith leis an teocht cúpála a thomhas. Ar thaobh na bogearraí, oibrítear an banc tástála laistigh de thimpeallacht MATLAB/Simulink, rud a shimpliú tástáil ar chur chuige rialaithe chun cinn.
Tá an banc tástála oiriúnach freisin chun feiniméin réabhlóide neamhlíneacha a imscrúdú, amhail na feiniméin a bhfuil aithne orthu ó iompar tosaithe meaisín uirlisí go meaisíní níocháin. Ar an mbealach seo, is féidir smaointe a fhorbairt agus a chur i bhfeidhm chun réamhrá a rialú in iarratais theicniúla nó fiú iad a úsáid ar bhealach spriocdhírithe.
An Chúnamh i gcleachtas
- Mapping de thástálacha torsion nó de bhanc tástála innill faoi choinníollacha saotharlainne
- Fiosrú ar iompar tosaithe meaisín uirlisí


PDF (Acrobat) Document File
Be sure that you have an application to open this file type before downloading and/or purchasing.
0.58 MB | 3 pages
Are you using Interactive Math Notebooks this year? Use this capacity lesson as a part of your math notebook. It includes an Capacity Measurement reference sheet on customary and metric capacity measurements, as well as a reflection with 5 choices of ways to reflect and a rubric for self-evaluation.
This meets Common Core Math Standards: 3.MD.A.2. It also meets the UK National Curriculum Maths Programme standards for Year 3.

Comhad doiciméad PDF (Acrobat)
Déan cinnte go bhfuil feidhmchlár agat chun an cineál comhad seo a oscailt sula ndéanann tú íoslódáil agus/nó ceannach.
0.58 MB. 3 leathanach
An bhfuil tú ag úsáid Nótaí Matamaitice Idirghníomhacha i mbliana? Úsáid an ceacht cumas seo mar chuid de do leabhar nótaí matamaitice. Áirítear leis bileog tagartha um thomhas cumas maidir le tomhais cumasa traidisiúnta agus méadrach, chomh maith le machnamh le 5 rogha bealaí chun machnamh a dhéanamh agus rúbric le haghaidh féinmheastóireachta.
Tá sé seo ag teacht le Caighdeáin Chórais Chrom na Matamaitice Coitinne: 3.MD.A.2. Comhlíonann sé freisin caighdeáin Chláir Náisiúnta Cúrsa Teagaisc na Ríochta Aontaithe do Bhliain 3.


An elaborate three-day coronation is taking place for the king of Thailand, and sacred water plays a key role in the consecration rites.
The official ceremonies, a mix of Brahmin and Buddhist rituals, begin on 4 May in the capital, Bangkok.
King Maha Vajiralongkorn, 66, inherited the throne upon the death of his revered father King Bhumibol Adulyadej in 2016. But in Thai royal tradition only after a king is consecrated does he become a Devaraja, or God king, and the upholder of Buddhism.
This is the first coronation in living memory for most of the Thai population and big crowds are expected to attend.
“This is a significant occasion where Thai people can reassure ourselves that we have long history, rich culture and close ties between the monarchy and the people,” says Prof Tongthong Chandransu from Chulalongkorn University – a researcher in Thai culture.
Historically, Thai society was established around the banks of its rivers which provided staples like rice and fish. So many of its ceremonies and traditions revolve around water.
For weeks leading up to the coronation, officials collected water from more than 100 sources across the country between 11:52 and 12:38 – deemed an auspicious time in Thai astrology.
The water was then blessed in Buddhist ceremonies at major temples before being combined in another consecration rite at Wat Suthat – one of Bangkok’s oldest temples.
The consecrated water is used in two rituals at the Grand Palace. The first is the bath to “purify” the king, where the water is poured over his body while he wears a white robe.
The second is to anoint the monarch. The king changes into his full regal vestments and is seated on an octagonal throne made of fig wood.
Eight people pour the water on his hands – this time that will include Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn – the king’s younger sister – Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-ocha, as well as Brahmins and royal court pandits (scholars).
The use of water is based on a Brahmin tradition dating back centuries, experts say.
Gold and diamonds
The king then goes to the Bhadrapitha Throne and sits under the nine-tiered umbrella, where he is presented with the Royal Regalia.
The crown is a more recent addition to royal tradition in Thailand, a concept popularised by European courts.
Created in the reign of King Rama I in the 1782, it is made of gold and adorned with diamonds.
It weighs 7.3kg, symbolising the weight of the responsibilities the king carries, according the Prof Tongthong.
The Royal Sword of Victory represents wisdom in governing the country. According to legend, it was found at the bottom of the Tonle Sap lake in Siem Reap, Cambodia and given as a gift to King Rama I. It’s said that when it arrived in Bangkok, seven lightning strikes hit the city simultaneously.
After the crowning and investiture ceremonies King Vajiralongkorn – who holds the titles Rama X, or the 10th king of the Chakri dynasty – will present his first royal command.
His father had said at the time of his coronation in 1950: “I will reign with righteousness, for the benefit and happiness of the Thai people”.
Green gourd and sesame seeds
After the coronation rites, the king takes up ceremonial residence at the Grand Palace – referred to in simple terms as a housewarming party.
In a private ceremony, at the Chakrapat Biman Royal Residence, he is escorted in by the women of the royal family.
They bring with them a cat and a white rooster, a grinding stone, a tray of green gourd, a tray of rice seeds, a tray of beans and a tray of sesame seeds. The grains represent abundance and fertility in Thai agriculture.
The significance of the cat is less straightforward. Some believe the owner of a new house should have a cat to chase away rat. Others believe the custom comes from a belief that cats expel demons and evil spirits, according to the Bangkok Post newspaper.
He’s also given a golden key to signify his ownership of the palace.
In the days after the main ceremonies, the newly anointed king will take part in processions around Bangkok and make a public appearance on his balcony to give ordinary Thais an opportunity to pay their respects.

Tá coróiníocht shaibhir trí lá á reáchtáil do rí na Téalainne, agus tá ról lárnach ag uisce naofa sna deasghnátha consecration.
Tosaíonn na searmanais oifigiúla, meascán de ríthe Brahmin agus Búdacha, ar an 4 Bealtaine sa phríomhchathair, Bangkok.
D'fhás an Rí Maha Vajiralongkorn, 66, ar an ríchathaoir tar éis bháis a athar, an Rí Bhumibol Adulyadej, i 2016. Ach i dtrádáil ríoga na Téalainne ní dhéantar Devaraja, nó rí Dé, agus cosantóir na Búdachais ach amháin tar éis don rí a bheith coisithe.
Is é seo an chéad choróináil i gcuimhne maireachtála don chuid is mó de dhaonra na Téalainne agus táthar ag súil go mbeidh sluaite mór i láthair.
"Is ócáid shuntasach é seo inar féidir le daoine na Téalainne a chinntiú dúinn féin go bhfuil stair fhada, cultúr saibhir agus dlúthcheangail idir an monarcacht agus an pobal againn", a deir an tOllamh Tongthong Chandransu ó Ollscoil Chulalongkorn, taighdeoir i gcultúr na Téalainne.
Go stairiúil, bunaíodh sochaí na Téalainne timpeall ar bhruach na n-aibhneacha a sholáthraíonn príomhchomhábhair cosúil le rís agus iasc. Tá an oiread sin de na searmanais agus na traidisiúin a bhaineann leis an uisce.
Le seachtainí roimh an coróiníocht, bhailíodh uachtaráin uisce ó níos mó ná 100 foinse ar fud na tíre idir 11:52 agus 12:38 - am a mheastar a bheith suirbhéach i astrology na Téalainne.
Ansin beannaíodh an t-uisce i searmanas Búdacha ag teampall móra sula gcuirtear le chéile é i rith eile naofaithe ag Wat Suthat  ceann de na teampall is sine i mBancóc.
Úsáidtear an t-uisce naofa i dhá deasghnátha ag an Grand Palace. Is é an chéad cheann an t-uisce chun an rí a "glanadh", áit a ndéantar an t-uisce a dhoirteadh thar a chorp agus é ag caitheamh gúna bán.
Is é an dara ceann an monarca a ungadh. Athraíonn an rí a chuid éadaí ríoga go hiomlán agus suíonn sé ar throne octagonal de chrainn fíg.
Leag ochtar daoine an t-uisce ar a lámha - an uair seo beidh an Banphrionsa Maha Chakri Sirindhorn san áireamh - deirfiúr níos óige an rí - Príomh-Aire Prayuth Chan-ocha, chomh maith le Brahmins agus pandits cúirte ríoga (saineolaithe).
Tá úsáid an uisce bunaithe ar thraidisiún Brahmin a théann siar go céadta bliain, a deir saineolaithe.
Óir agus déimeant
Téann an rí ansin go dtí an Bhadrapitha Throne agus suíonn sé faoin umbrella naoi leibhéal, áit a gcuirtear an Royal Regalia i láthair dó.
Is é an choróin breiseán níos déanaí do thraidisiún ríoga sa Téalainn, coincheap a rinne cúirteanna Eorpacha a shainmhíniú.
Cruthaíodh é i réim Rí Rama I sa bhliain 1782, tá sé déanta as ór agus adorned le diamonds.
Meáchan sé 7.3kg, is siombail é do mheáchan na bhfreagrachtaí a bhíonn ag an rí, de réir an Ollamh Tongthong.
Léiríonn an Sword Ríoga na Bua an eagna i rialtas na tíre. De réir na finscéalta, fuarthas é ag bun loch Tonle Sap i Siem Reap, an Chambóide agus tugadh é mar bhronntanas don Rí Rama I. Deirtear go raibh seacht gcraobh-bhuail ag bualadh ar an gcathair ag an am céanna nuair a tháinig sé i mBancóc.
Tar éis na searmanais choróinithe agus ionfhosctha, tabharfaidh an Rí Vajiralongkorn  a shealbhaíonn na teidil Rama X, nó an 10ú rí den ghlúin Chakri  a chéad ordú ríoga.
Dúirt a athair ag an am a choróiníodh é i 1950: "Rithim le fírinne, chun leasa agus sonas na ndaoine Thai".
Cúrca glas agus síolta seasaim
Tar éis na rúin choróinithe, glacann an rí áit chónaithe searmanach sa Grand Palace  dá ngairtear páirtí nua-thoilte go simplí.
I searmanas príobháideach, ag an gCónacht Ríoga Chakrapat Biman, tá mná den teaghlach ríoga ag gabháil isteach leis.
Tugann siad leo cat agus coileach bán, cloch muilte, tráidire de gourd glas, tráidire de síolta ríse, tráidire de bhéanna agus tráidire de síolta sesame. Léiríonn na gráin go leor agus torthúlacht in talmhaíocht na Téalainne.
Tá tábhacht an chait níos lú díreach. Creideann cuid acu gur chóir go mbeadh cat ag úinéir tí nua chun rothaí a dhíbirt. Creideann daoine eile go dtagann an cleachtas as an gcreideamh go bhfuil madraí ag cur amach deamhain agus spiorad olc, de réir nuachtán Bangkok Post.
Tugtar eochair órga dó freisin chun a úinéireacht ar an bpáirce a léiriú.
Sna laethanta tar éis na príomh-cheiliúradh, beidh an rí nua-oilte rannpháirteach i gcúrsaí timpeall Bangkok agus beidh sé le feiceáil go poiblí ar a bhalcóin chun deis a thabhairt do ghnáth-Thais a gcuid cúraimí a íoc.


Host-Pathogen and Host-Insect/Spider Indices
The indices are divided by host plant and type of disease observed (fungal, bacterial, viral, or nematode). Many of these diseases also had associated abiotic conditions contributing to the problem. Host plant names (species and cultivar or variety) are based on information provided by clients on the forms accompanying the samples but were not verified to assure accuracy. The majority of the samples were diagnosed based on symptom expression (macroscopic and microscopic examination), but other samples were cultured and additional tests carried out when considered necessary for more accurate diagnoses. Insect and Spider Identifications are organized by month, county and location of find. Typically only a family level identification was made.

Táscairí Óstach-Pathógine agus Óstach-Insect/Spider
Tá na táscairí roinnte de réir plandaí óstach agus de réir an chineálacha galair a breathnaíodh (fungach, baictéarach, víreasach nó nematóideach). Bhí coinníollacha abioticiúla gaolmhara ag go leor de na galair seo a chuir leis an bhfadhb. Tá ainmneacha plandaí óstach (speiceas agus coltach nó cineálacha) bunaithe ar fhaisnéis a chuir cliaint ar fáil ar na foirmeacha a bhí ag gabháil leis na samplaí ach níor fhíoraíodh iad chun cruinneas a chinntiú. Déantar diagnóis ar an bhformhór de na samplaí bunaithe ar léiriú na hairíonna (sgrúdú macrascópach agus micreascópach), ach déantar cultúr ar samplaí eile agus déantar tástálacha breise nuair a mheastar go bhfuil gá le diagnóis níos cruinne. Déantar Aitheantais Insect agus Spider a eagrú de réir míosa, contae agus áiteanna a fhaightear. De ghnáth ní dhéantar ach sainaithint ar leibhéal an teaghlaigh.


With recent extreme weather events in Texas, some are questioning the reliability of alternate energy while others are questioning traditional oil and gas sources of energy. What seems clear is a growing need to have diverse sources of energy, one of which includes offshore wind energy. This is an important topic for many federal agencies in coastal areas that might be affected by these facilities. The following summarizes the current status of wind energy generation, current U.S. projects, and how the regulatory process works in developing an offshore wind energy facility.
What is the History and Current Status of Wind Energy Generation?
The land-based generation of energy from the wind dates back at least two thousand years, primarily as a means to grind grain, ventilate buildings or move water. Consequently, the 20th century saw the advent of wind-powered electricity generators providing power to individual residences and businesses, as well as contributing to national electrical grids. Although the great majority of “wind farms” (multiple turbines within an individual facility) in the United States and worldwide are terrestrially located, wind energy turbines are now being positioned in shallow coastal areas, the first built off the coast of Denmark in 1991. Offshore winds are abundant and tend to blow harder and more uniformly than on land. See Figure 1.
Offshore wind farms have many of the same advantages as land-based wind farms. They:
- provide renewable energy;
- do not consume water;
- provide a domestic energy source;
- create jobs; and
- do not emit environmental pollutants or greenhouse gases.1
However, questions remain as to their impacts on birds, migratory fish, and marine mammals. Also, offshore wind farms built within view of the coastline may be unpopular among local residents and may affect tourism and property values. Some deeper areas of the continental shelf are now also being studied to utilize floating wind turbines, as are several demonstrators and pre-commercial projects in the North Sea, the Mediterranean and East Asia. See Figure 2.
Although the United Kingdom, Germany, China, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Denmark are the current world leaders in both the number of wind turbines on-line and megawatt capacity, the U.S. is moving forward. Data on the technical resource potential suggest more than 2,000 gigawatts (GW) could be accessed in state and federal waters along the maritime coasts of the United States and the Great Lakes.2
Here are some current offshore wind projects in the U.S.:
- Rhode Island is the home of the first energy-producing U.S wind farm, the 30-megawatt (MW) Block Island development located in state waters;
- Virginia installed the first offshore wind turbines in federal waters with the Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind 12 MW pilot project which is almost ready to enter commercial service;
- An 800 MW project off North Carolina has been planned;
- The Vineyard 800 MW wind farm off Massachusetts is undergoing federal review;
- New York is aiming for an installed wind capacity of nine GWs by 2035; and
- Maryland is planning for a wind energy farm consisting of 32 turbines to come on-line in 2023.
A summary of the status of activity in the different states can be found at https://www.boem.gov/renewable-energy/state-activities. See Figure 3.
Who Guides the Regulatory Process?
Federal laws are the principal legal vehicle governing the development of U.S. offshore wind energy generation, with state and local laws coming into play if the facility is located in state waters. The U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) directs all renewable energy projects on the Outer Continental Shelf, including the administering of leases.
Pursuant to the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 USC §13201 et seq.) BOEM is required to coordinate with relevant federal agencies and affected state and local governments, obtain fair returns for leases and grants issued, and ensure that renewable energy development takes place in a safe and environmentally responsible manner.3
Other relevant legislation that may impact BOEM’s project facilitation, lease approval and oversight includes the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA); Endangered Species Act (ESA); Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA); Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA); Merchant Marine Act of 1920 (The Jones Act); and Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCLSA). Other federal agencies such as the U.S. Coast Guard, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers may work with BOEM to regulate certain activities and/or the impacts of offshore wind energy projects on specific coastal and marine resources.
How Does BOEM’s Regulatory Process Work?
BOEM’s renewable energy program occurs in four distinct phases: planning and analysis; leasing; site assessment; and construction and operations.4
1. Planning and Analysis (1-2 years)
The planning and analysis phase seeks to identify suitable areas for wind energy leasing consideration through collaborative, consultative, and analytical processes that engage stakeholders, tribes, and state and federal government agencies. This is the phase when BOEM conducts environmental compliance reviews and consults with tribes, states, and natural resource agencies.
2. Leasing (1-2 years)
Commercial wind energy leases may be issued either through a competitive or noncompetitive process. A commercial lease does not grant the right to construct any facilities but offers the ability to develop specific plans which must be approved by BOEM.
3. Site Assessment (up to 5 years)
The site assessment phase includes the submission of a site assessment plan, which contains the lessee’s detailed proposal for construction. BOEM may approve, approve with modification, or disapprove a lessee’s site assessment plan.
4. Construction and Operations (2 years)
The construction and operations phase consists of the submission of a detailed construction and operations plan. BOEM conducts environmental and technical reviews (under NEPA) of the construction and operations plan and decides whether to approve, approve with modification, or disapprove the plan. If approved, the company will enter a 25-year commercial lease, with the possibility of renewal beyond the initial period.
How Can Scout Assist You?
Developing a wind energy site may be a time-consuming process, and developers face several hurdles to get to the finish line. Although the cost may be prohibitive to some, future cost reductions could occur through engineering innovations, industrialization, a favorable political climate, and market competition. With our staff of experienced scientists, Scout is ready to help guide you through the complex regulatory process or guide you to understand how these projects might impact your military mission. For further inquiries or more information please contact firstname.lastname@example.org.
1Advantages and Challenges of Wind Energy, Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, 2016.
2Computing America’s Offshore Wind Energy Potential, Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, 2016.
3Renewable Energy: Regulatory Framework and Guidelines, BOEM, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., 2021.
4See generally BOEM Fact Sheet, Wind Energy Commercial Leasing Process, BOEM, Washington, D.C., January 24, 2017.

Le himeachtaí aimsire iomarcacha le déanaí i Texas, tá cuid acu ag ceistiú iontaofacht an fhuinnimh malartaigh agus tá daoine eile ag ceistiú foinsí traidisiúnta ola agus gáis fuinnimh. Is léir go bhfuil gá ag fás le foinsí éagsúla fuinnimh, lena n-áirítear fuinneamh gaoithe amach ón gcósta. Is ábhar tábhachtach é seo do go leor gníomhaireachtaí cónaidhme i gceantair chósta a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a bheith acu ar na háiseanna seo. Tugann an méid seo a leanas achoimre ar an staid reatha maidir le giniúint fuinnimh gaoithe, tionscadail reatha na SA, agus conas a oibríonn an próiseas rialála chun saoráid fuinnimh gaoithe amach ón gcósta a fhorbairt.
Cad é stair agus staid reatha na giniúna fuinnimh gaoithe?
Tá an táirgeadh fuinnimh ó ghaoth ar talamh ag dul siar ar a laghad dhá mhíle bliain, go príomha mar bhealach chun gráin a mhion, foirgnimh a aeráil nó uisce a bhogadh. Dá bhrí sin, tháinig gineadóirí leictreachais a bhainistítear le cumhacht gaoithe chun cumhacht a sholáthar do chónaithe agus do ghnólachtaí aonair, chomh maith le rannchuidiú le gréasán leictreach náisiúnta. Cé go bhfuil an chuid is mó de na "pharcaí gaoithe" (turbinaí iomadúla laistigh de chuspóir aonair) sna Stáit Aontaithe agus ar fud an domhain suite ar thalamh, tá turbinaí fuinnimh gaoithe á gcur anois i gceantair chósta íseal, an chéad cheann a tógadh amach ó chósta na Danmhairge i 1991. Tá gaotha farraige ann go leor agus bíonn claonadh acu a bheith níos láidre agus níos comhionann ná ar an talamh. Féach Fíor 1.
Tá go leor buntáistí ag feirmeacha gaoithe farraige mar a bhíonn ag feirmeacha gaoithe ar talamh. iad:
- fuinneamh in-athnuaite a sholáthar;
- ná bí ag ól uisce;
- foinse fuinnimh baile a sholáthar;
- post a chruthú; agus
- nach ndéanann siad truailliúcháin chomhshaoil ná gáis cheaptha teasa a dhíothú (').
Mar sin féin, tá ceisteanna fós maidir lena dtionchar ar éin, ar éisc imirceacha, agus ar mhamaigh mara. Chomh maith leis sin, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh droch-chaighdeán ag muintir na háite maidir le páirceanna gaoithe amach ón gcósta a tógadh le feiceáil ar an gcósta agus d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh tionchar aige ar an turasóireacht agus ar luachanna maoine. Tá roinnt réimsí níos doimhne den sceifte mórthír á staidéar anois freisin chun turbinaí gaoithe snámha a úsáid, mar atá roinnt taispeántóirí agus tionscadail réamhthráchtála sa Mhuir Thuaidh, sa Mheánmhuir agus in Oirthear na hÁise. Féach Fíor 2.
Cé go bhfuil an Ríocht Aontaithe, an Ghearmáin, an tSín, an Ísiltír, an Bheilg, agus an Danmhairg ar na ceannairí domhanda faoi láthair i líon na tuirbíní gaoithe ar líne agus i gcumas meigwatt, tá na Stáit Aontaithe ag dul ar aghaidh. Tugann sonraí faoin acmhainn acmhainní teicniúla le fios go bhféadfaí rochtain a fháil ar níos mó ná 2,000 gigawatt (GW) in uiscí stáit agus cónaidhme ar feadh chóstaí muirí na Stát Aontaithe agus na Lochlanna Mór.
Seo roinnt tionscadal gaoithe amach ón gcósta sna Stáit Aontaithe:
- Is é Rhode Island an baile ar an gcéad pháirc gaoithe a tháirgeann fuinneamh sna Stáit Aontaithe, forbairt Block Island 30 megawatt (MW) atá suite in uiscí stáit;
- Chuir Virginia na chéad turbinaí gaoithe amach ón gcósta in uisce cónaidhme leis an tionscadal píolótach 12 MW Gaoithe amach ón gcósta de chuid Virginia atá beagnach réidh le dul i seirbhís tráchtála;
- Tá tionscadal 800 MW amach ó Carolina Thuaidh beartaithe;
- Tá an fheirm gaoithe 800 MW Vineyard ó Massachusetts faoi athbhreithniú cónaidhme;
- Tá sé mar aidhm ag Nua-Eabhrac cumas gaoithe suiteáilte de naoi GW a bheith aige faoi 2035; agus
- Tá Maryland ag pleanáil chun feirm fuinnimh gaoithe a chomhdhéanta de 32 turbín a thagann ar líne i 2023.
Is féidir achoimre ar stádas na gníomhaíochta sna stáit éagsúla a fháil ag https://www.boem.gov/renewable-energy/state-activities. Féach Fíor 3.
Cé a threoraíonn an Próiseas Rialála?
Is iad dlíthe cónaidhme an phríomhfheithicil dhlíthiúil a rialaíonn forbairt ghiniúint fuinnimh gaoithe amach ón gcósta sna Stáit Aontaithe, agus bíonn dlíthe stáit agus áitiúla ag teacht i bhfeidhm má tá an saoráid lonnaithe in uiscí stáit. Tá an Oifig um Bainistíocht Fuinnimh Aigéin (BOEM) i gceannas ar gach tionscadal fuinnimh in-athnuaite ar an Seilf Chontaeach Eachtrach, lena n-áirítear maireachtáil ar léasanna.
De réir an Achta um Bheartas Fuinnimh 2005 (42 USC §13201 et seq.) Tá sé de cheangal ar BOEM comhordú a dhéanamh le gníomhaireachtaí cónaidhme ábhartha agus le rialtais stáit agus áitiúla lena mbaineann, toradh cóir a fháil ar léasanna agus deontais a eisítear, agus a chinntiú go dtarlaíonn forbairt fuinnimh in-athnuaite ar bhealach sábháilte agus atá freagrach ó thaobh an chomhshaoil de.
I measc reachtaíocht ábhartha eile a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a bheith aige ar éascaíocht tionscadail BOEM, ar cheadú léasa agus ar mhaoirseacht, tá an tAcht um Bheartas Náisiúnta Comhshaoil (NEPA); Acht um Speicis i mbaol (ESA); Acht um Chonradh ar Éan Imirce (MBTA); Acht um Bhainistíocht Limistéir Chósta (CZMA); Acht Muirí Trádála 1920 (An tAcht Jones); agus Acht um Thailte an Chill Chuardaigh Thuaidh (OCLSA). Cuimsíonn an t-eaglaisí cónaidhme eile, mar shampla Garda Cósta na Stát Aontaithe, Riarachán Náisiúnta na nAigéan agus na hAthmosféare (NOAA), Riarachán na Stát Aontaithe um Fhorbairt Eacnamaíoch (NFOE), agus Riarachán na Stát Aontaithe um Fhorbairt Eacnamaíoch (NFOE). Féadfaidh an tSeirbhís Iascaigh agus Fiadhúlra agus Cór Innealtóirí Arm na Stát Aontaithe oibriú le BOEM chun gníomhaíochtaí áirithe agus/nó tionchair thionscadail fuinnimh gaoithe amach ón gcósta ar acmhainní áirithe cósta agus mara a rialáil.
Conas a Oibríonn Próiseas Rialála BOEM?
Tá clár fuinnimh in-athnuaite BOEM i gceithre chéim ar leith: pleanáil agus anailís; léas; measúnú ar an láthair; agus tógáil agus oibríochtaí.4
1. an t-am a bhí ann. Pleanáil agus Anailís (1-2 bhliain)
Tá sé mar aidhm ag an gcéim pleanála agus anailíse limistéir oiriúnacha a shainaithint le haghaidh breithniú ar léasáil fuinnimh gaoithe trí phróisis chomhoibritheacha, comhairliúcháin agus anailíseacha a chuireann páirtithe leasmhara, treibheanna agus gníomhaireachtaí rialtais stáit agus rialtais cónaidhme i mbun oibre. Is é seo an chéim nuair a dhéanann BOEM athbhreithnithe ar chomhlíonadh comhshaoil agus déanann sé dul i gcomhairle le treibheanna, stáit agus gníomhaireachtaí acmhainní nádúrtha.
2. Seachadadh. Díoltóireacht (1-2 bliana)
Is féidir léasanna aerthrádála tráchtála a eisiúint trí phróiseas iomaíoch nó neamhiomaíoch. Ní thugann léas tráchtála an ceart aon áiseanna a thógáil ach cuireann sé an cumas ar fáil pleananna sonracha a fhorbairt a chaithfidh BOEM a fhormheas.
3. Tá an t-am ann. Measúnú ar an Suíomh (suas le 5 bliana)
I measc chéim mheasúnaithe an láithreáin tá plean measúnaithe láithreáin a chur isteach, ina bhfuil togra mionsonraithe an léasóra le haghaidh tógála. Féadfaidh BOEM plean measúnaithe láithreán an léasóra a fhormheas, a fhormheas le modhú, nó a dhiúltú.
4. Tá an t-am Tógáil agus Oibríochtaí (2 bhliain)
Is éard atá sa chéim tógála agus oibríochtaí ná plean mionsonraithe tógála agus oibríochtaí a chur isteach. Déantar athbhreithnithe comhshaoil agus teicniúla (faoin NEPA) ar an bplean tógála agus oibríochta ag BOEM agus cinntíonn sé an bhfuil an plean le ceadú, le ceadú le modhnú nó le diúltú. Má fhaightear cead, cuirfidh an chuideachta conradh léasa tráchtála 25 bliana i bhfeidhm, agus is féidir é a athnuachan thar an tréimhse tosaigh.
Conas is Féidir le Scout cabhrú leat?
D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh próiseas fada ag baint le suíomh fuinnimh gaoithe a fhorbairt, agus bíonn roinnt constaicí i gcoinne na bhforbróirí chun an líne chríochnaithe a bhaint amach. Cé go bhféadfadh an costas a bheith cosanta do chuid acu, d'fhéadfadh laghdú costais a bheith ann amach anseo trí nuálaíochtaí innealtóireachta, tionsclaíocht, aeráid pholaitiúil fabhrach, agus iomaíocht margaidh. Le ár bhfoireann eolaithe a bhfuil taithí acu, tá Scout réidh chun cabhrú leat treoir a fháil tríd an bpróiseas rialaithe casta nó treoir a thabhairt duit chun tuiscint a fháil ar an gcaoi a bhféadfadh na tionscadail seo tionchar a bheith acu ar do mhisean míleata. Le haghaidh tuilleadh fiosrúcháin nó tuilleadh faisnéise, déan teagmháil le firstname.lastname@example.org.
1Buntáistí agus dúshláin fuinnimh gaoithe, Roinn Fuinnimh, Oifig na héifeachtúlachta fuinnimh agus an fhuinnimh in-athnuaite, 2016.
2Computing America's Offshore Wind Energy Potential, Roinn Fuinnimh, Oifig Éifeachtachta Fuinnimh agus Fuinnimh In-athnuaite, 2016.
3Eolaíochtaí Inathnuaite: Creat Rialaithe agus Treoirlínte, BOEM, Roinn Intíre na Stát Aontaithe, Washington, D.C., 2021.
4Feic go ginearálta Leabhrán Físeán BOEM, Próiseas Díolacháin Tráchtála Fuinnimh Gaoithe, BOEM, Washington, D.C., 24 Eanáir 2017.


Women’s History Month Activities | Celebrating Her Story
March 1, 2017
Women's History Month Activities for Your K-12 Students
The month of March is a time to reflect on, celebrate, and recognize women who have made great strides in the world. The honorary observance of National Women’s History Month in March was declared in 1987 by the U.S. Congress, and we are excited for the opportunity to take an in-depth look at women’s history, issues, and continued work towards recognition and rights in the world we know today.
Try these activities in your classroom to learn more about pioneering women, movements, and lessons from the past and the present.
Breaking Down Barriers: Making "Herstory"
Grades Pre-K-2 or Grades 3-5
Have students form an understanding of women who broke down barriers of their time.
Facilitate active reading and critical thinking.
Learn about women throughout history who have done something that others might not have accepted. For emerging readers, choose different women to learn about throughout the month of March and read about them together as a class. Annotate the articles with your class as you read. Highlight new vocabulary, call out the evidence that helps to answer the main questions, and add class comments, connections, and summaries. For more advanced readers, have them choose a woman to read about on their own. They should also use your annotation prompts while reading.
Have students answer these questions:
• What did this woman do that was groundbreaking for her time?
• How did others view her during that time? Did they appreciate her or were some of them upset? If some were upset, why?
• What challenges did she face?
• What surprised you about her life, background, or family?
Create a board for the classroom for the month of March and put images and important facts around the featured women on the board. At the end of Women’s History Month, review all of the women you’ve learned about and have students draw a picture of or write a letter to the woman they’d most like to have lunch with. Have them share their reasons with the class.
Try this activity with LaunchPacks, which includes annotation tools, such as digital highlighting and note-taking. If you don’t already subscribe to LaunchPacks, start your free 60-day access today and use it for all of Women’s History Month.
Create a New National Holiday
Grades 3-5 or Grades 6-8
If Congress were to add a national holiday that honored the contributions of one woman, whom should it be? Have each student choose a woman to research and then make the case for why she should be honored with a national holiday.
This activity promotes active reading and inquiry-based learning.
Activity, Part 1:
Break students up into small groups. Have students work together to do preliminary research to narrow down a shortlist of women who have made major contributions to society. Then, have each person in the group choose a different woman from that list to research more thoroughly.
As they learn about their chosen female leader, have them answer the following questions:
• What was her most significant achievement?
• What were her biggest challenges?
• Whose lives did she impact the most?
• Give five reasons why she should be honored with a national holiday.
Activity, Part 2:
Have students return to their groups and share their findings. In each group, have the students collectively nominate one woman to present to “Congress” (i.e., the class) on why she deserves a national holiday in her honor.
In each group, have the students answer these questions and create their presentation to Congress.
• What would be the name of the holiday?
• What date will your holiday be and why?
• How will the United States celebrate this holiday?
• How would you promote this holiday to the country? Create a flyer for the first celebration.
• Why is she the woman who should be honored above all others?
Women’s Suffrage: Reader’s Theater
Grades 6-8 or Grades 9-12
Have students analyze individuals who were involved in the women’s suffrage movement and then create a short play using anecdotes, quotes, images, and biographical information.
This activity promotes critical thinking and increases comprehension by engaging students in a collaborative performance.
Have small groups of students research four individuals from the women’s suffrage movement during the late 1800s. During their research, students should collect information about the events, ideas, and contributions each person was involved with in relation to the movement.
Students should form small groups. Using the information they found, students should create a play to show what they learned, using quotes, anecdotes, visual displays, and images to convey their findings.
• Invite younger classes to watch these performances.
• Expand this activity to women beyond the suffrage movement or to men who played a role either for or against women’s suffrage.
We’ve shared suggested resources for these activities from Britannica LaunchPacks: Social Studies. If you don’t already have access, you can get free access now to 1,600 curriculum-relevant subject Packs that include organized supplemental resources, such as informational text with annotation capabilities, media, timelines, maps, and primary sources. Give it a try, or use these strategies with your own classroom resources!

Gníomhaíochtaí Mí Stair na mBan. A Stair a Cheiliúradh
1 Márta, 2017
Gníomhaíochtaí Mí Stair na mBan do Do Mhic Léinn K-12
Is é mí an Mhárta an t-am chun machnamh a dhéanamh ar mhná a rinne dul chun cinn mór ar fud an domhain, a cheiliúradh agus a aithint. D'fhógair Comhdháil na Stát Aontaithe mí na hIarbhliana Náisiúnta um Stair na mBan i mí an Mhárta, agus táimid ag súil go mór leis an deis chun breathnú go domhain ar stair na mban, ar shaincheisteanna agus ar obair leanúnach i dtreo aitheantas agus cearta sa domhan a bhfuil a fhios againn inniu.
Déan na gníomhaíochtaí seo a dhéanamh i do rangleibhéal chun níos mó a fhoghlaim faoi mhná tosaitheora, gluaiseachtaí, agus ceachtanna ón am atá caite agus ón am atá ann.
Ag Briseadh síos na bacainní: "Astóir" a dhéanamh
Gráid Roimh-K-2 nó Gráid 3-5
Cuir ar na daltaí tuiscint a chruthú ar mhná a bhris bacanna a gcuid ama.
Éascú ar léitheoireacht ghníomhach agus ar smaointeoireacht chriticiúil.
Foghlaim faoi mhná le linn na staire a rinne rud éigin a d'fhéadfadh daoine eile a bheith neamhghnách. I gcás léitheoirí atá ag teacht chun cinn, roghnaigh mná éagsúla chun foghlaim faoi i rith mhí an Mhárta agus léigh faoi mar chlas. Déan nótaí ar na hailt le do rang agus tú ag léamh. Léiríonn an fhocal nua, lua na fianaise a chabhraíonn le freagra a thabhairt ar na príomhcheisteanna, agus cuir tuairimí, nascanna agus achoimre sa rang leis. I gcás léitheoirí níos forbartha, bíodh siad ag roghnú bean chun léamh fúthu féin. Ba cheart dóibh freisin do chuid treoracha annotation a úsáid agus iad ag léamh.
Cuir na ceisteanna seo a leanas ar na mic léinn:
• Cad a rinne an bhean seo a bhí ina thréimhse réabhlóideach dá chuid ama?
• Cén chaoi a raibh daoine eile ag féachaint uirthi le linn na tréimhse sin? An raibh meas acu uirthi nó an raibh imní ar roinnt acu? Má bhí fearg ar roinnt acu, cén fáth?
• Cé na dúshláin a bhí uirthi?
• Cad a chuir iontas ort faoi shaol, faoi chúlra nó faoi theaghlach an bhean?
Cruthaigh bord don seomra ranga don mhí Márta agus cuir pictiúir agus fíricí tábhachtacha timpeall na mban a bhfuil gnéithe acu ar an mbord. Ag deireadh mhí Stair na mBan, déan athbhreithniú ar na mná go léir a d'fhoghlaim tú fúthu agus bíodh pictiúr de na mná a tharraingíonn tú nó litir a scríobh chuig na mná is fearr a mbeadh siad ag iarraidh lóin a ithe leo. Cuir in iúl dóibh a gcuid cúiseanna leis an rang.
Bain triail as an ngníomhaíocht seo le LaunchPacks, lena n-áirítear uirlisí annotation, mar shampla béim dhigiteach agus nótaí a thógáil. Mura bhfuil tú sínithe cheana féin ar LaunchPacks, tosaigh le do rochtain saor in aisce 60 lá inniu agus bain úsáid as le haghaidh Mí Stair na mBan ar fad.
Lá Fhéile Náisiúnta Nua a chruthú
Gráid 3-5 nó Gráid 6-8
Dá mbeadh an Comhdháil ag cur laethanta saoire náisiúnta a chuirfeadh onóir ar ranníocaíochtaí bean amháin, cé ba cheart dó a bheith? Lig do gach mac léinn bean a roghnú chun taighde a dhéanamh agus ansin an cás a dhéanamh cén fáth ar chóir sí a onóir le hoíche náisiúnta.
Cuirtear an ghníomhaíocht seo chun cinn le léamh gníomhach agus foghlaim bunaithe ar fhiosrúchán.
Gníomhaíocht, Cuid 1:
Roinnt na mic léinn i ngrúpaí beaga. Cuir na mic léinn ag obair le chéile chun taighde réamh a dhéanamh chun gearrliosta de mhná a rinne ranníocaíochtaí móra leis an tsochaí a laghdú. Ansin, bíodh gach duine sa ghrúpa ag roghnú bean éagsúil ón liosta sin chun taighde níos mionsonraithe a dhéanamh.
Agus iad ag foghlaim faoi an bhean ceannaire a roghnaigh siad, iarr orthu na ceisteanna seo a leanas a fhreagairt:
• Cad a bhí ina shaothar is suntasaí?
• Cad iad na dúshláin is mó a bhí aici?
• Cé acu na daoine a raibh tionchar is mó aici orthu?
• Tabhair cúig chúis a léiríonn go bhfuil sé de cheart go mbeadh féile náisiúnta aici.
Gníomhaíocht, Cuid 2:
Cuir na mic léinn ar ais chuig a ngrúpaí agus roinn a gcuid torthaí. I ngach grúpa, iarr ar na mic léinn bean amháin a ainmniú go comhchoiteann chun a chur i láthair ag Congress (i.e., an rang) ar an gcúis go bhfuil sí ag tuillte saoire náisiúnta ina onóir.
I ngach grúpa, lig do na mic léinn na ceisteanna seo a fhreagairt agus a gcuid cur i láthair a chruthú don Choimisiún.
• Cad a bheadh i gceist le hainm an lae saoire?
• Cén dáta a bheidh do laethanta saoire agus cén fáth?
• Conas a cheiliúrfaidh na Stáit Aontaithe an saoire seo?
• Conas a chur an saoire seo chun cinn sa tír? Léarscáil a chruthú don chéad cheiliúradh.
• Cén fáth gur í an bhean is mó a bhfuil onóir aici ná aon bhean eile?
An Suirbhé: Teilifís na Léitheoirí
Gráid 6-8 nó Gráid 9-12
Cuir ar na daltaí anailís a dhéanamh ar dhaoine aonair a bhí páirteach i ngluaiseacht vótála na mban agus ansin dráma gearr a chruthú ag baint úsáide as anegdotes, luachan, íomhánna, agus faisnéis bheathaisnéis.
Spreagann an ghníomhaíocht seo smaointeoireacht chriticiúil agus méadaíonn sé tuiscint trí dhaltaí a chur i mbun taibhiú comhoibritheach.
Cuir grúpaí beaga mac léinn ag déanamh taighde ar cheithre dhuine ó ghluaiseacht vótála na mban le linn na 1800idí déanach. Le linn a gcuid taighde, ba cheart do mhic léinn faisnéis a bhailiú faoi na himeachtaí, na smaointe agus na ranníocaíochtaí a raibh baint ag gach duine leo i ndáil leis an ngluaiseacht.
Ba cheart do dhaltaí grúpaí beaga a fhoirmiú. Ag baint úsáide as an bhfaisnéis a fuair siad, ba cheart do mhic léinn dráma a chruthú chun a thaispeáint cad a d'fhoghlaim siad, ag baint úsáide as luachan, anacdóidí, taispeántais amhairc agus íomhánna chun a gcuid torthaí a chur in iúl.
• Iarr ar ranganna níos óige na léirithe seo a fheiceáil.
• An ghníomhaíocht seo a leathnú chuig mná lasmuigh den ghluaiseacht vótála nó chuig fir a bhí i gceist le vótáil na mban nó i gcoinne vótála na mban.
Tá acmhainní molta againn do na gníomhaíochtaí seo ó Britannica LaunchPacks: Social Studies. Má tá rochtain agat cheana féin, is féidir leat rochtain saor in aisce a fháil anois ar 1,600 Pacáiste ábhar a bhaineann le curaclam a chuimsíonn acmhainní forlíontacha eagraithe, mar shampla téacs faisnéise le cumais annotation, meán, amlíne, léarscáileanna, agus foinsí príomhúla. Déan iarracht é, nó bain úsáid as na straitéisí seo le hacmhainní do sheomra ranga féin!


Metal silos are constructed from sheet metal, often by local artisans. They are designed as grain stores but are sometimes used as water tanks. They range in capacity from 90kg to 3000kg. They should be located inside a house or under a shelter and placed on wooden pallets to prevent contact with ground moisture corroding the metal.
When fully sealed metal silos are gas-tight (hermetic) so that when filled with grain and tightly closed, a modified atmosphere is created that will kill insect pests.
Capacity: 90kg - 3t
Lifespan: 15 year - 20 year
Initial cost: US$ 197 - 550
Cost per tonne per year: US$ 11 - 31
CEREALS - Maize (Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda); Millet (Kenya); Paddy rice (SE Asia); Sorghum (Kenya, Uganda)
PULSES - Common beans (Kenya, Uganda), Cowpea (Uganda)
Materials:- galvanised metal sheet (0.5mm thick or 26 gauge), and solder (50:50 lead:tin)
Manufactured locally by artisans trained by metal silo projects. Also Kenya has a company (Ekima) that is manufacturing them. Where possible the structures are constructed close to where they will be used to avoid the transport of large awkward structures.
With good maintenance, metal silos typically remain usable for 15 to 20 years. Variations in lifespan depend on conformity to installation and management recommendations, such as provision of shade, positioning on a pallet to avoid contact with moisture. Common malpractices include placing heavy objects on the silo, poor installation (placing the silo on an uneven platform, on the floor and exposure to water and sunshine). Extension messages advocating proper installation can be accessed using a Airtel mobile phone SMS facility called 321.
Marketing and promotions:
Metal silos have been the focus of numerous promotional campaigns across Africa in recent years (see below), and Central America since 1990s. Kenya - 2012-2014; Malawi - A number of campaigns including the launch by the President in April 2007. Metal silos mounted on floats during Independence Celebrations (2008 - 2011), displayed during the National Agricultural Fairs (2007- 2014), displayed in Agricultural Shows at national, Agricultural Development division and district levels (2007- 2014), Farmer field days and open days (2007- 2014); Tanzania- (years not specified); Uganda - Mar 2014-May 2015 (through WFP); Zambia: - 2007 to date; Zimbabwe - 2010 to date.
Success and nature of marketing:
Metal silos have been the focus of numerous promotional campaigns across Africa in recent years, and Central America since 1990s. Kenya - 2012-2014; Malawi - A number of campaigns including the launch by the President in April 2007. Metal silos mounted on floats during Independence Celebrations (2008 - 2011), displayed during the National Agricultural Fairs (2007- 2014), displayed in Agricultural Shows at national, Agricultural Development division and district levels (2007- 2014), Farmer field days and open days (2007- 2014); Tanzania- (years not specified); Uganda - Mar 2014-May 2015 (through WFP); Zambia: - 2007 to date; Zimbabwe - 2010 to date.
Training as part of the campaign:
Training has featured in the promotion campaigns, including: Demonstration of proper use of metal silos (~30 mins). Training local artisans in the fabrication of metal silos (typically a 5 day training during which they each construct a full-size metal silo from scratch and learn about postharvest losses). A training manual for local artisans has been developed (Kenya, Zimbabwe, Malawi). In Malawi some reported that too much emphasis was put on local fabrication and distribution of metal silos and not on training of extension services in the proper utilisation of the technology. More recently CIMMYT has trained front line staff, agro-dealers, and lead farmers and as a result adoption has increased in Mchinji and Lilongwe. Extension training in Zimbabwe took 3-5 days, involving a field visit to a site where the silo was being used, demonstrating the silo model and visiting the workshops at IAE. In Uganda WFP organised a 1 day training on improved postharvest management techniques and practical applications of new handling and storage equipment. This was followed up with on-farm refresher training and correct positioning of new storage technologies.
Degree of adoption:
Despite the significant amount of promotion of metal silos, it appears that no comprehensive adoption study has yet been done. Respondents suggest the following extent of adoption: Kenya - very limited, mainly in Western and Eastern; Malawi - not widely adopted due to high initial costs but wealthy peri-urban farmers adopt them. 500 silos have been made by artisans; Rwanda - only adopted in project target districts; Tanzania - adoption is still very low as it is new; Zimbabwe - adoption is very limited; Uganda - 3,652 metal silos distributed by WFP at 70% subsidised rate in Tororo, Soroti, Gulu and Mbarara; Myanmar - seen but often not used anymore.
Reason for adoption:
- User friendly for women (women who are mainly accountable for HH level food security) like the outlet location
- More durable than other storage facilities. Solid and sturdy. Life span of >15 years
- Kills insects
- Easy use of chemicals during grain storage (e.g. they can use phostoxin once/ year)
- Strong protection of grains (no rats can enter metal silos)
- When hermetic, they eliminate the need to use storage pesticides so no residue on food
- Occupy only a small space
- Can store grain within the house, providing grain security
- May be locked, this reduces theft of grains within the house
- It is often given out for free
- Portable (when empty) and can be set up at a homestead at short notice
- Locally made
- Choice of different grain capacities
- Does not require local natural resources (e.g. wood, thatch) to be harvested each year for construction
- Very limited maintenance required
- Status symbol for farmers
Weaknesses of this store:
- Often difficult to seal the inlet and outlet ports and therefore to create the hermetic conditions and maintain them during the storage period
- Not necessarily hermetic so that farmers may need to fumigate them
- Needs to be handled with care during long-distance transport
- Needs to be located within a house or under a shelter to protect from sun and rain
- Can be difficult to install a metal silo in a house with a small door
- If grain >14%mc is stored then caking and discolouration of the grain may result, unlike storage with PP bags where grain may lose moisture during storage in dry conditions
- Silo quality may be variable as metal silos are handmade
- Loading and off-loading grain can be difficult
Barriers to adoption:
- Costly. Requires large initial capital, so it is difficult for smallholders to afford metal silos
- Often no commercial supplier of metal silos
- Poorly developed supply chain for necessary construction materials
- Some houses are too small to accommodate metal silos, and the farmer may then have to build a shelter outside at further cost
- Are they really cost effective? Are PHL more than the buy back cost of grain from local retail market?
- Understanding the concept of a hermetic store can be tricky for smallholder farmers, and this may lead farmers to be sceptical
- Agricultural extension officers don’t treat crop storage a key activity and so don't prioritise the technology
- Trained artisans do not have initial capital to start the enterprise, especially when demand is not certain, they alos need agri-business training
- Govt or project should subsidize metal silos so they are affordable for poor farmer
- Commercial approach combined with financial products for farmers
- Removal of tax on metal sheets or at least provide government subsidy for metal sheeting intended for silo construction
- Encourage youth to attend training as they may better understand the science behind hermetic conditions
- Redesign outlet to facilitate easy sealing
- Silos should not be promoted as a hermetic only, but also to use in combination with a grain protectant
- Rubber tubing is becoming more scarce as many vehicles use tubeless tyres nowadays, so supply of rubber to seal inlet and outlet ports needs attention
- More training in agri-business/market based approaches, value chain systems, technical postharvest aspects
- Forming farmer groups to ease access to credit or to set-up merry-go-round savings scheme
Use by institutions:
Malawi - Somebody Cares Ministries in Lilongwe (assisting the vulnerable groups-widows, elderly and orphans), Maziko Vocational Centre in Salima, NGOs (World Vision, CADECOM, Rural Livelihoods, Care, Eagles Relief, OXFAM, Blantyre Synod, Stephanos Children’s Home etc), Community Grain Banks (too numerous to mention), St Patrick’s Catholic Church; Zimbabwe - some metal silos have been constructed at prison facilities, boarding schools (6 x 1 mt metal silos in 2 provinces) and at an orphanage. Schools, churches, prisons, village chiefs, cooperatives, hospitals.
Water tanks, scrap metal
What to like:
Very durable and can be produced locally so creating employment. Cost benefit analysis suggests it is cheap compared with other stores. Re-cycling is easier than with plastic. Can be made airtight, so avoids use of insecticides. The metals walls are smooth and hygiene is easy to maintain. It is proof against insect pests, rodents and ambient moisture and temperature (if instructions to keep it under complete shade are adhered to). Deals with rodents and insects (including LGB) effectively without use of pesticides.
What to dislike:
At household level keeping them airtight is not easy and becomes more difficult with the larger silo sizes. The initial costs of silos is high for farmers and as they need to be located in the shade either inside the house or under a special shelter, this adds to the costs. Once a silo is constructed within a house it is very difficult to transfer it to another place through the main door. The grain near the silo bottom is not easy to withdraw, unless someone gets into the silo and quality control is difficult. It is difficulty to source raw materials on a consistent basis. There is a shortage of artisans in farming regions for silo construction.

Tógtar siolóid miotail ó mhéadar miotail, go minic ag ceardaithe áitiúla. Tá siad deartha mar stóráil gráin ach úsáidtear iad uaireanta mar tancanna uisce. Tá cumas acu ó 90 kg go 3000 kg. Ba chóir iad a shuíomh taobh istigh de theach nó faoi chois agus a chur ar phailéid adhmaid chun teagmháil le taise talún a chosc a dhéanfaidh an miotail a chróis.
Nuair a bhíonn sílóidí miotail lán-sliotáilte gáis-dhíonach (hermetic) ionas go gcruthófar atmaisféar modhnaithe a mharfaidh pláistí feithidí nuair a bheidh siad líonta le gráin agus dúnta go daingean.
Cumas: 90kg - 3t
Saol: 15 bliain - 20 bliain
Costas tosaigh: US$ 197 - 550
Costas in aghaidh an tonna in aghaidh na bliana: US$ 11 - 31
CIRÍOL - Corn (an Cheanada, an Mhalaoi, an Tansáin, Uganda); Millet (an Cheanada); Rice Paddy (SE Asia); Sorghum (an Cheanada, Uganda)
PULSES - Bónas Coitianta (an Cheanada, an Úganda), Cowpea (an Úganda)
Ábhair:- bileog miotail galvanizáilte (0.5mm tiubh nó 26 gauge), agus leannán (50:50 luaidhe: tin)
Déanta go háitiúil ag ceardaithe a oiliúint ag tionscadail silo miotail. Tá cuideachta (Ekima) ag an gCéinia freisin atá ag déantúsaíocht iad. I gcás ina bhfuil sé indéanta, déantar na struchtúir a thógáil gar don áit a n-úsáidfear iad chun iompar struchtúir mhóra neamhchlaonta a sheachaint.
Le cothabháil mhaith, is gnách go bhfanann silos miotail in úsáid ar feadh 15 go 20 bliain. Tá an t-am a bhaineann le húsáid an chórais a athsholáthar ag brath ar an méid a bhaineann le húsáid an chórais agus ar na moltaí maidir le húsáid an chórais, amhail soláthar scáth, suíomh ar phailéad chun teagmháil le taise a sheachaint. I measc na mbratchleachtais is coitianta tá rudaí trom a chur ar an silo, mí-shuiteáil (an silo a chur ar ardán neamhchothrom, ar an urlár agus a bheith nochtaithe d'uisce agus do ghrian). Is féidir teachtaireachtaí síneadh a thacaíonn le suiteáil cheart a rochtain trí úsáid a bhaint as saoráid SMS fón póca Airtel ar a dtugtar 321.
Margaíocht agus cur chun cinn:
Tá silos miotail mar fhócas ar iomaíochtaí cur chun cinn iomadúla ar fud na hAfraice le blianta beaga anuas (féach thíos), agus Meiriceá Láir ó na 1990idí. An Chéinia - 2012-2014; Malaiví - Rannchuid feachtais lena n-áirítear an tUachtarán a sheoladh i mí Aibreáin 2007. Silos miotail atá suite ar floats le linn Cheiliúradh na Saoirse (2008 - 2011), ar taispeáint le linn na Mónta Talmhaíochta Náisiúnta (2007- 2014), ar taispeáint i Seónna Talmhaíochta ar leibhéal náisiúnta, rannóg Forbartha Talmhaíochta agus leibhéal na gceantair (2007- 2014), laethanta réimse feirmeoirí agus laethanta oscailte (2007- 2014); Tansainia- (bhlianta gan a shonrú); Uganda - Márta 2014-Bealtaine 2015 (trí WFP); Zambia: - 2007 go dtí seo; Simbabwe - 2010 go dtí seo.
Éifeacht agus cineál an mhargaíochta:
Tá silos miotail mar fhócas ar iomaíochtaí cur chun cinn iomadúla ar fud na hAfraice le blianta beaga anuas, agus Meiriceá Láir ó na 1990idí. An Chéinia - 2012-2014; Malaiví - Rannchuid feachtais lena n-áirítear an tUachtarán a sheoladh i mí Aibreáin 2007. Silos miotail atá suite ar floats le linn Cheiliúradh na Saoirse (2008 - 2011), ar taispeáint le linn na Mónta Talmhaíochta Náisiúnta (2007- 2014), ar taispeáint i Seónna Talmhaíochta ar leibhéal náisiúnta, rannóg Forbartha Talmhaíochta agus leibhéal na gceantair (2007- 2014), laethanta réimse feirmeoirí agus laethanta oscailte (2007- 2014); Tansainia- (bhlianta gan a shonrú); Uganda - Márta 2014-Bealtaine 2015 (trí WFP); Zambia: - 2007 go dtí seo; Simbabwe - 2010 go dtí seo.
Oiliúint mar chuid den fheachtas:
Tá oiliúint le feiceáil sna feachtais chur chun cinn, lena n-áirítear: Taispeántas ar úsáid cheart siolóid miotail (~ 30 nóiméad). Oiliúint a thabhairt d'aisteoirí áitiúla i ndéantúsaíocht siolóid miotail (oiliúint 5 lá de ghnáth a thógann gach duine acu siolóid miotail lánmhéide ó scratch agus a fhoghlaimíonn faoi chaillteanais iar-ghléasadh). Tá lámhleabhar oiliúna le haghaidh ceardaithe áitiúla curtha ar bun (an Cheanada, an tSín, an Iodáil, an Iodáil). I Malaví, thuairiscigh cuid acu go raibh an iomarca béime ar mhonarú agus dáileadh áitiúil siolóid miotail agus ní ar oiliúint sheirbhísí extense i dtaca le húsáid cheart na teicneolaíochta. Níos déanaí, rinne CIMMYT foirne tosaigh, déileálaithe talmhaíochta agus feirmeoirí luaidhe a oiliúint agus mar thoradh air sin tá méadú tagtha ar uchtáil i Mchinji agus Lilongwe. Thóg oiliúint síneadh i Simbaibé 3-5 lá, lena n-áirítear cuairt ar an láthair ar shuíomh ina raibh an síló á úsáid, ag taispeáint an mhúnla síló agus ag tabhairt cuairte ar na ceardlanna ag IAE. D'eagraigh WFP oiliúint lá amháin in Uganda ar theicnící bainistíochta feabhsaithe iar-ghlé agus ar chur i bhfeidhm praiticiúil trealamh nua láimhseála agus stórála. Lean an t-oiliúint sin le hoiliúint athnuachana ar an bhfeirm agus le suíomh ceart na dteicneolaíochtaí stórála nua.
Céim na hochtú:
In ainneoin an méid suntasach a chur chun cinn silos miotail, is cosúil nach bhfuil aon staidéar cuimsitheach glacadh déanta go fóill. Tugann na freagróirí le fios an méid seo a leanas a bhaineann le glacadh: An Cheanáin - an-teoranta, go príomha san Iarthar agus san Oirthear; Malaiví - ní ghlacfar go forleathan iad mar gheall ar chostais ard tosaigh ach glacann feirmeoirí saibhre imeallach uirbeacha iad. Tá 500 síló déanta ag ceardaithe; Ruanda - a glacadh ach amháin i dtionscail spriocphrojekta; Tansainia - tá an glacadh an-íseal fós mar go bhfuil sé nua; Simbabwé - tá an glacadh an-teoranta; Uganda - 3,652 síló miotail a d'eascair WFP ar ráta fóirdheontais 70% i Tororo, Soroti, Gulu agus Mbarara; Myanma - a fheictear ach nach n-úsáidtear go minic a thuilleadh.
Cúis le glacadh:
- Tá an suíomh ag dul i ngleic le húsáid úsáideora do mhná (mná atá freagrach go príomha as slándáil bia ar leibhéal HH)
- Níos marthana ná áiseanna stórála eile. Dlúth agus sturdy. Leithré > 15 bliana
- Maraíonn sé feithidí
- Úsáid éasca ceimiceán le linn stórála gráin (m.sh. (is féidir le phostoxin a úsáid uair sa bhliain)
- Cosaint láidir ar ghráin (ní féidir le rattanna dul isteach i síolóid miotail)
- Nuair a bhíonn siad searbh, ní gá iad a stóráil le pléisteicidí ionas nach mbeidh aon iarsmaí ar bhia
- Ní ghlacann siad ach spás beag
- Is féidir gráin a stóráil laistigh den teach, ag soláthar slándála gráin
- D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith faoi ghlas, laghdaíonn sé seo goid gráin laistigh den teach
- Is minic a thugtar amach saor in aisce é
- In-iompar (nuair a bhíonn sé folamh) agus is féidir é a chur ar bun ag teach talún ar an eolas gearr
- Déanta go háitiúil
- Rogha de chumas gráin éagsúla
- Ní gá acmhainní nádúrtha áitiúla (m.sh. (an t-ábhar a bheidh le haitheantas gach bliain le haghaidh tógála)
- Ní gá ach cothabháil an- íseal a dhéanamh air
- Siombail stádas d'fheirmeoirí
Na laigí atá ag an siopa seo:
- Is minic a bhíonn sé deacair na calafoirt ionchuir agus aschuir a shéaladh agus dá bhrí sin na coinníollacha eirimiciúla a chruthú agus iad a chothabháil le linn na tréimhse stórála
- Ní gá go mbeadh siad searbh mar sin d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh gá ag feirmeoirí iad a ghlanadh
- Ní mór iad a láimhseáil go cúramach le linn iompair fadréasanta
- Ní mór é a shuíomh laistigh de theach nó faoi theach chun é a chosaint ó ghrian agus ó bháisteach
- Is féidir a bheith deacair silo miotail a shuiteáil i dteach le doras beag
- Má stóráiltear gráin > 14%mc d'fhéadfadh sé go dtiocfadh le cracadh agus le díleabadh na gráin, murab ionann agus stóráil le málaí PP inar féidir le gráin taise a chailleadh le linn stórála i gcoinníollacha tirim
- D'fhéadfadh cáilíocht na sílóid a bheith éagsúil toisc go ndéantar sílóid miotail de láimh
- D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith deacair gráin a luchtú agus a dhíshuiteáil
Cúntóirí:
- Costasach. Éilíonn sé caipiteal tosaigh mór, mar sin tá sé deacair do fheirmeoirí beaga síolóid miotail a íoc
- Go minic ní soláthróir tráchtála de shílíní miotail
- slabhra soláthair nach bhfuil forbartha go maith le haghaidh ábhair thógála riachtanacha
- Tá roinnt tithe ró-bheag chun siloí miotail a chur isteach, agus b'fhéidir go mbeidh ar an bhfeirmeoir coisithe a thógáil lasmuigh de chostas breise
- An bhfuil siad cost-éifeachtach i ndáiríre? An bhfuil PHL níos mó ná costas athcheannach gráin ó mhargadh miondíola áitiúil?
- Is féidir le feirmeoirí beaga smaoineamh ar an gcoincheap a bhaineann le stóráil airméadach a bheith deacair, agus d'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith ina chúis le sceimhlitheoireacht ag feirmeoirí
- Ní thugann oifigigh leathnú talmhaíochta aire do stóráil na dtorthaí mar phríomhghníomhaíocht agus dá bhrí sin ní thugann siad tosaíocht don teicneolaíocht
- Níl caipiteal tosaigh ag ceardaithe oiliúnaithe chun an fiontar a thosú, go háirithe nuair nach bhfuil an t-éileamh cinnte, ní mór dóibh oiliúint agó-gnó
- Ba cheart do Rialtas nó do thionscadal fóirdheontas a thabhairt do shílse miotail ionas go mbeidh siad inacmhainne d'fheirmeoir bocht
- Cur chuige tráchtála i dteannta le táirgí airgeadais d'fheirmeoirí
- Cíos a chur ar cháin ar phlátaí miotail nó ar a laghad fóirdheontas rialtais a chur ar fáil do phlátaí miotail atá ceaptha le haghaidh tógála siola
- Óige a spreagadh chun freastal ar oiliúint mar is féidir leo tuiscint níos fearr a fháil ar an eolaíocht atá taobh thiar de dhálaí eirimiciúla
- Athdhearadh a dhéanamh ar an asraon chun séalaithe éasca a éascú
- Níor cheart na siola a chur chun cinn mar eirimiceach amháin, ach freisin le húsáid i gcomhcheangal le cosaint gráin
- Tá feadán rubair ag éirí níos gann mar go n-úsáideann go leor feithiclí rubair gan phíosaí inniu, mar sin ní mór aird a thabhairt ar sholáthar rubair chun calafoirt ionchuir agus aschuir a shéaladh
- Níos mó oiliúna i mbeagán gnó/cur chuige atá bunaithe ar an margadh, córais slabhra luacha, gnéithe teicniúla iar-ghlé
- Grúpaí feirmeoirí a bhunú chun rochtain ar chreidmheas a éascú nó chun scéim sábhála meiribile a chur ar bun
Úsáid ag institiúidí:
Malaiví - Somebody Cares Ministries i Lilongwe (ag cuidiú leis na grúpaí leochaileacha - banbháithreacha, daoine scothaosta agus easpaí), Ionad Gairmiúil Maziko i Salima, NGOanna (World Vision, CADECOM, Rural Livelihoods, Care, Eagles Relief, OXFAM, Blantyre Synod, Stephanos Children's Home etc), Bancanna Gráin Pobail (ró-dhílis le lua), Eaglais Chaitliceach Naomh Patrick; Zimbabwe - tógadh roinnt sílóidí miotail i saoráidí príosúna, i scoileanna cónaithe (6 x 1 mt sílóidí miotail i 2 chúige) agus in ionad easpaí. Scoileanna, eaglaisí, príosúin, ceannairí sráidbhaile, comhaontaithe, ospidéil.
Tancanna uisce, miotail scrap
Cad ba mhaith leat:
Tá an-bhlaoch agus is féidir iad a tháirgeadh go háitiúil agus dá bhrí sin fostaíocht a chruthú. Tugann anailís chostais-sochar le fios go bhfuil sé saor i gcomparáid le siopaí eile. Tá athchúrsáil níos éasca ná plaisteach. Is féidir é a dhéanamh díleata, mar sin seachain úsáid inseictídí. Tá na ballaí miotail réidh agus tá sé éasca sláintíocht a chothabháil. Tá sé frithsheasmhach i gcoinne lotnaidí, gnóthachain agus taise agus teocht an chomhshaoil (má chomhlíontar na treoracha chun é a choinneáil faoi scáth iomlán). Déileálann sé go héifeachtach le ródairí agus le híospartaigh (lena n-áirítear LGB) gan úsáid lotnaidicídí.
Cad nach maith leat:
Ní éasca iad a choinneáil faoi sholas ar leibhéal an tí agus bíonn sé níos deacra leis na silos níos mó. Tá costais tosaigh na sílóidí ard do na feirmeoirí agus de bhrí go gcaithfidh siad a bheith suite san scáth laistigh den teach nó faoi chois speisialta, cuireann sé seo leis na costais. Nuair a dhéantar sioló a thógáil laistigh de theach, tá sé an-deacair é a aistriú go háit eile tríd an bpríomhdoras. Ní éasca an gráin atá in aice le bun an síló a tharraingt siar, mura dtéann duine isteach sa síló agus má bhíonn sé deacair rialú cáilíochta a dhéanamh air. Tá sé deacair amhábhair a fháil ar bhonn comhsheasmhach. Tá easpa ceardaithe i réigiúin feirmeoireachta chun silo a thógáil.


Marie Curie Has Been Declared the Most Influential Woman in History
Marie Curie is famous as a history-making chemist, physicist, and two-time Nobel Prize winner. Now she's been given another title: the most influential woman of all time, according to BBC History Magazine.
Curie holds the No.1 spot on the list of 100 significant women that will be appearing in the magazine in honor of the centennial of women's suffrage in the UK. The 100 female figures were nominated by 10 experts, each representing a different field of human endeavor. BBC History readers then voted on the list to determine ranking.
The Polish physicist blazed trails at the turn of the 20th century. She discovered two new elements, radium and polonium; coined the term radioactivity; and developed a portable x-ray machine to help treat soldiers during World War II. And her achievements aren't merely monumental because she was a woman. When she brought home her second Nobel Prize, she became the first person of any gender to win the award twice. To this day, she remains the only person, man or woman, to receive Nobel Prizes for two different sciences (physics and chemistry).
Patricia Fara, president of the British Society for the History of Science and Curie's nominator, told BBC History, "The odds were always stacked against her. In Poland her patriotic family suffered under a Russian regime. In France she was regarded with suspicion as a foreigner—and of course, wherever she went, she was discriminated against as a woman."
Curie is joined on the list by a host of iconic women who have shaped the trajectories of politics, literature, activism, and more. Ranking No.2 is Rosa Parks, the African-American woman who launched a movement when she refused to give up her seat on a bus for a white passenger. Ada Lovelace, the first computer programmer, Florence Nightingale, the founder of modern nursing, and Amelia Earhart, the famed aviator, also appear high on the list.
You can check out the full round-up on BBC History's website.
[h/t BBC History]

Fuarthas amach gurbh í Marie Curie an Bhean is mó tionchair a bhí ann riamh
Tá Marie Curie cáiliúil mar cheimisteoir, fisiceoir, agus buaiteoir Duais Nobel dhá uair. Anois tá teideal eile tugtha di: an bhean is mó tionchair a bhí riamh, de réir iris Stair an BBC.
Tá Curie ag an uimhir 1 ar liosta na 100 bhean suntasacha a bheidh le feiceáil sa iris chun onóir na céad bliain de vótáil na mban sa RA. Roghnaigh 10 saineolaí na 100 figiúr baineann, agus ionadaíonn gach ceann acu réimse difriúil de thaithí an duine. Vótáil léitheoirí Stair an BBC ansin ar an liosta chun rangú a chinneadh.
Bhí an fisiceoir Polainnis seo ina mhúinteoir ag tús an 20ú haois. D'aimsigh sí dhá eilimint nua, raidiam agus polainiam; chruthaigh sí an téarma radaighníomhacht; agus d'fhorbair sí meaisín x-ghabhála in-aiste chun cabhrú le hoibrithe a chóireáil le linn an Dara Cogadh Domhanda. Agus ní hamháin go bhfuil a cuid éachtaí móra toisc go raibh sí ina bhean. Nuair a thug sí a dara Duais Nobel abhaile, ba í an chéad duine de gach inscne a bhuaigh an duais dhá uair. Go dtí an lá atá inniu ann, is í an t-aon duine, fear nó bean, a fuair Duaiseanna Nobel do dhá eolaíocht dhifriúla (físeolaíocht agus ceimic).
Dúirt Patricia Fara, uachtarán an Chomhlachta Breataine um Stair na Saineolaíochta agus ainmnitheoir Curie, le BBC History, "Bhí na seansanna i gcónaí i gcoinne í. Sa Pholainn, d'fhulaing a teaghlach pholaitigh faoi réimeas na Rúise. Sa Fhrainc bhí amhras uirthi mar eachtrannachagus ar ndóigh, cibé áit a chuaigh sí, bhí idirdhealú uirthi mar mhná".
Tá Curie ag teacht isteach ar an liosta ag sraith de mhná íonócha a mhúnlaigh treochtaí polaitíochta, litríochta, gníomhaíochta, agus go leor eile. Sa dara háit tá Rosa Parks, an bhean Afracach-Mheiriceánach a chuir gluaiseacht ar bun nuair a dhiúltaigh sí a suíochán a thabhairt ar an mbus do phaisinéir bán. Tá Ada Lovelace, an chéad ríomhchláraitheoir, Florence Nightingale, bunaitheoir na n-iníonachta nua-aimseartha, agus Amelia Earhart, an eitiltíoir cáiliúil, ar airde ar an liosta freisin.
Is féidir leat an t-iomláine a sheiceáil ar shuíomh Gréasáin Stair an BBC.
[h / t Stair BBC]


Indigenous knowledge has no single definition, however, it may be defined as knowledge that is unique to a given culture or society and provides the infrastructure for agriculture, health care, food preparation, training, environmental conservation, and other life processes at the local level. It is part of the identity of indigenous tribes. It has been regarded as an important commodity in global health development. World Health Organisation (WHO) in its recommendations on Health for All Declaration (1978) highlighted the need to include local people, their traditions, and practices in Primary Health Care (PHC).
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines traditional medicine as ‘the health practices, approaches, knowledge, and beliefs incorporating plant, animal and mineral-based medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques, and exercises, applied singularly or in combination to treat, diagnose and prevent illnesses or maintain well-being
Herbal medicine in traditional medical practice is an important resource that can be mobilized for the attainment of the common goal of health for all. These herbal medicines have contributed significantly to man’s struggle against diseases and the maintenance of health. In recent years, interest in the use of herbal preparations has increased. Herbal medicines are used in most countries within the state health care system or in communities and private practices outside the state system.
Traditional and indigenous knowledge is unique to a given culture or society and the Jaintias who adhere to the traditional belief system are no exception to this knowledge, particularly in health care.
The Jaintias have a rich variety of traditional healing systems. One common healing practice is known as ‘Prem ya ka Tiar”, where an elder with extraordinary folk knowledge use ginger and chant a spiritual song or mantra. The chanting goes like this, “Ko Syiem Synchar Biskorom Blai, ko jaid ko Thakur ko chanbnein ko chankhyndaw, lurmiet luchai soodong i pyrthai. . . . . ” This practice is used to cure intestinal gas, belching, bloating, and flatulence. There are different types of ‘Prem’ for different ailments. Back in the old days, when one is traveling by train outside the State, our parents would give us ‘Syin Prem’ to be used during our journey for healing different ailments like diarrhea, fever, toothache, etc. This healing process is prevalent in the niamtre community.
Let me narrate the story of when I was a child, regularly I would have ringworm all over my neck. And the infection worsens during the winter months. No matter how frequently I visited a dermatologist and applied antifungal cream, there is no sign of a cure. In 1986, in the winter month, my maternal uncle, took me to my hometown, Jowai to visit a traditional healer by the name Late Waheh Kento Sumer. Early in the morning, he took us to the paddy field at Dulong Poh Hali, Jowai. Here, he pick from the soil a tiny red insect, and with chanting, he rubbed the insect all around my neck. I was advised to sort of plaster my neck with a cloth for a week. After a week, the rashes which had become dry just fell off my neck and since then I never have had the problem of ringworm again to date.
Then in our hills we often heard of a tree we called Deiñ Kaiñ – a type of tree that causes skin allergy. Any person with less charm, if one happens to be in the proximity of the tree; one’s will experience rashes all over the body. We were warned by our elders not even to point the finger at the tree because it will also cause a rash or skin allergy. My friend’s father, Late Rev. P. L. Wann while at Sutnga was supposedly under the influence of the Deiñ Kaiñ, while strolling around. In a few minutes, he experienced an unbearable rash and his right arm was swollen. When he reached Shillong, luckily one student who study at St. Anthony’s College, Waheh Bal Pakma hailing from Kyndong Tuber (Six kilometers from 8th Mile Jaintia Hill) who came to heal him. The healing process was that he presses the palm with his fingernails. Within a week the swelling and the rashes disappeared and were cured.
Snakebite is a significant public health problem in many developing countries. Farmers are particularly exposed to snakes. There are more than 3000 known species of snakes of which around 300 are poisonous. In India out of 216 species, approximately 53 are poisonous. Traditional healers of snake bites are a vanishing breed. In Jowai, Waheh Tingboi Thma of Loomkyrwiang is a famous healer. Waheh Tingboi Thma has saved many lives over the years. Unlike traditional healing methods, such as local incision, herb ingestion, application of snake stones, and tattooing, Thma’s healing process involves some rites and rituals.
Since man first learned to make fire 1. 7 to 2. 0 million years ago, burns and scalds have been one of the most common of his injuries. Remedies for burn wound healing are practiced to date by the Pnar. One of the prominent traditional healers of burn injuries is Late Litis Kyndiah. The process of healing is called ‘Slu iñ diñ’, where the healer would use mustard oil and chant on it, which will be used as an ointment and applied to the burn wound. This practice is still in operation in Khasi and Jaintia Hills
However, the advent of western cultures has had a great impact on the traditional healing system. Today, the survival of many indigenous/traditional knowledge systems is at stake because of rapidly changing natural environments and fast pacing economic, political, and cultural changes on a global scale. Traditional knowledge is transmitted from generation to generation, often in oral form or by way of example, whereas written sources may not exist at all or only in local languages. Thus, it is imperative to preserve the knowledge held by our forefathers. It is in this context, that the Traditional Knowledge should be afforded effective protection.
Throughout the world, indigenous peoples and local communities have developed a wealth of traditional knowledge that they wish to protect and promote. Yet few have to use the intellectual property system to do so. Article 31 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People (2007) is an important reference in this regard: “Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain, control, protect, and develop their cultural heritage, traditional knowledge, and traditional cultural expressions, as well as the manifestations of their science, technologies, and culture, including human and genetics resources, seeds, medicines, knowledge of properties of flora and fauna, oral traditions, literature, designs, sports, and traditional games and visual and performing arts. They also have the right to maintain, control, protect, and developed their intellectual property over such cultural heritage, traditional knowledge, and traditional cultural expression. It’s further declared that “In conjunction with the indigenous people, States shall take effective measures to recognise and protect the exercise of their rights”.
This valuable asset is at risk. Since traditional knowledge practices have ancient roots and are often oral – are not protected by conventional intellectual property (IP) systems. In recognition of the value and preservation and promotion of the traditional knowledge system, in recent years, the protection of TK has received increased attention in various international forums, including the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO), the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the UN Commission on Human Rights
The African proverb says “When an elder dies, a library burns down”. This clearly sums up the importance of traditional knowledge preservation and cultural continuity.
Dr Omarlin Kyndiah teaches Biochemistry at St. Edmund’s College, Shillong. Known for his insightful writing he also is the General Secretary of Sein Raij Niamtre Shillong

Níl aon sainmhíniú aonair ag eolas dúchasach, áfach, is féidir é a shainmhíniú mar eolas atá uathúil do chultúr nó do shochaí áirithe agus a sholáthraíonn an bonneagar le haghaidh talmhaíochta, cúram sláinte, ullmhú bia, oiliúint, caomhnú comhshaoil, agus próisis mhaireachtála eile ar an leibhéal áitiúil. Tá sé mar chuid de shainaithint na treibheanna dúchasacha. Meastar gur earra thábhachtach é i bhforbairt sláinte domhanda. Chuir Eagraíocht Dhomhanda na Sláinte (EDS) i bhfios i mBeartaíocht Sláinte do Chách (1978) an gá atá le daoine áitiúla, a dtrádálacha agus a gcleachtais a chur san áireamh i gCúram Sláinte Bunúsach (CSS).
Sainmhíníonn Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Sláinte (WHO) leigheas traidisiúnta mar  na cleachtais sláinte, na cur chuige, an t-eolas, agus na creidimh a chuimsíonn cógais phlandaí, ainmhithe agus mianraí, teiripeanna spioradálta, teicnící láimhe, agus cleachtaí, a chuirtear i bhfeidhm ar leithligh nó i gcomhcheangal chun galair a chóireáil, a dhiagnóisiú agus a chosc nó chun folláine a chothabháil
Is acmhainn thábhachtach é leigheas luibhe i gcleachtas leighis thraidisiúnta ar féidir é a shlógadh chun an sprioc choiteann sláinte do chách a bhaint amach. Tá na cógais luibhe seo tar éis cur go suntasach le troid an duine i gcoinne galair agus le sláinte a choimeád. Le blianta beaga anuas, tá suim níos mó ag daoine i gcórais luibheanna a úsáid. Úsáidtear cógais luibhe sa chuid is mó de na tíortha laistigh den chóras cúraim sláinte stáit nó i bpobail agus i gcleachtais phríobháideacha lasmuigh den chóras stáit.
Tá eolas traidisiúnta agus dúchasach uathúil do chultúr nó do shochaí áirithe agus níl aon eisceacht leis an eolas seo ag na Jaintias a chloíonn leis an gcóras creidimh traidisiúnta, go háirithe i gcúram sláinte.
Tá éagsúlacht shaibhir de chórais leigheas traidisiúnta ag na Jaintias. Is é an cleachtas leigheas coitianta ar a dtugtar Prem ya ka Tiar, áit a n-úsáideann seanóir le eolas tíre neamhghnách ginger agus chanann sé amhrán spioradálta nó mantra. Téann an chanting mar seo,  Ko Syiem Synchar Biskorom Blai, ko jaid ko Thakur ko chanbnein ko chankhyndaw, lurmiet luchai soodong i pyrthai. . . go deo . . . go deo . . . go deo . . . go deo .  Úsáidtear an cleachtas seo chun gáis intestinal, belching, bloating, agus flatulence a leigheas. Tá cineálacha éagsúla Prem ann le haghaidh ailments éagsúla. Ar ais sna laethanta d'aois, nuair a bhíonn duine ag taisteal ar an traein lasmuigh den Stát, bheadh ár dtuismitheoirí ag tabhairt dúinn Syin Prem le húsáid le linn ár dturas chun ailse éagsúla a leigheas mar diarrhea, fiabhras, tinneas fiacla, srl. Tá an próiseas leighis seo forleathan i bpobal na niamtre.
Lig dom scéal a insint duit nuair a bhí mé ina leanbh, go rialta bheadh ringworm ar mo mhuineál. Agus déantar an t-ionfhabhtú a fhulaingt le linn mhíonna an gheimhridh. Is cuma cé chomh minic a thug mé cuairt ar dermatologist agus an crème antifungal a chur i bhfeidhm, níl aon chomhartha le leigheas. Sa bhliain 1986, i mí an gheimhridh, thug mo uncail ó thaobh mo mháthar liom go dtí mo bhaile dúchais, Jowai chun cuairt a thabhairt ar leigheastóir traidisiúnta darbh ainm Late Waheh Kento Sumer. Go luath ar maidin, thug sé sinn go dtí an réimse rís ag Dulong Poh Hali, Jowai. Anseo, roghnaíonn sé ó an ithir insteall beag dearg, agus le chanting, rubbed sé an t-insect ar fud mo mhuineál. Tugadh comhairle dom go gcaithfeadh mé cloch a chur ar mo mhuineál ar feadh seachtaine. Tar éis seachtaine, thit na rashes a bhí tirim díreach as mo mhuineál agus ó shin i leith ní raibh an fhadhb de ringworm agam arís go dtí seo.
Ansin inár cnoic chuala muid go minic faoi chrann a thugamar Deiñ Kaiñ  cineál crann a chuireann ailléirge craicinn ar dhaoine. Aon duine a bhfuil níos lú charm, má tharlaíonn go bhfuil duine i dtigh an chrainn; beidh duine a bheith rashes ar fud an chomhlachta. Thug ár seanóirí rabhadh dúinn gan fiú a mhéar a chur ar an crann toisc go dtarlóidh sé freisin rash nó ailléirge craiceann. Mo chara 's athair, Rev Late. P. L. Wann agus é ag Sutnga a bhí faoi thionchar an Deiñ Kaiñ, agus é ag siúl timpeall. I gceann cúpla nóiméad, bhí ráiteas dochreidte aige agus bhí a lámh dheis tuirseach. Nuair a shroich sé Shillong, ar an dea-shruth, tháinig mac léinn amháin a bhí ag staidéar i gColáiste Naomh Anthony, Waheh Bal Pakma ó Kyndong Tuber (Seis chiliméadar ó 8th Mile Jaintia Hill) chun é a leigheas. Ba é an próiseas cneasaithe go raibh sé ag brú ar an láimhe lena fingernails. Laistigh de sheachtain imigh an t-othar agus an rashes agus leigheasadh iad.
Is fadhb shláinte phoiblí suntasach í bites na n-éan i go leor tíortha i mbéal forbartha. Tá feirmeoirí i mbaol go háirithe do thriomáin. Tá níos mó ná 3000 speiceas de nathracha ar eolas, agus tá thart ar 300 díobh nimhiúla. Sa India, as 216 speiceas, tá thart ar 53 nimhiúil. Is cine atá ag imeacht iad na healaíontóirí traidisiúnta a leigheasann cnáipíní. I Jowai, is cneasaí cáiliúil é Waheh Tingboi Thma ó Loomkyrwiang. Waheh Tingboi Thma shábháil go leor saol thar na blianta. Murab ionann agus modhanna cóireála traidisiúnta, mar shampla incision áitiúil, ingestion luibheanna, cur i bhfeidhm clocha nathair, agus tatú, Thmas próiseas cóireála i gceist roinnt ríthe agus deasghnátha.
Ós rud é gur fhoghlaim an fear an chéad uair chun tine a dhéanamh 1. 7 go 2. 0 milliún bliain ó shin, bhí dóiteáin agus scalds ar cheann de na cinn is coitianta dá chuid díobhálacha. Tá leigheasanna le haghaidh leigheas gortaithe le cleachtadh go dtí an lá atá inniu ann ag an Pnar. Ceann de na healaíontóirí traidisiúnta is suntasaí ar ghortú gortaithe ná an Late Litis Kyndiah. Tugtar Slu iñ diñ ar an bpróiseas leighis, áit a n-úsáidfeadh an leighis ola mustard agus a chanfadh air, a úsáidtear mar ointment agus a chuirtear ar an gualainn dóite. Tá an cleachtas seo fós i bhfeidhm i gCnoc Khasi agus Jaintia
Mar sin féin, tá tionchar mór ag teacht cultúir an iarthair ar an gcóras leigheas traidisiúnta. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá maireachtáil go leor córais eolais dúchasacha/traidisiúnta i mbaol mar gheall ar thimpeallachtaí nádúrtha atá ag athrú go tapa agus athruithe eacnamaíocha, polaitiúla agus cultúrtha atá ag dul go tapa ar scála domhanda. Tá eolas traidisiúnta a tharchur ó ghlúin go glúin, go minic i bhfoirm béil nó trí shampla, ach d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh foinsí scríofa ann ar chor ar bith nó i dteangacha áitiúla amháin. Dá bhrí sin, tá sé riachtanach an t-eolas a bhí ag ár sinsir a chaomhnú. Is sa chomhthéacs seo a ba cheart cosaint éifeachtach a thabhairt don Eolaíocht Thraidisiúnta.
Ar fud an domhain, tá saibhreas eolais thraidisiúnta a d'fhorbair daoine dúchasacha agus pobail áitiúla a bhfuil siad ag iarraidh a chosaint agus a chur chun cinn. Ach ní mór do bheagán daoine úsáid a bhaint as an gcóras maoine intleachtúla chun é sin a dhéanamh. Is tagairt thábhachtach é Airteagal 31 de Dhearbhú na Náisiún Aontaithe ar Chearta na ndaoine dúchasacha (2007) sa mhéid seo: Tá sé de cheart ag daoine dúchasacha a n-oidhreacht chultúrtha, a gcuid eolais thraidisiúnta agus a gcuid léiriúcháin chultúrtha thraidisiúnta, chomh maith le léiriú a gcuid eolais, teicneolaíochtaí agus cultúir, lena n-áirítear acmhainní daonna agus géiniteacha, síolta, cógais, eolas ar airíonna na flóra agus na fauna, traidisiúin ó bhéal, litríocht, dearaí, spóirt agus cluichí traidisiúnta agus ealaíon amhairc agus taibhiúla a chothabháil, a rialú, a chosaint agus a fhorbairt. Tá sé de cheart acu freisin a n-úinéireacht intleachtúil ar oidhreacht chultúrtha, ar eolas traidisiúnta agus ar léiriú cultúrtha traidisiúnta den sórt sin a chothabháil, a rialú, a chosaint agus a fhorbairt. Dearbhaítear ina dhiaidh sin go "Beidh bearta éifeachtacha á nglacadh ag na Stáit i gcomhar leis na daoine dúchasacha chun a gcearta a aithint agus a fheidhmiú a chosaint".
Tá an sócmhainn luachmhar seo i mbaol. Ós rud é go bhfuil fréamhacha ársa ag cleachtais eolais thraidisiúnta agus go minic go bhfuil siad ó bhéal  ní chosnaíonn córais traidisiúnta maoine intleachtúla (IP) iad. I bhfianaise luach agus caomhnú agus cur chun cinn an chórais eolais thraidisiúnta, le blianta beaga anuas, tá aird mhéadaithe tugtha ar chosaint na TK i bhformáidí idirnáisiúnta éagsúla, lena n-áirítear an Coinbhinsiún ar Éagsúlacht Bitheolaíoch (CBD), an Eagraíocht Domhanda Maoine Intleachtúla (WIPO), an Eagraíocht Idirnáisiúnta Oibre (ILO), an Eagraíocht Bia agus Talmhaíochta (FAO), an Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Sláinte (WHO), Eagraíocht na Náisiún Aontaithe um Oideachas, Eolaíocht agus Cultúr (UNESCO) agus an Coimisiún um Chearta an Duine
Deir seanfhocal na hAfraice "Nuair a bháisann seanfhear, losnaíonn leabharlann". Is léir go bhfuil sé seo tábhachtach chun an t-eolas traidisiúnta a chaomhnú agus leanúnachas cultúrtha a choinneáil.
Tá an Dr Omarlin Kyndiah ag múineadh bithcheimic i gColáiste Naomh Edmund, Shillong. Is eol dó a chuid scríbhneoireachta léargas é freisin an tArd-Rúnaí de Sein Raij Niamtre Shillong