{"text": "In a study led by UCSF team an existence of relationship between asthma and composition of bacterial species, which are present in bronchial airways was revealed.\nThis finding could suggest new treatment or even potential cures for the common inflammatory disease.\nUsing new detection methods, researchers learned that the diversity of microbes inside the respiratory tract is far vaster than previously suspected - creating a complex and inter-connected microbial neighborhood that appears to be associated with asthma, and akin to what has also been found in inflammatory bowel disease, vaginitis, periodontitis, and possibly even obesity.\n\"People thought that asthma was caused by inhalation of allergens but this study shows that it may be more complicated than that - asthma may involve colonization of the airways by multiple bacteria,\" said study co-author Homer Boushey, MD, a UCSF professor of medicine in the division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine.\nIn their three-year pilot project, the scientists collected samples from the airway linings of 65 adults with mild to moderate asthma and 10 healthy subjects. Then, using a tool that can identify approximately 8,500 distinct groups of bacteria in a single assay, the scientists profiled the organisms present in each sample to look for relationships between bacterial community composition and clinical characteristics of the patients' asthma.The researchers found that bronchial airway samples from asthmatic patients contained far more bacteria than samples from healthy patients. The scientists also found greater bacterial diversity in the asthmatic patients who had the most hyper-responsive or sensitive airways (a feature of asthma).\nThe study has been published online in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "url": "http://www.asthma.org.au/Publications/tabid/62/Publications/213/Asthma-Linked-to-Bacterial-Communities.aspx", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702448584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516110728-00002-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.957603693, "token_count": 338, "score": 3.046875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "I staidéar faoi stiúir foireann UCSF nochtadh go raibh gaol idir asthma agus comhdhéanamh speiceas baictéarach, atá i láthair i bhroncaí aerbhealaí.\nD'fhéadfadh an teacht seo cóireáil nua nó fiú leigheasanna féideartha a mholadh don ghalair athlastaithe coitianta.\nAg baint úsáide as modhanna nua braite, d'fhoghlaim taighdeoirí go bhfuil éagsúlacht na miocróib laistigh den chonair anála i bhfad níos mó ná mar a bhí meastar roimhe seo - ag cruthú comharsanacht microbiúil casta agus idirnasctha a bhfuil an chuma air go bhfuil baint aige le haisteama, agus a bhfuil baint aige le rud a fuarthas freisin i ghalair athlastacha boilg, vaginitis, periodontitis, agus b'fhéidir fiú murtall.\n\"Shíl daoine go raibh asthma mar thoradh ar ailléirgíní a inhaláil ach léiríonn an staidéar seo go bhféadfadh sé a bheith níos casta ná sin - d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh baictéir éagsúla ag baictéir aistrithe na n-airí a bheith i gceist le asthma\", a dúirt an com-údar staidéir Homer Boushey, MD, ollamh míochaine UCSF i rannán na Leigheas Pulmonary and Critical Care.\nIna thionscadal píolótach trí bliana, bhailíodh na heolaithe samplaí ó shlíneáin na n-aerbhealaí de 65 duine fásta a raibh asthma éadrom go meánach acu agus 10 ábhar sláintiúil. Ansin, ag baint úsáide as uirlis a d'fhéadfadh thart ar 8,500 grúpaí baictéir ar leith a shainaithint i dtrialach amháin, rinne na heolaithe próifíl ar na heolandacha atá i láthair i ngach sampla chun caidreamh a lorg idir comhdhéanamh pobal baictéir agus tréithe cliniciúla asthma na n-othair. Fuair na taighdeoirí go raibh i bhfad níos mó baictéir i samplaí bronchial na n-airdbhealach ó othair asthma ná samplaí ó othair sláintiúla. Fuair na heolaithe éagsúlacht baictéarach níos mó freisin sna hothair a raibh na haerbhealaí is mó hipir-fhreagracha nó íogaire (tréith de asthma) acu.\nFoilsíodh an staidéar ar líne in Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology."} {"text": "Today is the 28th day of the mass protests that have gripped Chile; it is also the one-year anniversary of the killing of Camilo Catrillanca, a young Mapuche leader, by Chilean police. A year ago, popular mobilisation of the scale witnessed today in Chile seemed almost unimaginable, especially after I spent months in the Araucanía region in Southern Chile (or the Wallmapu to the Mapuche), where anything but the most innocuous collective organising has been heavily repressed. While simmering discontent was mixed with fear in the South, in the capital it seemed the frustrations of the student movement (see for example Donoso, 2013) and the return of the right-wing Sebastián Piñera to the presidency in 2018 made an eruption of mass mobilisation rather unlikely. What is happening right now in Chile challenges, then, the prominent argument within the social movement literature that protest only matters when political opportunities are already favourable (Amenta, 2014; Giugni, 2007; Meyer, 2004).\nSparked by student protests against a fare rise of Santiago’s metro system on October 18th, mass mobilisation in Chile quickly became about socio-economic inequality (according to latest World Bank data, Chile is the 26th most unequal country in the world) and the lack of institutional reforms since the end of the dictatorship (substantial parts of the Constitution date back to Pinochet’s reforms). In fact, the unrelenting call for a new Constitution hasbecome an overarching and unifying goal of student, popular and indigenous activists. On November 11th, the government announced plans for a constitutional congress. Yet, this does not meet the demand for a bottom-up popular constitutional assembly, a demand which activists seem set to insist on.\nThese cross-sectional popular protests, which turned into a national strike, have been heavily repressed; at least 20 people have been killed, and Amnesty International has denounced Chile to the Inter-American Commission for human rights violations. Mass mobilisation shows little signs of abating, but it remains to be seen whether a truly bottom-up constitutional reform can be achieved. What is clear though is that the protests have already been able to force the Piñera government to make some concessions, such as the suspension of the fare increase and a full cabinet reshuffle.\nMoreover, the reaction to the protests have shown ordinary Chileans just how repressive their state can be, something which previously had been mostly reserved for the Mapuche. An indigenous minority concentrated in the South, the Mapuche have long struggled and mobilised for greater autonomy, land redistribution, reserved seats in parliament, bilingual provision, and against plans of the Piñera administration to allow the individual sale of collectivelyheld land titles. Escalating confrontations with the Chilean state have almost completely decimated a historically fragmented Mapuche movement. While some groups have cooperated with the state, other have long resisted its encroachment and fought for greater recognition of their rights (Carruthers & Rodriguez, 2009; Pairican, 2015; Richards, 2010).\nThe indigenous Mapuche were never officially conquered by the Spanish, and were only forcibly incorporated into the Chilean state in 1881 in what is euphemistically known in Chile as the “pacification” of the Araucanía region. Relegated to at the beginning of the 20th century. In his seminal work Malon, Mapuche historian Fernando Pairicán recounts the aftermath of the late 19th century occupation and establishment of indigenous reserves (reducciones) in previously autonomous Mapuche territory. He cites a local professor that had described the plight of the Mapuche at that time.\n“The new landowners are slowly appropriating themselves of indigenous lands, now legalised as reservations. The military, tasked with public order, flog the Mapuche for simply being suspected of theft, they trample them on horseback and indiscriminately injure women and children during their festivals and customary reunions”(Pairican, 2015: 37)\nThis quote struck a sad chord with me, because when I visited Araucanía —or the Wallmapu—in both 2016 and 2018 for fieldwork. It seemed that even though more than 150 years had passed some things remained the same. On November 14th, 2018, Camilo Catrillanca was killed by a militarized police squad ‘Comando Jungla’ in the community (lof) of Temucuicui, after the police had claimed that a car robbery had been reported and that they suspected the culprits to come from Mapuche communities near Ercilla.\nTwo days before Catrillanca’s killing, I had spoken to the first Mapuche council women of Ercilla. This town was one of the epicentres of the so-called conflict where forestry company trucks were set on fire in the late 1990s, mainly by the left-wing Mapuche activists of the Coordinadora Arauco Malleco (CAM) (Gaitán-Barrera & Azeez, 2018). She recounted how using suspected theft as a justification to harass communities was a daily occurrence. She also told me that the use of disruptive tactics by organisations such as the CAM, had resulted in increasingly heavy state repression, militarisation of the zone, and arrests of Mapuche leaders in the infamous HurricaneOperation. Indeed, I witnessed large numbers of militarised armoured vehicles driving around small countryside villages.\nTwo days later, Catrillanca’s death and the protests that followed—despite the usual heavy repression—the Mapuche struggle would finally reach international news as a struggle of indigenous people with internationally protected rights (see ILO1690), rather than ‘terrorists’. For years, the Chilean state has been applying Pinochet-era anti-terrorism legislation to Mapuche protest. It was this episode that shed a light on the plight of the Mapuche and the repressive state reaction. However, as long as state repression had been restricted to Mapuche mobilization, Chilean public opinion been supportive of heavy-handed responses and the security forces in general (Bonner, 2014).\nThings appear to have changed though, now that repression of the country-wide protests has shown that you do not have to be Mapuche to suffer at the hands of Pinochet-inherited laws and security forces. This has created new levels of popular solidarity, with the Mapuche flag flying prominently at demonstrations. It has given the Mapuche movement an opportunity to engage in more disruptive tactics again; most spectacular has been tearing down statues of conquistadors in the Wallmapu. The photo below shows the head from a previously toppled conqueror’s statue in the hands of a Mapuche warrior, with the message: “New Constitution or Nothing.”\nThe multi-sectorial protests that have gripped the country in recent weeks were not instigated by the Mapuche movement (although many Mapuche students participated from the outset), but they have opened up space for Mapuche activists to organise, protest and disrupt more freely, after decades of repression and fragmentation. The newfound solidarity between the Mapuche and disaffected Chileans might be what is needed to finally reform Chilean politics from below.\nMy doctoral research on indigenous movements in Latin America finds that even under unfavourable political conditions, protest can have desired consequences when it can impose a high enough combination of material and symbolic costs (Krausova, 2018). The large-scale disruptive nature of the protests has certainly made the material costs high, and disruptive protest can have a direct impact in certain contexts (Biggs & Andrews, 2015; Kolb & Tarrow, 2007). However, my work shows that without the accompanying delegitimisation of targets, disruptive protest alone is unlikely to succeed. This has certainly been the case for the Mapuche, as they have struggled for decades without the repression they have suffered being widely considered illegitimate. Finally, it seems that protest in Chile is able to also impose high enough symbolic costs on the state to make a difference.\nAmenta, E. (2014). How to Analyze the Influence of Movements. Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews, 43(1), 16-29.\nBiggs, M., & Andrews, K. (2015). Protest Campaigns and Movement Success: Desegregating the South, 1960-61. American Sociological Review, 80(2), 416-443.\nBonner, M. D. (2014). Policing protest in Argentina and Chile. Boulder, Colorado: First Forum Press.\nCarruthers, D., & Rodriguez, P. (2009). Mapuche Protest, Environmental Conflict and Social Movement Linkage in Chile. Third World Quarterly, 30(4), 743-760.\nGaitán-Barrera, A., & Azeez, G. K. (2018). Beyond recognition: autonomy, the state, and the Mapuche Coordinadora Arauco Malleco. Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies, 13(2), 113-134. doi:10.1080/17442222.2018.1440488\nGiugni, M. (2007). Useless Protest? A Time-Series Analysis of the Policy Outcomes of Ecology, Antinuclear, and Peace Movements in the United States, 1977-1995. Mobilization, 12(1), 53-77.\nKolb, F., & Tarrow, S. G. (2007). Protest and opportunities : the political outcomes of social movements. Frankfurt: Campus.\nKrausova, A. (2018). What social movements ask for, and how they ask for it: Strategic claiming and framing, and the successes and failures of indigenous movements in Latin America. (DPhil Sociology), University of Oxford. (Bodleain Library Deposit)\nMeyer, D. (2004). Protest and Political Opportunities. Annual Review of Sociology, 30, 125-145.\nPairican, F. (2015). Malon: La Rebelion del Movimiento Mapuche 1990-2013.\nRichards, P. (2010). Of Indians and Terrorists : How the State and Local Elites Construct the Mapuche in Neoliberal Multicultural Chile. Journal of Latin American Studies, 42(1), 59-90.\n This is based on the World Bank’s GINI index. Please note that data is only available for selected countries. For comparison, the most equal country in the world according to this measure is South Africa (63) while the lowest Ukraine (25). In 2017 Chile had a GINI of 46.6, the US 41.5 (2016), and the UK 33.2 (2015)", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "url": "https://blog.politics.ox.ac.uk/how-the-recent-protest-in-chile-legitimises-the-historic-struggle-of-the-mapuche/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251684146.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126013015-20200126043015-00114.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9382626414, "token_count": 2235, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is é an 28ú lá inniu den agóidí ollmhóra a ghlac Chile; is comóradh bliain é freisin de mharú Camilo Catrillanca, ceannaire óg Mapuche, ag póilíní na Sile. B'fhéidir go mbeadh sé dodhéanta a shamhlú go raibh an-chuid daoine ag teacht chun cinn sa tSile inniu, go háirithe tar éis dom roinnt míonna a chaitheamh i réigiún Araucanía i ndeisceart na Sile (nó Wallmapu do Mapuche), áit a raibh an-chosc ar gach rud ach an eagraíocht choiteann is neamhdhíobhálach. Cé go raibh míshástacht ag boiling le eagla sa Deisceart, sa phríomhchathair bhí an chuma ar frustrachas an ghluaiseachta mac léinn (féach Donoso, 2013 mar shampla) agus an filleadh ar an sciath ceart Sebastián Piñera ar an uachtaránacht i 2018 go raibh sé dóchúil go mbeadh sé deacair a bheith ag cur i láthair na mórshó. Mar sin féin, is é an rud atá ag tarlú i Sile anois ná dúshlán don argóint a bhfuil tábhacht leis laistigh de litríocht na gluaiseachta sóisialta nach bhfuil agóid ach amháin nuair a bhíonn deiseanna polaitiúla fabhracha cheana féin (Amenta, 2014; Giugni, 2007; Meyer, 2004).\nArna spreagadh ag agóidí mac léinn i gcoinne ardú táille ar chóras meitreo Santiago an 18 Deireadh Fómhair, d'éirigh le soghluaisteacht ollmhór sa tSile go tapa faoi éagothroime socheacnamaíoch (de réir na sonraí is déanaí ón mBanc Domhanda, is é an tSile an 26ú tír is éagothroime ar domhan) agus an easpa athchóirithe institiúideacha ó dheireadh an ordaithe (tosaíonn codanna suntasacha den Bhunreacht le hathchóirithe Pinochet). Go deimhin, is é an t-iarratas gan staonadh ar Bhunreacht nua a bheith ina sprioc forleathan agus aontaitheach ag gníomhaithe mac léinn, poblacha agus dúchasacha. Ar an 11 Samhain, d'fhógair an rialtas pleananna le haghaidh comhdháil bhunreachtúil. Ach, ní fhreastalaíonn sé seo ar an éileamh ar chomhthionól bunreachtúil ó bhun suas, éileamh a bhfuil gníomhaithe ag iarraidh a éileamh.\nTá an t-iomaíocht phoiblí tras-roinnte seo, a d'éirigh le stailc náisiúnta, curtha faoi chois go mór; maraíodh 20 duine ar a laghad, agus tá Amnesty International tar éis Chile a dhúnadh chuig an gCoimisiún Idir-Mheiriceánach as sáruithe ar chearta an duine. Ní léir go bhfuil mórán comharthaí ag teacht ó ghluaiseacht na mór-ghníomhaíochta, ach tá sé fós le feiceáil an féidir athchóiriú bunreachtúil ó bhun suas a bhaint amach i ndáiríre. Is é an rud atá soiléir, áfach, gur éirigh leis na hagóidí rialtas Piñera a chur i bhfeidhm cheana féin chun roinnt tairisceana a dhéanamh, mar shampla an méadú ar an táille a chur ar fionraí agus athshuí iomlán sa chaibinéad.\nThairis sin, léirigh an imoibriú ar na hagóidí do ghnáth-Chileannaigh cé chomh brúiseach is féidir a stát a bheith, rud a bhí á stóráil roimhe seo den chuid is mó do na Mapuche. Is mionlach dúchasach iad a d'ionchruinnigh sa Deisceart, agus tá na Mapuche tar éis streachailt agus soghluaisteacht a dhéanamh le fada le haghaidh níos mó neamhspleáchais, athdháileadh talún, suíocháin choimeádta sa pharlaimint, soláthar dhá theanga, agus i gcoinne phleananna riaracháin Piñera chun ligean do dhíol aonair teidil talún a bhí i seilbh choiteann. Tá agóidí ag éirí níos mó le stát na Sile tar éis gluaiseacht Mapuche atá sracfhillte go stairiúil a dhíothú go hiomlán. Cé go bhfuil roinnt grúpaí ag comhoibriú leis an stát, tá daoine eile ag cur in aghaidh a iontrála le fada agus ag troid le haghaidh aitheantas níos mó dá gcearta (Carruthers & Rodriguez, 2009; Pairican, 2015; Richards, 2010).\nNíor bhuaigh na Spáinnigh na Mapuche dúchasacha go hoifigiúil riamh, agus níor ionchorpraíodh iad go foréigneach isteach sa stát Shileach ach i 1881 sa rud a bhfuil aithne euphemistically air i Shile mar pacification de réigiún Araucanía. Ar ais go dtí tús an 20ú haois. Ina chuid oibre seimineála Malon, insíonn an staire Mapuche Fernando Pairicán iarmhairtí na hoibríochta déanach sa 19ú haois agus bunaíodh cúlchistí dúchasacha (reducciones) i gcríoch uathrialach Mapuche roimhe seo. Thug sé tagairt do ollamh áitiúil a thuairiscigh an staid a bhí ag na Mapuche ag an am sin.\nTá na húinéirí talún nua ag cur isteach go mall ar thailte dúchasacha, atá dlíthiúil anois mar choimeádáin. An míleata, tasked le ord poiblí, flog an Mapuche le haghaidh ach a bheith faoi amhras ar ghoid, trample siad ar chúl na bhfear agus indiscriminately gortaíonn mná agus leanaí le linn a gcuid féilte agus reáchtálacha traidisiúnta ((Pairican, 2015: 37)\nBhuail an luachan seo le conair brónach liom, mar nuair a thug mé cuairt ar Araucanía or Wallmapu in 2016 agus 2018 le haghaidh obair allamuigh. Bhí an chuma air go raibh rudaí áirithe mar an gcéanna, cé go raibh breis is 150 bliain caite. Ar an 14 Samhain, 2018, maraíodh Camilo Catrillanca ag scáileán póilíní míleataithe Comando Jungla i bpobal (lof) Temucuicui, tar éis don póilíní a mhaíomh go raibh rábas carr tuairiscíodh agus go raibh amhras orthu go raibh na ciontóirí ó phobail Mapuche in aice le Ercilla.\nDhá lá roimh mharú Catrillanca, labhair mé leis na chéad mhná comhairle Mapuche de Ercilla. Bhí an baile seo ar cheann de na hionaid den choimhlint mar a thugtar air, áit ar cuireadh trucailí cuideachta foraoiseachta ar an tine ag deireadh na 1990idí, go príomha ag gníomhaithe Mapuche na láimhe clé den Coordinadora Arauco Malleco (CAM) (Gaitán-Barrera & Azeez, 2018). Dúirt sí go raibh sé de ghnáth go raibh sé de ghnáth go raibh amhras go raibh goidte á úsáid mar fhíréantacht chun pobail a bhac. Dúirt sí liom freisin go raibh úsáid tacticí suaiteacha ag eagraíochtaí mar an CAM, mar thoradh ar fhoréigean níos déine stáit, militarization an chrios, agus gabhálacha ceannairí Mapuche sa HurricaneOperation infamous. Go deimhin, chonaic mé líon mór feithiclí armáilte míleata ag tiomáint timpeall sráidbhailte beaga tuaithe.\nDhá lá ina dhiaidh sin, bás Catrillanca agus na hagóidí a lean - in ainneoin an fhoréigean tromchúiseach is gnách - shroich an streachailt Mapuche na nuachtáin idirnáisiúnta sa deireadh mar streachailt de chuid daoine dúchasacha a bhfuil cearta cosanta acu go hidirnáisiúnta (féach OIT1690), seachas mar \"teiripeoirí\". Le blianta fada, tá an stát Sile ag cur reachtaíocht frith-sceimhlitheoireachta ré Pinochet i bhfeidhm ar agóidí Mapuche. Ba é an t-eagrán seo a leag solas ar dhúshlán na Mapuche agus ar an bhfreagairt fhoréigneach stáit. Mar sin féin, chomh fada agus a bhí an smachtbhanna stáit teoranta do ghluaiseacht Mapuche, bhí tuairim phoiblí na Sile ag tacú le freagraí tromchúiseacha agus na fórsaí slándála i gcoitinne (Bonner, 2014).\nIs cosúil go bhfuil rudaí athraithe anois, áfach, nuair a léiríodh go bhfuil an brú ar na hagóidí ar fud na tíre nach gá duit a bheith i do Mapuche chun fulaingt ó lámha na ndlíthe agus na fórsaí slándála a d'fhás Pinochet. Tá leibhéal nua dlúthpháirtíochta daonra cruthaithe ag seo, agus an bhratach Mapuche ag feadadh go suntasach ag taispeántais. Thug sé deis don ghluaiseacht Mapuche dul i mbun beart níos suaite arís; is iontach an rud é go bhfuil sé ag cur síos ar mhúnlaí na gcóncairí sa Wallmapu. Taispeánann an grianghraf thíos ceann de mhúnla conqueror a bhí curtha síos roimhe sin i lámha cogaidh Mapuche, leis an teachtaireacht: Bunreacht Nua nó Níl.\nNí raibh an gluaiseacht Mapuche (cé go raibh go leor mac léinn Mapuche rannpháirteach ón tús) ag spreagadh na n-agóidí il-earnálacha a ghlac an tír le seachtainí anuas, ach d'oscail siad spás do ghníomhaithe Mapuche a eagrú, agóid a dhéanamh agus cur isteach níos saor in aisce, tar éis blianta de dhíth ar an bhrú agus ar an drisc. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an dlúthpháirtíocht nua-aimsigh idir na Mapuche agus na Sileannaigh neamhshásta an rud a theastaíonn chun polaitíocht na Sile a athchóiriú ón mbun.\nFaigheann mo thaighde dochtúireachta ar ghluaiseachtaí dúchasacha i Meiriceá Laidineach amach go bhféadfadh iarmhairtí inmhianaithe a bheith ag agóid fiú faoi choinníollacha polaitiúla neamhfhabhracha nuair is féidir leis meascán ard go leor costais ábhartha agus siombalach a fhorchur (Krausova, 2018). Is cinnte gur chuir nádúr suaiteach na n-iomaitheoirí ar scála mór na costais ábhair ard, agus d'fhéadfadh tionchar díreach a bheith ag agóid suaiteach i gcomhthéacsanna áirithe (Biggs & Andrews, 2015; Kolb & Tarrow, 2007). Ach, léiríonn mo chuid oibre nach dócha go n-éireoidh le protest suaiteach amháin gan an dícheadú a ghabhann le spriocanna. Is cinnte gur amhlaidh a bhí i gcás na Mapuche, mar go bhfuil siad ag streachailt ar feadh na mblianta gan an brú a d'fhulaing siad a bheith go forleathan neamhdhleathach. Ar deireadh, is cosúil go bhfuil agóid sa tSile in ann costais chomharthacha ard go leor a fhorchur ar an stát chun difríocht a dhéanamh.\nAmenta, E. (2014). Conas tionchar na gluaiseachtaí a anailísiú. Socheolaíocht Chomh-aimseartha: Iris Athbhreithnithe, 43), 16-29.\nBiggs, M., & Andrews, K. (2015). Feachtais agóide agus rath gluaiseachta: Desegregating the South, 1960-61. Athbhreithniú Socheolaíoch Mheiriceá, 80 (2), 416-443.\nBonner, M. D. (2014). Agóid póilíneachta san Airgintín agus sa tSile. Boulder, Colorado: First Forum Press.\nCarruthers, D., & Rodriguez, P. (2009). Agóid Mapuche, Conradh Comhshaoil agus Ceangal Gluaiseacht Shóisialta sa tSile. Tríú Domhan Ceathrú, 30), 743-760.\nGaitán-Barrera, A., & Azeez, G. K. (2018). Níos faide ná aitheantas: uathriail, an stát, agus Coordinadora Arauco Malleco Mapuche. Staidéar eitneach Mheiriceá Laidineach agus na Caráib, 13(2), 113-134. doi:10.1080/17442222.2018.1440488\nGiugni, M. (2007). Agóid gan Fhaide? Anailís ar Threoracha Am ar Thorthaí Beartais na Ghluaiseachtaí Éiceolaíochta, Antineucléach, agus Síochána sna Stáit Aontaithe, 1977-1995. Mobilization, 12{} (1), 53-77.\nKolb, F., & Tarrow, S. G. (2007). Agóid agus deiseanna: torthaí polaitiúla na ngluaiseachtaí sóisialta. Frankfurt: Campas.\nKrausova, A. (2018) a chur i bhfeidhm. Cad a éilíonn gluaiseachtaí sóisialta, agus conas a éilíonn siad é: Éileamh agus frámaíocht straitéiseach, agus rath agus teip gluaiseachtaí dúchasacha i Meiriceá Laidineach. (D.Phil Sociology), Ollscoil Oxford. (Ionad Leabharlainne Bodleain)\nMeyer, D. (2004). Agóidí agus Deiseanna Polaitiúla. Athbhreithniú Bhliantúil na Sóiseolaíochta, 30, 125-145.\nPairican, F. (2015). Malon: La Rebelion del Movimiento Mapuche 1990-2013.\nRichards, P. (2010). Na hIndiaigh agus na sceimhlitheoirí: Conas a thógann an Stát agus na hEileachtaí Áitiúla na Mapuche sa tSile Ilchultúrtha Neoliberal. Journal of Latin American Studies, 42 (1), 59-90.\nTá sé seo bunaithe ar innéacs GINI an Bhainc Domhanda. Tabhair faoi deara le do thoil nach bhfuil sonraí ar fáil ach do thíortha roghnaithe. I gcomparáid, is í an Afraic Theas an tír is comhionannaí ar domhan de réir an mheáin seo (63) agus is í an Úcráin an ceann is ísle (25). In 2017 bhí GINI ag an tSile 46.6, na Stáit Aontaithe 41.5 (2016), agus an Ríocht Aontaithe 33.2 (2015)"} {"text": "Forty percent of the food Americans have available to them goes uneaten, according to a report released this week by the Natural Resources Defense Council. Most of this nutrient-rich uneaten food ends up rotting in landfills.\n“This issue has received very little attention in the U.S.,” said Dana Gunders, a project scientist at the N.R.D.C. who specializes in food and agriculture. Yet a significant amount of land, energy and fresh water go into producing food for American consumers.\nThe report, which was mostly based on a compilation of existing research, states that edible food is wasted — or “lost” — in the country at many different levels of food production, distribution and consumption.\nA study published by the Department of Agriculture about food loss in 2008 — the most recent year for which a full analysis has been done — states that $165.6 billion in food was wasted that year by food retailers and consumers. The study goes on to say that $390 worth of food per person was wasted in the United States in 2008.\nWhile there is much speculation over the predominant reasons for the food loss — from unregulated expiration dating to a cultural distaste for aesthetically displeasing fruits and vegetables — one of the most telling aspects of the report is that there is not enough data to make a firm determination.\nMs. Gunders said the N.R.D.C. would like to see the government prioritize the issue of food loss and set goals for reducing the waste. Twenty-five percent of the fresh water used in the country “goes into getting food to our tables,” the report says, and Ms. Gunders said that because of the severe drought afflicting the country, “it’s a really opportune time to take a closer look at this issue.”", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26", "url": "https://green.blogs.nytimes.com/tag/food-supply-farming/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320057.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623114917-20170623134917-00192.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9651404619, "token_count": 384, "score": 3.125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ní itheann ceathair faoin gcéad den bhia atá ar fáil do Mheiriceánaigh, de réir tuarascála a d'eisigh an Chomhairle um Chosaint Acmhainní Nádúrtha an tseachtain seo. Caitheann an chuid is mó den bhia seo atá saibhir i gcothaithigh gan a bheith ithe i dtírdhúnadh.\n\"Níor thugtar mórán aird ar an gceist seo sna Stáit Aontaithe\", a dúirt Dana Gunders, eolaí tionscadail ag an N.R.D.C. a speisialtóireacht i bia agus talmhaíocht. Ach tá méid suntasach talún, fuinnimh agus uisce úr ag dul i dtáirgeadh bia do thomhaltóirí Mheiriceá.\nDeir an tuarascáil, a bhí bunaithe den chuid is mó ar chomhlánú taighde atá ann cheana, go ndéantar bia in-ithe a chaitheamh nó a chailleadh sa tír ag go leor leibhéil éagsúla táirgeachta, dáileadh agus tomhaltais bia.\nDeir staidéar a d'fhoilsigh an Roinn Talmhaíochta faoi chailliúint bia in 2008 - an bhliain is déanaí a ndearnadh anailís iomlán air - go ndearna miondíoltóirí agus tomhaltóirí bia $ 165.6 billiún i mbia a chaitheamh an bhliain sin. Deir an staidéar go leanann sé ar aghaidh go ndearnadh $390 de bhia in aghaidh an duine a chaitheamh sna Stáit Aontaithe in 2008.\nCé go bhfuil go leor tuairimíochta ann maidir leis na cúiseanna is mó a bhaineann le caillteanas bia - ó éagú neamhrialta a thagann ó dhifríocht chultúrtha i leith torthaí agus glasraí nach bhfuil taitneamhach ó thaobh na haisteolaíochta de - is é ceann de na gnéithe is mó a léiríonn an tuarascáil ná nach bhfuil go leor sonraí ann chun cinneadh daingean a dhéanamh.\nDúirt Ms. Gunders an N.R.D.C. Ba mhaith leis an rialtas a fheiceáil go gcuirfidh sé ceist caillteanais bia ar thús agus go leagfaidh sé spriocanna chun an dramhaíl a laghdú. \"Tá 25% den uisce úr a úsáidtear sa tír ag dul chun bia a chur ar ár mbord\", a deir an tuarascáil, agus dúirt an tUasal Gunders gur thráth tromchúiseach atá ag fulaingt an tír, \"is é an t-am ceart é chun breathnú níos dlúithe ar an gceist seo\"."} {"text": "Adults of Mermis nigrescens live buried in the soil, while larva live as parasites inside grasshoppers. The species is more frequently found in grasslands, meadows, clearings, and other well-vegetated but not tree-covered habitats. (Christie, 1937)\nThis is a large species of nematode. Adult males range from 40 to 50 mm long, while the females range from 80 to 200 mm long. The body of the worm tapers in the front, with the head slightly offset and rounded in the front. Larvae and adult males are generally cream colored, as are females if their uterus is empty. If the uterus contains eggs, the female will appear brownish or black because of the coloration of the eggs she contains. Males have two spicules, one of which is used in reproduction. Both sexes possess two laterally-placed anterior chemoreceptors called amphids, but they lack posterior phasmids. Both sexes also possess a terminal mouth with two lateral papillae close to it and four head papillae further back.\nIn adult females, there is an orange/red area behind the head, which is associated with a unique light sensitive organ. Mohammed et al (2007) give details of the structure and function of this organ. It serves to allow the female to know where to go when laying eggs. (Christie, 1937; Mohammed, et al., 2007; Webster and Thong, 1984)\nEmbryos begin to develop in the eggs while still in the female. By the time the eggs are laid (in late spring or early summer) the offspring are already stage 2 larvae. If an egg is ingested by a grasshopper or other orthopteran, the outer layer of the egg rubs off and within minutes the larva begins to move out of the inner shell.\nOnce hatched, the larva pierces the gut wall of the host and enters the body cavity. Larval worms feed on host body fluids and tissues and grow. They emerge from the host in approximately 3-6 weeks. The worms develop faster in warmer temperatures. Size and species of hosts affects developmental time, and larval worms stay longer and grow larger in mature adult hosts than in nymph or young adult hosts. Female worms tend to remain in the host longer than males, and are larger at emergence than males. Worms puncture the host body wall and emerge as 4th stage larvae (the host and any remaining worms die). They crawl 15-20 cm into the soil where they molt, become mature adults and mate. Males die after mating. Females spend the winter in diapause in the soil and emerge on rainy or dew mornings in the following spring/summer to climb up on to plants and lay their eggs. (Christie, 1937; Webster and Thong, 1984)\nMales mate with many females, while the female will only mate with one male. Males have a flexible tail including one of the spicules which they use to wrap around the female and hold the female in place during copulation. (Christie, 1937)\nAfter spending the winter in the soil, emerge in the late spring or early summer on damp or rainy mornings, and climb on the leaves of plants, usually 30-60 cm above soil level and lay thousands of dark brown eggs on the leaves. The eggs are attached with threads of adhesive.\nNo parental care is provided after eggs are laid. Females provision the eggs with a coating that protects them from sunlight damage, and glue to hold them onto leaves. (Christie, 1937; Webster and Thong, 1984)\nMost Mermis nigrescens complete their lifecycle in one year, but in the absence of rains or other moisture to trigger egg-laying, females can persist in the soil for 2-3 years. Females die shortly after climbing out of the soil to lay eggs. (Chapman, et al., 1990; Christie, 1937; Webster and Thong, 1984)\nThe larvae of M. nigrescens are endoparasitic. During their larva stages they infect the body cavity of grasshoppers. They may be located anywhere within the host's hemocoel. Once juveniles burrow out of a host, they will dig into the soil where they molt into adults. They are dormant in the winter.\nThe action of females crawling on plants in order to deposit their eggs on vegetation above ground is considered an important behavior modification for insect parasitism, and is an unusual behavior in nematodes. Most nematodes will move away from light, but adult females of this species are positively phototaxic when laying eggs. (Atkins, 2004; Belovsky, et al., 2000; Mohammed, et al., 2007)\nThis species does not have a home range.\nLittle is known about communication in this species. It is likely to be based on touch and chemo-sensing. These worms can sense chemicals, touch, and moisture, and adult females have an unusual (for nematodes) light-sensing structure. (Christie, 1937; Mohammed, et al., 2007; Webster and Thong, 1984)\nThese worms could potentially be used as control agents for pest grasshoppers. However, nematode ecology is poorly understood, especially in nature. (Belovsky, et al., 2000; Chapman, et al., 1990; Webster and Thong, 1984)\nNormally these worms have no known adverse effects on humans. There are a very small number of cases of M. nigrescens finding its way into humans, but this is extremely rare. Poinar and Hoberg (1988) describe a case where a female was found in an infant's mouth, and give references to the few similar cases. (Poinar, Jr. and Hoberg, 1988)\nThe status of populations of this species are unknown, but it is not believed to require special conservation. The species has not been rated by the IUCN, or other agencies.\nGeorge Hammond (author, editor), Animal Diversity Web.\nliving in the Nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the New World. This includes Greenland, the Canadian Arctic islands, and all of the North American as far south as the highlands of central Mexico.\nliving in the northern part of the Old World. In otherwords, Europe and Asia and northern Africa.\nliving in landscapes dominated by human agriculture.\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.\nan animal that mainly eats meat\nFound in coastal areas between 30 and 40 degrees latitude, in areas with a Mediterranean climate. Vegetation is dominated by stands of dense, spiny shrubs with tough (hard or waxy) evergreen leaves. May be maintained by periodic fire. In South America it includes the scrub ecotone between forest and paramo.\nuses smells or other chemicals to communicate\nactive at dawn and dusk\na period of time when growth or development is suspended in insects and other invertebrates, it can usually only be ended the appropriate environmental stimulus.\nanimals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature\nunion of egg and spermatozoan\nforest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality.\nhaving a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature.\nthe state that some animals enter during winter in which normal physiological processes are significantly reduced, thus lowering the animal's energy requirements. The act or condition of passing winter in a torpid or resting state, typically involving the abandonment of homoiothermy in mammals.\nfertilization takes place within the female's body\nhaving the capacity to move from one place to another.\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother's body.\nan organism that obtains nutrients from other organisms in a harmful way that doesn't cause immediate death\ndevelopment takes place in an unfertilized egg\nchemicals released into air or water that are detected by and responded to by other animals of the same species\nhaving more than one female as a mate at one time\n\"many forms.\" A species is polymorphic if its individuals can be divided into two or more easily recognized groups, based on structure, color, or other similar characteristics. The term only applies when the distinct groups can be found in the same area; graded or clinal variation throughout the range of a species (e.g. a north-to-south decrease in size) is not polymorphism. Polymorphic characteristics may be inherited because the differences have a genetic basis, or they may be the result of environmental influences. We do not consider sexual differences (i.e. sexual dimorphism), seasonal changes (e.g. change in fur color), or age-related changes to be polymorphic. Polymorphism in a local population can be an adaptation to prevent density-dependent predation, where predators preferentially prey on the most common morph.\nbreeding is confined to a particular season\nremains in the same area\noffspring are all produced in a single group (litter, clutch, etc.), after which the parent usually dies. Semelparous organisms often only live through a single season/year (or other periodic change in conditions) but may live for many seasons. In both cases reproduction occurs as a single investment of energy in offspring, with no future chance for investment in reproduction.\nreproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female\nliving in residential areas on the outskirts of large cities or towns.\nuses touch to communicate\nthat region of the Earth between 23.5 degrees North and 60 degrees North (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle) and between 23.5 degrees South and 60 degrees South (between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle).\nLiving on the ground.\nA terrestrial biome. Savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. Extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical Africa and South America, and in Australia.\nA grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. See also Tropical savanna and grassland biome.\nA terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (>23.5° N or S latitude). Vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. Fire and grazing are important in the long-term maintenance of grasslands.\nuses sight to communicate\nAtkins, W. 2004. Adenophorea (Roundworms). Pp. 283-291 in M Hutchins, D Thoney, M McDade, eds. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, Vol. Vol. 1: Lower Metazoans and Lesser Deuterostomes, 2nd Edition. Detroit, Michigan, USA: Gale. Accessed January 29, 2009 at http://www.gale.com/eBooks.\nBelovsky, G., D. Branson, J. Chase, J. Barker, G. Hammond. 2000. \"Mite and Nematode Parasites of Grasshoppers\" (On-line). Accessed November 25, 2007 at http://www.sidney.ars.usda.gov/grasshopper/Handbook/I/i_9.htm.\nChapman, R., A. Joern, D. Streett, M. McGuire. 1990. The Biology of Grasshoppers. New York: Wiley-Interscience.\nChristie, J. 1937. Mermis nigrescens, a Nematode Parasite of Grasshoppers. The Journal of Agricultural Research, Volume 55 Issue 5: 353-364.\nMohammed, A., C. Burr, A. Burr. 2007. \"Unique Two Photoreceptor Scanning Eye of the nematode Mermis nigrescens\" (On-line). Accessed November 25, 2007 at http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/212/3/206.\nPoinar, Jr., G., E. Hoberg. 1988. \"Mermis Nigrescens (Mermithidae: Nematoda) Recovered from the Mouth of a Child\" (On-line). Accessed November 25, 2007 at http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/39/5/478.\nWebster, J., C. Thong. 1984. Nematode Parasites of Orthopterans. Pp. 697-721 in W Nickle, ed. Plant and Insect Nematodes. New York City, New York, USA: Marcel Dekker Inc..", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "url": "http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Mermis_nigrescens/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699036375/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516101036-00075-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9215625525, "token_count": 2727, "score": 3.703125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Tá daoine fásta de Mermis nigrescens ina gcónaí curtha sa ithir, agus maireann larbha mar pharaisítí taobh istigh de scaird. Tá an speiceas le fáil níos minice i bhfásach, i meadows, i gclárú, agus i gnáthóga eile a bhfuil plandaí go maith orthu ach nach bhfuil crann orthu. (Christie, 1937)\nIs speiceas mór néamaitóide é seo. Tá na fireannaigh fásta idir 40 agus 50 mm ar fhad, agus tá na mná idir 80 agus 200 mm ar fhad. Tá an corp an féar ag dul i ngleic sa tosaigh, agus an ceann beagán as a chéile agus cruinn sa tosaigh. De ghnáth bíonn dath uachtar ar na larbhaí agus ar na fireannaigh fásta, mar atá ar na mban má tá a n-údar folamh. Má tá uibheacha sa uterus, beidh an baineann ag breathnú donn nó dubh mar gheall ar dath na n-uibheacha atá ina bhfuil. Tá dhá spicules ag fir, a úsáidtear ceann acu i gclárú. Tá dhá cheimireachtaire tosaigh ar an taobh ar a dtugtar amphids ag an dá ghnéas, ach níl phasmids iarmhara acu. Tá béal críochnaithe ag an dá ghnéas freisin le dhá papillae taobh thiar de agus ceithre papillae ceann níos faide ar ais.\nI mbean fásta, tá limistéar oráiste/dearg taobh thiar den cheann, a bhaineann le orgán uathúil atá íogair don solas. Tugann Mohammed et al (2007) sonraí faoi struchtúr agus feidhm an chomhlachta seo. Tá sé ag feidhmiú chun a cheadú don mhná a fhios a bheith acu cá háit le dul nuair a bhíonn uibheacha á gcur. (Christie, 1937; Mohammed, et al., 2007; Webster and Thong, 1984)\nTosaíonn na fógráin ag forbairt sna huibheacha agus iad fós sa mhná. Faoi dheireadh an tsamhraidh nó go luath sa samhradh, nuair a bhíonn na huibheacha á gcur, tá na h-uibheacha ag dul i mbun a gcuid oibre. Má inghlaíonn grasshopper nó orthopteran eile ubh, scuabann ciseal seachtrach an ubh agus laistigh de chúpla nóiméad tosaíonn an larbha ag bogadh amach as an gcraiceann istigh.\nNuair a bhíonn an liathróid ar an gcraiceann, téann sí isteach i gcroí an óstach agus téann sí isteach sa choirnéal. Tá na féaróg larbha ag ithe leachta agus fíocháin chorp an óstach agus ag fás. Tagann siad amach ón óstach i thart ar 3-6 seachtaine. Fásann na féar níos tapúla i teochtaí níos teo. Bíonn tionchar ag méid agus speiceas na hóstach ar an am forbartha, agus fanann féaráin larbha níos faide agus fásann siad níos mó i hóstach fásta aibí ná i hóstach nimfe nó óstach fásta óg. Is gnách go bhfanann féarmasí baineann sa óstach níos faide ná na fir, agus tá siad níos mó ag teacht chun cinn ná na fir. Tá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a chur ar fáil ar an mbord, agus tá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a chur ar fáil ar an mbord, agus tá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a chur ar an mbord, agus tá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a chur ar an mbord. Clúdaíonn siad 15-20 cm isteach sa ithir áit a ndéanann siad muilt, a thagann chun bheith ina ndaoine fásta aibí agus a lánúineacht. Faigheann fir bás tar éis páirte. Caitheann mná an gheimhreadh i diapause sa ithir agus tagann siad amach ar mhaidin báistí nó féir sa earrach / samhradh ina dhiaidh sin chun dul suas ar phlandaí agus a gcuid uibheacha a leagan. (Christie, 1937; Webster agus Thong, 1984)\nNí bhíonn na fir ag caidreamh le go leor mná, agus ní bhíonn an bhean ach le fear amháin. Tá eireaball solúbtha ag na fir lena n-áirítear ceann de na spicules a úsáideann siad chun an baineann a fhilleadh agus an baineann a choinneáil in áit le linn cóipeála. (Christie, 1937)\nTar éis dóibh an gheimhreadh a chaitheamh sa ithir, tagann siad amach i ndeireadh an earraigh nó go luath sa samhradh ar mhaidin tais nó báisteach, agus téann siad ar dhuilleoga plandaí, de ghnáth 30-60 cm os cionn leibhéal na talún agus cuireann siad na mílte uibheacha donn dorcha ar na duilleoga. Tá na huibheacha ceangailte le snáitheanna greamaithe.\nNí sholáthraítear cúram tuismitheora tar éis uibheacha a leagan. Cuireann mná cóta ar na huibheacha a chosnaíonn iad ó mhilleadh na gréine, agus greama chun iad a choinneáil ar duilleoga. (Christie, 1937; Webster agus Thong, 1984)\nCríochnaíonn an chuid is mó de na Mermis nigrescens a saolré i gceann bliana, ach i bhfianaise na báistí nó taise eile chun uibheacha a chur, is féidir le mná fanacht sa ithir ar feadh 2-3 bliana. Faigheann na mná bás go gairid tar éis dóibh dul amach as an ithir chun uibheacha a leagan. (Chapman, et al., 1990; Christie, 1937; Webster and Thong, 1984)\nTá larbhaí M. nigrescens endoparasitic. Le linn a gcéimeanna larbha, ionfhabhtaíonn siad cavity an choirp de grasshoppers. D'fhéadfadh siad a bheith suite in áit ar bith laistigh de hemocoel an óstach. Nuair a bhíonn na páistí óga ag dul amach as an óstach, scaoilfidh siad isteach sa ithir áit a ndéanann siad moltaí ina ndaoine fásta. Tá siad ina gcodladh sa gheimhreadh.\nMeastar go bhfuil modhnú tábhachtach iompraíochta ag an ngnéas a bhíonn ag mná ag crawling ar phlandaí d'fhonn a gcuid uibheacha a thaisceadh ar fhéithíocht os cionn na talún le haghaidh parasitism feithidí, agus is iompar neamhghnách é i nemátóidí. Beidh an chuid is mó de na nemátóidigh ag bogadh ar shiúl ón solas, ach tá mná fásta den speiceas seo go deimhin fóta-tocsaineach nuair a bhíonn uibheacha á gcur. (Atkins, 2004; Belovsky, et al., 2000; Mohammed, et al., 2007)\nNíl raon baile ag an speiceas seo.\nNíl mórán ar eolas faoi chumarsáid sa speiceas seo. Is dócha go mbeidh sé bunaithe ar ghuth agus ar chemo-sensing. Is féidir leis na féaróg seo ceimiceáin, teagmháil agus taise a bhraitheann, agus tá struchtúr neamhghnách (do nemátóidí) solais-bhraitheach ag mná fásta. (Christie, 1937; Mohammed, et al., 2007; Webster and Thong, 1984)\nD'fhéadfaí na féar seo a úsáid mar ghníomhairí rialaithe le haghaidh gránna féar. Mar sin féin, níl tuiscint mhaith ar éiceolaíocht na nemátóide, go háirithe sa nádúr. (Belovsky, et al., 2000; Chapman, et al., 1990; Webster and Thong, 1984)\nDe ghnáth ní bhíonn aon éifeachtaí díobhálacha ar dhaoine ag na féaráin seo. Tá líon an-bheag cásanna de M. nigrescens ag teacht isteach ar dhaoine, ach tá sé seo an-annamh. Déanann Poinar agus Hoberg (1988) cur síos ar chás ina bhfuarthas bean i mbéal naíonáin, agus tugann siad tagairtí do na cúpla cás den chineál céanna. (Poinar, Jr. agus Hoberg, 1988)\nNíl a fhios ag an stát ar phobail na speiceas seo, ach ní chreidtear go dteastaíonn caomhnú speisialta uaidh. Níor rátáil an speiceas ag an IUCN, ná ag gníomhaireachtaí eile.\nGeorge Hammond (údar, eagarthóir), Animal Diversity Web.\na bhí ina gcónaí sa chúige bith-thírdhreach Nearctic, an chuid thuaidh den Domhan Nua. Áirítear leis seo an Ghráinlainn, oileáin Artaigh Cheanada, agus Meiriceá Thuaidh go léir chomh fada ó dheas le háiteanna ard Meicsiceo lárnach.\nag maireachtáil sa chuid thuaidh den Sean Domhan. I bhfocail eile, an Eoraip agus an Áise agus an Afraic Thuaidh.\nag maireachtáil i dtimpeallachtaí a bhfuil feirmeoireacht daonna i gceannas orthu.\na bhfuil sioméadracht coirp acu ionas gur féidir an t-ainmhí a roinnt i gceann de na pláinéid ina dhá leath samhail scátháin. Tá taobhanna dorsacha agus ventracha ag ainmhithe a bhfuil siméadracht déthaobhach acu, chomh maith le foircinn tosaigh agus iarmhara. Synapomorphy na Bilateria.\nainmhí a itheann feoil den chuid is mó\nTá sé le fáil i gceantair chósta idir 30 agus 40 céim leitheid, i gceantair a bhfuil aeráid Mheánmhuirí acu. Tá an plandaíocht faoi stiúir ag stoic de chrainn thiubh, spiniach le duilleoga crua (dona nó uachtar) síoraí. Féadfar é a chothabháil le tine tréimhsiúil. I Meiriceá Theas áirítear leis an éicotón scrub idir foraoise agus paramo.\núsáid a bhaint as boladh nó ceimiceáin eile chun cumarsáid a dhéanamh\ngníomhach ag an am a thagann sé chun cinn agus ag an am a thagann sé chun cinn\ntréimhse ama nuair a bhíonn fás nó forbairt ar fionraí in inseictí agus in neamhthriomacháin eile, ní féidir é a chríochnú de ghnáth ach amháin le spreagadh iomchuí ó thaobh an chomhshaoil de.\nainmhithe a chaithfidh teas a fuarthas ón timpeallacht agus oiriúnaithe iompraíochta a úsáid chun teocht an choirp a rialáil\ncomhpháirtí uibhe agus spermatozoa\nTá biomaí foraoise faoi cheannas crainn, ar shlí eile is féidir le biomaí foraoise athrú go mór i méid na dtuite agus saineolachta.\nTeochta coirp a bhíonn ag athrú de réir teochta an chomhshaoil dhíreach; nach bhfuil aon mheicníocht acu nó nach bhfuil meicníocht ísealfhorbartha acu chun teocht choirp inmheánach a rialáil.\nan staid a théann roinnt ainmhithe isteach i rith an gheimhridh ina laghdaítear próisis fhisiúlacha gnáth go suntasach, rud a laghdaíonn riachtanais fuinnimh an ainmhí dá bhrí sin. An gníomh nó an riocht a bhaineann le hiománaíocht a dhéanamh i staid torpid nó scíthe, a chuimsíonn de ghnáth tréigthe homoiothermy i mamaigh.\ntarlaíonn an fhéithithriú laistigh de chorp an mhná\na bhfuil an cumas acu bogadh ó áit amháin go háit eile.\nan limistéar ina bhfuil an t-ainmhí le fáil go nádúrtha, an réigiún ina bhfuil sé endéamach.\natáirgeadh ina scaoileann an baineann uibheacha; tarlaíonn forbairt na sliocht lasmuigh de chorp na máthar.\nainmhí a fhaigheann cothaithigh ó ainmhithe eile ar bhealach díobhálach nach gcuireann bás láithreach ar fáil\ntarlaíonn forbairt i ubh neamhfhéilte\nTá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear le haghaidh na n-ábhar seo a leanas:\na bhfuil níos mó ná baineann amháin mar pháirtí ag an am céanna\n\"i bhfoirmeacha éagsúla\". Is é speiceas polimorfach má is féidir a chuid indibhidiúcha a roinnt ina dhá ghrúpa nó níos mó a aithnítear go héasca, bunaithe ar struchtúr, dath, nó tréithe eile den chineál céanna. Ní bhaineann an téarma ach nuair is féidir na grúpaí ar leith a fháil sa limistéar céanna; athruithe céimnithe nó clinal ar fud raon speiceas (m.sh. Ní hionann an t-athrú (a laghdú ó thuaidh go deisceart) agus polimorphism. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tréithe ilmhórtha oidhreachta toisc go bhfuil bunús géiniteach ag na difríochtaí, nó d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tionchar ag an gcomhshaol orthu. Ní mheasann muid difríochtaí inscne (i.e. athruithe séasúracha (m. e. athruithe i dath an fhéile), nó athruithe a bhaineann le haois a bheith polimorfach. Is féidir le polimorphism i daonra áitiúil a bheith ina oiriúnú chun cailliúint atá ag brath ar dlús a chosc, áit a bhfuil na creachadóirí ag cailliúint go tosaitheach ar an morph is coitianta.\ntá an t-aistriú teoranta do shéasúr áirithe\nfanann sé sa limistéar céanna\nTá an t-easnamh seo a leanas ag an mbunachar sonraí: ), agus de ghnáth maireann an tuismitheoir ina dhiaidh sin. Is minic nach maireann orgánaigh semelparous ach trí shéasúr/bliadhna amháin (nó athrú tréimhsiúil eile ar choinníollacha) ach d'fhéadfadh siad maireachtáil ar feadh go leor shéasúr. Sa dá chás, tarlaíonn atáirgeadh mar infheistíocht amháin fuinnimh i gcinn, gan aon seans sa todhchaí le haghaidh infheistíochta i atáirgeadh.\natáirgeadh a chuimsíonn ranníocaíocht ghéiniteach dhá dhuine aonair, fear agus bean a chur le chéile\ni gceantair chónaithe ar imeall cathracha móra nó bailte.\núsáideann sé teagmháil chun cumarsáid a dhéanamh\nan réigiún den Domhan idir 23.5 céim Thuaidh agus 60 céim Thuaidh (idir Trópach na hAilgéire agus Ciorcal na hArtaice) agus idir 23.5 céim Theas agus 60 céim Theas (idir Trópach na Capricorne agus Ciorcal na hAntartach).\nAg maireachtáil ar an talamh.\nBithbhéim talún. Is éard atá i savannas ná féaráin le crainn aonair scaipthe nach bhfuil ina gcúinne dúnta. Tá savannas fairsing le fáil i gcodanna den Afraic fho-thrópaiceach agus thrópaiceach agus i Meiriceá Theas, agus san Astráil.\nFásach le crainn scaipthe nó le clúba crainn scaipthe, cineál pobail idirmheánach idir féarach agus foraoise. Féach freisin Savanna Trópaiceach agus bioma féar.\nTá an t-athrú seo ag cur isteach ar an gcineál is mó de na táirgí a úsáidtear chun na táirgí a tháirgeadh. Is arbhar is mó atá sa fhás, agus braitheann a airde agus a éagsúlacht speiceas go mór ar an méid taise atá ar fáil. Tá an tine agus an féaraíocht tábhachtach chun féaraí a chothabháil go fadtéarmach.\núsáideann sé an radharc chun cumarsáid a dhéanamh\nAtkins, W. 2004. Adenophorea (Rúnna babhta). Pp. 283-291 in M Hutchins, D Thoney, M McDade, eds. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, Vol. Vol. 1: Metazoans Íseal agus Deuterostomes Íseal, 2ú Eisiúint. Detroit, Michigan, SAM: Gale. Rochtain ar 29 Eanáir 2009 ag http://www.gale.com/eBooks.\nBelovsky, G., D. Branson, J. Chase, J. Barker, G. Hammond. 2000. Tá sé seo go maith. \"Mite and Nematode Parasites of Grasshoppers\" (Ar Líne). Rinneadh rochtain ar an 25 Samhain, 2007 ag http://www.sidney.ars.usda.gov/grasshopper/Handbook/I/i_9.htm.\nChapman, R., A. Joern, D. Streett, M. McGuire. 1990. an t-am. Bithíocht na Ghrasán. Nua-Eabhrac: Wiley-Interscience.\nChristie, J. 1937. - Tá sé ann. Mermis nigrescens, Parasite Nematode de Grasshoppers. An Journal of Agricultural Research, Leabhar 55 Eisiúint 5: 353-364.\nMohammed, A., C. Burr, A. Burr. 2007. \"Scanáil Aonghúil Aonair Dhá-Fótar-ghlacadóir an nematóide Mermis nigrescens\" (Ar Líne). Rochtain ar 25 Samhain, 2007 ag http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/212/3/206.\nPoinar, Jr., G., E. Hoberg. 1988. \"Mermis Nigrescens (Mermithidae: Nematoda) a aisghabháil ó bhéal leanbh\" (Ar Líne). Rochtain ar 25 Samhain, 2007 ag http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/39/5/478.\nWebster, J., C. Thong. 1984. Parasítí Nematode de Orthopterans. Pp. 697-721 i W Nickle, ed. Nematodes plandaí agus insteictí. Cathair Nua Eabhrac, Nua Eabhrac, SAM: Marcel Dekker Inc.."} {"text": "Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, plus the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests, and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks\nAbout 11% of human-caused greenhouse gases come from the destruction of tropical forests. REDD+ is a system being designed by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to reduce these emissions.\nUnder REDD+, countries and landholders that protect and restore forests are rewarded by developed countries. (For example, a community could receive REDD+ funding, or training to improve yields from existing farmland, in return for avoiding the clearing of standing forests.)\nConservation International develops REDD+ projects that are proving that REDD+ can work. We use the lessons we learn from these projects to help design policies that will expand the use of REDD+ around the world.\nWe demonstrate that REDD+ works\nStopping deforestation must be a part of society’s solution to climate change, and REDD+ can be a part of the solution to deforestation. Conservation International works on the ground with local communities, governments, scientists and other partners to implement REDD+ activities that effectively achieve emissions reductions — while benefiting people and protecting the forests that people, plants and animals all depend on.\nWe make REDD+ work for people\nREDD+ will only be successful if it provides benefits to local people and local environments. Conservation International engages with policymakers at all levels to help ensure that REDD+ is designed with strong local participation — and that it delivers multiple benefits to people. In fact, Conservation International was a major contributor in the development of standards designed to help REDD+ projects deliver benefits not just to the climate, but also to communities.\nWe build the capacity to implement REDD+\nFor REDD+ to be successful, a wide range of people, from local communities to government leaders, must understand how it works. Conservation International is a world leader in providing REDD+ training. We help design approaches to REDD+ that engage the people the mechanism will affect, that are scientifically sound and that are consistent with globally-recognized best practices.\nBy the numbers\n373,832 hectares of at-risk tropical forest protected\nConservation International’s REDD+ projects have protected 373,832 hectares of some of the most important forests on Earth in places like Madagascar and Peru.\nForest-dependent communities, government staff, scientists and other partners all need comprehensive information to effectively engage in the design and implementation of REDD+ activities. Recognizing this, members of the Alliance for Global REDD+ Capacity — led by Conservation International — created The Knowledge and Skills Needed to Engage in REDD+: A Competencies Framework, a single reference that helps readers quickly understand key concepts, policy benchmarks, skills, tools and resources for 10 specific REDD+ topics. Now in a user-friendly app format with simple navigation, the content can be frequently updated to keep pace with evolving REDD+ policy and financing.\nDespite being part of the Peruvian national system of protected areas, the Alto Mayo Protected Forest is highly threatened by ongoing deforestation. While the area is rich in biodiversity and critical for water supply for local communities, illegal settlers have been clearing land for agriculture, reducing wildlife habitat and destroying forests. Conservation International is working with small farmers to change from slash and burn practices to more sustainable activities — like growing coffee under the shade of healthy forests. Under this project, designed and validated using best practice REDD+ standards, we are working with more than 700 families who understand the importance of the forest for water. These families are committed to stopping deforestation and reducing the impact of their agricultural activities.\nImplementing forest conservation in Peru's Alto Mayo region", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "url": "https://www.conservation.org/projects/saving-forests-to-keep-our-climate-safe-redd", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681412.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125191854-20200125221854-00506.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9209109545, "token_count": 763, "score": 3.5, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Eisiúintí laghdaithe ó dhífhoraoisiú agus díghrádú foraoise, chomh maith le ról caomhnaithe, bainistíocht inbhuanaithe foraoise, agus an méadú ar stoic charbóin foraoise\nTagann thart ar 11% de na gáis cheaptha teasa de bharr an duine ó fhoraois thrópaiceacha a scriosadh. Is córas é REDD+ atá á dhearadh ag Coinbhinsiún Réime na Náisiún Aontaithe ar Athrú Aeráide (UNFCCC) chun na astaíochtaí seo a laghdú.\nFaoin REDD +, is iad na tíortha forbartha a thugann luach saothair do thíortha agus d'úinéirí talún a chosnaíonn agus a athshlánú foraoisí. (Mar shampla, d'fhéadfadh pobal maoiniú REDD + a fháil, nó oiliúint chun toradh a fheabhsú ó thalamh feirme atá ann cheana féin, mar mhalairt ar ghortú foraoisí seasta a sheachaint.)\nForbraíonn Conservation International tionscadail REDD+ atá ag cruthúnas gur féidir le REDD+ oibriú. Bainimid úsáid as na ceachtanna a fhoghlaimimid ó na tionscadail seo chun cabhrú le beartais a dhearadh a leathnóidh úsáid REDD+ ar fud an domhain.\nTaispeánann muid go n-oibríonn REDD+\nNí mór go mbeadh stop a chur le dífhoraoisiú mar chuid de réiteach an tsochaí ar athrú aeráide, agus is féidir le REDD+ a bheith mar chuid den réiteach ar dífhoraoisiú. Oibríonn Coimirce Idirnáisiúnta ar an talamh le pobail áitiúla, rialtais, eolaithe agus comhpháirtithe eile chun gníomhaíochtaí REDD+ a chur i bhfeidhm a bhaint amach go héifeachtach laghdú ar astaíochtaí agus iad ag baint tairbhe as daoine agus ag cosaint na bhforaoisí ar a bhfuil daoine, plandaí agus ainmhithe ag brath.\nDéanaimid REDD+ a bheith ag obair do dhaoine\nNí bheidh rath ar REDD+ ach má thugann sé tairbhí do dhaoine áitiúla agus d'iompar áitiúla. Déantar an t-iarracht ar REDD+ a chur i bhfeidhm go héifeachtach ar an leibhéal áitiúil agus go gcuirfear na buntáistí a bhaineann leis ar fáil do dhaoine. Go deimhin, bhí rannchuidiú mór ag Conservation International le forbairt na gcaighdeáin atá deartha chun cabhrú le tionscadail REDD+ tairbhí a sholáthar ní amháin don aeráid, ach do phobail freisin.\nDéanaimid an cumas a thógáil chun REDD+ a chur i bhfeidhm\nChun go mbeidh REDD+ rathúil, ní mór do raon leathan daoine, ó phobail áitiúla go ceannairí rialtais, a thuiscint conas a oibríonn sé. Is é Conservation International ceannródaí domhanda i soláthar oiliúna REDD+. Cabhraímid le cur chuige a dhearadh maidir le REDD+ a chuireann na daoine a mbeidh tionchar ag an meicníocht i gceist, atá fónta go heolaíoch agus atá ag teacht le dea-chleachtais aitheanta go domhanda.\nDe réir na n-uimhreacha\n373,832 heicteár de fhoraois thromach a bhfuil riosca acu a chosaint\nTá tionscadail REDD+ Conservation International tar éis 373,832 heicteár de chuid de na foraoisí is tábhachtaí ar domhan a chosaint in áiteanna cosúil le Madagascar agus Peiriú.\nTá gá le faisnéis chuimsitheach ag pobail atá ag brath ar fhoraois, ag foireann rialtais, ag eolaithe agus ag comhpháirtithe eile chun páirt éifeachtach a ghlacadh i ndearadh agus i gcur chun feidhme gníomhaíochtaí REDD+. Ag aithint seo, chruthaigh baill den Alliance for Global REDD+ Capacity faoi stiúir Conservation International The Knowledge and Skills Needed to Engage in REDD+: A Competencies Framework, tagairt aonair a chabhraíonn le léitheoirí tuiscint a fháil go tapa ar phríomhcheapanna, tagarmharc beartais, scileanna, uirlisí agus acmhainní do 10 ábhar REDD+ ar leith. Anois i bhformáid aip atá éasca le húsáid agus le nascleanúint shimplí, is féidir an t-ábhar a nuashonrú go minic chun dul i gcéim le beartas agus maoiniú REDD + atá ag teacht chun cinn.\nIn ainneoin go bhfuil sé mar chuid de chóras náisiúnta na limistéar cosanta Peirú, tá Foraois Chosainte Alto Mayo i mbaol go mór de bharr dífhoraoisiú leanúnach. Cé go bhfuil an limistéar saibhir i bithéagsúlacht agus ríthábhachtach maidir le soláthar uisce do phobail áitiúla, tá lonnaitheoirí neamhdhleathacha ag glanadh talún le haghaidh talmhaíochta, ag laghdú gnáthóg fiadhúlra agus ag scriosadh foraoisí. Tá Coimirce Idirnáisiúnta ag obair le feirmeoirí beaga chun athrú ó chleachtais a ghearradh agus a dhó go gníomhaíochtaí níos inbhuanaithe cosúil le caife a fhás faoi scáth foraoisí sláintiúla. Faoi thionscadal seo, a ceapadh agus a bhailíodh ag baint úsáide as caighdeáin REDD+ is fearr, táimid ag obair le níos mó ná 700 teaghlach a thuigeann tábhacht na foraoise don uisce. Tá na teaghlaigh seo tiomanta do stop a chur le dífhoraoisiú agus do thionchar a ngníomhaíochtaí talmhaíochta a laghdú.\nCoimirce foraoise a chur chun feidhme i réigiún Alto Mayo na Peirù"} {"text": "Definition - What does Rich Media mean?\nThe term rich media refers to a specific type of installations on the Web that are more functional and interactive. The core definition of rich media is that it is a Web page ad that contains video or interactive features.\nTechopedia explains Rich Media\nOne of the more common types of rich media is a video or graphic advertisement that changes according to mouseover events or mouse clicks. As the user navigates the ad, it moves, expands or presents different display options. For example, a small banner ad that enlarges on mouseover would be an example of rich media. So would a video that responds to mouse controls. Rich media resources use specific Web technologies like Flash or Java applets, along with advanced HTML 5. Another example of rich media would be an interactive graphic that also captures information about the user. For example, a graphic advertisement may include a Web form submission, where the user can type in data to be collected and used by the business later.\nThe general concept of rich media is that websites can be an interactive experience rather than a flat text and image display. There are many ways to accommodate this, all based on a particular set of languages and coding conventions that merge Web technology with computer programming.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26", "url": "https://www.techopedia.com/definition/9202/rich-media", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321961.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627235941-20170628015941-00146.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9160117507, "token_count": 253, "score": 2.703125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Sainmhíniú - Cad a chiallaíonn Meán Saibhir?\nTagraíonn an téarma meáin shaibhir do chineál sonrach suiteálacha ar an nGréasán atá níos feidhmiúla agus idirghníomhacha. Is é an bunmhíniú ar mheáin shaibhir ná go bhfuil sé ina fhógra leathanach gréasáin ina bhfuil físeán nó gnéithe idirghníomhacha.\nMíníonn Techopedia Meán Saibhir\nCeann de na cineálacha is coitianta de mheán saibhir is ea fógraíocht físe nó grafach a athraíonn de réir imeachtaí mouseover nó cliceanna luch. De réir mar a shiúlann an t-úsáideoir tríd an bhfógra, bogann sé, leathnaíonn sé nó cuireann sé roghanna taispeána éagsúla i láthair. Mar shampla, bheadh fógra banner beag a mhéadaíonn ar an luch mar shampla de mheán saibhir. Mar an gcéanna le físeán a fhreagraíonn do rialaithe luch. Úsáideann acmhainní meáin saibhir teicneolaíochtaí gréasáin ar leith cosúil le Flash nó Java applets, mar aon le HTML 5 chun cinn. Sampla eile de mheán saibhir bheadh grafach idirghníomhach a ghabháil freisin faisnéis faoin úsáideoir. Mar shampla, d'fhéadfadh fógraíocht ghrafaíoch a bheith i gceist le foirm gréasáin a chur isteach, áit ar féidir leis an úsáideoir sonraí a chur isteach a bhailítear agus a úsáideann an gnó ina dhiaidh sin.\nIs é an coincheap ginearálta a bhaineann le meáin shaibhir ná gur féidir le suíomhanna Gréasáin a bheith ina thaithí idirghníomhach seachas taispeáint téacs agus íomhá cothrom. Tá go leor bealaí ann chun freastal ar seo, go léir bunaithe ar shraith áirithe teangacha agus coinbhinsiúin códaithe a chomhcheanglaíonn teicneolaíocht an ghréasáin le cláir ríomhaireachta."} {"text": "The project is in partnership with Alabama Power. The turbine was designed and built to work in low-wind areas such as Alabama.\nEngineering student Kevin Nord explained that the blade sweep is about 4 feet in diameter with interchangeable blades to allow for testing. Students will continue to monitor the turbine, collecting data and analyzing the feasibility of using wind energy from on top of buildings.\nA wind of 10 to 12 mph is the minimum wind speed for the turbine to start working.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "url": "http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2010/04/uab_students_install_wind_turb.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382398/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00054-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9576785564, "token_count": 95, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá an tionscadal i gcomhpháirtíocht le Cumhacht Alabama. Dearadh agus tógadh an turbín chun oibriú i gceantair a bhfuil gaoth íseal iontu mar Alabama.\nMhínigh an mac léinn innealtóireachta Kevin Nord go bhfuil an scuab liath thart ar 4 troigh ar trastomhas le liathra in-athshóite chun tástáil a cheadú. Leanfaidh na mic léinn ag faire ar an turbín, ag bailiú sonraí agus ag anailísiú indéantacht fuinnimh gaoithe a úsáid ó bharr na bhfoirgneamh.\nIs é 10 go 12 mph gaoth an luas gaoithe íosta chun an turbín a thosú ag obair."} {"text": "|Part of Maharashtra|\n|Pune District, Maharashtra|\n|Owner||Government of India|\nRajgad (Marathi: राजगड) (literal meaning Ruling Fort) is a hill fort situated in the Pune district of Maharashtra, India. Formerly known as Murumdev, the fort was the capital of the Maratha Empire under the rule of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj for almost 26 years, after which the capital was moved to the Raigad Fort. Treasures discovered from an adjacent fort called Torna were used to completely build and fortify the Rajgad Fort.\nThe Rajgad Fort is located around 60 km (37 mi) to the south-west of Pune and about 15 km (9.3 mi) west of Nasrapur in the Sahyadris range. The fort lies 1,376 m (4,514 ft) above the sea level. The diameter of the base of the fort was about 40 km (25 mi) which made it difficult to lay siege on it, which added to its strategic value. The fort's ruins consist of palaces, water cisterns, and caves. This fort was built on a hill called Murumbadevi Dongar (Mountain of the Goddess Murumba). Rajgad boasts of the highest number of days stayed by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj on any fort.\nThe fort has stood witness to many significant historic events including the birth of Chhatrapati Shivaji's son \"Rajaram Chhatrapati\", the death of Shivaji's Queen Saibai, the return of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj from Agra, the burial of Afzal Khan's head in the Mahadarwaja walls of Balle Killa, the strict words of Sonopant Dabir to Shivaji Maharaj.\nThe Rajgad Fort was also one of the 17 forts that Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj kept when he signed the Treaty of Purandar in 1665, with the Mughal general Jai Singh I, leader of the Mughal forces. Under this treaty, 23 forts were handed over to the Mughals.\nList of Chronological events\n|1490||Ahmed Bahiri Nizamshah captured the fort.|\n|1626||During the Nizam's last struggle, Adilshah captured the fort.|\n|1630||The fort was recaptured by Nizamshah with the help of Shahaji.|\n|1642||The fort was in the jagir of Shahaji Raje.|\n|1647||Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj captured the fort.|\n|1649||Repairs on the fort began and Shamrao Neelkanth Ranzekar was appointed as the Peshwa.|\n|1654||The fort was renamed as \"Rajgad\". Construction on new fortifications and buildings commenced.|\n|1658||14 January||Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj returned to Rajgad after conquering North Konkan.|\n|1659||11 July||Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj shifted to Pratapgad in order to battle with Afzal Khan.|\n|1659||5 September||Maharani Saibai's (Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj wife) died in the Rajgad Fort.|\n|1660||July||Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj escaped from Siddi Jouhar's siege of Panhala and came to Rajgad.|\n|1661||July||The idol of Bhavanimata, which was to be established in Pratapgad, was first brought to Rajgad to be inspected by Jijabai.|\n|1662||January||The construction of the Rajgad fort was completed and Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj returned to the fort after capturing Pen and Kalyan.|\n|1664||February||The booty of Surat was brought to Rajgad.|\n|1665||30 April||The Mughals were unsuccessful on their attack of the fort.|\n|1665||June||Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's letter of accepting defeat was sent to Jaisingh.|\n|1670||24 February||Rajaram was born on the Fort.|\n|1671||The repairing of the fort began at an expected cost of 10,000 hons.|\n|1689||June||The fort was captured by the Mughals after Chatrapati Sambahji Maharaj was murdered.|\n|1692||Shankarji Narayan captured the fort from the Mughals.|\n|1697||Chatrapati Rajaram Maharaj returned to Maharashtra and made Rajgad his new capital|\n|1701||4 August||Shahaji Mohite was made the havaldar of Padmavati Machi|\n|1704||18 February||The fort was handed over to Aurangzeb as part of a treaty. The fort was renamed to Nabishahagad.\nSarSenapti Sidojirao Thopte and Santaji Shilimkar were killed here by Aurangzeb.\n|1707||29 May||Gunaji Sawant captured the fort and The Maratha War of Independence ended.|\n|1709||Chhattrapati Shahu made provisions for the repairs of the fort.|\n|1818||The Rajgad Fort passed into the hands of the British.|\nThe fort is a significant tourist destination and is most sought after especially during monsoon. Visitors prefer to stay overnight on the fort considering the fort itself is huge and cannot be explored in a single day. The Padmavati temple on the fort can accommodate around 50 people. Water tanks provide fresh water all throughout the year. Villagers from the foothills of Rajgad sell local antiques and items to these tourists.\n|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rajgad Fort.|", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajgad", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598217.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120081337-20200120105337-00439.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9493315816, "token_count": 1283, "score": 2.78125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cuid de Maharashtra\nÁras Pune, Maharashtra\nIs é an t-úinéir atá ag Rialtas na hIndia.\nIs forc cnoc é Rajgad (Marathi) (a chiallaíonn go litriúil Ruling Fort) atá suite i gceantar Pune de Maharashtra, an India. Bhí an daingne ar a dtugtar Murumdev roimhe seo, bhí an daingne ina phríomhchathair ar Impireacht Maratha faoi riail Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj ar feadh beagnach 26 bliain, agus ina dhiaidh sin aistríodh an phríomhchathair go dtí an Raigad Fort. Úsáidtear na haiscí a fuarthas ó fhórsa in aice láimhe ar a dtugtar Torna chun Fort Rajgad a thógáil agus a dhaingniú go hiomlán.\nTá an Fort Rajgad suite timpeall 60 km (37 míle) ó dheas-thuaisceart Pune agus thart ar 15 km (9.3 míle) ó thuaidh de Nasrapur i raon Sahyadris. Tá an daingne 1,376 m (4,514 ft) os cionn leibhéal na farraige. Bhí trastomhas bun an chalafort thart ar 40 km (25 míle) rud a rinne sé deacair léigear a leagan air, rud a chuir leis an luach straitéiseach. Is éard atá i scriosanna an chalafort palaces, cisterns uisce, agus uaimh. Tógadh an daingne seo ar chnoc ar a dtugtar Murumbadevi Dongar (Sléibhe na Banríona Murumba). Tá Rajgad ag bródú ar an líon is airde laethanta a d'fhan Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj ar aon daingne.\nTá an daingne ina fhiúntas ar go leor imeachtaí suntasacha stairiúla lena n-áirítear breith mhac Chhatrapati Shivaji \"Rajaram Chhatrapati\", bás banríon Saibai Shivaji, filleadh Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj ó Agra, adhlacadh ceann Afzal Khan i mballaí Mahadarwaja Balle Killa, focail dhian Sonopant Dabir do Shivaji Maharaj.\nBhí an Fort Rajgad ar cheann de na 17 fort a choinnigh Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj nuair a shínigh sé Conradh Purandar i 1665, leis an gcathaoirleach Mughal Jai Singh I, ceannaire na fórsaí Mughal. Faoi an conradh seo, tugadh 23 daingne ar na Mughals.\nLiosta de na himeachtaí Crua-eolaíoch\n 1490 Ahmed Bahiri Nizamshah glacadh leis an daingne \n♬ 1626 ♬ Sa troid dheireanach Nizam, Adilshah glacadh leis an daingne ♬\n♬ 1630 ♬ Sasuke ♬ An daingne a bhí athghabháil ag Nizamshah le cabhair ó Shahaji ♬\n 1642 \n 1647 Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj a ghabh an daingne \n 1649 \n 1654 Cuireadh tús le tógáil ar dhaingneachtaí agus ar fhoirgnimh nua.\n 1658 14 Eanáir Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj ar ais go Rajgad tar éis a conquer Thuaisceart Konkan.\n1659 \n 1659 \n 1660 \n1661 \n 1662 \n1664 \n1665 \n1665 \n1670 24 Feabhra \n1671 \n 1689 \n1692 Shankarji Narayan ghlac an daingne ó na Mughals.\n1697 Chatrapati Rajaram Maharaj ar ais go Maharashtra agus rinne Rajgad a phríomhchathair \n♬1701 ♬adhair ♬4 Lúnasa ♬Shahaji Mohite a rinneadh an havaldar Padmavati Machi ♬\n1704 Cad a tharla 18 Feabhra Cad a tharla tugadh an daingne ar Aurangzeb mar chuid de chonradh. Athrúadh an daingne go Nabishahagad.\nMaraíodh SarSenapti Sidojirao Thopte agus Santaji Shilimkar anseo ag Aurangzeb.\n1707 \n♬1709 Padhe Chhattrapati Shahu rinne forálacha le haghaidh an daingne a dheisiú.\n1818 Bhuaigh an Rajgad Fort i lámha na Breataine.\nIs ceann scríbe turasóireachta suntasach é an daingne agus tá an-éileamh air go háirithe le linn na monsoon. Is fearr le cuairteoirí fanacht thar oíche ar an gcinntí ag smaoineamh go bhfuil an cinntí féin ollmhór agus nach féidir é a iniúchadh in aon lá amháin. Is féidir leis an teampall Padmavati ar an daingne freastal ar thart ar 50 duine. Soláthraíonn tobac uisce uisce úr ar feadh na bliana. Díolann sráidbhaileoirí ó chnoic Rajgad sean-earraí agus earraí áitiúla leis na turasóirí seo.\nTá meáin ag Wikimedia Commons a bhaineann le Rajgad Fort."} {"text": "As any speech pathologist knows, reaching for items is a huge milestone. Little babies are trying to tell you they really want something and this is how they can communicate. It is the beginnings of requesting via “Mine”, “Gimme”, or “I want”. Soon your child will start reaching toward desired objects with an open hand and as their fine motor skills become more sophisticated they will start pointing to specific items with their index finger. Here are some tips on getting your child to reach:\n1) Start off with something simple – your face! If you hold them in front of your face they are beyond motivated to see how their family members eyes, nose, ears, etc. feel. As they touch your face, make sure you label the body parts. It’s also never too early to discuss “nice touch”.\n2) At this point your little one probably has some “favorite” toys. For example, one of Roman’s most favorite toys right now is his Oball. You can withhold an item in front of your child so that you can create the opportunity for them to reach. If they are not yet reaching by themselves, you can physically prompt their arm to reach out for the item.\n3) You can also give options. Hold out two choices for your child to get them used to picking between items. Put one in each hand and see what they go for – it’s also a great way to take an inventory of what their favorite toys are. And once again physically prompt their arm to reach, encourages this very important communication skill!\n4) Placing them on their backs in their activity gym or changing table with motivating items hanging above them is also a great way to encourage reaching. Roman especially loves when you hang the links from up above. You can make items go side to side or up and down to encourage you kids. And if you want to go to the next level, feel free to hold items in front of them during tummy time to see if they can begin to shift their weight and reach for items in front of them.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30", "url": "https://giftofgabresources.wordpress.com/2014/12/18/4-months-importance-of-reaching/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426086.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726082204-20170726102204-00637.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9664028287, "token_count": 438, "score": 2.859375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Mar a fhios ag aon phaiteolaí cainte, is mór an t-iarracht é teacht ar rudaí. Tá leanaí beaga ag iarraidh a insint duit go bhfuil siad ag iarraidh rud éigin i ndáiríre agus is é seo an bealach is féidir leo cumarsáid a dhéanamh. Is é an tús a iarraidh trí Mine, Gimme, nó I want. Go luath, beidh do leanbh ag tosú ag teacht i dtreo rudaí atá ag teastáil le lámh oscailte agus de réir mar a thiocfaidh a scileanna mótair bheaga chun cinn beidh sé ag tosú ag pointeáil ar earraí ar leith lena mhéar táscaire. Seo roinnt leideanna maidir le do leanbh a chur i dteagmháil:\n1) Tosaigh le rud simplí - do ghné! Má choinníonn tú iad os comhair do aghaidh tá siad thar spreagadh a fheiceáil conas a gcuid baill teaghlaigh súile, srón, cluasa, etc. mothú. Agus iad ag teagmháil le do aghaidh, déan cinnte go lipéadóidh tú na codanna comhlacht. Ní bhíonn sé ró-luath riamh freisin \" nice touch \" a phlé.\n2) Is dócha go bhfuil roinnt bréagán 'is fearr leat' ag do pháiste ag an bpointe seo. Mar shampla, tá ceann de na bréagáin is fearr le Roman anois ina Oball. Is féidir leat rud a cheilt os comhair do pháiste ionas gur féidir leat an deis a chruthú dóibh teacht air. Mura bhfuil siad ag teacht amach go fóill, is féidir leat a lámh a spreagadh go fisiciúil chun an rud a bhaint amach.\n3) Is féidir leat roghanna a thabhairt freisin. Cuir dhá rogha ar fáil do do pháiste chun iad a chur in oiriúint do roghnú idir earraí. Cuir ceann i ngach lámh agus féach cad a théann siad le haghaidh is bealach iontach é freisin chun fardal a dhéanamh ar a gcuid bréagáin is fearr leo. Agus arís eile a spreagadh go fisiciúil a lámh a bhaint amach, spreagann an scileanna cumarsáide an-tábhachtach!\n4) Is bealach iontach é iad a chur ar a gcúl ina seomra aclaíochta nó ag an tábla athraithe le rudaí spreagúla ag crochadh os a gcionn chun a bhaint amach. Is breá le Roman go háirithe nuair a bhíonn na naisc ag crochadh óna bharr. Is féidir leat rudaí a chur ar aghaidh ó thaobh go taobh nó suas agus síos chun tú a spreagadh. Agus más mian leat dul go dtí an chéad leibhéal eile, bíodh spraoi agat rudaí a choinneáil os a chomhair le linn ama bolg chun a fheiceáil an féidir leo tosú ag athrú a meáchan agus teacht ar rudaí os a chomhair."} {"text": "Hold a Science Fair for YOUR Scouts\nCompete OR Volunteer for Community Service for Badges\nAs a former GSA troop committee member and an Eagle mother, the importance of Scouting to our region�s youth is profoundly clear to me. As director of the Tri Region Science and Engineering Fair, I hope we can use it to celebrate the achievements of your Scouts.\nPlease please visit our website and see how your young people can use the TRSEF to expand upon the learning they�ve done! If your Scouts have done a BSA amateur radio badge. they may have what they need to create a poster presentation for the upcoming TRSEF March 20-21, 2010. As a poster presenter, students in grades 5-12 are interviewed by at least four individual judges � and learn about science fair research opportunities in science, technology, engineering and mathematics.\nNote: Other Scouts may come as volunteers that day for community service requirements. We provide documentation for all of our volunteers, if requested. BTW, the chaperones are invited to serve as judges, so they can be part of the fun as well.\nPlease feel free to email me with any questions.\nMary Eileen Wood, Director\nTri Region Science and Engineering Fair\n604 Walberta Road, Syracuse NY 13219\nNote: The TRSEF serves 27 counties... there are other regionals in our state. All of them are listed by the International Science and Engineering Fair at http://www.societyforscience.org/isef/students/aff_fairsearch.asp\nSTEM � The TRSEF uses the Federal acronym for science, technology, engineering and mathematics.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "url": "http://www.wnyscouting.org/resources/science-fair-for-your-scouts/26856", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164036943/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133356-00070-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9342496395, "token_count": 339, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Seol Taispeántas Eolaíochta do do Scouts\nIomaíocht nó Deonach do Sheirbhís Pobail le haghaidh Íomhánna\nMar iar-chomhalta coiste tropa GSA agus máthair Éagla, tá tábhacht na Scouting do óige ár réigiúin soiléir go domhain domsa. Mar stiúrthóir ar an gComhdháil Eolaíochta agus Innealtóireachta Tri Réigiún, tá súil agam gur féidir linn é a úsáid chun éachtaí do Scouts a cheiliúradh.\nTabhair cuairt ar ár suíomh gréasáin agus féach conas is féidir le do dhaoine óga an TRSEF a úsáid chun an t-eolas atá déanta acu a leathnú! Má tá do Scouts déanta BSA léarscáil raidió amaitéarach. d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an méid is gá acu chun cur i láthair póstaer a chruthú don TRSEF atá le teacht an 20-21 Márta, 2010. Mar thairiscintí póstair, déanann ceithre bhreithimh aonair agallamh le mic léinn i ngrádaí 5-12 agus foghlaimíonn siad faoi dheiseanna taighde fionnachtana eolaíochta i eolaíocht, teicneolaíocht, innealtóireacht agus matamaitice.\nNóta: D'fhéadfadh Scouts eile teacht mar dheonach an lá sin le haghaidh riachtanais seirbhíse pobail. Soláthraímid doiciméadú do gach saoránach, má iarrtar air. BTW, tá na chaperones cuireadh a sheirbheáil mar bhreithiúna, ionas gur féidir leo a bheith mar chuid den spraoi chomh maith.\nBíodh spraoi agat ríomhphost a chur chugam le haon cheist.\nMary Eileen Wood, Stiúrthóir\nTaispeántas Eolaíochta agus Innealtóireachta Réigiún na Tríonóide\n604 Sráid Walberta, Syracuse NY 13219\nTabhair faoi deara: Tá 27 chontae ag freastal ar an TRSEF... tá réigiúnacha eile inár stát. Tá siad go léir liostaithe ag an gComhfharsaíocht Idirnáisiúnta Eolaíochta agus Innealtóireachta ag http://www.societyforscience.org/isef/students/aff_fairsearch.asp\nSTEM Úsáideann an TRSEF an t-acrainm Chónaidhme do eolaíocht, teicneolaíocht, innealtóireacht agus matamaitic."} {"text": "Introduction to Interior Angles: What Are They?\nInterior angles are those angles found between two sides of a polygon when two adjacent lines or line segments within the polygon form one large angle. The sum of all interior angles within a polygon adds up to 360 degrees for a triangle and 540 for a pentagon.\nIn general, interior angles are used in geometry problems to figure out the number of sides a particular shape may have or its measure in terms of length. It is typical for any closed figure with straight line segments as its sides to contain at least one set of internal angles. When you add the exterior angle (the single angle outside) together with the interior ones, it always adds up to 360° – they are complementary to each other since they “complete” our full rotation around the shape back to the starting point.\nUsing interior angles can help us determine properties of shapes such as size and structure, allowing us to explore geometry in much greater depth and detail than ever before. For example, if we know that an interior angle measures 150° then we can calculate that this shape has three sides since 150 x 3 = 450 which is equal to 360° (we also know it is not a triangle because an internal angle cannot be larger than 180°). Since these principles are essential for math and physics related studies, understanding what an interior angle is and how it should be measured can benefit any student at some point in their study curriculum.\nHow to Calculate the Measure of a Single Angle\nCalculating the measure of a single angle is an important skill to have when working in geometry and trigonometry. To calculate the measure of a single angle, you will need to first identify the type of triangle it is contained within, then use the appropriate formula to find its measure.\nTo begin, identify if the angle is contained within one of three types of triangles: an acute triangle, an obtuse triangle, or a right triangle. An acute triangle has all three angles that are less than 90 degrees; an obtuse triangle has one angle greater than 90 degrees; and a right triangle has one angle that equals exactly 90 degrees. This step is very important as using the wrong formula could provide inaccurate results.\nOnce you know what type of triangle your angle occupies, use the following formulas to find its measure:\nAcute Triangle – Add all 3 angles together (A+ B+ C) and subtract this total from 180°. The answer you receive will be your desired angle (X).\ne.g A +B +C = 180° – X\nObtuse Triangle – If two angles are known you can add their totals together (A+B) subtract from 180° and subtract this total from 360° providing your desired angle (X).\ne.g A +B =180 – 360 = X\nRight Triangle – When dealing with a right angled-triangle measuring an angle is easy since all other angles must equal 90° so simply take away 450 which will give you your X.\ne.g A +B =90 – 450 = X\nUsing either method should enable you to easily calculate the measures for any single angle when given other relevant information about its containing triangle!\nSteps for Finding the Measure of Each Interior Angle\nFinding the measure of each interior angle of a regular polygon (a 2D shape with sides of equal length and angles of equal measure) is quite simple once you understand the equation involved. The equation to calculate the measure of each interior angle in a regular polygon is:\nAngle = (n-2)(180/n)\nWhere n represents the number of sides in your shape. Below are a few steps for finding the measure of each interior angle by using this equation:\nStep 1: Count and record the number of sides your shape has, referring to it as ‘n’. For example, if your shape is a pentagon, ‘n’ would be 5.\nStep 2: Multiply ‘n’ by 180. For example, if your shape is still a pentagon, you would multiply 5 x 180 = 900.\nStep 3: Subtract two from ‘n’ and then divide it into the answer from Step 2. You should now have an answer that looks like this: (n-2)(180/n). Using our original example with an n value of 5, this would look like (5-2)(180/5). Solving this gives us an answer of 108 degrees – which is indeed the measure for each interior angle in a pentagon!\nThis same process can be repeated for any regular polygon – follow these steps to find out how many degrees are in each internal angle for equilateral triangles, squares and octagons too!\nFAQs About Finding the Measure of Each Interior Angle\nWhat is the measure of an interior angle?\nThe measure of an interior angle is the sum of the measures of its complementary exterior angles. To find this, you’ll have to know either the number of sides in the polygon or the degree measure of one exterior angle.\nHow do I find the measure of an interior angle if I don’t know any other angle measurements?\nIf you don’t know any other angle measurements, you will need to count each side in order to calculate all angles within that polygon. The formula for calculating an interior angle in a regular polygon is (n − 2)180/n , where n represents the number of sides. For example, in a pentagon there are five sides, so me would use (5-2)180/5 = 108° as our formula for finding each internal angles’ degree measure.\nHow can I find out how many sides a shape has when I’m given just the interior angles?\nIf you are only given the interior angles and not any other information about a shape then it can be difficult to determine exactly how many sides it has – since each individual set will form different kinds of polygons. Generally speaking though, if you have three consecutive angles measuring 60° degrees each then you likely have a triangle; four consecutive angles measuring 90° means you most likely have a square; five consecutive angles measuring 72° likely mean you have a pentagon; six consectutive angles measuring 120° likely mean that your shape is actually hexagonal and so forth. It’s important to note though that not all shapes follow this pattern – some triangles may not add up to 180 degrees while some 3 sided figures may be arranged with unevenly sized intervals between their individual corners. If this happens then it may indicate that each corner forms its own unique shape and isn’t apart from one another – therefore making it impossible to determine directly how many sides are present just by looking at its internal measurements alone.\nTop 5 Facts About Interior Angles\n1. Interior angles are the angles inside a polygon that meet at one vertex.\n2. An interior angle is usually equal in measure to its corresponding exterior angle. For example, if an exterior angle measures 30º, then the interior opposite to it will be also 30º, creating a straight line with 60º between them.\n3.If all sides of a polygon have equal length, then all of its interior angles are also equal in measure. This makes regular polygons particularly easy to identify due to their even shape and angles.\n4.In any triangle (a three-sided polygon), the sum of the three angles must always add up to 180° degrees; therefore, each triangle has three different types of angles: one acute angle (less than 90° degrees), one obtuse angle (more than 90° degrees) and one right angle (exactly 90° degrees). The other two internal angles in a triangle both measure less than 90° as acute angles so their sum equals 180° degrees total for the entire triangle’s interior angles’ measures..\n5. In more complex shapes with more than four sides like pentagons, hexagons and nonagons -all of which have five, six or nine sides respectively- figuring out exactly what type of angles those making up its interior contain requires solving equations based on facts such as number of sides and total sum of measurements.. From here we can then determine which type(s) of shapes make up each individual interior angle like scalene versus isosceles triangles depending on the situation at hand!\nIn conclusion, a blog is a powerful tool that has the potential to reach a large audience. It can be used to communicate ideas, stories and advice or showcase content such as photographs and videos. It offers a platform for discussion, debate and publicity in all areas of life.\nBlogging is an effective way to stand out from the competition. It allows businesses, individuals and organisations to share their experiences and knowledge with others on the internet and create unique content that resonates with readers across the globe. Building relationships with readers will also help build customer loyalty and attract new customers.\nBy taking advantage of blogging’s powerful capabilities, you can make your voice heard, develop powerful relationships with your readers, and increase your brand awareness as well as drive sales. All these features mean blogging is definitely worth considering for aspiring entrepreneurs looking to disseminate ideas or promote their business objectives.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "url": "https://thehousebrew.com/unveiling-the-mystery-of-interior-angles-how-to-easily-calculate-the-measure-of-each-angle", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949958.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401094611-20230401124611-00007.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9326747656, "token_count": 1902, "score": 3.953125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Tús le hÁngall Inmheánach: Cad iad?\nIs iad na bealaí inmheánacha na bealaí sin a fhaightear idir dhá thaobh de ilchloch nuair a bhíonn dhá líne nó dhá chuid líne in aice leis an ilchloch ina gceantar mór. Is é suim na n-uillinneacha inmheánacha go léir laistigh de ilchloch 360 céim i gcás triantán agus 540 i gcás cúigchloch.\nGo ginearálta, úsáidtear uillinneacha inmheánacha i bhfreagraí geoimeatraíochta chun líon na mball a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag cruth áirithe nó a thomhas i dtéarmaí fad a fháil amach. Tá sé tipiciúil do aon fhigiúr dúnta le codanna líne dhíreach mar a thaobh sraitheanna a bheith ina sraith amháin ar a laghad de uillinneacha inmheánacha. Nuair a chuirtear an uillinn sheachtrach (an uillinn aonair lasmuigh) le chéile leis na cinn istigh, cuirtear suas 360° i gcónaí tá siad comhlántacha lena chéile ós rud é go chuimsíonn siad ár rothlú iomlán timpeall an fhoirm ar ais go dtí an pointe tosaigh.\nAg baint úsáide as uillinneacha inmheánacha is féidir linn a chinneadh airíonna na gcruthanna mar mhéid agus struchtúr, ag ligean dúinn chun iniúchadh a dhéanamh ar gheoiméide i bhfad níos doimhne agus mionsonraithe ná riamh roimhe. Mar shampla, má tá a fhios againn go bhfuil uillinn inmheánach 150° ansin is féidir linn a ríomh go bhfuil trí thaobh ag an gcruth seo ó tá 150 x 3 = 450 atá comhionann le 360° (tá a fhios againn freisin nach triantán é toisc nach féidir le uillinn inmheánach a bheith níos mó ná 180°). Ós rud é go bhfuil na prionsabail seo riachtanach do staidéir a bhaineann le matamaitic agus fisice, is féidir le tuiscint a fháil ar cad é an uillinn inmheánach agus conas ba chóir é a thomhas tairbhe a bhaint as aon mhac léinn ag pointe éigin ina gcuraclam staidéir.\nConas a ríomh ar an tomhas de uillinn amháin\nIs scileanna tábhachtacha iad tomhas uillinn amháin a ríomh nuair a bhíonn siad ag obair i geometry agus trigonometry. Chun tomhas uillinn amháin a ríomh, ní mór duit an cineál triantán atá sa triantán a aithint ar dtús, agus ansin an fhoirmle cuí a úsáid chun a thomhas a fháil.\nChun tús a chur leis, aithníonn tú an bhfuil an t-uillinn laistigh de cheann de thrí chineál triantán: triantán géar, triantán obtuse, nó triantán ceart. Tá na trí uillinn géar ag gach ceann de na trí uillinn atá níos lú ná 90 céim; tá uillinn obtuse uillinn amháin níos mó ná 90 céim; agus tá uillinn ceart uillinn amháin atá cothrom go díreach 90 céim. Tá an chéim seo an-tábhachtach mar d'fhéadfadh torthaí míchruinn a bheith mar thoradh ar fhoirmle mícheart a úsáid.\nNuair a bheidh a fhios agat cén cineál triantán a bhfuil an t-uillinn agat, bain úsáid as na foirmlí seo a leanas chun a mhéid a fháil:\nTréarchúil Éasca Cuir na 3 uillinn go léir le chéile (A + B + C) agus aistarraing an t-iomlán seo ó 180°. Is é an t-fhreagra a gheobhaidh tú an uillinn atá uait (X).\ne.g. A + B + C = 180° X\nTríonagla Obtuse Má tá dhá uillinn ar eolas agat is féidir leat a n-iomláin a chur le chéile (A + B) a bhaint ó 180 ° agus an t-iomláin seo a bhaint ó 360 ° ag soláthar do uillinn inmhianaithe (X).\ne.g. A + B = 180 360 = X\nTríonagall Ceart Nuair a bhíonn tú ag déileáil le triantán ceart-uillinn tá sé éasca uillinn a thomhas ós rud é go gcaithfidh gach uillinn eile a bheith cothrom le 90 ° mar sin déan 450 a bhaint as a thugann duit do X.\ne.g. A + B =90 450 = X\nBa cheart go gcuirfeadh úsáid an dá mhodh ar chumas tú na bearta d'aon uillinn amháin a ríomh go héasca nuair a thugtar faisnéis ábhartha eile faoi thriantán ina bhfuil sé!\nCéimeanna chun Méid gach Uillinn Inmheánach a Fháil\nTá sé simplí go leor tomhas gach uillinn inmheánach de ilchloch rialta (tóir 2D le taobhanna ar fad comhionann agus uillinneacha ar tomhas comhionann) a fháil nuair a thuigeann tú an chothromán a bhaineann leis. Is é an chothromóid chun tomhas gach uillinn inmheánach i bpolygon rialta a ríomh ná:\nCeannaigh an t-uisce a bheidh ar an bpáirc.\nAn áit a léiríonn n líon na taobhanna i do chruth. Seo thíos cúpla céim chun tomhas gach uillinn inmheánach a fháil trí úsáid a bhaint as an chothromóid seo:\nCéim 1: Líon agus taifead an líon taobhanna atá ag do chruth, ag tagairt dó mar n. Mar shampla, má tá do chruth ina phéintágón, bheadh n 5.\nCéim 2: Déan n a iolrú le 180. Mar shampla, má tá do chruth fós ina phéintágón, bheadh tú a iolrú 5 x 180 = 900.\nCéim 3: Bail dhá as n agus ansin roinn é ar an freagra ó chéim 2. Ba chóir go mbeadh freagra agat anois a bhfuil cuma mar seo air: (n-2) ((180/n). Ag úsáid ár sampla bunaidh le luach n de 5, bheadh sé seo cosúil le (5-2) ((180/5). Ag réiteach seo tugann sé freagra 108 céim atá i ndáiríre an tomhas do gach uillinn inmheánach i bpéintóg!\nIs féidir an próiseas céanna a athdhéanamh le haghaidh aon ilchloch rialta lean na céimeanna seo chun a fháil amach cé mhéad céim atá i ngach uillinn inmheánach do thriantáin chomhlánta, cearnóga agus octagons freisin!\nCeisteanna Coitianta maidir le Méid gach Uillinn Inmheánach a Fháil\nCad é an tomhas de uillinn inmheánach?\nIs é tomhas uillinn inmheánach suim na tomhais dá uillinn sheachtracha comhlántacha. Chun é seo a fháil, beidh ort a fhios a bheith agat an líon taobhanna sa ilchloch nó an tomhas céim de cheann de na uillinneacha seachtracha.\nConas a aimsiú mé an méid de uillinn inmheánach má tá mé nach bhfuil a fhios aon méideanna uillinn eile?\nMura bhfuil aon tomhais uillinne eile ar eolas agat, beidh ort gach taobh a chomhaireamh chun na uillinneacha go léir laistigh den ilchloch sin a ríomh. Is é an fhoirmle chun uillinn inmheánach a ríomh i bpolygón rialta ná (n - 2) 180/n , áit a léiríonn n líon na mball. Mar shampla, i pentagon tá cúig thaobh, mar sin ba mhaith liom a úsáid (5-2) 180/5 = 108 ° mar ár bhfoirmle chun teacht ar gach cearnóg inmheánach céim a thomhas.\nConas is féidir liom a fháil amach cé mhéad taobhanna tá cruth nuair a tá mé a thabhairt ach na uillinneacha taobh istigh?\nMá thugtar na bealaí inmheánacha duit agus gan aon fhaisnéis eile faoi chruth ansin is féidir go mbeadh sé deacair a chinneadh go díreach cé mhéad taobh a bhfuil aige ós rud é go gcruthóidh gach tacar aonair cineálacha éagsúla ilchróin. Go ginearálta, áfach, má tá trí uillinn as a chéile ag tomhas 60° gach ceann acu, is dócha go bhfuil triantán agat; is dócha go bhfuil cearnóg agat má tá ceithre uillinn as a chéile ag tomhas 90°; is dócha go bhfuil péintear agat má tá cúig uillinn as a chéile ag tomhas 72°; is dócha go bhfuil sé uillinn as a chéile ag tomhas 120° agus go bhfuil sé i gceist go bhfuil do chruth heicseagónach i ndáiríre agus mar sin de. Tá sé tábhachtach a thabhairt faoi deara, áfach, nach leanann gach cruth an patrún seo - ní fhéadfaidh roinnt triantáin suas le 180 céim a chur le chéile agus d'fhéadfadh roinnt figiúirí 3 thaobh a bheith socraithe le hidirthréimhsí neamhionann idir a gcúigí aonair. Má tharlaíonn sé seo, d'fhéadfadh sé a léiriú go bhfuil a chruth uathúil féin ag gach cearn agus nach bhfuil siad ar leithligh óna chéile, agus dá bhrí sin ní féidir a chinneadh go díreach cé mhéad taobh atá i láthair ach ag féachaint ar a thomhas inmheánach amháin.\nNa 5 Fíricí is Fearr faoi Uillinn Inmheánach\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Is iad na ceangail inmheánacha na ceangail laistigh de ilchillinn a bhuaileann ag ceann de na vertices.\n2. Seachadadh. De ghnáth bíonn uillinn inmheánach comhionann i méid lena uillinn seachtrach comhfhreagrach. Mar shampla, má dhéantar uillinn sheachtrach 30o a thomhas, ansin beidh an taobh istigh os coinne 30o freisin, ag cruthú líne dhíreach le 60o eatarthu.\n3.Má tá fad comhionann ag gach taobh de ilchomhartha, ansin tá a uillinneacha inmheánacha go léir comhionann i méid freisin. Déanann sé seo go bhfuil an-éasca poiligíní rialta a aithint mar gheall ar a gcruth comhionann agus a n-uillinneacha.\n4.I aon thriantán (poligún trí thaobh), ní mór suim na dtrí uillinn a bheith 180° i gcónaí; dá bhrí sin, tá trí chineál éagsúla uillinn ag gach triantán: uillinn géar (ag lú ná 90°), uillinn shuntasach (ag níos mó ná 90°) agus uillinn dhíreach (ag 90° go díreach). Déantar an dá uillinn inmheánach eile i dtríthiomán a thomhas níos lú ná 90 ° mar uillinn géar, mar sin tá a n-iomláine comhionann le 180 ° iomlán do thriantán iomlán.\n5. Tá an t-am ann. I gcruth níos casta le níos mó ná ceithre thaobh mar phéintágóin, heicseagóin agus nonagóin - a bhfuil cúig, sé nó naoi thaobh acu go léir faoi seach - ag teacht amach go díreach cén cineál uillinneacha a bhfuil na cinn a dhéanann suas a taobh istigh a cheangal ar réitigh chothromanna bunaithe ar fhíorais mar líon na n-uaireanta agus suim iomlán na tomhais .. Ón áit seo is féidir linn a chinneadh cén cineál (í) de chruth a dhéanann suas gach uillinn inmheánach aonair cosúil le triantáin scalene i gcoinne triantáin isosceal ag brath ar an staid atá ar láimh!\nMar fhocal scoir, is uirlis chumhachtach é blag a bhfuil an cumas aige lucht féachana mór a bhaint amach. Is féidir é a úsáid chun smaointe, scéalta agus comhairle a chur in iúl nó chun ábhar mar grianghraif agus físeáin a thaispeáint. Cuireann sé ardán ar fáil le haghaidh plé, díospóireachta agus poiblíochta i ngach réimse den saol.\nIs bealach éifeachtach é blogáil chun seasamh amach ón iomaíocht. Ligeann sé do ghnólachtaí, do dhaoine aonair agus d'eagraíochtaí a dtaithí agus a gcuid eolais a roinnt le daoine eile ar an idirlíon agus ábhar uathúil a chruthú a théann i ngleic le léitheoirí ar fud an domhain. Cuideoidh caidreamh a thógáil le léitheoirí freisin le dílseacht chustaiméirí a thógáil agus custaiméirí nua a mhealladh.\nTrí leas a bhaint as cumais chumhachtacha an bhlagála, is féidir leat do ghuth a dhéanamh le cloisteáil, caidrimh chumhachtacha a fhorbairt le do léitheoirí, agus feasacht do bhranda a mhéadú chomh maith le díolacháin a thiomáint. Ciallaíonn na gnéithe seo go léir go bhfuil sé fiú smaoineamh ar bhlagáil do fhiontraithe ionchas atá ag iarraidh smaointe a scaipeadh nó a gcuspóirí gnó a chur chun cinn."} {"text": "Population, percent change, 1990 to 2000\nResident population and net change\nSource: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census of Population, Public Law 94-171 Redistricting Data File. Updated every 10 years. http://factfinder.census.gov.\nIn Census 2000, people were counted at their \"usual residence\", a principle followed in each census since 1790. Usual residence has been defined as the place where the person lives and sleeps most of the time. This place is not necessarily the same as the person's voting residence or legal residence.\nNoncitizens who are living in the United States are included, regardless of their immigration status.\nPersons temporarily away from their usual residence, such as on vacation or on a business trip on Census Day, were counted at their usual residence. People who live at more than one residence during the week, month, or year were counted at the place where they live most of the year. People without a usual residence, however, were counted where they were staying on Census Day.\nScope and Methodology:\nPlace of residence was derived from answers to questions that were asked of all people in Census 2000.\nPopulation percent change, 1990 to 2000, is derived by dividing the difference between the population in 2000 and 1990 by the 1990 population.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-10", "url": "https://www.infoplease.com/us/comprehensive-census-data-state/population-percent-change-1990-2000", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141749.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217055517-20200217085517-00017.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.982691884, "token_count": 266, "score": 3.515625, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Daonra, athrú faoin gcéad, 1990 go 2000\nDaonra cónaitheach agus glanathrú\nFoinse: Biúró Daonáirimh na Stát Aontaithe, Daonáirimh Daonra 2000, Dlí Poiblí 94-171 Athdháileadh Faisnéisí Comhad. Athnuaite gach 10 mbliana. Tá an t-alt seo ar fáil go huathoibríoch ar an suíomh gréasáin www.factsfinder.census.gov.\nI Daonáireamh 2000, bhí daoine á gclúdach ag a \"gnáthchónaí\", prionsabal a leanadh i ngach daonáireamh ó 1790. Sainmhínítear an gnáthchónaí mar an áit ina bhfuil an duine ina chónaí agus ina chodladh an chuid is mó den am. Ní gá go mbeadh an áit seo mar an áit chónaithe vótála nó mar an áit chónaithe dlíthiúil.\nCuimsítear daoine nach saoránaigh iad atá ina gcónaí sna Stáit Aontaithe, is cuma cén stádas inimirce atá acu.\nRinneadh daoine a bhí ar shiúl go sealadach óna gnáthchónaí, mar shampla ar saoire nó ar thuras gnó ar Lá an Daonáirimh, a áireamh ina gnáthchónaí. Rinneadh daoine a chónaíonn in níos mó ná áit chónaithe amháin le linn na seachtaine, na míosa nó na bliana a áireamh sa áit ina bhfuil siad ina gcónaí den chuid is mó den bhliain. Cuireadh daoine gan gnáthchónaí, áfach, san áireamh sa áit a raibh siad ag fanacht ar Lá an Daonáireamh.\nScóip agus Mhodheolaíocht:\nBaineadh áit chónaithe as freagraí ar cheisteanna a cuireadh do gach duine i dTeonamh 2000.\nDéantar athrú céatadáin daonra, 1990 go 2000, a dhíorthaítear trí an difríocht idir an daonra i 2000 agus 1990 a roinnt ar an daonra i 1990."} {"text": "At Plymouth Meeting Friends School, language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies are core subjects around which a rich interdisciplinary and multicultural curriculum is built.\nPlymouth teachers work together to integrate different aspects of the curriculum into classroom themes. Visual and performing arts instruction -- including painting, drawing, sculpture, drama, and music education - complements literature, history, geography, mathematics, and other academic subjects. The physical education curriculum incorporates physical development goals in play, games, and sports activities that are fun and age-appropriate.\nChildren learn by doing. At PMFS, games and experiments, journals and creative projects, and a wide variety of educational activities keep learning innovative, interesting, and fun. The woods, playground, and fields of our nine-acre campus serve as a living laboratory for exploration and creative discovery in all aspects of the curriculum.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30", "url": "http://www.pmfs1780.org/ourprogram", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424060.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722122816-20170722142816-00129.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9421508312, "token_count": 172, "score": 2.9375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ag Scoil Chairde Cruinniú Plymouth, is príomh-ábhar iad ealaíon teanga, matamaitice, eolaíocht agus staidéir shóisialta a bhfuil curaclam ildhisciplíneach agus ilchultúrtha saibhir tógtha timpeall orthu.\nOibríonn múinteoirí Plymouth le chéile chun gnéithe éagsúla den chúrsa a chomhtháthú i dtéamaí an tseomra ranga. Cuireann teagasc ealaíon amhairc agus taibhiú - lena n-áirítear péintéireacht, líníocht, dealbhóireacht, drámaíocht, agus oideachas ceoil - le litríocht, stair, tíreolaíocht, matamaitice, agus ábhair acadúla eile. Cuimsíonn an curaclam oideachais choirp spriocanna forbartha coirp i gcluiche, i gcluichí agus i ngníomhaíochtaí spóirt atá spraoi agus oiriúnach d'aois.\nFoghlaimíonn leanaí trí dhéanamh. Ag PMFS, cuireann cluichí agus turgnaimh, irisí agus tionscadail chruthaitheacha, agus réimse leathan gníomhaíochtaí oideachais, foghlaim nuálach, suimiúil agus spraoi. Tá na coillte, an pháirc súgartha, agus na réimsí ar ár gcampas naoi acra mar saotharlann beo chun iniúchadh agus fionnachtana cruthaitheacha a dhéanamh i ngach gné den chúrsa."} {"text": "The Appleton Area School District and the staff of McKinley Elementary are committed to\nproviding a safe, secure, and healthy environment that allows all students to maximize their\nlearning potential. The Board of Education and staff consider bullying to be detrimental to the\nhealth and safety of students and disruptive to the educational process.\nWhat is bullying?\nBullying includes aggressive and hostile behavior that is intentional and involves an imbalance\nof power between the bully and the bullied. This behavior may include but is not limited to\nphysical and verbal assaults, nonverbal or emotional threats or intimidation, social exclusion\nand isolation, extortion, and the use of computer or telecommunications to send messages or\nimages that are embarrassing, slanderous, threatening, or intimidating. Bullying may also\ninclude teasing, put-downs, name calling, rumors, false accusations, and hazing.\nWhat are students learning about bullying and prevention?\nThe elementary curriculum provides students guidelines for school wide expectations and social\nresponsibility outside the classroom. Students are taught the Stop/Walk/Talk response to\ndisrespectful behavior and practice the skills through role play. Stop/Walk/Talk is a three step\nresponse students use to eliminate disrespectful behavior themselves and seek help from an\nadult if necessary. Students are also taught how to appropriately respond when they are a\nbystander or the aggressor and practice these skills in groups. The groups address the issues\ninvolved with gossiping, inappropriate remarks, and cyber-bullying in each of the roles. The\nmiddle school curriculum also provides guidelines for school wide expectations and social\nresponsibility outside the classroom but places more emphasis on addressing cyber-bulling.\nAre staff members trained?\nStaff members have participated in Bullying Prevention training. This training focuses on pre-\ncorrection of inappropriate behavior, rewarding the use of the three step response, and\nresponding to reports of disrespectful behavior. It is well known that schools are successful\nwhen they help children grow academically, socially, and emotionally. For this to happen, it is\nimperative that we have a safe environment that is supportive and conducive to growth. By\nsetting forth clear social and behavioral expectations, it is our goal to create an atmosphere for\nlearning. Lessons taught have also been infused within the Positive Behavioral Intervention and\nSupport (PBIS) framework that is part of the school’s character education program.\nWhat can parents do?\nTo be most effective, bullying prevention efforts are the shared responsibility of parents, staff,\nand community. Parental pride and involvement in the school sets a positive example for\nchildren. As adults, we can:\nDiscuss the seriousness and negative effects of bullying behaviors.\nWork together with your child’s school to develop a consistent approach to bullying\nSet a good example. Children learn more by actions than from words.\nWhat activities are staff and students doing at (insert school name) to learn more about anti-\nThe Appleton Area School District will recognize and support anti-bullying efforts by\nparticipating in Celebrate Bullying Awareness Day ~ Wednesday, September 28, 2011. At\nMcKinley we have centered our focus all month on bullying awareness through our weekly\nsocial skills. Our family involvement night on September 29th will focus on informing parents\nand providing them with tools about the STOP, WALK, TALK Response.\nWhat is the AASD’s policy on bullying?\nClick on -- Series 400: Students and go to Policy 443.71, Bullying and Harassment\nMcKinley staff members are committed to creating an emotionally, socially and physically safe\nenvironment while fostering positive relationships with staff, students and families.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "url": "http://www.docstoc.com/docs/128392940/Bully-Prevention-Letter-to-Parents---McKinley", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1387345771373/warc/CC-MAIN-20131218054931-00079-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9356489182, "token_count": 754, "score": 4.125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Tá an Ceantar Scoile Áitiúil Appleton agus foireann Bhunscoile McKinley tiomanta do\ntimpeallacht shábháilte, slán agus sláintiúil a chur ar fáil a ligeann do gach mac léinn a gcuid\nacmhainneacht foghlama. Measann an Bord Oideachais agus foireann go bhfuil bullying díobhálach don\nsláinte agus sábháilteacht na mac léinn agus a chuireann isteach ar an bpróiseas oideachais.\nCad é bullying?\nI measc na mbrúiteora tá iompar ionsaitheach agus naimhdeach atá beartaithe agus a bhaineann le míchothromaíocht\nan chumhacht idir an bully agus an bullied. Féadfaidh an iompar seo a bheith i gceist ach ní theoranta é\nionsaí fisiciúla agus bhriathra, bagairtí nó bagairtí neamhbhriathra nó mothúchánach, eisiamh sóisialta\nagus aonrú, éagóir, agus úsáid ríomhaire nó teileachumarsáide chun teachtaireachtaí a sheoladh nó\níomhánna atá náire, slander, bagairt, nó intimidating. Is féidir leis an mbrú a bheith\nCuimsíonn sé seo teasing, putting síos, ainmneacha, ráflaí, cúisimh bhréagacha, agus haunting.\nCad atá á fhoghlaim ag mic léinn faoi threorú agus cosc a chur air?\nTá an clár teagaisc bunscoile ag soláthar treoirlínte do mhic léinn maidir le hionchais ar fud na scoile agus le hionchais shóisialta.\nfreagracht lasmuigh den seomra ranga. Múintear do dhaltaí an freagra Stop/Walk/Talk ar\niompar mí-urramach agus na scileanna a chleachtadh trí chluiche ról. Stop / Walk / Talk is trí chéim\nfreagra a úsáideann mic léinn chun iompar mí-urramach a dhíchur féin agus cabhair a lorg ó\nduine fásta más gá. Tá an t-eolas seo á chur ar fáil do mhic léinn ar fud na hEorpa.\nan duine a bhí ag faire nó an duine a rinne an ionsaí agus na scileanna seo a chleachtadh i ngrúpaí. Déileálann na grúpaí leis na saincheisteanna\na bhí páirteach i gcluasaíocht, i bhriathra míchuí, agus i mbrú ar líne i ngach ceann de na róil. An\nTá an t-eolas ar fáil i gcúrsa na scoile ar fad.\nTá an t-eolas seo ag cur le daoine a bhfuil an-spéis acu sa chúrsa, ach tá sé níos mó béime ar aghaidh a thabhairt ar chibearbhuileáil.\nAn bhfuil oiliúint ag baill foirne?\nTá baill foirne tar éis páirt a ghlacadh i oiliúint maidir le Cosc a chur ar Bhullíocht. Tá an oiliúint seo dírithe ar réamh-\nan iompar míchuí a cheartú, ag luacháil an fhreagra trí chéim a úsáid, agus\nfreagra a thabhairt ar thuairiscí maidir le hiompar mí-urramach. Tá sé ar eolas go maith go bhfuil scoileanna rathúla\nnuair a chabhraíonn siad le páistí fás go acadúil, go sóisialta, agus go mothúchánach. Chun go dtarlóidh sé seo, tá sé\nTá sé ríthábhachtach go mbeidh timpeallacht shábháilte againn a thacaíonn agus a chuireann le fás. Trí\nTá sé mar aidhm againn atmaisféar a chruthú do dhaoine a bhfuil an-spéis acu i gcúrsaí sóisialta agus i gcúrsaí iompair.\nfoghlaim. Tá na ceachtanna a mhúintear curtha isteach freisin laistigh den Ionstraim um Iompraíocht Dheacair Iompraíochta agus\nTá an t-eolas ar fáil i gcúrsaí tacaíochta (PBIS) atá mar chuid de chlár oideachais charachtar na scoile.\nCad is féidir le tuismitheoirí a dhéanamh?\nChun a bheith an-éifeachtach, is é an t-iarrachtaí chun bullying a chosc freagracht chomhroinnte tuismitheoirí, foirne,\nagus an phobal. Tá bród agus rannpháirtíocht na dtuismitheoirí sa scoil ina sampla dearfach do\nleanaí. Mar dhaoine fásta, is féidir linn:\nDéan plé ar an tromchúis agus ar na héifeachtaí diúltacha a bhaineann le hiompar bullying.\nBíodh do pháiste i dteagmháil le scoil chun cur chuige comhsheasmhach a fhorbairt maidir le bullying\nTabhair sampla maith. Foghlaimíonn leanaí níos mó trí ghníomhartha ná trí bhriathra.\nCad iad na gníomhaíochtaí a dhéanann foirne agus mic léinn ag (ainm na scoile a chur isteach) chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil faoi na\nBeidh an Ceantar Scoile Áras Appleton ag aithint agus ag tacú le hiarrachtaí frith-bhulaíochta ag\nag glacadh páirt i Lá Feasachta Bhullaíochta a Cheiliúradh ~ Dé Céadaoin, 28 Meán Fómhair, 2011. Ag\nMcKinley táimid dírithe ar ár fócas an mhí ar fad ar fhasacht bullying trí ár seachtainiúil\nscileanna sóisialta. Beidh ár oíche rannpháirtíochta teaghlaigh ar 29 Meán Fómhair dírithe ar thuismitheoirí a chur ar an eolas\nagus uirlisí a chur ar fáil dóibh maidir leis an bhfreagra Stop, Siúlóid, Labhair.\nCad é beartas an AASD maidir le bullying?\nCliceáil ar -- Sraith 400: Ollscoileanna agus téigh go Polasaí 443.71, Builleáil agus Éagóir\nTá foireann McKinley tiomanta do chúrsaí sábháilte a chruthú go mothúchánach, go sóisialta agus go fisiciúil\nTá sé tábhachtach go mbeadh an t-eolas ar fáil do na páistí agus do na páistí."} {"text": "Technology is unarguably an invention that made and opened numerous possibilities in our world day, and the Internet is just one of its notable contributions to mankind. Through the Internet, communication is made easy.\nComes with it is the endless sharing and distribution of various information. Almost every business organization and government agency nowadays can be reached through the Internet. These allow them to connect and market to their target consumers or audiences efficiently.\nThe Internet and technology itself are dominating the community, and comes with that is a greater disaster. Just this year, about 14,200 HIV patients’ records from the Ministry of Health (SG) was illegally disclosed online.\nToyota Motor Corporation was also affected by data breaching from Japan that affected around 3.1 million customers. And just this June, one of the laboratories of NASA was hacked. The thing is, nowadays, preventing these unfortunate situations from happening can be possible.\nWhat is a File Replication Software?\nA file replication software is a system that allows you to replicate one or multiple data between different hardware, operating systems, and geographic sites.\nSince data breaches and online hacking are rampant these days, many business organizations, government agencies, universities, law firms, and telecoms are upgrading their security systems.\nThankfully, it is now possible to share, back-up, secure, and protect your data all at once, using just a mere software.\nWhy Should You Get a File Replication Software?\nData Replication Can Be Done Remotely\nThere are file replication software applications, which allow users to replicate and process data from different storage, servers, operating systems, clouds, sites, or virtual machines (VM). On top of that, advanced systems allow users to mirror data within states or even from country to country. Data can be replicated in unidirectional, bi-directional, or multi-directional fashion.\nData Distribution is Made Easy\nSince data can be replicated remotely, distributing files within the organization can be made easy and efficient. Replicated data can be shared and sent, either automatically or manually, in different sites or applications used by the organization.\nIt Costs Less\nReplicating data and distributing it within the organization through a file replication system can cost less than doing those manually or personally. Using software can minimize cost, time, and labor all at once.\nAllow Users to Back-Up Data\nNatural or man-made disasters can happen at any time. Replicating data provides back-up copies and records in case of emergencies. Not only that, but backing-up data allows you to track progress since it replicates any changes from the data as well.\nData Are Secured & Protected\nBacking-up data is one way of securing and protecting all the sensitive and confidential data that organizations have.\nTo avoid data breaches, make sure to get a file replication software specially designed with extra security and protection.\nThe Internet and technology itself are getting bigger and powerful. While that sounds promising, cyber-attacks and data-stealing are frequently happening as well.\nRegardless of how you use the Internet and technology, it is crucial to make sure that your sensitive and confidential data are secured and protected. Disasters can happen at any time of the year, so better take action as early as you can.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "url": "https://www.theproche.com/file-replication-software-helps-protect-business-and-agencies/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224645595.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530095645-20230530125645-00661.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9360658526, "token_count": 669, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is é an teicneolaíocht gan amhras ina fhionnachtana a rinne agus a d'oscail go leor féidearthachtaí sa domhan ár lá, agus is é an tIdirlíon ach ceann amháin de na ranníocaíochtaí suntasacha a rinne sé leis an chine daonna. Trí an Idirlíon, déantar cumarsáid a dhéanamh go héasca.\nIs é an rud a thagann leis an roinnt agus an dáileadh gan deireadh faisnéise éagsúla. Is féidir teacht ar beagnach gach eagraíocht ghnó agus ar gach gníomhaireacht rialtais inniu tríd an Idirlíon. Ligeann siad seo dóibh nasc a dhéanamh agus margaíocht a dhéanamh dá spriocthomhaltóirí nó dá lucht féachana go héifeachtach.\nTá an tIdirlíon agus an teicneolaíocht féin ag smachtú ar an bpobal, agus is tubaiste níos mó a thagann leis sin. An bhliain seo chugainn amháin, nochtadh taifid 14,200 othar VEID ó Aireacht Sláinte (SG) go neamhdhleathach ar líne.\nBhí tionchar ag sárú sonraí ó Shórt Toyota Motor freisin ón tSeapáin a raibh tionchar aige ar thart ar 3.1 milliún custaiméir. Agus díreach i mí an Mheithimh seo, bhí ceann de na saotharlanna de NASA hacked. Is é an rud, sa lá atá inniu ann, is féidir na cásanna míshásta seo a chosc ó tharla.\nCad é Bogearraí Athdhéanamh Comhad?\nIs córas é bogearraí athdhéanamh comhaid a ligeann duit sonraí amháin nó il a athdhéanamh idir crua-earraí, córais oibriúcháin agus suíomhanna geografacha éagsúla.\nÓs rud é go bhfuil sáruithe sonraí agus hacking ar líne ag dul i méid na laethanta seo, tá go leor eagraíochtaí gnó, gníomhaireachtaí rialtais, ollscoileanna, gnólachtaí dlí, agus teileachumarsáide ag uasghrádú a gcóras slándála.\nGo raibh maith agat, is féidir anois do chuid sonraí a roinnt, a chúltaca, a chosaint agus a chosaint go léir ag an am céanna, gan ach bogearraí a úsáid.\nCén fáth ar chóir duit bogearraí athdhéanamh comhaid a fháil?\nIs Féidir Athchóirithe Sonraí a Dhéanamh ó Farraige\nTá feidhmchláir bogearraí athdhéanamh comhaid ann, a ligeann d'úsáideoirí sonraí a athdhéanamh agus a phróiseáil ó stóráil, freastalaithe, córais oibriúcháin, scamall, suíomhanna, nó meaisíní fíorúla (VM) éagsúla. Ar a bharr sin, ceadaíonn córais chun cinn d'úsáideoirí sonraí a léiriú laistigh de stáit nó fiú ó thír go tír. Is féidir sonraí a athdhéanamh ar bhealach aon-threo, dhá-threo nó il-threo.\nDéantar Dáta a Dháilíocht go Éasca\nÓs rud é gur féidir sonraí a athdhéanamh go cianda, is féidir comhaid a dháileadh laistigh den eagraíocht a dhéanamh éasca agus éifeachtach. Is féidir sonraí atáirgeadh a roinnt agus a sheoladh, go huathoibríoch nó go lámhleabhar, i suíomhanna nó i bhfeidhmchlár éagsúla a úsáideann an eagraíocht.\nCosnaíonn sé níos lú\nIs féidir le sonraí a athdhéanamh agus iad a dháileadh laistigh den eagraíocht trí chóras athdhéanamh comhaid a bheith níos saoire ná iad a dhéanamh de láimh nó go pearsanta. Is féidir le bogearraí a úsáid costais, am agus saothar a íoslaghdú go léir ag an am céanna.\nLig d'úsáideoirí sonraí a chúltaca\nIs féidir le tubaistí nádúrtha nó tubaistí de dhéantús an duine tarlú ag am ar bith. Soláthraíonn sonraí atáirgeadh cóipeanna cúltaca agus taifid i gcás éigeandála. Ní hamháin sin, ach ligfidh sonraí cúltaca duit dul chun cinn a rianú ós rud é go ndéanann sé aon athruithe ó na sonraí a athdhéanamh freisin.\nTá Sonraí Sábháilte agus Cosanta\nIs bealach amháin é sonraí cúltaca a dhéanamh chun na sonraí íogaire agus rúnda go léir atá ag eagraíochtaí a slándáil agus a chosaint.\nChun sáruithe sonraí a sheachaint, déan cinnte go bhfaighidh tú bogearraí athdhéanamh comhad atá deartha go speisialta le slándáil agus cosaint bhreise.\nTá an tIdirlíon agus an teicneolaíocht féin ag éirí níos mó agus níos cumhachtaí. Cé go bhfuil an chuma sin geallta, tá cyber-ionsaithe agus goid sonraí ag tarlú go minic freisin.\nIs cuma cén chaoi a n-úsáideann tú an Idirlíon agus an teicneolaíocht, tá sé ríthábhachtach a chinntiú go bhfuil do chuid sonraí íogaire agus rúnda slán agus faoi chosaint. Is féidir le tubaistí tarlú ag am ar bith den bhliain, mar sin is fearr gníomhú chomh luath agus is féidir leat."} {"text": "Helping kids be 'CHAMP's with constraint therapy\nUniversity of Michigan Health System\nRehab program helps kids with brain injuries improve arm, hand strength\nIt was about a year before Sherry Ramsdell realized her son, Bailey, was not developing normally. He didn't begin to crawl or talk and missed other developmental milestones. Doctors ran tests and diagnosed Bailey with cerebral palsy.\nThe condition affects Bailey's left side and the toddler, now age 2, did not use his left arm or hand.\nBut a program offered at the University of Michigan Health System has Bailey and other children with brain injuries using weakened or underdeveloped upper extremities.\nAs part of the Comprehensive Hand-Arm Movement Program, or CHAMP, children wear a cast or splint on their good arm to force them to use the other arm. For three weeks, the child wears a removeable cast for up to 16 hours a day. Group and individual therapy helps the children learn techniques for using their weaker hand and arm.\n\"CHAMP works by a combination of the children learning new techniques for using their arm and actual changes that occur in the brain,\" says Edward Hurvitz, M.D., a pediatric physiatrist at UMHS. \"Studies have shown us that if somebody doesn't use a part of their body, that part of the brain actually shrinks. Other brain functions replace it. So they have less function in that part of the body.\"\nThe concept is similar to children who have lazy eye syndrome and wear a patch over their stronger eye.\nAfter two weeks in the program, Ramsdell says Bailey is already making \"amazing\" progress.\n\"He's using his hand to do things he didn't do before. He's opening it up where he almost couldn't open it before because the tone was so tight. Pushing toys or a stroller, he can use both hands now, where he didn't do that before. He walked with a lot of limp and his arm would just hang at his side. Now he's actually moving it and using it more functionally,\" Ramsdell says.\nHurvitz and his team measure progress by timing the children doing different tasks at the start of the program and again at the end. He says both scientifically and anecdotally the children are showing more function after the therapy.\n\"We're very excited about this program because it's a new intervention that seems to be working very well. It doesn't involve giving the kids any shots or pills and we're getting great results from it,\" says Hurvitz, associate professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at the U-M Medical School.\nCHAMP began at UMHS about two years ago and is aimed at children with some injury to the brain, such as cerebral palsy, a traumatic brain injury from an accident, or stroke. Often with those injuries only one side of the brain is affected. The therapy helps that effected part of the brain to be more functional and to use the hand and arm better. At the same time, the children learn through physical therapy techniques to use what function they have in a better way. The program was originally developed at the University of Alabama in the 1990s.\n\"The kind of therapy that we use will depend on the age of the children. With younger children, play therapy is the most important thing. When we have older children, we might do more regular activities or exercises,\" Hurvitz says. \"But play therapy is an important part of pediatric rehabilitation, so even with older kids we might have them do games that involve the hand quite a bit. For teenage groups, we might take them out bowling – something that forces them to use that involved hand.\"\nThe program at UMHS involves physical therapists, occupational therapists, psychologists and social workers to provide comprehensive support to the families. This multidisciplinary approach helps families carry out the therapy at home.\nInterviews with kids as far out as six months after the therapy have found they are still using their affected hand and arm in ways they did not before the program. Hurvitz warns, though, that the change cannot be considered permanent. The children must continue to work at using their arm to maintain function.\nRamsdell has great hopes that CHAMP will help Bailey become a champ.\n\"My dream when I adopted Bailey was to watch him play basketball,\" Ramsdell says. \"So I'm hoping that eventually his left side will be functional enough that he'll be able to participate in athletics. And one day we'll get to be sitting in the stands watching him and being proud of him.\"\nTo participate in CHAMP, children must meet these criteria:\nChildren must first be evaluated for the program by one of the UMHS pediatric physiatrists. Call (734) 936-7175 to make an appointment.\nFor more information, or to contact University of Michigan Health System, see their website at: www.med.umich.edu\n|Email Article To A Friend||Link to us!|", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30", "url": "http://charitywire.com/charity284/05727.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423787.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721162430-20170721182430-00699.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9709023833, "token_count": 1027, "score": 2.78125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ag cuidiú le páistí a bheith 'CHAMP' le teiripe srianta\nCóras Sláinte Ollscoil Michigan\nCabhraíonn clár athshlánúcháin le páistí a bhfuil díobhálacha inchinne acu neart lámh, lámh a fheabhsú\nBhí sé thart ar bhliain sula Sherry Ramsdell thuig a mac, Bailey, Ní raibh forbairt go gnáth. Níor thosaigh sé ag crawling nó ag caint agus chaill sé míleataí forbartha eile. Rinne na dochtúirí tástálacha agus dhearbhaigh siad go raibh pailís inchinn ag Bailey.\nBíonn tionchar ag an riocht ar thaobh chlé Bailey agus ní raibh an leanbh beag, atá 2 bliana d'aois anois, ag úsáid a lámh chlé nó a lámh chlé.\nAch tá clár a thairgtear i gCóras Sláinte Ollscoil Michigan ag Bailey agus páistí eile le díobhálacha inchinne ag baint úsáide as foircinn uachtaracha lag nó neamhfhorbartha.\nMar chuid den Chlár Cuimsitheach um Ghluaiseacht Lámh-Arm, nó CHAMP, bíonn giosta nó spléine ag leanaí ar a lámh mhaith chun a chur i bhfeidhm orthu an lámh eile a úsáid. Le trí seachtaine, caitheann an leanbh giosta in-athnuaite ar feadh suas le 16 uair sa lá. Cabhraíonn teiripe grúpa agus aonair leis na páistí teicnící a fhoghlaim chun a lámh agus a lámh níos laige a úsáid.\n\"Oibríonn CHAMP trí chomhcheangal de na páistí ag foghlaim teicnící nua chun a gcuid lámh a úsáid agus athruithe iarbhír a tharlaíonn sa inchinn\", a deir Edward Hurvitz, M.D., fisiatric páistí ag UMHS. \"Tá sé léirithe ag staidéir dúinn mura n-úsáideann duine cuid dá chorp, go n-iompraíonn an chuid sin den inchinn. Glacann feidhmeanna eile na hinchinne a ionad. Mar sin, ní bhíonn níos lú feidhm acu sa chuid sin den chorp\".\nTá an coincheap cosúil le páistí a bhfuil siondróm súl leisciúil acu agus a bhfuil pláta acu thar a n-súil níos láidre.\nTar éis dhá sheachtain sa chlár, deir Ramsdell go bhfuil dul chun cinn \"iontas\" á dhéanamh ag Bailey cheana féin.\n\"Tá sé ag úsáid a lámh chun rudaí nach raibh sé a dhéanamh roimh. Tá sé ag oscailt suas nuair a bhí sé beagnach ní raibh sé in ann a oscailt roimh toisc go raibh an t-othar chomh daingean. Ag brúimí bréagáin nó carr, is féidir leis an dá lámh a úsáid anois, áit nach raibh sé ag déanamh sin roimhe. Chuaigh sé le go leor de limp agus a lámh bheadh ach a chrochadh ar a thaobh. Anois tá sé ag bogadh é agus ag úsáid é níos feidhmiúla, \"a deir Ramsdell.\nDéanann Hurvitz agus a fhoireann dul chun cinn a thomhas trí am a chur ar na páistí tascanna éagsúla a dhéanamh ag tús an chláir agus arís ag deireadh. Deir sé go bhfuil na páistí ag feidhmiú níos fearr tar éis na teiripe, go heolaíoch agus go heagránach.\n\"Táimid an-sásta leis an gclár seo toisc gur idirghabháil nua é agus is cosúil go bhfuil sé ag obair go han-mhaith. Ní gá do na páistí aon shots nó pills a thabhairt dó agus tá torthaí iontacha á fháil againn as, \"a deir Hurvitz, ollamh comhlánaithe i Meicsice Fisiceach agus Athshlánú in Scoil Leighis U-M.\nThosaigh CHAMP ag UMHS thart ar dhá bhliain ó shin agus tá sé dírithe ar leanaí a bhfuil damáiste éigin acu don inchinn, mar shampla palsaíocht inchinn, damáiste traumatic inchinn ó thimpiste, nó stróc. Go minic, ní dhéantar ach le taobh amháin den inchinn a ionsaí le díobhálacha den sórt sin. Cabhraíonn an teiripe leis an gcuid de na hinchinne a ndearnadh difear a bheith níos feidhmiúla agus an lámh agus an lámh a úsáid níos fearr. Ag an am céanna, foghlaimíonn na páistí trí theicnící fisiceolaíocha an fheidhm atá acu a úsáid ar bhealach níos fearr. Forbraíodh an clár ar dtús in Ollscoil Alabama sna 1990idí.\n\"Bheidh an cineál teiripe a úsáidfimid ag brath ar aois na leanaí. Le páistí níos óige, tá teiripe cluiche an rud is tábhachtaí. Nuair a bheidh leanaí níos sine againn, b'fhéidir go ndéanfaimid gníomhaíochtaí nó cleachtaí níos rialta, \"a deir Hurvitz. \"Ach is cuid thábhachtach den athshlánú péidiatrach é teiripe an chluiche, mar sin d'fhéadfadh muid fiú le páistí níos sine a chur ar an gcluiche a bhaineann go leor leis an lámh. I gcás grúpaí déagóirí, d'fhéadfaimis iad a thabhairt amach chun boladh rud éigin a chuireann iallach orthu an lámh atá i gceist sin a úsáid\".\nI measc na gclár ag UMHS tá fisiceolaithe, teiripeoirí saothair, síceolaithe agus oibrithe sóisialta chun tacaíocht chuimsitheach a chur ar fáil do na teaghlaigh. Cuidíonn an cur chuige ildhisciplíneach seo leis na teaghlaigh an teiripe a dhéanamh sa bhaile.\nTá a fhios ag daoine go bhfuil an t-am ag dul in olcas, agus go bhfuil an t-am ag dul in olcas, agus go bhfuil an t-am ag dul in olcas. Cuireann Hurvitz in iúl, áfach, nach féidir an t-athrú a mheas mar mhairbhéalach. Ní mór do na páistí leanúint ar aghaidh ag obair ar a lámh a úsáid chun feidhmiú a choinneáil.\nTá dóchas mór ag Ramsdell go gcabhróidh CHAMP le Bailey a bheith ina champ.\n\"Ba é mo bhrionglóid nuair a ghlac mé Bailey a bheith ag féachaint air ag imirt cispheile\", a deir Ramsdell. \"Mar sin tá súil agam go mbeidh a thaobh clé in ann a bheith feidhmiúil go leor go mbeidh sé in ann páirt a ghlacadh i lúthchleasaíocht. Agus lá amháin beidh muid ag suí sna seastáin ag féachaint air agus a bheith bródúil as. \"\nChun páirt a ghlacadh i CHAMP, ní mór do leanaí na critéir seo a chomhlíonadh:\nNí mór do leanaí a mheasúnú ar dtús don chlár ag ceann de na fisiatraithe páistí UMHS. Glaoigh ar (734) 936-7175 chun coinne a dhéanamh.\nLe haghaidh tuilleadh eolais, nó chun teagmháil a dhéanamh le hOllscoil Chóras Sláinte Michigan, féach ar a láithreán gréasáin ag: www.med.umich.edu\nEmail Article To A Friend agus nasc chuig muid!"} {"text": "Land and Man\nCertain types of landforms are beneficial to society in many ways. For example, how a river can help the economy depends on its stage of development. A young river is usually not safe for transport or navigation but has great potential for generating power. A well-situated dam or hydraulic power pipe can greatly help the economy of that region. Hydropower is used for irrigation and for the operation of various mechanical devices, such as watermills, sawmills, textile mills, dock cranes, domestic lifts, powerhouses and in paint making.\nSimilarly, a mature river does not have the force to generate electricity without incurring heavy cost for such energy, but does have the speed to allow navigation and transport. It also enables agricultural activities by making the soil more fertile. This allows for trade and commerce that greatly expands market activities and incomes together. Without the river Nile, the Egyptian civilization could not have flourished. The Nile brought vegetation, transport and agriculture upon which the Egyptians built their civilization. The Indus Valley Civilization was founded on the banks of many rivers - Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Satluj and Beas. The Chinese Yellow River Valley Civilization (4000BC) also grew around the Huange He river, which enabled agriculture.\nTemperature changes are also an important factor that influences economic activity. There is a vast amount of literature that claims that hot areas have lesser economic activity and development. A recent study claims that in the poor countries, about 1 degree rise in temperature on an average causes about 1.3% fall in economic activity. Temperature changes can also lower agricultural and industrial output and indirectly impact political stability. The latitude, altitude and the relative distance to water bodies and landforms determine the climate of an area. In turn, the climate of an area determines the population and demography.\nEven in today’s world, the Indian economy is sometimes called the ‘Monsoon Economy’ since it depends heavily on the seasonal winds that blow from the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea that bring heavy rains. This heavy rain in June and September has huge effect on the agriculture of India. The impact is such that if the monsoon is delayed by over a week then the Indian GDP growth slows down. Every year the country hopes for timely monsoons and a favourable weather.\n|Indian kids pray for rain|\nThe rock formation of the land is also has a major influence on the economic activity. Rocks are broadly categorised into igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Each category has further divisions and sub-divisions, and only some forms of rocks have economic value. Soils that originate from sedimentary rocks are generally more fertile and in particular if the soil is derived from limestone. There is a saying, 'A limestone country is a rich country'. In today's times ownership of large oil reserves can help the country become prosperous (or bring civil war!) for instance Canada or Syria.\nTo try and understand how distances have played a large part in our evolution, we can take a look at the industrial revolution. Prior to this revolution, the most advanced civilizations of the world were in Asia. But once the industrial revolution set in, the West took over in innovation and production. This was characterized by two prominent features:\nFirst, the incredible rise in average productivity and the outstanding leap into more efficient methods of production. As newer methods of producing goods and services sprang up, the productivity of the western world increased forty times in just a hundred years. The Cotton Gin, Sewing Machine, Diesel Engine and the famous Assembly Line made it much easier for the industries to be set up.\nSecond, the cost of transportation fell to almost a tenth of what it was. The invention of the steam engine and the aeroplane brought places and people much closer. The invention of the telegram made communication a thousand times faster than before. The area where goods were produced did not have to be close to people's homes anymore. Factories and industries came up further from the city where production multiplied rapidly. This tells us that transportation is extremely important for economic activity.\nEmergence of Cities\nImagine a circular city in a featureless plain. All employment is in a central business district (CBD), which we take to be a point at the city’s centre. All the workers live around the CBD and go to work every day. The further they live from the city, the costlier it will be to travel to work every day. However, the further they live from the city, the cheaper it is to get a place to stay. Each worker also purchases other goods and services that are important to them. In effect, the income the worker receives from the CBD is used in three ways,\n· Rent for housing services\n· Transport to the CBD and back\n· Purchase of other goods & services\nThis model claims that workers want to try and obtain as much housing services and other goods & services. And if the income obtained from the CBD is fixed, the worker must try and choose a home that is far enough to be cheap but at the same time close enough to the CBD to have low transport costs. The question that this model answers is ‘how far from the CBD does the worker choose to stay?’\nThe model also proceeds to answering the following questions, does the worker’s choice of residence change if: -\n1) The housing rents per unit distance from the CBD change?\n2) The income obtained from the CBD changes?\n3) If the costs of other goods and services change?\n4) If there are frequent traffic jams in the city?\n5) If the travel costs change?\nThis city goes on to become even more complicated and tries to provide an explanation as to why cities expand and come up in the first place. Monocentric city models gave way to Polycentric city models. Cities are very complex things and we still have a lot to understand about them.\nThis theory tries to understand how firms set up shops. It was developed under Harold Hotelling and tries to understand how the market arises. Sellers try to position themselves as far away from other sellers and as close to the buyers. We can see interesting patterns and designs in the way sellers behave. The theory incorporates a lot of ideas from Game Theory since the sellers use competitive strategies to try and maximize profit. We take the help of a simple illustration to explain Spatial Competition.\nHotelling’s Beach: Imagine a beautiful day at a beach. One can observe many people sitting in the sand, just relaxing. It’s a hot day and everyone really wants to have an ice cream. But, since the sand is really hot, no one really wants to walk a lot. They'd all prefer if the ice cream seller comes near them.\nAlong comes an ice cream seller and since she is early, she is the only seller in the market. Once she gets here, she has a problem. Where will she set up shop? The answer is that she will set up shop right in the centre, where people have less discomfort in getting up and reaching for the ice cream. This is the place where she can maximise her profits.\nNow the interesting change occurs when another seller joins her. Now in order to maximize profits they must adjust their locations so that they reach out to as many people as they can, within the competitive environment. The best possible scenario is when they divide the market share equally and adjust their locations to cater to two groups of consumers.\nThe theory goes on to explain what happens in situation when there are more and more sellers in a larger region. This theory is very evident in real life, especially in India where small shops are in plenty. From the locations of panipuri stalls to paan shops, we observe spatial competition.\nThe Economic Space\nIn most contemporary economic thought, geographical distances have been largely ignored. Transport costs have not been given much weightage and most economic theories consider transport costs to be zero. When the classical economists studied the economy, they considered the distances between cities, countries and people themselves to be irreverent. This is quite clear when the famous economist David Riccardo constructed his theory of ‘comparative advantage’ by first assuming that there was perfect mobility within countries. In a perfectly mobile environment, factors of production like labor and capital can move freely without difficulty. Most of the economists like Smith and Riccardo grew up in the British Empire. And since Britain had already established trade routes all over the world, they and their followers tended to ignore transport costs over the sea. Hence, most classical economic theories consider the world to be “upon the tip of a needle” as they all do not pay attention to space. Only a handful of mainstream economic theories such as Hotelling's Competition and Urban Economics, take the entire distances into consideration.\nThe only spaces that economists regarded well were the national borders. Apart from this minor division of the world, economic theories did not look at the differences in landscape and terrain. And as once Samuelson said,\n‘Spatial problems have been so neglected in economic theory that the field is of interest for its own sake.’\nThe concept of the economic space is needed because the prices of goods and services, the incentives of people and the decisions of firms depend on distances. As Debreu once said,\n‘A good at a certain location and the same good at another location are different economic objects, and the specification of the location at which it will be available is essential.’\nA good economic theory must always consider the economic space.\nAlthough Economic Geography is still very young compared to Macroeconomics or other mainstream economic theories, it has provided us with very valuable insights. These insights come from a study of the economic space in a scientific manner.\n- Transportation Costs play a major role even in today's fast moving world. Globalisation has brought in a feeling that the world has become flat, but the truth is different. Physically, culturally and economically the world is still round. Distances and locations play a very important role in the modern economy.\n- Factor Mobility or how easily labor and capital are moved to a desired location, is very important for the economy. Not only international mobility, but also national mobility matters. Economic Geography tells us that there is a growing divide between some people and others. This disparity of national mobility could pose a problem.\nGeography is one of the most interesting subjects I ever encountered. I loved to study about glaciers, rock faces, erosion, deserts and vegetation. From the formation of stalactites and stalagmites to the corrosion caused by waves, the subject manages to capture one’s attention. It’s a very beautiful subject that made me imagine a lot. Economics on the other hand, focuses more on the human species. It studies the effects of consumption and saving. It tries to understand the meaning of money. And even though it may seem a bit drab, it has its elusive beauty.\nIt is a pleasure to incorporate the beauty of the earth and the complexity of human beings and study Economic Geography. This field has gained traction over the last few decades. The importance of transport costs and increasing returns has begun to invade modern economic thought in an entirely new way. We cannot hope to understand economic activity without understanding the economic space it exists in. It is a necessity to incorporate the geographical conditions when we want to apply economic models to real life, since real life has real differences in landscape. There is much more to be done in this field and a lot to break through.\nEconomics is for everyone!\nGeography is for everyone!", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "url": "http://econforeverybody.blogspot.com/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163057372/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131737-00084-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9621772766, "token_count": 2387, "score": 3.71875, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Talamh agus Daoine\nTá cineálacha áirithe d'fhoirmeacha talún tairbheach don tsochaí ar go leor bealaí. Mar shampla, braitheann an chaoi a bhféadfadh abhainn cabhrú leis an ngeilleagar ar a chéim forbartha. De ghnáth ní bhíonn abhainn óg sábháilte le haghaidh iompair nó loingseoireachta ach tá acmhainn mhór aige chumhacht a ghiniúint. Is féidir le dam nó píopa cumhachta hidréalaigh atá suite go maith cabhrú go mór le geilleagar na réigiúin sin. Úsáidtear fuinneamh uisce le haghaidh uisciúcháin agus le haghaidh feistí meicniúla éagsúla a oibriú, mar shampla muilte uisce, muilte píosa, muilte teicstíle, crannaí calafoirt, liftaí tí, cumhachta agus i ndéanamh péinte.\nAr an gcaoi chéanna, ní bhíonn an chumhacht ag abhainn aibí leictreachas a ghiniúint gan costas mór a bheith aige ar an fuinneamh sin, ach tá an luas aige chun loingseoireacht agus iompar a cheadú. Cuireann sé gníomhaíochtaí talmhaíochta ar fáil freisin trí an ithir a dhéanamh níos torthúla. Ligeann sé seo trádáil agus tráchtáil a leathnaíonn gníomhaíochtaí margaidh agus ioncam go mór le chéile. Gan abhainn na Níle, ní fhéadfadh an sibhialtacht Éigipteach a bheith rathúil. Thug an Níle plandaíocht, iompar agus talmhaíocht ar a bhfuil na hÉigiptigh a gcuid sibhialtachta a thógáil. Bunaíodh an tSiobháltas Gleann Indus ar bhruach na n-aibhneacha - Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Satluj agus Beas. D'fhás an tSínis Yellow River Valley Civilization (4000BC) timpeall na Huange He abhainn, a chuir cumas talmhaíochta ar fáil.\nIs fachtóir tábhachtach é athruithe teocht a mbíonn tionchar acu ar ghníomhaíocht eacnamaíoch freisin. Tá go leor litríocht ann a mhaígh go bhfuil níos lú gníomhaíochta eacnamaíoch agus forbartha ag limistéir theas. Deir staidéar le déanaí go mbíonn laghdú 1.3% ar ghníomhaíocht eacnamaíoch mar thoradh ar ardú 1 céim ar an teocht ar an meán sna tíortha bochta. Is féidir le hathruithe teochta táirgeadh talmhaíochta agus tionsclaíoch a laghdú freisin agus tionchar indíreach a bheith acu ar chobhsaíocht pholaitiúil. Cinntíonn an léim, an airde agus an fad coibhneasta ó chomhlachtaí uisce agus ó thírfhoirmeacha aeráide limistéar. Ina dhiaidh sin, cinntíonn aeráid limistéar daonra agus déimeagrafaíocht.\nFiú sa domhan inniu, tugtar \"Eacnamaíocht an Mhunsún\" ar gheilleagar na hIndia uaireanta toisc go bhfuil sé ag brath go mór ar na gaotha séasúracha a bhuilleann ón Aigéan Indiach agus ón Mhuir Arebia a thugann báistí tromchúiseacha. Tá tionchar mór ag an bháisteach mór seo i mí an Mheithimh agus i mí Mheán Fómhair ar fheirmeoireacht na hIndia. Tá an tionchar den sórt sin má tá an monsoon moill ag níos mó ná seachtain ansin fás OTI na hIndia a luatha. Gach bliain tá súil ag an tír go mbeidh monsoons tráthúil agus aimsir bhréagach.\nTá páistí Indiach ag guí le haghaidh báistí\nTá tionchar mór ag foirmiú carraige an talún ar an ngníomhaíocht eacnamaíoch freisin. Déantar carraigeacha a chatagóirithe go forleathan ina carraigeacha igneacha, metamorfacha agus sedimentary. Tá ranníonna agus fo-ranníonna breise ag gach catagóir, agus níl luach eacnamaíoch ag ach roinnt cineálacha carraigeacha. Tá ithir a thagann ó charraigí díleá níos torthúla de ghnáth agus go háirithe má thagann an ithir ó charraigí cnámh. Tá ráiteas ann, 'Tá tír chléite ina tír shaibhir'. Sa lá atá inniu ann, is féidir le úinéireacht stóras ola mór cabhrú leis an tír a bheith rathúil (nó cogadh cathartha a thabhairt!) mar shampla Ceanada nó an tSiria.\nChun iarracht a dhéanamh a thuiscint conas a bhí ról mór ag fad i d'eabhlóid, is féidir linn breathnú ar an réabhlóid thionsclaíoch. Roimh an réabhlóid seo, bhí na sibhialtachtaí is airde ar domhan san Áise. Ach nuair a tháinig an réabhlóid thionsclaíoch, ghlac an Iarthar an ceannas i nuálaíocht agus i dtáirgeadh. Bhí dhá ghné shuntasach mar thréith air seo:\nAr dtús, an méadú dochreidte ar tháirgiúlacht mheánmhéide agus an léim iontach i dtreo modhanna táirgthe níos éifeachtúla. De réir mar a tháinig modhanna nua chun earraí agus seirbhísí a tháirgeadh, mhéadaigh táirgiúlacht an domhain thiar de cheithre fhichead uair i gceann céad bliain amháin. Rinne an Cotton Gin, an Máistir Fuaime, an t-inneall díosail agus an Líne Fheistithe cáiliúil go leor níos éasca do na tionscail a bhunú.\nAr an dara dul síos, thit costas an iompair go beagnach an deichiú cuid de a bhí ann. Chuir an innill gaile agus an t-aerárthach áiteanna agus daoine i bhfad níos dlúithe. Rinne an t-eagraim an teilifís cumarsáid a dhéanamh míle uair níos tapúla ná mar a bhí roimhe. Ní raibh an limistéar ina ndearnadh earraí a tháirgeadh in aice le tithe daoine a thuilleadh. Tháinig monarchana agus tionscail níos faide ón gcathair áit a raibh táirgeadh ag méadú go tapa. Deir sé seo go bhfuil an iompar thar a bheith tábhachtach do ghníomhaíocht eacnamaíoch.\nFás na gCathracha\nSamhlaigh cathair chiorclach i gclann gan ghnéithe. Tá an fhostaíocht go léir i gcathair ghnó lárnach (CBD), a glacaimid le pointe i lár na cathrach. Tá na hoibrithe go léir ina gcónaí timpeall an CBD agus téann siad ag obair gach lá. An níos faide a chónaíonn siad ón gcathair, is mó a bheidh sé costasach taisteal go dtí an obair gach lá. Ach, is é an níos faide a chónaíonn siad ón gcathair, is é an níos saoire a fháil áit chun fanacht. Ceannaíonn gach oibrí earraí agus seirbhísí eile atá tábhachtach dóibh freisin. Go deimhin, úsáidtear an t-ioncam a fhaigheann an oibrí ón CBT ar thrí bhealach:\n· Cíos le haghaidh seirbhísí tithíochta\n· Iompar go dtí an CBD agus ar ais\n· Ceannach earraí agus seirbhísí eile\nDeir an tsamhail seo go bhfuil oibrithe ag iarraidh iarracht a dhéanamh agus an oiread seirbhísí tithíochta agus earraí agus seirbhísí eile a fháil. Agus má tá an t-ioncam a fhaightear ón CBD seasta, ní mór don oibrí iarracht a dhéanamh teach a roghnú atá i bhfad go leor chun a bheith saor ach ag an am céanna gar go leor don CBD chun costais iompair íseal a bheith aige. Is é an cheist a fhreagraíonn an tsamhail seo ná Cén fad ón CBD a roghnaíonn an t-oibrí fanacht?\nLeanann an tsamhail ag freagairt na gceisteanna seo a leanas freisin, an athraíonn rogha cónaithe an oibrí má: -\n1) An bhfuil na cíosanna tithíochta in aghaidh an aonaid i bhfad ó CBD ag athrú?\n2) An t-ioncam a fuarthas ó na hathruithe CBD?\n3) Má athraíonn costais earraí agus seirbhísí eile?\n4) Má bhíonn plódaithe tráchta ann go minic sa chathair?\n5) Má athraíonn na costais taistil?\nTéann an chathair seo ar aghaidh chun a bheith níos casta agus déanann sé iarracht míniú a thabhairt ar an gcúis a méadaíonn cathracha agus a thagann suas ar an gcéad dul síos. Thug samhlacha cathrach Monocentric bealach do samhlacha cathrach Polycentric. Tá cathracha an-chasta agus tá go leor le tuiscint againn fós.\nDéanann an teoiric seo iarracht a thuiscint conas a bhunaíonn gnólachtaí siopaí. Forbraíodh é faoi Harold Hotelling agus déanann sé iarracht a thuiscint conas a thagann an margadh chun cinn. Déanann díoltóirí iarracht iad féin a chur chomh fada ó dhíoltóirí eile agus chomh gar do na ceannaitheoirí. Is féidir linn patrúin agus dearadh suimiúil a fheiceáil sa tslí a n-iompar díoltóirí. Áirítear go leor smaointe ó Theoiric an Ghréasáin leis an teoiric seo ós rud é go n-úsáideann na díoltóirí straitéisí iomaíocha chun iarracht a dhéanamh an brabús a uasmhéadú. Tógfaimid cabhair ó léaráid shimplí chun an Iomaíocht Spáis a mhíniú.\nHotelling's Beach: Smaoinigh ar lá álainn ar an trá. Is féidir le duine a fheiceáil go leor daoine ina suí sa ghaineamh, ag scíth a ligean. Tá sé lá te agus gach duine i ndáiríre ag iarraidh a bheith le uachtar reoite. Ach, ós rud é go bhfuil an gaineamh an-te, ní mian le duine ar bith i ndáiríre siúl go leor. Ba mhaith leo go léir go mbeadh an díoltóir uachtar reoite ag teacht in aice leo.\nTar éis an tsaoil, tá an t-earraí a dhíoltar ag an siopa. Nuair a thagann sí anseo, tá fadhb aici. Cá háit a bhunaíonn sí siopa? Is é an freagra go bhfreastalaíonn sí ar an siopa i lár na cathrach, áit nach mbíonn an oiread míchompord ag daoine ag éirí as a gcos agus ag dul chun na hioscaram a fháil. Is é seo an áit ina féidir léi a chuid brabúis a uasmhéadú.\nAnois, tarlaíonn an t-athrú suimiúil nuair a thagann díoltóir eile léi. Anois d'fhonn a mhéadú brabús ní mór dóibh a n-áit a choigeartú ionas go sroichfidh siad amach mar go leor daoine mar is féidir leo, laistigh den timpeallacht iomaíoch. Is é an cás is fearr is féidir nuair a roinnfidh siad an sciar margaidh go cothrom agus a n-áit áitiúla a choigeartú chun freastal ar dhá ghrúpa tomhaltóirí.\nLeanann an teoiric ag míniú cad a tharlaíonn i gcás go bhfuil níos mó agus níos mó díoltóirí i réigiún níos mó. Tá an teoiric seo an-soiléir sa saol fíor, go háirithe san India áit a bhfuil siopaí beaga go leor. Ó shuíomhanna stallaí panipuri go siopaí paan, breathnaímid ar iomaíocht spásúil.\nAn Spás Eacnamaíoch\nSa chuid is mó den smaointe eacnamaíochta comhaimseartha, tá neamhaird déanta ar fad ar fad ar fad geografach. Ní thugtar mórán tábhachta do chostais iompair agus meastar go bhfuil na costais iompair ag an gcuid is mó de na teoiricí eacnamaíocha a bheith ag nialas. Nuair a rinne na heacnamaithe clasaiceacha staidéar ar an ngeilleagar, mheas siad nach raibh aon urraim ag na fadanna idir cathracha, tíortha agus daoine féin. Tá sé seo soiléir go leor nuair a d'fhorbair an eacnamaí cáiliúil David Riccardo a theoiric ar \"buntáiste comparáideach\" trína glacadh leis ar dtús go raibh soghluaisteacht foirfe laistigh de thíortha. I dtimpeallacht atá soghluaiste go hiomlán, is féidir le tosca táirgthe cosúil le saothair agus caipiteal gluaiseacht go saor gan deacracht. D'fhás an chuid is mó de na heacnamaithe cosúil le Smith agus Riccardo suas sa Impireacht na Breataine. Agus ós rud é go raibh na Breataine tar éis bealaí trádála a bhunú ar fud an domhain cheana féin, bhí claonadh ag na Breataine agus ag a gcuid leanúna neamhaird a dhéanamh ar chostais iompair ar muir. Dá bhrí sin, measaíonn an chuid is mó de na teoiricí eacnamaíocha clasaiceacha go bhfuil an domhan ar barr an úlla toisc nach dtugann siad aird ar an spás. Níl ach cúpla teoiric eacnamaíoch príomhshrutha, mar shampla Iomaíocht Hotelling agus Eacnamaíocht Bhaile, ag cur na fadanna go léir san áireamh.\nBa iad na teorainneacha náisiúnta an t-aon spás a raibh meas maith ag eacnamaithe air. Seachas an roinn bheag seo den domhan, níor fhéach teoiricí eacnamaíocha ar na difríochtaí i tírdhreach agus i dtalamh. Agus mar a dúirt Samuelson uair amháin,\nTá fadhbanna spásúla curtha i bhfad ar ceal sa teoiric eacnamaíoch go bhfuil an réimse ar spéis dó féin.\nTá gá le coincheap an spás eacnamaíoch toisc go bhfuil praghsanna earraí agus seirbhísí, dreasachtaí daoine agus cinntí gnólachtaí ag brath ar achar. Mar a dúirt Debreu uair amháin,\nIs réada eacnamaíocha éagsúla earraí ar leith in áit áirithe agus na hearraí céanna in áit eile, agus tá sé ríthábhachtach an áit a bheidh siad ar fáil a shonrú.\nNí mór do théoiric eacnamaíoch maith an spás eacnamaíoch a chur san áireamh i gcónaí.\nCé go bhfuil an Geo-eacnamaíocht Eacnamaíoch an-óg fós i gcomparáid le Maicreacnamaíocht nó le teoiricí eacnamaíocha príomhshrutha eile, thug sé léargas an-luachmhar dúinn. Tagann na léargas seo ó staidéar a dhéanamh ar an spás eacnamaíoch ar bhealach eolaíoch.\n- Tá ról mór ag costais iompair fiú i saol tapa atá ag gluaiseacht inniu. Tá an domhandacht tar éis an mothú a thabhairt isteach go bhfuil an domhan tar éis éirí cothrom, ach tá an fhírinne difriúil. Go fisiciúil, go cultúrtha agus go heacnamaíoch tá an domhan cruinn fós. Tá ról an-tábhachtach ag fad agus áiteanna sa gheilleagar nua-aimseartha.\n- Tá Factor Mobility nó cé chomh héasca agus a ghluaiseann saothair agus caipiteal chuig suíomh inmhianaithe, an-tábhachtach don gheilleagar. Ní hamháin go bhfuil an soghluaisteacht idirnáisiúnta, ach tagann an soghluaisteacht náisiúnta freisin. Deir an Geo-eacnamaíocht go bhfuil an bhearna ag fás idir daoine áirithe agus daoine eile. D'fhéadfadh an difríocht seo i soghluaisteacht náisiúnta a bheith ina fhadhb.\nTá tíreolaíocht ar cheann de na hábhair is suimiúla a bhuail mé riamh. Bhí grá agam staidéar a dhéanamh ar ghléasanna, ar bhruachchchláir, ar éadóisiú, ar fhásaigh agus ar fhás. Ón fhoirmiú stalactítí agus stalagmití go dtí an creimeadh a dhéanann tonnta, éiríonn leis an ábhar aird a ghabháil. Is ábhar an-álainn é a thug dom a lán samhlaíochta a dhéanamh. Ar an láimh eile, díreofar ar an ngeilleagar níos mó ar an speiceas daonna. Déanann sé staidéar ar éifeachtaí tomhaltais agus coigiltis. Tá sé ag iarraidh tuiscint a fháil ar bhrí an airgid. Agus cé go bhféadfadh sé a bheith rud beag drab, tá a áilleacht éagórach ann.\nIs taitnimh é áilleacht na talún agus castacht na ndaoine a ionchorprú agus Geografaíocht Eacnamaíoch a staidéar. Tá an réimse seo tar éis tarraingt a fháil le cúpla bliain anuas. Tá tábhacht na gcostas iompair agus na n-aisíocaíochtaí méadaithe tar éis dul isteach ar smaointeoireacht eacnamaíoch nua-aimseartha ar bhealach go hiomlán nua. Ní féidir linn a bheith ag súil go dtuigeann muid gníomhaíocht eacnamaíoch gan tuiscint a fháil ar an spás eacnamaíoch ina bhfuil sí. Tá sé riachtanach na coinníollacha geografacha a ionchorprú nuair is mian linn samhlacha eacnamaíocha a chur i bhfeidhm ar an saol fíor, ós rud é go bhfuil difríochtaí fíor sa tírdhreach sa saol fíor. Tá go leor le déanamh sa réimse seo agus go leor le briseadh tríd.\nIs é an eacnamaíocht do gach duine!\nIs é an gheografaíocht do gach duine!"} {"text": "- What is how to photoshop a picture on a picture\n- Top 5 Tips and Tricks for Photoshopping a Picture onto Another Image\n- Frequently Asked Questions about How to Photoshop a Picture on a Picture\n- Advanced Techniques for Adding or Removing Elements from Two Images\n- 1) Using Layer Masks\n- 2) Utilizing Clipping Masks\n- 3). Patch-Tool\n- Secrets to Blending Images Perfectly with Different Lighting and Backgrounds\n- 1. Understand Lighting\n- 2. Identify Elements to Blend\n- 3.Perform Smart Photomerge Adjustments\n- 4.Pay Attention to Details\n- Pro Tools and Plugins for Photoshopping Pictures onto Other Images Like a Pro\n- Best Practices for Achieving Stunning Results with Pictures over Pictures in Adobe Photoshop\n- Table with useful data:\n- Historical fact:\nWhat is how to photoshop a picture on a picture\nHow to photoshop a picture on a picture is the process of overlaying one image over another using Adobe Photoshop software. This technique allows you to create unique and creative compositions, add visual interest or enhance an existing image in just few clicks. Simply choose your desired images, adjust sizes and layers.\n- To get started with Photoshop, open both images (base and added) as separate files in the program\n- Select the ‘Move’ tool from the toolbar and drag one of the photos onto the other so that they’re stacked together\n- When you have both images in place, use ‘layer mask’ tool from layers panel for blending two pictures properly into each other with new composition\nIn brief, mastering how to photoshop a picture on a picture can result into limitless creativity possibilities when it comes for story telling through imagery.\nTop 5 Tips and Tricks for Photoshopping a Picture onto Another Image\nPhotoshopping a picture onto another image may seem simple and straightforward, but it is more intricate than you may have initially thought. It takes skill and precision to blend two images together seamlessly. However, with the right tips and tricks at your disposal, you can execute this task like a pro.\nOne of the essential aspects of Photoshop-ping an image onto another photo is getting lighting right. The light in both photos has to be consistent if you want them to merge naturally without any abrupt edges or out-of-place tones – after all, even our eyes are trained to notice discrepancies in shadows that just don’t belong! Consider using adjustment layers or duplicating skin textures/light sources on both images so they mesh better for those added touches of realism.\n2. Scale & placement\nThe second most crucial thing in merging two photographs into one is resizing and positioning correctly! If either element doesn’t match up well enough (too large or too small), then it will stick out as something’s wrong about what should otherwise look seamless. This tip can make all of the difference between creating beautiful results that honestly invite viewers’ gazes versus clunky weirdness that cracks people up due only because ‘something’s not quite right.’\nAfter blending images’ scaling correct placement down perfectly comes transparency/opacity settings which are critical when dealing across varied subjects/bacgrounds.. You might find yourself working with different colors in each layer and important details such as foregrounds or backgrounds fading away because the opacity isn’t set right; therefore giving off strange hues by bleeding through other elements around them–so work carefully here!\n4. Color correction & matching tones\nWhen combining multiple pictures together, variations from hue to contrast color balancing differences become overwhelmingly noticeable unless carefully addressed before moving forward.Give time specifically allocated towards correcting these variables accordingly within your creation process- whether via layer adjustments filters masks levels for darkening/highlighting aspects that need such tweaks.Effective and subtle color correction can elevate an ordinary image into a captivating creation!\n5. Editing with patience\nThe last tip is to take your time! Patience goes a long way when dealing with these detailed processes because it’s easier not to catch errors until they’re glaringly obvious once you’ve gone through steps 1-4.. There are no shortcuts in Photoshop, so avoid rushing the project or settling for less than optimal results.\nIn conclusion, we hope these tips assist in creating stunning pictures while Photoshopping two images together successfully; skillfully managing light settings transitioning between scales/opacity aspects and working carefully during each step of color matching outshining all contribute towards turning photos from mundane creations as something rivetingly transformative!\nFrequently Asked Questions about How to Photoshop a Picture on a Picture\nIn the world of graphic design, Photoshop is a household name. It is the market-standard photo and image editing software used by professionals worldwide to create stunning visual masterpieces. From touching up skin blemishes in portrait photography to creating surreal fantastical landscapes, Photoshop can do it all.\nHowever, for beginners or anyone new to using this powerful tool, there are some common questions about how to photoshop a picture on a picture that they might have. In the following FAQ section, expert designers will detail their creative process while providing helpful tips for getting started with Adobe’s versatile imaging program.\n1) What is “Photoshopping” and why would I want to do it?\nThe term “Photoshopping” refers specifically to manipulating images in Adobe Photoshop software. There are several reasons someone may want to use these techniques; for example:\n– To remove unwanted elements from an image (such as red eye or background distractions)\n– To composite multiple photos together into one cohesive design\n– To resize or adjust specific aspects of an image\n2) How difficult is learning how to manipulate pictures in Photoshop?\nWhile mastering any complex skill requires time and effort, even those completely unfamiliar with the software should be able to achieve relatively simple manipulations such as resizing or removing small objects without too much trouble.\n3) Does every designer have their own unique approach when working on Pictures?\nYes – because each project has its own distinct requirements!\nSome projects may require precision work such as extensive airbrushing or masking intricately detailed areas whilst others may need significantly less fine-tuning if there isn’t much correction needed. Therefore knowing what tools you’ll need ahead of taking on your latest challenge will save time down the line.\n4)What tools are available during ‘how-to’ session?\nIn short: almost too many! Thankfully key ones listed below make up most essential toolkit:\n– The Brush Tool – Used primarily for painting with an adjustable size and opacity to best capture their required shape.\n– Cloning Stamp – This duplicates a chosen part of the image or pattern and pastes it seamlessly elsewhere in your artwork.\n– Smudge Tool – Allows you to make subtle tonal adjustments while using multiple blends on one brush, pushing or dragging pixels around with ease.\n5) How do I combine photos?\nDepending on what kind of combination effect is desired (blending them together into one cohesive look versus cropping images onto different layers that occupy distinct spaces), there are several techniques at disposal.Increasingly popular is implementing layer masks which allow for greater control over collage construction.\n6) Is there anything else I should keep in my arsenal when learning ‘how-to’ Photoshop pictures?\nThere’s no substitution technique design process with regular work-outs as practice makes progress! Become acquainted familiarizing yourself with software updates introduced every year while reading up information from online tutorials, attending webinars about specific design topics etcetera can also be very helpful towards honing your skills set.\nPhotoshop has become increasingly more user-friendly even though this doesn’t mean mastering these complex tools happens overnight.Creating unique masterpieces after some trial-and-error exploration yields truly rewarding results… so put all questions above into action next time need to take tackling latest visual challenge seen throughout world wide web. With effort taking sharpening imagination photography expertise ensures truly sophisticated digital creations outshine competition every single time!\nAdvanced Techniques for Adding or Removing Elements from Two Images\nIn the world of image editing and graphic design, one of the most commonly used techniques is adding or removing elements from an image. Whether you need to retouch a photo by erasing a distracting background, combine two different images seamlessly, or add text overlays to your artwork – mastering this skill can help you take your designs to the next level.\nSo what are some advanced techniques for adding or removing elements from two images? Let’s dive in!\n1) Using Layer Masks\nLayer masks are a powerful tool that allow you to selectively hide or reveal parts of an image without permanently altering it. By creating a mask on the layer where you want to remove something (such as a background), you can use the brush tool set to black color and simply “paint away” parts of the layer that aren’t needed.\nAlternatively, if you’re adding something new onto another layer (for example, combining two images), create a mask on the top layer and again use black brush strokes where you don’t need any overlapping areas.\nThis technique allows for precise adjustments while maintaining full control over non-destructive alterations.\n2) Utilizing Clipping Masks\nAnother method that professionals use when merging multiple layers into one cohesive whole is clipping masks. This is particularly useful when applying textures or patterns over portions of an image such as typography in graphics designing.\nWith clipping masks,the details/details in lower layers remain intact and unaffected by other components because they’re designated solely for specific sections. This way users get more maneuverability within their work whilst keeping everything together without changes affecting other aspects beneath them.\nA hidden but very important tool available in photoshop arsenal at times offers precision unattainable with preceding methods especially removimg subjects from complex imagery through selecting adjacent patches similar minus inconsistencies during alteration.Apply it like so;\n- Select Quilt Tool\n- Encase Target Area,\n- Drag selected area beyond unwanted detail(s)\nIn conclusion, these advanced techniques not only eliminate intricate detail(s) in designs but equally saves time whilst enhancing creativity. Be bold and try out best suited methods for your project challenging the bounds of creative design!\nSecrets to Blending Images Perfectly with Different Lighting and Backgrounds\nAs an image editor, one of the most challenging tasks can be blending images with different lighting and backgrounds. However, mastering this skill is crucial if you want to create professional-looking designs. In this blog post, I’ll share some secrets to help blend images perfectly while keeping a consistent look and feel.\n1. Understand Lighting\nBefore getting started on any image editing project that involves blending, it is essential first to understand how lighting works. Photography relies heavily on light sources such as natural daylight or artificial light sources like studio lights or lamps. Different types of light will affect your images in various ways.\nFor instance, when combining two pictures taken under varying lighting conditions, adjusting brightness levels and contrast may not suffice alone. That’s because different tines of photos might have different color temperatures – warm temperature (orange tint) for indoor shots against fluorescent bulbs versus cool shades(blue tone)for outdoor sunset photography or photographs taken near windows during night time.\nTo tackle such situations — convert the selected layers into smart objects then tweak around using color balance adjustment layer effects until achiving a common whitebalance throughout the photo montage before doing further adjustments\n2. Identify Elements to Blend\nWhen deciding what elements from separate photos need merging try strategically choosing feasible backdrops whilst scrutinizing them carefully along with required subject; consider highlighting shadow areas upon merging next element without failing shift focus from its overall appearance making sure they all flow seamlessly without altering area clarity vis-a-vis depth perception within the context they exist.\n3.Perform Smart Photomerge Adjustments\nAs mentioned earlier , once selections are made allow performing smoothening cover ups overtime- applying gradient filters between background features since it offers a soft transition between both subjects harmoniously and adds defined leading lines which make blended pictures seem visually appealing.Use tools provided b ythe Photoshop app hold down shift keyand drag Move tool horizontally until multiple selection highlight fallswithin each section required then press Ctrl+E shortcut command merge extractions done before applying added effects especially on sharpness of merged selections\n4.Pay Attention to Details\nThe final touch always accounts for polish work completed. Devote as much time as possible checking edges surrounding your finished image, mainly if there’s a choppy line or less clean crisps around the blend points. The healing brush tool will come in handy during these frustrating yet essential stages.\nIn conclusion, blending images smoothly with different lighting and backgrounds is something that takes patience and practice honing through mastery and experience over time. However following this recommended tips carefully helps give more professional results without any compromises within multi-picture collages going forward .\nPro Tools and Plugins for Photoshopping Pictures onto Other Images Like a Pro\nAs technology advances, so does the way we edit and manipulate images. Photo editing has become an essential part of our lives in today’s digital age. And as photo enthusiasts around the world are constantly looking for new ways to enhance their images, software like Adobe Photoshop and Pro Tools offer a wide range of innovative tools and plugins that allow you to do just that.\nWhether it’s adding filters, adjusting brightness and contrast or cropping out unwanted areas altogether – these programs have all the necessary features to take your image manipulation skills from amateur-level to pro level with ease.\nOne thing that is particularly noteworthy about Pro Tools when compared to other photo editing software is its versatility; it can be used by photographers who want complete control over every aspect of their image – right down to pixel-perfect accuracy!\nWith its intuitive user interface, anyone can learn how to use this powerful tool-set effectively – whether you’re an experienced professional photographer or someone who wants better selfies at home! You don’t need any complex technical knowledge or even high-end equipment – all you need is patience and willingness-to-learn.\nFor those looking for more diverse creative options while digitally manipulating photographs, there are certain plugins available with specific functions tailored towards enhancing pictures on top of others:\n1) Alien Skin Exposure: A plugin famous for transforming your photos into classic film stocks like Kodak Portra 400 or Fujifilm Velvia. It offers unique color effects derived from popular analog films & darkroom techniques such as authentic-looking grain structures .\n2) Nik Collection: Developed by Google before being acquired by DxO Labs , boasts plugins optimised specifically towards “making stunning photographic looks” rather than professionals creating truly realistic depictions. Its defining feature includes Analog Efex Pro which allows access directly into analog settings including but not limited too dusting scratches, semi-transparent textiles simulating flaws inherent with shooting on vintage machinery\n3) Perfect Layers : This one offers much more precise layering tools than Photoshop alone, allowing you to easily integrate different images into one complete picture – until they’re completely seamless!\nStarting & creating eye-catching works solely with your photo editing software and your imagination can be challenging at first but with Pro Tools and it’s associated plugins, such difficulties become rather smooth as silk. With this article we are looking forward to sharing our tips and tricks on how these programs can help take your pictures from just “good” to unforgettable!\nBest Practices for Achieving Stunning Results with Pictures over Pictures in Adobe Photoshop\nAdobe Photoshop is a versatile and powerful tool for designers, photographers, and artists alike. It allows you to manipulate images in any way imaginable to create stunning results. One of the most important aspects of working with Adobe Photoshop is understanding best practices for achieving amazing pictures over pictures.\nHere are some tips to help get you started:\n1. Pay Attention To Composition\nWhether it’s a portrait or landscape picture, composition plays an essential role in creating stunning results. Ensure that your subject or focal point is not completely centered; instead, follow the rule of thirds by dividing your image into three equal parts vertically and horizontally.\n2. Keep Adjusting The Color Balance\nThe color balance can significantly affect how your final image appears. You might lose clarity due to incorrect contrast adjustments if you don’t keep tweaking colors until reaching perfection.\n3. Focus On Enhancing Contrast\nContrast adjustment does much more than just adding “pop” factors; it helps contouring each person’s features ideally while enhancing shadows areas too without overly darkening them.\n4. Utilize Masks For More Control Over Edits\nIf you’re applying effects or making adjustments on specialized areas like eyes (more vibrancy), lips (colorizing), select those regions using techniques called masks so as only specific alterations will apply within those layers allowing greater precision control!\n5.Use Less Filters In Order Not To Ruin Originality Of Pictures\nFilters allow for quick editing enhancements but risk ruining original authenticity if used excessively—consider picking settings thoughtfully rather than going crazy about all different available samples from online sources until finding something perfect according-to-lights shadows presets matching newer technology capabilities today which outperforms older filters/samples libraries fast progressing world has created vast possibilities untouched avenues still left unexplored awaiting our next invention breakthrough discovery yet unknown magical algorithms nobody probably knows about give chances looking things through new perspective innovative mindsets explore further horizons bring life novel ideas fresh concepts unique experience opening up whole world unbeaten tracks!\nIn conclusion, achieving stunning results with pictures over pictures in Adobe Photoshop doesn’t need to be complicated. By focusing on composition and color balance, enhancing contrast while using masks for more control makes everything easier than ever before! Don’t ruin originality of images by layering too many filters without careful thought consideration; instead, use them judiciously picking settings that can overall improvement of your final output. So now that you know these tips consider applying them next time you fire up the Adobe Photoshop tool for achieving amazing picture-perfect results every time!\nTable with useful data:\n|1||Open Adobe Photoshop and select the picture you wish to work with.|\n|2||Select the layer of the picture you want to add another picture onto.|\n|3||Open the picture you want to add to the selected layer.|\n|4||Select the picture you just opened and copy it.|\n|5||Paste the copied picture onto the desired layer.|\n|6||Position and resize the added picture using the transform tool.|\n|7||Apply layer masks to blend the added picture with the original picture.|\n|8||Adjust the lighting and color of the added picture to match the original picture.|\n|9||Save the edited picture as a new file for future use.|\nInformation from an expert: To Photoshop a picture on a picture, start by selecting the image you want to insert onto the background photo. Copy and paste it onto your chosen background layer, then use the Transform tool to resize and position it as desired. Adjust its opacity if necessary, then refine any edges using the Clone Stamp or Eraser tools. Apply some color corrections if required; you can also add shadows or highlights details for depth effect. Finally, merge all layers down and save in your preferred format. Remember that practice makes perfect!\nThe practice of manipulating photographs dates back to the mid-19th century when photographers would manually retouch and alter negatives to enhance or remove certain elements from the final print. However, digital manipulation as we know it today became mainstream with the release of Adobe Photoshop 1.0 in February 1990.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "url": "https://essential-photoshop-elements.com/master-the-art-of-photo-editing-how-to-photoshop-a-picture-on-a-picture-step-by-step-guide-with-stats-and-tips/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224655446.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609064417-20230609094417-00047.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8930062056, "token_count": 4134, "score": 2.6875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "- Cad é mar a Photoshop pictiúr ar pictiúr\n- Top 5 Leideanna agus Tricks le haghaidh Photoshop Picture ar Íomhá eile\n- Ceisteanna a Chuirtear go minic faoi Conas Pictiúr a Photoshop ar Pictiúr\n- Teicneolaíochtaí chun Eileamaint a chur nó a bhaint as dhá íomhá\n- 1) Máistir Chéim a úsáid\n- 2) Máistir Chliceála a Úsáid\n- 3). Uirlis Patch\n- Rúnna chun Íomhánna a Chomhcheangal go foirfe le Solas agus Cúlchistí Difriúla\n- Ceann. Tuiscint a fháil ar an Solas\n- Dhá. Na Comhpháirteanna a Aithníonn tú le Measc\n- 3.Achtú cliste fotomírge a dhéanamh\n- 4.Féach ar na Mionsonraí\n- Uirlisí agus Plugins Pro le haghaidh Photoshopping Pictiúir ar Íomhánna Eile Cosúil le Pro\n- Na Cleachtais is Fearr chun Torthaí Stunning a bhaint amach le Pictiúir thar Pictiúir in Adobe Photoshop\n- Tábla le sonraí úsáideacha:\n- Fíric stairiúil:\nCad é conas a Photoshop pictiúr ar pictiúr\nIs é an próiseas a bhaineann le pictiúr a phéinteáil ar phictiúr ná pictiúr a chur thar ceann eile ag baint úsáide as bogearraí Adobe Photoshop. Ligeann an teicníc seo duit comhdhéanamh uathúil agus cruthaitheach a chruthú, spéis amhairc a chur leis nó íomhá atá ann cheana a fheabhsú i gceann cúpla cliceáil. Roghnaigh na híomhánna is mian leat, déan na méideanna agus na sraitheanna a choigeartú.\n- Chun tús a chur le Photoshop, oscailt an dá íomhánna (bhunús agus a chur leis) mar chomhaid ar leithligh sa chlár\n- Roghnaigh an uirlis Move ón mbarra uirlisí agus tarraing ceann de na grianghraif ar an gceann eile ionas go mbeidh siad stacáilte le chéile\n- Nuair a bheidh an dá íomhá agat i láthair, bain úsáid as uirlis ' masc sraithe ' ó phainéal sraitheanna chun dhá íomhá a mheascadh go cuí lena chéile le comhdhéanamh nua\nGo hachomair, is féidir le máistreacht ar conas pictiúr a phéinteáil ar phictiúr a bheith ina thoradh ar fhéidearthachtaí cruthaitheachta gan teorainn nuair a thagann sé chun scéal a insint trí íomhánna.\nNa 5 Mholtaí agus Tricks is Fearr le haghaidh PhotoShopping Ar Íomhá Ar Íomhá Eile\nD'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh sé simplí agus simplí pictiúr a chur ar phictiúr eile le Photoshop, ach tá sé níos casta ná mar a cheap tú ar dtús. Éilíonn sé scileanna agus cruinneas chun dhá íomhá a chomhcheangal le chéile gan stró. Mar sin féin, leis na leideanna agus na cleasanna ceart atá ar fáil duit, is féidir leat an tasc seo a dhéanamh mar ghairmí.\nCeann de na gnéithe riachtanacha de Photoshop-ping íomhá ar grianghraf eile ag fáil solais ceart. Caithfidh an solas sa dá ghrianghraf a bheith comhsheasmhach más mian leat iad a chumasc go nádúrtha gan aon imeall tobann nó tonna as áit tar éis an tsaoil, tá ár súile oiliúna chun neamhréireachtaí a thabhairt faoi deara i scáthanna nach mbaineann le chéile! Smaoinigh ar shraith oiriúnaithe a úsáid nó téacsanna craiceann / foinsí solais a dhúbailt ar an dá íomhá ionas go mbeidh siad níos fearr chun na tuisceanna réalaíocha sin a chur leis.\n2. Seachadadh. Scála & socrú\nIs é an dara rud is tábhachtaí i measc dhá ghrianghraf i gceann amháin ná an méid agus an suíomh a athrú i gceart! Má tá aon cheann de na heilimintí nach bhfuil ag teacht le chéile go maith go leor (ró-mhór nó ró-bheag), ansin beidh sé a sheasann amach mar rud éigin s mícheart faoi cad ba chóir a bheadh eile breathnú gan aon cheangal. Is féidir leis an mbonn seo an difríocht a dhéanamh idir torthaí áille a chruthú a thugann cuireadh do lucht féachana go hionraic stánas i gcoinne weirdness clunky a bhriseann daoine suas de bharr ach amháin toisc go bhfuil rud éigin nach bhfuil ceart go leor.\nTar éis íomhánna a mheascadh ag scálaíocht an socrúchán ceart síos go foirfe tagann socrúcháin trédhearcachta / opacity atá ríthábhachtach nuair a bhíonn tú ag déileáil le hábhair / cúlra éagsúla.. D'fhéadfadh go bhfaighidh tú féin ag obair le dathanna éagsúla i ngach sraith agus sonraí tábhachtacha mar réamhaisnéisí nó cúlra ag dul ar shiúl toisc nach bhfuil an opacity socraithe i gceart; dá bhrí sin ag cur as tonna aisteach trí fhuil trí eilimintí eile timpeall orthuso obair go cúramach anseo!\n4. Tá an t-am Ceartú dathanna & tonna comhoiriúnacha\nNuair a bhíonn pictiúir iomadúla á gcomhcheangal le chéile, bíonn difríochtaí ó thineas go contrártha ag teacht go mór le feiceáil mura ndéantar aghaidh go cúramach orthu sula dtéann tú ar aghaidh. Tabhair am atá leithdháilte go sonrach chun na hathraitheoirí seo a cheartú dá réir sin laistigh de do phróiseas cruthaithe - cibé acu trí choigeartuithe sraitheanna scagairí leibhéil masc le haghaidh gnéithe dorcha / béim ar aird a theastaíonn tweaks den sórt sin uathu. Is féidir le ceartú dath éifeachtach agus subtle íomhá gnáth a ardú go cruthaitheacht captivating!\n5. Tá an t-am ann. Eagarthóireacht le foighne\nIs é an leideanna deireanach ná a bheith go mall! Tá foighne ag teastáil ó dhaoine nuair a bhíonn siad ag déileáil leis na próisis mhionsonraithe seo toisc go bhfuil sé níos éasca gan earráidí a ghabháil go dtí go bhfuil siad soiléir go soiléir nuair a bheidh tú tar éis dul trí chéimeanna 1-4.. Níl aon ghearrthreoracha i Photoshop, mar sin ná déan an tionscadal a chur ar siúl go tapaidh nó ní bheidh torthaí níos lú ná na cinn is fearr agat.\nMar fhocal scoir, tá súil againn go gcabhróidh na leideanna seo le pictiúir iontacha a chruthú agus dhá íomhá á n-imirt le chéile go rathúil; socruithe solais a bhainistiú go scileanna ag aistriú idir scálaí / gnéithe opacity agus ag obair go cúramach le linn gach céim de dhíscaoileadh dath a mheaitseáil go léir a chuireann le pictiúir a chasadh ó chruthaitheacht laethúil mar rud éigin a athraíonn go hiontach!\nCeisteanna a Chuirtear go minic faoi Conas Pictiúr a Photoshop ar Pictiúr\nSa domhan na dearadh grafach, is ainm teaghlaigh é Photoshop. Is é an bogearraí cóireála grianghraf agus íomhá caighdeánach an mhargaidh a úsáideann gairmithe ar fud an domhain chun máistreacht amhairc iontach a chruthú. Ó chúnamh a dhéanamh ar mheall craiceann i ngrianghrafadóireacht phortait chun tírdhreacha fantastic surreal a chruthú, is féidir le Photoshop é a dhéanamh go léir.\nMar sin féin, do thosaitheoirí nó do dhuine ar bith atá nua ag baint úsáide as an uirlis chumhachtach seo, tá roinnt ceisteanna coitianta ann maidir le conas pictiúr a Photoshop ar phictiúr a d'fhéadfadh a bheith acu. Sa chuid FAQ seo a leanas, déanfaidh dearthóirí saineolaithe mionsonraí a thabhairt ar a bpróiseas cruthaitheach agus a thabharfaidh leideanna cabhrach chun tús a chur le clár íomháithe ilghnéitheach Adobe.\n1) Cad é Photoshopping agus cén fáth ar mhaith liom é a dhéanamh?\nTagraíonn an téarma Photoshopping go sonrach do íomhánna a ionramháil i mbogearraí Adobe Photoshop. Tá roinnt cúiseanna ann go bhféadfadh duine a bheith ag iarraidh na teicnící seo a úsáid; mar shampla:\n Eileamaintí nach bhfuil ag teastáil ó íomhá a bhaint (mar shampla súile dearga nó dífhuachtálacha cúlra)\n Grianghrafanna éagsúla a chomhcheangal le chéile i ndearadh comhtháite amháin\n Chun gnéithe sonracha de íomhá a athmhéid nó a choigeartú\n2) Cé chomh deacair is atá sé foghlaim conas pictiúir a ionramháil i Photoshop?\nCé go dteastaíonn am agus iarracht ó dhuine a bhfuil scileanna casta aige, ba cheart go mbeadh fiú iad siúd nach bhfuil an bogearraí ar eolas acu in ann déileálacha réasúnta simplí a bhaint amach mar athmheas nó rudaí beaga a bhaint gan mórán deacrachtaí.\n3) An bhfuil cur chuige uathúil ag gach dearthóir féin agus iad ag obair ar Pictiúir?\nSea toisc go bhfuil a riachtanais ar leith ag gach tionscadal!\nD'fhéadfadh go mbeadh obair chruinnithe ag teastáil ó roinnt tionscadal, mar shampla aerbrústaíocht fhorleathan nó limistéir mhionsonraithe casta a mhacasáil, agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh gá le níos lú fíneáil ag daoine eile mura bhfuil mórán ceartúcháin ag teastáil. Dá bhrí sin, má tá a fhios agat cad iad na huirlisí a bheidh uait roimh do dhúshlán is déanaí, sábhálfaidh sé am duit sa deireadh.\n4)Cé na huirlisí atá ar fáil le linn seisiún 'cén chaoi le déanamh'?\nGo hachomair: beagnach ró-mhór! Go raibh maith agat, is iad na príomh-uirlisí atá liostaithe thíos an trealamh is tábhachtaí:\n An Brústa Oiriúna Úsáidte go príomha le haghaidh péintíochta le méid agus opacity inchoigeartaithe chun a gcruth riachtanach a ghabháil ar an mbealach is fearr.\n Stamp Clónaithe Déanann sé seo dúblaíocht ar chuid roghnaithe den íomhá nó den patrún agus greamaíonn sé é go réidh in áit eile i do chuid ealaíne.\n Uirlis Smudge Ligeann sé duit coigeartuithe tonúla íseal a dhéanamh agus tú ag úsáid meascáin éagsúla ar scuab amháin, ag brú nó ag tarraingt picteilíní timpeall go héasca.\n5) Conas a dhéanfaidh mé grianghraif a chomhcheangal?\nAg brath ar an gcineál éifeacht teaglaim atá ag teastáil (a mheascadh le chéile i gcuma comhtháite i gcoinne íomhánna a ghearradh ar shraithí éagsúla a ghlacann spásanna ar leith), tá roinnt teicnící ar fáil. Tá níos mó agus níos mó tóir ar mhaiscí sraithe a chur i bhfeidhm a cheadaíonn rialú níos mó ar thógáil collage.\n6) An bhfuil aon rud eile ar chóir dom a choinneáil i mo armlann nuair a bhíonn mé ag foghlaim conas pictiúir Photoshop a dhéanamh?\nNíl aon phróiseas dearadh teicnící malartaithe le hoibreacha rialta de réir mar a théann an cleachtas chun cinn! Is féidir le bheith eolach ar fheabhsúcháin bogearraí a chuirtear isteach gach bliain agus eolas á léamh agat ó theagascóirí ar líne, ag freastal ar fhéachtanna gréasáin faoi ábhair shonracha dearaidh etc. a bheith an-chabhrach freisin chun do scileanna a shaothrú.\nTá Photoshop ag éirí níos éasca le húsáid, cé nach gciallaíonn sé seo go dtarlaíonn máistreacht na n-uirlisí casta seo thar oíche. Tá torthaí fíor-bhrathmhar ag baint le máistreacht uathúil a chruthú tar éis roinnt iniúchadh triail agus earráide... mar sin cuir na ceisteanna thuas i ngníomh an chéad uair eile a chaithfidh tú dul i ngleic leis an dúshlán amhairc is déanaí a fheictear ar fud an ghréasáin domhanda. Le iarracht a ghlacadh a ghéarú samhlaíocht a chinntiú saineolas grianghrafadóireachta cruthaitheacht digiteach fíor-sophistice outshine iomaíocht gach uair amháin!\nTeicneolaíochtaí Ardteicneolaíocha chun Eileamaint a chur nó a bhaint as Dhá Íomhá\nI saol eagarthóireachta íomhá agus dearadh grafach, is é ceann de na teicnící is coitianta a úsáidtear eilimintí a chur leis nó a bhaint as íomhá. Cibé an gá duit grianghraf a athchóiriú trí chúlra a chur i gcontúirt a scriosadh, dhá íomhá éagsúla a chur le chéile gan stró, nó téacs a chur i do chuid oibre ealaíne is féidir le máistreacht a fháil ar an scileanna seo cabhrú leat do dhearadh a thógáil go dtí an chéad leibhéal eile.\nMar sin, cad iad roinnt teicnící chun gnéithe a chur nó a bhaint as dhá íomhá? Let's tumadh isteach!\n1) Má tá masc sraitheanna á úsáid\nIs uirlis chumhachtach é masc sraitheanna a ligeann duit codanna de íomhá a cheilt go roghnach nó a nochtadh gan é a athrú go buan. Trí masc a chruthú ar an sraith ina bhfuil tú ag iarraidh rud éigin a bhaint (mar shampla cúlra), is féidir leat an uirlis scuab a shocrú go dath dubh a úsáid agus go simplí 'páirteanna den sraith nach bhfuil ag teastáil a phionósú'.\nMás rud é go bhfuil tú ag cur rud éigin nua ar shraith eile (mar shampla, dhá íomhá a chur le chéile), déan masc ar an sraith is airde agus bain úsáid as strócanna bróiste dubh arís nuair nach gá duit aon limistéir a bheith ag dul thar a chéile.\nCeadaíonn an teicníc seo coigeartuithe beacht agus rialú iomlán á choimeád ar athruithe neamh-díobhálacha.\n2) Máistir Gearrthóg a Úsáid\nBealach eile a úsáideann gairmithe nuair a bhíonn sraitheanna éagsúla á ndlúthú i dlúthpháirt amháin is ea masc a ghearradh. Tá sé seo úsáideach go háirithe nuair a chuirtear uigeachtaí nó patrún i bhfeidhm ar chodanna de íomhá mar an typography i ndearadh grafaicí.\nLe masc clipeála, fanann na sonraí/na mionsonraí sna sraitheanna níos ísle slán agus gan tionchar a bheith acu ar chomhpháirteanna eile toisc go bhfuil siad ceaptha go heisiach do rannáin shonracha. Ar an mbealach seo, faigheann úsáideoirí níos mó mó mónaibritheacht ina gcuid oibre agus iad ag coimeád gach rud le chéile gan athruithe a théann i bhfeidhm ar ghnéithe eile atá thíos leo.\nTá uirlis i bhfolach ach an-tábhachtach ar fáil i arsenal Photoshop ag amanna a thairgeann cruinneas nach féidir a bhaint amach le modhanna roimhe seo go háirithe removimg ábhair ó íomhánna casta trí patches comhghaoltach a roghnú cosúil mín míchuí le linn athrú.\n- Roghnaigh uirlis Quilt\n- Ábhar sprioc a chur i gcló,\n- Drag limistéar roghnaithe thar mionsonraí neamh-iarracht\nMar fhocal scoir, ní hamháin go ndéanann na teicnící ardteicneolaíochta seo mionsonraí casta a dhíothú i ndearadh ach sábhálann siad am agus cuireann siad le cruthaitheacht. Bíodh misneach agat agus déan iarracht na modhanna is oiriúnaí do do thionscadal a thriail teorainneacha na ndearadh cruthaitheach!\nNa rúndiomanna chun Íomhánna a Chothú go foirfe le Solas agus Cúlchistí Difriúla\nMar eagarthóir íomhá, is féidir le ceann de na tascanna is dúshlánaí a bheith ag meascán íomhánna le soilsiú agus cúlra éagsúla. Mar sin féin, tá sé ríthábhachtach an scileanna seo a bheith agat má tá tú ag iarraidh dearadh a bhfuil cuma ghairmiúil air a chruthú. Sa phost blag seo, roinnfidh mé roinnt rúin chun cabhrú le híomhánna a mheascadh go foirfe agus cuma agus mothú comhsheasmhach á choimeád.\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Tuiscint a fháil ar an Solas\nSula dtosaíonn tú ar aon tionscadal eagarthóireachta íomhá a chuimsíonn meascán, tá sé riachtanach ar dtús tuiscint a fháil ar an gcaoi a n-oibríonn solais. Tá an grianghrafadóireacht ag brath go mór ar fhoinsí solais mar solas laethúil nádúrtha nó foinsí solais shaorga mar sholas stiúideo nó lampaí. Beidh tionchar ag cineálacha éagsúla solais ar do chuid íomhánna ar bhealaí éagsúla.\nMar shampla, nuair a dhéantar dhá phictiúr a tógadh faoi choinníollacha solais éagsúla a chur le chéile, b'fhéidir nach leor leibhéil shoille agus an choimeádach a choigeartú ina n-aonar. Tá sé sin toisc go bhféadfadh teocht dath difriúil a bheith ag tinte éagsúla grianghraf teocht te (ton oráiste) le haghaidh lámhaigh faoi dhíon i gcoinne bolgán fluaraiseanta i gcoinne scáthanna fionnuar ton gorm) le haghaidh grianghrafadóireachta grianlaithe lasmuigh nó grianghrafálacha a tógadh in aice le fuinneoga i rith na hoíche.\nChun dul i ngleic le cásanna den sórt sin a thiontú na sraitheanna roghnaithe i réadaí cliste ansin tweak timpeall ag baint úsáide as éifeachtaí sraithe coigeartú cothromaíocht dathanna go dtí achishing comhchothromaíocht bán ar fud an montage grianghraf sula ndéantar coigeartuithe breise\n2. Seachadadh. Na Comhpháirteanna a Aithníonn tú le Measc\nNuair a bhíonn tú ag cinneadh cén eilimintí ó ghrianghraif ar leithligh a chaithfidh a chumasc, déan iarracht cúlraí indéanta a roghnú go straitéiseach agus iad a scrúdú go cúramach in éineacht leis an ábhar riachtanach; smaoinigh ar limistéir scáth a chur i bhfios nuair a chumasc tú an chéad eilimint eile gan dul i bhfios ar a chuma foriomlán gan a chinntiú go sreabhann siad go hiomlán gan a ghlanadh limistéar a athrú i gcomparáid le tuiscint ar dhomhain laistigh den chomhthéacs a bhfuil siad ann.\n3.Achtú cliste fotomírge a dhéanamh\nMar a luadh roimhe seo, nuair a dhéantar roghanna, is féidir le sleamhnú a dhéanamh, clúdach a dhéanamh thar am- scagairí gradient a chur i bhfeidhm idir gnéithe cúlra toisc go dtugann sé aistriú bog idir an dá ábhar go comhchuí agus go gcuireann sé línte tosaigh sainithe a fhágann go bhfuil pictiúir mheasctha tarraingteach go amhairc. Úsáid uirlisí a sholáthraítear ag an aip Photoshop agus an eochair Shift a choinneáil síos agus a tharraingt\n4.Cuir aird ar mhionsonraí\nIs é an croí deiridh i gcónaí an obair phéileála a chríochnófar. Déan an oiread ama agus is féidir a chaitheamh ag seiceáil imeall timpeall do íomhá críochnaithe, go príomha má tá líne choppy nó crisps níos lú glan timpeall na bpointí meascáin. Beidh an uirlis scuab leighis a bheith úsáideach le linn na céimeanna frustrach ach riachtanach.\nMar fhocal scoir, tá sé rud a thógann foighne agus cleachtadh a dhéanamh trí mhaistreacht agus taithí le himeacht ama íomhánna a mheascadh go réidh le soilse agus cúlra éagsúla. Mar sin féin , cabhraíonn na leideanna molta seo a leanúint go cúramach le torthaí níos gairmiúla a thabhairt gan aon choimhridí laistigh de chollasaí il-pictiúr a théann ar aghaidh .\nUirlisí agus Plugins Pro le haghaidh Photoshopping Pictiúir ar Íomhánna Eile Cosúil le Pro\nDe réir mar a théann teicneolaíocht chun cinn, déantar an bealach a ndéanaimid íomhánna a eisiúint agus a ionramháil a athrú freisin. Tá eagarthóireacht grianghraf anois ina chuid riachtanach dár saol in aois dhigiteach an lae inniu. Agus mar a bhíonn lucht díograise grianghraf ar fud an domhain ag lorg bealaí nua i gcónaí chun a gcuid íomhánna a fheabhsú, soláthraíonn bogearraí cosúil le Adobe Photoshop agus Pro Tools raon leathan uirlisí nuálacha agus breiseáin a ligeann duit é sin a dhéanamh.\nCibé an bhfuil sé ag cur scagairí, ag coigeartú geal agus coimeas nó ag gearradh amach limistéir nach dteastaíonn go hiomlán, tá na gnéithe riachtanacha go léir ag na cláir seo chun do scileanna ionramhála íomhá a thógáil ó leibhéal amaitéaracha go leibhéal gairmiúil go héasca.\nIs é an rud atá thar a bheith suntasach faoi Pro Tools i gcomparáid le bogearraí eile le haghaidh eagarthóireachta grianghraf ná a ilfheidhmíocht; is féidir é a úsáid ag grianghrafadóirí ar mian leo smacht iomlán a bheith acu ar gach gné dá n-íomhá go díreach go dtí cruinneas pixel-dearfach!\nLeis an comhéadan úsáideora intuitive, is féidir le duine ar bith foghlaim conas an trealamh cumhachtach seo a úsáid go héifeachtach - cibé an grianghrafadóir gairmiúil taithí agat nó duine ar bith atá ag iarraidh féin-ghrianghraf níos fearr sa bhaile! Ní gá duit aon eolas teicniúil casta ná trealamh ard-deireadh a bheith agat ach foighne agus toilteanas foghlaim.\nI gcás na ndaoine a bhfuil roghanna cruthaitheacha níos éagsúla á lorg acu agus grianghraf á n-imní go digiteach, tá breiseáin áirithe ar fáil le feidhmeanna sonracha atá oiriúnach chun pictiúir a fheabhsú ar bharr na ndaoine eile:\n1) Alien Skin Exposure: Plugin a bhfuil cáil air as do chuid grianghraif a athrú ina stoic scannáin clasaiceacha cosúil le Kodak Portra 400 nó Fujifilm Velvia. Tairgeann sé éifeachtaí dathanna uathúla a dhíorthaítear ó scannáin analóga tóir & teicnící seomra dorcha mar struchtúir ghrán a bhfuil cuma barántúil orthu .\n2) Nik Collection: Forbraíodh é ag Google sular cheannaigh DxO Labs é, tá breiseáin ann a uasmhéadú go sonrach chun \"féachtas grianghrafadóireachta iontach a dhéanamh\" seachas gairmithe a chruthaíonn léiriú fíorréalaíoch. Áirítear ar a saintréith sainithe Analog Efex Pro a ligeann rochtain go díreach i suíomhanna analógach lena n-áirítear ach gan a bheith teoranta freisin scratches dusting, teicstílí leath-trédhearcach simulú lochtanna atá ann le lámhach ar meaisín seanré\n3) Réitigh foirfe: Cuireann an ceann seo uirlisí sraitheanna i bhfad níos cruinne ar fáil ná Photoshop ina n-aonar, rud a ligeann duit íomhánna éagsúla a chomhtháthú go héasca i bpictiúr iomlán amháin go dtí go bhfuil siad go hiomlán gan sreang!\nIs féidir le tús & a chruthú eye-catching oibreacha go heisiach le do bogearraí eagarthóireachta grianghraf agus do samhlaíocht a bheith dúshlánach ar dtús ach le Pro Tools agus it's comhlánaigh gaolmhara, deacrachtaí den sórt sin a bheith go leor réidh mar síoda. Leis an alt seo táimid ag súil le roinnt ár gcuid leideanna agus cleasanna ar conas is féidir leis na cláir seo cabhrú le do chuid pictiúir a thógáil ó díreach maith go neamhfhoghlaimí!\nNa Cleachtais is Fearr chun Torthaí Stunning a bhaint amach le Pictiúir thar Pictiúir in Adobe Photoshop\nIs uirlis ilchineálach cumhachtach é Adobe Photoshop do dhearthóirí, grianghrafadóirí agus ealaíontóirí araon. Ligeann sé duit íomhánna a ionramháil ar aon bhealach is féidir a shamhlú chun torthaí iontacha a chruthú. Ceann de na gnéithe is tábhachtaí de bheith ag obair le Adobe Photoshop is ea na cleachtais is fearr a thuiscint chun pictiúir iontacha a bhaint amach thar pictiúir.\nSeo roinnt leideanna chun cabhrú leat tosú:\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Tabhair aird ar an gComhdhéanamh\nCibé an í an phictiúr portráid nó tírdhreach é, tá ról ríthábhachtach ag an gcomhdhéanamh chun torthaí iontacha a chruthú. Déan cinnte nach bhfuil do chuspóir nó do phointe fócais i lár go hiomlán; ina ionad sin, lean an riail na dtríú cuid trí do ghrianghraf a roinnt ina thrí chuid chomhionann go hionchuir agus go cothrománach.\n2. Seachadadh. Coinnigh an t-Ionad Dath Ag Cobhsú\nIs féidir leis an chothromaíocht dathanna tionchar suntasach a imirt ar an gcaoi a bhfuil do ghrianghraf deiridh le feiceáil. D'fhéadfadh sé go gcaillfí soiléireacht mar gheall ar choigeartaithe mícheart an choimeádais mura gcoinníonn tú ag tweaking dathanna go dtí go sroicheann tú foirfeacht.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Dírigh ar an Idirbhreathnú a Mhéadú\nNí dhéanann coigeartú an choimeádais i bhfad níos mó ná fachtóirí \"pop\" a chur leis; cabhraíonn sé le gnéithe gach duine a chómhdhéanamh go hiontach agus áiteanna scáthanna á gcur chun cinn freisin gan iad a dhorchlú go ró-mhór.\n4. Tá an t-am Úsáid masc chun níos mó smachta a bheith agat ar eagarthóirí\nMá tá tú ag cur éifeachtaí nó ag déanamh coigeartuithe ar limistéir speisialaithe cosúil le súile (níos mó beogacht), liopaí (dathú), roghnaigh na réigiúin sin ag baint úsáide as teicnící ar a dtugtar maisc ionas nach mbeidh ach athruithe sonracha i bhfeidhm laistigh de na sraitheanna sin a cheadaíonn rialú níos cruinne!\n5.Use Níos lú scagairí d'fhonn nach ruin Originality na pictiúir\nCeadaíonn scagairí feabhsuithe eagarthóireachta tapa ach tá riosca ann go gcuirfear fírinneacht bunaidh i mbaol má úsáidtear go iomarcach smaoinigh ar shuíomhanna a roghnú go cúramach seachas dul as a chéile faoi gach samplaí éagsúla atá ar fáil ó fhoinsí ar líne go dtí go bhfaighidh tú rud éigin foirfe de réir-solas scáthanna réamhshocraithe ag teacht le cumais teicneolaíochta níos nuaí inniu a théann níos fearr ná sean-scagadh / leabharlanna samplaí Tá domhan ag dul chun cinn go tapa tar éis féidearthachtaí ollmhóra a chruthú bealaí gan sroich fós gan a bheith iniúchadh ag fanacht lenár gcéad fhionnachtúchán eile fionnachtú rathúil fós anaithnid algartam nach bhfuil a fhios ag aon duine faoi is dócha go dtugann sé seans rudaí a fheiceáil trí shúlra nua smaointe nuálacha a iniúchadh a thabhairt níos faide réamhair smaointe nua beatha a thabhairt coincheapa uathúla taithí a oscailt suas domhan iomlán rianta gan bua!\nI ndeireadh na dála, ní gá go mbeadh sé casta torthaí iontacha a bhaint amach le pictiúir thar pictiúir in Adobe Photoshop. Trí díriú ar chomhdhéanamh agus ar chothromaíocht datha, ag cur le difríocht agus masc a úsáid le haghaidh níos mó rialaithe, déanann gach rud níos éasca ná riamh! Ná scrios bunús na n-íomhánna trí shraith a chur ar ró-a lán scagairí gan machnamh cúramach; ina ionad sin, bain úsáid as go ciallmhar ag roghnú socruithe a fhéadfaidh feabhas iomlán a chur ar do thorthaí deiridh. Mar sin anois go bhfuil a fhios agat na leideanna a mheas iad a chur i bhfeidhm an chéad uair eile a thosaíonn tú ar an uirlis Adobe Photoshop chun torthaí iontach pictiúr-dearfach a bhaint amach gach uair!\nTábla le sonraí úsáideacha:\n1 Open Adobe Photoshop agus roghnaigh an pictiúr ar mian leat a bheith ag obair leis. \n2 Saill SaillSelect an sraith den phictiúr gur mian leat pictiúr eile a chur air.\n3 Oscail an pictiúr is mian leat a chur leis an sraith roghnaithe. \n\"Select an pictiúr a d'oscail tú díreach agus é a chóipeáil\".\n5 \n6 \n7 \n8 Saideideide Scaoil an solas agus dath an phictiúr breise chun teacht leis an phictiúr bunaidh.\nSaved the edited picture as a new file for future use. Saved the edited picture as a new file for future use. Saved the edited picture as a new file for future use.\nLeideanna ó shaineolaí: Chun pictiúr a phéinteáil le Photoshop ar phictiúr, tosaigh ag roghnú an íomhá is mian leat a chur isteach ar an bpictiúr cúlra. Cló agus greamaigh é ar an gciseal cúlra a roghnaigh tú, ansin úsáid an uirlis Athrú chun é a athdhéanamh agus a shuíomh de réir mar is mian leat. Déan an opacity a choigeartú más gá, ansin déanaigí aon imeall a scagadh ag baint úsáide as uirlisí Stamp Clone nó Eraser. Cuir roinnt ceartaithe dathanna i bhfeidhm más gá; is féidir leat scáthanna nó mionsonraí a mhúscailt freisin chun éifeacht domhain a fháil. Ar deireadh, a chumasc gach sraith síos agus a shábháil i do fhormáid is fearr leat. Cuimhnigh go ndéanann cleachtadh foirfeacht!\nTosaíonn an cleachtas grianghraf a ionramháil ó lár an 19ú haois nuair a dhéanfadh grianghrafadóirí retouch agus athruithe ar dhiúltacha go láimhe chun gnéithe áirithe a fheabhsú nó a bhaint den phriont deiridh. Mar sin féin, tháinig meabhrú digiteach mar a bhfuil a fhios againn inniu go mór le scaoileadh Adobe Photoshop 1.0 i mí Feabhra 1990."} {"text": "The increased incidence of infections seen in spinal cord injury patients is directly linked to a disruption of the normal central nervous system, according to researchers from Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Harvard Medical School and Ohio State University.\nA newly-discovered reflex arc mediates a process which leads to a disruption in the hormones secreted by the adrenal glands which, in turn, results in an increased susceptibility to bacterial infections. The finding breaks new ground in the development of treatments to reduce the incidence of infections.\nInjuries to the brain or spinal cord, such as those caused by stroke or trauma, result in a considerable weakening of the immune system. This often leads to severe infections, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infections, which hamper nervous tissue regeneration as well as rehabilitation in affected patients.\nUntil now, our understanding of the exact manner in which nerve tissue damage leads to infections (and which physiological parameters are responsible) has remained rudimentary at best.\nImmune System Dysregulation\nCharité – Universitätsmedizin’s Dr. Harald Prüß, who co-led the research, said:\n“Our study was based on the premise that nerve pathways originating in the spinal cord exert a direct influence on organs involved in the immune system, such as lymph nodes and the spleen. To our surprise, we found that the disruption of immune organ function does not occur as a result of this direct connection; instead, it is the result of an immune system dysregulation which affects the entire body.”\nThe researchers demonstrated that the nervous system uses adrenal hormones as part of an indirect path of communication which results in the rapid breakdown of many immune cells. In a healthy body, the adrenal glands are controlled by both the nervous system and the relevant hormone control centers.\nUntil recently, it had been assumed that a brain injury via hormonal signals results in the adrenal glands secreting cortisol, while a trauma-induced stress response results in the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline.\n“Our data show that the disruption in the normal function of the adrenal glands is under the direct control of damaged nerve tissue,”\nexplains the neurologist. In contrast to received opinion, trauma-induced spinal cord injury initially resulted in a decrease in stress hormones and an increase in cortisol production.\nPathological Reflex Arc\nThis alteration in hormone levels led to a dramatic decrease in the numbers of many immune cells, particularly affecting the precursors of T-cells and B-cells. In some cases, this resulted in a reduction of between 50 and 80 percent in the size of the spleen, thymus or lymph nodes.\nWhile experimental deactivation of the adrenal glands led to a reversal of this dramatic loss of immune cells, the mice treated in this manner remained susceptible to infections.\nHowever, an autograft of adrenal tissue, transplanted into these mice, conferred protection against infections. While the transplanted adrenals produce the hormones needed by the body, they are no longer subject to the dysfunctional nervous system control mechanisms which develop following high level spinal injury.\nThe identification of this two-stage pathological reflex arc – consisting of nerve pathways between the spinal cord and the adrenal glands, as well as a hormone-mediated link with the immune system – helps to deepen our understanding of the interconnections which exist between the nervous and immune system.\nThe discovery of this ‘immune system paralysis’ and its underlying mechanisms represents an important step on the path to improving the treatment of spinal cord injury patients. Rather than merely experiencing the more obvious symptom of motor-sensory paralysis, paraplegic patients also experience a paralysis of the immune system.\n“Comprehensive analyses of patients’ cortisol and (nor)adrenaline levels have shown that they exhibit a fundamentally similar behavior to that seen in experimental studies,”\nexplains Prof. Dr. Dr. Jan M. Schwab, Head of Charité’s Department of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries. This suggests that treatment aimed at normalizing this neuro-endocrine reflex may prove effective in controlling the sometimes life-threatening infections associated with injuries to the central nervous system.\nHarald Prüss, Andrea Tedeschi, Aude Thiriot, Lydia Lynch, Scott M Loughhead, Susanne Stutte, Irina B Mazo, Marcel A Kopp, Benedikt Brommer, Christian Blex, Laura-Christin Geurtz, Thomas Liebscher, Andreas Niedeggen, Ulrich Dirnagl, Frank Bradke, Magdalena S Volz, Michael J DeVivo, Yuying Chen, Ulrich H von Andrian & Jan M Schwab\nSpinal cord injury-induced immunodeficiency is mediated by a sympathetic-neuroendocrine adrenal reflex\nNature Neuroscience (2017) doi:10.1038/nn.4643\nImage: Harald Prüss\nLike This Article? Sciencebeta has a free 3 times weekly digest of the most interesting and intriguing articles in psychology, neuroscience, neurology, and cognitive sciences. Want to give it a try? Subscribe right here", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "url": "https://sciencebeta.com/cns-immune-system/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370496901.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330085157-20200330115157-00099.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9035956264, "token_count": 1079, "score": 3.15625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá nasc dhíreach ag an ardú ar ionfhabhtuithe a fheictear i n-othair a bhfuil díobháil cnámh cnámha orthu le cur isteach ar an gcóras néaróg lárnach gnáth, de réir taighdeoirí ó Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, an tIonad Gearmánach um Ghalair Neurodegenerative (DZNE), Scoil Leighis Harvard agus Ollscoil Stáit Ohio.\nDéanann arc reflex nua-aimsigh idirghabháil le próiseas a fhágann go bhfuil cur isteach ar na hormóin a d'eisíonn na glúine adrenal a fhágann, ina dhiaidh sin, go bhfuil siad níos so-ghabhálacha d'ionfhabhtuithe baictéaracha. Tá an toradh seo ina thorthaí nua maidir le cóireálacha a fhorbairt chun ionfhabhtuithe a laghdú.\nMar thoradh ar ghortú ar an inchinn nó ar an méarchluais, amhail iad siúd a tharlaíonn de bharr stróc nó trauma, lagú suntasach ar an gcóras imdhíonachta. Is minic a bhíonn ionfhabhtuithe tromchúiseacha mar thineamóine nó ionfhabhtuithe an chonair bhéaloideacha mar thoradh air seo, rud a chuireann bac ar athghiniúint fíochán néarógach chomh maith le haisghiniúint i ndíoltóirí atá buailte.\nGo dtí seo, bhí ár dtuiscint ar an mbealach beacht a mbíonn ionfhabhtuithe mar thoradh ar dhéine na fíochán néaróg (agus cé na paraiméadair fiseolaíocha atá freagrach) rudimentary ar a laghad.\nDysregulation Córas Imdhíonachta\nDúirt an Dr. Harald Prüß ó Charité Universitätsmedizin, a bhí i gcomhchathaoirleach ar an taighde:\nBaineadh úsáid as ár staidéar as an bhfíric go mbíonn tionchar díreach ag cosáin néaróige a thagann ón méarchluais ar orgáin a bhfuil baint acu leis an gcóras imdhíonachta, amhail na nóid lymph agus an spléine. Ar ár n-iontas, fuair muid amach nach mar thoradh ar an nasc díreach seo a tharlaíonn cur isteach ar fheidhm orgánach imdhíonachta; ina ionad sin, is toradh é ar dhisrialú córas imdhíonachta a théann i bhfeidhm ar an gcomhlacht ar fad.\nLéirigh na taighdeoirí go n-úsáideann an córas néarógach hormóin adrenal mar chuid de shlí dírí cumarsáide a fhágann go ndéantar go leor cealla imdhíonachta a bhriseadh síos go tapa. I gcorp sláintiúil, déanann an córas néarógach agus na hionaid rialaithe hormónacha ábhartha an dá rud a rialú ar na glúine adrenal.\nGo dtí le déanaí, glacadh leis go dtarlaíonn díobháil inchinn trí chomharthaí hormónacha go ndéanann na glúine adrenal cortisol a scaoileadh, agus go mbíonn adrenaline agus noradrenaline scaoilte mar thoradh ar fhreagra strus a spreagadh ag trauma.\nLéiríonn ár sonraí go bhfuil an cur isteach ar fheidhm ghnáth na nglándra adrenal faoi rialú díreach fíochán néarógach damáiste,\nMíníonn an néarolaí. I gcodarsnacht leis an tuairim a bhí á rá, bhí laghdú ar hormóin strus agus méadú ar tháirgeadh cortisol mar thoradh ar ghortú cnámh cnámha a bhí mar thoradh ar thráma.\nArc Athbhéim Pathological\nMar thoradh ar an athrú seo ar leibhéil hormóin tháinig laghdú suntasach ar líon go leor cealla imdhíonachta, ag dul i bhfeidhm go háirithe ar réamhtheachtaí na gcealla T agus na gcealla B. I gcásanna áirithe, bhí laghdú idir 50 agus 80 faoin gcéad ar mhéid an spléine, an thymus nó na nóid limfe mar thoradh air seo.\nCé gur tháinig an t-athrú seo ar an gcaillteanas suntasach cealla imdhíonachta nuair a cuireadh na glúine adrenal as feidhm i dtaighde, d'fhan na lucha a ndearnadh cóireáil orthu ar an mbealach seo in ann ionfhabhtuithe a fháil.\nMar sin féin, thug autograft de fhíochán adrenal, a athlonnú isteach sna lucha seo, cosaint i gcoinne ionfhabhtuithe. Cé go ndéanann na adrenals a ghiniúint na hormóin a theastaíonn ón gcomhlacht, níl siad faoi réir na meicníochtaí rialaithe neamhfheidhmiúla an chórais néarógach a fhorbraíonn tar éis díobhála ardleibhéil spine.\nCuidíonn a aithint ar an arc athfhéach patholach dhá chéim seo ina bhfuil cosáin néaróige idir an méid scamhóige agus na glúine adrenal, chomh maith le nasc idirghabhálaithe hormónach leis an gcóras imdhíonachta le tuiscint níos doimhne a fháil ar na hidirnascaíochtaí atá ann idir an córas néarógach agus an córas imdhíonachta.\nIs céim thábhachtach é an fionnachtadh ar an \"paralysis an chórais imdhíonachta\" seo agus ar na meicníochtaí atá bunta leis ar an mbealach chun cóireáil othar le díobháil cnámh cnámha a fheabhsú. Ní hamháin go bhfuil comhartha níos soiléire na paralaise mótair-fhaireasach ag othair paraplegic ach go bhfuil paralaise ar an gcóras imdhíonachta acu freisin.\n Léirigh anailís chuimsitheach ar leibhéil cortisol agus (nó) adrenaline na n-othair go bhfuil iompar bunúsach den chineál céanna acu leis an iompar a fheictear i staidéir thrialacha,\nMíníonn an tOllamh Dr. Dr. Jan M. Schwab, Ceann na Roinne um Dhearmad Chrónach Spinal Cord i Charité. Tugann sé seo le tuiscint go bhféadfadh cóireáil a bhfuil sé mar aidhm aici an reflex neuro-endocrine seo a normalú a bheith éifeachtach chun na haingneacha a bhíonn i mbaol beatha uaireanta a bhaineann le díobhálacha ar an lárchóras néaróg a rialú.\nHarald Prüss, Andrea Tedeschi, Aude Thiriot, Lydia Lynch, Scott M Loughhead, Susanne Stutte, Irina B Mazo, Marcel A Kopp, Benedikt Brommer, Christian Blex, Laura-Christin Geurtz, Thomas Liebscher, Andreas Niedeggen, Ulrich Dirnagl, Frank Bradke, Magdalena S Volz, Michael J DeVivo, Yuying Chen, Ulrich H von Andrian & Jan M Schwab\nTá imdhíolúchas a spreagann díobháil cnámh cnámha spinal idirghabhálaithe ag reflex adrenal comhchruinn-neuroendocrine\nNeuroscience na Nádúr (2017) doi:10.1038/nn.4643\nGrianghraf: Harald Prüss\nAn Gné seo? Tá scileanna saor in aisce ag Sciencebeta trí huaire sa tseachtain de na hailt is suimiúla agus suimiúla sa síceolaíocht, san néareolaíocht, san néareolaíocht, agus sna heolaíochtaí cognaíocha. Ar mhaith leat triail a bhaint as? Sínigh anseo"} {"text": "There were several ideas that I came across at the Rick Morris seminar a couple days ago in Santa Rosa. A couple days ago, I mentioned the differentiation of hand signals. He also mentioned the use of music to initiate transitions. So, for example, he suggested using the Mission Impossible theme song to mean that school is about to start, so everyone needs to have their homework out, get off the computers, get in their seats, and be facing the board before the song is finished. The theme song is about a minute, so that's perfect.\nThere are a couple things that should be considered when using musical transitions. #1 You need to train your students in how they will respond to each particular musical transition (if you have more than one). I guess if you wanted to have a little fun with it, you could paint the picture as though they're on a mission and they need to complete their mission before the time runs out (i.e. get everything ready before the song is over). I think most kids would get a kick out of that.\n#2 What do you do if a student doesn't properly respond to the song? This is my best guess. When you have time, such as during recess, take them aside, and ask the student what the song means. If they've heard it enough, they should know what it means. And then, take time out of their recess for not responding to the song as everyone else is.\nAnyway, the musical transitions idea is pretty cool. I think I'll utilize it once I have my own class.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34", "url": "http://studtoteach.blogspot.com/2012/02/rick-morris-seminar-musical-transitions.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104704.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818160227-20170818180227-00439.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9818781614, "token_count": 319, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Bhí roinnt smaointe ann a tháinig mé ar aghaidh ag seimineár Rick Morris cúpla lá ó shin i Santa Rosa. Cúpla lá ó shin, luaigh mé an difríocht idir comharthaí láimhe. Thug sé faoi deara freisin go n-úsáidtear ceol chun aistriúcháin a thionscnamh. Mar shampla, mhol sé an t-amhrán Mission Impossible a úsáid chun a léiriú go bhfuil an scoil le tosú, mar sin ní mór do gach duine a gcuid obair bhaile a dhéanamh amach, dul as na ríomhairí, dul ina suíocháin, agus a bheith ag tabhairt aghaidh ar an mbord sula mbeidh an t-amhrán críochnaithe. Tá an t-amhrán ar feadh thart ar nóiméad, mar sin tá sé foirfe.\nTá cúpla rud ba chóir a mheas nuair a bhíonn aistriúcháin ceoil á n-úsáid. #1 Ní mór duit do mhic léinn a oiliúint ar an gcaoi a bhfreagróidh siad ar gach aistriú ceoil ar leith (má tá níos mó ná ceann agat). Is dócha má theastaigh uait spraoi a bheith agat leis, d'fhéadfá an pictiúr a phéinteáil amhail is dá mba rud é go bhfuil siad ar mhisean agus go gcaithfidh siad a gcuid misean a chomhlánú sula dtéann an t-am amach (i.e. gach rud a fháil réidh sula bhfuil an t-amhrán críochnaithe). Sílim go mbeadh an chuid is mó páistí a fháil ar kick as sin.\n#2 Cad a dhéanann tú mura n-fhreagraíonn mac léinn go cuí ar an amhrán? Is é seo mo guess is fearr. Nuair a bheidh am agat, mar shampla le linn na scoilte, tabhair iad ar leataobh, agus iarr ar an mac léinn cad is brí leis an amhrán. Má chuala siad go leor é, ba chóir go mbeadh a fhios acu cad a chiallaíonn sé. Agus ansin, am a thógáil as a gcuid recession ar nach bhfuil ag freagairt don amhrán mar gach duine eile.\nAr aon chuma, tá an smaoineamh idirthréimhse ceoil an-cool. Sílim go mbainfidh mé úsáid as nuair a bheidh mo rang féin agam."} {"text": "There has been a general agreement that there must be some supplementary mechanism that is synchronized with the changes in the level of solar activity which serves to effectively \"amplify\" the small changes caused by the weak variations in solar insolation. Some of the proposed mechanisms have included:\na) Svensmark's Cosmic-Ray Cloud Model\nb) The effects of variations in UV upon energy absorption in the Ozone Layer.\nc) Thermal heating of the Stratosphere by the solar wind.\nBut what if there another mechanism that was responsible for this amplification?\nThe Astro-Climate Model.\nThis particular model claims that the \"amplification\" is actually caused by the effects of long-term variations in the lunar tides upon the Earth’s LOD, atmospheric tides, and oceanic upwelling (via tidal dissipation). The model further claims that it is the tidally induced changes in these parameters that effect the Earth's climate through their long-term influence upon the ENSO and AMO.\nAccording to this model, it is the periodicities in the planetary gravitational and tidal forces that are determining the long-term periodicities that are observed in the level of solar activity as well as the long-term variations that are seen in the strength of the lunar tides (as experienced on the Earth). This produces a natural synchronization between the changes in the Earth's climate that are caused by the Sun and those that are produced by the Moon.\nThe model proposes that it is this synchronization between these two drivers of long-term climate change that is the cause of the amplification.\nPost a Comment", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "url": "http://astroclimateconnection.blogspot.com/2014/08/the-astro-climate-model.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652569.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606114156-20230606144156-00218.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9444279671, "token_count": 334, "score": 3.375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Bhí comhaontú ginearálta ann go gcaithfidh sé go mbeadh meicníocht fhorlíontach ann a bheidh comhchruinnithe leis na hathruithe i leibhéal na gníomhaíochta gréine a fhreastalaíonn ar \"mhéadú\" éifeachtach na hathruithe beaga a bhíonn mar thoradh ar na hathruithe lag i insolúine gréine. I measc roinnt de na meicníochtaí a mholtar bhí:\na) Samhail Neamh-Scagaire Cosmaí Svensmark\n(b) Na héifeachtaí a bhíonn ag athruithe i UV ar ionsú fuinnimh sa Chiseal Ozóin.\nc) Teas teasa na Stratosphere ag an gaoth gréine.\nAch cad a tharlaíonn má bhí sé meicníocht eile a bhí freagrach as an méadú seo?\nAn samhail astro-aimsire.\nÉilíonn an tsamhail áirithe seo go bhfuil an \"mhéadú\" i ndáiríre mar gheall ar éifeachtaí na hathruithe fadtéarmacha sna taíde gealach ar LOD na Talún, taíde atmaisféarach, agus upwelling aigéin (trí díthréimhseáil taíde). Deir an tsamhail freisin gurb iad na hathruithe a spreagann na fáinní seo a dhéanann difear do ghéarchéim na Talún trína dtionchar fadtéarmach ar an ENSO agus ar an AMO.\nDe réir an múnla seo, is iad na tréimhsí sna fórsaí gravity agus tide pláinéadach a chinntíonn na tréimhsí fadtéarmacha a breathnaítear i leibhéal na gníomhaíochta gréine chomh maith leis na hathruithe fadtéarmacha a fheictear i neart na dtimpeallachtaí gealaí (mar a bhíonn orthu ar an Domhan). Táirgeann sé seo sioncróineacht nádúrtha idir na hathruithe ar aeráid an Domhain a bhíonn mar thoradh ar an Ghrian agus na cinn a tháirgeann an Ghealach.\nMolann an tsamhail gurb é an sioncróint seo idir an dá thiománaí seo den athrú aeráide fadtéarmach is cúis leis an méadú.\nPost a Comment"} {"text": "Diamond Class (Nursery) 2019-20\nTeacher: Miss Wills\nTeaching assistant: Mrs Singh/Mrs Wroe/Miss Robinson\nThe children will continue to take part in short focused sessions on the carpet. These sessions are: Phonics, Maths and Communication and Language. George the bear helps the children to remember the listening rules during these sessions.\nThe children will also continue to spend lots of time learning in the different areas of the classroom, for example the creative area, reading area and outside.\nPhonics: We have now started the Read Write Inc programme and have learnt some sounds already.\nIn these sessions we practise ‘Fred Talk’ – sounding out the word before reading (blending) and sound-blending – putting sounds together to make a word, e.g. c–a–t cat.\nWe also practice forming the letters using different rhymes for each letter.\nCommunication and Language: During these sessions the children will be developing their listening and attention skills and enlarging their vocabulary. We will read the books ‘We’re Going on a Bear Hunt’ and ‘The Gruffalo’. We will be having a fun Teddy Bear’s picnic to link in with learning about bears.\nMaths: During these sessions the children will learn about number and other aspects of Maths through number songs, rhymes and stories. We are continuing to practise recognising numbers up to 10.\nWe will be practising the one-one principle. This involves the children saying one number name for each object that is being counted. We encourage the children to line up objects and touch each one as they count, saying one number name per object.\nThank you to those parents who have been coming along. It is great to see you taking part in activities with your child. These will continue to take place every half term. We hope to see lots of you there.\nI hope you are all enjoying sharing books at home with your child, talking to them about the pictures and asking simple questions.\nPlease remember to fill in their reading record book so that we know the children are sharing their book with you at home. Some children will start to bring home books which have words in them.\nThe children need to bring their books in every THURSDAY so the teacher can help them to change their book and share their new one with them.\nFine motor skills\nFine motor skills is the coordination of small muscle movements – usually involving small, precise thumb, finger, hand, and wrist movements. In the Early Years we provide opportunities that are fun and interactive for the children. Developing fine motor skills in early childhood education helps build the foundation for important future skills like writing and self-care.\nExamples of activities that can be provided at home or school are:\n- Threading beads, pasta etc\n- Playing with playdough\n- Cutting/snipping paper\n- Building with lego and blocks\n- Dressing dolls\n- Sorting pom poms/objects with play tweezers\nThings to remember:\nItems from home\nPlease try to discourage your child from bringing in items from home, such as toys, drinks and snacks. We have lots of resources at school for the children to play with and we wouldn’t want any toys from home to get lost or damaged at school.\nWe provide the children with healthy snacks – fruit, veg, toast, and milk each day and they have access to drinking water. They don not need to bring any additional food or drink to school.\nPlease make sure your child brings a warm coat to school plus a hat, scarf and gloves.\nSpare Clothes and Jumpers\nPlease ensure your child has a bag of spare clothes with them in school at all times, including underwear and socks. It is very important that we are able to change your child and make them comfortable if any toileting accidents occur or if they get wet from water play. We explore the outdoors in all weathers so children need to be dressed appropriately.\nAll children require a pair of wellies in school with their name in them. The children will really enjoy outdoor water play and accessing the outdoor sandpit.\nPlease ensure that your child’s name is in their jumper or cardigan so we can return it to them when they are found in the classroom.\nWe ask that the children bring in a voluntary contribution of 50p every week, on a Monday, to contribute towards the cost of providing the children with a range of healthy snacks, such as breadsticks, crackers and toast.\nChildren must be in correct school uniform at all times. This includes appropriate footwear. Please ensure your child’s uniform is clearly labelled with your child’s name.\nWe have three focus children per class, per week. During the week we record additional information on paper to be kept in the child’s folder in the classroom. Parents can contribute to this by bringing in or emailing photos to the Early Years email address. Examples of photos might be: a trip to the park, visiting family, swimming lessons. The photos may be used as prompts for your child to share news with the class. You will receive a letter when your child is selected as the focus child.\nYour child is also welcome to bring in something from home that they would like to do a ‘show and tell’ about.\nWe are continuing to use the online reward system called ‘Class Dojo’. Teachers and other adults around school will be encouraging positive behaviours by giving whole class and individual points. Each child will have their own colourful and exciting character, which should encourage them to collect points on a weekly basis.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "url": "https://www.brentnallcommunityprimaryschool.co.uk/category/classes-2019-20/nursery-diamond-2019-20/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371893683.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200410075105-20200410105605-00429.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9541754127, "token_count": 1175, "score": 2.75, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Rang Diamond (Nursary) 2019-20\nMúinteoir: Miss Wills\nCúntóir teagaisc: Mrs Singh/Mrs Wroe/Miss Robinson\nLeanfaidh na páistí ag glacadh páirte i seisiúin ghearr dírithe ar an gcarpéad. Is iad na seisiúin seo: Fónics, Matamaitice agus Cumarsáid agus Teanga. Cuidíonn George an t-ádh leis na páistí cuimhneamh ar na rialacha éisteachta le linn na seisiúin seo.\nBeidh na páistí ag cur go leor ama i mbun foghlama i réimsí éagsúla an tseomra ranga, mar shampla an limistéar cruthaitheach, an limistéar léitheoireachta agus lasmuigh.\nFónics: Tá tús curtha againn anois leis an gclár Read Write Inc agus tá roinnt fuaimeanna foghlamtha againn cheana féin.\nSna seisiúin seo, cleachtann muid Fred Talk an focal a fhuaimniú sula léann muid (measc) agus fuaim-measc fuaimeanna a chur le chéile chun focal a dhéanamh, e.g. Cat beag.\nBraitheann muid freisin ar na litreacha a fhoirmiú ag úsáid rím éagsúla do gach litir.\nCumarsáid agus Teanga: Le linn na seisiúin seo beidh na páistí ag forbairt a gcuid scileanna éisteachta agus aird agus ag leathnú a gcuid focal. Léimid na leabhair \"We're Going on a Bear Hunt\" agus \"The Gruffalo\". Beidh piocnic Teddy Bear spraoi againn chun nasc a dhéanamh le foghlaim faoi bhéar.\nMatamaitic: Le linn na seisiún seo foghlaimíonn na páistí faoi uimhir agus gnéithe eile de Mhatamaitic trí amhráin uimhreacha, rímí agus scéalta. Táimid ag leanúint ar aghaidh ag cleachtadh a aithint uimhreacha suas go dtí 10.\nBeidh muid ag cleachtadh an phrionsabal duine-a-aon. Baineann sé seo leis na páistí ainm uimhir amháin a rá do gach rud atá á comhaireamh. Spreagann muid na páistí rudaí a shíneadh agus teagmháil a dhéanamh le gach ceann de na rudaí agus iad ag comhaireamh, ag rá ainm uimhir amháin in aghaidh gach rudaí.\nGo raibh maith agat do na tuismitheoirí sin a bhí ag teacht. Tá sé iontach a fheiceáil go bhfuil tú ag glacadh páirte i ngníomhaíochtaí le do leanbh. Leanfaidh na comórtais sin ar aghaidh ag teacht chun cinn gach sé mhí. Tá súil againn go bhfeicfimid go leor agaibh ann.\nTá súil agam go bhfuil tú go léir ag taitneamh a bhaint as leabhair a roinnt sa bhaile le do pháiste, ag caint leo faoi na pictiúir agus ag cur ceisteanna simplí.\nCuimhnigh le do thoil a leabhar taifead léitheoireachta a líonadh ionas go mbeidh a fhios againn go bhfuil na páistí ag roinnt a leabhar leat sa bhaile. Tosaíonn roinnt páistí ag tabhairt leabhair abhaile ina bhfuil focail iontu.\nNí mór do na páistí a gcuid leabhair a thabhairt gach Déardaoin ionas gur féidir leis an múinteoir cabhrú leo a gcuid leabhair a athrú agus a gcuid nua a roinnt leo.\nscileanna mótair bheaga\nIs éard atá i scileanna mótair bheaga ná comhordú gluaiseachtaí muscle beaga a bhaineann le gluaiseachtaí beaga beacht, beacht, lámha agus lámhacha de ghnáth. Sna Blianta Luath soláthraímid deiseanna atá spraoi agus idirghníomhach do na páistí. Cuidíonn forbairt scileanna mótair bheaga i oideachas luathóige le bunús a thógáil do scileanna tábhachtacha sa todhchaí mar scríobh agus féinchúram.\nSeo samplaí de ghníomhaíochtaí is féidir a chur ar fáil sa bhaile nó sa scoil:\n- Gránna, pasta etc. a threading\n- Ag imirt le playdough\n- Páipéar a ghearradh/a ghearradh\n- Tógadh le lego agus le bloic\n- Docaí á n-aodach\n- Pom-poms/earraí a scagadh le pincetí\nRudaí le cuimhneamh:\nRudaí ó bhaile\nDéan iarracht a spreagadh le do leanbh gan rudaí a thabhairt isteach ón mbaile, mar shampla bréagáin, deochanna agus greimíní. Tá go leor acmhainní againn sa scoil le haghaidh na leanaí a imirt agus ní mhaith linn go gcaillfí nó go ndearnadh damáiste d'aon bréagán ón mbaile sa scoil.\nSoláthraímid snacks sláintiúla do na páistí torthaí, glasraí, toast, agus bainne gach lá agus tá rochtain acu ar uisce óil. Ní gá dóibh aon bhia nó deoch breise a thabhairt ar scoil.\nDéan cinnte go dtógfaidh do leanbh cóta te leis go dtí an scoil chomh maith le hata, sciál agus lámhainní.\nEarraí Coisithe agus Seomraí\nDéan cinnte go bhfuil mála éadaí breise ag do leanbh sa scoil i gcónaí, lena n-áirítear éadaí agus stocaí. Tá sé an-tábhachtach go mbeimid in ann do leanbh a athrú agus iad a dhéanamh compordach má tharlaíonn aon timpistí ag dul ar an leithreas nó má bhíonn siad fliuch ó imirt uisce. Déanaimid iniúchadh lasmuigh i ngach aimsir mar sin ní mór do leanaí éadaí cuí a bheith acu.\nTeastaíonn péire wellies ó gach páiste sa scoil lena n-ainm orthu. Beidh na páistí ag taitneamh go mór as imirt uisce lasmuigh agus rochtain a fháil ar an bpáirc gainimh lasmuigh.\nDéan cinnte go bhfuil ainm do pháiste ar a n-iompóir nó a gcardígan ionas gur féidir linn é a thabhairt ar ais dóibh nuair a fhaightear iad sa seomra ranga.\nIarrann muid ar na páistí ranníocaíocht dheonach de 50p a thabhairt gach seachtain, ar Dé Luain, chun rannchuidiú leis an gcostas a bhaineann le réimse greannáin shláintiúla a sholáthar do na páistí, amhail briotáin, creataí agus toast.\nNí mór do leanaí éide scoile ceart a bheith acu i gcónaí. Áirítear leis seo bróga oiriúnach. Déan cinnte go bhfuil ainm do pháiste ar fhoirm do pháiste.\nTá trí leanbh fócas againn in aghaidh an rang, in aghaidh na seachtaine. Le linn na seachtaine, déanaimid faisnéis bhreise a thaifeadadh ar pháipéar a choimeádfar sa chomhad páistí sa seomra ranga. Is féidir le tuismitheoirí cur leis seo trí ghrianghraif a thabhairt isteach nó a sheoladh chuig seoladh ríomhphoist na Bliana Luath. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh samplaí de phictiúir mar seo: turas chuig an bpáirc, cuairt ar theaghlach, ceachtanna snámha. D'fhéadfadh na grianghraif a úsáid mar spreagadh do do leanbh chun nuacht a roinnt leis an rang. Gheobhaidh tú litir nuair a roghnófar do leanbh mar an leanbh fócas.\nTá fáilte roimh do leanbh rud éigin a thabhairt isteach ón mbaile ar mhaith leis \"seó agus scéal\" a dhéanamh faoi.\nTáimid ag leanúint ar aghaidh ag úsáid an chóras duais ar líne ar a dtugtar Class Dojo. Beidh múinteoirí agus daoine fásta eile timpeall na scoile ag spreagadh iompar dearfach trí phointí a thabhairt do gach rang agus do dhaoine aonair. Beidh carachtar datha agus spreagúil ag gach leanbh, rud a spreagfaidh iad pointí a bhailiú gach seachtain."} {"text": "KILLING, TORTURE AND THE DISHONORING OF WOMEN WILL NOT DETER THE WILL OF KASHMIRIS TO ACHIEVE THEIR BIRTH RIGHT OF FREEDOM: WORLD KASHMIR DIASPORA ALLIANCE\nThe subcontinent was being divided in deference to the Two-Nation Theory, which demanded the carving out of a nation state comprising of the contiguous Muslim majority areas in the undivided India. Kashmir's union with Pakistan, based on this criterion, was only too obvious. In addition, there were compelling strategic compulsions recommending such a course. Sources of three major rivers irrigating Pakistan - Indus, Jhelum and Chenab - lay in Kashmir. Besides, the State's entire outside communication passed through territory that was to constitute Pakistan: Road Pindi-Murree-Muzzaffarabad-Srinagar comprised one route, while Sialkot-Jammu-Banihal Pass-Srinagar constituted the other. The third route - a dirt track - passed through the Muslim-dominated district of Gurdaspur in Punjab, providing a minor link to Srinagar through the Pathankot railhead. It was certain that once Punjab was divided, Gurdaspur being a Muslim-dominated district of Punjab and contiguous to other Muslim majority areas, would form part of Pakistan. The design to forcibly wrest Kashmir began to unfold on August 16, 1947, with the announcement of the Radcliffe Boundary Award. The June 3, 1947 Partition Plan envisaged establishing boundary in Bengal, Assam, Sylhet and Punjab under the stewardship of Sir Cyril Radcliffe. When the Award was announced, it's most controversial decision dealt with awarding the Gurdaspur District to India.\nThe fraudulent, forcible occupation and killing of more than 500,000 (five hundred thousand) innocent Kashmiris on November 05, 1947 in one day in Jammu by Brahmins- Hindu military could not deter the will of Kashmiris to achieve their birth right of freedom. Precisely, the Brahmins-Hindus' democracy is out to exterminate the Muslims in Kashmir and to change it to the Muslim minority state. We have paid the price of losing more than 700,000 innocent Kashmiris (infants, children, males and females and elderly). Despite all these, with the grace of Almighty God, the Muslims are alive and determined to break the 'Shackles of Brahmins-Hindus' Slavery. As such, we would like to let the world know that we are strong-minded to live freely and not under the occupation of the Indian administration as we are not a part of India, never have been and will never be.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10", "url": "http://palashbiswaslive.blogspot.com/2011/11/killing-torture-and-dishonoring-of.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010901252/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091501-00001-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9371421337, "token_count": 564, "score": 3.015625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ní chuirfidh marú, tortúr agus mí-onóir na mban bac ar thoiliú Kashmiris chun a gceart breithe saoirse a bhaint amach: Comhlachas Domhanda Diaspora Kashmir\nBhí an fho-chríoch á roinnt i gcomhlíonadh Theoiric an Dhá Náisiún, a éilíonn stáit náisiún a dhéanamh amach de na ceantair mhóra Moslamacha atá in aice le chéile san India neamhroinnte. Bhí aontacht Chasmíir leis an bPacastáin, bunaithe ar an gcritéar seo, ach ró-soiléir. Ina theannta sin, bhí cosc straitéiseach láidir ag moladh an cúrsa sin. Bhí foinsí na dtrí abhainn mhóra a bhí ag soláthar uisce do Phácastáin - Indus, Jhelum agus Chenab - i gCashmir. Thairis sin, bhí cumarsáid seachtrach iomlán an Stáit ag dul trí chríoch a bhí le bheith ina pháirtí de Phakistan: bhí bealach amháin de Bhóthar Pindi-Murree-Muzzaffarabad-Srinagar, agus Sialkot-Jammu-Banihal Pass-Srinagar mar an ceann eile. An tríú bealach - rian salach - a chuaigh tríd an gcathair Gurdaspur a raibh Moslamach i gceannas air i Punjab, ag soláthar nasc beag le Srinagar trí cheann traenach Pathankot. Bhí sé cinnte, nuair a bhí an Punjab roinnte, gur cuid de Phacastáin a bheadh Gurdaspur, a bhí ina cheantar a raibh Moslamach i gceannas air i Punjab agus a bhí in aice le ceantair mhóra Moslamach eile. Thosaigh an dearadh chun Kashmir a bhaint go foréigneach ar 16 Lúnasa, 1947, le fógra an Gradaim Teorainneacha Radcliffe. I bPlean Páirtithe an 3 Meitheamh, 1947, bhí sé beartaithe teorainn a bhunú i mBéarla, Assam, Sylhet agus an Punjab faoi stiúir Sir Cyril Radcliffe. Nuair a fógraíodh an Gradam, is é an cinneadh is conspóide a bhain le Deontas Gurdaspur a bhronnadh ar an India.\nNí fhéadfadh an t-aistriú, an áitíocht fhoréigneach agus an mharaithe ar níos mó ná 500,000 (céad míle) Caismíre neamhchiontach ar an 5 Samhain, 1947 in aon lá amháin i Jammu ag míleata Brahmins-Hindu a chur bac ar thoil na Caismíre chun a gceart breithe saoirse a bhaint amach. Go beacht, tá an daonlathas Brahmins-Hindus chun na Moslamaigh a dhíothú i gCasmíir agus é a athrú go stát mionlaigh Moslamach. Tá praghas íoctha againn as níos mó ná 700,000 Caismíre neamhchiontach (naíonáin, leanaí, fir agus mná agus daoine scothaosta) a chailleadh. In ainneoin na n-uile seo, le grásta Dé Uilechumhachtach, tá na Moslamaigh beo agus atá cinnte go gcuirfidh siad 'Scéala Brahmins-Hindus' as Slavery. Mar sin, ba mhaith linn a chur in iúl don domhan go bhfuil ár n-intinn láidir chun maireachtáil saor in aisce agus ní faoi áitiú an riaracháin Indiach mar nach bhfuil muid mar chuid den India, riamh a bhí agus ní bheidh riamh."} {"text": "It is very important that all those involved in the conservation of concrete heritage know the recommendations of the experts.\nThis section provides the link to the fundamental documents related to the conservation of monuments and sites, heritage of the twentieth century and, of course, to the Cadiz Document (2020) “InnovaConcrete/ICOMOS Concrete Conservation Guidelines”, developed by ICOMOS ISC20C in the framework of InnovaConcrete project.\nCadiz Document (2020). \"InnovaConcrete/ICOMOS Conservation Guidelines\"\nThis document provides guidance for the conservation of concrete heritage with respect to its cultural, historical, aesthetic, social and technological significance and the values represented for local communities. It provides guidance to public officials, private owners, architects, engineers, conservators, contractors and craftsmen for the conservation of cultural, historical, aesthetic and technological significance of concrete heritage.Learn more\nVenice Charter (1964). \"International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites\"\nImbued with a message from the past, the historic monuments of generations of people remain to the present day as living witnesses of their age-old traditions. People are becoming more and more conscious of the unity of human values and regard ancient monuments as a common heritage. The common responsibility to safeguard them for future generations is recognized. It is our duty to hand them on in the full richness of their authenticity. It is essential that the principles guiding the preservation and restoration of ancient buildings should be agreed and be laid down on an international basis, with each country being responsible for applying the plan within the framework of its own culture and traditions.Learn more\nDeclaration of Amsterdam (1975). \"Conservation of the architectural heritage\"\nUnless a new policy of protection and integrated conservation is urgently implemented, our society will shortly find itself obliged to give up the heritage of buildings and sites which form its traditional environment. Protection is needed today for historic towns, the old quarters of cities, and towns and villages with a traditional character as well as historic parks and gardens. The conservation of these architectural complexes can only be conceived in a wide perspective, embracing all buildings of cultural value, from the greatest to the humblest - not forgetting those of our own day together with their surroundings. This overall protection will complement the piecemeal protection of individual and isolated monuments and sites.Learn more\nNara Document (1994). \"The Nara Document on Authenticity\"\nThe diversity of cultures and heritage in our world is an irreplaceable source of spiritual and intellectual richness for all humankind. The protection and enhancement of cultural and heritage diversity in our world should be actively promoted as an essential aspect of human development.Learn more\nMadrid-New Delhi Document (2017). \"Approaches for The Conservation of Twentieth Century Cultural Heritage\"\nThe sweeping economic, social, technological and political developments of the twentieth century produced unprecedented change. Two world wars, the Cold War that followed, the Great Depression, and decolonisation, together, significantly altered the fabric of society over the course of the twentieth century. Rapid urbanisation and the growth of large cities, accelerated technological and scientific development and the emergence of mass communications and transportation fundamentally changed the way we lived and worked, producing new buildings and structures, unprecedented building types and forms, using experimental materials. Massively changed landscapes were created by industrialisation and mechanised agriculture. And yet, comparatively few of the sites and places created by such tumultuous events have been listed and protected for their heritage values. Thus, too many of the heritage places and sites of the twentieth century remain at risk. Although appreciation of mid-century modernism is increasing in some regions, the range of buildings, structures, cultural landscapes and industrial sites that are characteristic of the twentieth century are still threatened by a general lack of awareness and recognition. All too often they are pressured by redevelopment, unsympathetic change, or simply by neglect.Learn more\nMadrid Document (2014). \"Approaches for the Conservation of Twentieth Century Architectural Heritage\"\nToo many of the heritage structures and buildings of the twentieth century are at risk. They are threatened by a general lack of appreciation and recognition, and all too often they are pressured by redevelopment or unsympathetic change or simply by neglect. There is also some confusion about the basic principles of conservation that should be applied to twentieth-century sites and places. This publication is a contribution of the ICOMOS International Scientific Committee on Twentieth-Century Heritage (ISC20C) toward providing benchmark guidance about how to practically conserve and manage this important era of international architectural heritage.Learn more", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "url": "https://dmt.innovaconcrete.eu/guidelines", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224657144.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610062920-20230610092920-00797.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9167589545, "token_count": 948, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá sé an-tábhachtach go mbeadh a fhios ag gach duine atá bainteach le caomhnú oidhreachta concrait faoi mholtaí na saineolaithe.\nTá nasc sa rannóg seo leis na doiciméid bhunúsacha a bhaineann le caomhnú na ndearmad agus na suíomhanna, oidhreacht an fiche céad agus, ar ndóigh, le Doiciméad Cadiz (2020) InnovaConcrete/Treoirlínte Caomhnaithe Concrete ICOMOS, a d'fhorbair ICOMOS ISC20C faoi chuimsiú tionscadail InnovaConcrete.\nDoiciméad Cádiz (2020). \"Treoirlínte Coimirce InnovaConcrete/ICOMOS\"\nSoláthraíonn an doiciméad seo treoir maidir le hachmhainn shonraigh a chaomhnú i dtaca lena tábhacht chultúrtha, stairiúil, ealaíne, sóisialta agus teicneolaíoch agus na luachanna a léiríonn sé do phobail áitiúla. Soláthraíonn sé treoir d'oifigeach poiblí, d'úinéirí príobháideacha, d'ailtire, d'innealtóirí, d'chonstabhálaithe, d'chonraitheoirí agus d'aisteoirí chun tábhacht chultúrtha, stairiúil, aeistéiseach agus theicneolaíoch oidhreachta concróide a chaomhnú.Tuilleadh eolais\nCairt na Veinéise (1964). \"Cairt Idirnáisiúnta um Chaomhnú agus Athchóiriú Archomharthaí agus Áiteanna\"\nTá teachtaireacht ón am atá caite ar na hailt stairiúla de ghlúin daoine a bhfuil cónaí orthu go dtí an lá atá inniu ann mar fhinnéithe beo ar a dtrádálacha sean-aois. Tá daoine ag éirí níos mothaithe ar a chéile ar a chéile na luachanna daonna agus measann siad ar shéadchomharthaí ársa mar oidhreacht choitinn. Aithnítear an fhreagracht chomhchoiteann chun iad a chosaint do ghlúin amach anseo. Is é ár ndualgas iad a thabhairt ar aghaidh i gcuile saibhreas a n-airíonna. Tá sé ríthábhachtach go ndéanfaí comhaontú agus go ndéanfaí na prionsabail a threoraíonn caomhnú agus athchóiriú na bhfoirgnimh ársa a leagan síos ar bhonn idirnáisiúnta, agus go mbeidh gach tír freagrach as an bplean a chur i bhfeidhm laistigh de chreat a chultúr agus a thraidisiúin féin.\nDearbhú Amstardam (1975). \"Conservation of the architectural heritage\" (Conservaíocht na hoidhreachta ailtireachta)\nMura gcuirfear beartas nua cosanta agus caomhnaithe chomhtháite i bhfeidhm go práinneach, beidh ar ár sochaí a bheith iallach go gairid ar a thír féin diúltú don oidhreacht foirgnimh agus láithreáin a chruthaíonn a thimpeallacht thraidisiúnta. Tá gá le cosaint inniu do bhailte stairiúla, do sheancheantair cathracha, agus do bhailte agus sráidbhailte a bhfuil carachtar traidisiúnta acu chomh maith le páirceanna agus gairdíní stairiúla. Ní féidir ach le heagrú na gcomhdhéanta ailtireachta seo a chur san áireamh i dtríú cur chuige leathan, lena n-áirítear gach foirgneamh a bhfuil luach cultúrtha air, ón gceann is mó go dtí an ceann is lú - gan dearmad a dhéanamh ar na foirgneamh atá againn inniu agus a dtimpeallacht. Beidh an chosaint fhoriomlán seo ina chomhlánú ar chosaint mhion-leathan ar shéadchomharthaí agus ar shuíomhanna aonair agus iargúlta.Féach tuilleadh\nDoiciméad Nara (1994). \"An Doiciméad Nara ar Aithintíocht\"\nIs foinse dochloinneach saibhreas spioradálta agus intleachtúil don chine daonna uile é an éagsúlacht cultúrtha agus oidhreachta inár saol. Ba cheart go gcuirfí go gníomhach chun cinn éagsúlacht chultúrtha agus oidhreachta inár saol agus go ndéanfaí í a chosaint agus a fheabhsú mar ghné riachtanach d'fhorbairt an duine.Learn more\nDoiciméad Maidrid-Dhéilí Nua (2017). \"Conair chun Oidhreacht Chultúrtha an Chúigiú haois a Chaomhnú\"\nBa é an forbairt mhór eacnamaíoch, sóisialta, teicneolaíoch agus polaitiúil a tharla sa ficheú haois a chruthaigh athrú gan fasach. D'athraigh dhá chogadh domhanda, an Cogadh Fuar a lean, an Briseadh Mór, agus díchoilíneáil, go suntasach, fíochán na sochaí i rith an fhichiú haois. D'athraigh an uirbeiriú tapa agus fás na gcathracha móra, forbairt theicneolaíoch agus eolaíoch luathaithe agus teacht chun cinn cumarsáide agus iompair mhóra an bealach a raibh muid ag maireachtáil agus ag obair go bunúsach, ag táirgeadh foirgneamh agus struchtúr nua, cineálacha agus foirmeacha foirgníochta gan fasach, ag baint úsáide as ábhair thrialacha. Cruthaíodh tírdhreacha a athraíodh go mór le tionsclaíocht agus le talmhaíocht mheicniúil. Agus fós, tá comparáid beag de na suíomhanna agus na háiteanna a chruthaigh imeachtaí tumultuous den sórt sin liostaithe agus cosanta dá luachanna oidhreachta. Dá bhrí sin, tá ró-chuid de na háiteanna agus na suíomhanna oidhreachta sa fiche céad i mbaol. Cé go bhfuil meas ar nua-aimsearthacht lár-chéad bliain ag méadú i roinnt réigiúin, tá an raon foirgnimh, struchtúir, tírdhreacha cultúrtha agus láithreáin thionsclaíocha atá tréithúil don fhichiú haois fós faoi bhagairt ag easpa feasachta agus aitheantais i gcoitinne. Go minic bíonn brú orthu de bharr athfhorbairt, athruithe neamh-simpatiúil, nó ach faillí.Féach tuilleadh\nDoiciméad Maidrid (2014). \"Conair chun Oidhreacht Ailtireachta an Chéadchéadóg a Chaomhnú\"\nTá an iomarca de struchtúir agus foirgneamh oidhreachta an ficheú haois i mbaol. Tá siad faoi bhagairt ag easpa meas agus aitheantais i gcoitinne, agus go minic bíonn athfhorbairt nó athrú neamh-simpatiúil nó dearmad simplí orthu. Tá roinnt mearbhall ann freisin maidir leis na bunphrionsabail maidir le caomhnú a ba cheart a chur i bhfeidhm ar shuíomhanna agus ar áiteanna an fhicheú haois. Is ranníocaíocht é an foilseachán seo ó Choiste Eolaíochta Idirnáisiúnta ICOMOS ar Oidhreacht an Chúigiú haois (ISC20C) chun treoir thomhaiste a sholáthar maidir le conas an ré tábhachtach seo den oidhreacht ailtireachta idirnáisiúnta a chaomhnú agus a bhainistiú go praiticiúil.Tuilleadh eolais"} {"text": "Following a fire that destroyed the roof and spire of the 850-year-old Notre-Dame de Paris cathedral in central Paris on 15 April, architectural organizations in France and abroad have mourned the loss of an architectural and historic landmark and pledged support for a rebuild.\nSpeaking on ABC News 24, the Australian Institute of Architects’ national president Clare Cousins said the building was “not only a sacred place of worship, it is a place loved by generations upon generations of people all around the world.”\n“Over the centuries it has become a cherished part of our cultural fabric, something that incites wonder, a symbol of love, resilience and a structure of tremendous worldwide significance.\n“We, alongside countless others across the globe, mourn the damage that has been inflicted by this devastating fire.\n“We share the anguish and immense sorrow of the French people at this loss but likewise we have every confidence in their ability to restore the Cathedral with great cultural sensitivity.”\nFrench president Emmanuel Macron has promised that the damage to the cathedral would be repaired and rebuilt.\nLike many medieval cathedrals, the Notre Dame was the product of an intergenerational, centuries-long design and construction project. An icon of the gothic architecture style, the church is particularly significant for its flying buttresses and ornate stained-glass windows.\nIn a statement, the national council of the French Ordre des Architectes said its members were “ready to mobilize all their know-how to participate, alongside craftsmen and other actors in the built environment.\n“Let us not forget that the construction of the cathedral has also demonstrated the exceptional technical mastery of its carpenters, masons, sculptors, stained glass, and thousands of workers.”\n“Heritage, ancient or contemporary, is a revealing and structuring element of our culture, and we must take the same care to keep alive these markers of our history.”\nCousins said, “The overwhelming response to this terrible event reinforces the extraordinary power truly great architecture has to bring people together, to provide a place where countless special memories are made, where wonder and magic abound.\n“Restoring this icon will take extraordinary skill, time and resources – but what’s not lacking is the determination to do so.\nThe cause of the fire has not yet been determined, although authorities are not treating the blaze as suspicioud.\nThe cathedral is one of 70 in Paris owned by the French Government and administered by the Catholic Church.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "url": "https://architectureau.com/articles/institute-president-has-every-confidence-in-notre-dame-rebuild/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371620338.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406070848-20200406101348-00505.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9520569444, "token_count": 523, "score": 2.90625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tar éis dó tine a scrios an díon agus an spire de na 850 bliain d'aois Notre-Dame de Paris cathedral i lár na Páras ar an 15 Aibreán, eagraíochtaí ailtireachta sa Fhrainc agus thar lear ag caoineadh an caillteanas ailtireachta agus ceannródaíoch stairiúil agus gealltanas tacaíocht a thabhairt do atógáil.\nAg labhairt dó ar ABC News 24, dúirt uachtarán náisiúnta Institiúid Ailtireachta na hAstráile Clare Cousins nach raibh an foirgneamh ach áit naofa adhartha, is áit é a bhfuil grá ag glúine ar glúine daoine ar fud an domhain.\nTrí na céadta bliain, tá sé ina chuid chothaitheach dár n-imdhíol cultúrtha, rud a spreagann iontas, siombail de ghrá, athléimneacht agus struchtúr a bhfuil tábhacht mhór aige ar fud an domhain.\nTáimid, in éineacht le daoine eile gan áireamh ar fud an domhain, ag caoineadh an damáiste a rinne an tine scriosach seo.\n'Táimid chomhchruinnithe le géarchéim agus le brón ollmhór na ndaoine na Fraince ar an gcaillteanas seo ach mar an gcéanna tá muinín iomlán againn ina gcumas an Chathedral a athbhunú le íogaireacht chultúrtha mhór.'\nGeall Uachtarán na Fraince Emmanuel Macron go ndéanfaí an damáiste don eaglais a dheisiú agus a athchóiriú.\nCosúil le go leor cathaidríní meánaoiseacha, ba é Notre Dame toradh tionscadail dearaidh agus tógála idirghinearálta, a mhair na céadta bliain. Is íon den stíl ailtireachta gotach í, tá an séipéal suntasach go háirithe dá chúlchláir eitilte agus dá fhuinneoga gloine stainithe ornáideacha.\nI ráiteas, dúirt comhairle náisiúnta Ordre des Architectes na Fraince go raibh a chomhaltaí \"ag ullmhú a gcuid scileanna go léir a shlógadh chun páirt a ghlacadh, in éineacht le ceardaithe agus le gníomhaithe eile sa timpeallacht tógtha.\nNá déanfaimid dearmad go léir gur léirigh tógáil na cathaidride freisin máistreacht teicniúil eisceachtúil a chréatóirí, a bhratchóirí, a scultóirí, a ghloine staite agus na mílte oibrí.\nIs gné nochtadhta agus struchtúrtha dár gcultúr é oidhreacht, sean-aoiseach nó coimhthíocha, agus ní mór dúinn an cúram céanna a ghlacadh chun na marcóirí seo dár stair a choinneáil beo.\nDúirt Cousins, \"Tá an freagra mór ar an imeacht uafásach seo ag cur leis an gcumhacht neamhghnách atá ag ailtireacht iontach i ndáiríre chun daoine a thabhairt le chéile, chun áit a sholáthar ina ndéantar cuimhní cinn speisialta gan áireamh, ina bhfuil an t-iontas agus an draíocht ag dul in olcas.\nBeidh sé ag teastáil scileanna, ama agus acmhainní neamhghnácha chun an íocán seo a athbhunú ach ní bheidh an diongbháilteacht ann chun é sin a dhéanamh.\nNí raibh an chúis leis an tine a chinneadh go fóill, cé nach bhfuil na húdaráis ag déileáil leis an blaze mar amhrasach.\nTá an cathedral ar cheann de 70 i bPáras faoi úinéireacht Rialtas na Fraince agus á riaradh ag an Eaglais Chaitliceach."} {"text": "Concrete curb construction using slipforms can provide several benefits and a better finished project. Concrete curb construction during the last century was made by hand and with a slow-finishing process. Nowadays, techniques have improved; slipform machines have become faster and more reliable and will produce a better-looking concrete curb.Concrete curbs are placed using a low-slump concrete which can harden in a relatively small amount of time, instead of longer periods when regular concrete is used. The concrete used for curbs can be placed directly into hoppers of the slipform equipment, and start placing it immediately.\nImportance of Concrete Curbs\nConcrete curbs are very important preventing a rapid decay of road surface. The importance of using concrete curbs is:\n- Concrete curbs strengthen the pavement surface.\n- It confines flexible pavement and improves sub-base compaction.\n- Concrete curbs maintain the pavement edge's integrity.\n- It reduces the space needed when ROW are being required.\n- It eliminates drainage swales and flat side slopes.\n- Minimizes drainage maintenance works.\n- It reduces erosion and sediments going into storm sewer systems.\n- Creates a visual border of the pavement, ideal for drivers at night.\n- Concrete curb reduces the driveway length from the edge of the street.\n- Straighter edges can be obtained when compared to regular forms.\n- It is less dependent of the labor skill.\n- Reduces steel or wood forms use and consumption.\n- Will allow for a better sloped surface finishing.\n- Reduces or eliminates the need for intermediate spacers or templates needed to achieve required slope.\n- Water will flow better when compared to regular forms concrete curbs.\n- Better production can be obtained.\n- Less time consuming and more installation per day.\n- Minimizes the uses of pre-cast sections.\n- Reduces waste of concrete material since it is placed directly into the machine.\n- Several radius measurements can be obtained.\n- It minimizes settlement from individual curb placement.\n- Slipform equipments are equipped with concrete vibrators helping with the consolidation and placement procedure.\n- Some slipforms machines are equipped with automatic finishing equipment, to insert dowel bars at joints.\n- Slipform comes in a variety of sizes.\n- Slipform machines can work on areas where grade elevations are different.\n- Newer machines have built-in GPS operation.\nConcrete Curb Slipform BenefitsSlipform benefits are various, but the most significant ones are:", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15", "url": "http://construction.about.com/od/Earthwork/a/Concrete-Curb-Construction-Using-Slipforms.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609538787.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005218-00129-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.875869453, "token_count": 532, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is féidir le tógáil bordáin concrait ag baint úsáide as slifoirmeacha roinnt buntáistí a sholáthar agus tionscadal críochnaithe níos fearr a fháil. Bhí tógáil clóbhuailte concrait le linn na haoise seo caite déanta de láimh agus le próiseas críochnaithe mall. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá feabhas tagtha ar theicnící; tá meaisíní sliabhadh níos tapúla agus níos iontaofa agus déanfaidh siad curb concrait a bheidh níos fearr le feiceáil. Cuirtear curbs concrait ag baint úsáide as concrait íseal-slump ar féidir leis a cruachadh i méid réasúnta beag ama, in ionad tréimhsí níos faide nuair a úsáidtear concrait rialta. Is féidir an concrait a úsáidtear le haghaidh curbs a chur go díreach i hoppers an trealaimh slipform, agus tosú ag cur é láithreach.\nAn tábhacht a bhaineann le curbs concrait\nTá curbs concrait an-tábhachtach chun meath tapa ar shlí na bóthair a chosc. Tá tábhacht le bordáin chioncréite a úsáid:\n- Neartaíonn curbs concrait dromchla an chosáin.\n- Cuireann sé srian ar chosán solúbtha agus feabhsaíonn sé comhdhéanamh fo-bhonn.\n- Coimeádann curbs concrait iomláine imeall an chosáin.\n- Laghdaíonn sé an spás a theastaíonn nuair a bhíonn ROW ag teastáil.\n- Seachnaíonn sé swales dránaíochta agus sléibhte taobh cothrom.\n- Íoslaghdaíonn sé obair chothabhála dránaithe.\n- Laghdaíonn sé creimeadh agus díolacháin ag dul isteach i gcórais sclábhaithe stoirme.\n- Cruthaíonn teorainn amhairc ar an mbóthar, idéalach do thiománaithe san oíche.\n- Laghdaíonn curb concrait fad an chosáin ó imeall na sráide.\n- Is féidir imeall níos díreacha a fháil i gcomparáid le foirmeacha rialta.\n- Tá sé níos lú ag brath ar an scileanna saothair.\n- Laghdaíonn sé úsáid agus tomhaltas foirmeacha cruach nó adhmaid.\n- Beidh a cheadú le haghaidh níos fearr sloped dromchla críochnú.\n- Laghdaíonn nó scriosann sé an gá le spásadóirí idirmheánacha nó le teimpléid a theastaíonn chun an claonadh riachtanach a bhaint amach.\n- Beidh uisce a sreabhadh níos fearr i gcomparáid le foirmeacha rialta bordúirí concrait.\n- Is féidir táirgeadh níos fearr a fháil.\n- Níos lú ama a thógann agus níos mó suiteála in aghaidh an lae.\n- Íoslaghdaíonn sé úsáid na gciorruithe réamhchasta.\n- Laghdaíonn sé dramhaíl ábhair chonraíochta ós rud é go gcuirtear go díreach isteach sa mheaisín é.\n- Is féidir roinnt tomhais radais a fháil.\n- Laghdaíonn sé socrúchán ó shuíomh troscán aonair.\n- Tá trealamh sliotán feistithe le vibratóirí coincréite a chabhraíonn leis an nós imeachta daingniúcháin agus socraithe.\n- Tá trealamh críochnaithe uathoibríoch ar fáil do roinnt meaisíní sliabhchruthaithe chun barraí dowel a chur isteach ag na hailt.\n- Tá Slipform i méideanna éagsúla.\n- Is féidir le meaisíní sliotán a bheith ag obair ar limistéir ina bhfuil ardú céime difriúil.\n- Tá feidhmiú GPS iardhealaithe ag meaisíní níos nuaí.\nSochair Slipform Concrete CurbSlipform Sochair éagsúla, ach is iad na cinn is suntasaí iad:"} {"text": "Faced with news of the driest April snowpack in recorded history, Gov. Jerry Brown on Wednesday morning ordered the first-ever statewide mandatory water reductions for Californians.\nStanding amid grass, dirt and rocks atop a dry Sierra ridge, Brown announced actions that he vowed will save water, such as instructing officials to cut urban water use by 25 percent, boost enforcement of water-wasting, streamline the state”s drought response and invest in new water-saving technologies.\n“This historic drought demands unprecedented action,” said Brown, joined by state water officials at Echo Summit”s Phillips Station off Highway 50, southwest of Lake Tahoe.\n“As Californians, we must pull together and save water in every way possible,” he said.\nSnow surveyers announced Wednesday that no snow was found at the Phillips site — the first time in 75 years of early-April measurements. This shatters the previous low record of 25 percent, set last year and in 1977.\nThis is an anxiously watched rite of spring in drought-stricken California, because snowpack traditionally is at its peak by early April, before it begins to melt.In an average year, there would be 66.5 inches, or 5.5 feet, at the Phillips site.\nWith the state”s historically wettest winter months now gone, the drought is now firmly rooted in its fourth consecutive year.\nCalifornians can expect to receive almost no water from the meager snowpack as it melts in the coming weeks, said Department of Water Resources director Mark Cowin, who joined Brown at the 6,800-foot-high test site, dense with fragrant pine, fir, and cedar.\nIn the San Francisco Bay Area, some once-green rolling hillsides are already touched with gold, as dry grasses produce seeds.\nThis dismal news has huge implications for the cities, farms and wildlife that depend on melting snowpack to yield water during the spring, summer and fall.\nThis will be California”s fourth dry year. Groundwater levels continue to drop and key reservoirs remain below average. For instance, the State Water Project”s principal reservoir, Lake Oroville, holds 51 percent of its 3.5 million acre-foot capacity.\nAcross the Sierra, electronic readings indicate the water content of the northern Sierra snowpack on Wednesday was 1.4 inches; central Sierra, 1.5 inches and southern Sierra, 1.3 inches — all 5 percent of average.\nAmong other steps, Brown seeks to prohibit new homes from irrigating with potable water unless water-efficient drip irrigation systems are used; ban watering of ornamental grass on public street medians; require campuses, golf courses, cemeteries and other large landscapes to make significant cuts in water use, create a new rebate program to replace old wasteful appliances, and work with local goverments to replace 50 million square feet of lawns throughout the state with drought tolerant landscaping.\nSo far, the impact of the drought has been felt most acutely by farmers, wildlife, and residents in lower income communities that rely on shallow wells.\nBrown”s new order means much more aggressive conservation by residents of cities and towns.\nThe annual April snowpack is a crucial benchmark for state water managers who use the totals to calculate how much the spring snow melt will supply to the state”s reservoirs.\nAfter one of the warmest winters on record, the snowpack has declined since a wet December, when electronic readings recorded the snowpack”s water content at 50 percent of the Dec. 30 historical average, according to the state Department of Water Resources.\nThe California Water Foundation”s Lester Snow applauded the governor”s executive order as “a necessary and critical part of the state”s response. With the drought already upon us, there are only so many things the state can do, and today”s actions are among them.”\nHe urged Californians to shift away from grass and instead plant more native and drought-tolerant landscaping. He also recommended state reforms to make it easier for someone with water to transfer it to someone who needs it more –including the environment.\n“With practically no runoff forecasted from the Sierra into our network of reservoirs and rivers, we are in store for what could be the most challenging summer our farms, our fish and our families have ever witnessed,” Snow said in a prepared statement.\n“Over the next several months we will see rural communities run out of clean water, crops and trees left to wither, and streams and wetlands dried up, leaving fish and water fowl with nowhere to go.”\nCheck back for more on this story as it develops.\nContact Lisa M. Krieger at 650-492-4098. Follow her at Twitter.com/Lisa M. Krieger.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "url": "https://www.marinij.com/2015/04/01/california-drought-no-snow-found-in-snow-survey-gov-brown-announces-first-ever-statewide-mandatory-water-reductions-2/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646076.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530163210-20230530193210-00788.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9380181432, "token_count": 1011, "score": 2.921875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ag tabhairt aghaidh ar an nuacht faoin sneachta is tirim i mí Aibreáin i stair taifeadta, dúirt an Gob. D'ordaigh Jerry Brown ar maidin Dé Céadaoin an chéad laghdú éigeantach uisce ar fud an stáit do Californians.\nAg seasamh i measc féar, salachar agus carraigeacha ar bharr crann tirim Sierra, d'fhógair Brown gníomhartha a gheall sé go sábhálfaidh sé uisce, mar shampla údaráis a threorú chun úsáid uisce uirbeach a ghearradh 25 faoin gcéad, forfheidhmiú dramhaíl uisce a threisiú, freagairt triomachta an stáit a shruthlú agus infheistíocht a dhéanamh i dteicneolaíochtaí nua sábhála uisce.\n\"Tá gá le gníomh gan fasach ag an triomaire stairiúil seo\", a dúirt Brown, a chuaigh le hoifigigh uisce stáit ag Stáisiún Echo Summit Phillips amach ó Highway 50, ó dheas ó Loch Tahoe.\n\"Mar Californians, ní mór dúinn a tharraingt le chéile agus a shábháil uisce ar gach bealach is féidir\", a dúirt sé.\nD'fhógair léitheoirí sneachta Dé Céadaoin nach bhfuarthas aon sneachta ag suíomh Phillips den chéad uair i 75 bliain de thomhas go luath i mí Aibreáin. Tá an taifead roimhe seo de 25 faoin gcéad, a bhí i bhfeidhm an bhliain seo caite agus i 1977, curtha i gcló.\nIs deasghnátha earrach é seo a bhfuil súil go géar leis i California atá buailte ag triomaíocht, toisc go bhfuil an cnoc sneachta ag a bhuaic is mó go traidisiúnta go luath i mí Aibreáin, sula dtosaíonn sé ag titim. I meánbhliain, bheadh 66.5 orlach, nó 5.5 troigh, ag suíomh Phillips.\nLe míonna geimhridh an stáit is mó a bhí ann go stairiúil imithe anois, tá an triomaíocht anois bunaithe go daingean sa cheathrú bliain as a chéile.\nIs féidir le Californians a bheith ag súil go bhfaighidh siad beagnach aon uisce ón sneachta beag mar a dhíscaoileann sé sna seachtainí atá le teacht, a dúirt stiúrthóir na Roinne Acmhainní Uisce Mark Cowin, a chuaigh le Brown ag an suíomh tástála 6,800 troigh ar airde, dlúth le pianaigh, fir, agus cédar cumhra.\nI Limistéar Bhaile San Francisco, tá roinnt cnoic chonair a bhí uaine ar dtús, le ór, mar go dtáirgeann féar tirim síolta.\nTá impleachtaí ollmhóra ag an nuacht uafásach seo do na cathracha, na feirmeacha agus na fiadhúlra a bhfuil ag brath ar an sneachta leáite chun uisce a thabhairt le linn an earraigh, an tsamhraidh agus an fhómhara.\nBeidh sé seo ar an gceathrú bliain tirim California. Tá leibhéil na n-uisce talún ag titim agus tá na príomh-chladáin fós faoi bhun an mheán. Mar shampla, tá 51 faoin gcéad de a chumas 3.5 milliún acra-chéim ag an bpríomh-chúlchiste, Loch Oroville, atá ag an bPróiseacht Uisce Stáit.\nAr fud na Sierra, léitheoireacht leictreonach a thaispeáint ar an ábhar uisce de na Sierra thuaidh sneachta ar an Dé Céadaoin a bhí 1.4 orlach; lár Sierra, 1.5 orlach agus Sierra theas, 1.3 orlach gach 5 faoin gcéad den mheán.\nI measc céimeanna eile, tá sé mar aidhm ag Brown cosc a chur ar theaghlaigh nua uisce óil a úllmhú mura n-úsáidtear córais uisceuisceála drip éifeachtach uisce; cosc a chur ar uisceáil féirín ornáideacha ar mheánbhóithre sráide poiblí; éilíonn sé ar champais, cúrsaí gailf, tuamaigh agus tírdhreacha móra eile gearrachtaí suntasacha a dhéanamh ar úsáid uisce, clár aisíocaíochta nua a chruthú chun sean-uirlisí mídhíola a athsholáthar, agus oibriú le rialtais áitiúla chun 50 milliún troigh cearnach de ghruaig ar fud an stáit a athsholáthar le tírdhreacha inbhuanaithe ar thriomú.\nGo dtí seo, is iad na feirmeoirí, na fiadhúlra, agus cónaitheoirí i bpobail íseal-ioncaim a bhfuil muinín acu as tobar neamhchruinn, a bhraith tionchar an triomaigh is mó.\nCiallaíonn ordú nua Brown go bhfuil cosaint i bhfad níos ionsaithí ag cónaitheoirí cathracha agus bailte.\nIs é an cnap sneachta bliantúil i mí Aibreáin an t-amhrán ríthábhachtach do bhainisteoirí uisce stáit a úsáideann na huimhreacha chun a ríomh cé mhéad a chuirfidh sneachta an earraigh le damáistí an stáit.\nTar éis ceann de na geimhreadh is teo a taifeadadh, tá an cnap sneachta tar éis titim ó mhí na Nollag fliuch, nuair a thaifeadadh léitheoireacht leictreonach ábhar uisce an chnap sneachta ag 50 faoin gcéad den mheán stairiúil 30 Nollaig, de réir na Roinne Acmhainní Uisce stáit.\nChuir Lester Snow de chuid California Water Foundation moladh ar ordú feidhmiúcháin an rialtóra mar \"rochtanas riachtanach agus ríthábhachtach de fhreagra an stáit\". Leis an triomaíocht atá againn cheana féin, níl ach an oiread rudaí is féidir leis an stát a dhéanamh, agus tá gníomhartha an lae inniu i measc na n-iarrachtaí sin.\nD'iarr sé ar Chalifornians bogadh ar shiúl ó ghrás agus ina ionad sin níos mó tírdhreachú dúchasach agus inbhuanaithe d'eascair a phlandaí. Mhol sé freisin athchóirithe stáit a dhéanamh chun go mbeidh sé níos éasca do dhuine a bhfuil uisce aige é a aistriú chuig duine a bhfuil níos mó gá leis - lena n-áirítear an timpeallacht.\n\"Le beagnach aon runoff réamh-mheasta ó na Sierra isteach inár líonra de stórálacha agus aibhneacha, táimid ag fanacht leis an samhradh is dúshlánach a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag ár bhfeirmeacha, ár n-iasc agus ár dteaghlaigh riamh\", a dúirt Snow i ráiteas ullmhaithe.\nLe linn na míonna amach romhainn feicfimid go mbeidh uisce glan ag imeachtaí tuaithe, go mbeidh barra agus crainn ag dul i ngleic le triomú, agus go mbeidh sruthanna agus tailte fliuch ag triomú, gan áit le dul do iasc agus do éan uisce.\nSeiceáil ar ais le haghaidh tuilleadh ar an scéal seo mar a fhorbraíonn sé.\nDéan teagmháil le Lisa M. Krieger ag 650-492-4098. Lean í ag Twitter.com/Lisa M. Krieger."} {"text": "Originally posted on Avispa Midia\nFor the indigenous peoples of Mexico, the winds of war today seem to be the same as those of previous governments. Andrés Manuel López Obrador’s (AMLO) government has been in power just four months and the imposition of development projects, dispossession, persecution, harassment, forced disappearances, and murders continue as before.\nOn May 4, in the southern Mexican state of Guerrero, indigenous Nahuas belonging to the Popular Indigenous Council of Guerrero – Emiliano Zapata (CIPOG-EZ), held a meeting to coordinate actions at state and federal agencies to pressure them into meeting their social and political demands that had been rejected by the three levels of government. At the end of the meeting, at approximately 6pm, an armed group in Chilapa, Guerrero, kidnapped and later murdered José Lucio Bartolo Faustino and Modesto Verales Sebastián, both members of the National Indigenous Congress (CNI).\nOn more than one occasion, members of CIPOG-EZ informed the Mexican president that they had been under “siege by criminal organizations tolerated by the three levels of government,” reported members of the Indigenous Governing Council (CIG). The indigenous groups are unequivocal in asserting that AMLO had information about the situation in these communities and therefore cannot say that “he did not know.”\nFor their part, in a joint statement, the CNI-CIG and the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) said that the indigenous men were killed by narco-paramilitaries who receive government backing. “It is important to mention that our murdered compañeros and their communities have for years been organizing their own Community Police in order to resist the violence, extortion, and poppy cultivation imposed by two criminal groups in the area, Los Ardillos and Los Rojos. These two groups control municipal presidencies across the region and are protected by the Mexican army and the municipal and state police. At one point they even managed to get one of their leaders named president of the Guerrero State Congress,” the statement asserted.\nThe creation of Los Ardillos criminal group dates back to the 1980s, when it was founded by former rural police officer Celso Ortega Rosas, nicknamed La Ardilla (The Squirrel), who used to grow poppy in the area of Quechultenango, Guerrero. In 2008, he was detained for the kidnapping of a woman and for the murder of two agents of the Deputy Attorney General’s Office for Special Investigations on Organized Crime (SEIDO). He was released in 2011.\nLos Rojos criminal organization is in a territorial dispute with Los Ardillos in the municipalities of Chilapa and Chilpancingo. According to authorities in the area, Los Rojos is led by Zenén Nava Sánchez, who operates a kidnapping and extortion ring and is responsible for getting drugs into Chilpancingo prison.\nMembers of the CNI-CIG and EZLN blame the three levels of government for this crime, “for being complicit in the repression of the peoples’ organizing in defense of their territories. We also hold them responsible for the safety and security of our brothers and sisters of the CIPOG-EZ.”\nAdditionally, members of the CIPOG-EZ have 67 outstanding arrest warrants against them, including against the two who were murdered. Even so, they insist they will continue “walking from below with the indigenous peoples and against the capitalist system that dispossesses, exploits, loathes and murders us. As indigenous people, we walk with the principles that we inherited from the struggles of our people, those who walked with Vicente Guerrero and with Emiliano Zapata.”\nFrom the first day of this new government, baptized by AMLO as the “Fourth Transformation,” the CNI-CIG has documented the following: increased harassment by the Navy against the autonomous process in the community of Santa María Ostula in the Aquila municipality of Michoacán; harassment of the Community Assembly of the indigenous Binniza community of Gui’ Xhi’ Ro’ in Álvaro Obregón, Oaxaca; persecution and arrest warrants against Mateo López Cruz and Juan Sánchez Torres from the community of Suclumpa in the Salto de Agua municipality in Chiapas; threats of displacement from lands reclaimed by the Chol people in 1994 in the community of San José El Bascan in the Salto de Agua municipality in Chiapas; forced disappearances of five members of the Guzmán Cruz family, P’urhépechas from Tarejero, Michoacán; disappearances and murders of members of the Committee for the Defense of Indigenous Rights (CODEDI) in Oaxaca, among many others.\nOne of the events that inaugurated this new government was the murder of Samir Flores Soberanes, a community leader from Amilcingo, Morelos, and one of the main opponents of the neoliberal Integral Project for Morelos.\n“We denounce the intensification of neoliberal repression against the indigenous peoples, nations, and tribes who do not consent to these projects of death in Guerrero and in all of Mexico, nor to the violence which is used to impose these projects and to repress, kidnap, disappear, and murder those of us who have decided to sow a new world from the indigenous geographies that we are,” said the CNI-CIG.\nThe indigenous peoples who make up the CNI-CIG continue their organizing processes throughout the country to resist new neoliberal policies being put forward with new arguments, such as the Trans-Isthmus Corridor and the Maya Train, among others. They assert they will not recognize any kind of consultation and “we reject any form of simulation aimed at the dispossession of territories,” they said.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "url": "https://fallingintoincandescence.com/2019/05/07/neoliberalism-mexico-dispossess-kill/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506477.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401223807-20200402013807-00298.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9563524723, "token_count": 1258, "score": 2.53125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Arna fhoilsiú ar dtús ag Avispa Midia\nMaidir le pobail dhúchasacha Mheicsiceo, is cosúil go bhfuil na gaotha cogaidh inniu mar an gcéanna le gaotha rialtais roimhe seo. Níl rialtas Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO) i gcumhacht ach ceithre mhí agus leanann tionscadail forbartha a fhorchur, dífhostaíocht, géarleanúint, ionsaí, imeacht éigeantach agus dúnmharú mar a bhí roimhe.\nAr 4 Bealtaine, i stát Guerrero i ndeisceart Mheicsiceo, bhí cruinniú ag na Nahuas dúchasacha a bhaineann le Comhairle Dúchasacha Poblach Guerrero Emiliano Zapata (CIPOG-EZ), chun gníomhartha a chomhordú ag gníomhaireachtaí stáit agus cónaidhme chun brú a chur orthu chun a n-éileamh sóisialta agus polaitiúil a chomhlíonadh a dhiúltaigh na trí leibhéal rialtais. Ag deireadh na cruinnithe, thart ar 6pm, thug grúpa armtha i Chilapa, Guerrero, José Lucio Bartolo Faustino agus Modesto Verales Sebastián, comhaltaí den Chomhdháil Náisiúnta Dúchasach (CNI), a kidnapped agus a mharaigh ina dhiaidh sin.\nAr níos mó ná ócáid amháin, chuir baill de CIPOG-EZ in iúl do uachtarán Mheicsiceo go raibh siad faoi áireamh ag eagraíochtaí coiriúla a d'fhulaing na trí leibhéal rialtais, a thuairiscigh baill den Chomhairle Rialtais Thírdhíreach (CIG). Tá na grúpaí dúchasacha gan amhras ag deimhniú go raibh eolas ag AMLO faoin staid sna pobail seo agus dá bhrí sin ní féidir a rá nach raibh a fhios aige.\nIna theannta sin, i ráiteas comhpháirteach, dúirt an CNI-CIG agus Arm Zapatista na Saorála Náisiúnta (EZLN) gur mharaigh na fir dúchasacha ag naicníochtaí-pharaimiliteacha a fhaigheann tacaíocht ón rialtas. Tá sé tábhachtach a lua go bhfuil ár gcomhghleacaithe maraithe agus a bpobail ag eagraíocht a bPóilíní Pobail féin le blianta fada chun seasamh in aghaidh an fhoréigean, an t-easpag agus an chothú maic a fhorchuirtear ag dhá ghrúpa coiriúil sa cheantar, Los Ardillos agus Los Rojos. Tá na dhá ghrúpa seo i gceannas ar uachtaránachtaí cathracha ar fud na réigiúin agus tá siad faoi chosaint ag arm Mheicsiceo agus póilíní cathrach agus stáit. Ag pointe amháin d'éirigh leo fiú ceann dá gcuid ceannairí a ainmniú mar uachtarán ar Chongress Stáit Guerrero, \"a dhearbhaigh an ráiteas.\nTosaíonn cruthaitheacht ghrúpa coiriúil Los Ardillos ar ais go dtí na 1980idí, nuair a bhunaigh iar-oifigeach póilíní tuaithe Celso Ortega Rosas, a thugtar La Ardilla (An Squirrel) air, a d'fhás poppy i gceantar Quechultenango, Guerrero. I 2008, cuireadh i gcoinne é as bean a ghabháil agus as dhá ghníomhaire d'Oifig an Leas-Aighne Ginearálta um Imscrúduithe Speisialta ar Choireacht Eagraithe (SEIDO) a mharú. Scaoileadh saor é i 2011.\nTá an eagraíocht choiriúil Los Rojos i gcontúirt chríochach le Los Ardillos i mbunscoileanna Chilapa agus Chilpancingo. De réir údaráis sa cheantar, tá Zenén Nava Sánchez i gceannas ar Los Rojos, a oibríonn gréasán kidnapping agus extortion agus atá freagrach as drugaí a fháil isteach i bpríosún Chilpancingo.\nTá baill den CNI-CIG agus EZLN ag cur an chionta seo ar na trí leibhéal rialtais, \"mar go bhfuil siad comhpháirteach i gcúlú na ndaoine\" a eagraíonn chun a gcríocha a chosaint. Cuirimid freagracht orthu freisin as sábháilteacht agus slándáil ár mbráithre agus deirfiúracha de CIPOG-EZ.\nIna theannta sin, tá 67 ordú gabhála neamhspleách ag baill CIPOG-EZ ina gcoinne, lena n-áirítear an bheirt a maraíodh. Mar sin féin, seasann siad go leanfaidh siad ag coimhlint ón mbun leis na daoine dúchasacha agus i gcoinne an chórais chaipitiliste a dhíbirt, a shaothraíonn, a ghortú agus a mharaíonn muid. Mar dhaoine dúchasacha, téimid leis na prionsabail a d'fhásamar ó streachailt ár ndaoine, iad siúd a chuaigh le Vicente Guerrero agus le Emiliano Zapata.\nÓn gcéad lá den rialtas nua seo, a bhaisteadh ag AMLO mar an \"Ceathrú Athrú\", tá an CNI-CIG tar éis na nithe seo a leanas a dhoiciméadú: méadú ar an gcuideachta ag an bhFlaitheas i gcoinne an phróisis uathrialaigh i bpobal Santa María Ostula i bhféile Aquila de Michoacán; cuideachta ar Tionól Pobail phobail dúchasach Binniza Gui Xhi Ro i Álvaro Obregón, Oaxaca; géarleanúint agus ordaithe gabháil i gcoinne Mateo López Cruz agus Juan Sánchez Torres ó phobal Suclumpa i bhféile Salto de Agua i Chiapas; bagairtí díláithrithe ó thailte a d'athraigh daoine Chol i 1994 i bpobal San José El Bascanas i bhféile Salto de Aguachas i Chiapas; imeachtaí foréigneacha de chúig chomhalta den teaghlach Guzmán Cruz, Purpejero ó Purpejero, Michoacán; agus dúnmharú ar chomhaltaí an Choiste um Chearta na dTúchasaigh i Oaxaca (CODEDI), i measc go leor eile.\nCeann de na himeachtaí a thug tús leis an rialtas nua seo ná dúnmharú Samir Flores Soberanes, ceannaire pobail ó Amilcingo, Morelos, agus ceann de na príomh-iomaitheoirí ar an Tionscadal Comhtháite neoliberal do Morelos.\nMolaimid an déine a bhaineann leis an smachtú nua-liobrálaí i gcoinne na bpobal, na náisiún agus na treibheanna dúchasacha nach n-aontaíonn leis na tionscadail bháis seo i Guerrero agus i Meicsiceo ar fad, ná leis an bhforéigean a úsáidtear chun na tionscadail seo a fhorchur agus chun na daoine a chuir i bhfeidhm, a ghabháil, a imeacht, agus a mharú a chinnigh domhan nua a shíol ó na tíreoga dúchasacha atá againn, dúirt an CNI-CIG.\nLeanann na daoine dúchasacha a dhéanann suas an CNI-CIG a bpróisis eagraithe ar fud na tíre chun seasamh i gcoinne bheartais nua nua-liobrálacha a chuirtear ar aghaidh le argóintí nua, mar an Chonair Trans-Isthmus agus an Traein Maya, i measc daoine eile. Deir siad nach n-aithneoidh siad aon chineál comhairliúcháin agus \"diúltaímid d'aon chineál samhlaíochta a bhfuil sé mar aidhm aige críoch a dhíghábháil\", a dúirt siad."} {"text": "WINDSOR–Max Nelson earned his PhD in classical studies through pioneering scholarship and 10 litres of the oldest beer ever produced in Canada.\n\"The beer recipe reflected what they were doing in Egypt millennia ago,\" says Nelson, a University of Windsor professor and beer history guru.\nHe describes the ancient beer, called bouza in Arabic, as intensely sweet-sour in taste and a beautiful ruby red in colour – once the heavy sediment settles.\nNelson served the bouza to the PhD examiners in 2001 to drive home the key finding from his exhaustive delving into old monastery records and classical literature – although the first beer was produced in Egypt or Mesopotamia 3,000 years ago, the suds consumed around the world today stem from much more recent European beer-making.\n\"And so does all the cultural baggage,\" Nelson adds. That cultural baggage is the lingering prejudice against beer as a second-class tipple in contrast to the snobbery, pretence and inflated prices surrounding wine.\n\"There appears to be no limit to what people will pay for a bottle of wine but you can't imagine handing over more than $10 for a bottle of beer in a store,\" Nelson says. \"How can something possibly taste thousands of times better than something else?\"\nIt doesn't, of course, but blame the ancient Greeks and Romans for a lingering anti-beer tilt in our culture (which we inherited from Europe). And credit the Germans for softening that stigma after the Roman Empire fell to beer-loving Goth invaders in the 5th century.\nThe Romans called the Goths barbarians and Nelson's detail-rich book tracing the history of beer in Europe up to 1000 is titled The Barbarian's Beverage (Routledge, 2005).\nThe 34-year-old scholar obviously lives and breathes classical studies. Nearly every surface in his office displays some ancient artifact, such as oil lamps, coins and vases.\nA tall stand holds a replica breastplate and helmet of a Roman legionnaire and nearby are a shield and sword (\"The proper term is actually legionary, if it matters\"). For a photograph, Nelson volunteers to don a Roman toga and down pints in a campus pub.\n\"Why divorce pleasure and work? I flew through my PhD because I loved the topic,\" he says.\nIn scouting a doctoral topic at the University of British Columbia, Nelson discovered that no writer had seriously tackled the history of beer in ancient Europe. Yet he uncovered a wealth of revealing information from sources as varied as the writings of Aristotle to parchment records from monasteries in France.\n\"There were a lot of things that no one had ever looked at before because they hadn't been translated from the Latin. But if you see hops and barley listed together, it has to be for beer.\"\nSuch dogged detective work led to several key insights about Europe's contribution to modern beer culture and technology, including:\n\"The beer we drink today is a European drink even though the Pharaohs in Egypt also drank beer, and that would have been pretty good beer, too,\" Nelson says.\nYet, while beer was good enough for the rulers of Egypt and Mesopotamia, the Greeks dismissed it as fit only for foreigners, who were by definition inferiors. Nelson says this bias probably arose because the Greeks weren't very good scientists where booze was concerned.\n\"They understood that different drinks were intoxicating but they didn't understand that they were intoxicating because of alcohol.\"\nAristotle suggested that beer and wine must cause intoxication by different means because drunken beer-drinkers collapsed on their backs while drunken wine-imbibers fell in all directions.\nGreek thinkers classed wine as a hot and dry substance and beer as a cold and wet one. And since they equated hot and dry with being manly and cold and wet with being effeminate, beer was shunned.\n\"The Greeks are the first people we know of who avoided making beer, even though they had an abundance of cereal and knew how to make it. It's very odd, because they were surrounded by people drinking beer,\" Nelson says.\nAlong with many other cultural influences, the Romans incorporated this anti-beer bias from the Greeks and spread it throughout their empire.\nBy the second century BC, the Gauls had come to regard beer as lower class and enriched the Roman economy by importing vast quantities of wine.\nThat wine arrived by sea in twin-handled pottery jars called amphora. Mounds of amphora shards at southern French cities like Toulouse are mute testimony to this cultural imperialism.\nBut then along came the barbarians, the Goths from Germany and farther north.\n\"The barbarian attitude was: it tastes good and makes you drunk, then you might as well drink it.\"\nBut while the German tribes rejected the notion of beer as unmanly, Nelson's research shows they still bought into the concept of wine as the elite drink.\nSomething worth considering as you order that next round.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39", "url": "https://www.thestar.com/news/2007/01/27/a_taste_for_scholarship_and_beer.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818695439.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926103944-20170926123944-00158.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.977263093, "token_count": 1023, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "WINDSOR D'éirigh le Max Nelson a PhD i staidéir clasaiceacha trí scoláireacht réamhtheachtaíochta agus 10 lítear den bhia is sine a tháirgtear riamh i gCeanada.\n\"Ba é an t-oideas beoir a léiríonn an méid a bhí á dhéanamh san Éigipt mílte bliain ó shin\", a deir Nelson, ollamh in Ollscoil Windsor agus gurbh-ealaíontóir beoir.\nDéanann sé cur síos ar an sean-beoir, ar a dtugtar bouza san Araibis, mar bhlas an-sásta-saor agus dearg ruby álainn i dhath nuair a shuíonn an sediment trom.\nD'fháiltigh Nelson an bouza do scrúdaitheoirí PhD i 2001 chun an príomhfhiosrúchán a thiomáint óna scaipeadh tuillteach i dtaifead sean-mhonastóireachta agus litríocht clasaiceach cé gur táirgeadh an chéad beoir san Éigipt nó i Mesopotamia 3,000 bliain ó shin, tagann na spúnóg a íoctar ar fud an domhain inniu ó dhéanamh beoir na hEorpa i bhfad níos déanaí.\n\"Agus mar sin tá an bagáiste cultúrtha go léir\", a deir Nelson. Is é an bagairt chultúrtha sin an réamhchinnteacht atá ann i gcoinne an bhia mar dheoch dara ranga i gcodarsnacht leis an snobbery, an t-iompraíocht agus na praghsanna ard a bhaineann le fíon.\n\"Is cosúil nach bhfuil teorainn ar bith ann do na daoine a íocfaidh le haghaidh buidéal fíona ach ní féidir leat smaoineamh ar níos mó ná $ 10 a thabhairt le haghaidh buidéal beoir i siopa\", a deir Nelson. \"Conas is féidir rud éigin a blas na mílte uair níos fearr ná rud éigin eile?\"\nNí dhéanann sé, ar ndóigh, ach a chur ar an gcosa na Gréagaigh agus na Rómhánaigh ársa as a leanúnach frith-beoir i ár gcultúr (a fuair muid ó na hEorpa). Agus creidmheas na Gearmánaigh a mhaolú go stigma tar éis an Impireacht Rómhánach thit go beoir-grá na ionsaitheoirí Goth sa 5ú haois.\nD'iarr na Rómhánaigh na Goths barbár agus tá leabhar shaibhir sonraí Nelson ag rianú stair an bhia san Eoraip suas go dtí 1000 dar teideal The Barbarian's Beverage (Routledge, 2005).\nIs léir go bhfuil an scoláirí 34 bliain d'aois ag maireachtáil agus ag anailís ar staidéir clasaiceacha. Léiríonn beagnach gach dromchla ina oifig roinnt ealaín ársa, mar shampla lampaí ola, boinn agus vases.\nTá stán ard ag coinneáil cóip de chrios-chroí agus de chrios-chlaidheamh léigiúnaí Rómhánach agus in aice láimhe tá sciath agus claíomh (\"Is é an téarma ceart legiúnach, más rud é go bhfuil sé tábhachtach\"). Le haghaidh grianghraf, déanann Nelson deonach toga Rómhánach a chaitheamh agus pinteanna síos i bpub ar an gcampas.\n\"Cén fáth a scriosadh spraoi agus obair? D'fhill mé tríd mo PhD toisc gur thaitin an t-ábhar liom, \"a deir sé.\nAgus é ag scagadh ábhar dochtúireachta in Ollscoil British Columbia, fuair Nelson amach nach raibh aon scríbhneoir tar éis dul i ngleic go dáiríre le stair an bhia san Eoraip ársa. Ach fuair sé amach saibhreas faisnéise nochtadh ó fhoinsí chomh éagsúil le scríbhinní Aristotle go dtí taifid peirginéireachta ó mhonastóirí sa Fhrainc.\n\"Bhí a lán rudaí nach raibh duine ar bith a d'fhéach riamh roimh toisc nach raibh siad aistrithe ó na Laidine. Ach má fheiceann tú hops agus barla liostaithe le chéile, ní mór go mbeadh sé le haghaidh beoir. \"\nMar thoradh ar an obair dheascaigh dheascach sin, tháinig roinnt léargas lárnach ar ranníocaíocht na hEorpa le cultúr agus teicneolaíocht an bhoir nua-aimseartha, lena n-áirítear:\n\"Is deoch Eorpach an beoir a ólann muid inniu cé go raibh beoir ag na Pharaoh san Éigipt freisin, agus bheadh sé sin go maith freisin\", a deir Nelson.\nAch cé go raibh beoir maith go leor do rialóirí na hÉigipte agus na Meisopotáime, níor mheas na Gréagaigh go raibh sé oiriúnach ach do choigríche, a bhí níos ísle de réir sainmhíniú. Nelson deir an bias is dócha ardaíodh toisc nach raibh na Gréagaigh eolaithe an-mhaith nuair a bhí alcól i gceist.\n\"Bhí siad a thuiscint go raibh deochanna éagsúla intoxicating ach ní raibh siad a thuiscint go raibh siad intoxicating mar gheall ar alcól\".\nMhol Aristóteles go gcaithfidh beoir agus fíon meisce a chur ar bhealaí éagsúla toisc go dtitfeadh deochóirí beoir ar a gcúl agus go dtitfeadh deochóirí fíona i ngach treo.\nBhí smaointeoirí na Gréige ag aicmiú fíon mar substaint te agus tirim agus beoir mar cheann fuar agus fliuch. Agus ós rud é go raibh siad chomh te agus tirim le bheith feargach agus fuar agus fliuch le bheith effeminate, bhí beoir shunned.\n\"Is iad na Gréagaigh na chéad daoine a bhfuil a fhios againn a sheachain beoir a dhéanamh, cé go raibh go leor gráin acu agus go raibh a fhios acu conas é a dhéanamh. Tá sé an-aisteach, mar bhí daoine ag ól beoir timpeall orthu\", a deir Nelson.\nChomh maith le go leor tionchair chultúrtha eile, chuir na Rómhánaigh an claonadh frith-beoir seo isteach ó na Gréagaigh agus scaip siad é ar fud a n-impireacht.\nFaoi an dara haois RC, bhí na Gauls tar éis beoir a mheas mar rang níos ísle agus saibhrigh siad geilleagar na Róimhe trí chainníochtaí móra fíona a allmhairiú.\nTháinig an fíon sin ar muir i jaranna talún a raibh dhá láimhseáil orthu ar a dtugtar amphora. Is fianaise muthe iad na cnapanna amphora i gcathracha de theas na Fraince mar Toulouse ar an impirialism cultúrtha seo.\nAch ansin tháinig na barbár, na Goths ó Ghearmáin agus níos faide ó thuaidh.\n\"Ba é an dearcadh barbarach: tá blas maith aige agus déanann sé tú a ól, ansin d'fhéadfá é a ól chomh maith sin\".\nAch cé gur dhiúltaigh na treibheanna Gearmánacha don choincheap beoir mar rud neamh-fhearúil, léiríonn taighde Nelson gur ghlac siad fós le coincheap an fhíona mar an deoch ard.\nRud is fiú a mheas agus tú ag ordú an chéad bhabhta eile."} {"text": "Vascular dementia is loss of mental function due to destruction of brain tissue because its blood supply is reduced or blocked. The cause is usually strokes, either a few large ones or many small ones.\nVascular dementia is the second most common cause of dementia among older people.\nA series of strokes may result in vascular dementia. These strokes are more common among men and usually begin after age 70. Risk factors for vascular dementia include the following:\nHigh blood pressure, diabetes, and atherosclerosis damage blood vessels in the brain. Atrial fibrillation increases the risk of strokes due to blood clots from the heart. Unlike other types of dementia, vascular dementia can sometimes be prevented by correcting or eliminating the risk factors for strokes.\nStrokes can destroy brain tissue by blocking the blood supply to parts of the brain. An area of brain tissue that is destroyed is called an infarct. Dementia may result from a few large strokes or, more commonly, many small ones. Some of these strokes seem minor or may not even be noticed. They cause little or no muscle weakness and no paralysis. However, people may continue to have small strokes, and after enough brain tissue is destroyed, dementia can develop. Thus, vascular dementia may develop before strokes cause severe symptoms or sometimes even any noticeable symptoms.\nVascular dementia includes the following, which may overlap somewhat:\nVascular dementia often occurs with Alzheimer disease (as mixed dementia).\nUnlike dementia caused by Alzheimer disease, vascular dementia may progress in steps. Symptoms may worsen suddenly, then plateau or lessen somewhat. They then become worse months or years later when another stroke occurs. Dementia that results from many small strokes usually progresses more gradually than that due to a few large strokes. The small strokes may be so subtle that dementia may seem to develop gradually and continuously instead of in steps.\nSymptoms (memory loss, difficulty planning and initiating actions or tasks, slowed thinking, and a tendency to wander) are similar to those of other dementias. However, compared with Alzheimer disease, vascular dementia tends to cause memory loss later and to affect judgment and personality less. People with vascular dementia may have particular difficulty planning and initiating actions, and their thinking may be noticeably slow.\nSymptoms can vary depending on what part of the brain is destroyed. Usually, some aspects of mental function are not impaired because the strokes destroy tissue in only part of the brain. Thus, people may be more aware of their losses and more prone to depression than people with other types of dementia.\nAs more strokes occur and dementia progresses, people may have other symptoms due to the strokes. An arm or a leg may become weak or paralyzed. People may have difficulty speaking. For example, they may slur their speech. Vision may be blurred or partly or completely lost. Coordination may be lost, making walking unsteady. People may laugh or cry in appropriately. People may have difficulty controlling bladder function, resulting in urinary incontinence.\nAbout 6 in 10 people die within 5 years after symptoms begin. It is often due to a stroke or heart attack.\nThe diagnosis is similar to that of other dementias (see Diagnosis).\nOnce dementia is diagnosed, doctors suspect vascular dementia in people who have risk factors for or symptoms of a stroke. Then doctors do a thorough evaluation to check for stroke (see Diagnosis). Computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is done too check for evidence of a stroke. Results of these tests can support the diagnosis but are not definitive.\nTreatment involves general measures to provide safety and support, as for all dementias (see Treatment). Treating diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol levels can help prevent and slow or stop the progression of vascular dementia. Stopping smoking is also recommended.\nThere is no specific treatment for vascular dementia. Sometimes cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, the drugs used for Alzheimer disease, are given because some people with vascular dementia also have Alzheimer disease. For people who have had a stroke, doctors may recommend that they take aspirin, which can reduce the risk of another stroke. People with atrial fibrillation are given warfarin, an anticoagulant, to help reduce the risk of another stroke.\nLast full review/revision July 2013 by Juebin Huang, MD, PhD", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15", "url": "http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain_spinal_cord_and_nerve_disorders/delirium_and_dementia/vascular_dementia.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609523429.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005203-00292-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.947676599, "token_count": 883, "score": 3.4375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is caillteanas feidhm mheabhrach é an díomhaoin bhaiscúil de bharr scrios fíochán inchinne toisc go bhfuil a soláthar fola laghdaithe nó blocáilte. Is é an chúis de ghnáth stróc, nó cúpla ceann mór nó go leor cinn beaga.\nIs é an díomhaoin bhaiscúil an dara cúis is coitianta de díomhaoin i measc daoine scothaosta.\nD'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh dementia vascular mar thoradh ar shraith stróc. Tá na strócanna seo níos coitianta i measc na bhfear agus de ghnáth tosaíonn siad tar éis aois 70. I measc na ngnéithe riosca le haghaidh díomhaoin bhaiscúil tá na nithe seo a leanas:\nDéanann brú fola ard, diaibéiteas, agus atherosclerosis damáiste do na soithigh fola sa inchinn. Méadaíonn fibrillation atrial an baol stróc mar gheall ar chlúdaigh fola ón gcroí. Murab ionann agus cineálacha eile díomhaoin, is féidir díomhaoin vascular a chosc uaireanta trí na fachtóirí riosca le haghaidh stróc a cheartú nó a dhíchur.\nIs féidir le strócanna fíochán inchinne a scriosadh trí bhac a chur ar an soláthar fola do chuid den inchinn. Tugtar infarct ar limistéar fíochán inchinn a scriostar. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh cúpla stróc mór nó, níos coitianta, go leor stróc beaga mar thoradh ar dhímheas. Is cosúil go bhfuil cuid de na strócanna seo beag nó b'fhéidir nach dtuigtear iad fiú. Ní bhíonn aon lagú muscle nó gan aon lagú agus gan aon pharáil. Mar sin féin, d'fhéadfadh stróc beag a bheith ag daoine, agus tar éis dó fíochán clúire go leor a scriosadh, d'fhéadfadh dementia a fhorbairt. Dá bhrí sin, d'fhéadfadh díomhaoin vascular forbairt sula gcuireann stróc comharthaí tromchúiseacha nó uaireanta fiú aon chomharthaí suntasacha.\nÁirítear ar dhímheas coiriúil na nithe seo a leanas, a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag dul i gcodarsnacht le chéile go pointe éigin:\nIs minic a tharlaíonn díomhaoin bhaiscúil le galar Alzheimer (mar díomhaoin mheasctha).\nMurab ionann agus díomhaoin a bhíonn mar thoradh ar ghalar Alzheimer, d'fhéadfadh díomhaoin vascular dul chun cinn i gcéimeanna. D'fhéadfadh na hairíonna a bheith níos measa go tobann, ansin pláta nó a laghdú go pointe éigin. Ansin bíonn siad níos measa míonna nó blianta ina dhiaidh sin nuair a tharlaíonn stróc eile. De ghnáth, téann an díomhaoin a thagann ó go leor strócanna beaga chun cinn níos deireanaí ná an díomhaoin a thagann ó chúpla stróc mór. D'fhéadfadh na strócanna beaga a bheith chomh subtle go bhféadfadh sé go mbeadh an chuma ar an dímheas a fhorbairt de réir a chéile agus go leanúnach seachas i gcéimeanna.\nTá na hairíonna (tuillteanas cuimhne, deacracht le pleananna a dhéanamh agus gníomhartha nó tascanna a thionscnamh, smaointeoireacht mall, agus claonadh chun dul ar shiúl) cosúil le hairíonna dementias eile. Mar sin féin, i gcomparáid le galar Alzheimer, bíonn claonadh ag an díomhaoin vascular caillteanas cuimhne a chur ar bun níos déanaí agus tionchar níos lú a bheith aige ar bhreithiúnas agus ar phearsantacht. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh deacracht ar leith ag daoine a bhfuil díomhaoin vascular orthu gníomhartha a phleanáil agus a thionscnamh, agus d'fhéadfadh a gcuid smaointeoireachta a bheith mall go suntasach.\nIs féidir le hairíonna a bheith éagsúil ag brath ar an gcuid den inchinn a scriosadh. De ghnáth, ní bhíonn aon bhaol ar roinnt gnéithe de fheidhm mheabhrach toisc nach ndéanann na strócanna ach fíochán i gcuid amháin den inchinn a mhilleadh. Dá bhrí sin, d'fhéadfadh daoine a bheith níos mothaithe ar a gcaillteanas agus níos mó seans maith go dtiocfadh dúlagar orthu ná daoine a bhfuil cineálacha eile díomhaoin acu.\nDe réir mar a tharlaíonn níos mó stróc agus a théann an díomhaoin chun cinn, d'fhéadfadh comharthaí eile a bheith ag daoine mar gheall ar na strócanna. D'fhéadfadh lámh nó cos a bheith lag nó paralach. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh deacracht ag daoine labhairt. Mar shampla, b'fhéidir go mbraitheann siad go bhfuil siad ag labhairt go mí-ádh. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh an radharc cliste nó go hiomlán nó go páirteach. D'fhéadfadh sé go gcaillfí comhordú, rud a fhágann go bhfuil sé ag siúl gan seasamh. D'fhéadfadh daoine gáire nó caoineadh a dhéanamh go cuí. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh deacracht ag daoine feidhmiú an bhlasraí a rialú, rud a fhágann go mbeidh incontinence urinary ann.\nFaigheann thart ar 6 as 10 duine bás laistigh de 5 bliana tar éis na hairíonna a thosú. Is minic a bhíonn sé mar gheall ar stróc nó ar ionsaí croí.\nTá an diagnóis cosúil le diagnóis dhéimeantais eile (féach Diagnosis).\nNuair a dhéantar diagnóis dhímheasa, ceaptar go bhfuil damáiste vascular ag dochtúirí i measc daoine a bhfuil fachtóirí riosca acu nó a bhfuil comharthaí stróc acu. Ansin déanann dochtúirí meastóireacht chuimsitheach chun a sheiceáil an bhfuil stróc ann (féach Diagnóis). Déantar tomagraf ríomhaireachta (CT) nó íomháíocht athsholáthair maighnéadach (MRI) freisin chun fianaise stróc a sheiceáil. Is féidir le torthaí na dtástálacha seo tacú leis an diagnóis ach níl siad críochnaitheach.\nI gcás gach dementia, baineann an cóireáil le bearta ginearálta chun sábháilteacht agus tacaíocht a sholáthar (féach Cóireáil). Is féidir le cóireáil diaibéiteas, brú fola ard, agus leibhéil arda cholesterol cabhrú le dul chun cinn na damáiste soithíoch a chosc agus a mhoilliú nó a stopadh. Moltar freisin caitheamh tobac a scor.\nNíl aon chóireáil shonrach ann le haghaidh díomhaoin vascular. Uaireanta tugtar coscairí cholinesterase agus memantine, na drugaí a úsáidtear le haghaidh galar Alzheimer, toisc go bhfuil galar Alzheimer ag daoine áirithe a bhfuil díomhaoin vascular orthu freisin. I gcás daoine a raibh stróc orthu, d'fhéadfadh dochtúirí a mholadh go nglacfadh siad aspirin, rud a d'fhéadfadh an baol stróc eile a laghdú. Tugtar warfarin, frith-chruthú, do dhaoine a bhfuil fibrillation atrial acu chun cabhrú le riosca stróc eile a laghdú.\nAthbhreithniú iomlán deireanach/athbhreithniú Iúil 2013 le Juebin Huang, MD, PhD"} {"text": "Imagine girls coast-to-coast-to-coast across Canada getting inspired and learning how to harness the power of technology on the same day. Girls will leave feeling excited, confident and ready to be a part of something big!\nOn June 20, 2020, join the girl in your life for our seventh annual #glcCodeDay, and witness gasps of awe, giggling and “I did it!” moments. This year, we’re empowering girls to use Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) to make an impact on cyberbullying. Ignite change today!Find a workshop\nThis year, girls from coast-to-coast-to-coast will learn how to leverage technology to make a difference in their digital world. Girls will learn how to train a machine to become their very own anti-cyberbullying assistant that will help guide positive online behaviour, like our friend here, Riley!\nGirls will get an introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI) and learn how to train a machine – two cool coding concepts used in the technology industry today and beyond!\n1 out of every 5 youth in Canada experience some form of bullying and 1 out of every 6 youth in Canada participate in cyberbullying. It’s time to make an impact. Girls will learn how to be more mindful online and how to find resources to take action in response to cyberbullying.\nGirls will be working with digital tools, participating in group discussions in virtual breakout rooms and work together through activities. Collaborating, mingling and giggling – it’s hard not to make new friends!\nArtificial Intelligence is defined as a machine or computer program that has the ability to make decisions. Did you know? One of the early functions of AI is playing a game of chess or checkers on your computers!\nMachine Learning is an application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and is used to train (AI) algorithms. For example, when you’re online shopping, Machine Learning is what trained the website to know what you like!\nOn #glcCodeDay, we’ll be working with multiple definitions of cyberbullying because the digital world is always evolving. Taking the lead from Kids Help Phone, Government of Ontario and Government of Canada, cyberbullying can be defined as when an individual or group intends to cause harm to another person or group on a digital platform. This can be by spreading rumours, sharing hurtful comments or any other actions with the intent of embarrassing or humiliating the targeted person.\nCanada Learning Code is not a subject matter expert in the bullying (including cyberbullying) space. Canada Learning Code is not a website for personal disclosure of suicidal thoughts or behaviours. If you, or someone you know, are in immediate harm, please call 911 or go to your nearest emergency department for assistance. You can also visit Kids Help Phone, TELUS Wise, Project Shift, IMPACT!, MediSmarts and Interland for resources and support.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24", "url": "https://www.canadalearningcode.ca/national-girls-learning-code-day-2020/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347396300.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200527235451-20200528025451-00427.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9214594364, "token_count": 617, "score": 3.0, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Samhlaigh cailíní ó chósta go cósta ar fud Cheanada ag fáil spreagtha agus ag foghlaim conas cumhacht na teicneolaíochta a bhainistiú ar an lá céanna. Fágfaidh cailíní an-spéisiúil, muiníneach agus réidh le bheith mar chuid de rud éigin mór!\nAr 20 Meitheamh, 2020, déan teagmháil leis an gcailín i do shaol le haghaidh ár seachtú lá #glcCode bliantúil, agus bíodh tú ag tabhairt fianaise ar chnapáin, ar chugha agus ar nóiméad \"Rinne mé é!\" I mbliana, táimid ag cur le cailíní úsáid a bhaint as Intleacht Shaorga (AI) agus Foghlaim Mheaisín (ML) chun tionchar a imirt ar chibearbhuileáil. Tosaigh ag athrú inniu!Féach ar obairlann\nI mbliana, foghlaimfidh cailíní ó chósta go cósta conas teicneolaíocht a ghiaráil chun difríocht a dhéanamh ina saol digiteach. Foghlaimfidh cailíní conas meaisín a oiliúint chun a bheith ina gcabhairí frith-ciber-bhrúiteora féin a chabhróidh le hiompar dearfach ar líne a threorú, cosúil lenár gcairde anseo, Riley!\nGheobhaidh cailíní tabhairt isteach ar Intleacht Shaorga (AI) agus foghlaimfidh siad conas meaisín a oiliúint dhá choincheap códaithe fionnuar a úsáidtear i dtionscal na teicneolaíochta inniu agus níos faide i gcéin!\nBíonn 1 as gach 5 óg i gCeanada ag fulaingt ó chineál éigin bullying agus 1 as gach 6 óg i gCeanada rannpháirteach i cyberbullying. Tá sé in am tionchar a imirt. Foghlaimfidh cailíní conas a bheith níos aireach ar líne agus conas acmhainní a aimsiú chun gníomhú mar fhreagra ar chibearbhuileáil.\nBeidh cailíní ag obair le huirlisí digiteacha, ag glacadh páirt i ndíospóireachtaí grúpa i seomraí briseadh amach fíorúla agus ag obair le chéile trí ghníomhaíochtaí. Comhoibriú, meascáil agus gáireáil tá sé deacair gan cairde nua a dhéanamh!\nSainmhínítear Inntleacht Chumasach mar mheaisín nó clár ríomhaire a bhfuil an cumas aige cinntí a dhéanamh. An raibh a fhios agat? Ceann de na feidhmeanna luath de AI Is ag imirt cluiche de chess nó dam ar do ríomhairí!\nIs feidhmchlár de Sláinte Chliste (AI) é Foghlaim Inmhiotal agus úsáidtear é chun algartaim (AI) a oiliúint. Mar shampla, nuair a bhíonn tú ag siopadóireacht ar líne, is í an Fhoghlaim Mheaisín a mhúineadh an suíomh Gréasáin chun a fháil amach cad is maith leat!\nAr #glcCodeDay, beidh muid ag obair le sainmhínithe éagsúla ar chibearbhuileáil toisc go bhfuil an domhan digiteach ag teacht chun cinn i gcónaí. Ag glacadh le ceannaireacht ó Kids Help Phone, Rialtas Ontario agus Rialtas Cheanada, is féidir cibearbhuileáil a shainmhíniú mar nuair a bhíonn sé i gceist ag duine aonair nó grúpa dochar a dhéanamh do dhuine nó grúpa eile ar ardán digiteach. D'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith trí ráflaí a scaipeadh, tuairimí díobhálacha a roinnt nó aon ghníomhartha eile a dhéanamh d'fhonn an duine atá i gceist a chur i náire nó a ídiú.\nNí saineolaí ábhair i réim bullying (lena n-áirítear cyberbullying) í Cód Foghlama Ceanada. Ní láithreán gréasáin é Cód Foghlama Cheanada chun smaointe nó iompraíochtaí féinmharú a nochtadh go pearsanta. Má tá tú féin, nó duine éigin a bhfuil aithne agat air, i mbaol láithreach, glaoigh ar 911 nó téigh chuig an roinn éigeandála is gaire duit le haghaidh cúnamh. Is féidir leat dul chuig Kids Help Phone, TELUS Wise, Project Shift, IMPACT!, MediSmarts agus Interland le haghaidh acmhainní agus tacaíochta."} {"text": "Everyone has heard that the early bird gets the worm but is that necessarily true? Actually, according to a fascinating new video by AsapSCIENCE, the answer isn’t quite as clear cut as you have been lead to believe. While early birds typically function better in the early part of the day, night owls do have an advantage by the afternoon. And did you know that you may not even have a choice in whether you can get up early or not?\nThat’s right. It’s not a habit, it’s genetic. Turns out there are slight but meaningful differences in the DNA of people who get up early and people who stay up late. Those changes affect the amount of white matter, and thus the levels of serotonin, dopamine, and cortisol in your brain. And weirdly enough, the same DNA sequence has been linked to your time of death! Find out more by watching this video!", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39", "url": "http://kissmattress.com/early-birds-vs-night-owls/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818696696.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926212817-20170926232817-00158.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9641771317, "token_count": 190, "score": 3.25, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá gach duine tar éis a chloisteáil go bhfaigheann an t-éan go luath an féar ach an bhfuil sé sin fíor go forleathan? Go deimhin, de réir físeán nua suimiúil ag AsapSCIENCE, níl an freagra chomh soiléir agus a bhí tú ag creidiúint. Cé go n-oibríonn na páistí go luath níos fearr go ginearálta ar maidin, tá buntáiste ag na h-uibheacha oíche faoin tráthnóna. Agus an raibh a fhios agat nach féidir leat a roghnú fiú má fhéadann tú a bheith ag ardú go luath nó nach féidir?\nSin ceart. Ní cleachtadh é, is géiniteach é. Tá difríochtaí beaga, ach suntasacha ann i dDNA na ndaoine a dhúisíonn go luath agus na ndaoine a fhanann go déanach. Bíonn tionchar ag na hathruithe sin ar mhéid an ábhair bhána, agus dá bhrí sin ar leibhéil serotonin, dopamine, agus cortisol i do inchinn. Agus go hiontach go leor, tá an t-iarsma DNA céanna nasctha le d'am báis! Faigh amach níos mó trí féachaint ar an bhfíseán seo!"} {"text": "April 24, 2014,\nBirth Control and Family Planning\nSpermicidal and Barrier Contraception\nBarrier contraceptives are devices that provide a physical barrier between the sperm and the egg. Examples of barrier contraceptives include the male condom, female condom, diaphragm, cervical cap, and sponge. The condom is the only contraceptive method that helps prevent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).\nVaginal spermicides are sperm-killing substances available as foams, creams, gels, films, or suppositories, and are often used in female contraception with barrier and other devices. Spermicides are usually available without a prescription or medical examination.\nThe active ingredient in U.S.-made spermicides is usually nonoxynol-9, which attacks the surface of the sperm cell. Nonoxynol-9, however, does not provide any protection against sexually-transmitted diseases or HIV (the virus that causes AIDS). Research indicates that frequent use can cause vaginal and rectal irritation and abrasions that may actually increase the risk for HIV transmission in women. In addition, use of a spermicide with a barrier device may increase the risk for a urinary tract infection in women, regardless of whether the device is a condom or diaphragm. (Non-spermicidal lubricated condoms are safe to use.)\nIn general, spermicides may be an appropriate choice for women who have intercourse only once in a while, or need backup protection against pregnancy (for instance, if they forget to take their birth control pills). Spermicides should not be used alone as the primary method of birth control.\nThe Male Condom\nThe condom is still the only reversible form of male contraception currently available.\nPregnancy Protection . The condom should be put on before intercourse when the penis is erect, since the male can discharge sufficient semen to cause pregnancy before ejaculation occurs. With typical use, the average rate of pregnancy for couples that rely only on condoms for protection is high -- about 17%. For those who use a condom correctly each time, the annual risk for pregnancy is 2%.\nPrevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases . Condoms are important in the prevention of sexually transmitted disease including gonorrhea, Chlamydia , syphilis, herpes, trichomoniasis, and HIV.\nMost condoms come pre-lubricated. Lubricants can also be purchased and applied separately. Only water-based lubricants (K-Y Jelly, Astroglide, AquaLube, glycerin) should be used with latex condoms. Do not use petroleum jelly or other oil-based lubricant products as these can damage the condom. In general, it's best to use a pre-lubricated condom or to apply a water-based lubricant. Unlubricated condoms may injure vaginal tissue and make it vulnerable to infections.\nCondom Materials . Condoms made of latex rubber are the most common types. They are less likely to slip or break than those made of polyurethane, and they are contoured for a better fit that can provide fairly effective protection. Some people are allergic to latex, however, and in some cases the reaction can be very dangerous. The latex smell may also be unpleasant for some people. Condoms made from animal membrane (such as lambskin) can prevent pregnancy, but they are permeable and do not protect against sexually transmitted infections.\nThe female condom (Reality, Femidom) is a lubricated, loose-fitting pouch that lines the vagina. It is designed to create a physical barrier against sperm and sexually transmitted diseases by surrounding the penis during intercourse. The failure rate for the female condom is about the same as for the diaphragm and cervical cap. It is available without a prescription but may be hard to find. The female condom may be a good option for women at risk for sexually transmitted diseases and who are not certain that their male partner will use a condom.\nUse and Insertion of the Female Condom. The female condom is about 3 inches wide and 6 - 7 inches long (larger than a male condom), with a flexible ring at both ends. Current products are made of polyurethane.\n- The ring at the closed end is used to insert the device into the vagina and hold it in place over the cervix.\n- The ring at the open end remains outside the vagina and partly covers the labia (lips).\nThe insertion process may seem difficult at first but becomes much easier with practice:\n- The female condom is inserted by hand into the vagina up to 8 hours before intercourse. (It should never be used in combination with a male condom.)\n- Although the female condom is prelubricated, extra lubricant is sometimes needed while inserting the device or during intercourse. (It is not made of latex, so oil lubricants will not harm it.)\n- During intercourse, the woman checks to be sure that the outer ring is lying flat against her labia and then guides her partner's penis into the ring.\nThe female condom should be removed in the following circumstances:\n- If it tears during insertion or use\n- If the outer ring is pushed inside\n- If it bunches up inside the vagina\nAdvantages of the Female Condom. The female condom is an effective barrier to viruses, including HIV, and other sexually transmitted organisms, particularly since it covers a large area, including external genitals. However, it does not completely protect against sexually transmitted diseases.\n- The standard female condom is made of polyurethane, which is thin and soft but at the same time stronger than the latex male condoms. Polyurethane is not damaged by lubricating oils, as latex is and is also less likely to cause an allergic reaction. It transmits body heat better than latex, providing a more \"natural\" sensation.\n- The man does not have to withdraw his penis immediately after ejaculation, as is the case with the male condom, but can, if he wishes, withdraw after he has lost his erection.\nDisadvantages and Complications of the Female Condom. Compliance rates are low for many reasons. About 25% of women have difficulty on the first attempt at self-insertion. Some women are distressed by self-insertion. The inner ring may be uncomfortable for some women (in which case it can be removed). Some couples complain that the female condom is unpleasant to look at and can be noisy during intercourse. Without sufficient lubrication, it can also be pushed out of place by the penis. Using more lubricant can help keep the female condom in place and reduce the noise. Female condoms are also expensive, and some women wash them out and reuse them to save money. (In such cases, they should be disinfected first and then washed carefully.) Repeated washings can increase the risk for damage and holes.\nThe diaphragm is a small dome-shaped latex cup with a flexible ring that fits over the cervix. The cup acts as a physical barrier against the entry of sperm into the uterus. A diaphragm is usually used along with a spermicide, although whether spermicide is necessary is an issue of some debate.\nDiaphragms come in different sizes and require a fitting by a trained health care provider. Some women will need to be refitted with a different-sized diaphragm after pregnancy, abdominal or pelvic surgery, or weight loss or gain of 10 pounds or more. As a general rule, diaphragms should be replaced every 1 - 2 years.\nAlthough the diaphragm has a relatively high failure rate, even with perfect use, it is considered a good choice for women whose health or lifestyle prevents them from using more effective hormonal contraceptives. Certain conditions of the vagina and uterus, a history of toxic shock syndrome, or a history of recurrent urinary tract infections, may disqualify a woman from using the device. The diaphragm should not be used if either partner is allergic to latex or spermicides.\nUsing and Inserting the Diaphragm. The diaphragm can be placed in the vagina up to 1 hour before intercourse. The following are general guidelines for insertion:\n- Before or after each use, the woman should hold the diaphragm up to the light and fill it with water to check for holes, tears, or leaks.\n- A small amount of spermicide (about 1 tablespoon) is usually placed inside the cup, and some is smeared around the lip of the cup.\n- The device is then folded in half and inserted into the vagina by hand or with the assistance of a plastic inserter.\n- The diaphragm should fit over the cervix, blocking entry to the womb.\n- If more than 6 hours pass before repeat intercourse occurs, the diaphragm is left in place and extra spermicide is inserted into the vagina using an applicator.\n- The diaphragm must remain in the vagina for 6 - 8 hours after the final act of intercourse, and can safely stay there up to 24 hours after insertion.\n- The diaphragm should be washed with soap and warm water after each use and then dried and stored in its original container, which should be kept in a cool dry place.\nAdvantages of the Diaphragm. The diaphragm can be carried in a purse, can be inserted up to an hour before intercourse begins, and usually (although not always) cannot be felt by either partner. It does not interfere with a woman’s hormones.\nDisadvantages and Complications of the Diaphragm. Some disadvantages or complications are as follows:\n- Failure rates are high, about 16% with typical use.\n- Some women dislike having to insert the device every time intercourse occurs or have trouble mastering the insertion and removal process.\n- The diaphragm can be dislodged during sex.\n- Frequent urinary tract infections and vaginal infections are a problem for some women. This difficulty can sometimes be resolved by a refitting, by urinating before inserting the device, or by urinating after intercourse.\n- Some women may have allergic reactions to the latex or spermicides.\n- Although rare, cases of toxic shock syndrome have been reported among diaphragm users. To be safe, the diaphragm should not stay in place for more than 24 hours and should not be used during menstrual periods. (For pregnancy protection, however, the diaphragm should stay in place for 6 - 8 hours after intercourse.)\n- The diaphragm does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases.\nThe cervical cap (FemCap) is a thimble-shaped latex cup that fits over the cervix. It is always used with a spermicidal cream or gel. It is similar to a diaphragm, but smaller, and is available in only four sizes. The cap is sold by prescription and requires a pelvic examination, Pap test, and fitting by a health care provider.\nInsertion and Use of the Cervical Cap. After a small amount of spermicide is placed in the cap, the device is inserted by hand. As in diaphragm use, instruction and practice is required. The cap must be kept in the vagina for 8 hours after the final act of intercourse. Caps wear out and should be replaced every 1 - 2 years. A refitting may also be needed when a woman experiences certain changes in her health or physical status.\nCandidacy for the Cervical Cap. Because of the restricted range of available sizes, about 1 in 5 women will not be able to be fitted for the cap. The cap is not widely used, and some women, particularly those who live in sparsely populated areas, may not have access to health care professionals who are trained in fitting this device. Other conditions that can preclude cap use include:\n- An abnormal Pap test\n- A history of toxic shock syndrome\n- A sexually transmitted or reproductive tract infection\n- Inflammation of the cervix\n- The cap has little value for women who have had children, because the stretching of the vagina and cervix makes a proper fit more difficult and failure rates are high.\nAdvantages of the Cervical Cap. Among women who have never given birth, the cap's failure rate is similar to that of the diaphragm. The cap in general is also similar to the diaphragm in terms of cost, ease of use, and also the potential for latex or spermicidal allergies. But unlike the diaphragm, the cap can safely remain in the vagina for up to 48 hours (twice the time limit for a diaphragm), so it can be inserted well in advance of intercourse. The cap is rarely associated with urinary tract infections.\nDisadvantages of the Cervical Cap. The following are disadvantages of the cervical cap:\n- May be difficult to insert\n- May be pushed out of place during sex\n- Cannot be used during menstruation\n- High failure rates (32% typical use) for women who have given birth\nLea’s Shield . Approved in 2002, Lea’s shield is similar to a cervical cap but contains an air valve that helps it stick to the vaginal walls and allow for the passage of cervical mucus. Unlike cervical caps, it is available in only one size and does not need to be fitted. Lea’s shield is made of silicone, and its cup-shaped bowl completely surrounds the cervix without resting on it. The shield is as effective as the diaphragm and cap when used with spermicide. Its advantages are:\n- One size fits all\n- Can be left for 48 hours after intercourse\n- Reusable for 6 months\nThe sponge is a disposable form of barrier contraception. It is made of soft polyurethane foam coated with spermicide, is round in shape, and fits over the cervix like a diaphragm, but is smaller and easily portable. The Today sponge is the only brand of contraceptive sponge available in the United States.\nThe Today sponge originally came on the U.S. market in 1983, but was withdrawn in1994 because of problems at the company's manufacturing facility. In 2009, after several failed attempts, the Today sponge was relaunched and is now available in drugstore chains throughout the United States.\nUse and Insertion . To use the sponge, the woman first wets it with water, then inserts it into the vagina with a finger, using a nylon cord loop attachment. It can be inserted up to 6 hours before intercourse and should be left in place for at least 6 hours following intercourse. The sponge provides protection for up to 12 hours. It should not be left in for more than 30 hours from time of insertion.\nThe sponge should not be used during menstruation, after childbirth, miscarriage, or termination of pregnancy, or by women with a history of toxic shock syndrome.\nAdvantages and Disadvantages. The sponge is easy to use, is not felt during intercourse, and can be inserted up to 6 hours before intercourse. However, because it contains the spermicide nonoxynol-9, it does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases and may increase the risk for vaginal irritation and transmission of HIV.\n- Oral Contraception and Combination Hormonal Methods\n- Implant Contraception\n- Injected Contraception\n- Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)\n- Spermicidal and Barrier Contraception\n- Fertility Awareness Methods\n- Emergency Contraception\n- Female Sterilization\n- News & Features\n- Reporter's File\n- Expert Q & A\n- Questions for Your Doctor\n- Clinical Trials\nMOST POPULAR - HEALTH\n- F.D.A. Will Propose New Regulations for E-Cigarettes\n- Well: The Limits of 'No Pain, No Gain'\n- Well: Why Chocolate Is Good for Us\n- Southerners Don’t Like Obamacare. They Also Don’t Want to Repeal It.\n- Well: Aspirin Benefits Some at Risk for Colon Cancer\n- Well: Are Med School Grads Prepared to Practice Medicine?\n- Well: The Lure of Forbidden Food\n- Study Linking Illness and Salt Leaves Researchers Doubtful\n- Well: The Trouble With Rice\n- Well: Younger Skin Through Exercise", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15", "url": "http://www.nytimes.com/health/guides/specialtopic/birth-control-and-family-planning/spermicidal-and-barrier-contraception.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206770.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00590-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.933506608, "token_count": 3401, "score": 3.25, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "24 Aibreán, 2014,\nRialú Breithe agus Pleanáil Teaghlaigh\nCosc ar phléascadh le spermicidal agus bac\nIs iad na cóireálacha coscbhainne bac ná feistí a chuireann bac fisiciúil idir an sperm agus an ubh. I measc samplaí de chóireálacha coiriúla bacainn tá cóndam fireann, cóndam baineann, diaphragm, caipín ceirvical, agus spúinse. Is é an coiscín an t-aon mhodh frithghiniúna a chabhraíonn le galair a tharchur ó thaobh gnéas de a chosc.\nIs substaintí spermicides vaginacha iad spermicides atá ar fáil mar scama, uachtar, géil, scannáin, nó suppositories, agus is minic a úsáidtear iad i gconarthaí ban le bacainn agus feistí eile. De ghnáth, tá spermicides ar fáil gan oideas nó scrúdú leighis.\nIs gnách gurb é nonoxynol-9 an comhábhar gníomhach i spermicides a dhéantar sna Stáit Aontaithe, a ionsaíonn dromchla an tséil sperm. Ní chuireann Nonoxynol- 9 aon chosaint ar fáil i gcoinne galair a tharchur le gnéas nó in aghaidh VEID (an víreas a chuireann SEIF i gcúis). Léiríonn taighde gur féidir le húsáid go minic a bheith ina chúis le greannú agus scriosadh vaginal agus rectal a d'fhéadfadh an baol a mhéadú i ndáiríre maidir le tarchur VEID i measc na mban. Ina theannta sin, d'fhéadfadh úsáid spermicide le feiste bacainn riosca ionfhabhtú an chonair folláin a mhéadú i mná, is cuma an bhfuil an feiste coiscín nó diaphragm. (Tá coiscíní neamh-spermicidal lubricated sábháilte le húsáid.)\nGo ginearálta, d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh spermicides rogha oiriúnach do mhná nach mbíonn gnéas acu ach uair amháin ar feadh tamaill, nó a bhfuil gá leo le cosaint cúltaca i gcoinne toirchis (mar shampla, má dhéanann siad dearmad a gcuid pills rialaithe toirchis a ghlacadh). Níor chóir spermicides a úsáid ina n-aonar mar phríomh-mhodh rialaithe breithe.\nAn Cóndón Fear\nIs é an coiscín an t-aon fhoirm in-athraitheach de chóireáil toirchis fireann atá ar fáil faoi láthair.\nCosaint toirchis . Ba chóir an coiscín a chur ar aghaidh roimh an gcaidreamh nuair a bhíonn an bod ar bun, ós rud é gur féidir leis an bhfear go leor sperm a scaoileadh chun toirchis a chur faoi deara sula dtarlaíonn ejaculation. Le húsáid tipiciúil, tá an meánráta toirchis do lánúineacha nach mbraitheann ach ar choiscíní le haghaidh cosanta ard - thart ar 17%. I gcás na ndaoine a úsáideann coiscín i gceart gach uair, is é an baol bliantúil le haghaidh toirchis 2%.\nCosc ar Ghalair a Iompar Go Sexual . Tá coiscíní tábhachtach i gcosaint na ngalar a tharchuirtear go gnéasach lena n-áirítear gonorrhea, Chlamydia , sifilis, herpes, trichomoniasis, agus VEID.\nTagann an chuid is mó de na coiscíní réamh-leithite. Is féidir le luibheanna a cheannach agus a chur i bhfeidhm ar leithligh freisin. Níor chóir úsáid a bhaint ach le luibheanna uisce-bhunaithe (K-Y Jelly, Astroglide, AquaLube, glycerin) le coiscíní láite. Ná húsáid jelly peitriliam nó táirgí mónacha eile ola-bhunaithe mar is féidir leo damáiste a dhéanamh don choiscín. Go ginearálta, is fearr coiscín réamh-leithite a úsáid nó leacht leithis uisce-bhunaithe a chur i bhfeidhm. D'fhéadfadh coiscíní neamh-leithdhíola díobháil a dhéanamh do fhíochán na coirce agus é a dhéanamh so-ghabhálach d'ionfhabhtuithe.\nÁbhar Cóndóim . Is iad na coiscíní a dhéantar de rubar látex na cineálacha is coitianta. Tá sé níos lú seans ann go sleamhnóidh nó go bristear iad ná iad siúd a dhéantar as poileurétáin, agus tá siad contúrtha le haghaidh oiriúnachta níos fearr a d'fhéadfadh cosaint réasúnta éifeachtach a sholáthar. Tá ailléirgí ag daoine áirithe ar an latex, áfach, agus i gcásanna áirithe is féidir an imoibriú a bheith an-díreach. D'fhéadfadh an boladh láitecs a bheith míshásta do roinnt daoine freisin. Is féidir le coiscíní a dhéantar as membrane ainmhithe (mar shampla leathar uan) toirchis a chosc, ach tá siad inscne agus ní chosnaíonn siad i gcoinne ionfhabhtuithe a tharchuirtear go gnéasach.\nIs éard atá sa choiscín baineann (Reality, Femidom) ná mála lubricated, scaoilte a chuireann an vagina ar líne. Tá sé deartha chun bacainn fhisiciúil a chruthú i gcoinne sperm agus galair a tharchur go gnéasach trína timpeallacht an bod le linn an ghnéas. Tá an ráta faillí don choiscín baineann thart ar an gcéanna leis an diaphragm agus an cap ceirvical. Tá sé ar fáil gan oideas ach d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith deacair a fháil. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an coiscín baineann ina rogha maith do mhná atá i mbaol galair ghnéas-tarchurtha agus nach bhfuil cinnte go n-úsáidfidh a bpáirtnéir fireann coiscín.\nÚsáid agus Ionsú an Choinnleach Ban. Tá an coiscín baineann thart ar 3 orlach ar leithead agus 6 - 7 orlach ar fhad (níos mó ná coiscín fireann), le fáinne solúbtha ag an dá cheann. Déantar táirgí reatha de phóiléaréthan.\n- Úsáidtear an fáinne ag an deireadh dúnta chun an gléas a chur isteach sa vagina agus é a choinneáil in áit os cionn na ceirfíce.\n- Fanann an fáinne ag an deireadh oscailte lasmuigh den fhágáin agus clúdaíonn sé na labia (liopaí) go páirteach.\nD'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh sé deacair an próiseas ionchorpraithe a dhéanamh ar dtús ach bíonn sé i bhfad níos éasca le cleachtadh:\n- Cuirtear an coiscín baineann isteach sa fhágáin de láimh suas le 8 uair an chloig roimh an gcaidreamh. (Ní ba chóir é a úsáid i gcomhar le coiscín fireann riamh.)\n- Cé go bhfuil an coiscín baineann réamh-leáite, bíonn gá le móramhán breise uaireanta agus an gléas á chur isteach nó le linn gnéas. (Ní dhéantar é as láitecs, mar sin ní dhéanfaidh lubricants ola dochar dó.)\n- Le linn an ghnéas, déanann an bhean seiceáil chun a bheith cinnte go bhfuil an fáinne seachtrach suite go cothrom i gcoinne a labia agus ansin treoraíonn sí bod a pháirtí isteach sa fáinne.\nBa cheart an coiscín baineann a bhaint sna himthosca seo a leanas:\n- Má tá sé ag tarraingt le linn a chur isteach nó a úsáid\n- Má bhrúitear an fáinne seachtrach isteach\n- Má chlúdaíonn sé suas taobh istigh den vagina\nBuntáistí an Chónam Ban. Is bacainn éifeachtach é an coiscín baineann ar víris, lena n-áirítear VEID, agus ar orgánaigh eile a tharchur go gnéasach, go háirithe ós rud é go gcumhdaíonn sé limistéar mór, lena n-áirítear gnéasanna seachtracha. Mar sin féin, ní chosnaíonn sé go hiomlán i gcoinne ghalair a tharchur ó ghnéas.\n- Tá an coiscín baineann caighdeánach déanta as poileurétáin, atá tanaí agus bog ach ag an am céanna níos láidre ná na coiscíní fireann láitecsa. Ní dhéantar damáiste do pholaireatán ag olaí mónacha, mar a dhéantar le láitecs agus tá sé níos lú seans ann go dtarlóidh frithghníomh hailléirgeach. Tá sé níos fearr ná latex chun teas an chomhlachta a tharchur, rud a thugann mothúchán níos \"nádúrtha\".\n- Ní gá don fear a phinsin a tharraingt siar láithreach tar éis eiaculaíocht, mar atá i gcás an choiscín fireann, ach is féidir leis, más mian leis, a tharraingt siar tar éis dó a chur suas a chailleadh.\nMíbhuntáistí agus Comhfhadhbanna an Choinnleach Mná. Tá rátaí comhlíonta íseal ar chúiseanna éagsúla. Tá deacrachtaí ag thart ar 25% de na mná ar an gcéad iarracht féin-chuir isteach. Tá imní ar roinnt mná mar gheall ar an bhféiniúlacht. D'fhéadfadh an fáinne inmheánach a bheith míchompordach do roinnt mná (sa chás sin is féidir é a bhaint). Gearánann roinnt lánúineacha go bhfuil an coiscín baineann míshásta le breathnú air agus go bhféadfadh sé a bheith torrach le linn an ghnéas. Gan lubrication leordhóthanach, is féidir leis an bod é a bhrú amach as a áit. Is féidir le níos mó mó móidliúite a úsáid chun an coiscín baineann a choinneáil ina háit agus an torann a laghdú. Tá coiscíní mná daor freisin, agus ní bhíonn ach roinnt mná ag cur amach iad agus ag athúsáid iad chun airgead a shábháil. (I gcásanna den sórt sin, ba cheart iad a dhíghalrú ar dtús agus ansin a ní go cúramach.) Is féidir le níocháin athfhillte an baol damáiste agus poill a mhéadú.\nIs cupán beag latex ceapaithe-chruinne é an diaphragm le fáinne solúbtha a oireann thar an cervix. Feidhmíonn an cupán mar bhac fisiciúil i gcoinne dul isteach sperm isteach sa uterus. De ghnáth úsáidtear diaphragm in éineacht le spermicide, cé go bhfuil roinnt díospóireachta ann maidir le cibé an bhfuil spermicide riachtanach.\nTá méideanna éagsúla ag diaphragms agus ní mór do sholáthraí cúraim sláinte oilte iad a chur in oiriúint. Beidh gá le diaphragm de mhéid difriúil a athshlánú ar roinnt mná tar éis toirchis, máinliacht abdominal nó pelvic, nó meáchain caillteanas nó méadú 10 punt nó níos mó. De ghnáth, ba cheart diaphragms a athsholáthar gach 1 - 2 bhliain.\nCé go bhfuil ráta neamhthorthaí réasúnta ard ag an diaphragm, fiú le húsáid foirfe, meastar gur rogha maith é do mhná a bhfuil a sláinte nó a stíl mhaireachtála ag cur cosc orthu frithghinicí hormónacha níos éifeachtaí a úsáid. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh galair áirithe sa fhágáin agus sa uterus, siondróm shock tocsaineach i stair, nó ionfhabhtuithe athfhillteach ar an gcosfholcáin, ag baint le bean a bheith neamhcháilithe an gléas a úsáid. Níor chóir an diaphragm a úsáid má tá aon pháirtí ailléirgeach ar latex nó spermicides.\nAg baint úsáide as an Diaphragm agus ag a chur isteach. Is féidir an diaphragm a chur isteach sa fhágáin suas le 1 uair an chloig roimh an gcaidreamh. Seo a leanas treoirlínte ginearálta maidir le cur isteach:\n- Sula n-úsáidtear nó tar éis gach úsáide, ba cheart don bhean an diaphragm a choinneáil suas go dtí an solas agus é a líonadh le huisce chun seiceáil ar pholl, deora nó sceitheadh.\n- De ghnáth cuirtear méid beag spermicide (thart ar 1 spúnóg boird) taobh istigh den chupan, agus smearedar cuid acu timpeall liopa an chupan.\n- Déantar an gléas a phlé ar leath agus a chur isteach sa vagina de láimh nó le cabhair ó insert plaisteach.\n- Ba chóir go mbeadh an diaphragm oiriúnach thar an cervix, ag bacadh iontráil chuig an uterus.\n- Má théann níos mó ná 6 uair an chloig roimh an gcoincheart a athdhéanamh, fágfar an diaphragm san áit agus cuirfear spermicide breise isteach sa vagina ag baint úsáide as iarratasóir.\n- Ní mór don diaphragm fanacht sa vagina ar feadh 6 - 8 uair an chloig tar éis an ghnímh chomhlachta deiridh, agus is féidir leis fanacht ann go sábháilte suas le 24 uair an chloig tar éis a chur isteach.\n- Ba chóir an diaphragm a ní le gallúnach agus le huisce te tar éis gach úsáide agus ansin é a thriomú agus a stóráil ina choimeádán bunaidh, a chaithfear a choinneáil in áit thirim.\nBuntáistí an Diaphragm. Is féidir an diaphragm a iompar i mála, is féidir é a chur isteach suas le uair an chloig sula dtosaíonn an caidreamh, agus de ghnáth (cé nach bhfuil sé i gcónaí) ní féidir le páirtí ar bith é a mhothú. Ní chuireann sé isteach ar hormóin na mban.\nMíbhuntáistí agus Comhfhadhbanna an Diaphragm. Tá roinnt míbhuntáistí nó deacrachtaí mar seo a leanas:\n- Tá rátaí faill ard, thart ar 16% le húsáid tipiciúil.\n- Ní maith le roinnt mná an gléas a chur isteach gach uair a bhíonn gnéas acu nó tá deacracht acu an próiseas ionchuir agus a bhaint a mháistir.\n- Is féidir an diaphragm a dislodged le linn gnéas.\n- Tá fadhbanna ag roinnt mná le h-ionfhabhtuithe rianchríocha agus ionfhabhtuithe vaginacha a bhíonn ann go minic. Is féidir an deacracht seo a réiteach uaireanta trí ath-fheistiú, trí uirí sula gcuirtear an gléas isteach, nó trí uirí tar éis an ghnéas.\n- D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh frithghníomhartha ailléirgeacha ag mná áirithe ar an latex nó ar na spermicides.\n- Cé go bhfuil sé annamh, tuairiscíodh cásanna de shroic theicniúil i measc úsáideoirí diaphragm. Chun a bheith sábháilte, níor cheart don diaphragm fanacht ar a áit ar feadh níos mó ná 24 uair an chloig agus níor cheart é a úsáid le linn tréimhsí míosta. (Ar mhaithe le cosaint ó toirchis, áfach, ba cheart don diaphragm fanacht ar a áit ar feadh 6 - 8 uair an chloig tar éis an ghnéas coiteann.)\n- Ní chosnaíonn an diaphragm i gcoinne galair a tharchur go gnéasach.\nIs cupán látex de chineál fingertip é an caipín ceircíceach (FemCap) a oireann thar an ceircíce. Úsáidtear é i gcónaí le uachtar nó le gel spermicidal. Tá sé cosúil le diaphragm, ach níos lú, agus níl sé ar fáil ach i gceithre mhéid. Díoltar an caipín le oideas agus teastaíonn scrúdú pelvic, tástáil Pap, agus oiriúnú ag soláthraí cúraim sláinte.\nInstealladh agus Úsáid an Chaipín Cearcall. Tar éis méid beag spermicide a chur sa chaipín, cuirtear an gléas isteach de láimh. Mar a tharla le húsáid diaphragm, teastaíonn teagasc agus cleachtadh. Ní mór an capall a choinneáil sa vagina ar feadh 8 uair an chloig tar éis an ghnímh coiteann deiridh. Caitheann an capsáil agus ba chóir é a athsholáthar gach 1 - 2 bhliain. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh gá le hathchóirithe freisin nuair a bhíonn athruithe áirithe ar shláinte nó ar stádas fisiceach na mban.\nCeanglaíocht don Chaipín Cearclach. Mar gheall ar an raon teoranta méideanna atá ar fáil, ní bheidh thart ar 1 as 5 bean in ann an caipín a chur in oiriúint. Ní úsáidtear an caipín go forleathan, agus b'fhéidir nach mbeidh rochtain ag roinnt mná, go háirithe iad siúd a chónaíonn i gceantair éadrom daonra, ar shaineolaithe cúraim sláinte a bhfuil oiliúint acu chun an gléas seo a chur air. I measc na gcoinníollacha eile a d'fhéadfadh úsáid an chaipte a chosc ná:\n- Tá tástáil Pap neamhghnácha\n- Siondróm suaitheadh tocsaineach a bhí agat roimhe seo\n- Aithris inscne a tharchur go gnéasach nó ar an gcrios atáirgthe\n- Athrú ar an gcroí úire\n- Níl mórán luach ag an gcnapán do mhná a raibh leanaí acu, toisc go ndéanann síneadh an fhágáin agus na cearcáin an oiriúnach ceart a dhéanamh níos deacra agus tá rátaí ard teipeanna.\nBuntáistí an Chábla Cearcall. I measc na mban nach ndearna breith riamh, tá ráta na faill sa chaipín cosúil le diaphragm. Tá an caipín i gcoitinne cosúil leis an diaphragm i dtéarmaí costas, éasca úsáide, agus freisin an fhéidearthacht le haghaidh ailléirgí láite nó spermicidal. Ach murab ionann agus an diaphragm, is féidir leis an gcnapsa a bheith i do bhróg go sábháilte ar feadh suas le 48 uair an chloig (an dá oiread den teorainn ama do diaphragm), ionas gur féidir é a chur isteach go maith roimh an gcoincheangal. Is annamh a bhaineann an caipín le haignéis i gcos na niúirí.\nMíbhuntáistí an Chábla Cearcall. Seo a leanas míbhuntáistí an chaipitli cervical:\n- D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith deacair a chur isteach\n- D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith i bhfolach le linn an ghnéas\n- Ní féidir é a úsáid le linn menstruation\n- Rátaí ard teipe (32% de úsáid tipiciúil) do mhná a d'fhág páiste\nScairt Leas . Ceadaíodh é i 2002, tá sciath Lea cosúil le caipín ceircíceach ach tá comhla aeir ann a chabhraíonn leis greamaigh leis na ballaí vaginacha agus a ligeann do mucus ceircíceach dul tríd. Murab ionann agus caipíní cairdeocha, níl sé ar fáil ach i méid amháin agus ní gá é a chur isteach. Tá sciath an liopa déanta as síleacóin, agus cuireann a cháil i gcruth cupán timpeall ar an gcroí uterus go hiomlán gan fanacht air. Tá an sciath chomh héifeachtach leis an diaphragm agus an caipín nuair a úsáidtear é le spermicide. Is iad na buntáistí a bhaineann leis:\n- Tá méad amháin ag gach duine\n- Is féidir é a fhágáil ar feadh 48 uair an chloig tar éis an ghnéas.\n- Inathúsáidte ar feadh 6 mhí\nIs foirm inúsáidte cosc-ghlactha bacainn é an spúnóg. Tá sé déanta as scamh póiléarétáin bog atá cóirithe le spermicide, tá sé cruinn i gcruth, agus oireann sé thar an cervix mar diaphragm, ach tá sé níos lú agus is furasta a iompar. Is é an spúnga Today an t-aon bhranda spúnga frithghiniúna atá ar fáil sna Stáit Aontaithe.\nTháinig an spúnga Today ar mhargadh na Stát Aontaithe i 1983, ach aistríodh é i1994 mar gheall ar fhadhbanna ag saoráid déantúsaíochta na cuideachta. I 2009, tar éis roinnt iarrachtaí a d'fhás, tugadh an spúinse Today ar ais agus tá sé ar fáil anois i slabhraí siopaí drugaí ar fud na Stát Aontaithe.\nÚsáid agus Inmheascáil . Chun an spúnóg a úsáid, déanann an bhean é a mhúscailt le huisce ar dtús, agus ansin cuireann sí isteach sa vagina é le huimhir, ag baint úsáide as cnaipe snátha nailon. Is féidir é a chur isteach suas le 6 uair an chloig roimh an gcaidreamh agus ba chóir é a fhágáil ar a áit ar feadh 6 uair an chloig ar a laghad tar éis an chaidreamh. Soláthraíonn an spúnga cosaint ar feadh suas le 12 uair an chloig. Níor chóir é a fhágáil i gceann níos mó ná 30 uair an chloig ón am a chuirtear isteach é.\nNíor chóir an spúnóg a úsáid le linn menstruation, tar éis breith, mí-ghortú, nó deireadh a chur le toirchis, nó ag mná a bhfuil siondróm shock tocsaineach acu.\nBuntáistí agus Míbhuntáistí. Tá an spúnóg éasca le húsáid, ní bhraitheann sé le linn gnéas, agus is féidir é a chur isteach suas le 6 uair an chloig roimh an gnéas. Mar sin féin, toisc go bhfuil an nonoxynol- 9 spermicide ann, ní chosnaíonn sé i gcoinne ghalair a tharchur le gnéas agus d'fhéadfadh sé an baol a mhéadú go mbeidh irritation vagina agus tarchur VEID.\n- Cosc-ghlactha ó bhéal agus modhanna comhcheangailte hormónacha\n- Cosc-ghlactha Implant\n- Cosc-ghlactha in-iarsma\n- Feistí Intra-Uterine (IUDanna)\n- Cosc ar phléascadh spermicidal agus bac\n- Modhanna Feasachta Torthúlachta\n- Cosc-ghlactha éigeandála\n- Sterilization Mná\n- Nuacht & Features\n- Comhad na dTeachtaire\n- Ceisteanna agus freagraí ó shaineolaithe\n- Ceisteanna le haghaidh do Dochtúir\n- Trialacha Cliniciúla\nNA MÓR GLASA - Sláinte\n- F.D.A. Molfaidh sé Rialacháin Nua do E-sigarétaí\n- Bhuel: Na teorainneacha 'Níl Phian, Níl Ghnóthachan'\n- Bhuel: Cén fáth go bhfuil seacláid maith dúinn\n- Ní maith le Southerners Obamacare. Ní mian leo é a aisghairm freisin.\n- Bhuel: Tá Tairbhe ag Aspirín ar Dhaoine atá i mbaol ailse an cholláin\n- Bhuel: An bhfuil Graduates Med Scoil ullmhaithe chun leigheas a chleachtadh?\n- Bhuel: an Lure de bhia toirmiscthe\n- Staidéar a bhaineann galar agus duilleoga salann le chéile Tá amhras ag taighdeoirí\n- Bhuel: An Trouble le Rice\n- Bhuel: Craiceann Níos Óige Tríd an Cleachtadh"} {"text": "If you’ve only thought of traditional inground pools whenever the term “swimming” is brought up, you might be cautious of above ground pools, which seem to be relatively fragile. You would be partially correct to be skeptical of their longevity. While pools can last up to 15 years above ground in some cases, they aren’t guaranteed to last without care.\nAn above ground pool can break or collapse if it is not assembled properly or maintained regularly. Overfilled pools can exert pressure on the frame and cause it to collapse, whereas weakened fasteners can lead to the same result even with little water in the pool.\nIn this article, you will discover the five reasons why above ground pools fall apart. Most homeowners fail to notice some of these causes (like the fourth one). Moreover, you’ll find out how you can safeguard your swimming pool from these potential dangers by following a three-step strategy. Read on to learn more.\nHow Can an Above Ground Pool Break?\nAny material thing can break given enough physical reasons not to hold up. That’s why the more practical question to ask is what can cause your above ground pool to break. Here are some of the most common reasons such pools can fall apart.\nMost people believe their pool’s security lies in the integrity of the material, mainly its panels. But what they fail to realize is that water exerts pressure in all directions. If your panels aren’t held together by a strong enough frame, the pool might break even if the panels don’t.\nThis can cause a more devastating impact than if one of the panels started leaking. If your pool falls apart due to frame weakness, water will flow in all directions. As a result, your water filter and the electric outlet next to it can get soaked and become a hazard.\nPoor Quality Material\nThis reason is a little more obvious. If your pool is made of poor material, you cannot expect it to last a long time, especially above ground where the exterior is exposed to the elements. You must realize that almost any material used in a standard above ground pool can be considered weak depending on the context.\nIf you live in a frigid climate, a resin pool will get surface-level cracks in a few months and begin leaking in under two years. But in the same climate, you might be able to build an igloo-like above ground pool with ice blocks. While that’s not practical (because of water temperature), the point simply illustrates that ice, which is not considered a strong material, can be stronger in certain situations than resin.\nNow that I have established the importance of context in strength, here are some things to watch out for when you’re building an above ground pool using specific materials.\n- Inflatable pools are weak against sharp objects. Avoid having such a pool in a home with pets or a backyard with live animals like squirrels.\n- Wooden pools are weak against conditions with mold-inducing humidity and high-activity microbe environments. If your region is considered semi-tropical, avoid building such a pool there.\n- Metal pools are less likely to break but can rust or erode if you don’t regularly seal the exterior and secure the interior liners or replace them on time.\nOverfilling the Pool\nHomeowners are generally advised not to fill their pools to the brim because of the water displacement caused by people entering the pool. Still, there’s another reason why filling your pool to the brim might not be such a good idea: liquid contents of the pool can cause the pool to collapse. If a pool has room for 100 gallons of water, you cannot assume that it has the strength to hold as much water.\nRemember, when a pool is inground, the force of the entire earth is holding it together. When it is above ground, the “container” is relatively weaker. Think of a carton made of regular stock paper. The size of said carton would not directly imply its capacity to hold objects.\nOf course, your above ground pool isn’t as fragile, but the analogy illustrates the point. Room is no indication of the ability to hold. Please read manufacturer guidelines for the specific frame to have your final answer regarding how much water your pool can hold.\nFasteners at Fault\nYou may have the best material and assemble it to perfection and still have your pool collapse at the most inconvenient time if you do not check up on the fasteners regularly. As mentioned above, using a lot of water can strain the structure of your pool. However, that doesn’t mean your pool will collapse the first time it is under such stress. Usually, such strain can impact the fasteners, undoing them slowly.\nAfter repeatedly offending your pool’s water-holding capacity threshold, the fasteners may only be hanging by a threat, and something as simple as jumping in the pool could lead to your pool’s collapse.\nPlease keep in mind that even though water weight is the main reason fasteners get undone, it isn’t the only reason. Fasteners have their own material weaknesses: metal fasteners ruse, Alloys can dent easily, and wooden fasteners, albeit rare, can get eaten away by termite.\nHydrostatic pressure is better discussed in the inground pool literature even though it impacts above ground pools. It refers to the pressure exerted by still water on its surroundings. Since this pressure builds up with stillness, you must make sure you drain your pool during long periods of inactivity (like winters).\nFilling your pool to the brim during winter can generally lead to cracked frames thanks to the expansion of ice, a phenomenon that occurs because ice occupies more volume than the water of the same quantity.\nHow to Keep an Above Ground Pool From Breaking\nAll above ground pools are temporary. They can last to varying degrees depending on the material uses; you can read my post about how long above ground pools last for reference. This section covers the steps you can take to ensure your pool has its best shot at not breaking.\nBuy a Kit of Higher Capacity\nIf you are a family of five, purchase a kit that accommodates six people. This gives you room for more, and you don’t have to constantly worry about having overfilled your pool. More importantly, you don’t have to supervise how many people get in when you have a pool party. Err on the side of more when it comes to pool capacity.\nGet Professional Assembly\nWhen you purchase a pool kit online, many manufacturers and suppliers offer the option to get inexpensive professional installation. Regardless of how proud of a handyman you are, it is advisable to take professional installation as it prevents headaches down the road.\nConduct Regular Checkups\nWhether you’re ensuring your frames’ integrity or looking at fasteners, you’re keeping your pool from falling apart by checking up on it regularly. These checks also include applying stitches in time in the form of timely replacement of parts, draining the pool to ease the pressure on frames, and even replacing certain sheets/panels when you notice erosion.\nAll in all, above ground pools, can last their maximum guaranteed timeframe if you avoid overfilling them and make sure you drain and replace the water in your pools semi-regularly. You should also make sure that the pool is assembled professionally and that the fasteners, as well as the frame panels, are in top shape. Timely replacement can keep your pool from collapsing at an inconvenient time. Above all, you should err on the side of higher-capacity to ensure better integrity of your pool kit’s material and structure.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://homepoolworld.com/can-an-above-ground-pool-break-heres-how/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510924.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001173415-20231001203415-00680.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9436966181, "token_count": 1598, "score": 2.625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Má cheap tú go raibh ach poill thraidisiúnta faoi thalamh i gcónaí nuair a luaitear an téarma \"swimming\", b'fhéidir go mbeadh tú cúramach faoi na poill os cionn na talún, a bhfuil an chuma orthu go bhfuil siad sách leochaileach. Bheadh sé ceart go páirteach a bheith amhrasach faoi a fad saoil. Cé gur féidir le linn snámha suas le 15 bliana a bheith acu os cionn na talún i gcásanna áirithe, níl sé ráthaithe go mairfidh siad gan cúram.\nD'fhéadfadh linnte os cionn na talún briste nó titim mura ndéantar iad a chur le chéile i gceart nó a chothabháil go rialta. D'fhéadfadh brú a chur ar an mbosca agus é a chur i gcodladh, ach d'fhéadfadh an toradh céanna a bheith ar na ceangail lag fiú má bhíonn beagán uisce sa bhosca.\nSa t-alt seo, gheobhaidh tú amach na cúiseanna a mhúsclaíonn pools os cionn na talún. Ní thugann formhór na n-úinéirí tí faoi deara cuid de na cúiseanna seo (cosúil leis an gceathrú ceann). Ina theannta sin, gheobhaidh tú amach conas is féidir leat do linn snámha a chosaint ó na contúirtí féideartha seo trí straitéis trí chéim a leanúint. Lean ort ag léamh chun níos mó a fhoghlaim.\nConas is Féidir le Pól Os cionn na Talún a Bhris?\nIs féidir le haon rud ábhartha a bhriseadh dá dtabharfaí cúiseanna fisiciúla go leor dó gan a bheith ag seasamh suas. Sin é an fáth go bhfuil an cheist níos praiticiúla a chur ná cad is féidir a chur faoi deara do linnte os cionn na talún a bhriseadh. Seo cuid de na cúiseanna is coitianta a d'fhéadfadh a leithéid de phollanna a thit as a chéile.\nCreideann an chuid is mó daoine go bhfuil slándáil a n-uisceann ag brath ar shláine an ábhair, go príomha a chuid painéil. Ach ní thuigeann siad go bhfuil brú ag uisce i ngach treo. Mura bhfuil do phainéil i gcoimeád le chéile le fráma láidir go leor, d'fhéadfadh an linn snámha a bhriseadh fiú mura bhfuil na painéil i gcoimeád.\nD'fhéadfadh sé seo tionchar níos tubaiste a chur ar bun ná má thosaíonn ceann de na painéil ag sceitheadh. Má thiteann do linn snámha as a chéile mar gheall ar lagú fráma, sruthóidh uisce i ngach treo. Mar thoradh air sin, d'fhéadfadh do scagaire uisce agus an t-aschur leictreach in aice leis a bheith fliuch agus a bheith ina riosca.\nÁbhar ar Cháilíocht Dhorcha\nTá an chúis seo beagán níos soiléire. Má tá do linn snámha déanta as ábhar bocht, ní féidir leat a bheith ag súil go mairfidh sé ar feadh i bhfad, go háirithe os cionn na talún áit a bhfuil an taobh amuigh nochtaithe do na heilimintí. Ní mór duit a thuiscint go bhfuil beagnach aon ábhar a úsáidtear i caighdeán os cionn an talamh linnte is féidir a mheas lag ag brath ar an gcomhthéacs.\nMá tá tú i do chónaí i gclima fríd, beidh poill resin a fháil cracks leibhéal dromchla i gceann cúpla mí agus tús le leakage i níos lú ná dhá bhliain. Ach sa chlimait chéanna, d'fhéadfá linnte talún os cionn na talún a thógáil le bloic oighir cosúil le igloo. Cé nach bhfuil sé sin praiticiúil (mar gheall ar teocht an uisce), léiríonn an pointe go simplí go bhféadfadh oighear, nach meastar ina ábhar láidir, a bheith níos láidre i gcásanna áirithe ná an fhéithín.\nAnois go bhfuil tábhacht an chomhthéacs sa neart bunaithe agam, seo roinnt rudaí le faire amach nuair a bhíonn tú ag tógáil linnte os cionn na talún ag baint úsáide as ábhair shonracha.\n- Tá pools inflatable lag i gcoinne rudaí géara. Seachain an t-amhrán sin a bheith agat i dteach ina bhfuil peataí nó i gcúlchúl ina bhfuil ainmhithe beo cosúil le sciatháin.\n- Tá linnte adhmaid lag i gcoinne coinníollacha le taise a spreagann múnla agus timpeallachtaí micreabail ardghníomhacha. Má mheasann tú go bhfuil do réigiún leath-thrópaiceach, seachain an t-amhrán sin a thógáil ann.\n- Tá sé níos lú seans ann go bristeann poill miotail ach d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith rósta nó a bheith ag dul in olcas mura ndéanann tú an taobh amuigh a shéaladh go rialta agus na línte inmheánacha a dhaingniú nó iad a athsholáthar in am.\nAn Phléasán a Líonadh Go Ró\nDe ghnáth, moltar do úinéirí tí gan a gcuid linnte a líonadh go bríomhar mar gheall ar an díláithriú uisce a bhíonn ag daoine a théann isteach sa linnte. Mar sin féin, tá cúis eile ann nach bhfuil sé chomh maith go bhfuil do linn snámha líonta go dtí an imeall: d'fhéadfadh ábhar leachtach an linn snámha a bheith ina chúis leis an linn snámha titim. Má tá seomra le haghaidh 100 galún uisce ag an loch, ní féidir leat a mheas go bhfuil an neart aige chun an oiread sin uisce a choinneáil.\nCuimhnigh, nuair a bhíonn an loch ag teacht isteach sa talamh, tá fórsa an domhain ar fad ag gabháil leis. Nuair a bhíonn sé os cionn na talún, tá an \"container\" réasúnta níos laige. Smaoinigh ar chárta déanta as páipéar stoic rialta. Ní bheadh méid an chártaicín sin ag ciallaíonn go díreach a chumas rudaí a shealbhú.\nAr ndóigh, níl do linnte os cionn na talún chomh leochaileach, ach léiríonn an t-amhrán an pointe. Níl seomra ar aon léiriú ar an gcumas a shealbhú. Léigh treoirlínte an mhonaróra don fráma sonrach chun do fhreagra deiridh a fháil maidir le cé mhéad uisce is féidir le do linn snámha a shealbhú.\nCeangail\nD'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an t-ábhar is fearr agat agus é a chur le chéile go foirfe agus go mbeadh do linn snámha ag titim ag an am is míchuí mura ndéanann tú seiceáil ar na clócaithe go rialta. Mar a luadh thuas, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an struchtúr do do linn snámha ag teastáil ó go leor uisce. Mar sin féin, ní chiallaíonn sé sin go dtitfidh do linn snámha an chéad uair a bhíonn sé faoi strus den sórt sin. De ghnáth, is féidir leis an straen sin dul i ngleic leis na ceangail, agus iad a dhíghlasáil go mall.\nTar éis do thréimhse acmhainneachta uisce a choinneáil i do linn snámha a shárú arís agus arís eile, b'fhéidir nach mbeidh na ceanglóirí ag crochadh ach ag bagairt, agus d'fhéadfadh rud chomh simplí le léim isteach sa linn snámha a bheith ina chúis le do linn snámha titim.\nCuimhnigh, le do thoil, cé gur é meáchan an uisce an phríomhchúis a bhaineann le ceangail a dhíghlasáil, ní hé an t-aon chúis é. Tá na laigí ábhartha féin ag na ceangail: tá na ceangail miotail ruse, is féidir le cóimhiotail dul i ngleic go héasca, agus is féidir le ceangail adhmaid, cé go bhfuil siad annamh, a ithe ag teirmit.\nDéantar plé níos fearr ar an bhrú hiodrástach i litríocht an linn snámha istigh sa talamh cé go mbíonn tionchar aige ar linn snámha os cionn na talún. Tagraíonn sé don bhrú a dhéanann uisce fós ar a thimpeallacht. Ós rud é go mbunaíonn an brú seo le bheith ciúin, ní mór duit a chinntiú go ndéanann tú do linn snámha a draenáil le linn tréimhsí fada neamhghníomhachta (mar shampla i rith an gheimhridh).\nDe ghnáth, is féidir le do linn snámha a líonadh go dtí an imeall i rith an gheimhridh go dtiocfaidh craic ar chinneálacha mar gheall ar leathnú na oighear, feiniméan a tharlaíonn toisc go nglacann oighear níos mó toirte ná an méid céanna uisce.\nConas a Choimeádann Uisceán Os cionn na Talún ó Bhris\nTá gach linnte os cionn na talún sealadach. Is féidir leo maireachtáil go céimeanna éagsúla ag brath ar na húsáidí ábhair; is féidir leat mo phost a léamh faoi cé chomh fada is a mhaireann linn snámha os cionn na talún mar thagairt. Clúdaíonn an chuid seo na céimeanna is féidir leat a ghlacadh chun a chinntiú go bhfuil an seans is fearr agat gan do linn snámha a bhriseadh.\nCeannaigh Cás Cumas Níos Mó\nMá tá tú ina theaghlach de chúigear, ceannach trealamh a bhfuil árasán aige do sé dhuine. Tugann sé seo spás duit le haghaidh níos mó, agus ní gá duit a bheith buartha i gcónaí go bhfuil tú ró-líonta i do linn snámha. Níos tábhachtaí fós, ní gá duit maoirseacht a dhéanamh ar an líon daoine a thagann isteach nuair a bhíonn páirtí linn snámha agat. Err ar an taobh níos mó nuair a thagann sé chun poill acmhainneacht.\nFaigh Tionól Gairmiúil\nNuair a cheannaíonn tú trealamh linnte ar líne, cuireann go leor déantúsóirí agus soláthraithe an rogha ar fáil chun suiteáil ghairmiúil saor a fháil. Is cuma cé chomh bródúil is atá tú as fear-láimhe, moltar duit suiteáil ghairmiúil a ghlacadh mar go gcuireann sé cosc ar cheannán ar an mbóthar.\nDéan Iniúchtaí Rialta\nCibé an bhfuil tú ag cinntiú go bhfuil do chreat sláintiúil nó ag féachaint ar na ceangaltóirí, tá tú ag coinneáil do linn snámha ó thitim as a chéile trína sheiceáil go rialta. Áirítear leis na seiceálacha seo freisin na sciatháin a chur i bhfeidhm in am i bhfoirm páirteanna a athsholáthar in am, an linn a dhíol chun an brú ar fhrámaí a mhaolú, agus fiú bileoga / painéil áirithe a athsholáthar nuair a thugann tú faoi deara creimeadh.\nAr an iomlán, is féidir le linn snámha os cionn na talún a gcuid tréimhse ama ráthaithe uasta a mhaireachtáil má sheachain tú iad a iomarca agus má chinntíonn tú go ndéantar an t-uisce i do linn snámha a scriosadh agus a athsholáthar go leath-rialta. Ba cheart duit a chinntiú freisin go bhfuil an linn snámha curtha le chéile go gairmiúil agus go bhfuil na ceangail, chomh maith leis na painéil fráma, i gcruth barr. Má athraíonn tú an t-uisce i gceart, is féidir leat a choinneáil ar do linn snámha ó chraoladh ag am míchuí. Ar an gcéad dul síos, ba cheart duit a bheith ag smaoineamh ar an gcumas níos airde chun sláine níos fearr a chinntiú do chuid ábhair agus struchtúr do chlé."} {"text": "08 Apr Can a Philadelphia Chiropractor Help with a Pinched Nerve?\nSuffering from a pinched nerve may sound like a minor injury, but anyone who has ever been through it knows how debilitating pinched nerves can be. Unfortunately, many people with a pinched nerve believe there is nothing they can do about the injury. They think they must simply wait it out and hope it eventually resolves on its own. In the meantime, one small turn of the neck can send them into agony.\nWhat is a Pinched Nerve?\nA pinched nerve is also sometimes called a compressed nerve because the nerve is under a great amount of pressure. It has become compressed by an adjacent bone or soft tissue such as ligaments and muscles pushing up against it. This can cause significant pain, but pinched nerves do not always cause discomfort. In some cases, the affected area is simply weak or numb.\nBundles of nerves run throughout the entire human body, meaning you could suffer from a pinched nerve anywhere. However, the two most common locations are in the lower back and the neck. There are reasons these parts of the body are more prone to pinched nerves than others.\nThe lower back is the main support for most parts of the body. It supports and distributes a person’s entire weight, which causes things to compress. As it does, that compression sometimes results in something pushing against a nerve.\nThe neck is also susceptible to pinched nerves due to the fact that it supports the head. The head is much heavier than the neck and it moves constantly. With each movement, it places even more pressure on the neck, which can cause nerves to become compressed.\nCommon Causes of Pinched Nerves\nThere are some common causes of pinched nerves. As a person ages, normal wear and tear occurs along the spine, which could cause some nerves to become compressed. In addition to this though, there are several conditions and factors that also cause pinched nerves. The most common of these include:\n- Herniated discs\n- Poor posture\n- Repetitive movements, particularly bending or twisting\n- Sitting for extended periods of time, often seen with work injuries\n- Injuries such as tennis elbow\n- Bone spurs\n- Scar tissue\nSometimes simple lifestyle choices such as correcting posture can help with a pinched nerve. Other times, such as when the underlying condition is arthritis or a tumor, patients will need to see someone who can treat the condition, which will often also treat the pinched nerve.\nSymptoms of Pinched Nerves\nMany people suffering from a pinched nerve will know it right away. They will turn their head slightly and a sharp, shooting pain will erupt in their neck. Pinched nerves, though, are not always so obvious. Other symptoms may present themselves that may not always automatically indicate a pinched nerve. The most common symptoms are:\n- Burning or tingling sensation at the site of the pinched nerve\n- A feeling of “pins and needles” in the area\n- Lower back pain\n- Neck pain\n- Pain that intensifies with exercise\n- Pain at night\n- Pain when waking up\n- Weakness in the muscles\n- Tenderness and/or swelling in the area\n- Loss of dexterity or reflexes\n- Limited range of motion\nAnyone suffering from any of these symptoms should speak to a Philadelphia chiropractor right away.\nCan a Chiropractor Help with a Pinched Nerve?\nThe most common remedies for pinched nerves are typically painkilling medication and as a last resort, surgery. Chiropractors focus on safe and non-invasive treatments, though, and generally do not prescribe medication. Due to this, many think chiropractors cannot help with a pinched nerve. This, however, is simply not true.\nIf you are suffering from a pinched nerve, a chiropractor will examine your back looking for any vertebrae that are out of alignment. These are called subluxations when they occur. This is a common cause of pinched nerves because when the vertebrae are out of alignment, it can place pressure on the surrounding nerves.\nIf a chiropractor finds any of these subluxations, he or she will prescribe a number of treatments that could help. The first of these is often a spinal adjustment.\nDuring a spinal adjustment a chiropractor will use the hands or a small device to apply firm yet gentle force to the vertebrae that are not properly aligned. This positions the spine correctly and places the vertebrae back into proper position, releasing the compression of the nerve.\nWhen muscles or other soft tissues are to blame for the pinched nerve, a Philadelphia chiropractor may also recommend massage therapy. This can help relax the connective tissue within the muscles. A massage can also help relax the entire body and prevent pinched nerves from occurring in the future.\nIn addition to this type of physical therapy, a chiropractor will make recommendations that can help you prevent pinched nerves from occurring in the future. These recommendations could include a change in the diet, getting more exercise, or even reducing exercise and giving the body a chance to recover. The recommendations made will vary depending on the circumstances that led to the pinched nerve in the first place.\nMany chiropractors will offer all of these services, while others may work in a facility that has nutrition and massage therapy specialists on staff. Either working with a team or visiting a chiropractor for one-on-one treatment, chiropractic care is a great way to treat pinched nerves.\nAre You Suffering from a Pinched Nerve? A Philadelphia Chiropractor Can Help\nIf you are suffering from a pinched nerve, there is a good chance that you are in a great deal of pain or are suffering from a limited range of motion. Do ot suffer like this for another minute. Visit a chiropractor in Philadelphia and learn how they can help.\nAt the Injury Care Center, we will provide a full assessment to determine the cause of your pinched nerve. Then we will recommend a course of treatment that will reduce the compression and get you back to feeling like yourself again as soon as possible. Call us today at 866-237-0088 or fill out our online form and we will be in touch soon.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24", "url": "https://injurycarecenter.net/can-a-philadelphia-chiropractor-help-with-a-pinched-nerve/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348521325.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200606222233-20200607012233-00039.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9593708515, "token_count": 1298, "score": 2.625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "08 Aibreán An féidir le Chiropractor Philadelphia Cuidiú le Nerve Pinched?\nD'fhéadfadh go mbeadh sé cosúil go bhfuil an t-eagrán beag, ach tá a fhios ag aon duine a bhí riamh ag fulaingt ó nerves pinched cé chomh lag is féidir a bheith. Ar an drochuair, creideann go leor daoine a bhfuil nerve pinched nach féidir leo aon rud a dhéanamh faoin gcion. Síleann siad gur chóir dóibh fanacht go dtí go mbeidh sé críochnaithe agus go mbeidh súil acu go dtiocfaidh sé chun cinn ina dhiaidh sin. Idir an dá linn, is féidir le casadh beag na muineál iad a chur i ngéarchéim.\nCad é Nerve Pinched?\nUaireanta tugtar nerve comhbhrúite ar nerve pinched mar gheall go bhfuil an nerve faoi bhrú mór. Tá sé brúite ag cnámh nó fíochán bog in aice láimhe mar ligaments agus matáin ag brú suas ina choinne. Is féidir le seo pian suntasach a chur ar bun, ach ní bhíonn míchompord i gcónaí ag na néaróg a chúnadh. I gcásanna áirithe, ní bhíonn an limistéar a bhfuil an galar air ach lag nó numb.\nTá baillí néaróg ag rith ar fud an chomhlachta daonna ar fad, rud a chiallaíonn go bhféadfadh tú fhulaingt ó néaróg pinched áit ar bith. Mar sin féin, is iad an dá shuíomh is coitianta sa chúl íseal agus sa mhuineál. Tá cúiseanna ann go bhfuil na codanna seo den chorp níos so-ghabhálach do néaróga a chúnadh ná mar a bhíonn ag daoine eile.\nIs é an cúl íochtarach an príomh-chomhpháirt le haghaidh formhór na gcodanna den chorp. Tacaíonn sé le meáchan iomlán an duine agus déanann sé é a dháileadh, rud a fhágann go gcuirtear rudaí le chéile. De réir mar a dhéanann sé, bíonn rud éigin ag brú ar nerve mar thoradh ar an gcuibhneáil sin uaireanta.\nTá an muineál so-ghabhálach freisin do néaróg a chúnadh mar gheall ar an bhfíric go dtacaíonn sé leis an gceann. Tá an ceann i bhfad níos troime ná an muineál agus bogann sé go leanúnach. Le gach gluaiseacht, cuireann sé níos mó brú ar an muineál, rud a d'fhéadfadh go gcuirfeadh sé brú ar na néaróga.\nCúiseanna Coitianta a bhaineann le Neart Pinched\nTá roinnt cúiseanna coitianta ann a bhaineann le néaróga a chúnadh. De réir mar a théann duine in aois, bíonn caitheamh agus déirce gnáth ag tarlú ar feadh an chnámha, rud a d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh brú ar roinnt néaróg. Ina theannta sin, tá roinnt coinníollacha agus fachtóirí ann a chuireann nerves pinched freisin. I measc na ngnáth-ghnéithe seo tá:\n- Fócas díosaithe\n- droch-stán\n- Gluaiseachtaí athfhillteacha, go háirithe cur síos nó casadh\n- Suíochán ar feadh tréimhsí fada, a fheictear go minic le gortú oibre\n- Gortú mar chléabóg liathróid\n- Spurs cnámh\n- Fíochán scar\nUaireanta is féidir le roghanna simplí stíl mhaireachtála mar cheartú posture cabhrú le néaróg pinched. Uaireanta eile, mar shampla nuair is é an riocht bunúsach arthritis nó tumóir, beidh ar othair duine a fheiceann an riocht a chóireáil a fheiceáil, rud a dhéanfaidh an nerve pinched a chóireáil go minic freisin.\nComharthaí na nIarbháin Pingin\nBeidh a fhios ag go leor daoine a bhfuil nerve pinched acu é láithreach. Beidh siad a n-aghaidh a casadh a n-aird beagán agus a géar, shooting pian beidh erupt i a n-a muineál. Ní bhíonn na néaróga pinched, áfach, chomh soiléir sin i gcónaí. D'fhéadfadh comharthaí eile a bheith ann nach d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina léargas go huathoibríoch ar nerve pinched. Is iad na comharthaí is coitianta:\n- Briseadh nó tinteann sa suíomh an nerve pinched\n- mothú \" pionta agus snáthaidí \" sa cheantar\n- Píobáil i lár an chúlra\n- Píobáil\n- Píobáil a fhéadaíonn le cleachtadh\n- Píobáil san oíche\n- Píoc nuair a dhúisíonn tú\n- Laghdú na matáin\n- Teachtaireacht agus/ nó tuirse sa cheantar\n- Caillteanas saill nó athshláinithe\n- Réim theoranta gluaiseachta\nBa chóir do dhuine ar bith a bhfuil aon cheann de na hairíonna seo aige labhairt le cairopraictóir Philadelphia láithreach.\nAn féidir le Chiropractor Cabhair a thabhairt le Nerve Pinched?\nIs iad na leigheasanna is coitianta le haghaidh néaróg pinched de ghnáth cógais painkiller agus mar rogha deireanach, máinliacht. Díríonn chiropractors ar chóireálacha sábháilte agus neamh-inbhéartacha, áfach, agus ní chuireann siad cógais i gcoitinne. Mar gheall air seo, is dóigh le go leor nach féidir le chiropractors cabhrú le néaróg pinched. Ach ní fíor é seo.\nMá tá tú ag fulaingt ó néaróg pinched, scrúdóidh chiropractor do chúl ag lorg aon vertebrae nach bhfuil ar ailíniú. Tugtar subluxations orthu seo nuair a tharlaíonn siad. Is cúis choitianta í seo le néaróg phriontaithe toisc nuair nach bhfuil na vertebrae in ailíniú, is féidir leis brú a chur ar na néaróga timpeall.\nMá fhaigheann an chiropractor aon cheann de na subluxations seo, cuirfidh sé nó sí roinnt cóireálacha a d'fhéadfadh cabhrú. Is minic gurb é an chéad cheann díobh seo coigeartú spine.\nLe linn coigeartú spine úsáidfidh an chiropractor a lámha nó feiste beag chun fórsa daingean ach éadrom a chur i bhfeidhm ar na vertebraí nach bhfuil ailínithe i gceart. Cuireann sé seo an cnámh cnámh go ceart agus cuireann sé na vertebrae ar ais sa phost cheart, ag scaoileadh brú an nerve.\nNuair a bhíonn na matáin nó fíocháin bhoga eile mar chúis leis an néaróg a chúnadh, féadfaidh an chiropractor Philadelphia cóireáil massage a mholadh freisin. Is féidir leis seo cabhrú leis an fíochán nasctha laistigh de na matáin a scíth a ligean. Is féidir le massage cabhrú leis an gcorp iomlán a scíth a ligean agus cosc a chur ar néaróga a bheith i gcroí sa todhchaí.\nChomh maith leis an gcineál fisiceolaí seo, tabharfaidh an chiropractor moltaí a chabhróidh leat na néaróga a chur i gcló a sheachaint sa todhchaí. D'fhéadfadh na moltaí seo a bheith ina measc athrú ar an aiste bia, níos mó aclaíochta a fháil, nó fiú níos lú aclaíochta a dhéanamh agus deis a thabhairt don chorp a ghnóthú. Beidh na moltaí a dhéantar éagsúil ag brath ar na cúinsí a thug an nerve pinched sa chéad áit.\nBeidh go leor chiropractors a thairiscint go léir na seirbhísí seo, agus d'fhéadfadh daoine eile a bheith ag obair i saoráid a bhfuil cothaithe agus massage teiripe speisialtóirí ar an bhfoireann. Cibé an bhfuil tú ag obair le foireann nó ag tabhairt cuairte ar cheiropractaí le haghaidh cóireála duine ar dhuine, is bealach iontach é cúram cheiropractach chun néaróga pinched a chóireáil.\nAn bhfuil tú ag fulaingt ó Nerve Pinched? Is Féidir le Chiropractor Philadelphia Cuidiú\nMá tá tú ag fulaingt ó nerve pinched, tá seans maith ann go bhfuil tú i mórchuid pian nó go bhfuil tú ag fulaingt ó raon teoranta gluaiseachta. Ní mór duit a bheith ag fulaingt mar seo le haghaidh nóiméad eile. Tabhair cuairt ar chiropractor i Philadelphia agus foghlaim conas is féidir leo cabhrú.\nAg an Lárionad Cúraim Injury, beidh muid a chur ar fáil measúnú iomlán a chinneadh an chúis do nerve pinched. Ansin molfaimid cúrsa cóireála a laghdóidh an brú agus a chuirfidh tú ar ais mar tú féin a luaithe is féidir. Glaoigh orainn inniu ag 866-237-0088 nó líon ár bhfoirm ar líne agus beidh muid i dteagmháil go luath."} {"text": "Low-Voltage Fault Protection\n|© Nov 17, 2003, Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.\nAbstract: This application note discusses the need for overvoltage protection in switches and muxes that connect to the rest of the system. The MAX4711/MAX4712/MAX4713 analog switches operate from 2.7V to 11V with integrated fault protection.\nOther methods of fault protection are discussed, along with their advantages and disadvantages.\nThe standard supply voltages for today's systems (unipolar 3.3V or 5V, or bipolar ±3.3V or ±5V) are usually the highest voltages available on a board. The board's input terminals may be exposed to voltages higher than the supply voltages. When power to the board is off, voltages may remain at the input terminals. The first element to be affected by overvoltage is often a multiplexer or a switch, so they must protect downstream circuitry.\nThe pass element in an analog switch contains one or more MOSFETs and has parasitic clamping diodes to the supply voltages for ESD protection. Figure 1 shows the equivalent circuit diagram for a closed analog switch. As long as V+ and V- are present and no input voltage exceeds those rails by the forward bias voltage of the clamping diodes (typically 0.6V), the diodes are reverse-biased and no current flows through them.\nFigure 1. Equivalent circuit diagram for a closed switch.\nBecause improper supply-voltage sequencing can cause an overvoltage fault, many switches require that the most positive voltage be applied first and the most negative last. An input voltage with supplies off or an input voltage that exceeds a supply voltage causes current to flow through the clamping diodes. Those diodes can handle only a couple of milliwatts (depending on the IC's semiconductor process) before heat due to power dissipation damages the switch permanently.\nLower current levels can cause latchup-a condition in which the switch malfunctions and draws excessive current from the supplies. In most cases you can end the latchup without harming the switch by removing all voltages from the switch, but the board will not operate properly until you do.\nA simple approach for protecting analog switches against latchup (Figure 2) adds high-current Schottky diodes, which have low forward-bias voltages of 0.3V maximum. If input voltage exceeds the supply voltage, the low Schottky voltage ensures that no current can flow through the clamp diodes, whose typical forward-bias voltage is 0.6V.\nFigure 2. Latchup protection with external Schottky diodes.\nThe resulting latchup-free circuit has a downside (beyond the extra cost of two protection diodes). The Schottky diodes pass every voltage at least 0.3V higher than the supply voltage. That behavior is not a problem if the supply voltages are absent (V+ and V- at ground level) and the input voltage remains below the absolute-maximum rating for every part connected to V+ and V-.\nBut, the circuit provides no protection against overvoltage. If, for example, V+ = 5V and a fault voltage on the switch input is 8V, then V+ is pulled to approximately 7.7V—too high for most digital parts connected to V+. Even if V+ powers only the switch and the switch withstands the fault, high voltage may pass through the closed switch and damage downstream parts. Multiple-input switches require a Schottky diode from every input to V+, adding even more cost and board space.\nThe Figure 3 circuit provides good overvoltage protection for applications in which the input voltages are always off when supply voltages to the switch are absent. The forward-bias voltage VD (for a regular silicon diode) is typically 0.7V, so the zener voltage Vz1 must be selected to meet VD + Vz1 < V+. The same is true for the negative rail and Vz2: |VD + Vz2| < |V-|. Maximum voltage ratings for the diodes (zener and standard silicon types) must be chosen according to the maximum possible fault voltage.\nFigure 3. Overvoltage protection with external diodes.\nFor a continuous-overvoltage fault (rather than a spike), a resistor placed between ground and the zener-diode connection limits current through that diode. The biggest disadvantage of such protection is a limitation on the input-voltage range of the switch. Because diodes differ greatly in bias voltage, min/max limits for the diode network can also vary greatly. When the network is dimensioned for a worst-case limit, the diode current can flow at a voltage much lower than the supply voltages, thereby eliminating the switch's rail-to-rail characteristic.\nResistors (kΩ-range) in series with the input channels can also give some protection by limiting the fault current that flows through the clamping diodes in a switch. Overvoltage can still damage parts downstream of the switch, however. The resistor dramatically increases on-resistance for the switch. Any variation of that resistance over temperature can corrupt the signal, as can leakage current from the switch flowing through the augmented on-resistance.\nThe first approach in integrating fault protection with an analog switch was for a certain type of multiplexer whose pass element consists of three MOSFETs in series, in the order n-channel/p-channel/n-channel. That architecture protects every signal path up to ±100V (Figure 4). The multiplexer's on-resistance, which increases rapidly for input voltages above the supply voltage, protects itself (and parts before and behind the multiplexer) by limiting the input current. Limiting the fault current prevents the fault from coupling into another channel.\nFigure 4. On-resistance vs. signal voltage for an older fault-protected switch.\nThe series-MOSFET approach also gives protection for the case in which no supply is present. Older parts like the MAX388 or HI-509A, on the other hand, operate only in the range ±4.5 to ±18V, come in large packages, have high on-resistance (minimum 350Ω, up to 3.5kΩ), and cannot pass input-signal voltages unless they are ~2V below the supply voltage.\nThe first step in addressing these problems for devices operating in the range 9V to 36V or ±4.5 to ±20V was the development of a new switch architecture, similar to the one described below as low-voltage fault protection. The new approach marks a major advance over the three-FETs-in-series technique by allowing rail-to-rail operation and lower on-resistance. Internal circuitry turns off the switch when it detects a fault, thereby preventing the fault from passing through the switch or mux to other circuitry.\nBecause only leakage currents flow into the switch or mux during a fault condition, the chip cannot be destroyed by power dissipation. Like their 3-FET predecessors, switches and multiplexers built with this new process and architecture eliminate fault problems when power is off by reverting to a high-impedance state. Such parts (including the MAX4511 switch and MAX4508 multiplexer families) are suitable for high-voltage systems requiring fault protection to ±40V, but not for common 3V and 5V systems. The parts mentioned are not specified for that voltage range, and their RDS(ON) with a 5V supply would be measured in thousands of ohms.\nLow-voltage fault protection\nMembers of the newest fault-protected switch family are optimized for operation with a unipolar 3.3V or 5V supply, or with bipolar ±3.3V or ±5V supplies. They require no external protection, and they feature a low maximum on-resistance of 30Ω (±5V supply) or 100Ω (+3V supply).\nAs shown in Figure 5, these switches comprise an n-channel FET (N1) in parallel with a p-channel FET (P1), forming a low-value resistance from input to output. Input signals within the supply rails or that exceed the rails by no more than 150mV pass through the switch to the COM terminal, thereby allowing rail-to-rail operation.\nFigure 5. Block diagram of a low-voltage fault protected switch.\nTwo comparators monitor the input voltages by comparing them continuously with the supply voltages V+ and V-. When a signal on NO (normally open) or NC (normally closed) is between V+ and V-, the switch acts normally. When it exceeds the supply rails by about 150mV (a fault condition), the output voltage (COM) is limited to the supply voltage—at the same polarity and with the inputs at high impedance. That action is implemented by the fault comparators, which turn off N1 and P1. They also control the clamping FETs N2 and P2 as follows: if the switch is closed preceding a negative fault, N2 connects COM to V-. If closed preceding a positive fault, P2 connects COM to V+. If the switch is open preceding the fault, the output assumes a high impedance.\nDuring a fault, the inputs assume a high impedance regardless of the switch state or load resistance. The maximum fault voltage on the inputs is limited by the absolute maximum ratings of the switches, which for the MAX4711 family is ±12V. If (for example) a MAX4711 device has a +5V supply, it is protected against fault voltages up to +12V on the positive rail and -7V on the negative rail (5V +|-7V| = 12V). The device provides fault protection for the input pins (NO and NC) when supply voltage is absent, and the protection is even better when off. For that condition, the fault voltage can approach ±12V for either rail.\nThe logic inputs (IN) are protected for positive faults up to (V-)+12V, but negative faults can exceed the negative supply by only a diode drop. The output terminal (COM) is not fault-protected, and (as described above) the COM voltage should not exceed either supply voltage by more then 0.3V.\nFigure 6 displays the output voltage for a closed, fault-protected switch during input faults of both polarities. Typically, 200ns after the input voltage exceeds V+ (or V-) by approximately 150mV, the output (COM) equals the positive (or negative) supply voltage minus a drop voltage due to the FET. When the input fault returns within the supply rails, a delay of 700ns (typical) elapses before the output recovers and resumes following the input. That delay depends on the COM output's resistance and capacitance, and does not depend on the fault amplitude. Higher resistance and capacitance at COM increases the recovery time.\nFigure 6. Input vs. output voltage during a fault condition.\nBesides the obvious use of low-voltage, fault-protected switches in protecting the analog inputs of ATE and industrial equipment, those devices can ease the design effort and space requirements in many other applications as well.\nTo avoid powering down a rack of equipment, for example, many applications require the capability to insert an extension board into a live backplane. Though hot-swap controllers like the MAX4271 are available to limit a card's inrush current, its signal lines are not easily protected. If, for example, you insert the card into a backplane whose databus communicates via 5V TTL, the digital ICs (microcontrollers, ASICs, etc.) see 5V at their inputs before a supply voltage is applied. As mentioned earlier, that condition can cause latchup or damage the board.\nLow-voltage, fault-protected switches between sensitive parts and the backplane connection (Figure 7) give the required over-voltage protection. The switches maintain their COM outputs in a high-impedance state until the card's supply voltage comes up and closes the switch connection to the backplane. The switch's protected (NO) inputs face the backplane, giving ±12V protection while power is off, and also protecting the card against overvoltage from the backplane when supply voltage is present. Note that the popular logic-bus switches from various vendors do not provide this sort of protection. They provide a higher allowable value for latch-up current than do standard CMOS parts, but they do not withstand continuous overvoltage.\nFigure 7. Hot-swapping backplane signals.\nThe low-voltage fault-protected switch in Figure 8 switches off the internal supply via a 9V battery (or two lithium coin cells in series, etc.) when it detects an external supply such as a wallcube (PS). Normally, the switch is supplied by the battery at pin 13. A low-voltage Schottky diode protects the non-rechargeable battery from being charged when an external supply is connected.\nFigure 8. Battery switch off when external power supply is present.\nA switch at pin 10 extracts VCC, which in most applications is conditioned by a voltage regulator after the switch. As soon as the board detects an external supply voltage, a microcontroller closes switches 1 and 4 and opens switch 3. The output capacitor C provides system power during the transition from switch 3 to switch 4. To protect the battery from damage, switch 3 must always be open when switch 4 is closed. When the external supply is removed, switches 4 and 1 open and switch 3 closes. Fault-protected inputs protect the switch when the external supply is higher than the battery voltage, when the battery is discharged and an external supply is connected, or when C is charged and the battery is removed.\nThe content on this webpage is protected by copyright laws of the United States and of foreign countries. For requests to copy this content, contact us.\nAPP 2854: Nov 17, 2003\nAPPLICATION NOTE 2854,", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23", "url": "http://www.maximintegrated.com/en/app-notes/index.mvp/id/2854", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510266894.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011746-00408-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8879330754, "token_count": 2963, "score": 2.875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cosc ar Fadhbanna Leibhéal-Voltaigh\n 17 Samhain, 2003, Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.\nGearrthóg: Déileálann an nóta iarratais seo leis an ngá le cosaint róbholtais i lascainí agus i mucsí a nascann leis an gcuid eile den chóras. Oibríonn na lascainí analógach MAX4711/MAX4712/MAX4713 ó 2.7V go 11V le cosaint bhréagán comhtháite.\nPléitear modhanna eile cosanta locht, chomh maith lena gcuid buntáistí agus míbhuntáistí.\nIs iad na voltais soláthair caighdeánacha do chórais an lae inniu (unipoláireach 3.3V nó 5V, nó débhléite ±3.3V nó ±5V) de ghnáth na voltais is airde atá ar fáil ar bhord. Féadfaidh críochfoirt ionchuir an bhoird a bheith nochtaithe do voltais níos airde ná voltais an tsoláthair. Nuair a bhíonn an chumhacht don bhord as feidhm, d'fhéadfadh voltais a bheith fós ag na críochfoirt ionchuir. Is minic gurb é an chéad eilimint a mbíonn tionchar ag ró-bholtaíocht air multiplexer nó lasc, mar sin ní mór dóibh ciorcad thíos an tsrutha a chosaint.\nTá MOSFET amháin nó níos mó ar an eilimint pas i lascaine analógach agus tá díodanna clampála paraisíteacha aige do voltais soláthair chun cosaint ESD a bhaint amach. Léiríonn figiúr 1 an sceideal ciorcad coibhéiseach le haghaidh lasc analógach dúnta. Chomh fada agus a bhíonn V + agus V - i láthair agus gan aon voltas ionchuir a sháraíonn na rianta sin ag voltas claontaithe ar aghaidh na dtioidí clampála (de ghnáth 0.6V), tá na diodaí claontaithe ar ais agus ní shruthaíonn aon sruth trína.\nFigiúr 1. Scéim chiorcaid chomhionann le haghaidh lasc dúnta.\nToisc gur féidir le seicheamh míchuí soláthair-voltais earráid ró-voltais a chur faoi deara, éilíonn go leor lascainí go gcuirfear an voltas is dearfacha i bhfeidhm ar dtús agus an voltas is diúltach ar deireadh. Tá an t-easnamh ionchuir le soláthairtí as feidhm nó voltas ionchuir a sháraíonn voltas soláthair ag cur sruth trí na diodanna clampála. Ní féidir leis na déodóirí sin ach cúpla milliwatt a láimhseáil (ag brath ar phróiseas leathsheoltóra an IC) sula ndéanann teas mar gheall ar scaipeadh cumhachta damáiste buan don lasc.\nIs féidir le leibhéil reatha níos ísle latchup a chur i gcrích - coinníoll ina n-oibríonn an lasc go míchuí agus a thógann iomarca reatha ó na soláthairtí. I bhformhór na gcásanna is féidir leat deireadh a chur leis an latchup gan dochar a dhéanamh don lascaine trí gach voltas a bhaint ón lascaine, ach ní oibreoidh an bord i gceart go dtí go ndéanfaidh tú é.\nIs é an cur chuige simplí chun lascainí analógach a chosaint i gcoinne latchup (Figiúr 2) diodaí Schottky ard-sreabhta a chur leis, a bhfuil voltais íseal claonta tosaigh de 0.3V ar a mhéad acu. Má théann voltas ionchuir thar voltas an tsoláthair, cinntíonn voltas íseal Schottky nach féidir aon sruth a shruthú trí na díod clamp, a bhfuil a voltas claontaithe tosaigh tipiciúil 0.6V.\nFigiúr 2. Cosc latchup le diodaí Schottky seachtracha.\nTá drochthionchar ag an gcoróin gan latchup mar thoradh air (seachas costas breise dhá dhíod cosanta). Tá na díodanna Schottky ag dul trí gach voltas atá 0.3V ar a laghad níos airde ná an voltas soláthair. Ní fadhb é an iompar sin má tá na voltais soláthair as láthair (V + agus V- ag leibhéal na talún) agus má fhanann an voltas ionchuir faoi bhun an rátála uasta abhlóide do gach cuid atá ceangailte le V + agus V-.\nAch, ní sholáthraíonn an ciorcad aon chosaint i gcoinne ró-bholtais. Má, mar shampla, V + = 5V agus tá voltas locht ar ionchur an lascaine 8V, ansin tarraingítear V + go dtí thart ar 7.7V ró-ard don chuid is mó de na codanna digiteacha atá ceangailte le V +. Fiú má chuireann V + cumhachtaí ar an lasc amháin agus má sheasann an lasc leis an bhfadhb, d'fhéadfadh voltas ard dul tríd an lasc dúnta agus damáiste a dhéanamh do chodanna thíos an sruth. Éilíonn lascainí il-ionchuir diód Schottky ó gach ionchur go V +, ag cur níos mó costais agus spáis boird leis.\nSoláthraíonn an ciorcad atá i bhfigiúr 3 cosaint ró-bholtais maith d'iarratais ina bhfuil na voltais ionchuir ar shiúl i gcónaí nuair nach bhfuil voltais soláthair ar an lasc ann. Is é an voltas claontaithe ar aghaidh VD (le haghaidh diod sileacain rialta) de ghnáth 0.7V, mar sin ní mór voltas zener Vz1 a roghnú chun freastal ar VD + Vz1 < V+. Tá an rud céanna fíor don rian diúltach agus Vz2: █VD + Vz2 Ní mór uasmhéideanna voltais ainmnithe do na déodáin (de chineálacha sileacain Zener agus caighdeánacha) a roghnú de réir an voltais mhó féideartha locht.\nFigiúr 3. Cosc ar ró-bholtaíocht le díodanna seachtracha.\nI gcás locht ró-bholtais leanúnach (seachas spike), cuirtear friotaire idir an talamh agus nasc an díod Zener chun teorainn a chur le sruth tríd an díod sin. Is é an míbhuntáiste is mó a bhaineann le cosaint den sórt sin ná teorainn ar raon voltais ionchuir an lascaine. Ós rud é go bhfuil difríocht mhór idir díodanna i voltas claontachta, is féidir teorainneacha mín / uas a bheith éagsúil go mór freisin do líonra an díod. Nuair a dhéantar an líonra a dhíchóimeáil le haghaidh teorainn is measa, is féidir leis an sruth díod a shreabhadh ag voltas i bhfad níos ísle ná voltais an tsoláthair, rud a fhágann nach bhfuil an t-aistriú ag feidhmiú ar bhealach rialla-le-rail.\nIs féidir le friotairí (gnáth-réim kΩ) i sraith leis na cainéil ionchuir roinnt cosaint a thabhairt freisin trí theorainn locht a shrianadh a shreabhann trí na diodaí clampála i lasc. Is féidir le róbholtacht damáiste a dhéanamh do chodanna thíos an lascaine, áfach. Méadaíonn an friotaire go suntasach an friotaíocht ar an lasc. Is féidir le haon athrú ar an friotaíocht sin thar an teocht an comhartha a chontúirt, mar is féidir le sruth sceitheadh ón lasc a shruthálann tríd an friotaíocht ardaithe.\nBa é an chéad chur chuige chun cosaint locht a chomhtháthú le lasc analógach do chineál áirithe multiplexer a bhfuil a eilimint pasanna comhdhéanta de thrí MOSFET i sraith, san ord n-canail / p-canail / n-canail. Cosnaíonn an t-ailtireacht sin gach cosán comhartha suas le ± 100V (Figiúr 4). Déantar an multiplexer a chosaint ar an friotaíocht ar an gcineál, a mhéadaíonn go tapa le haghaidh voltais ionchuir os cionn voltais an tsoláthair, é féin (agus codanna roimh agus taobh thiar den multiplexer) trí shrian a chur ar an sruth ionchuir. Cuirtear teorainn leis an sruth locht chun cosc a chur ar an locht dul i ngleic le cainéal eile.\nFigiúr 4. Teannas comhartha i gcomparáid le friotaíocht ar aghaidh le haghaidh lasc níos sine atá cosanta ó bhfadhb.\nTugann an cur chuige sraith-MOSFET cosaint freisin don chás nach bhfuil aon soláthar i láthair. Ní oibríonn codanna níos sine cosúil leis an MAX388 nó HI-509A, ar an láimh eile, ach amháin sa raon ± 4.5 go ± 18V, tagann siad i bpacáistí móra, tá friotaíocht ard acu (ar a laghad 350Ω, suas go 3.5kΩ), agus ní féidir leo voltais ionchuir-sinail a rith mura bhfuil ~ 2V thíos leis an voltas soláthair.\nIs é an chéad chéim chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar na fadhbanna seo d'fheistí a oibríonn sa raon 9V go 36V nó ± 4.5 go ± 20V ná ailtireacht nua lascaine a fhorbairt, cosúil leis an gceann a thuairiscítear thíos mar chosaint locht ísealbholtaíochta. Is mór an dul chun cinn atá sa chur chuige nua i gcomparáid leis an teicníc trí FETs i sraith trína gceadaíonn sé oibriú i rianta agus friotaíocht níos ísle. Dúnann an chiorcaid inmheánach an lasc nuair a bhrathann sé locht, agus ar an gcaoi sin cuirtear cosc ar an locht dul tríd an lasc nó mux go ciorcaid eile.\nToisc nach sreabhann ach sruthanna sceite isteach sa lasc nó sa mux le linn staid locht, ní féidir an sliseanna a scriosadh trí dhíspreagadh cumhachta. Cosúil lena réamhtheachtaí 3-FET, cuireann lascainí agus ilfhillteoirí a tógadh leis an bpróiseas agus an ailtireacht nua seo fadhbanna locht a dhíchur nuair a bhíonn an chumhacht as feidhm trí fhilleadh ar ais go stát ard-chosain. Tá na codanna sin (lena n-áirítear an t-aistriú MAX4511 agus na teaghlaigh ilfhillte MAX4508) oiriúnach do chórais ardvoltais a éilíonn cosaint locht go ±40V, ach ní do chórais choitianta 3V agus 5V. Ní shonraítear na codanna a luaitear don raon voltais sin, agus déanfar a gcuid RDS ((ON)) le soláthar 5V a thomhas i mílte ohm.\nCosaint locht ísealbholtaíochta\nTá baill den teaghlach lascainí is nuaí atá cosanta ó bhfadhb oiriúnach le hoibriú le soláthar 3.3V nó 5V aonphólach, nó le soláthairtí ±3.3V nó ±5V déphólach. Ní gá iad a chosaint ó thaobh seachtrach, agus tá frithsheasmhacht ardaithe íseal 30Ω (soláthar ± 5V) nó 100Ω (+ soláthar 3V) acu.\nMar a léirítear i bhfigiúr 5, tá FET n-canala (N1) i measc na n-scagairí seo i gcomhthráth le FET p-canala (P1), ag cruthú friotaíocht ísealluach ó ionchur go aschur. Tá an t-aistriú ag an gcnaipe COM, agus tá an t-aistriú ag an gcnaipe COM, agus tá an t-aistriú ag an gcnaipe COM.\nFigiúr 5. Diagram bloc de lasc a chosaint ar bhfadhb ísealbholtaigh.\nDéantar an t-uimhir a choigeartú trí dhá chomparáidóir trína gcomparáid leanúnach a dhéanamh idir na voltais ionchuir V+ agus V-. Nuair a bhíonn comhartha ar NO (go rialta oscailte) nó NC (go rialta dúnta) idir V+ agus V-, oibríonn an lasc go rialta. Nuair a sháraíonn sé na rianta soláthair thart ar 150mV (coinníoll locht), tá an voltas aschuir (COM) teoranta don voltas soláthair ag an polaireacht chéanna agus leis na hionchuir ag impedance ard. Déantar an gníomh sin a chur i bhfeidhm ag na comparálaithe lochtanna, a dhúnann N1 agus P1. Rialaíonn siad na FETanna clampála N2 agus P2 freisin mar a leanas: má dhúntar an lasc roimh locht diúltach, nascann N2 COM le V-. Má dhúntar roimh locht dearfach, nascann P2 COM le V+. Má tá an lasc oscailte roimh an bhfadhb, glacann an aschur le hiompar ard.\nLe linn locht, glacann na hionchuir le hiompráid ard is cuma cén stát a bhfuil an casadh nó an friotaíocht ualaigh ann. Tá an voltas locht uasta ar na hionchuir teoranta ag uasmhéideanna ainmnithe na n-aistritheoirí, a bhfuil ±12V acu don teaghlach MAX4711. Má tá soláthar +5V ag feiste MAX4711 (mar shampla), tá sé cosanta i gcoinne voltais locht suas go +12V ar an rian dearfach agus -7V ar an rian diúltach (5V + 720V/12V = 12V). Soláthraíonn an gléas cosaint locht do na pionta ionchuir (NO agus NC) nuair a bhíonn voltas soláthair as láthair, agus tá an cosaint níos fearr fós nuair a bhíonn sé as feidhm. I gcás na coinníoll sin, is féidir leis an voltas locht a bheith thart ar ±12V do gach píolótach.\nTá na hionchuir loighciúil (IN) cosanta do mhíbhuntáistí dearfacha suas go dtí (V-) + 12V, ach ní féidir le míbhuntáistí diúltacha an soláthar diúltach a shárú ach ag titim díod. Ní dhéantar an chríochfort aschuir (COM) a chosaint ó bhfadhb, agus (mar a thuairiscítear thuas) níor cheart go mbeadh an voltas COM níos mó ná 0.3V ná an voltas soláthair.\nLéiríonn figiúr 6 an voltas aschuir le haghaidh lasc dúnta, cosanta ó bhfadhb le linn bhfadhb ionchuir de dhá pholarachta. De ghnáth, 200ns tar éis an voltas ionchuir níos mó ná V + (nó V-) faoi thart ar 150mV, is ionann an aschur (COM) agus an voltas soláthair dearfach (nó diúltach) mín voltas titim mar gheall ar an FET. Nuair a thagann an locht ionchuir ar ais laistigh de na rianta soláthair, téann moill de 700ns (de ghnáth) roimh an aschur a ghnóthú agus a atógáil tar éis an ionchuir. Braitheann an moille sin ar fhriotaíocht agus ar chumhachtas aschuir COM, agus ní bhíonn sé ag brath ar an luas faillí. Méadaíonn an t-am athshlánaithe ag COM mar gheall ar an bhfreastalacht agus an chumhacht níos airde.\nFigiúr 6. Voltas ionchuir i gcoinne voltas aschuir le linn coinníoll locht.\nChomh maith leis an úsáid follasach a bhaineann le lascainí ísealbholtachta, atá cosanta ó bhfadhb, chun ionchuir analógach ATE agus trealaimh thionsclaíoch a chosaint, is féidir leis na feistí sin an iarracht dearaidh agus na riachtanais spáis a mhaolú i go leor feidhmchlár eile freisin.\nChun go seachnófar go gcuirfí raca trealaimh as, mar shampla, éilíonn go leor feidhmchláir an cumas bord síneadh a chur isteach i bpláinéad beo. Cé go bhfuil rialtóirí hot-swap cosúil leis an MAX4271 ar fáil chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar an sruth ionraic cárta, ní féidir a línte comhartha a chosaint go héasca. Má chuireann tú an cárta isteach i gcúlphláinéid, mar shampla, a bhfuil a bhus sonraí ag cumarsáid trí 5V TTL, na ICanna digiteacha (micreastóir, ASICanna, srl.) 5V ag a n-ionchur sula gcuirtear voltas soláthair i bhfeidhm. Mar a luadh roimhe seo, d'fhéadfadh an staid sin a bheith ina chúis le latchup nó damáiste a dhéanamh don bhord.\nSoláthraíonn lascainí ísealbholtaíochta, atá cosanta ó bhfadhb idir codanna íogair agus nasc an chúlchláir (Figiúr 7) an chosaint róbholtais is gá. Coinníonn na haiscí COM a n-aschur i riocht ard-chosain go dtí go dtagann voltas soláthair an chárta suas agus go dúnann sé nasc an athsholáthair leis an gcúlphláin. Tá ionchuir faoi chosaint (NO) an lascainí os comhair an chúlchláir, ag tabhairt cosaint ±12V agus an chumhacht as, agus ag cosaint an chárta freisin i gcoinne rófholdála ón chúlchláir nuair a bhíonn voltas soláthair i láthair. Tabhair faoi deara nach soláthraíonn na haistriúcháin lóige-bhus tóir ó sholáthraithe éagsúla an cineál cosanta seo. Soláthraíonn siad luach incheadaithe níos airde le haghaidh sruth glactha ná mar a dhéanann páirteanna caighdeánacha CMOS, ach ní sheasann siad le róbholtaíocht leanúnach.\nFigiúr 7. Comharthaí backplane hot-swap.\nIs é an t-aistriú ísealbholtaíochta cosanta locht sa phictiúr 8 an t-earraí inmheánacha a dhúnadh trí charbad 9V (nó dhá chill airgid litiam i sraith, etc.) nuair a bhrathann sé soláthar seachtrach amhail wallcube (PS). De ghnáth, soláthraítear an lascaine ag pin 13 an lascaine. Cosnaíonn díod Schottky íseal-bholtais an ceallraí neamh-athluchtaithe ó bheith á mhuirearú nuair a bhíonn soláthar seachtrach ceangailte.\nFigiúr 8. Athraigh an t-aistriú ó chúlra go cúlra.\nTarraingíonn lasc ag pin 10 VCC, a choigeartú i bhformhór na n-iarratais ag rialtóir voltais tar éis an lasca. A luaithe a bhraitheann an bord voltas soláthair sheachtrach, déanann micreastóir lascainí 1 agus 4 a dhúnadh agus lascainí 3 a oscailt. Soláthraíonn an chumhdaitheoir aschuir C cumhacht an chórais le linn an aistrithe ó lasc 3 go lasc 4. Chun an cadhnraí a chosaint ó damáiste, ní mór go mbeadh an lasc 3 ar oscailt i gcónaí nuair a bhíonn an lasc 4 dúnta. Nuair a scoitear an soláthar seachtrach, osclaítear lascainí 4 agus 1 agus dúntar lascainí 3. Cosnaíonn ionchuir atá cosanta ó bhfadhb an lasc nuair a bhíonn an soláthar seachtrach níos airde ná voltas an charbóin, nuair a bhíonn an charbóin dí-scaoilte agus soláthar seachtrach ceangailte, nó nuair a bhíonn C gearradh agus an charbóin a bhaint.\nTá an t-ábhar ar an leathanach gréasáin seo faoi chosaint ag dlíthe cóipchirt na Stát Aontaithe agus tíortha eachtracha. I gcás iarratais ar an ábhar seo a chóipeáil, déan teagmháil linn.\nAPP 2854: 17 Samhain, 2003\nNóta IARGHAIMNÍ 2854,"} {"text": "LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) panels are common in today's technologically advanced society. LCDs are used in a wide variety of devices, including digital signage, smartphones, and computer monitors. Knowing the dependability of these screens is essential to maintain uninterrupted performance and reduce expensive downtime, whether you're a consumer enjoying your home entertainment or a company owner depending on digital displays for your operations. Here, MTBF, or Mean Time Between Failures, becomes an important measure to take into account in regard to LCDs and how to calculate it.\nMean Time Between Failures, or MTBF, is a critical measure that is employed in numerous sectors to assess the anticipated lifespan and durability of electronic components or systems. It simply indicates the typical interval between product failures throughout the course of its operating life, enabling us to rate a device's dependability and robustness.\nThe MTBF number for LCD panels is crucial to knowing both its expected lifespan and the likelihood of experiencing failures within a specific time range. A higher MTBF value denotes a longer anticipated lifespan and a lower probability of failure. A lower MTBF, on the other hand, denotes a shorter lifespan and greater vulnerability to failure. Fundamental to assuring LCDs' uninterrupted performance in a variety of applications, from consumer electronics to industrial control panels, is the proper determination of their MTBF.\nThe MTBF of LCDs can be considerably impacted by a number of factors. The caliber of the materials employed in their production is crucial. Longer MTBF values are typically produced by LCDs built with premium components and precise manufacturing techniques. A further crucial component is the LCD's operating environment. In order to make accurate MTBF forecasts, it is crucial to evaluate the operational circumstances of the LCD. Screens that are subjected to high levels of humidity, temperature, or physical stress are more prone to failure.\nAn LCD's design and construction quality are very important. Displays with strong internal structures and good design are typically more long-lasting. The MTBF of an LCD can also be considerably impacted by how it is utilized. Continuous use, frequent power cycling, and high-impact usage can all hasten wear and tear and possibly shorten the MTBF values. Last but not least, the quality of the LCDs is frequently reflected in the reputation of the maker. LCDs with higher MTBF ratings are more likely to be offered by reputable manufacturers with a track record of providing durable displays.\nAlthough determining the MTBF of an LCD might be challenging, there are several approaches that can be used to provide a precise prediction. One popular strategy is analyzing historical performance data of LCDs used in comparable circumstances. You can determine the average MTBF number by keeping track of the lengths of time between failures for each LCD.\nAccelerated life testing is another technique that simulates long-term usage in a shorter amount of time by subjecting LCDs to heightened stress conditions, such as greater temperatures and voltages. Calculating MTBF values under typical operating settings is possible by extrapolating from failure monitoring during these tests. As an alternative, gathering information from LCDs that are already in use can offer useful information. You can determine the MTBF values particular to your LCDs and their actual operating circumstances by keeping note of failures and operational hours.\nTo calculate MTBF, reliability engineers frequently use mathematical models like the Weibull distribution. In order to provide precise forecasts, these models consider failure data, environmental variables, and stress levels. Additionally, manufacturers could offer MTBF figures based on internal quality assurance and testing procedures. For a thorough evaluation, it is essential to compare these values to actual usage patterns and environmental factors.\nKnowing an LCD's MTBF is essential for ensuring its dependability and endurance in a variety of applications. A more reliable display will have a higher MTBF number, while a lower MTBF may require more regular maintenance or replacements. Considerations for determining an LCD's MTBF include component quality, operating environment, design, usage patterns, and the reputation of the manufacturer. To determine an accurate MTBF number, use techniques including historical data analysis, accelerated life testing, field data gathering, reliability modeling, and cross-referencing manufacturer information. When choosing displays for their unique demands, consumers and companies can save time and costs while assuring uninterrupted performance by thoroughly comprehending and evaluating the MTBF of LCD screens. At Focus LCDs, we have the expertise you need to determine what MTBF your application needs and the best LCD solution.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://focuslcds.com/journals/how-to-determine-mtbf-mean-time-between-failures-of-an-lcd/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506320.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922002008-20230922032008-00839.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.92916435, "token_count": 908, "score": 3.046875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá painéil LCD (LCD) coitianta sa tsochaí ardteicneolaíochta atá ann inniu. Úsáidtear LCDanna i réimse leathan feistí, lena n-áirítear comharthaíocht dhigiteach, fóin chliste, agus monatóirí ríomhaire. Tá sé ríthábhachtach go bhfuil na scáileáin seo iontaofa chun feidhmíocht gan bhriseadh a choinneáil agus am lasmuigh daor a laghdú, cibé an tomhaltóir tú ag baint taitneamh as do siamsaíocht baile nó úinéir cuideachta ag brath ar thaispeántais dhigiteacha le haghaidh do chuid oibríochtaí. Anseo, is é MTBF, nó Mean Time Between Failures, tomhas tábhachtach le cur san áireamh maidir le LCDanna agus conas é a ríomh.\nIs tomhas ríthábhachtach é Mean Time Between Failures, nó MTBF, a úsáidtear i go leor earnálacha chun saolré agus marthanacht ionchasach comhpháirteanna nó córais leictreonacha a mheas. Léiríonn sé ach an t-am tipiciúil idir thorthaí táirge le linn a shaolré oibriúcháin, rud a chuireann ar ár gcumas measúnú a dhéanamh ar iontaofacht agus ar neart feiste.\nTá uimhir MTBF do phainéil LCD ríthábhachtach chun a shaolré ionchasach agus an dóchúlacht go mbeidh earráidí ann laistigh de raon ama ar leith a fhios. Is féidir le luach MTBF níos airde a léiriú go bhfuil saolré níos faide ag súil leis agus go bhfuil dóchúlacht níos ísle go mbeidh teip ann. Ar an láimh eile, léiríonn MTBF níos ísle saolré níos giorra agus leochaileacht níos mó i leith teip. Tá sé ríthábhachtach a MTBF a chinneadh i gceart chun feidhmíocht gan bhriseadh LCDanna a chinntiú i bhfeidhmchlár éagsúla, ó leictreonaic tomhaltóra go painéil rialaithe tionsclaíocha.\nIs féidir tionchar suntasach a bheith ag roinnt fachtóirí ar MTBF LCDanna. Tá cáilíocht na n-ábhar a úsáidtear ina dtáirgeadh ríthábhachtach. Is gnách go ndéantar luachanna MTBF níos faide ag LCDanna a tógadh le comhpháirteanna préimhe agus teicnící déantúsaíochta beacht. Is comhpháirt ríthábhachtach eile é timpeallacht oibriúcháin an LCD. Chun réamhaisnéisí cruinne MTBF a dhéanamh, tá sé ríthábhachtach coinníollacha oibriúcháin an LCD a mheas. Tá scáileáin atá faoi réir leibhéil arda taise, teocht, nó strus fisiciúil níos mó seans maith go ndéanfaidh siad botún.\nTá dearadh agus cáilíocht tógála LCD an-tábhachtach. Tá taispeántais a bhfuil struchtúr inmheánach láidir agus dearadh maith acu de ghnáth níos buan. Is féidir tionchar suntasach a bheith ag MTBF LCD freisin ar an gcaoi a n-úsáidtear é. Is féidir le húsáid leanúnach, rothaíocht chumhachta go minic, agus úsáid ard-éifeachta go léir caitheamh agus scoilt a luathachadh agus na luachanna MTBF a ghearrú. Ar deireadh ach ní ar a laghad, is minic a léirítear cáilíocht na dtaispeántais LCD i dtuairim an mhonaróra. Is dóichí go mbeidh LCDanna a bhfuil rátálacha MTBF níos airde acu ar fáil ag monaróirí dea-cháilithe a bhfuil taifead acu ar thaispeántais marthanacha a sholáthar.\nCé go bhféadfadh sé a bheith dúshlánach MTBF LCD a chinneadh, tá roinnt cur chuige ann ar féidir iad a úsáid chun réamhaisnéis chruinn a sholáthar. Is straitéis coitianta é sonraí feidhmíochta stairiúla LCDanna a úsáidtear i gcúinsí inchomparáide a anailísiú. Is féidir leat an meán-uimhir MTBF a chinneadh trí shlí a choinneáil ar na tréimhsí ama idir teipeanna do gach LCD.\nIs teicníc eile é tástáil saoil luathaithe a dhéanann samhail ar úsáid fhadtéarmach i méid níos giorra ama trí LCDanna a chur faoi réir coinníollacha strus méadaithe, mar shampla teochtaí agus voltais níos airde. Is féidir luachanna MTBF a ríomh faoi shocruithe oibríochta tipiciúla trí bhreiseán a dhéanamh as monatóireacht ar mhainneachtain le linn na dtástálacha seo. Mar rogha eile, is féidir faisnéis úsáideach a sholáthar trí fhaisnéis a bhailiú ó scáileáin LCD atá in úsáid cheana féin. Is féidir leat luachanna MTBF a chinneadh atá sonrach do do LCDanna agus a dtimpeallachtaí oibriúcháin iarbhír trí nóta a choinneáil de na héagóidí agus de na huaireanta oibriúcháin.\nChun MTBF a ríomh, is minic a úsáideann innealtóirí iontaofachta samhlacha matamaiticiúla cosúil le dáileadh Weibull. Chun réamhaisnéisí beacht a sholáthar, déantar sonraí easpa, athróg timpeallachta agus leibhéil strus a mheas sna samhlacha seo. Ina theannta sin, d'fhéadfadh monaróirí figiúirí MTBF a thairiscint bunaithe ar nósanna imeachta inmheánacha um chinntiú cáilíochta agus tástála. Chun meastóireacht chuimsitheach a dhéanamh, tá sé riachtanach na luachanna seo a chur i gcomparáid le patrúin úsáide iarbhír agus le tosca comhshaoil.\nTá sé ríthábhachtach MTBF LCD a fhios a bheith agat chun a iontaofacht agus a sheasmhacht i bhfeidhmchlár éagsúla a chinntiú. Beidh uimhir MTBF níos airde ag taispeáint níos iontaofa, agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh gá le cothabháil nó athsholáthar níos rialta ag MTBF níos ísle. I measc na gcúinsí a chuirtear san áireamh chun MTBF LCD a chinneadh tá cáilíocht chomhpháirteanna, timpeallacht oibriúcháin, dearadh, patrúin úsáide, agus clú an mhonaróra. Chun uimhir cruinn MTBF a chinneadh, bain úsáid as teicnící lena n-áirítear anailís ar shonraí stairiúla, tástáil saoil luathaithe, bailiú sonraí allamuigh, samhlaíocht iontaofachta, agus faisnéis an mhonaróra a thras-thárthaí. Nuair a bhíonn taispeántais á roghnú acu dá n-éileamh uathúil, is féidir le tomhaltóirí agus le cuideachtaí am agus costais a shábháil agus feidhmíocht gan bhriseadh a chinntiú trí MTBF scáileáin LCD a thuiscint agus a mheas go críochnúil. Ag LCDanna fócas, tá an saineolas is gá agat chun a chinneadh cad é MTBF do iarratas ag teastáil agus an réiteach LCD is fearr."} {"text": "He’s just beginning to realize he’s a little different. He has always loved reading, so I’ve begun to use books to help him find comfort in this world.\nThe content is gentle and focused on the comforting fact that a picture book can help put little people a bit more at ease in the world. We also love that it starts with The Story of Ferdinand; one of us had a beloved doggie named after the gentle Spanish bull.\nWriter Nicole Lamy’s response is reprinted below (original is here). We’ve added hyperlinks to the books she mentions.\nA HUGE thank you to those who have already stopped by. Responses are already helping us figure out what we’ll be working on next, how to bring you more of what’s been helpful, and what you might like to see that we haven’t done quite yet.\nWe are also about to begin a project preserving stories from educators in this national moment. If you’d like to talk with us, anonymously or otherwise, about how things are for you and your students, right here and now, we’d love to hear from you. (And you can indicate that on our survey.)\nWe are looking for 40 Bay Area English, science, social studies or VAPA educators who teach grades 8-12 to pilot a new project starting this summer and continuing into fall of 2017.\nThe project will feature curriculum, media-making resources and professional development for teachers to support students in investigating questions and creating media about their findings. Using an online publishing platform, students will be able to work with peers both in their own classroom and other classrooms in a safe space where they can seek authentic feedback, support and inspiration. Students will access this platform through their teacher (similar to Google Classroom), and student work will not be visible to anyone not participating in the project.\nHead on over to the link above to read more and apply. Get moving–applications close 3/24!\nThis teaching guide includes a lesson plan originally published as “Smithsonian in Your Classroom.” It introduces students to the work of botanists and botanical illustrators, specifically their race to make records of endangered plant species around the world. The students try their own hands at botanical illustration, following the methods of a Smithsonian artist. Also included here are additional resources on the topic, a one-hour webinar and a website.\nHere are a few things that we’ve encountered lately that would be great additions to the classroom, whether during Black History Month or at any other time of the year.\nThe National Museum of African American History & Culture has an interactive online feature, Collection Stories, curated by NMAAHC staff. Staff members choose an area of focus based on items in the museum’s collection. The resulting stories include images of the items, historical discussion, and thoughts from the curator on why these stories are so important to African American history and culture.\nWe especially enjoyed “Dress for the Occasion,” a story centered around the dress that Carlotta Walls wore when she integrated Little Rock Central High School in 1957 as one of the Little Rock Nine. Check it out get a glimpse of the school, her diploma, and the process behind choosing the dress that she wore for that first day of school.\nFrom Smithsonian Education, we’d like to highlight two sets of lesson plans. Both include material appropriate for kindergarteners all the way through high school, available for download as zip files.\nThe Art and Life of William H. Johnson includes detailed information on how the curriculum meets Visual Art, History, and Language Arts standards. Younger students analyze color choices, subject matter, and older students conduct comparative analysis with works from other artists (including this post’s header image, by Allan Rohan Crite).\nFinally, The Blues and Langston Hughes does just what you’d think: compares the poetry of Langston Hughes with blues rhythms, structures, and lyrics that most students are probably already familiar with, whether they know it or not. Younger students write their own simple poems; older students dig into the Smithsonian Folkways’ collection of blues recordings from The Great Migration.\nAnd speaking of Smithsonian Folkways…we have one more recommendation after all. Check out Say It Loud for hours from their collection of African American Spoken Word recordings, whether from Langston Hughes himself, an interview with W.E.B. Du Bois, or a recording of Angela Davis.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "url": "https://smallstones.org/category/subject-area/visual-arts/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657147031.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200713225620-20200714015620-00006.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9438004494, "token_count": 933, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá sé ag tosú ag tabhairt faoi deara go bhfuil sé beagán difriúil. Bhí grá aige i gcónaí le léamh, mar sin tá mé ag tosú le leabhair a úsáid chun cabhrú leis troid a fháil sa domhan seo.\nTá an t-ábhar milis agus dírithe ar an bhfíric chothrach gur féidir le leabhar pictiúr cabhrú le daoine beaga a chur beagán níos éasca sa domhan. Is breá linn freisin go dtosaíonn sé le The Story of Ferdinand; bhí madra grámhar ag duine againn dar ainm an t-eireaball suaimhneach Spáinneach.\nTá freagra an scríbhneora Nicole Lamy á athscríobh thíos (tá an bunaidh anseo). Chuir muid hipearnascóidí leis na leabhair a luaigh sí.\nMÓIR buíochas mór dóibh siúd a tháinig cheana féin. Tá freagraí ag cabhrú linn cheana féin a fháil amach cad a bheidh á dhéanamh againn sa chéad cheann eile, conas níos mó a thabhairt duit de na rudaí a bhí cabhrach, agus cad a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag teastáil uait a fheiceáil nach ndearna muid go fóill.\nTá muid ar tí tionscadal a thosú freisin chun scéalta ó oideachasóirí a chaomhnú sa nóiméad náisiúnta seo. Más mian leat labhairt linn, gan ainm nó ar shlí eile, faoi conas a bhfuil rudaí agat féin agus do dhaltaí, anseo agus anois, ba mhaith linn éisteacht leat. (Agus is féidir leat é sin a chur in iúl ar ár suirbhé.)\nTá 40 oideachasóir Béarla, eolaíochta, staidéir shóisialta nó VAPA á lorg againn i gCrios na mBá a mhúineann gráid 8-12 chun tionscadal nua a philoitéireacht a thosóidh an samhradh seo agus a leanfaidh go titim 2017.\nBeidh cúrsaí teagaisc, acmhainní a bhaineann le meáin a dhéanamh agus forbairt ghairmiúil ag an tionscadal do mhúinteoirí chun tacú le mic léinn ceisteanna a fhiosrú agus meáin a chruthú faoi a gcuid torthaí. Ag baint úsáide as ardán foilsitheoireachta ar líne, beidh na mic léinn in ann oibriú le comhiannaithe ina seomra ranga féin agus i seomraí ranga eile i spás sábháilte ina bhféadfaidh siad aiseolas, tacaíocht agus inspioráid fhíor a lorg. Beidh rochtain ag mic léinn ar an ardán seo trína múinteoirí (ar nós Google Classroom), agus ní bheidh obair na mac léinn le feiceáil ag aon duine nach bhfuil rannpháirteach sa tionscadal.\nTéigh ar aghaidh chuig an nasc thuas chun tuilleadh a léamh agus iarratas a dhéanamh. Faigh ag bogadh! Tá na hiarratais dúnta 24/3!\nCuimsíonn an treoir teagaisc seo plean ceachta a foilsíodh ar dtús mar Smithsonian in Your Classroom. Cuireann sé mic léinn i dteagmháil le saothar na mbotánaí agus na léargaithe bótainéireachta, go sonrach a gcúrsa chun taifid a dhéanamh ar speicis phlandaí atá i mbaol ar fud an domhain. Déanann na mic léinn iarracht a lámha féin a dhéanamh ar léargas luibheolaíoch, ag leanúint modhanna ealaíontóra Smithsonian. Tá acmhainní breise ar an ábhar, webinar uair an chloig agus suíomh Gréasáin san áireamh anseo freisin.\nSeo cúpla rud a fuair muid le déanaí a bheadh ina bhreiseáin mhóra don seomra ranga, cibé acu le linn Mí Stair an Duine Dubh nó ag am ar bith eile den bhliain.\nTá gné idirghníomhach ar líne ag an Músaem Náisiúnta um Stair agus Cultúr Mheiriceá Afracach, Stair Bhailiúcháin, a choimeádann foireann NMAAHC. Roghnaíonn baill foirne réimse fócas bunaithe ar earraí i mbailiúchán an mhúsaeim. I measc na scéalta a thagann as seo tá íomhánna de na míreanna, plé stairiúil, agus smaointe ón gcúirteoir ar an gcúis go bhfuil na scéalta seo chomh tábhachtach do stair agus do chultúr Mheiriceá Afracach.\nBhaineamar taitneamh go háirithe as Dress for the Occasion, scéal atá dírithe ar an gúna a chaith Carlotta Walls nuair a chomhtháthaigh sí Little Rock Central High School i 1957 mar cheann de na Little Rock Nine. Seiceáil amach é a fháil léargas ar an scoil, a dioplóma, agus an próiseas taobh thiar de roghnú an gúna a bhí sí ag caitheamh don chéad lá ar scoil.\nÓ Oideachas Smithsonian, ba mhaith linn dhá sheata de phleananna ceachta a chur i bhfios. Tá ábhar oiriúnach do pháistí óige go dtí an scoil ard ar fáil le híoslódáil mar chomhaid zip.\nÁirítear i nAcht agus Saol William H. Johnson faisnéis mhionsonraithe ar an gcaoi a gcomhlíonann an curaclam caighdeáin Ealaíne Amhairc, Stair, agus Ealaíon Teanga. Déanann mic léinn níos óige anailís ar roghanna dathanna, ábhar, agus déanann mic léinn níos sine anailís choibhéiseach le hoibreacha ó ealaíontóirí eile (lena n-áirítear íomhá ceannteideal an phoist seo, le Allan Rohan Crite).\nAr deireadh, The Blues and Langston Hughes déanann sé díreach an rud a cheapfá: comparáid a dhéanamh idir filíocht Langston Hughes agus rithimí, struchtúir agus liricí an bhluasa a bhfuil an chuid is mó de na mic léinn eolach orthu cheana féin, cibé acu a bhfuil a fhios acu nó nach bhfuil. Scríobhann mic léinn níos óige a gcuid dánta simplí féin; scaipeann mic léinn níos sine isteach i mbailiúchán Smithsonian Folkways de thaifeadtaí bleasa ó The Great Migration.\nAgus ag caint faoi Smithsonian Folkways... tá moladh amháin eile againn tar éis an tsaoil. Seiceáil amach a rá sé ard ar feadh uaireanta óna mbailiúchán de na Meiriceánaigh Afracacha a labhair Word taifid, cibé acu ó Langston Hughes féin, agallamh le W.E.B. Du Bois, nó taifeadadh de Angela Davis."} {"text": "Gold is classified as a precious metal. The combination of gold’s relative scarcity and its evident beauty has made it an intrinsically valuable commodity throughout the history of humanity. It is most probably the oldest precious metal known to man. Wars have been fought over it and countless numbers have died trying to gain it or protect it.\n|Previous Element: Platinum\nNext Element: Mercury\n|Phase at Room Temp.||solid|\n|Melting Point (K)||1337.63|\n|Boiling Point (K)||3081|\n|Heat of Fusion (kJ/mol)||12.678|\n|Heat of Vaporization (kJ/mol)||343|\n|Heat of Atomization (kJ/mol)||366|\n|Thermal Conductivity (J/m sec K)||318|\n|Electrical Conductivity (1/mohm cm)||446.4|\n|Source||Gold bearing rock (misc)|\n|Number of Isotopes||54 (1 natural)|\n|Electron Affinity (kJ/mol)||222.752|\n|First Ionization Energy (kJ/mol)||890.1|\n|Second Ionization Energy (kJ/mol)||1980|\n|Third Ionization Energy (kJ/mol)||---|\n|Atomic Volume (cm3/mol)||10.2|\n|Ionic Radius2- (pm)||---|\n|Ionic Radius1- (pm)||---|\n|Atomic Radius (pm)||144|\n|Ionic Radius1+ (pm)||151|\n|Ionic Radius2+ (pm)||---|\n|Ionic Radius3+ (pm)||99|\n|Common Oxidation Numbers||+3|\n|Other Oxid. Numbers||-1, +1, +2, +5|\n|In Earth's Crust (mg/kg)||4.0x10-3|\n|In Earth's Ocean (mg/L)||4.0x10-6|\n|In Human Body (%)||0%|\n|Regulatory / Health|\n|OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)||No limts|\n|OSHA PEL Vacated 1989||No limts|\n|NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit||No limits|\nMineral Information Institute\nJefferson Accelerator Laboratory\nScientifically speaking, gold is an element, a metal, with an atomic number 79. Its physical and chemical properties make it ideal for a number of applications. It is very stable and as a result seldomly combines with other elements. In other words, it does not corrode or rust. It conducts electricity efficiently (only silver being a better conductor of electricity). It conducts heat very well. Gold is very malleable which means it can be hammered into shapes. Gold is so malleable that it can be hammered into a sheet so thin that light can pass through it. It is also ductile, which means it can be drawn into long, thin wires: a wire thread approximately 50 miles long can be drawn from a single troy ounce of gold (31.1 grams). It is also one of the densest metals: one cubic foot of gold weighs over 1200 pounds.\nGold’s chemical symbol is Au. It comes from the Latin word aurum which means shining dawn, a reference to its bright yellow color and shiny luster. The English word gold has its origins in Middle English.\nGold is found in two major types of deposits. Lode deposits are deposits where gold is found in cracks and veins in rocks. These are also called vein deposits. The second type of gold deposit is called a placer deposit. Placer deposits, common in the Sierra Nevada of California, are formed by moving water that has eroded gold out of lode deposits. When the speed of the water in a river slows sufficiently, the heavy gold falls to the bottom and accumulates in the sand of the riverbed. A third major source of gold is as a by-product of copper and silver mining. Gold is so valuable that it is worth the effort to recover even minute amounts from copper and silver ore.\nIt is estimated that the total amount of gold yet to be retrieved from the Earth is 100,000 tons. South Africa is the world’s largest producer of gold and is estimated to have half of these gold resources. Both the United States and Brazil have significant amounts of the world’s gold resources. Approximately one-fifth of the total resources of gold in the world is by-product from copper and silver ores.\nIn the United States, Alaska and Nevada are the main producers of gold. Nevada produces the majority of the gold produced in all of the United States. The remaining are from placer deposits in Alaska, and other gold deposits in western states. Most of the gold recovered in the United States is recovered by only about 30 mines. The largest gold mines in the United States today are located in northern Nevada.\nBrazil and Canada export significant amounts of gold to the United States.\nMost gold is used to make jewelry and other art items. Because it is chemically stable and conducts electricity so well, it is very important in electronics. Electronic applications represent a significant amount of the United States’ annual gold consumption, followed by dentistry and a variety of other applications.\nGold has been very important as the standard for currency. In 1792, the United States Congress established gold and silver as the standard for the nation’s money. The U.S. Department of the Treasury holds a major stockpile of gold.\nSubstitutes and Alternative Sources\nPalladium, platinum and silver have been substituted for gold. Alloys (mixtures) of gold and other base metals are extensively used in jewelry and electronics to reduce the amount of gold used while assuring the positive features for which gold is desired.\nTraditional mining of lode and placer deposits and by-product production of gold from copper and silver mining will continue to be the main sources of gold. There is gold in seawater, but recovering this gold is unlikely to ever be profitable. Recycling gold from used electronics will provide only a very small amount of gold, though some do find this venture profitable.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23", "url": "http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/153052/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997888972.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025808-00183-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9077727795, "token_count": 1309, "score": 3.046875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Déantar ór a aicmiú mar mhiotail luachmhar. Tá an teaglaim idir ganntanas réasúnta óir agus a áilleacht shoiléir tar éis é a dhéanamh ina earra luachmhar go bunúsach i rith stair an chine daonna. Is dócha gurb é an miotail luachmhar is sine ar a dtugtar don duine é. Tá cogaí déanta as a son agus tá líon neamhtheoranta daoine tar éis bás a fháil ag iarraidh é a fháil nó é a chosaint.\nEileamh roimhe seo: Platanam\nEileamh: Mearcair\nTá an chéim ag Teochta Seomra.\nPíobáid Leá (K) 1337.63\nIs é an pointe boiling (K) 3081\nTeas Comhcheangail (kJ/mol) 12.678\nTeas an Fuachtála (kJ/mol)\nTeas Atomization (kJ/mol)\nTeas-sheoltacht (J/m sec K)\n Seoltacht Leictreach (1/mohm cm) 446.4 \n \n│Isontaigh Isotóp ││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││\n Affinity leictreon (kJ / mol) 222.752 \n An Chéad Fuinneamh Iónúcháin (kJ/mol) 890.1 \n An Dara Fuinneamh Iónúcháin (kJ/mol) \n An Tríú Fuinneamh Iónúcháin (kJ/mol) \n Tomhas Adamhach (cm3/mol) 10.2 \nIonic Radius2- (PM) tá sé - - Tá sé\n ionic Radius1- (PM) \n Radia Atomic (pm) \n Ionic Radius1+ (pm) \n Ionic Radius2+ (PM) \n Ionic Radius3+ (pm) \n Comhlachtaí Oicsídeacha Coiteann \nÓcsaid eile. Uimhreacha\nSa Chróit Talún (mg/kg)\nSa Mhuir na Talún (mg/L)\nIn Human Body (%)\n☐ Rialála / Sláinte\nNí bheidh teorainn ar bith ag an OSHA maidir le teorainn in-nochtaithe in-cheadaithe (PEL)\nOsha PEL Vacated 1989 Cad atá le déanamh Ní limts cad atá le déanamh\nNílimid ag iarraidh a bheith ag súil le haon rud a bheith ag tarlú i do shaol.\nInstitiúid Faisnéise Mionraí\nSaotharlann Luasghéarú Jefferson\nGo heolaíoch, is eilimint, miotail, é óir, a bhfuil uimhir adamhach 79 aige. Tá sé oiriúnach le haghaidh roinnt feidhmchláir de bharr a airíonna fisiciúla agus ceimiceacha. Tá sé an-chobhsaí agus dá bharr sin is annamh a chomhcheanglaíonn sé le heilimintí eile. I bhfocail eile, ní dhéanfaidh sé creimeadh ná ród. Déanann sé leictreachas a sheoladh go héifeachtach (ní bhíonn ach airgead ina rialtóir níos fearr de leictreachas). Déanann sé teas a sheoladh go han-mhaith. Tá an t-ór an-leáite, rud a chiallaíonn gur féidir é a mhúnlú i gcruthanna. Tá an t-ór chomh malléadach gur féidir é a mhúnlú i leathán chomh tanaí go bhféadfadh solas dul tríd. Tá sé dúictil freisin, rud a chiallaíonn gur féidir é a tharraingt i sreangacha fada, tanaí: is féidir sreang sreangach thart ar 50 míle ar fhad a tharraingt ó aon unsa troy amháin óir (31.1 gram). Tá sé ar cheann de na miotail is dlúithe freisin: meáchan ceathrú troigh de ór os cionn 1200 punt.\nIs é siombail cheimiceach ór Au. Tagann sé ón bhfocal Laidineach aurum a chiallaíonn breacadh na maidine, tagairt dá dath buí geal agus a luster geal. Tá bunús an fhocail Béarla óir sa Mheán Béarla.\nTá ór le fáil i dhá phríomhchineál taiscí. Is éard atá i dtaiscí lodaí taiscí ina bhfaightear ór i gcraic agus i ndíol i gcloch. Tugtar taiscí vein orthu seo freisin. Tugtar taisce placer ar an dara cineál taisce óir. Tá taiscí Placer, coitianta i Sierra Nevada California, cruthaithe ag uisce ag gluaiseacht a bhfuil ór a scriosadh as taiscí loda. Nuair a bhíonn luas an uisce i n-aibhne mall go leor, titeann an t-ór trom go bun agus tiocfaidh sé le chéile i sáith an abhainn. Is é an tríú foinse is mó de ór mar thorthaí díbhreitheanna de mhainneáil copar agus airgid. Tá an t-ór chomh luachmhar sin go bhfuil sé fiú an iarracht fiú méideanna beaga a fháil amach ó mhionn copair agus airgid.\nMeastar go bhfuil an méid iomlán óir fós a fháil amach as an Domhan 100,000 tonna. Is í an Afraic Theas an táirgeoir óir is mó ar domhan agus meastar go bhfuil leath de na hacmhainní óir seo aici. Tá méideanna suntasacha de na hacmhainní óir ar domhan ag na Stáit Aontaithe agus ag an mBrazil araon. Tá thart ar an cúigiú cuid de na hacmhainní uile óir ar domhan mar thorthaí ó mhianta copair agus airgid.\nSna Stáit Aontaithe, is iad Alasca agus Nevada na príomh-tháirgeoirí óir. Táirgeann Nevada formhór an óir a tháirgtear sna Stáit Aontaithe go léir. Tá an chuid eile ó thaisceanna placer in Alaska, agus taiscí óir eile i stáit thiar. Ní fhaigheann ach thart ar 30 mianas an chuid is mó den ór a fhaightear sna Stáit Aontaithe. Tá na mianaigh óir is mó sna Stáit Aontaithe inniu suite i dtuaisceart Nevada.\nDéantar méadú ar an méid a dhéantar ar an gcumas a bhaineann le hearraí a dhíol.\nÚsáidtear an chuid is mó de ór chun seodra agus earraí ealaíne eile a dhéanamh. Toisc go bhfuil sé cobhsaí go ceimiceach agus go ndéanann sé leictreachas chomh maith, tá sé an-tábhachtach i leictreonaic. Is ionann iarratais leictreonacha agus méid suntasach de thomhaltas bliantúil óir na Stát Aontaithe, agus ansin fiaclóireachta agus éagsúlacht iarratais eile.\nTá an t-ór an-tábhachtach mar an caighdeán do airgeadra. Sa bhliain 1792, bhunaigh Comhdháil na Stát Aontaithe an t-ór agus an t-airgead mar chaighdeán do airgead na tíre. Tá stoc mór óir ag Roinn an Chisteachais na Stát Aontaithe.\nMalartuithe agus Foinsí Malartacha\nTá Palladium, platanam agus airgead curtha in ionad ór. Úsáidtear cóimhiotail (meascáin) óir agus miotail bhunúsacha eile go forleathan i seodra agus leictreonaic chun méid an óir a úsáidtear a laghdú agus na tréithe dearfacha a bhfuil ór ag teastáil uathu a chinntiú.\nBeidh na príomhfhoinsí óir fós ar mianadóireacht thraidisiúnta na n-ionad loda agus na n-ionad loda agus ar an táirgeadh ó thaobh an óir de ó mianadóireacht copar agus airgid. Tá ór i uisce na farraige, ach is dócha nach mbeidh an t-ór seo brabúsach riamh. Ní thabharfaidh athchúrsáil óir ó leictreonaic úsáideach ach méid an-bheag de ór, cé go bhfaigheann cuid acu brabús as an fhiontar seo."} {"text": "HST 3128 Testing Democracy: Reform in Antebellum America, 1787-1865 (3 credits)\nThis course will explore the grass roots movements that tried to expand the benefits that the founders originally guaranteed for elite white males. These powerful reform movements challenged established authorities, compelling them to either accommodate popular demands or coerce a restoration of the status quo. We will investigate the resulting clashes that characterized reform efforts during the early 1800s, including those centered on anti-slavery, women's legal rights, temperance, religious reform, and other causes. In doing so, we will examine both why many people were denied equality and how the gradual extension of toleration and equal opportunity developed. By understanding past tragedies, successes, and conflicts, students will be better citizens of the present.\nCommon Course Outline", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://www.bemidjistate.edu/academics/catalog/20235/courses/hst/3128", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510603.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930050118-20230930080118-00898.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9380168915, "token_count": 170, "score": 3.109375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "HST 3128 Testing Democracy: Reform in Antebellum America, 1787-1865 (3 creidmheasanna)\nDéanfaidh an cúrsa seo iniúchadh ar na gluaiseachtaí bunscoile a rinne iarracht na buntáistí a d'fhógair na bunúsóirí ar dtús do na fir bán éilte a leathnú. Chuir na gluaiseachtaí athchóirithe cumhachtacha seo dúshlán ar údaráis bhunaithe, ag cur iallach orthu freastal ar éilimh phoiblí nó athchóiriú an stádas quo a fhoréigean. Déanaimid imscrúdú ar na comhraic a tháinig as sin a shainaithin iarrachtaí athchóirithe le linn na 1800í go luath, lena n-áirítear iad siúd a bhí dírithe ar an sclábhaíocht, cearta dlíthiúla na mban, meas, athchóiriú reiligiúnach, agus cúiseanna eile. Agus é sin á dhéanamh againn, scrúdóimid an dá chúis a raibh comhionannas diúltaithe do go leor daoine agus an chaoi a d'fhorbair leathnú de réir a chéile na tuisceana agus na deiseanna comhionanna. Trí thuiscint a fháil ar thragóidí, rath agus coimhlintí an am atá caite, beidh mic léinn ina saoránaigh níos fearr den am atá ann.\nTreoir Chúrsa Choiteann"} {"text": "Avoid The Flu With Green Tea and Vitamin D – Invite Health Podcast, Episode 8\nInvite Health Podcast, Hosted by Jerry Hickey, Ph.\nDrink green tea and swallow Vitamin D and you have a better chance of not getting a cold or flu infection this winter. Today, I am going to discuss how to improve the odds of not getting sick this winter and what you can do nutritionally for your immune system. Let’s get started.\nWhat Happens When You Get The Flu\nWhen someone has the flu and they sneeze, that sneeze can travel at a 100 miles an hour for ten feet; try and duck this in a packed train or room. Coughs travel at 50 miles an hour for about 5 feet; lots of luck ducking that one also. When the virus hits you, it uses enzymes to latch onto your cells, enter them, and then multiply leading to that typical week-long infection. The enzymes are viral and allow the infection to attach to the mucus membranes in your nose, mouth, and the tear ducts of the eyes. The virus is then able to enter and exit your cells; this is how the flu infects you.\nThe virus also uses polymerase acidic proteins to increase in number. Drugs have been developed to block these viral enzymes, including Relenza and Tamiflu in the 1990s and Xofluza in 2018.\nFlu viruses are developing resistance to the earlier drugs but, interestingly, not to the ingredients in Green Tea which can help protect you by inhibiting all three families of viral enzymes.†\nStudies on Green Tea and Immunity\nMany different studies show that green tea weakens the flu virus by inhibiting the enzymes the virus uses to infect us. Additionally, according to a study from the University of Florida at Gainesville, Green tea also stimulates a particular type of immune cell called a gamma-delta T cell which helps govern the ability of your immune system to fight viruses. The research shows that Green Tea also stimulates the release of interferon-gamma, further helping contain viruses.†\nThe flu shot stimulates the production of antibodies specific to the flu which help kill it, while green tea weakens it directly, so this is a good combination for many.†\nResults of a study published in the Journal of Nutrition from the University of Shizouka School of Pharmacy showed drinking Green Tea six times a week decreased a diagnosis of the flu by a pediatrician by 40%. Drinking Green Tea multiple times a day cut the risk by 46%.\nIn a separate study of healthcare professionals by the same pharmacy school, taking a green tea capsule along with it’s component L-Theanine lowered the risk of the flu by 75%.\nResearch from the University of Florida shows that taking a concentrated Green Tea capsule two times daily throughout the flu season strongly cut the incidence of the flu. However, if a person did get sick, the infection was much milder, and lasted for a much shorter amount of days.\nGreen Tea has even been shown to protect the elderly. Elderly people have a weaker immune system and the classic flu shot works less effectively in them. In a study of 124 elderly residents of a nursing home – all of whom received a flu shot – gargling with green tea cut the risk of developing the flu versus placebo.\nOther Nutrients for Protection\nGreen Tea isn’t the only source of protection from the flu; Vitamin D can help also if you are initially low on it.\nVitamin D blood levels drop over the fall and winter months and a study from the University of Colorado that included 19,000 adults and children shows that having a low level of Vitamin D increases your risk of developing the flu by 40%. It was much worse for subjects with respiratory diseases such as asthma; these people had 5 times a higher risk of catching the flu.†\nFor a healthy immune system, you should aim at getting your blood level of Vitamin D over 35.\nOther nutritional aids to help curb winter time infections include;\n- Getting enough zinc and iron; immune cells will use these to kill viruses and bacteria\n- Vitamin A or it’s precursor Beta-Carotene\n- Also consuming enough protein is helpful\nThank you for tuning in to the Invite Health Podcast. You can find all of our episodes for free wherever you listen to podcasts or by visiting www.invitehealth.com/podcast. Make sure you subscribe and leave us a review! Follow us on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram at Invite Health today. We’ll see you next time on another episode of the Invite Health Podcast.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "url": "https://blog.invitehealth.com/avoid-flu-green-tea-vitamin-d-invite-health-podcast/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655906934.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200710082212-20200710112212-00436.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9435608983, "token_count": 952, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Seachain an Ghrí le Té Glas agus Vitimín D Invite Health Podcast, Episode 8\nCuir cuireadh ar Podcast Sláinte, arna óstáil ag Jerry Hickey, Ph.\nÓl tae glas agus íol Vitimín D agus tá seans níos fearr agat gan ionfhabhtú fuar nó fliú a fháil an gheimhreadh seo. Inniu, beidh mé ag plé le conas na seansanna nach bhfaighidh tú tinn an gheimhreadh seo a fheabhsú agus cad is féidir leat a dhéanamh go cothaitheach le haghaidh do chóras imdhíonachta. A ligean ar tús a chur.\nCad a Tharlaíonn Nuair a Fháil Tú an Ghríob\nNuair a bhíonn an fliú ag duine agus a sneezes sé, is féidir leis an sneeze sin taisteal ag 100 míle san uair ar feadh deich troigh; déan iarracht é seo a sheachaint i dtráinn nó seomra lán. Siúlann coughs ag 50 míle san uair ar feadh thart ar 5 troigh; go leor de luck dodging go ceann amháin freisin. Nuair a bhuaileann an víreas tú, úsáideann sé einsímí chun greim a chur ar do chealla, dul isteach iontu, agus ansin a mhéadú ag tabhairt an ionfhabhtaithe tipiciúil seachtaine sin. Tá na heinsímí víreasach agus ceadaíonn siad don ionfhabhtú greamaithe ar na membráin muiceacha i do shrón, i do bhéal, agus i dtuaslagáin na súl. Ansin is féidir leis an víreas dul isteach agus amach as do chealla; is é seo an chaoi a ndéanann an fliú ionfhabhtaithe ort.\nBaineann an víreas úsáid as próitéiní aigéadacha polymerase freisin chun méadú a dhéanamh ar líon na ndaoine. Forbraíodh drugaí chun na heinsímí víreasacha seo a bhac, lena n-áirítear Relenza agus Tamiflu sna 1990idí agus Xofluza in 2018.\nTá víris an fhliú ag forbairt friotaíocht i gcoinne na ndrugaí níos luaithe ach, go suimiúil, ní i gcoinne na gcomhábhar i nGlas Té a d'fhéadfadh cabhrú leat tú a chosaint trí na trí theaghlach einsímí víreasacha a chosc.†\nStaidéar ar Theacht Glas agus Díolúine\nLéiríonn go leor staidéir éagsúla go lagóidh tae glas an víreas fliú trí na heinsímí a úsáideann an víreas chun muid a ionfhabhtaithe a chosc. Ina theannta sin, de réir staidéir ó Ollscoil Florida i Gainesville, spreagann tae glas cineál áirithe cealla imdhíonachta ar a dtugtar cealla T gamma-delta a chabhraíonn le cumas do chóras imdhíonachta chun dul i ngleic le víris a rialú. Léiríonn an taighde go spreagann an t-éan glas scaoileadh interferon-gamma freisin, rud a chabhraíonn le víris a choinneáil faoi chois.†\nSpreagann an vacsaín fliú táirgeadh frith-chomhlachtaí a bhaineann go sonrach leis an fliú a chabhraíonn leis an fliú a mharú, agus lagann tae glas é go díreach, mar sin is meascán maith é seo do go leor.†\nLéirigh torthaí staidéar a foilsíodh i Journal of Nutrition ó Scoil Chumainn Ollscoil Shizouka go raibh laghdú 40% ar dhiagnóisiú an fhliú ag páistí ag ól Té Glas sé huaire sa tseachtain. Laghdaíonn ól tae glas go minic sa lá an riosca 46%.\nI staidéar ar leithligh ar ghairmithe cúraim sláinte ag an scoil cógaisíochta céanna, laghdaigh capsúl tae glas a glacadh mar aon lena chomhpháirt L-Theanine an baol na fliú faoi 75%.\nLéiríonn taighde ó Ollscoil Florida go laghdaíonn capsúl Ti Glas tiubh dhá uair sa lá i rith shéasúr an fhliú go mór an t-ionchas na fliú. Mar sin féin, má bhí duine tinn, bhí an t-ionfhabhtú i bhfad níos socair, agus mhair sé ar feadh líon i bhfad níos giorra laethanta.\nTá sé léirithe go gcosnaíonn Té Glas fiú daoine scothaosta. Tá córas imdhíonachta níos laige ag daoine scothaosta agus ní oibríonn an vacsaín fliú clasaiceach go héifeachtach iontu. I staidéar ar 124 duine scothaosta a bhí ina gcónaí i dteach altranais a fuair gach duine acu an vacsaín fliú laghdaigh gargling le tae glas an baol go mbeadh fliú ag teacht orthu i gcomparáid le pléascó.\nCothaithigh Eile le Cosaint\nNí hé an t-Eite Glas an t-aon fhoinse cosanta ó an fliú; is féidir le Vitimín D cabhrú freisin má tá tú íseal air ar dtús.\nLaghdaíonn leibhéil fola vitimín D i rith mhíonna an fhómhara agus an gheimhridh agus léiríonn staidéar ó Ollscoil Colorado a raibh 19,000 duine fásta agus páiste san áireamh go gcuireann leibhéal íseal vitimín D do riosca a bheith ag fulaingt na fliú suas le 40%. Bhí sé i bhfad níos measa do dhaoine a raibh galair anáil amhail asthma orthu; bhí riosca 5 huaire níos airde ag na daoine seo an t-ionsaí a ghabháil.†\nChun córas imdhíonachta sláintiúil a bheith agat, ba cheart duit a bheith ag iarraidh go mbeidh do leibhéal vitimín D i do fhuil os cionn 35.\nI measc na cabhracha cothaitheacha eile chun cabhrú le haingneacha an gheimhridh a chur faoi chois tá;\n- Díoltóirí a fháil go leor sianc agus iarann; úsáidfidh cealla imdhíonachta iad seo chun víris agus baictéir a mharú\n- Vitimín A nó a réamhtheachtaí Beta-Carotene\n- Tá sé cabhrach freisin go leor próitéine a ithe\nGo raibh maith agat as a bheith ag éisteacht leis an Podcast Sláinte Invite. Is féidir leat teacht ar ár n-eispéisíní go léir saor in aisce cibé áit a gcloiseann tú podchraoltaí nó trí chuairte a dhéanamh ar www.invitehealth.com/podcast. Bí cinnte go síníonn tú agus go bhfágann tú athbhreithniú dúinn! Lean sinn ar Facebook, Twitter agus Instagram ag Invite Health inniu. Feicfimid sibh an chéad uair eile i gclár eile den Podcast Sláinte Invite."} {"text": "In sign bilingual programs the signed language and the spoken language are often kept quite separate. Representation of the spoken language in signed form is frequently condemned as inappropriate as are attempts to teach deaf children basic speaking and listening skills. I show that a radical separation of Auslan and English is not desirable and does not reflect the experience of most signing deaf children. By recognising the distinction between native sign languages, and natural and artificial sign systems, one can exploit even minimal knowledge of the phonology of a spoken language to build a bridge to literacy. I conclude that literacy may be facilitated by exploiting natural sign systems, and by recognising differences between spoken and schooled registers of the target language.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23", "url": "http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:5351?exact=type%3A%22journal+article%22", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997892648.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025812-00076-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9667326212, "token_count": 137, "score": 2.75, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "I gclár dé-theanga comhartha, is minic a choinnítear an teanga chomhartha agus an teanga labhartha go hiomlán ar leithligh. Is minic a dhéantar cáineadh ar léiriú an teanga labhartha i bhfoirm chomh míchuí agus a dhéantar iarracht na leanaí bodhra a mhúineadh le scileanna bunúsacha labhairt agus éisteachta. Taispeánann mé nach bhfuil sé inmhianaithe go ndéanfaí idirdhealú radacach idir Auslan agus Béarla agus nach léiríonn sé taithí an chuid is mó de na páistí bodhar comharthacha. Trí an idirdhealú idir teangacha comhartha dúchais, agus córais comhartha nádúrtha agus saorga, a aithint, is féidir le duine leas a bhaint as eolas íosta fiú ar fhónalóg teanga labhartha chun droichead a thógáil chuig litearthacht. Táim ag teacht ar an gconclúid gur féidir léitheoireacht a éascú trí úsáid a bhaint as córais comhartha nádúrtha, agus trí aithint a dhéanamh ar na difríochtaí idir cláir labhartha agus cláir scoile an chultúir sprioctheanga."} {"text": "The Allied pilots who flew the fighters and bombers of World War Two were often first taught to fly in the American Stearman biplane. It was designed from the start as a ‘primary’ trainer, stable enough in the air not to catch out novice flyers and rugged enough to survive clumsy landings.\nThe Stearman first flew in 1933. By 1938 the Stearman Aircraft Company had been taken over by Boeing, but the name stuck. Sales were initially modest, but the coming of World War Two transformed the market and about 10,000 Stearmans had been built by the end of the war in 1945.\nIt should come as no surprise that the design harks back to what Biggles might have piloted when dogfighting the dastardly Red Baron over the Western Front in 1918. The Stearman first took to the air just 15 years after World War One had ended, and its design continued the tried, tested and well-understood features of the aircraft of the day. It has two wings to increase lift (at the expense of high drag). The fuselage is a welded steel tube and the wing spars and ribs are made of wood. Both are covered in fabric. (Originally it would have been ‘doped’ – or varnished – to tauten it. Our Stearmans are covered in Ceconite, a man made fibre that is heat shrinkable, it’s tightened up using a tool quite similar to a domestic iron – rather like ironing a vast shirt’). The fixed undercarriage can take plenty of punishment. A radial engine powers the airplane, driving the propellers so fast that their tips break the sound barrier, giving the Stearman a distinctive rasp as it banks and rolls overhead.\nWhen it was used as a trainer the two pilots sat in tandem, with the instructor in the rear cockpit. [*Open cockpits were favoured for training because novice pilots were encouraged to get a ‘feel’ for their aircraft, and the way the wind was blowing around their head was an important factor in making sure the aircraft was flying in balance – or not]. It was the standard design for the training aircraft of the era. (The contemporary British de Havilland Tiger Moth biplane is very similar, although a bit smaller and less powerful.)\nOther pilots bought them to recreate the barnstorming acts of the 1920s and 1930s, a tradition that continues to this day, nearly seventy years after the last Stearman rolled off the production line.When the war ended thousands of Stearmans came onto the civilian market. Often they were fitted with tanks and nozzles for agricultural ‘crop dusting’ duties. In a roundabout way this led to the Stearman’s most famous appearance in the movies, when Cary Grant is chased by a machine gun toting crop-duster in Alfred Hitchcock’s classic thriller, North by Northwest.\nThe airplanes that make up the Aerosuperbatics Wingwalking team are not stock Stearmans, though. There are no controls in the forward cockpit because the wingwalkers need to climb out and up – unimpeded by a control column – onto the upper wing before they can begin their act. (If they travelled from their base to air shows on the top wing they would be exhausted and frozen by the time the display started.) And although the ladies of the team are breathtaking in their elegant athleticism, in aerodynamic terms they are giant air brakes – their bodies create a great deal of ‘drag.’ So the engines are considerably boosted to punch that assembly of wings, wires, struts and ladies through the air.\nStandard Stearmans have a 220 horsepower engine. The ‘Super Stearmans’ of the AeroSuperBatics Wingwalking team are driven by 450 hp radials. That mighty extra power means the pilots don’t need to gain energy for manoeuvres by continually diving, then climbing for altitude in order to dive again. All the energy they need is bolted to the front of the aircraft.\nAnd in order to improve the roll speed of the aircraft an extra pair of ailerons are fitted to the upper biplane wings, slaved to the ones on the lower wings. (‘Aileron’ is a French word that literally means ‘little wing;’ as they move up and down in the airflow they roll the airplane.)\nSupercharging performance like this transforms a sedate primary trainer into a dazzling circus performer, ready and willing to thrill air show crowds with electrifying barnstorming displays.\nLloyd Carlton Stearman was born in Wellsford, Kan., Oct. 26, 1898, the son of Fred and Icie May (Grimm) Stearman, who came to Kansas from the Chicago area. According to the Wichita (Kan.) Eagle-Beacon, Lloyd Stearman had a quiet nature, loved classical music, played violin and was conservative, practical and an “aircraft designer extraordinary.”\nHe formed the Stearman Aircraft Company Inc. alongside Fred Hoyt and Mac Short in 1927.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://www.aerosuperbatics.com/display-team/our-aircraft/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506399.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922102329-20230922132329-00462.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9637593031, "token_count": 1065, "score": 3.40625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is minic a bhí na píolótaí Comhghuaillithe a bhí ag eitilt na n-aerárthaí agus na mbombairí sa Dara Cogadh Domhanda ag foghlaim ar dtús eitilt sa dhá-eiplean Stearman Meiriceánach. Dearadh é ón tús mar oiliúnóir príomh, seasmhach go leor san aer gan eitiltí nua-aimseartha a ghabháil amach agus garbh go leor chun tuirlingthe clumsy a mhaireachtáil.\nD'eitil an Stearman den chéad uair i 1933. Faoi 1938, bhí Boeing tar éis Coiste Aerárthaí Stearman a ghlacadh, ach d'fhan an t-ainm. Bhí díolacháin measartha ar dtús, ach d'athraigh teacht an Dara Cogadh Domhanda an margadh agus tógadh thart ar 10,000 Stearmans faoi dheireadh na cogaidh i 1945.\nNíor chóir go mbeadh aon iontas ann go gcuireann an dearadh ar ais go dtí an rud a d'fhéadfadh Biggles a bheith ag eitilt nuair a bhí an Barón Dearg feargach ag troid ar an gCuain Thiar i 1918. Thóg an Stearman ar an aer den chéad uair díreach 15 bliain tar éis dheireadh an Chéad Chogaidh Domhanda, agus lean a dhearadh na gnéithe a bhí triail, tástáil agus tuiscint mhaith acu ar eitleán an lae. Tá dhá sciath aige chun an t-ardú a mhéadú (ar chostas an chraicinn ard). Is píobán cruach leáite é an fuselage agus tá na spártha sciatháin agus na ribí déanta as adhmad. Tá an dá chlúdaithe i ndréacht. (Ar dtús bheadh sé doped nó varnished chun é a thaifeadadh. Tá ár Stearmans clúdaithe i Ceconite, snáithín déanta ag an duine atá in-athraithe teasa, tá sé a shíneadh suas ag baint úsáide as uirlis atá an-chosúil le iarann tí - seachas cosúil le stánadh geansaí ollmhór). Is féidir leis an mbonn seasta go leor pionós a ghlacadh. Cuireann inneall radaigh cumhacht ar an eitleán, ag tiomáint na héileáin chomh tapa sin go ndéanann a gcuid barr an bacainn fuaime a bhriseadh, rud a thugann an Stearman rasp sainiúil agus é ag cur báir agus ag casadh os cionn.\nNuair a úsáideadh é mar oiliúnóir shuigh an dá phíolóta i ndán, leis an teagascóir sa cockpit cúl. [* Bhí cóipíní oscailte fabhrach le haghaidh oiliúna toisc gur spreagadh píolótaí nua-aimseartha chun 'fhios' a fháil dá n-aerárthaí, agus ba ghné thábhachtach é an bealach a raibh an ghaoth ag eitilt timpeall a gcinn chun a chinntiú go raibh an t-aerárthach ag eitilt i gcothromaíocht nó nach raibh]. Ba é an dearadh caighdeánach é do eitleáin oiliúna na tréimhse. (Tá an biplane de Havilland Tiger Moth sa lá atá inniu ann an-chosúil, cé go bhfuil sé beagán níos lú agus níos lú cumhachta.)\nCheannaigh píolótaí eile iad chun gníomhartha barnstorming na 1920idí agus na 1930idí a athchruthú, traidisiún a leanann go dtí an lá atá inniu ann, beagnach seacht mbliana tar éis don Stearman deireanach rolladh as an líne táirgthe. Nuair a chríochnaigh an cogadh tháinig na mílte Stearman ar an margadh sibhialta. Go minic bhí tancanna agus nozzles feistithe acu le haghaidh dualgais talmhaíochta \"dustáil barra\". Ar bhealach imsheoilte, ba é seo an chuma is cáiliúla ar an Stearman sna scannáin, nuair a bhíonn gunna meaisín ag Carry Grant ag gabháil le crop-dust in thriller clasaiceach Alfred Hitchcock, North by Northwest.\nNí stiúrthóirí stoic iad na hiomparáin a dhéanann suas an fhoireann Wingwalking Aerosuperbatics, áfach. Níl aon rialacháin sa cockpit tosaigh toisc go gcaithfidh na wingwalkers dul amach agus suas gan bhac ó cholún rialaithe ar an sciath uachtarach sula bhféadfaidh siad a n-ionad a thosú. (Má thaistil siad óna mbonn go dtí seónna aeir ar an sciath uachtarach bheadh siad tuirseach agus reoite faoin am a thosaigh an taispeántas.) Agus cé go bhfuil na mná den fhoireann breathnach ina n-ailtireacht íogair, i dtéarmaí aerodynamic tá siad breacanna aer ollmhór a gcorp a chruthú go leor de drag. Mar sin, na hinnill a spreagadh go suntasach chun punch an tionól sin de sciatháin, sreanga, struts agus mná tríd an aer.\nTá innill 220 capair cumhachta ag Stearmans caighdeánach. Tá na \"Super Stearmans\" den fhoireann AeroSuperBatics Wingwalking tiomanta ag 450 ceallraí rás. Ciallaíonn an chumhacht bhreise cumhachtach sin nach gá do na píolótaí fuinneamh a fháil le haghaidh maneuvers trí dhíriú go leanúnach, ansin ag dul suas ar airde chun dul isteach arís. Tá an fuinneamh go léir a theastaíonn uathu boltáilte go ceann tosaigh an aerárthaigh.\nAgus d'fhonn luas rothla an aerárthaí a fheabhsú, tá péire breise ailerons feistithe ar na sciatháin uachtaracha, a bhfuil siad ceangailte leis na sciatháin is ísle. (Is focal Fraincis é Aileron a chiallaíonn go litriúil sciathán beag; de réir mar a ghluaiseann siad suas agus síos san aerfhluach casann siad an t-aerárthach.)\nSupercharging feidhmíocht mar seo a athrú ar oiliúnóir bunscoile sedate i léiritheoir siorcas dazzling, réidh agus toilteanach thrill lucht féachana taispeáint aer le taispeántais barnstorming leictreach.\nRugadh Lloyd Carlton Stearman i Wellsford, Kan., 26 Deireadh Fómhair, 1898, mac Fred agus Icie May (Grimm) Stearman, a tháinig go Kansas ó cheantar Chicago. De réir an Wichita (Kan.) Eagle-Beacon, bhí nádúr ciúin ag Lloyd Stearman, bhí grá aige don cheol clasaiceach, bhí sé ag seinm fíolla agus bhí sé coimeádach, praiticiúil agus dearthóir aerárthaí neamhghnách.\nBhunaigh sé Stearman Aircraft Company Inc. in éineacht le Fred Hoyt agus Mac Short i 1927."} {"text": "ABOUT THIS BOOK\nIn the eighteenth century, the Cul de Sac plain in Saint-Domingue, now Haiti, was a vast open-air workhouse of sugar plantations. This microhistory of one plantation owned by the Ferron de la Ferronnayses, a family of Breton nobles, draws on remarkable archival finds to show that despite the wealth such plantations produced, they operated in a context of social, political, and environmental fragility that left them weak and crisis prone.\nFocusing on correspondence between the Ferronnayses and their plantation managers, Cul de Sac proposes that the Caribbean plantation system, with its reliance on factory-like production processes and highly integrated markets, was a particularly modern expression of eighteenth-century capitalism. But it rested on a foundation of economic and political traditionalism that stymied growth and adaptation. The result was a system heading toward collapse as planters, facing a series of larger crises in the French empire, vainly attempted to rein in the inherent violence and instability of the slave society they had built. In recovering the lost world of the French Antillean plantation, Cul de Sac ultimately reveals how the capitalism of the plantation complex persisted not as a dynamic source of progress, but from the inertia of a degenerate system headed down an economic and ideological dead end.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "url": "https://www.bibliovault.org/BV.book.epl?ISBN=9780226411774", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657181335.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200716021527-20200716051527-00095.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9343075156, "token_count": 267, "score": 3.015625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Maidir leis an Leabhar Seo\nSa ochtú haois déag, bhí an chúl de Sac i Saint-Domingue, anois Haiti, ina teach oibre mór oscailte de phlandaí siúcra. Tá an micreamh-stair seo de phlandaíocht amháin faoi úinéireacht na Ferron de la Ferronnayses, teaghlach uasal Breton, ag tarraingt ar aimsithe taifeadta suntasacha chun a thaispeáint, in ainneoin an saibhreas a tháirgtear ó phlandaíochtaí den sórt sin, go n-oibrigh siad i gcomhthéacs na frásachta shóisialta, polaitiúla agus comhshaoil a fhágann go raibh siad lag agus buailte ag géarchéim.\nAg díriú ar chomhfhreagras idir na Ferronnayses agus a mbainisteoirí plandaíochta, molann Cul de Sac go raibh córas plandaíochta na Cairibe, lena spleáchas ar phróisis táirgthe cosúil le monarchana agus margaí an-chuimsithe, ina léiriú nua-aimseartha go háirithe ar chaipitilíocht an ochtú haois déag. Ach bhí sé bunaithe ar bhunús traidisiúnachas eacnamaíoch agus polaitiúil a chuir bac ar fhás agus ar oiriúnú. Ba é an toradh córas a bhí ag dul i dtreo titim mar plandaí, ag tabhairt aghaidh ar shraith géarchéimeanna níos mó i Impireacht na Fraince, iarracht a dhéanamh gan toradh a chur ar an foréigean agus ar neamhsheasmhacht atá i gceist sa tsochaí sclábhaí a bhí tógtha acu. Agus domhan caillte plandaí na Fraince Antillean á fháil ar ais, nochtann Cul de Sac sa deireadh conas a mhair caipitleachas an choimpléisc plandaí ní mar fhoinse dinimiciúil dul chun cinn, ach ó neamhghníomhacht córas díghrádú a bhí ag dul síos go deireadh eacnamaíoch agus idé-eolaíoch."} {"text": "If your cat is female, most likely she’ll be left pawed. And your boy…well, he’ll be a rightie. Yes, that’s been proven after Deborah Wells, a senior lecturer at Queen’s University Belfast School of Psychology, and co-author Sarah Millsopp examined the paw use of 42 domestic cats last year. Each cat repeatedly completed three play-like tasks while at home with their owners.\nPer the report the first a bit of tuna was placed at the bottom of an empty, narrow-mouthed jar., and the cats were observed how they attempted to extract the food treat.\nThe second task watched which paw the cat used to reach for a toy mouse suspended above the cat’s head on a string.\nFor the last task the same toy was slowly dragged on the ground in front of the cats. The first paw used by the cats to try to grab the toy was recorded.\nEach feline had 100 paw responses recorded for the study.\nWhat was the overall result? The cats didn’t favor a certain paw to play or reach for the toy mouse. However, the preferred paw to reach for the tuna in the narrow-mouthed jar definately was observed for all cats. The study findings were later published in the scientific journal Animal Behavior.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35", "url": "http://www.tica.org/blog/?p=191", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500814701.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021334-00436-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9707981348, "token_count": 275, "score": 2.53125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Má tá do chait baineann, is dócha go mbeidh sí fágtha paed. Agus do bhuachaill... Bhuel, beidh sé a bheith ceart. Sea, cruthaíodh é sin tar éis do Deborah Wells, léachtóir sinsearach in Ollscoil na Banríona i Scoil na Síceolaíochta i mBéal Feirste, agus an comh-údar Sarah Millsopp scrúdú a dhéanamh ar úsáid 42 cat baile an bhliain seo caite. Rinne gach cat trí thasc cosúil le súgradh a chomhlánú arís agus arís eile agus iad sa bhaile lena n-úinéirí.\nDe réir na tuairisce, cuireadh an chéad chuid de thuna ag bun jar folamh, béal caol, agus breathnaíodh ar na cait conas a rinne siad iarracht an chóireáil bia a bhaint amach.\nBhí an dara tasc ag féachaint cén cnámh a d'úsáid an cat chun luch bréagán a bhaint as a raibh croí an chata ar shnáithín.\nMaidir leis an tasc deireanach, tarraingíodh an bréagán céanna go mall ar an talamh os comhair na gcait. Taifeadadh an chéad phé a d'úsáid na cait chun iarracht a dhéanamh an bréagán a ghabháil.\nBhí 100 freagraí paic a taifeadadh ag gach cat don staidéar.\nCad a bhí mar thoradh ar an méid sin? Ní raibh na cait fabhraí a paw áirithe a imirt nó a bhaint amach le haghaidh an luch bréagán. Mar sin féin, breathnaíodh go cinnte go raibh an phé is fearr le teacht ar an tuna sa bhosca béal caol do gach cat. Foilsíodh torthaí na staidéir ina dhiaidh sin sa iris eolaíoch Animal Behavior."} {"text": "Inflammation or infection of the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside (urethra) is called urethritis. In many cases, this condition arises as a result of bacterial or viral infection, among which can be sexually transmitted infections such as chlamydia or gonorrhea.\nHowever, in others, its origin is not infectious and, therefore, it is necessary to detect the exact cause and initiate the appropriate treatment in each case.\nDifferent factors can cause inflammation and irritation of the urethra and as we will see below may be infectious or non-infectious.\nWhen the condition is due to some type of infection, the most frequent causes are:\n- Gonorrhea: infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae.\n- Chlamydia: infection is caused due to bacteria : chlamydia trachomatis .\n- Although the above are frequent, there are other bacteria that can give rise to this condition, such as mycoplasma genitalium , mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum .\n- Herpes simplex virus infection or cytomegalovirus.\nIf urethritis is of non-infectious origin , it may occur due to:\n- Injuries caused by the insertion of an instrument such as a urinary catheter.\n- Sensitivity to certain chemical components of products such as creams, spermicides, etc.\n- Reactive arthritis or Reiter’s syndrome: a disease that can lead to inflamed joints and inflammation in the eyes, genitals and urinary tract.\nMain Symptoms of Urethritis\nIn Women: frequent urination and constant urge to urinate, abdominal pain, pain during urination, pelvic pain, pain during intercourse, abnormal vaginal discharge, fever and chills.\nIn men: frequent urination, painful urination, urethral discharge, blood in the urine or semen, itching, inflammation and tenderness in the penis, pains during sex, swollen glands in the groin.\nWhat To Do\nDrink plenty of water\nIn addition to the treatment of urethritis that the doctor indicates in each case, there are a number of natural remedies and remedies that can supplement such treatment and help to reduce the symptoms of urethritis and improve the health and well-being of the person affected remarkably.\nOne of the first measures recommended to promote the healing of inflammation of the urethra is to drink plenty of water during the day. With this, in addition to keeping us well hydrated, we help urine dissolve properly and efficiently eliminate the bacteria or microorganisms responsible for the infection. On the other hand, it is convenient to avoid the consumption of beverages that, on the contrary, can accentuate the inflammation or irritation and the constant urge to urinate, as is the case of those containing caffeine, alcoholic beverages or soft drinks.\nAlso Read: How Much Water To Drink Everyday?\nMedicinal plants good for Urethritis\nAmong the most effective home remedies for urethritis are some medicinal plants with which we can make excellent natural infusions to deflate the urethra and favor the elimination of bacteria from the urinary tract. Let’s see below which are the most recommended by specialists:\n- Chamomile: ideal for eliminating bacteria through urination due to its antibacterial properties. In addition, it is perfect to keep the bladder clean and prevent health problems in it.\n- Thyme: stands out for its antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties.\n- Gayuba : the leaves of this plant contain hydroquinones, which give it a high antibacterial power and is very useful in case of urethritis or cystitis.\n- Parsley: Helps cleanse the bladder and urinary tract as well as prevent new infections.\nFor the properties of these plants to act favorably against urethritis, it is best to take about 2 cups daily of any of these infusions.\nHome Remedies for UTI\nCranberry juice, excellent for urinary tract infections\nAnother drink-like preparation that can be taken to treat urethritis naturally is cranberry juice. Its benefits are well known to promote the cure of urinary tract infections, and these small fruits are able to prevent the adhesion of bacteria in the urinary tract and its subsequent proliferation, as well as helping to clean the body through the urine for its diuretic properties.\nIt is possible to buy the blueberry juice already prepared or prepare it at home by liquefying about 2 cups of blueberries, 1 cup of water and 1/2 lemon juice. You can add a little sugar to sweeten it. It is best to take 2 glasses a day of this juice and supplement it with the abundant consumption of water and a balanced and healthy diet. In the article How to take blueberries for urine infection, we show other forms of consumption also beneficial.\nGarlic to cure Urethritis naturally\nWhen urethritis is of infectious origin and is caused by a particular bacteria, one of the best remedies that can be used is the consumption of garlic. This food contains allicin, a compound that gives it magnificent natural antibiotic properties and makes it good for eliminating bacteria and facilitating the disappearance of symptoms.\nIn this case, to cure urethritis, it is recommended to prepare an infusion by crushing 2 cloves of garlic and adding them to 1 cup of boiling water. Leave it to stand for about 5 minutes, strain and drink.\nPineapple, Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Properties\nAlso among the best home remedies for urethritis is pineapple, a delicious fruit that is ideal for decreasing the symptoms of infections that affect the urinary tract, disinflamming the urethra and eliminating bacteria. All this is mainly thanks to a substance that contains bromelain and its anti-inflammatory properties.\nIn addition to consuming the pineapple in slices, a good natural treatment for inflammation of the urethra is to prepare a pineapple tea and drink it about 3 times a day. To do this, the peel should be separated from the pulp of 1 medium pineapple and cook the pineapple peels along with 1 sprig of cinnamon in 2 liters of water.\nAfter about 30 minutes of cooking, it should be removed from the heat, poured and allowed to cool.\nThis is a good remedy also to favor weight loss, we show more details in the article How to make pineapple tea to lose weight.\nTips to Prevent Urethritis\n- Maintain good intimate hygiene and avoid the use of products with chemical or irritant components.\n- Make use of the condom when having sex.\n- Ensure that a new partner does not suffer from any type of contagious venereal disease.\n- Urinating after having sex to prevent bacteria and other microorganisms from entering the urethra and causing infection.\n- To undergo the necessary medical and gynecological examinations and with the required regularity.\nThis article is purely informative, we do not have the power to prescribe any medical treatment or make any kind of diagnosis. We encourage you to go to a doctor in the case of any type of condition or discomfort.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://www.healthinputs.com/ways-to-treat-urethritis-without-antibiotics/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510100.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925215547-20230926005547-00143.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9271401763, "token_count": 1478, "score": 3.109375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tugtar urethritis ar athlasadh nó ar ionfhabhtú an tshubha a iompraíonn fual ón mblasar go dtí an taobh amuigh (urethra). I go leor cásanna, tagann an coinníoll seo chun cinn mar thoradh ar ionfhabhtú baictéarach nó víreasach, lena n-áirítear ionfhabhtuithe a d'fhéadfadh a bheith tarchuirte go gnéasach mar chlamydia nó gonorrhea.\nI gcásanna eile, áfach, ní hionfhabhtaíonn an galar agus, dá bhrí sin, is gá an chúis cheart a bhrath agus an cóireáil iomchuí a thosú i ngach cás.\nIs féidir le fachtóirí éagsúla athlasadh agus greannú an urethra a chur faoi deara agus mar a fheicfimid thíos d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith ionfhabhtach nó neamh-ionfhabhtach.\nNuair a bhíonn an riocht mar gheall ar chineál éigin ionfhabhtaithe, is iad na cúiseanna is minice:\n- Gonorrhea: ionfhabhtú a bhíonn mar thoradh ar an baictéar Neisseria gonorrhoeae.\n- Chlamydia: tá ionfhabhtú mar gheall ar bhaictéir: chlamydia trachomatis .\n- Cé go bhfuil na baictéir thuasluaite coitianta, tá baictéir eile ann a d'fhéadfadh an riocht seo a chur chun cinn, mar shampla Mycoplasma genitalium , Mycoplasma hominis agus ureaplasma urealyticum .\n- Infectión víreas Herpes simplex nó cytomegalovirus.\nMá tá urethritis de bhunadh neamh-ionfhabhtaithe , d'fhéadfadh sé tarlú mar gheall ar:\n- Gortú a tharlaíonn de bharr iontráil uirlisí amhail catheter urinary.\n- Éasacht do chomhpháirteanna ceimiceacha áirithe de tháirgí amhail uachtar, spermicides, etc.\n- Artrit imoibritheach nó siondróm Reiter: galar a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina chúis le comhpháirteanna athlasta agus athlasadh sna súile, sna genitalia agus sna\nPríomh-Simplíochtaí an Uretritis\nI mBan: mionnadh go minic agus éigean leanúnach mionnadh, pian abdominála, pian le linn mionnadh, pian pelvic, pian le linn gnéas, scaoileadh neamhghnácha ó bhéal, fiabhras agus creathadh.\nI bhfear: mionnadh go minic, mionnadh pianmhar, scaoileadh urethral, fuil san fháinne nó san sperm, itching, athlasadh agus íogaireacht sa phéinis, pian le linn gnéas, glúineanna swollen sa groin.\nCad atá le déanamh\nÓl go leor uisce\nChomh maith le cóireáil urethritis a léiríonn an dochtúir i ngach cás, tá roinnt leigheasanna nádúrtha agus leigheasanna ann a d'fhéadfadh cur leis an gcóireáil sin agus cabhrú le hairíonna urethritis a laghdú agus sláinte agus folláine an duine atá i gceist a fheabhsú go suntasach.\nCeann de na chéad bhearta a mholtar chun go n-éireoidh le tinneas athlastaithe an urethra ná go dtabharfaí go leor uisce le linn an lae. Leis seo, chomh maith le go gcoinníonn muid go maith hidrithe, cabhraímid leis an bpíosa a dhíscaoileadh i gceart agus na baictéir nó na miocrorgánaigh atá freagrach as an ionfhabhtú a dhíchur go héifeachtach. Ar an láimh eile, is áisiúil gan deochanna a ithe a d'fhéadfadh, ar a mhalairt, an tinneas nó an suaitheadh a chur i bhfolach agus an t-éileamh leanúnach a bheith ag mionn, mar atá i gcás deochanna a bhfuil caifein iontu, deochanna alcóil nó deochanna suaite.\nChomh maith leis sin Léigh: Cé mhéad Uisce le hÍoch gach Lá?\nPlandaí leighis maith le haghaidh Urethritis\nI measc na leigheasanna baile is éifeachtaí ar urethritis tá roinnt plandaí leighis ar féidir linn infusions nádúrtha den scoth a dhéanamh chun an urethra a dhíbirt agus chun baictéir a bhaint as an gconair urinary. Féach thíos cé acu iad na cinn is mó a mholann speisialtóirí:\n- Camomile: is maith leis na baictéir a dhíchur trí bhúrú mar gheall ar a airíonna frithbacteiriúla. Ina theannta sin, tá sé foirfe chun an bolgán a choinneáil glan agus fadhbanna sláinte a chosc ann.\n- Thyme: tá sé ar eolas mar gheall ar a airíonna antiseptic, frith-athlastacha agus frith-bacteriocha.\n- Gayuba: tá hidreacinónna sa phlanda seo, rud a thugann cumhacht ard frithbacteriach dó agus a bhfuil an-úsáideach i gcás urethritis nó cystitis.\n- Parsley: Cabhraíonn sé leis an mblaosc agus an t-aisteoir urinary a ghlanadh chomh maith le heinsí nua a chosc.\nChun go n-oibreoidh na hairíonna seo go fabhrach i gcoinne urethritis, is fearr thart ar 2 chupan a ghlacadh in aghaidh an lae de cheann de na h-infusions seo.\nLeigheas sa bhaile le haghaidh UTI\nCranberry sú, den scoth le haghaidh ionfhabhtuithe an chonair folláin\nIs é an sú cranberry ullmhúchán eile cosúil le deoch a d'fhéadfaí a ghlacadh chun urethritis a chóireáil go nádúrtha. Tá a chuid buntáistí ar eolas go maith chun leigheas ionfhabhtuithe an chonair folláine a chur chun cinn, agus tá na torthaí beaga seo in ann bac a chur ar bhaictéir a bheith ag greamaíocht sa chonair folláine agus a iomadú ina dhiaidh sin, chomh maith le cuidiú leis an gcomhlacht a ghlanadh tríd an bpíosa mar gheall ar a airíonna diuretic.\nIs féidir an sú blueberry a cheannach réidh nó é a ullmhú sa bhaile trí thart ar 2 chupan de blueberries, 1 chupan uisce agus 1/2 sú liomóide a leá. Is féidir leat beagán siúcra a chur leis chun é a milis. Is fearr 2 ghloine an tsá seo a ghlacadh in aghaidh an lae agus é a chomhlánú le tomhaltas go leor uisce agus le réim chothrom agus sláintiúil. Sa alt Conas bleibíní a ghlacadh le haghaidh ionfhabhtaithe fuála, léiríonn muid cineálacha eile tomhaltais atá tairbheach freisin.\nGarlic chun leigheas Urethritis go nádúrtha\nNuair a bhíonn urethritis de bhunadh ionfhabhtaithe agus go bhfuil baictéir áirithe mar chúis leis, is é an t-eitleán a itheann sé ar cheann de na leigheasanna is fearr is féidir a úsáid. Tá allicin sa bhia seo, comhdhúil a thugann air airíonna iontach antaibheathacha nádúrtha agus a fhágann go bhfuil sé go maith chun baictéir a dhíchur agus chun na hairíonna a mhaolú.\nSa chás seo, chun urethritis a leigheas, moltar infusion a ullmhú trí 2 clúdach ailge a phruthú agus iad a chur le 1 cupán uisce fiuchphointe. Lig é seasamh ar feadh thart ar 5 nóiméad, strain agus ól.\nPineapple, Príomhghnéithe Diuretic agus Frith-athlastacha\nTá anán, toradh blasta atá oiriúnach chun comharthaí ionfhabhtuithe a théann i bhfeidhm ar an gcosfholcadh, a laghdú, an urethra a dhíinfheistiú agus baictéir a dhíothú, ar cheann de na leigheasanna baile is fearr le haghaidh urethritis freisin. Tá sé seo go léir go príomha a bhuíochas le substaint ina bhfuil bromelain agus a airíonna frith-athlastacha.\nChomh maith le an ananas a ithe i sliceanna, is leigheas nádúrtha maith é le haghaidh athlasadh an urethra tae ananas a ullmhú agus é a ól thart ar 3 huaire sa lá. Chun é seo a dhéanamh, ba cheart an craiceann a scaradh ó pholl 1 ananas meánmhéide agus na craiceann ananas a chócaráil chomh maith le 1 sprig cinamón i 2 lítear uisce.\nTar éis thart ar 30 nóiméad de chócaireacht, ba cheart é a bhaint ón teas, a dhoirteadh agus a ligean dó fuarú.\nIs leigheas maith é seo freisin chun meáchain caillteanas a chur chun cinn, léiríonn muid tuilleadh sonraí san alt Conas tae anán a dhéanamh chun meáchan a chailleadh.\nLeideanna chun Urethritis a Chosc\n- Coinnigh dea-ghineolaíocht intí agus seachain táirgí a bhfuil comhpháirteanna ceimiceacha nó greannmhar iontu a úsáid.\n- Bain úsáid as an coiscín nuair a bhíonn gnéas agat.\n- A chinntiú nach bhfuil aon chineál galar inscne gabhálach ag an gcomhpháirtí nua.\n- Urinating tar éis gnéas a bheith agat chun bac a chur ar bhaictéir agus ar mhicreorganismí eile dul isteach sa urethra agus ionfhabhtú a chur faoi deara.\n- na scrúduithe leighis agus ginecolaíocha is gá a dhéanamh dó agus go rialta.\nTá an t-alt seo go hiomlán eolaíoch, níl sé de chumhacht againn aon chóireáil leighis a fhorordú ná aon chineál diagnóis a dhéanamh. Moltar duit dul chuig dochtúir i gcás aon chineál staid nó míchompord."} {"text": "Auto safety has come a long way in the last few decades, and one of the most effective innovations is the crumple zone. Also known as a crush zone, crumple zones are areas of a vehicle that are designed to deform and crumple in a collision. This absorbs some of the energy of the impact, preventing it from being transmitted to the occupants.\nOf course, keeping people safe in auto accidents isn't as simple as making the whole vehicle crumple. Engineers have to consider many factors in designing safer cars, including vehicle size and weight, frame stiffness and the stresses the car is likely to be subjected to in a crash. For example, race cars experience far more severe impacts than street cars, and SUVs often crash with more force than small cars.\nWe're going to find out how crumple zones redistribute the forces involved in a crash, what crumple zones are made out of and learn about a few other advanced safety systems that are being tested right now. We'll also find out how crumple zones have been incorporated into race cars, and why a number of racing fatalities could have been prevented if the sport had adopted these safety features sooner. We'll even take a look at crumple zones designed to absorb the massive impact of a train collision.\nTo find out the forces involved in a collision, and to learn how a well designed crumple zone can minimize occupant injury, read the next page.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "url": "https://auto.howstuffworks.com/car-driving-safety/safety-regulatory-devices/crumple-zone.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655901509.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709193741-20200709223741-00383.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9765071273, "token_count": 296, "score": 3.609375, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Tá an tsábháilteacht gluaisteán tar éis dul ar aghaidh go mór le cúpla bliain anuas, agus ceann de na nuálaíochtaí is éifeachtaí ná an limistéar crumple. Is limistéir deartha iad na limistéir crúite, ar a dtugtar crios brúite freisin, a dhéantar feithicil a dheformú agus a chrúchadh i dtimpiste. Glacann sé seo cuid den fhuinneamh a thagann as an timpiste, rud a chosnaíonn go dtarraingítear é chuig na daoine a bhfuil sa charr.\nAr ndóigh, ní chomh simplí le daoine a choinneáil sábháilte i dtimpistí gluaisteán ná an fheithicil iomlán a chur i gcroí. Caithfidh innealtóirí go leor fachtóirí a mheas chun gluaisteáin níos sábháilte a dhearadh, lena n-áirítear méid agus meáchan na feithicle, stiffness fráma agus na strus a d'fhéadfadh an carr a bheith faoi réir i dtimpiste. Mar shampla, bíonn tionóiscí i bhfad níos déine ag gluaisteáin rásaíochta ná gluaisteáin sráide, agus is minic a thit SUVanna le níos mó fórsa ná gluaisteáin bheaga.\nTá muid ag dul a fháil amach conas crumple criosanna athdháileadh na fórsaí a bhfuil baint acu le timpiste, cad crumple criosanna a dhéanamh amach agus foghlaim faoi roinnt córais sábháilteachta chun cinn eile atá á thástáil anois. Faighimid amach freisin conas a cuireadh criosanna crúbla isteach i gcarranna rásaíochta, agus cén fáth go bhféadfaí roinnt báis rásaíochta a chosc dá nglacfaí na gnéithe sábháilteachta seo níos luaithe sa spórt. Déanaimid fiú breathnú ar chriosanna crumple atá deartha chun an tionchar ollmhór de cholláiste traenach a ionsú.\nChun na fórsaí a bhíonn i gceist le timpiste a fháil amach, agus chun a fháil amach conas is féidir le limistéar crumple atá deartha go maith díobháil na n-osáideoirí a íoslaghdú, léigh an chéad leathanach eile."} {"text": "|Lexington Elementary School\nteachers met in collaborative team meetings with teachers from Marlboro\nand Washington Elementary Schools to review the Content Standards\nin depth. Indicators were rewritten in simple \"I CAN\"\nstatements so students and parents know what students are learning.\nTeachers developed a pacing chart for each subject by nine week\nsessions. Click on the grade, subject, and nine week session in\nthe table below to see specific indicators your child is learning\neach nine weeks. Power standards (those determined by teachers to\nbe crucial to the ongoing learning process) are typed in bold\nprint. Parents receive individual progress reports on power\nstandards along with the student report card each nine weeks.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "url": "http://dukes.stark.k12.oh.us/lex/curriculum/ICans.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934804518.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118021803-20171118041803-00007.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9283021092, "token_count": 146, "score": 3.171875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Bunscoil Lexington\nTháinig múinteoirí le chéile i gcruinnithe foirne comhoibritheacha le múinteoirí ó Marlboro\nagus Bunscoileanna Washington chun na Caighdeáin Ábhar a athbhreithniú\ngo domhain. Athscríobhadh táscairí i simplí \"I CAN\"\nráitis ionas go mbeidh a fhios ag mic léinn agus tuismitheoirí cad atá á fhoghlaim ag mic léinn.\nD'fhorbair múinteoirí cairt pacing do gach ábhar ag naoi seachtaine\nseisiúin. Cliceáil ar an grád, ar an ábhar, agus ar an seisiún naoi seachtaine in\nan tábla thíos chun táscairí sonracha a fheiceáil atá ag do leanbh ag foghlaim\ngach naoi seachtaine. Tá na caighdeáin chumhachta (na caighdeáin a shocraíonn múinteoirí chun\nTá an t-eolas a chuirtear ar fáil ar an suíomh gréasáin seo (le haghaidh na n-ealaíona)\npriontáil. Faigheann tuismitheoirí tuarascálacha ar dhul chun cinn aonair maidir le fuinneamh\ncaighdeáin chomh maith leis an cárta tuairisc mac léinn gach naoi seachtaine."} {"text": "Daily LIFT #284\nPostal workers on strike in New York City, March 1970 -- Daily LIFT #284\n50 years ago postal workers in the United States went on strike in a pivotal fight to win full union rights. Over 200,000 hit the picket lines, the largest strike against the US government in history.\nThey were threatened with criminal prosecution and firing by the Nixon administration.\nIn the end the workers won many major demands, despite intimidation and attempts to use soldiers to deliver the mail. Mail delivery turned out to be much more skilled than the government thought! The soldiers were terrible at it.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "url": "https://www.theleftchapter.com/post/daily-lift-284", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100972.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209202131-20231209232131-00423.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9723553061, "token_count": 125, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Lift Laethúil # 284\nOibrithe poist ar stailc i gCathair Nua Eabhrac, Márta 1970 -- Daily LIFT #284\n50 bliain ó shin chuaigh oibrithe poist sna Stáit Aontaithe i stailc i ngleic ríthábhachtach chun cearta comhionannais iomlána a bhuachan. Tharla níos mó ná 200,000 ar na línte picéid, an stailc is mó i gcoinne rialtas na Stát Aontaithe sa stair.\nBhí siad faoi bhagairt ag rialtas Nixon ionchúiseamh coiriúil agus é a dhíscaoileadh.\nSa deireadh bhuaigh na hoibrithe go leor éilimh mhóra, in ainneoin eagla agus iarrachtaí air saighdiúirí a úsáid chun an post a sheachadadh. Bhí an post a sheachadadh i bhfad níos saineolaí ná mar a shíl an rialtas! Bhí na saighdiúirí uafásach ann."} {"text": "A short philtrum is a shorter than normal distance between the upper lip and the nose.\nThe philtrum is the groove that runs from the top of the lip to the nose.\nThe length of the philtrum is passed down from parents to their children through genes. This groove is shortened in people with certain conditions.\nThis condition can be caused by:\n- Chromosome 18q deletion syndrome\n- Cohen syndrome\n- DiGeorge syndrome\n- Oral-facial-digital syndrome (OFD)\nNo home care needed for a short philtrum, in most cases. However, if this is only one symptom of another disorder, follow your health care provider's instructions on how to care for the condition.\nWhen to Contact a Medical Professional\nCall your provider if you notice a short philtrum on your child.\nWhat to Expect at Your Office Visit\nAn infant with a short philtrum may have other symptoms and signs. Taken together, these may define a specific syndrome or condition. The provider will diagnose that condition based on a family history, medical history, and physical exam.\nMedical history questions may include:\n- Did you notice this when the child was born?\n- Have any other family members had this feature?\n- Have any other family members been diagnosed with a disorder associated with a short philtrum?\n- What other symptoms are present?\nTests to diagnose a short philtrum:\nIf your provider diagnosed a short philtrum, you may want to note that diagnosis in your personal medical record.\nBuckley RH. Primary defects of cellular immunity. In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St. Geme JW, Schor NF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 20th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 125.\nJones KL, Jones MC, Del Campo M. Facial-limb defects as major feature. In: Jones KL, Jones MC, Del Campo M, eds. Smith's Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2013:chap I.\nMadan-Khetarpal S, Arnold G. Genetic disorders and dysmorphic conditions. In: Zitelli, BJ, McIntire S, Nowalk AJ, eds. Zitelli and Davis' Atlas of Pediatric Diagnosis. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2018:chap 1.\nReview Date 2/19/2018\nUpdated by: Neil K. Kaneshiro, MD, MHA, Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-34", "url": "https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003302.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735881.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200804161521-20200804191521-00489.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8661869764, "token_count": 593, "score": 3.328125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is éard atá i filtrum gearr ná achar níos giorra ná mar is gnáth idir an liopa uachtarach agus an srón.\nIs é an philtrum an groove a ritheann ó bharr an liopa go dtí an srón.\nTá fad an philtrum a tharchur ó thuismitheoirí go dtí a gcuid leanaí trí ghéin. Tá an sliocht seo gearr i ndaoine a bhfuil coinníollacha áirithe acu.\nIs féidir an coinníoll seo a bheith mar thoradh ar:\n- Siondróm díleá Chromosóim 18q\n- Siondróm Cohen\n- Síndróm DiGeorge\n- Síndróm béil-aghaidh-digiteach (OFD)\nNí gá cúram baile a bheith ag teastáil le haghaidh philtrum gearr, i bhformhór na gcásanna. Mar sin féin, mura bhfuil sé seo ach comhartha amháin de neamhoird eile, lean treoracha do sholáthraí cúraim sláinte maidir le conas cúram a thabhairt don riocht.\nNuair a Tharraingíonn tú le Proifisiúnta Leighis\nCuir glaoch ar do sholáthraí má thugann tú faoi deara philtrum gearr ar do leanbh.\nCad is Féidir Leat a bheith Ag súil leis ag do Chuardach Oifige\nD'fhéadfadh comharthaí agus comharthaí eile a bheith ag leanbh a bhfuil philtrum gearr aige. I gcomhcheangal, d'fhéadfadh siad seo siondróm nó riocht ar leith a shainiú. Déanfaidh an soláthraí diagnóis ar an riocht sin bunaithe ar stair teaghlaigh, stair leighis, agus scrúdú fisiceach.\nD'fhéadfadh ceisteanna faoi stair leighis a bheith ina measc:\n- An bhfaca tú é seo nuair a rugadh an leanbh?\n- An raibh aon chomhaltaí eile den teaghlach an ghné seo?\n- An ndearnadh aon chomhaltaí eile den teaghlach a dhiagnóisiú le neamhoird a bhaineann le philtrum gearr?\n- Cad iad na hairíonna eile atá i láthair?\nTástálacha chun philtrum gearr a dhiagnóisiú:\nMá dhearbhaigh do sholáthraí filtrum gearr, b'fhéidir gur mhaith leat an diagnóis sin a thabhairt faoi deara i do thaifead leighis phearsanta.\nBuckley RH. Defects bunscoile na díolúine ceallach. In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St. Geme JW, Schor NF, eds. Leabhar-Teagaisc Pediatrics Nelson. 20ú ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: caibidil 125.\nJones KL, Jones MC, Del Campo M. Mí-chomhionannas ar na foircinn aghaidh mar phríomh-ghné. I: Jones KL, Jones MC, Del Campo M, eds. Smith's Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation. Patrúin Aithnithe de Mhalfhorbairt Daonna. 7ú heagrán. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2013:chap I.\nMadan-Khetarpal S, Arnold G. Athruithe géiniteacha agus coinníollacha dysmorphic. I: Zitelli, BJ, McIntire S, Nowalk AJ, eds. Zitelli agus Davis 'Atlas ar Dhiagnóisíocht Pediatric. 7ú heagrán. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2018:chap 1.\nDáta athbhreithnithe 2/19/2018\nNuashonraithe ag: Neil K. Kaneshiro, MD, MHA, Ollamh Cliniciúil Pediatrics, Scoil Leighis Ollscoil Washington, Seattle, WA. Rinne David Zieve, MD, MHA, Stiúrthóir Leighis, Brenda Conaway, Stiúrthóir Eagarthóireachta, agus an A.D.A.M. athbhreithniú freisin Foireann eagarthóireachta."} {"text": "Laptops, tablets, cell phones and similar devices emit electromagnetic fields (EMF), invisible waves that can pass through a human body. People of all ages use these electronics daily; however, the medical profession warns that EMF exposure over a long period of time can cause high blood pressure, sleeplessness and severe headaches. Some suspect that EMF may lead to cancer. Curtailing cell phone use is a way to protect limit EMF, but most people find that suggestion impossible. A better solution is an EMF protection device from Vortex BioShield when using electronics. The most convenient is the EMF protection necklace, which can be worn around the neck or carried in a pocket. The necklace is made of high-quality materials and comes in several traditional styles. Like other EMF protection devices the company produces, each necklace contains powerful crystals that help defuse unseen EMF waves. The attractive bioshield necklace is just one value-priced protector from Vortex BioShield. Each device is ideal for combating the threat of EMF over exposure, yet none will interfere with the performance of your electronic devices.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "url": "http://www.thecellphoneshield.com/blog/laptop-tablet-users-want-to-avoid-emf-waves1", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806447.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122012409-20171122032409-00297.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9073731303, "token_count": 222, "score": 2.671875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá an-chuid de na meaisíní leictreamaighnéadacha, a bhfuil cumas neamhfhaithin orthu dul trí chorp an duine, a scaoiltear ó ríomhaire glúine, táibléad, fón póca agus feistí den chineál céanna. Úsáideann daoine de gach aois na leictreonaic seo go laethúil; áfach, tugann an ghairm leighis rabhadh go bhféadfadh nochtadh EMF thar thréimhse fada ama brú fola ard, neamhchlaon agus tinneas cinn tromchúiseacha a chur faoi deara. Measann cuid acu go bhféadfadh EMF a bheith ina chúis le hailse. Is bealach é úsáid fón póca a theorannú chun EMF teorainn a chosaint, ach is dóigh leis an gcuid is mó daoine nach féidir an moladh sin a dhéanamh. Is réiteach níos fearr é feiste cosanta EMF ó Vortex BioShield nuair a bhíonn leictreonaic á úsáid agat. Is é an ceann is áisiúla ná an coláiste cosanta EMF, is féidir a chaitheamh timpeall an mhuineál nó a iompar i bpóca. Déantar an necklace de ábhair ardchaighdeáin agus tá roinnt stíleanna traidisiúnta ann. Cosúil le feistí cosanta EMF eile a tháirgeann an chuideachta, tá criostail chumhachtach i ngach cúlán a chabhraíonn le tonnta EMF nach bhfeictear a dhíspreagadh. Níl sa chúlra tarraingteach bioshield ach cosantóir luach-phraghas amháin ó Vortex BioShield. Tá gach feiste oiriúnach chun dul i ngleic leis an mbagairt a bhaineann le CEM thar nochtadh, ach ní chuirfidh aon cheann acu isteach ar fheidhmíocht do ghléasanna leictreonacha."} {"text": "White balance tools (like those in Lightroom or Photoshop) will tell you the color temperature of the neutral card essentially directly, based on the color temperature data in the RAW file.\nMore theoretically, if you're shooting with a known color temperature (even approximately known), then the color of the neutral target is directly related to the color temperature of the lighting. Doing this precisely has several big catches (e.g., it doesn't really apply to fluorescent or mixed lighting, and understanding color theory is a prerequisite), but doing it relatively is eminently practical:\n- if the card is bluish, it's lit with a higher color temperature than your setting.\n- if the card is reddish, it's lit with a lower color temperature than your setting.\nWith practice, the card isn't needed; you can see the relevant color casts in any neutral object, and particularly in shadows.\nPersonally, I think the best advice is to try to memorize the approximate color temperatures of typical situations, like this chart from Cambridge in Colour (the full article is worth a read):\n- 1000-2000K – Candlelight\n- 2500-3500K – Tungsten Bulb (household variety)\n- 3000-4000K – Sunrise/Sunset (clear sky)\n- 4000-5000K – Fluorescent Lamps1\n- 5000-5500K – Electronic Flash\n- 5000-6500K – Daylight with Clear Sky (sun overhead)2\n- 6500-8000K – Moderately Overcast Sky\n- 9000-10000K – Shade or Heavily Overcast Sky\n1 Fluorescent lamps aren't standard light sources, and many variations exist, so this should be considered a very approximate figure.\n2 There's an old joke about the noon sky outside of Kodak's offices being exactly 5500K.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41", "url": "http://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/1997/how-can-color-temperature-be-measured-using-a-digital-camera/2001", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657140379.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011220-00152-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9126800895, "token_count": 377, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Inseoidh uirlisí cothromaíochta bán (cosúil leis na cinn i Lightroom nó Photoshop) teochta dath an chárta neodrach duit go bunúsach go díreach, bunaithe ar na sonraí teochta dath sa chomhad RAW.\nNíos teoiriciúla, má tá tú ag lámhach le teocht dath ar a dtugtar (fiú thart ar a dtugtar), ansin tá dath an sprioc neodrach go díreach a bhaineann leis an teocht dath an soilsiú. Tá roinnt catches móra ag déanamh go beacht (m.sh., ní bhaineann sé i ndáiríre le soilsiú fluaraise nó le soilsiú measctha, agus is réamhriachtanas é teoiric dathanna a thuiscint), ach tá sé an-phraiticiúil é a dhéanamh go réasúnta:\n- má tá an cárta bluish, tá sé ardaithe le teocht dath níos airde ná do shocrú.\n- má tá an cárta dearg, tá sé ardaithe le teocht dath níos ísle ná do shocrú.\nLe cleachtadh, ní gá an cárta; is féidir leat na casts dath ábhartha a fheiceáil in aon réad neodrach, agus go háirithe i scáthanna.\nGo pearsanta, sílim gurb é an comhairle is fearr ná iarracht a dhéanamh teochtaí dath thart ar chásanna tipiciúla a mheabhrú, mar an chairt seo ó Cambridge in Colour (is fiú an t-alt iomlán a léamh):\n- 1000-2000K Solas coinne\n- 2500-3500K Bulb Tungstáin (sóineacht tí)\n- 3000-4000K Sunrise/Sunset (ceann spéir shoiléir)\n- 4000-5000K lampaí fluaraiseanta1\n- 5000-5500K Flash leictreonach\n- 5000-6500K Solas laethúil le Spéir Chlár (sol os cionn) 2\n- 6500-8000K Spéir chlúdach go measartha\n- 9000-10000K Scáth nó Spéir lán-scéal\n1 Ní foinsí solais chaighdeánacha iad lampaí fluaraiseanta, agus tá go leor athruithe ann, mar sin ba cheart an figiúr seo a mheas mar fhigiúr an-timchlúdach.\n2 Tá sean-scéal ann faoi spéir lá lá lá lá amuigh de oifigí Kodak a bheith díreach 5500K."} {"text": "Building Tomorrow’s Leaders…\nSince 1910, Scouting has helped mold future leaders by combining educational activities and lifelong values with fun.\nScouting helps meet six essential needs of young people:\nScouting provides youth with good role models who can have a powerful impact on their lives. We have a process that screens, selects, and trains the leaders who can provide the attention all young people need to succeed in life.\nScouting provides structured settings where kids can learn new skills and develop habits of continual learning that will help them succeed. Scouting offers a proven program of discovering, sharing, and applying knowledge and skills that last a lifetime.\nOne of the key tenets of Scouting is “duty to God.” While Scouting does not define religious belief for its members, it does encourage each young person to begin a spiritual journey through the practice of his or her faith tradition.\nScouting is deeply rooted in the concept of doing for others. “Do a Good Turn Daily” is a core Scouting precept. Scouting encourages young people to recognize the needs of others and take action accordingly.\nYoung people need to be well. To get the most from life, one must be both mentally and physically fit. A commitment to physical wellness has been reflected in Scouting’s outdoor programs such as hiking, camping, swimming, climbing, and conservation. First aid, lifesaving, and safety programs are synonymous with Scouting. Our programs today include strong drug abuse awareness and prevention programs emphasizing the value of healthy living habits.\nFew will argue with the importance of teaching values and responsibility to our children – not only right from wrong, but specific, affirmative values such as fairness, courage, honor, and respect for others. Beginning with the Scout Oath and Scout Law, the Boy Scouts of America program is infused with character-building activities that allow youth to apply abstract principles to daily living situations.\nNext Page In Our Scouting 101 Tour…", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-34", "url": "https://pack134.net/building-leaders/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738653.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810072511-20200810102511-00223.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9463559985, "token_count": 390, "score": 3.25, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Treoirlínte maidir le Treoirlínte maidir le Treoirlínte maidir le Treoirlínte maidir le Treoirlínte\nÓ 1910, chabhraigh Scouting le ceannairí sa todhchaí a mhúnlú trí ghníomhaíochtaí oideachais agus luachanna saoil a chomhcheangal le spraoi.\nCabhraíonn an scáistiú le sé riachtanas bunúsach óige a chomhlíonadh:\nSoláthraíonn an Scouting do dhaoine óga samplaí maith a d'fhéadfadh tionchar láidir a bheith acu ar a saol. Tá próiseas againn a scagann, a roghnú, agus a oiliúint na ceannairí a d'fhéadfadh an aird a sholáthar a theastaíonn ó gach duine óg chun rath a bhaint amach sa saol.\nSoláthraíonn Scouting suíomhanna struchtúrtha inar féidir le páistí scileanna nua a fhoghlaim agus nósanna foghlama leanúnacha a fhorbairt a chabhróidh leo a bheith rathúil. Cuireann Scouting clár cruthaithe ar fáil chun eolas agus scileanna a aimsíonn, a roinneann agus a chuireann i bhfeidhm a mhaireann ar feadh an tsaoil.\nCeann de phríomh-theagasc na Scouting is ea dualgas do Dhia. Cé nach sainmhíníonn Scouting creideamh reiligiúnach dá bhaill, spreagann sé gach duine óg chun turas spioradálta a thosú trí chleachtadh a thraidisiúin chreidimh.\nTá an scáileánra bunaithe go domhain ar an gcoincheap a bhaineann le déanamh do dhaoine eile. Is bunphrionsabal Scout é \"Go maith a dhéanamh gach lá\". Spreagann Scouting daoine óga riachtanais daoine eile a aithint agus gníomhú dá réir.\nNí mór do dhaoine óga a bheith sláintiúil. Chun an chuid is mó a fháil as an saol, ní mór do dhuine a bheith sláintiúil go meabhrach agus go fisiciúil araon. Tá tiomantas do shláinte fhisiceach le feiceáil i gcláir lasmuigh Scouting mar siúl, campaíocht, snámh, dreapadóireacht agus caomhnú. Tá cláir chéadchabhair, sábhála beatha agus sábháilteachta comhchiallach le Scouting. Áirítear ar ár gcláir inniu cur i láthair láidir maidir le mí-úsáid drugaí agus cláir chosc a chuireann béim ar luach nósanna maireachtála sláintiúla.\nNí dhéanfaidh mórán argóint le tábhacht luachanna agus freagrachta a mhúineadh dár leanaí - ní hamháin ceart ó dhroch, ach luachanna sonracha dearfacha mar chothrom, misneach, onóir, agus meas ar dhaoine eile. Ag tosú leis an Oath Scout agus an Scout Law, tá clár Scouts na Meiriceánach lán le gníomhaíochtaí tógála carachtair a ligeann do dhaoine óga prionsabail aistrithe a chur i bhfeidhm ar chásanna maireachtála laethúla.\nAn chéad leathanach eile dár Turas Scouting 101..."} {"text": "At the end of December 2014, the FP WHEB Sustainability Fund was analysed by external experts[i] to determine the volume of carbon emissions generated by companies in the fund. This analysis showed that 91 tonnes of CO2e[ii] was produced per £1million invested in the fund. This compares with 282 tonnes of CO2e per £1million invested in the fund’s benchmark. An investment in the WHEB fund therefore has a carbon ‘footprint’ that is 70% less than an equivalent investment in the benchmark.\n|Carbon footprinting is a methodology that is used to measure the total greenhouse gas emissions associated with a given investment fund.[iii] Using data on the percentage of shares owned by the fund, the analysis calculates what proportion of each company’s total emissions the fund is ‘responsible’ for and then aggregates these to give the total ‘footprint’ of the fund.|\nThis total is then divided by the size of the fund to give the tonnes of CO2e produced per £1millon invested. We compare this with the benchmark figure which gives an ‘average’ figure for the market as a whole. The FP WHEB Fund is in the top 20% of funds globally and the top 10% in the UK market on this measure.[iv]\nWhy is the WHEB footprint so small?\nThe size of the WHEB fund’s footprint is driven by two related factors. The first and most important contribution is the proportion of the fund that is invested in heavy carbon emitting sectors like energy utilities and oil and gas companies. 8% of the MSCI World is invested in oil and gas companies with a further 3% in utilities and another 2% in basic resources (mainly mining). Together these sectors make up nearly three-quarters of all carbon emissions from the MSCI World.\nIn contrast, the WHEB fund is a ‘fossil fuel free fund’ and has no exposure to basic materials or oil and gas companies.[v] In a supreme irony, however, solar companies are actually classified within the oil and gas super-sector, and the WHEB Fund does have 2% allocated to this sector and with a further 2% in waste and water utilities, this accounts for 32% of the fund’s total emissions.\nThe second factor driving the size of the footprint is the selection of companies within sectors with some companies having radically higher carbon emissions compared to peers. Here our performance is more mixed. For example, the largest absolute contributor to the fund’s carbon footprint is the water and waste business Suez Environnement which is responsible for 17% of the fund’s footprint (treating water and waste is still a relatively energy intensive business). But the company is also 20% more carbon intensive than the average for its sector. Similarly, Smurfit Kappa, a manufacturer of recycled cardboard packaging, is twice as carbon intensive as its sector peers. We plan to write to both of these businesses to understand why they seem to perform so poorly and what they might do to improve this performance.\nCarbon footprinting is, we believe, a useful tool giving a snapshot of a fund’s carbon profile and highlighting areas of weak performance. It is, however, not perfect. For example, the energy used in solar module manufacturing is captured in the footprint, but not the energy that is subsequently saved through their use. We think that the fund’s footprint would be still smaller were these full life-cycle savings to be taken into account.\nNonetheless, we plan to repeat this exercise regularly to monitor our overall footprint and how we compare against the benchmark and other funds. We are therefore also pleased to support the Montreal Pledge[vi] as part of our commitment to drive further carbon reductions in the fund.\n[ii] Carbon Dioxide Equivalents (CO2e)\n[iii] Carbon footprinting was originally developed to measure the carbon emissions associated with products. It was first applied to investment funds by members of the WHEB team in 2005.\n[iv] Perse Comm CSSP", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "url": "http://www.whebgroup.com/wheb-fund-70-lower-carbon-footprint-than-benchmark/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806419.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121151133-20171121171133-00628.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9590941668, "token_count": 846, "score": 2.765625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "I ndeireadh mhí na Nollag 2014, rinne saineolaithe seachtracha anailís ar Chiste Inbhuanaitheachta FP WHEB[i] chun méid na n-astaíochtaí carbóin a ghin na cuideachtaí sa chiste a chinneadh. Léirigh an anailís seo go ndearnadh 91 tonna CO2e[ii] a tháirgeadh in aghaidh an £1 milliún a infheistíodh sa chiste. Tá sé seo i gcomparáid le 282 tonna CO2e in aghaidh an £1 milliún a infheistíodh i mhodh tagartha an chiste. Tá an t-ioncam carbóin a bhaineann le infheistíocht sa chiste WHEB 70% níos lú ná infheistíocht chomhionann sa mheastóireacht.\nIs modh-eolaí é an lorg charbóin a úsáidtear chun na hastaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa iomlána a bhaineann le ciste infheistíochta áirithe a thomhas. [iii] Ag baint úsáide as sonraí maidir le céatadán na scaireanna atá faoi úinéireacht an chiste, ríomhtar san anailís cé chomh mór is atá an ciste \"fhreagrach\" as an gcumhír de na hastaíochtaí iomlán a bhíonn ag gach cuideachta agus ansin cuirtear na sonraí sin le chéile chun \"athrú\" iomlán an chiste a fháil.\nDéantar an t-iomlán seo a roinnt ansin ar mhéid an chiste chun na tonna CO2e a tháirgtear in aghaidh an £1million a infheistíodh a fháil. Déanaimid comparáid idir an figiúr tagartha sin agus an figiúr tagartha a thugann meán don mhargadh ina iomláine. Tá Ciste FP WHEB i measc na 20% is fearr de chistí ar fud an domhain agus i measc na 10% is fearr sa mhargadh sa RA maidir leis an mbeart seo. [iv]\nCén fáth go bhfuil an léarscáil WHEB chomh beag?\nTá dhá fhachtóir gaolmhara ag tiomáint méid léarscáil chiste WHEB. Is é an chéad ranníocaíocht is tábhachtaí ná an céatadán den chiste a infheistítear i earnálacha a astaíonn carbóin trom mar fóntais fuinnimh agus cuideachtaí ola agus gáis. Tá 8% de MSCI World infheistiú i gcuideachtaí ola agus gáis agus 3% eile i mbunaíochtaí agus 2% eile i mbonn acmhainní (go príomha mianadóireacht). Le chéile, is ionann na hearnálacha seo agus beagnach trí cheathrú den astaíochtaí carbóin uile ó MSCI World.\nI gcodarsnacht leis sin, is \"ciste saor ó bhreoslaí iontaise\" é ciste WHEB agus níl aon nochtadh aige do bhunábhair ná do chuideachtaí ola agus gáis. [v] I ndáil le hionstraimí a bhaineann le fuíoll agus le huisce, tá sé an-ionraic, áfach, go bhfuil cuideachtaí gréine aicmithe i ndáiríre laistigh den mhór-earnáil ola agus gáis, agus tá 2% de leithdháileadh ag an gCiste WHEB ar an earnáil seo agus le 2% eile i mbunaíochtaí dramhaíola agus uisce, cuireann sé seo 32% de na haastaíochtaí iomlána an chiste.\nIs é an dara fachtóir a spreagann méid an chosláir ná roghnú cuideachtaí laistigh de earnálacha a bhfuil astaíochtaí carbóin i bhfad níos airde ag roinnt cuideachtaí i gcomparáid le comhghleacaithe. Anseo tá ár bhfeidhmíocht níos measctha. Mar shampla, is é an gnó uisce agus dramhaíola Suez Environnement an ranníocóir abhsaite is mó do lorg charbóin an chiste atá freagrach as 17% de lorg chatha an chiste (is gnó atá fós ina ghnó déanach fuinnimh é cóireáil uisce agus dramhaíola). Ach tá an chuideachta 20% níos déine i gcarbóin ná an meán dá earnáil. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, tá Smurfit Kappa, monaróir pacáistithe cártachain athchúrsáilte, dhá oiread chomh dian carbóin agus a chomhghleacaithe san earnáil. Tá sé beartaithe againn scríobh chuig an dá ghnólachtaí seo chun a thuiscint cén fáth go bhfuil a gcuid feidhmíochta chomh dona agus cad a d'fhéadfadh siad a dhéanamh chun an feidhmíocht seo a fheabhsú.\nCreidimid gur uirlis úsáideach é an lorg charbóin a thugann léargas ar phróifíl charbóin ciste agus a thugann béim ar réimsí ina bhfuil feidhmíocht lag. Ach níl sé foirfe. Mar shampla, gabhadh an fuinneamh a úsáidtear i ndéantúsaíocht modúl gréine san iompraíocht, ach ní gabhadh an fuinneamh a shábháilfear ina dhiaidh sin trína n-úsáid. Is dóigh linn go mbeadh an léas-chloch ar an gciste níos lú fós dá gcuirfí na coigiltis seo ar feadh an tsraith saoil iomlán san áireamh.\nTá sé beartaithe againn an cleachtadh seo a athdhéanamh go rialta chun faireachán a dhéanamh ar ár mbosca foriomlán agus ar an gcaoi a ndéanaimid comparáid leis an macasamhail agus le cistí eile. Tá áthas orainn, dá bhrí sin, tacú leis an ngealltanas Montreal[vi] mar chuid dár ngealltanas chun laghdú breise carbóin a thiomáint sa chiste.\n[ii] Comhionannas Dé-ocsaíd charbóin (CO2e)\n[iii] Forbraíodh an lorg charbóin ar dtús chun na astaíochtaí carbóin a bhaineann le táirgí a thomhas. Ba é baill den fhoireann WHEB a chuir an chéad iarratas air i leith cistí infheistíochta i 2005.\n[iv] Perse Comm CSSP"} {"text": "Date: December 2000\nCreator: Rochelle, Gary B.\nDescription: The Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning (WRAML) is a relatively new instrument used in the assessment of memory in children. The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of the WRAML by comparing the performance of children on both the WRAML and the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Ability- Revised (WJTCA-R). Subjects for the study were children in treatment for a brain tumor at a regional children's medical center. Fifty children participated in the study ranging from ages 6 to 17. A multiple regression analysis was conducted to determine which of four selected clusters from the WJTCA-R would have the highest correlation with the Verbal Memory Index (VERI) from the WRAML. The Short-Term Memory (GSM) cluster had the highest correlation ( r = .82) as predicted. A Pearson's product-moment correlational analysis was conducted between the Visual Processing (GV) cluster from the WJTCA-R and the Visual Memory Index (VISI) from the WRAML. GV was found to have a high positive correlation ( r = .63) with VISI. A similar analysis was conducted between the Long-Term Retrieval (GLR) cluster from the WJTCA-R and the Learning Index (LRNI) from the WRAML. GLR was found to have a high positive correlation ...\nContributing Partner: UNT Libraries", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41", "url": "http://digital.library.unt.edu/explore/partners/UNT/browse/?fq=str_degree_department%3ACollege+of+Education&fq=str_degree_discipline%3ACounseling+Psychology", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657137145.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011217-00213-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9584220648, "token_count": 311, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Dáta: Nollaig 2000\nCreators: Rochelle, Gary B.\nTuairisc: Is ionstraim réasúnta nua é an Measúnú Arán-Range ar Chuimhne agus ar Foghlaim (WRAML) a úsáidtear chun cuimhne a mheas i leanaí. Ba é cuspóir an staidéir seo bailíocht WRAML a scrúdú trí fheidhmíocht leanaí a chur i gcomparáid ar WRAML agus ar Thástálacha Woodcock-Johnson ar Fheidhmíocht Chognitive- Athbhreithnithe (WJTCA-R). Ba leanaí a bhí i mbun cóireála le haghaidh tumoir inchinn ag ionad leighis leanaí réigiúnach a bhí mar chuspóirí don staidéar. Ghlac caoga páiste páirt sa staidéar idir 6 agus 17 bliana d'aois. Rinneadh anailís athchóirithe il chun a chinneadh cé acu de cheithre chlústéar roghnaithe ón WJTCA-R a bheadh an coibhneas is airde acu leis an Innéacs Cuimhneachta Béil (VERI) ón WRAML. Bhí an comhghaol is airde (r = .82) ag an gclastráil Cuimhne Gearrthéarmach (GSM) mar a bhí tuartha. Rinneadh anailís comhghaoltach táirge-am Pearson idir an clústear Próiseála Amhairc (GV) ón WJTCA-R agus an tIonad Cuimhne Amhairc (VISI) ón WRAML. Fuarthas go raibh comhghaol dearfach ard ag GV (r = .63) le VISI. Rinneadh anailís den chineál céanna idir an cluster Long-Term Retrieval (GLR) ón WJTCA-R agus an Learning Index (LRNI) ón WRAML. Fuarthas amach go raibh comhghaol dearfach ard ag GLR ...\nComhpháirtí rannpháirteach: Leabharlanna UNT"} {"text": "In his article, Solar power’s new look: more landscape-friendly siting (April 2018), Timothy B. Wheeler wrote, “But if many cornfields turn into solar fields, it could have unforeseen consequences on land use, local economies, wildlife habitat and maybe even water quality.” Actually, we have enough scientific knowledge to foresee quite a few of those consequences — and they would be positive ones. For example:\nSure, but what if the price of corn goes through the roof, and the solar subsidy is eliminated, and the value of corn on the land is worth more than the price of the power produced?\n- Cornfields are dominated by a single crop species, while the vegetation under solar fields is much more varied (native grasses, goldenrods, etc.) and thus more biodiverse. Because of these differences, the vegetation under solar fields provides much better habitat for wildlife — particularly for early-successional bird species whose populations have been declining at alarming rates. Similarly, solar fields provide much better resources for pollinating insects such as bees and butterflies than cornfields.\n- Cornfields are annual row crops and, of course, farmers try to keep the growth of weeds between those rows to a minimum. This means that they have considerable amounts of bare ground and thus substantial losses of soil to erosion, together with the runoff of the nutrients that spur eutrophication, a major cause of the Bay’s dead zones. On the other hand, the meadow vegetation under solar fields is perennial, not annual, and thus provides year-round cover. So it reduces erosion and nutrient runoff significantly. This is true even compared to well-managed row crop rotations using no-till management and winter cover crops.\n- Unlike cornfields, solar fields don’t require the use of insecticides, fungicides, tillage or irrigation. Nor do they require fertilizer, whether synthetically or from manure, both of which lead to water pollution.\n- Solar fields provide substantially more revenue to rural landowners, with much lower costs as well as less risk. The income they generate is dependable over the long term because typical solar leases are for periods of 20 years or more.\nThis makes it possible for farmers to keep their land instead of having to sell it in the face of suburban sprawl.My usual response to the fallacious rising sea level argument:\nMoreover, the benefits of converting cornfields to solar reach far beyond the farm. By reducing global warming, they slow down the rising sea levels and extreme storms that threaten communities along the Bay and far beyond.\n(There's also no evidence of increasing storminess)\nThey also cut down on the air pollution from coal-fired electric power plants, gasoline-burning cars and natural-gas-heated offices. In this way they reduce one of the most important threats plaguing public health, manifested in such illnesses as asthma, toxic chemicals such as mercury, and smog.I can buy the argument that producing solar electricity is marginally better than growing corn to make ethanol to burn in cars. But you can't eat electricity.\nLike a cornfield, a solar farm uses land and the sun’s energy to produce something that people vitally need. But it does it with a lot more positive impact on the environment — locally, across the Bay’s watershed and around the world.\nAnd, it makes possible the transition to an economy powered by 100 percent renewable energy — the critical environmental need of the 21st century.\nLinked at Pirate's Cove in the weekly \"Sorta Blogless Sunday Pinup\" and links. Wombat-socho has \"Rule 5 Sunday: Camille Paglia Approved!\" open for business at The Other McCain.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "url": "https://fritz-aviewfromthebeach.blogspot.com/2018/05/but-you-cant-eat-solars.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100909.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209103523-20231209133523-00473.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9343601465, "token_count": 764, "score": 3.84375, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Ina alt, Solar powers new look: more landscape-friendly siting (Aibreán 2018), scríobh Timothy B. Wheeler, \"Ach má thiocfaidh go leor páirceanna arbhar i bpáirceanna gréine, d'fhéadfadh iarmhairtí gan choinne a bheith aige ar úsáid talún, eacnamaíochtaí áitiúla, gnáthóg fiadhúlra agus b'fhéidir fiú cáilíocht uisce. Mar shampla:\nCinnte, ach cad a tharlaíonn má théann praghas an arbhar tríd an díon, agus tá an fóirdheontas gréine a dhíchur, agus an luach arbhar ar an talamh is fiú níos mó ná praghas an chumhacht a tháirgtear?\n- Tá speiceas amháin de chothabháil ag na páirceanna arbhar, agus tá an fhéithíocht faoi na páirceanna gréine i bhfad níos éagsúla (fithis dhúchasacha, goldenrods, srl.) agus dá bhrí sin níos mó bithéagsúlachta. Mar gheall ar na difríochtaí seo, soláthraíonn an fhéithíocht faoi cheantair ghréasáin áit chónaithe i bhfad níos fearr d'ainmhithe fiáine go háirithe d'ealaíon éan luath-scríbhneoireachta a bhfuil a ndaonra ag titim ag rátaí imníoch. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, soláthraíonn réimsí gréine acmhainní i bhfad níos fearr d'iniseictí pollinating mar bheacha agus féileacáin ná réimsí arbhar.\n- Is plandaí sraitheacha bliantúla iad feirmeoirí arb é is cúis leo ná go bhfuil an fhás féar idir na sraitheanna sin a choinneáil ar a laghad. Ciallaíonn sé seo go bhfuil méideanna suntasacha talún lom acu agus dá bhrí sin caillteanais suntasacha talún le creimeadh, mar aon le sreabhadh na n-oideas a spreagann eutrophication, príomhchúis le criosanna marbh an Bhaile. Ar an láimh eile, tá na féithneacha féirín faoi réimsí gréine go leorbhlianta, ní bliantúla, agus dá bhrí sin soláthraíonn siad clúdach ar feadh na bliana. Mar sin laghdaíonn sé creimeadh agus runoff cothaithigh go suntasach. Tá sé seo fíor fiú i gcomparáid le rothaí barra sraitheacha a bhainistítear go maith ag baint úsáide as bainistíocht gan fhilleadh agus le barra clúdaigh geimhridh.\n- Murab ionann agus i gcampaí arbhar, ní gá le páirceanna sólar inseticidí, fungicidí, tuilte ná uisciú a úsáid. Ní gá dóibh breosla, bíodh sé sintéiseach nó ó fhéile, a thugann truailliú uisce.\n- Soláthraíonn réimsí gréine ioncam i bhfad níos mó d'úinéirí talún tuaithe, le costais i bhfad níos ísle chomh maith le riosca níos lú. Tá an t-ioncam a ghineann siad inchurtha go fadtéarmach toisc go bhfuil cánacha solair tipiciúla ar feadh tréimhsí 20 bliain nó níos mó.\nCuireann sé seo ar chumas feirmeoirí a gcuid talún a choinneáil in ionad a bheith ag iarraidh iad a dhíol i bhfianaise an leathadh forbhaile.Mo fhreagra is gnách ar an argóint bhréagach maidir le leibhéal na farraige ag ardú:\nThairis sin, tá na buntáistí a bhaineann le feirmeacha arbhar a thiontú go gréine i bhfad níos faide ná an fheirm. Trí théamh domhanda a laghdú, déanann siad an leibhéal farraige atá ag ardú agus stoirmeacha iomarcacha a chuireann bagairt ar phobail ar feadh an Bhá agus i bhfad níos faide.\n(Níl aon fhianaise ann freisin ar thromlach stoirme)\nLaghdaigh siad freisin an truailliú aeir ó ghléasraí cumhachta leictreacha a thiománaítear le guail, ó charranna a thiománaítear le gása agus ó oifigí a téitear le gáis nádúrtha. Ar an mbealach seo laghdaíonn siad ceann de na bagairtí is tábhachtaí a bhíonn ag fulaingt ar shláinte phoiblí, a léirítear i ghalair mar asthma, ceimiceáin tocsaineacha mar mhercúirí, agus smog. Is féidir liom an argóint a cheannach go bhfuil leictreachas gréine a tháirgeadh beagán níos fearr ná arbhar a fhás chun eitánól a dhéanamh le dó i gcarranna. Ach ní féidir leat leictreachas a ithe.\nCosúil le réimse arbhair, úsáideann feirm ghrianchlainne talamh agus fuinneamh na gréine chun rud éigin a tháirgeadh a bhfuil gá mhór ag daoine leis. Ach déanann sé é le tionchar i bhfad níos dearfacha ar an gcomhshaol go háitiúil, ar fud an logainmneacha na Mhéire agus ar fud an domhain.\nAgus, déanann sé an t-aistriú go geilleagar a chumhachtú ag 100% fuinnimh in-athnuaite a dhéanamh indéanta - an riachtanas ríthábhachtach comhshaoil den 21ú haois.\nNasctha ag Cove Pirate sa tseachtain \"Sorta Blogless Sunday Pinup\" agus naisc. Tá \"Rule 5 Sunday: Camille Paglia Approved!\" ag Wombat-socho. oscailte do ghnó ag an McCain eile."} {"text": "Champagne was not the only wine product enjoyed at the Mount Vernon estate by the Washington family.\nIn eighteenth century America, wines from France were less commonly available than those from Spain and Portugal, primarily because of frequent political conflicts between France and England. Several types of French wines did make their way to America for those who could afford the higher prices, including champagne, which was a product of vineyards in northeastern France. During this period, the pale red beverage was typically served in tall champagne flutes, between dinner and dessert, or at evening parties.1\nLike other men of his social class, George Washington had the money and connections to acquire champagne for his table. He may have first become acquainted with champagne in the palace in Williamsburg, where the royal governor, Lord Botetourt is known to have had three bottles stored \"In the Vault\" at the time of his death in 1770.2 In 1793, as president, Washington purchased 485 bottles of champagne and burgundy, which cost him $355.67. Six bottles were \"got as a sample\" in May of 1794 and another twelve found their way to the executive mansion in November of the same year. Judging from these last two purchases, champagne at this time cost Washington about $1.00 per bottle.3\nAfter the Revolution, Robert Hunter, Jr., a guest at Mount Vernon, recorded that \"a very elegant supper\" was served around nine at night. The dinner’s special guest was Washington’s old friend, Richard Henry Lee, who was the president of Congress and from whom Washington was \"anxious to hear the news of Congress.\" Hunter noted that \"The General with a few glasses of champagne got quite merry, and being with his intimate friends laughed and talked a good deal.\" Hunter also recognized how rare this was, commenting that \"Before strangers, he [Washington] is generally very reserved and seldom says a word. I was fortunate in being in his company with his particular acquaintances. I'm told that during the war he was never seen to smile….\"4\nIn 1791, Scottish artist Archibald Robertson visited the presidential mansion in Philadelphia in order to deliver a gift to George Washington from the Earl of Buchan--an oak box, \"elegantly mounted with silver.\" The box was made from the \"celebrated oak tree that sheltered the WASHINGTON of Scotland, the brave and patriotic Sir William Wallace, after his defeat at the battle of Falkirk, in the beginning of the fourteenth century, by Edward the 1st.\" Robertson was asked to stay for dinner.\nThe custom of ladies withdrawing to another room after dinner was common practice in the eighteenth century. Based on descriptions by Washington’s dinner guests, this practice was followed both at Mount Vernon and in the presidential household. During this particular meal, however, the custom seems to have been reversed. Robertson recorded that dinner ended with several glasses of \"sparkling champagne,\" \"over which people lingered for about 45 minutes.\" Afterwards George Washington and Tobias Lear rose from the table and went to another room, \"leaving the ladies in high glee,\" which Robertson attributed to Lord Buchan and the \"Wallace box,\" but may have been due more to both the unaccustomed role change and the effects of the sparkling wine.5\nMary V. Thompson\nMount Vernon Estate\n5. William Spohn Baker, Washington After the Revolution, 1785-1799 (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1898), 231-232, 232n.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "url": "http://www.mountvernon.org/digital-encyclopedia/article/champagne/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934809695.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20171125071427-20171125091427-00392.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.983541429, "token_count": 721, "score": 3.140625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ní raibh seampáin an t-aon táirge fíona a bhain an teaghlach Washington taitneamh as ag eastát Mount Vernon.\nSa Mheiriceá an ochtú haois déag, bhí fíonta ón bhFrainc níos lú ar fáil ná iad siúd ón Spáinn agus ón bPortaingéil, go príomha mar gheall ar choimhlintí polaitiúla go minic idir an Fhrainc agus Shasana. Rinne roinnt cineálacha fíona na Fraince a mbealach go Meiriceá dóibh siúd a d'fhéadfadh na praghsanna níos airde a íoc, lena n-áirítear champagne, a bhí mar tháirge fíonghort i dtuaisceart na Fraince. Le linn na tréimhse seo, de ghnáth bhí an deoch dearg lom á sheirbheáil i mblainc champagne ard, idir dinnéar agus milseog, nó ag páirtithe tráthnóna.1\nCosúil le fir eile dá rang sóisialta, bhí an t-airgead agus naisc ag George Washington chun champagne a fháil dá tábla. B'fhéidir gur tháinig sé ar an eolas faoi champagne den chéad uair sa phálás i Williamsburg, áit a bhfuil a fhios go raibh trí bhuidéal stóráilte ag an rialtóir ríoga, an Tiarna Botetourt \"Sa Chlós\" tráth a bháis i 1770.2 I 1793, mar uachtarán, cheannaigh Washington 485 bhuidéal champagne agus burgundy, a chosnaíonn $ 355.67. Fuair sé bhuidéil \"mar shampla\" i mí na Bealtaine 1794 agus fuair dhá cheann déag eile a mbealach chuig an mbaile feidhmiúcháin i mí na Samhna den bhliain chéanna. Ag breithiúnas ó na dhá cheannachán deireanach seo, bhí costas champagne ag Washington ag an am sin thart ar $1.00 an buidéal.3\nTar éis an Réabhlóide, thaifead Robert Hunter, Jr., a bhí ina hóstach ag Mount Vernon, go raibh \"oícheán an-chúramach\" á sheirbheáil timpeall naoi a chlog san oíche. Ba é an t-aoi speisialta an dinnéir cara sean Washington, Richard Henry Lee, a bhí ina uachtarán ar an gComhdháil agus a raibh Washington \"fonnmhar ar an nuacht a chloisteáil ón gComhdháil\". Thug Hunter faoi deara go raibh \"An Ginearál le cúpla gloine champagne go leor sásta, agus a bheith lena chairde pearsanta ag gáire agus ag caint go maith\". D'admhaigh Hunter chomh maith cé chomh neamhchoitianta a bhí sé seo, ag trácht go bhfuil \"i láthair strainséirí, tá sé [Washington] an-chomhshláintiúil de ghnáth agus is annamh a deir sé focal. Bhí mé fortune a bheith i a chuideachta lena acquaintances speisialta. Deirtear liom gur le linn an chogaidh níor fheicthe riamh é ag gáire.... \"4\nI 1791, thug an t-ealaíontóir Albainis Archibald Robertson cuairt ar an mbaile uachtaránachta i Philadelphia d'fhonn bronntanas a sheachadadh do George Washington ó Iarla Buchan - bosca oighir, \"a bhí suite go hálainn le huisce airgid\". Déantar an bosca as an \"craoibhe cáiliúil a thug tearmann do WASHINGTON na hAlban, an Sir William Wallace cróga agus tírghrá, tar éis a defeat ag cath Falkirk, ag tús an déagú haois déag, ag Edward an 1ú\". D'iarr Robertson fanacht le haghaidh dinnéar.\nAn nós na mban a tharraingt siar go seomra eile tar éis dinnéar a bhí gnáthchleachtas sa ochtú haois déag. Bunaithe ar thuairiscí ó aíonna dinnéar Washington, leanadh an cleachtas seo ag Mount Vernon agus sa teaghlach uachtaránachta araon. Ach is cosúil gur athraigh an nós le linn na béile seo. Scríobh Robertson gur chríochnaigh an dinnéar le roinnt gloine \"seampáin chraobh, a raibh daoine ag fanacht thart ar 45 nóiméad\". Ina dhiaidh sin d'ardaigh George Washington agus Tobias Lear ón mbord agus chuaigh siad isteach i seomra eile, \"ag fágáil na mban i gléas ard\", a thug Robertson do Lord Buchan agus an \"ciste Wallace\", ach b'fhéidir go raibh sé níos mó mar gheall ar an athrú ról neamhghnách agus ar éifeachtaí an fhíona spárálach.5\nMary V. Thompson\nEastáit Mount Vernon\n5. Tá an t-am ann. William Spohn Baker, Washington After the Revolution, 1785-1799 (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1898), 231-232, 232n."} {"text": "Using a hydroponics system — a method of growing plants using mineral nutrient solutions in water — and LED lighting, the company grows nine kinds of veggie and three herbs year long in the 2.5 acres underneath the London Underground’s Northern line.\nAs a part of the larger company Zero Carbon Food, cofounded by Richard Ballard and Steven Dring, Growing Underground prides itself on being a carbon neutral operation. The underground farm estimates that its hydroponics system uses 70 percent less water than the traditional open-field farming.\nBesides providing eco-friendly food, Growing Underground’s system seeks to reduce “food miles” — or the distance it takes for produce to reach your plate. Because the company grows in, around and under London for London residents, the time between harvest and sale could be as little as four hours.\n“Global farming is responsible for a third of the world’s output of CO2, the depletion of oil, water resources and the use of phosphorous, which just isn’t future-proof,” the duo behind Growing Underground said in their video pitch. “Our method uses virtually no food miles, no pesticides, giving you a longer shelf life.”\nIn an effort to continue the growth of the actual operation and not its underground greens, Growing Underground started a crowdfunding campaign on CrowdCube. For now, the company has raised about £45,000 (a little under $75,000) of a £300,000 (about $490,000) goal with 51 days left to go.\nHave something to add to this story? Share it in the comments.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41", "url": "http://mashable.com/2014/02/06/hydroponic-underground-farm/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657133455.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011213-00260-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9253307581, "token_count": 338, "score": 2.53125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ag baint úsáide as córas hidropónicí - modh plandaí a fhás ag baint úsáide as réitigh cothaithigh mianraí in uisce - agus soilsiú LED, déanann an chuideachta naoi gcineál glasraí agus trí luibheanna a fhás ar feadh na bliana sna 2.5 acra faoi Líne Thuaidh London Underground.\nMar chuid den chuideachta níos mó Zero Carbon Food, a bhunaigh Richard Ballard agus Steven Dring, bródúil as Growing Underground a bheith ina oibríocht neodrach carbóin. Measann an fheirm faoi thalamh go n-úsáideann a chóras hidropónicí 70 faoin gcéad níos lú uisce ná an fheirmeoireacht thraidisiúnta oscailte.\nChomh maith le bia atá neamhdhíobhálach don chomhshaol a sholáthar, tá sé mar aidhm ag an gcóras Growing Underground Toisc go bhfásann an chuideachta i Londain, timpeall agus faoi Londain do chónaitheoirí Londain, d'fhéadfadh an t-am idir an fómhar agus an díol a bheith chomh beag le ceithre uair an chloig.\n'Tá feirmeoireacht dhomhanda freagrach as an tríú cuid de tháirgeadh CO2 ar domhan, as an díghrádú ar acmhainní ola, uisce agus as úsáid an fhósfar, rud nach bhfuil cinnte go mbeidh sé ann amach anseo,' a dúirt an dá dhuine atá taobh thiar de Growing Underground ina gcuid físeáin. Ní úsáideann ár modh beagnach aon mhíle bia, aon lotnaidicídí, rud a thugann saolré níos faide duit.\nI iarracht leanúint ar aghaidh le fás na hoibríochta iarbhír agus ní a ghlasáin faoi thalamh, thosaigh Growing Underground feachtas maoinithe slua ar CrowdCube. Faoi láthair, tá thart ar £45,000 (beagán faoi $75,000) curtha ar fáil ag an gcuideachta de sprioc £300,000 (thart ar $490,000) agus 51 lá fágtha.\nAn bhfuil rud éigin le cur leis an scéal seo? Cuir é sna tuairimí."} {"text": "One of the most revered early modern Hindu temples in Vrindavan, the Radha Raman Temple, is situated about two kilometres from the Vrindavan Railway Station. It is devoted to Lord Krishna, who is regarded as Radha Raman, or someone who offers Radha pleasure.\nThe Shaligram deity of Radharani, who is the self-manifested god from Shaligram Shila and has a mysterious smile on his face, is also said to be present in the temple with the original Shaligram deity of Krishna. The samadhi of Gopal Bhatta is also part of the Radha Raman temple complex and is situated exactly adjacent to Radha Raman’s place of appearance.\nAmong the seven temples built by Thakur of Vrindavan, Radha Raman Temple is regarded as one of the most important. It is significant, especially to Gaudiya Vaishnavism adherents.\nThe temple was exquisitely constructed when it was built in 1542, but Shah Behari Lallji later rebuilt it in 1826. Despite being named after Radha and devoted to her, the temple does not contain a statue of Radha Rani. This is an intriguing detail about the temple. Only a crown is retained by Krishna to indicate her presence.\nJoin the family of 3000+ Happy travellers!", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "url": "https://prayagsamagam.com/temple/radharamana-temple/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100531.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204151108-20231204181108-00142.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9743882418, "token_count": 282, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá ceann de na teampall Híndúcha nua-aimseartha is mó a bhfuil meas orthu i Vrindavan, Teampall Radha Raman, suite thart ar dhá chiliméadar ó Stáisiún Iarnróid Vrindavan. Tá sé tiomanta do Tiarna Krishna, a mheastar a bheith ina Radha Raman, nó duine a thairgeann pléisiúr Radha.\nDeirtear go bhfuil dé Shaligram de Radharani, atá ina Dhia féin-mhínithe ó Shaligram Shila agus a bhfuil gáire mistéireach ar a aghaidh, i láthair sa teampall freisin le dé Shaligram bunaidh Krishna. Tá samadhi Gopal Bhatta mar chuid den choimpléasc teampall Radha Raman agus tá sé suite go díreach in aice le háit ina bhfuil Radha Raman le feiceáil.\nI measc na seacht teampall a thóg Thakur de Vrindavan, meastar gur ceann de na cinn is tábhachtaí é Teampall Radha Raman. Tá sé suntasach, go háirithe do lucht leanúna Gaudiya Vaishnavism.\nBhí an teampall tógtha go hiontach nuair a tógadh é i 1542, ach d'athchóirigh Shah Behari Lallji é ina dhiaidh sin i 1826. In ainneoin gur ainmníodh Radha agus go bhfuil sé tiomanta di, níl dealbh de Radha Rani sa teampall. Is mion-fhiosrúchán suimiúil é seo faoin teampall. Ní choinníonn Krishna ach coróin chun a láithreacht a léiriú.\nBí páirteach sa teaghlach de 3000+ taistealaithe sona!"} {"text": "The MindPlus is a programme for gifted 6-13 year olds that provides intellectual, creative, social and emotional learning and support. Children come together, with a specialist teacher, for one day each week. There is no more than 16 permanent students in a class, although fluctuations can occur occasionally to accommodate students. Together they engage in differentiated, strength-based learning experiences to further develop their gifts and talents and a greater understanding of themselves.\nThe MindPlus programme brings learners of like mind together to:\nHow are students selected?\nThe selection process combines information from the student’s school, the parents and from student participation in a selection workshop.\nThe selection process begins in term three, in order for student workshops, parent and teacher assessments to be completed. Please approach your school in the beginning of term 3 if you're interested.\nIs your child's school a cluster school?\nHow much does it cost?\nIn 2017, families are charged $35 per day for attending MindPlus. This works out at $350/term and $1400 annually. Currently families are asked to make their financial contribution at the beginning of each term. We ask families to commit to the entire year as placements are limited.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51", "url": "http://www.tgctrust.org.nz/programme.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948609934.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20171218063927-20171218085927-00504.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9559738636, "token_count": 247, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is clár é MindPlus do dhaoine buannacha 6-13 bliana d'aois a sholáthraíonn foghlaim agus tacaíocht intleachtúil, cruthaitheach, sóisialta agus mothúchánach. Tagann páistí le chéile, le múinteoir speisialtóir, ar feadh lá amháin gach seachtain. Níl níos mó ná 16 mac léinn buan i rang, cé go bhféadfadh athruithe a bheith ann ó am go ham chun freastal ar mhic léinn. Le chéile, bíonn siad ag foghlaim taithí dhifriúnaithe, bunaithe ar neart chun a gcuid bronntanais agus buanna a fhorbairt tuilleadh agus tuiscint níos fearr a fháil orthu féin.\nTugann an clár MindPlus foghlaimeoirí a bhfuil a ndícheall acu a chéile chun:\nConas a roghnaítear mic léinn?\nIs éard atá sa phróiseas roghnúcháin ná faisnéis a fháil ó scoil an mhic léinn, ó thuismitheoirí agus ó rannpháirtíocht an mhic léinn i gceardlann roghnúcháin.\nTosaíonn an próiseas roghnúcháin sa tríú téarma, d'fhonn ceardlanna mac léinn, measúnuithe tuismitheoirí agus múinteoirí a chur i gcrích. Cuir teagmháil le do scoil ag tús an tríú téarma más rud é go bhfuil suim agat.\nAn bhfuil scoil do pháiste ina scoil chlúste?\nCé mhéad a chosnaíonn sé?\nIn 2017, tá $35 iníoctha ag teaghlaigh in aghaidh an lae chun freastal ar MindPlus. Oibríonn sé seo amach ag $350/téarma agus $1400 in aghaidh na bliana. Faoi láthair iarrtar ar theaghlaigh a gcuid ranníocaíochta airgeadais a dhéanamh ag tús gach téarma. Iarrann muid ar theaghlaigh tiomantas a dhéanamh don bhliain iomlán mar go bhfuil seoltaí teoranta."} {"text": "Boesky, Amy. \"Solving the Crime of Modernity: Nancy Drew in 1930.\" Studies in the Novel 42.1&2 (2010): 185-201.\n\"middle class threatened by various aspects of modernity—new economic instabilities, the erosion of \"older\" orders and the replacement of certain kinds of labor (even fictionwriting) by new modes of mechanical reproduction\" (185).\n\"Stratemeyer was in the process of building a mass-market syndicate that went on to produce thousands of books for young readers before his death in 1930. Unlike the dime novels of the 1880s and '90s, Stratemeyer's new formula fiction starred young people taking part in adventures firmly anchored in middle-class America.\" (188)\n\"Stratemeyer's characters seemed like models of sublimation: The protagonists of his most successful series—including the Hardy Boys and the Nancy Drew mysteries— embodied as if by prescription Hall's eight \"optimal\" (17) adolescent traits: health and hygiene, superabundant energy, a willingness to be taxed or \"stretched,\" sympathy, love of nature, sublimation, activity, and loyalty or fidelity, both to self and community (Hall 17, 451-67).\" (188)\n\"To a great extent, these books marginalized adults, leaving the starring roles to adolescents. While the police conveniently show up to take criminals away after Nancy has found them, adult law enforcers are portrayed in these books as bumbling or delayed, and in their absence Nancy obligingly outperforms them.\" (189)\n\"Nancy Drew is Miller's \"amateur supplement\" writ large: she constantly polices the terrain of River Heights, finding clues where others see nothing,\nlocating suspicious persons with her uncanny (and unerring) \"intuition,\" identifying criminals through such superficial symptoms as bad posture,\nunusual accents, or poor vocabulary. Using her inherent (and inherited) sense\nof right and wrong, Nancy defends a middle class that increasingly defines itself against intruders—foreigners, \"Negroes,\" thugs, robbers, the poor.\" (189)\n\"Lesko has argued that adolescents often take up \"border zones between the imagined end points of adult and child, male and female, sexual and asexual, rational and emotional, civilized and savage, and productive and unproductive\" (50), and Nancy Drew exemplifies this kind of border work (190).\"\n\"Delinquency is as fixed in the world of Nancy Drew as virtue; bad characters can be captured and punished in these books, and good characters rescued from danger, but bad people never reform. Criminals do not change in Nancy Drew's world but instead are revealed. In this sense, the juvenile detective series presumes, as Miller argues elsewhere, that crime is an enclosed world from which it is all but impossible to escape, one that constantly threatens the \"middle-class world of private life\" (5-6).\" (189)\n\"[A]s Bobbi Ann Mason notes, Nancy's mysteries are not \"whodunits\" so much as adventures set on a \"bedrock of domesticity\" (60). Injustice here is corrected; crimes of character or judgment resolved; goods restored to the good.... River Heights is at once mythic and localized, filled with lakeside cottages, summer camps, department stores, roadways and avenues, bungalows, and endless houses, each setting working within the \"feminine, domestic, aristocratic, slightly Gothic\" remnants of a \"traditional…idealized world\" (Mason 57).\" (189-190)\nMason notes the repetitive structure of the mysteries:\nThe plots of Nancy Drew mysteries are like sonnets—endless variations on an inflexible form. A plot may contain any or all of these elements: the pursuit of at least two separate mysteries which turn out to be astonishingly intertwined; a warning to get off the case; a trip to a quaint or exotic place (with tourist bureau description supplied); the befriending of an innocent victim…who faces ruin if the mystery isn't solved; a romantic story about a tradition or secret in a prominent family; the appearance of twins or doubles….(57). (189-190)", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "url": "http://www.d.umn.edu/~cstroupe/sp13/4250/essay_plus/nancy_drew_ideas.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507441801.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005721-00009-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9264070392, "token_count": 879, "score": 2.625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Boesky, Amy. \"An Coireacht Nua-Aimsire a réiteach: Nancy Drew i 1930\". Staidéar sa Nuacht 42.1&2 (2010): 185-201.\n\"meán-aicme faoi bhagairt ag gnéithe éagsúla den nua-aimsearthacht: neamhsheasmhacht eacnamaíoch nua, díothú orduithe \"sean\" agus athsholáthar cineálacha áirithe saothair (fiú ficsean-scríobh) le modhanna nua atáirgeadh meicniúil\" (185).\n\"Bhí Stratemeyer ag tógáil síndicate margaíochta mais a d'éirigh leis na mílte leabhar a tháirgeadh do léitheoirí óga roimh a bháis i 1930. Murab ionann agus úrscéalta dime na 1880idí agus na 90idí, bhí ficsean foirmle nua Stratemeyer ina réaltaí daoine óga ag glacadh páirte i ndea-eachtraí atá ag gabháil go daingean i Meiriceá an tsláir mheán. \" (188)\n\"Bhí carachtair Stratemeyer cosúil le samhlacha sublimation: Bhí príomhcharachtair a shraith is rathúla - lena n-áirítear na Hardy Boys agus na mistéireach Nancy Drew - corpraithe mar a bheadh trí oidis ocht dtréithe óige \"uasta\" (17) Hall: sláinte agus sláintíocht, fuinneamh thar a bheith, toilteanas a bheith cánach nó \"an-suntasach\", comhbhrón, grá don nádúr, sublimation, gníomhaíocht, agus dílseacht nó dílseacht, féin agus don phobal (Hall 17, 451-67). \" (188)\n\"Go mór, chuir na leabhair seo daoine fásta ar an imeall, ag fágáil na róil mhóra do dhéagóirí. Cé go léiríonn na póilíní go háisiúil chun coiriúla a thógáil amach tar éis do Nancy iad a aimsiú, déantar na hoifigigh dlí aondacha a léiriú sna leabhair seo mar dhaoine botún nó moille, agus ina n-easnamh bíonn Nancy níos fearr ná iad\". (189)\n\"Nancy Drew is Miller's\" amateur forlíonadh \"scríobh mór: sí i gcónaí póilíní an talamh River Heights, ag lorg leideanna nuair a fheiceann daoine eile rud ar bith,\ndaoine amhrasach a aimsiú lena \"intintúis\" neamhghnách (agus gan locht), coiriúla a aithint trí chomharthaí dromchla mar droch-stán,\naistritheoirí neamhghnácha, nó focal-riachtanais bochta. Ag baint úsáide as a ciall nádúrtha (agus oidhreacht)\nceart agus mícheart, Nancy cosnaíonn sé an meán-aicme a sainmhíníonn níos mó féin i gcoinne intruders, eachtrannaigh, \"Negroes\", thugs, robbers, na bochta. \" (189)\n\"D'áitigh Lesko go nglacann déagóirí go minic\" criosanna teorann idir na pointí deiridh samhlacha d'aosaigh agus leanaí, fireann agus baineann, gnéasach agus neamhghnéasach, réasúnach agus mothúchánach, sibhialta agus fiáin, agus táirgiúil agus neamhtháirgiúil \" (50), agus is sampla den chineál seo oibre teorann é Nancy Drew (190). \"\n\"Tá an coire chomh seasta i saol Nancy Drew agus is é an dea-ghníomh; is féidir carachtair olc a ghabháil agus a phionósú sna leabhair seo, agus carachtair maithe a shábháil ó bhaol, ach ní athraíonn daoine olc riamh. Ní athraíonn coiriúla i saol Nancy Drew ach ina ionad sin nochttar iad. Sa chiall seo, tá sé de bhun an tsraith imscrúdaithe óige, mar a mhaíonn Miller in áit eile, gur domhan faoi cheangal é an coireacht as ar féidir éalú, ceann a chuireann i mbaol i gcónaí \"domhan príobháideach an aicme mheán\" (5-6). \" (189)\n\"[A] mar a thugann Bobbi Ann Mason faoi deara, ní \"whodunits\" iad rúndachtaí Nancy ach eachtraí atá suite ar \"cathra na teaghlaigh\" (60). Tá an éagóir anseo ceartaithe; déileáiltear le coireanna carachtar nó breithiúnais; déantar earraí a athbhunú don mhaith.... Tá River Heights ina mhiotaseach agus ina háit áitiúla ag an am céanna, líonta le cottages in aice leis an loch, campaí samhraidh, siopaí móra, bóithre agus bealaí, bungalows, agus tithe gan deireadh, ag obair gach suíomh laistigh de na fáinní \"baineann, tí, aristócratach, beagán Gothic\" de \"domhan traidisiúnta...idealaithe\" (Mason 57). \" (189-190)\nTugann Mason faoi deara struchtúr athdhéanta na mistéireach:\nTá na plotaí de rúndachtaí Nancy Drew cosúil le sonets - athruithe gan deireadh ar fhoirm neamhshrianta. D'fhéadfadh aon cheann de na heilimintí seo nó iad go léir a bheith i gceist le plota: an lorg ar dhá rúndacht ar a laghad ar leithligh a léiríonn go bhfuil siad idirnasctha go hiontach; rabhadh chun éirí as an gcás; turas chuig áit chréach nó eacóideach (le tuairisc ar oifig turasóireachta a sholáthraítear); cairdeas a dhéanamh le híospartach neamhchiontach ... a bhíonn i ngleic le tubaiste mura réiteofar an rúndacht; scéal rómánsúil faoi thraidisiún nó rún i dteaghlach suntasach; cuma na nduaine nó na nduaineacha ... (189-190)"} {"text": "When it comes to teenagers, it is very difficult to determine whether their outbreaks of dissatisfaction or sadness, or only the current issue of the rights of adolescent depression. It is normal that most teens in certain moments feel unhappy. When it adds more and increased the effect of hormones, characteristic of that period, as well as a myriad of changes through which teenage pass - is not difficult to notice that their mood changes from minute to minute.\nNevertheless, the research shows that even a teenager, every eighth subject teenage depression. Do not let this frighten you, because this depression usually brief and transitory. But if this situation persists for longer than two weeks - should certainly require the help of qualified health workers. What causes adolescent depression?\nThere are many reasons that a teenager feels sad and unhappy. Because of the weak grade in school and the pressure of teachers, teenagers can begin to feel worthless and therefore lose self-confidence which hitherto had.\nThe development of depression can affect and poor relationships with peers, sexual orientation, but the pressure in the family as an environment in which impose certain values and habits. Also, in some cases, adolescent depression can be caused by the stress that comes from the very environment that surrounds every one teenager. Regardless of the cause of depression, if any friends or family are not sufficient to overcome a teenager, and despite the support of so many still feel isolated and unhappy - it is clear that this is so called teenager depression. The most common symptoms of teenager depression In children who are prone to this form of depression can clearly see changes in behavior, thinking and mood. Manifested by a teenager just lose motivation and interest for all and clam.\nSuch children are also prone to excessive behavior, excessive or poor sleep, changes in diet, and even criminal activities ... Common symptoms of depression in adolescents: apathy frequent headaches and fatigue difficulties concentrating difficult decisions excessive guilt irresponsible behavior (failure to meet promises and commitments, the time delay classes, running away from school ...) short memory loss obsession with death and dying riotously behavior sadness and increased anxiety insomnia Alcohol and drugs estrangement from friends If your teen shows some of these symptoms, work in time to prevent it before further development of depression and help your child to participate in this potentially dangerous phase. Some ways are more frequent and longer interviews with children, objective problem solving, often mingling with the children, encouraging hobbies, sports or encourage extra-curricular activities ...", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "url": "https://depressionnm.blogspot.com/2013/06/teenagers-depression-causes-and-symptoms.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100739.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208081124-20231208111124-00013.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9400572181, "token_count": 490, "score": 2.953125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Nuair a thagann sé chun déagóirí, tá sé an-deacair a chinneadh an bhfuil a gcuid ráigí míshástacht nó brón, nó ach an saincheist reatha de chearta an dúlagar óige. Tá sé gnáth go mbraitheann an chuid is mó de na déagóirí míshásta ag amanna áirithe. Nuair a chuireann sé níos mó agus méadaithe ar an éifeacht na hormóin, saintréith na tréimhse sin, chomh maith le myriad na hathruithe a théann trí dhéagóirí - nach bhfuil sé deacair a thabhairt faoi deara go n-athraíonn a n-ainneoin a n-ainneoin a n-ainneoin a n-ainneoin.\nMar sin féin, léiríonn an taighde go bhfuil fiú déagóir, gach ochtú ábhar dúlagar déagóirí. Ná lig dó seo eagla a chur ort, mar is gnách go mbíonn an dúlagar seo gearr agus réititheach. Ach má leanann an staid seo ar feadh níos faide ná dhá sheachtain - ba chóir go cinnte a éileamh ar chabhair ó oibrithe sláinte cáilithe. Cad a dhéanann dúlagar óige?\nTá go leor cúiseanna ann go mbraitheann déagóirí brónach agus míshásta. Mar gheall ar an grád lag sa scoil agus ar an mbrú a bhíonn ag múinteoirí, d'fhéadfadh sé go dtosódh déagóirí a bheith ag mothú neamhluachmhar agus dá bhrí sin go gcaillfidh siad an muinín a bhí acu iontu féin go dtí seo.\nIs féidir le forbairt an dúlagar tionchar a imirt agus caidrimh dhorcha le cairde, treoshuíomh gnéis, ach an brú sa teaghlach mar timpeallacht ina bhfuil a fhorchur luachanna agus nósanna áirithe. Ina theannta sin, i gcásanna áirithe, d'fhéadfadh an strus a thagann ón timpeallacht chéanna a bhíonn timpeall gach déagóir óg a bheith ina chúis le dúlagar óige. Beag beann ar chúis an dúlagar, mura bhfuil aon chairde nó teaghlach go leor chun bualadh le déagóir, agus in ainneoin tacaíocht an oiread sin daoine a bhraitheann fós ina n-aonar agus míshásta - is léir gur é seo an rud a thugtar air mar dúlagar déagóirí. Na hairíonna is coitianta de dhíth-fhulaingt déagóirí I leanaí atá buailte don chineál seo díth-fhulaingt is féidir athruithe i ngníomh, smaointeoireacht agus giúmar a fheiceáil go soiléir. Léirítear ag déagóir ach a chailleadh spreagadh agus suim do gach agus clam.\nTá leanaí den sórt sin freisin seans maith go bhfuil iomarca iompair, codladh iomarcach nó lag, athruithe ar aiste bia, agus fiú gníomhaíochtaí coiriúla ... Comharthaí coitianta dúlagar i n-óigeoirí: gan aon imní pian cinntí deacra agus tuirse minic díriú ar chinntí deacra iomarca ciontacht iomarca iompar neamhfhreagrach (easpa chun gealltanas agus tiomantais a chomhlíonadh, na ranganna ama a mhoilliú, ag rith ón scoil ...) caillteanas cuimhne gearr obsession le bás agus ag fáil bháis iompar riotach brón agus imní méadaithe insomnia Óil agus drugaí aistrithe ó chairde Má thaispeánann do dhéagóir cuid de na comharthaí seo, oibrigh in am chun é a chosc sula bhforbróidh sé níos mó dúlagar agus cabhair a thabhairt do do leanbh páirt a ghlacadh sa chéim seo a d'fhéadfadh a bheith contúirteach. Is iad na bealaí is mó a úsáidtear chun na cainteanna a dhéanamh le leanaí a dhéanamh níos minice agus níos faide, réiteach fadhbanna oibiachtúla, meascadh go minic leis na páistí, a bheith ag spreagadh a gcuid ama, spóirt nó gníomhaíochtaí seach-churaclaim a spreagadh ..."} {"text": "btrfs-send man page\nbtrfs-send — generate a stream of changes between two subvolume snapshots\nbtrfs send [-ve] [-p ] [-c ] [-f ] [...]\nThis command will generate a stream of instructions that describe changes between two subvolume snapshots. The stream can be consumed by the btrfs receive command to replicate the sent snapshot on a different filesystem. The command operates in two modes: full and incremental.\nAll snapshots involved in one send command must be read-only, and this status cannot be changed as long as there’s a running send operation that uses the snapshot.\nIn the full mode, the entire snapshot data and metadata will end up in the stream.\nIn the incremental mode (options -p and -c), previously sent snapshots that are available on both the sending and receiving side can be used to reduce the amount of information that has to be sent to reconstruct the sent snapshot on a different filesystem.\nIt is allowed to omit the -p option when -c options are given, in which case btrfs send will determine a suitable parent among the clone sources itself.\nYou must not specify clone sources unless you guarantee that these snapshots are exactly in the same state on both sides, the sender and the receiver.\nif sending multiple subvolumes at once, use the new format and omit the end cmd marker in the stream separating the subvolumes\n- -p \nsend an incremental stream from parent to subvol\n- -c \nuse this snapshot as a clone source for an incremental send (multiple allowed)\n- -f \noutput is normally written to standard output so it can be, for example, piped to btrfs receive. Use this option to write it to a file instead.\nsend in NO_FILE_DATA mode\nThe output stream does not contain any file data and thus cannot be used to transfer changes. This mode is faster and useful to show the differences in metadata.\nenable verbose output, print generated commands in a readable form, (each occurrence of this option increases the verbosity level)\nsuppress all messages except errors\nbtrfs send returns a zero exit status if it succeeds. Non zero is returned in case of failure.\nbtrfs is part of btrfs-progs. Please refer to the btrfs wiki http://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org for further details.\nbtrbk.conf(5), btrfs(8), btrfs-receive(8).", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51", "url": "https://www.mankier.com/8/btrfs-send", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948599156.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217230057-20171218012057-00061.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8054459691, "token_count": 560, "score": 2.65625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "btrfs-send man page\nbtrfs-send sruth athruithe a ghiniúint idir dhá snapshots fo-toilíneachta\nbtrfs send [-ve] [-p ] [-c [-f ] [...]\nGineann an t-ordú seo sruth treoracha a thuairiscíonn athruithe idir dhá ghéarléim fo-toirte. Is féidir an sruth a ithe ag an btrfs receive command chun an snapshot a seoladh a athdhéanamh ar chóras comhaid difriúil. Oibríonn an t-ordú i dhá mhodh: iomlán agus méadaitheach.\nNí mór go mbeadh na snapshots uile a bhaineann le ceann amháin de na horduithe a sheoladh inléite amháin, agus ní féidir an stádas seo a athrú chomh fada agus a bhíonn oibríocht a sheoladh ag rith a úsáideann an snapshot.\nSa mhodh iomlán, beidh na sonraí agus na meiteashonraí snapshot go léir sa sruth.\nSa mhodh mhéadaithe (roghanna -p agus -c), is féidir snapshots a seoladh roimhe seo atá ar fáil ar thaobh an seoltóra agus an fhaighteora a úsáid chun an méid faisnéise a chaithfear a sheoladh chun an snapshot a seoladh a athchóiriú ar chóras comhaid difriúil a laghdú.\nTá sé ceadaithe an rogha -p a fhágáil ar lár nuair a thugtar roghanna -c , agus sa chás sin, socróidh btrfs send tuismitheoir oiriúnach i measc na bhfoinsí clón féin.\nNí mór duit foinsí clón a shonrú mura ráthaíonn tú go bhfuil na snapshots seo go díreach sa stát céanna ar an dá thaobh, an seoltóir agus an glacadóir.\nmá tá fo-toil éagsúla á seoladh ag an am céanna, an formáid nua a úsáid agus an marcóir cmd deiridh a fhágáil ar lár sa sruth a scarann na fo-toil\n- -p \nsruth breiseán a sheoladh ó mháthair go subvol\n- -c \núsáid an t-amhrán seo mar fhoinse clón le haghaidh seoladh breise (ceadaítear iomad)\n- -f \nDe ghnáth scríobhtar aschur ar aschur caighdeánach ionas gur féidir é a píopaí, mar shampla, chuig btrfs a fháil. Úsáid an rogha seo chun é a scríobh chuig comhad ina ionad sin.\nSeol i modh NO_FILE_DATA\nNí chuimsíonn an sruth aschuir aon sonraí comhad agus dá bhrí sin ní féidir é a úsáid chun athruithe a aistriú. Tá an modh seo níos tapúla agus úsáideach chun na difríochtaí i meiteadat a thaispeáint.\nCuir aschur verbose ar chumas, orduithe a ghineadh a phriontáil i bhfoirm inléite, (méadaíonn gach tarlú den rogha seo an leibhéal verbose)\nna teachtaireachtaí go léir a chur faoi chois ach amháin earráidí\nSeolann btrfs stádas aschuir nialasach má éiríonn leis. Ní dhéantar an neamh-null a aisíoc i gcás earráide.\nTá btrfs mar chuid de btrfs-progs. Féach ar an btrfs wiki http://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org le haghaidh tuilleadh sonraí.\nbtrbk.conf{5}, btrfs{8}, btrfs-receive{8}"} {"text": "IV. THE MIDDLE NINETEENTH CENTURY\nBoth Cayley and Walker were theorists, though Cayley supported his theoretical work with enough of practice to show that he studied along right lines; a little after his time there came practical men who brought to being the first machine which actually flew by the application of power. Before their time, however, mention must be made of the work of George Pocock of Bristol, who, somewhere about 1840 invented what was described as a 'kite carriage,' a vehicle which carried a number of persons, and obtained its motive power from a large kite. It is on record that, in the year 1846 one of these carriages conveyed sixteen people from Bristol to London. Another device of Pocock's was what he called a 'buoyant sail,' which was in effect a man-lifting kite, and by means of which a passenger was actually raised 100 yards from the ground, while the inventor's son scaled a cliff 200 feet in height by means of one of these, 'buoyant sails.' This constitutes the first definitely recorded experiment in the use of man-lifting kites. A History of the Charvolant or Kite-carriage, published in London in 1851, states that 'an experiment of a bold and very novel character was made upon an extensive down, where a large wagon with a considerable load was drawn along, whilst this huge machine at the same time carried an observer aloft in the air, realising almost the romance of flying.'\nExperimenting, two years after the appearance of the 'kite-carriage,' on the helicopter principle, W. H. Phillips constructed a model machine which weighed two pounds; this was fitted with revolving fans, driven by the combustion of charcoal, nitre, and gypsum, producing steam which, discharging into the air, caused the fans to revolve. The inventor stated that 'all being arranged, the steam was up in a few seconds, when the whole apparatus spun around like any top, and mounted into the air faster than a bird; to what height it ascended I had no means of ascertaining; the distance travelled was across two fields, where, after a long search, I found the machine minus the wings, which had been torn off in contact with the ground.' This could hardly be described as successful flight, but it was an advance in the construction of machines on the helicopter principle, and it was the first steam-driven model of the type which actually flew. The invention, however, was not followed up.\nAfter Phillips, we come to the great figures of the middle nineteenth century, W. S. Henson and John Stringfellow. Cayley had shown, in 1809, how success might be attained by developing the idea of the plane surface so driven as to take advantage of the resistance offered by the air, and Henson, who as early as 1840 was experimenting with model gliders and light steam engines, evolved and patented an idea for something very nearly resembling the monoplane of the early twentieth century. His patent, No. 9478, of the year 1842 explains the principle of the machine as follows: -\nIn order that the description hereafter given be rendered clear, I will first shortly explain the principle on which the machine is constructed. If any light and flat or nearly flat article be projected or thrown edgewise in a slightly inclined position, the same will rise on the air till the force exerted is expended, when the article so thrown or projected will descend; and it will readily be conceived that, if the article so projected or thrown possessed in itself a continuous power or force equal to that used in throwing or projecting it, the article would continue to ascend so long as the forward part of the surface was upwards in respect to the hinder part, and that such article, when the power was stopped, or when the inclination was reversed, would descend by gravity aided by the force of the power contained in the article, if the power be continued, thus imitating the flight of a bird.\nNow, the first part of my invention consists of an apparatus so constructed as to offer a very extended surface or plane of a light yet strong construction, which will have the same relation to the general machine which the extended wings of a bird have to the body when a bird is skimming in the air; but in place of the movement or power for onward progress being obtained by movement of the extended surface or plane, as is the case with the wings of birds, I apply suitable paddle-wheels or other proper mechanical propellers worked by a steam or other sufficiently light engine, and thus obtain the requisite power for onward movement to the plane or extended surface; and in order to give control as to the upward and downward direction of such a machine I apply a tail to the extended surface which is capable of being inclined or raised, so that when the power is acting to propel the machine, by inclining the tail upwards, the resistance offered by the air will cause the machine to rise on the air; and, on the contrary, when the inclination of the tail is reversed, the machine will immediately be propelled downwards, and pass through a plane more or less inclined to the horizon as the inclination of the tail is greater or less; and in order to guide the machine as to the lateral direction which it shall take, I apply a vertical rudder or second tail, and, according as the same is inclined in one direction or the other, so will be the direction of the machine.'", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "url": "http://encyclopaedic.net/history-aeronautics/iv-middle-nineteenth-century", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637900160.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025820-00105-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9719331861, "token_count": 1127, "score": 3.234375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "IV. MID-NINETENTH CENTURY\nBhí teoiricí ag Cayley agus Walker araon, cé gur thacaigh Cayley lena chuid oibre teoiriciúil le go leor cleachtais chun a thaispeáint gur staidéar sé ar na línte ceart; beagán ina dhiaidh sin tháinig fir praiticiúla a thug an chéad mheaisín a bhí ag eitilt i ndáiríre trí fheidhmíocht cumhachta. Roimh a gcuid ama, áfach, ní mór tagairt a dhéanamh d'obair George Pocock ó Bhristéal, a chruthaigh, áit éigin thart ar 1840, an rud a thuairiscíodh mar 'caráiste dromchla', feithicil a thóg roinnt daoine, agus a fuair a chumhacht tiomána ó dromchla mór. Tá sé taifeadta go ndearna ceann de na carbaid seo seisear duine ó Bristol go Londain sa bhliain 1846. Bhí feiste eile de Pocock cad a thug sé ar a dtugtar 'seil buoyant,' a bhí i ndáiríre fear-airdín lifting, agus trína a bhí paisinéir ardaíodh i ndáiríre 100 slat ón talamh, agus an inventor mac scaled cliff 200 troigh ar airde trína cheann de na, 'seil buoyant.' Is é seo an chéad turgnamh a taifeadadh go cinnte maidir le haeráin a úsáid chun fear a ardú. A History of the Charvolant or Kite-carriage, a foilsíodh i Londain i 1851, deir sé go ndearnadh 'turgnamh de charachtar uaillmhianach agus an-nua ar down mór, áit a raibh carbad mór le lasta suntasach á tharraingt, agus an t-inneall ollmhór seo ag an am céanna ag iompar breathnóir san aer, ag tabhairt faoi deara beagnach an rómánsúil a bhaineann le eitilt.'\nAg turgnamh, dhá bhliain tar éis an 'caráiste-dath' a bheith le feiceáil, ar phrionsabal na héileacóptraí, d'éirigh le W. H. Phillips samhail meaisín a bhí dhá phunt a mheá; bhí lucht leanúna rothlach air seo, a thiomáint ag dóiteáil guail, níotrá agus gips, ag táirgeadh gaile a d'fhág go raibh na lucht leanúna ag rothlú, ag scaoileadh isteach san aer. Dúirt an t-imreoir go raibh 'an t-am ar fad socraithe, bhí an gaile suas i gceann cúpla soicind, nuair a bhí an t-eagrán ar fad ag casadh timpeall mar aon cheann, agus a bhí suite san aer níos tapúla ná éan; ní raibh aon bhealach agam a fháil amach cé chomh hard a d'ardaigh sé; bhí an fad a bhí ar siúl thar dhá réimse, áit a bhfuair mé, tar éis cuardach fhada, an meaisín gan na sciatháin, a bhí scoite as teagmháil leis an talamh. ' Is deacair a rá go raibh an eitilt seo rathúil, ach bhí sé ina dhul chun cinn i ndéantúsaíocht meaisíní ar phrionsabal na héileacóptair, agus ba é an chéad mhúnla tiomána gaile den chineál a d'eitil i ndáiríre. Níor leanadh an aireagán, áfach.\nTar éis Phillips, tagann muid chuig na figiúirí móra i lár an naoú haois déag, W. S. Henson agus John Stringfellow. Léirigh Cayley, i 1809, conas a d'fhéadfaí rath a bhaint amach trí smaoineamh an dromchla plána a fhorbairt a thiomáint ionas go mbainfeadh sé leas as an friotaíocht a thairgeann an t-aer, agus rinne Henson, a bhí ag turgnamh le gluaiseachtaí samhlacha agus innill gaile éadrom chomh luath le 1840, smaoineamh a fhorbairt agus a phaitinn a fháil ar rud éigin a bhí an-chosúil le monoplane an chéad bhliain déag ar dtús. A phaitinn, No. 9478, na bliana 1842 míníonn prionsabal an mheaisín mar seo a leanas: -\nChun go mbeidh an tuairisc a bheidh le tabhairt anseo soiléir, mínfidh mé go gairid ar dtús an prionsabal ar a ndéantar an meaisín a thógáil. Má tá aon earra éadrom agus cothrom nó beagnach cothrom a thionscnófar nó a chaitear go conair i riocht beagán claonta, éireoidh leis an aer go dtí go gcaitear an fórsa a dhéantar, agus tiocfaidh an earra a chaitear nó a chaitear síos; agus beidh sé tugtha i gcrích go héasca, má tá cumhacht nó fórsa leanúnach ag an earra a chaitear nó a chaitear mar sin ann féin atá comhionann leis an méid a úsáidtear chun é a chaitear nó a chur ar aghaidh, leanfadh an earra ag dul suas chomh fada agus a bhí an chuid tosaigh den dromchla suas i ndáil leis an chuid a bhacann, agus go dtiocfadh an earra sin, nuair a stopadh an chumhacht, nó nuair a bhí an claonadh a thiontú, síos trí thromchúisimh ag cuidiú le fórsa na cumhachta atá sa earra, má leanfar an chumhacht mar sin, ag aithris eitilt éan.\nAnois, an chéad chuid de mo aireagán comhdhéanta de gléasra a tógadh ionas go mbeidh a thairiscint an-fharraige nó eitleán de léine ach tógáil láidir, a bheidh an caidreamh céanna leis an meaisín ginearálta a bhfuil na sciatháin leathnaithe de éan a bheith ar an gcorp nuair a bhíonn éan ag skimming san aer; ach in ionad an ghluaiseacht nó cumhacht chun dul ar aghaidh a fháil trí ghluaiseacht an dromchla leathnaithe nó eitleán, mar atá i gcás sciatháin na n-éan, mé a chur i bhfeidhm oiriúnach paddle-rudaí nó propellers meicniúil eile oiriúnach oibrítear ag le cumhacht gaile nó eile go leor solas, agus ar an mbealach sin a fháil ar an chumhacht is gá chun gluaiseacht ar aghaidh go dtí an eitleán nó an dromchla leathnaithe; agus d'fhonn a thabhairt ar rialú mar a bheidh an treo suas agus síos an meaisín den sórt sin a chur i bhfeidhm mé ar an eireaball ar an dromchla leathnaithe a bhfuil in ann a bheith claonta nó ardaithe, ionas go nuair a bheidh an chumhacht ag gníomhú ar an propel, ag an eireaball, ag claonta suas, ag an eireaball suas, nó ag an eitleán, mar is é a fháil ag an eireaball ar an eitleán, mar is fearr nó níos fearr nó níos lú, mar is féidir leis an eireaball, agus beidh mé a chur i bhfeidhm ar an eireaball níos mó nó níos mó nó níos lú, mar a bheidh ar an treocht, agus beidh an ceann eile, mar a bheidh níos mó, mar a bheidh níos mó nó níos mó, agus beidh an ceann eile, mar a bheidh níos mó, mar a lean, mar a bheidh níos mó, mar a níos lú, mar a níos mó, mar a níos mó, mar a níos mó, mar a níos mó, agus beidh an ceann, mar a níos mó, mar a níos mó nó níos mó, mar a níos mó, mar a níos mó, mar a níos mó, mar a níos mó, agus níos mó, mar a níos mó, mar a níos mó, mar a níos mó, mar a níos mó, mar a níos mó, mar a"} {"text": "An increasingly prevalent scam currently being employed by unscrupulous individuals is phishing. Phishing involves an email message being sent out to as many Internet email addresses that the fraudster can obtain, claiming to come from a legitimate organisation such as a bank, online payment service, online retailer or similar. The email requests the recipient to update or to verify their personal and financial information, including date of birth, login information, account details, credit card numbers, PIN numbers, etc.\nSome of the email messages include a threat that failure to update or validate will result in, for example, the account being frozen. The objective is to induce unsuspecting recipients, who happen to be customers of the legitimate organisation being imitated, to respond to the email and to provide the information being requested.\nThe email will contain a link that takes you to a spoof web site that looks identical, or at least very similar, to the organisation's genuine site. In some cases, when the link in the email is clicked, the genuine site is accessed, but is overlaid with a smaller window with the spoof site, making it more believable. Clicking on a link may also download malicious software, known as \"spyware\" onto your PC which will record your use of the Internet and forward this information, and possibly a log of your keystrokes, to the fraudster. The fraudsters will use this financial information to compromise bank accounts, credit cards, etc.\nTo avoid getting phished you should never respond to email messages that request personal or financial information and never click on a link in such an email. Reputable organisations do not send unsolicited email messages asking their customers to update or verify their personal and security details. If you are in doubt about the legitimacy of the email, or if you think that you have been a victim of a phishing scam, you should contact the organisation in question immediately. You should, however, be careful to use the normal method you use to contact the organisation in question, rather than use any suggestions included in, or by responding to, the email.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "url": "https://www.business.hsbc.co.za/en-gb/regulations/online-security-advice", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100327.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202042052-20231202072052-00690.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9320009351, "token_count": 418, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is é an phishing scam atá ag éirí níos coitianta faoi láthair a bhfuil daoine neamh-scrupúla ag baint úsáide as. Is éard atá i gceist le phishing ná teachtaireacht ríomhphoist a sheoladh chuig an oiread seoltaí ríomhphoist Idirlín is féidir leis an gciallóir a fháil, ag rá go dtagann sí ó eagraíocht dlisteanach mar bhanc, seirbhís íocaíochta ar líne, miondíoltóir ar líne nó mar sin de. Iarrann an ríomhphost ar an bhfaighteoir a gcuid faisnéise pearsanta agus airgeadais a nuashonrú nó a fhíorú, lena n-áirítear dáta breithe, faisnéis logála isteach, sonraí cuntas, uimhreacha cártaí creidmheasa, uimhreacha PIN, srl.\nI measc cuid de na teachtaireachtaí ríomhphoist tá bagairt go mbeidh, mar shampla, an cuntas reoite mar thoradh ar easpa nuashonrú nó fíoraithe. Is é an cuspóir na faighteoirí gan amhras, a tharlaíonn go bhfuil siad ina gcustaiméirí den eagraíocht dlisteanach atá á aithris, a spreagadh chun an ríomhphost a fhreagairt agus an fhaisnéis a iarrtar a sholáthar.\nBeidh nasc sa ríomhphost a thugann tú chuig suíomh gréasáin spoof a bhfuil cuma chéanna air, nó ar a laghad an-chosúil leis an suíomh fíorúil den eagraíocht. I roinnt cásanna, nuair a chliceáltar ar an nasc sa ríomhphost, téann an suíomh fíor ar fáil, ach tá fuinneog níos lú ann a bhfuil an suíomh spoof, rud a fhágann go bhfuil sé níos creidiúnaí. Má chliceálann tú ar nasc, d'fhéadfadh sé go n-íoslódálfaí bogearraí ilbhruiteacha ar do ríomhaire, ar a dtugtar \"spyware\", a thaifeadfaidh do úsáid as an Idirlíon agus a chuirfidh an fhaisnéis seo, agus b'fhéidir log de do chlódóidí, chuig an scammer. Bainfidh na calaoisithe úsáid as an bhfaisnéis airgeadais seo chun cuntais bhainc, cártaí creidmheasa, etc. a chur i gcontúirt.\nChun a sheachaint go gcuirfear i ngleic leat le phishing níor cheart duit freagra a thabhairt ar theachtaireachtaí ríomhphoist a iarrann faisnéis phearsanta nó airgeadais agus níor cheart duit cliceáil ar nasc sa ríomhphost den sórt sin. Ní chuirfidh eagraíochtaí measartha teachtaireachtaí ríomhphoist gan iarraidh ar a gcustaiméirí lena gcuid sonraí pearsanta agus slándála a nuashonrú nó a fhíorú. Má tá amhras ort faoi dhlíthiúlacht an ríomhphoist, nó má cheapann tú gur dílscéal phishing a bhí ort, ba cheart duit teagmháil a dhéanamh láithreach leis an eagraíocht i dtrácht. Ba cheart duit, áfach, a bheith cúramach an modh gnáth a úsáideann tú chun teagmháil a dhéanamh leis an eagraíocht i gceist a úsáid, seachas aon mholtaí a chuimsítear sa ríomhphost nó trí fhreagairt a thabhairt air."} {"text": "Caution: This post is very long. It runs to 200 pages on the Net. Updated January 17, 2016.\nThis is a continuation of the earlier post. I split it up into two parts because it had gotten too long.\nThe post refers to which languages are the hardest for English speakers to learn, though to some extent, the ratings are applicable across languages. Most Chinese speakers would recognize Spanish as being an easy language, despite its alien nature. And even most Chinese, Navajo, Poles or Czechs acknowledge that their languages are hard to learn. To a certain extent, difficulty is independent of linguistic starting point. Some languages are just harder than others, and that’s all there is to it.\nMethod, Results and Conclusion. See here.\nIn this case, 73 non-IE languages were examined.\nRatings: Languages are rated 1-6, easiest to hardest. 1 = easiest, 2 = moderately easy to average, 3 = average to moderately difficult, 4 = very difficult, 5 = extremely difficult, 6 = most difficult of all.\nTime needed: Time needed to learn the language “reasonably well”: Level 1 languages = 3 months-1 year. Level 2 languages = 6 months-1 year. Level 3 languages = 1-2 years. Level 4 languages = 2 years. Level 5 languages = 3-4 years, but some may take longer.\nNortheast Caucasian, Northwest Caucasian and Kartvelian\nOf course the Caucasian languages like Tsez, Tabasaran, Georgian, Chechen, Ingush, Abkhaz and Circassian are some of the hardest languages on Earth to learn.\nChechen and Circassian are rated 6, hardest of all.\nNE Caucasian languages have the uvulars and ejectives of Georgian in addition to pharyngeals, lateral fricatives, and other strangeness. They have noun classes like the Bantu languages (but usually fewer). Nevertheless, they have noun class agreement markers on verbs on adjectives. One thing NE Caucasian has is lots of case. Some languages have 40+ cases. They are built from the ground up via two forms – one a spatial form such as in, on or around and the other a directional motion form such as to, from, through or at.\nTsez has 64-126 different cases, making it by far the most complex case system on Earth! It is one of the few languages on Earth that has two genitive cases – Genitive 1 (-s) and Genitive 2 (-z). Genitive 1 is used when the genitive’s head noun is in absolutive case and Genitive 2 is used when the genitive’s head noun is in any other case. It also has four noun classes. It is said that even native speakers have a hard time picking up the correct inflection to use sometimes.\nIn Tsez, you need to know a lot Tsez grammar to communicate at a basic level. The sentence:\nEnglish: I like your mother.\nTsez: Дāьр деби энийу йетих. (Dǟr debi eniyu yetix.)\nIn order to speak that sentence in Tsez, you need to know:\n• the words themselves (word order is not as important)\n• that the verb -eti- requires the subject to be in the dative/lative case and the object to be in the absolutive\n• the noun class for eniyu (class II)\n• the dative/lative form of di (I), which is dǟr\n• the genitive 1 form of mi (you), which is debi\n• the congruence prefix y- that corresponds to the noun class of the absolutive argument of the phrase, in this case mother\n• the present tense ending for vowel-final verbs -x\nTsez is rated 6, hardest of all.\nArchi has an extremely complex phonology and one of the most complicated grammars on Earth. The extreme fusional aspects and the verbal morphology are what make the grammar so difficult. Every verb root has 1,502,839 possible forms! It is also an ergative language, but there is irregularity in its ergative system.\nSome verbs take the typical ergative/absolutive case (absolutive for the subject of an intransitive very and ergative for the subject of a transitive verb – where the direct object would be in absolutive). In others the subject is in dative rather than the expected ergative/absolutive case. These are usually verbs of perception like love/want, hear, see, feel, and be bored. For instance, the verb:\n-эти- = to love/want must have its subject in dative case instead of the expected absolutive or ergative case.\nAmong non-click languages, Archi has one of the largest consonant inventories, with only the extinct Ubykh having more. There are 26 vowels and between 76 and 82 consonants, depending on the analysis. Five of the six vowels can occur in five varieties: short, pharyngealized, high tone, long (with high tone), and pharyngealized with high tone.\nIt has many unusual phonemes, including contrasts between several voiceless velar lateral fricatives, voiceless and ejective velar lateral affricates and a voiced velar lateral fricative. The voiceless velar lateral fricative ʟ̝̊, the voiced velar lateral fricative ʟ̝, and the corresponding voiceless and ejective affricates k͡ʟ̝̊ and k͡ʟ̝̊ʼ are extremely unusual sounds, as velar fricatives are not typically laterals.\nThere are 15 cases, 10 regular cases, five spatial cases and five directional cases. The Spatial cases are Inessive (in), Intrative (between), superessive (above), Subessive (below) and Pertingent (against). The directional cases are Essive (as), Elative (out of), Lative (to/into), Allative (onto), Terminative (specifies a limit) and Translative (indicates change).\nThere are four noun classes:\nI Male human\nII Female human\nIII All insects, some animates, and some inanimates\nIV Abstracts, some animates, and some inanimates that can only be seen via verbal agreement\nArchi is rated 6, hardest of all.\nTabasaran is rated the 3rd most complex grammar in the world, with 48 different noun cases.\nTabasaran is rated 6, hardest of all.\nIngush has a very difficult phonology, an extremely complex grammar, and furthermore, is extremely irregular. Ingush also has a proximate/obviate distinction and is the only language in the region that has this feature. Ingush along with Chechen both have a closed class of verbs, an unusual feature in the world’s languages. New verbs are formed by adding a noun to the verb do:\nshoot – do gun\nIngush is rated 6, hardest of all.\nOne problem with Georgian is the strange alphabet: ქართულია ერთ ერთი რთული ენა. It also has lots of glottal stops that are hard for many foreigners to speak; consonant clusters can be huge – up to eight consonants stuck together (CCCCCCCCVC)- and many consonant sounds are strange. In addition, there are uvulars and ejectives. Georgian is one of the hardest languages on Earth to pronounce. It regularly makes it onto craziest phonologies lists.\nIts grammar is exceedingly complex. Georgian is both highly agglutinative and highly irregular, which is the worst of two worlds. Other agglutinative languages such as Turkish and Finnish at least have the benefit of being highly regular. The verbs in particular seem nearly random with no pattern to them at all. The system of argument and tense marking on the verb is exceedingly complex, with tense, aspect, mood on the verb, person and number marking for the subject, and direct and indirect objects.\nAlthough it is an ergative language, the ergative (or active-stative case marking as it is called) oddly enough is only used in the aorist and perfect tenses where the agent in the sentence receives a different case, while the aorist also masquerades as imperative. In the present, there is standard nominative-accusative marking. A single verb can have up to 12 different parts, similar to Polish, and there are six cases and six tenses.\nGeorgian also features something called polypersonal agreement, a highly complex type of morphological feature that is often associated with polysynthetic languages and to a lesser extent with ergativity.\nIn a polypersonal language, the verb has agreement morphemes attached to it dealing with one or more of the verbs arguments (usually up to four arguments). In a non polypersonal language like English, the verb either shows no agreement or agrees with only one of its arguments, usually the subject. Whereas in a polypersonal language, the verb agrees with one or more of the subject, the direct object, the indirect object, the beneficiary of the verb, etc. The polypersonal marking may be obligatory or optional.\nIn Georgian, the polypersonal morphemes appear as either suffixes or prefixes, depending on the verb class and the person, number, aspect and tense of the verb. The affixes also modify each other phonologically when they are next to each other. In the Georgian system, the polypersonal affixes convey subject, direct object, indirect object, genitive, locative and causative meanings.\ng-mal-av-en = they hide you\ng-i-mal-av-en = they hide it from you\nmal (to hide) is the verb, and the other four forms are polypersonal affixes.\nIn the case below,\nxelebi ga-m-i-tsiv-d-a = My hands got cold.\nxelebi means hands. The m marker indicates genitive or my. With intransitive verbs, Georgian often omits my before the subject and instead puts the genitive onto the verb to indicate possession.\nGeorgian verbs of motion focus on deixis, whether the goal of the motion is towards the speaker or the hearer. You use a particle to signify who the motion is heading towards. If it heading towards neither of you, you use no deixis marker. You specify the path taken to reach the goal through the use or prefixes called preverbs, similar to “verbal case.” These come after the deixis marker:\ndown into cha-\nor down da-\nup towards me = amo-. The deixis marker is mo- and up is a-\nOn the plus side, Georgian has borrowed a great deal of Latinate foreign vocabulary, so that will help anyone coming from a Latinate or Latinate-heavy language background.\nGeorgian is rated 5, extremely difficult.\nAll NW Caucasian languages are characterized by a very small number of vowels (usually only two or three) combined with a vast consonant inventory, the largest consonant inventories on Earth. Almost any consonant can be plain, labialized or palatalized. This is apparently the result of an historical process whereby many vowels were lost and their various features became assigned to consonants. For instance, palatalized consonants may have come from Ci sequences and labialized consonants may have come from Cu sequences.\nThe grammars of these languages are complex. Unlike the NE Caucasian languages, they have simple noun systems, usually with only a handful of cases.\nHowever, they have some of the complex verbal systems on Earth. These are some of the most synthetic languages in the Old World. Often the entire syntax of the sentence is contained within the verb. All verbs are marked with ergative, absolutive and direct object morphemes in addition to various applicative affixes.\nThese are akin to what some might call “verbal case.” For instance, in applicative voice systems, applicatives may take forms such as comitative, locative, instrumental, benefactive and malefactive. These roles are similar to the case system in nouns – even the names are the same. So you can see why some call this “verbal case.”\nNW Caucasian verbs can be marked for aspect (whether something is momentous, continuous or habitual), mood (if something is certain, likely, desired, potential, or unreal). Other affixes can shape the verb in an adverbial sense, to express pity, excess or emphasis.\nLike NE Caucasian, they are also ergative.\nNW Caucasian makes it onto a lot of craziest language lists.\nThese are some of the strangest sounding languages on Earth. Of all of these languages, Abaza has the most consonants. Here is a video in the Abaza language.\nUbykh, a Caucasian language of Turkey, is now extinct, but there is one second language speaker, a linguist who is said to have taught himself the language. It has more consonants than any non-click language on Earth – 84 consonant sounds in all. Furthermore, the phonemic inventory allows some very strange consonant clusters.\nUbykh has many rare consonant sounds. tʷ is only also found in two of Ubykh’s relatives, Abkhaz and Abaza and in two other languages, both in the Brazilian Amazon. The pharyngealized labiodental voiced fricative vˁ does not exist in any other language. It often makes it onto weirdest phonologies lists. Ubykh also got a very high score on a study of the weirdest languages on Earth.\nCombine that with only two vowel sounds and a highly complex grammar, and you have one tough language.\nIn addition, Ubykh is both agglutinative and polysynthetic, ergative and has polypersonal agreement:\nIf only you had not been able to make him take it all out from under me again for them…\nThere are an incredible 16 morphemes in that nine syllable word.\nUbykh has only four case systems on its nouns, but much case function has shifted over to the verb via preverbs and determinants. It is these preverbs and determinants that make Ubykh monstrously complex. The following are some of the directional preverbs:\n- above and touching\n- above and not touching\n- below and touching\n- below and not touching\n- at the side of\n- through a space\n- through solid matter\n- on a flat horizontal surface\n- on a non-horizontal or vertical surface\n- in a homogeneous mass\n- in an upward direction\n- in a downward direction\n- into a tubular space\n- into an enclosed space\nThere are also some preverbal forms that indicate deixis:\nj- = towards the speaker\nOthers can indicate ideas that would take up whole phrases in English:\njtɕʷʼaa- = on the Earth, in the Earth\nThey buried his body. (Lit. They put his body in the earth.)\nfaa– = out of, into or with regard to a fire.\nAmdʒan zatʃətʃaqʲa faastχʷən.\nI take a brand out of the fire.\nMorphemes may be as small as a single phoneme:\nThey give you to him.\nw – 2nd singular absolutive\na – 3rd singular dative\nn – 3rd ergative\ntʷ – to give\naa – ergative plural\nn – present tense\nAdverbial suffixes are attached to words to form meanings that are often formed by aspects or tenses in other languages:\nasfəpχa – I need to drink it.\nasfəfan – I can drink it.\nasfəɡʲan – I drink it all the time.\nasfəlan – I am drinking it all up.\nasfətɕʷan – I drink it too much.\nasfaajən – I drink it again.\nNouns and verbs can transform into each other. Any noun can turn into a stative verb:\nməzə – child\nI was a child. (Lit. I child-was. child-was is a verb – to be a child.)\nBy the same token, many verbs can become nouns via the use of a nominal affix:\nqʼa – to say\nwhat I say – (Lit. That which I say – my speech, my words, my language, my orders, etc.\nNumber is marked on the verb via a verbal suffix and is only marked on the noun in the ergative case.\nHowever, it does lack the convoluted case systems of the Caucasian languages next door and there is no grammatical gender.\nUbykh is rated 6, hardest of all.\nAbkhaz is an extremely difficult language to learn. Each basic consonant has eight different positions of articulation in the mouth. Imagine how difficult that would be for an Abkhaz child with a speech impediment. Abkhaz seems to put agreement markers on just about everything in the language. Abkhaz makes it onto many craziest language lists, and it recently got a very high score on a weirdest language study.\nAbkhaz is rated 6, hardest of all.\nBurushaski is often thought to be a language isolate, related to no other languages, however, I think it is Dene-Caucasian. It is spoken in the Himalaya Mountains of far northern Pakistan in an area called the Hunza. It’s verb conjugation is complex, it has a lot of inflections, there are complicated ways of making sentences depending on many factors, and it is an ergative language, which is hard to learn for speakers of non-ergative languages. In addition, there are very few to no cognates for the vocabulary.\nBurushaski is rated 6, hardest of all.\nAmerican Indian Languages\nAmerican Indian languages are also notoriously difficult, though few try to learn them in the US anyway. In the rest of the continent, they are still learned by millions in many different nations. You almost really need to learn these as a kid. It’s going to be quite hard for an adult to get full competence in them.\nOne problem with these languages is the multiplicity of verb forms. For instance, the standard paradigm for the overwhelming number of regular English verbs is a maximum of five forms:\nMany Amerindian languages have over 1,000 forms of each verb in the language.\nYet the Salishans (see below) always considered the neighboring language Kootenai to be too hard to learn. Kootenai also has a distinction between proximate/obviate along with direct/inverse alignment, probably from contact with Algonquian.\nHowever, the Kootenai direct/inverse system is less complex than Algonquian’s, as it is present only in the 3rd person. Kootenai also has a very strange feature in that they have particles that look like subject pronouns, but these go outside of the full noun phrase. This is a very rare feature in the world’s languages. Kootenai scored very high on a weirdest language survey.\nKootenai is an isolate spoken in Idaho by 100 people.\nKootenai is rated 6, hardest of all.\nYuchi is a language isolate spoken in the Southern US. They were originally located in Eastern Tennessee and were part of the Creek Confederacy at one time. Yuchi is nearly extinct, with only five remaining speakers.\nYuchi has noun genders or classes based on three distinctions of position: standing, sitting or lying. All nouns are either standing, sitting or lying. Trees are standing, and rivers are lying, for instance. It it is taller than it is wide, it is standing. It if is wider than it is tall, it is lying.\nIf it is about as about as wide as it is tall, it is sitting. All nouns are one of these three genders, but you can change the gender for humorous or poetic effect. A linguist once asked a group of female speakers whether a penis was standing, sitting or lying. After lots of giggles, they said the default was sitting, but you could say it was standing or lying for poetic effect.\nAlso all Yuchi pronouns must make a distinction between age (older or younger than the speaker) and ethnicity (Yuchi or non-Yuchi).\nYuchi gets a 6 rating, hardest of all.\nTlingit is probably one of the hardest, if not the hardest, language in the world. Tlingit is analyzed as partly synthetic, partly agglutinative, and sometimes polysynthetic. It has not only suffixes and prefixes, but it also has infixes or affixes in the middle of words.\n‘eech – to pick\nAll prefixes must be in proper order for the word to work.\nI am usually picking, on purpose, a long object through the hole while standing on a table.\nI am usually being forced to pick a long object through the hole while standing on a table.\nI am usually being picking the edible long object through the hole while standing on a table.\nTlingit has a pretty unusual phonology. For one thing, it is the only language on Earth with no l. This despite the fact that it has five other laterals: dl (tɬ), tl (tɬʰ), tl’ (tɬʼ), l (ɬ) and l’ (ɬʼ). The tɬʼ and ɬʼ sounds are rare in the world’s languages. ɬʼ is only found in the wild NW Caucasian languages. It also has two labialized glottal consonants, ʔʷ and hw (hʷ).\nTlingit gets a 6 rating, hardest of all.\nNavajo has long, short and nasal vowels, a tone system and a grammar totally unlike anything in Indo-European. A stem of only four letters or so can take enough affixes to fill a whole line of text.\nNavajo is a polysynthetic language. In polysynthetic languages, very long words can denote an entire sentence, and it’s quite hard to take the word apart into its parts and figure out exactly what they mean and how they go together. The long words are created because polysynthetic languages have an amazing amount of morphological richness. They put many morpheme together to create a word out of what might be a sentence in a non-polysynthetic language.\nSome Navajo dictionaries have thousands of entries of verbs only, with no nouns. Many adjectives have no direct translation into Navajo. Instead, verbs are used as adjectives. A verb has no particular form like in English – to walk. Instead, it assumes various forms depending on whether or not the action is completed, incomplete, in progress, repeated, habitual, one time only, instantaneous, or simply desired. These are called aspects. Navajo must have one of the most complex aspect systems of any language:\nThe Primary aspects:\nMomentaneous – punctually (takes place at one point in time)\nContinuative – an indefinite span of time & movement with a specified direction\nDurative – over an indefinite span of time, non-locomotive uninterrupted continuum\nRepetitive – a continuum of repeated acts or connected series of acts\nConclusive – like durative but in perfective terminates with static sequel\nSemelfactive – a single act in a repetitive series of acts\nDistributive – a distributive manipulation of objects or performance of actions\nDiversative – a movement distributed among things (similar to distributive)\nReversative – results in directional change\nConative – an attempted action\nTransitional – a shift from one state to another\nCursive – progression in a line through time/space (only progressive mode)\nCompletive – an event/action simply takes place (similar to the aorist tense)\nTerminative – a stopping of an action\nStative – sequentially durative and static\nInceptive – beginning of an action\nTerminal – an inherently terminal action\nProlongative – an arrested beginning or ending of an action\nSeriative – an interconnected series of successive separate & distinct acts\nInchoative – a focus on the beginning of a non-locomotion action\nReversionary – a return to a previous state/location\nSemeliterative – a single repetition of an event/action\nThe tense system is almost as wild as the aspectual system.\nFor instance, the verb ndideesh means to pick up or to lift up. But it varies depending on what you are picking up:\nndideeshtiil – to pick up a slender stiff object (key, pole)\nndideeshleel – to pick up a slender flexible object (branch, rope)\nndideesh’aal – to pick up a roundish or bulky object (bottle, rock)\nndideeshgheel – to pick up a compact and heavy object (bundle, pack)\nndideeshjol – to pick up a non-compact or diffuse object (wool, hay)\nndideeshteel – to pick up something animate (child, dog)\nndideeshnil – to pick up a few small objects (a couple of berries, nuts)\nndideeshjih – to pick up a large number of small objects (a pile of berries, nuts)\nndideeshtsos – to pick up something flexible and flat (blanket, piece of paper)\nndideeshjil – to pick up something I carry on my back\nndideeshkaal – to pick up anything in a vessel\nndideeshtloh – to pick up mushy matter (mud).\nBut picking up is only one way of handling the 12 different consistencies. One can also bring, take, hang up, keep, carry around, turn over, etc. objects. There are about 28 different verbs one can use for handling objects. If we multiply these verbs by the consistencies, there are over 300 different verbs used just for handling objects.\nIn Navajo textbooks, there are conjugation tables for inflecting words, but it’s pretty hard to find a pattern there. One of the most frustrating things about Navajo is that every little morpheme you add to a word seems to change everything else around it, even in both directions.\nNavajo is said to have a very difficult system for counting numerals.\nThere is also a noun classifier system with more than a dozen classifiers that affect inflection. This is quite a few classifiers even for a noun classifier language and is similar to African languages like Zulu. In addition, it has the strange direct/inverse system.\nTo add insult to injury, Navajo is an ergative language.\nNavajo also has an honorifics or politeness system similar to Japanese or Korean.\nNavajo also has the odd feature where the word niinaa – because can be analyzed as a verb.\nX áhóót’įįd biniinaa…\nBecause X happened…\nIt broke into pieces because of me.\nIn the latter sentence, the only way we know that 1st singular was involved in because of the person marking on niinaa.\nThere are 25 different kinds of pronominal prefixes that can be piled onto one another before a verb base.\nNavajo has a very strange feature called animacy, where nouns take certain verbs according to their rank in the hierarchy of animation which is a sort of a ranking based on how alive something is. Humans and lightning are at the top, children and large animals are next and abstractions are at the bottom.\nAll in all, Navajo, even compared to other polysynthetic languages, has some of the most incredibly complicated polysynthetic morphology of any language. On craziest grammar and craziest language lists, Navajo is typically listed.\nIt is even said that Navajo children have a hard time learning Navajo as compared to children learning other languages, but Navajo kids definitely learn the language. Similarly with Hopi below, even linguists find even the best Navajo grammars difficult or even impossible to understand.\nHowever, Navajo is quite regular, a common feature in Amerindian languages.\nNavajo is rated 6, hardest of all.\nSlavey, a Na-Dene language of Canada, is hard to learn. It is similar to Navajo and Apache. Verbs take up to 15 different prefixes. All Athabascan languages have wild verbal systems. It also uses a completely different alphabet, a syllabic one designed for Canadian Indians.\nSlavey is rated 6, hardest of all.\nHaida is often thought to be a Na-Dene language, but proof of its status is lacking. If it is Na-Dene, it is the most distant member of the family. Haida is in the competition for the most complicated language on Earth, with 70 different suffixes.\nHaida is rated 6, hardest of all.\nThe Salishan languages spoken in the Northwest have a long reputation for being hard to learn, in part because of long strings of consonants, in one case 11 consonants long. Salish languages are the only languages on Earth that allow words without sonorants.\nMany of the vowels and consonants are not present in most of the world’s widely spoken languages. The Salish languages are, like Chukchi, polysynthetic. Some translations treat all Salish words are either verbs or phrases. Some say that Salish languages do not contain nouns, though this is controversial. The verbal system of Salish languages is absurdly complex.\nAll Salishan languages are rated rated 6, hardest of all.\nNuxálk (Bella Coola)\nNuxálk is a notoriously difficult Salishan Amerindian language spoken in British Colombia. It is famous for having some really wild words and even sentences that don’t seem to have any vowels in them at all. For instance:\nxłp̓x̣ʷłtłpłłskʷc̓ (xɬpʼχʷɬtʰɬpʰɬːskʷʰt͡sʼ in IPA)\nHe had a bunchberry plant.\nHere are some more odd words and sentences:\nNuyamłamkis timantx tisyuttx ʔułtimnastx.\nThe father sang the song to his son.\nMusis tiʔimmllkītx taq̓lsxʷt̓aχ.\nThe boy felt that rope.\nHowever, this word is not typically used by speakers and by no means do most words consist of all consonants. The language sounds odd when spoken. It has been described as “whispering while chewing on a granola bar” (see the video sample under Montana Salish below).\nThese wild consonant clusters are even crazier than the ones in Ubykh and NW Caucasian. In fact, the nutty consonant clusters in Salish and causing a debate in linguistics about whether or not the syllable is even a universal phenomenon in language as some Salish words and phrases appear to lack syllables. Some Berber dialects have raised similar questions about the syllable.\nNuxálk makes it onto lists of the craziest phonologies on Earth.\nNuxálk is rated 6, hardest of all.\nMontana Salish is said to be just as hard to learn as Nuxálk . Spokane (Montana Salish) has combining and independent forms with the same meaning:\nspim’cn – mouth\n-cin – mouth\nMontana Salish makes it onto a lot of craziest grammars lists.\nThis link shows an elder on the Flathead Indian Reservation in Montana, Steven Smallsalmon, speaking Montana Salish. He also leads classes in the language. This is probably one of the strangest sounding languages on Earth.\nMontana Salish is rated 6, hardest of all.\nStraits Salish has an aspectual distinction between persistent and nonpersistent. Persistent means the activity continues after its inception as a state. The persistent morpheme is -í. The result is similar to English:\nfigure out – nonpersistent\nknow – persistent\nlook at – nonpersistent\nwatch – persistent\ntake – nonpersistent\nhold – persistent\n-í is referred to as a “parasitic morpheme” and only occurs in stem that has an underlying ə which serves as a “host” for the -í morpheme.\nThe Saanich dialect of Straits Salish is often listed in the rogue’s gallery of craziest grammars on Earth. The writing system is often listed as one of the worst out there. In addition, Saanich makes it onto craziest grammars lists for the parasitic morphemes and for having no distinction between nouns and verbs!\nStraits Salish gets a 6 rating, hardest of all.\nHalkomelem, spoken by 570 people around Vancouver, British Colombia, is widely considered to be one of the hardest languages on Earth to learn. In Halkomelem, many verbs have an orientation towards water. You can’t just say, She went home. You have say how she was going home in relation to nearby bodies of water. So depending on where she was walking home in relation to the nearest river, you would say:\nShe was farther away from the water and going home.\nShe was coming home in the direction away from the water.\nShe was walking parallel to the flow of the water downstream.\nShe was walking parallel to the flow of the water upstream.\nHalkomelem gets a 6 rating, hardest of all.\nLushootseed is said to be just as hard to learn as Nuxálk. Lushootseed is one of the few languages on Earth that has no nasals at all, except in special registers like baby talk and the archaic speech of mythological figures. It also has laryngealized glides and nasals: w ̰ , m̥ ̰ , and n̥ ̰ .\nLushootseed is rated 6, hardest of all.\nAll Iroquoian languages are extremely difficult, but Athabaskan is probably even harder. Siouan languages may be equal to Iroquoian in difficulty.\nCompare the same phrases in Tlingit (Athabaskan) and and Cherokee (Iroquoian).\nkutíkusa‘áat – It’s cold outside.\nkutíkuta‘áat – It’s cold right now.\nIn Tlingit, you can add or modify affixes at the beginning as prefixes, in the middle as infixes and at the end as suffixes. In the above example, you changed a part of the word within the clause itself.\ndoyáditlv uyvtlv – It is cold outside. (Lit. Outside it is cold)\nka uyvtlv – It is cold now. (Lit. Now it is cold.)\nAs you can see, Cherokee is easier.\nCherokee is very hard to learn. In addition to everything else, it has a completely different alphabet. It’s polysynthetic, to make matters worse. It is possible to write a Cherokee sentence that somehow lacks a verb. There are five categories of verb classifiers. Verbs needing classifiers must use one. Each regular verb can have an incredible 21,262 inflected forms! All verbs contain a verb root, a pronominal prefix, a modal suffix and an aspect suffix. In addition, verbs inflect for singular, plural and also dual. For instance:\nYou have 126 different forms:\nᎬᏯᎸᎢᎭ gvyalv'iha I tie you up\nᏕᎬᏯᎸᎢᎭ degvyalviha I'm tying you up\nᏥᏯᎸᎢᎭ jiyalv'ha I tie him up\nᎦᎸᎢᎭ I tie it\nᏍᏓᏯᎸᎢᎭ sdayalv'iha I tie you (dual)\nᎢᏨᏯᎢᎭ ijvyalv'iha I tie you (pl)\nᎦᏥᏯᎸᎢᎭ gajiyalv'iha I tie them (animate)\nᏕᎦᎸᎢᎭ I tie them up (inanimate)\nᏍᏆᎸᎢᎭ squahlv'iha You tie me\nᎯᏯᎸᎢᎭ hiyalv'iha You're tying him\nᎭᏢᎢᎭ hatlv'iha You tie it\nᏍᎩᎾᎸᎢᎭ skinalv'iha You're tying me and him\nᎪᎩᎾᏢᎢᎭ goginatlv'iha They tie me and him etc.\nLet us look at another form:\nI see myself gadagotia\nI see you gvgohtia\nI see him/ tsigotia\nI see it tsigotia\nI see you two advgotia\nI see you (plural) istvgotia\nI see them (live) gatsigotia\nI see them (things) detsigotia\nYou see me sgigotia\nYou see yourself hadagotia\nYou see him/her higo(h)tia\nYou see it higotia\nYou see another and me sginigotia\nYou see others and me isgigotia\nYou see them (living) dehigotia\nYou see them (living) gahigotia\nYou see them (things) detsigotia\nHe/she sees me agigotia\nHe/she sees you tsagotia\nHe/she sees you atsigotia\nHe/she sees him/her agotia\nHe/she sees himself/herself adagotia\nHe/she sees you + me ginigotia\nHe/she sees you two sdigotia\nHe/she sees another + me oginigotia\nHe she sees us (them + me) otsigotia\nHe/she sees you (plural) itsigotia\nHe/she sees them dagotia\nYou and I see him/her/it igigotia\nYou and I see ourselves edadotia\nYou and I see one another denadagotia/dosdadagotia\nYou and I see them (living) genigotia\nYou and I see them (living or not) denigotia\nYou two see me sgninigotia\nYou two see him/her/it esdigotia\nYou two see yourselves sdadagotia\nYou two see us (another and me) sginigotia\nYou two see them desdigotia\nAnother and I see you sdvgotia\nAnother and I see him/her osdigotia\nAnother and I see it osdigotia\nAnother and I see you-two sdvgotia\nAnother and I see ourselves dosdadagotia\nAnother and I see you (plural) itsvgotia\nAnother and I see them dosdigotia\nYou (plural) see me isgigoti\nYou (plural) see him/her etsigoti\nThey see me gvgigotia\nThey see you getsagotia\nThey see him/her anigoti\nThey see you and me geginigoti\nThey see you two gesdigoti\nThey see another and me gegigotia/gogenigoti\nThey see you (plural) getsigoti\nThey see them danagotia\nThey see themselves anadagoti\nI will see datsigoi\nI saw agigohvi\nHe/she will see dvgohi\nNumber is marked for inclusive vs. exclusive and there is a dual. 3rd person plural is marked for animate/inanimate. Verbs take different object forms depending on if the object is solid/alive/indefinite shape/flexible. This is similar to the Navajo system.\nCherokee also has lexical tone, with complex rules about how tones may combine with each other. Tone is not marked in the orthography. The phonology is noted for somehow not having any labial consonants.\nHowever, Cherokee is very regular. It has only three irregular verbs. It is just that there are many complex rules.\nCherokee is rated 5.5, close to most difficult of all.\nWyandot, a dormant language that has been extinct for about 50 years, has some unbelievably complex structures. Let us look at one of them. Wyandot is the only language on Earth that allows negative sentences that somehow do not contain a negative morpheme. Wyandot makes it onto craziest grammars lists. (To be continued).\nMississippi Valley-Ohio Valley Siouan\nMississippi Valley Siouan\nLakota and other Siouan languages may well be as convoluted as Iroquoian. In Lakota, all adjectives are expressed as verbs. Something similar is seen in Nahuatl.\nÓgle sápe kiŋ mak’ú.\nThe shirt it is black he gave it to me.\nHe gave me the black shirt.\nIn the above, it is black is a stative verb and serves as an adjective.\nÓgle kiŋ sabyá mak’ú.\nShirt the blackly he gave it to me.\nHe gave me the black shirt. (Lit. He gave me the shirt blackly.)\nBkackly is an adverb serving as an adjective above.\nLakota gets a 5.5 rating, hardest of all.\nAll Algonquian languages have distinctions between animate/inanimate nouns, in addition to having proximate/obviate and direct/inverse distinctions. However, most languages that have proximate/obviate and direct/inverse distinctions are not as difficult as Algonquian.\nProximate/obviative is a way of marking the 3rd person in discourse. It distinguishes between an important 3rd person (proximate) and a more peripheral 3rd person (obviative). Animate nouns and possessor nouns tend to be marked proximate while inanimate nouns and possessed nouns tend to be marked obviative.\nDirect/inverse is a way of marking discourse in terms of saliency, topicality or animacy. Whether one noun ranks higher than another in terms of saliency, topicality or animacy means that that nouns ranks higher in terms of person hierarchy. It is used only in transitive clauses. When the subject has a higher ranking than the object, the direct form is used. When the object has a higher ranking than the object, the inverse form is used.\nCree is very hard to learn. It are written in a variety of different ways with different alphabets and syllabic systems, complicating matters even further. The syllabic alphabet has many problems and is often listed as one of the worst scripts out there. They are both polysynthetic and have long, short and nasal vowels and aspirated and unaspirated voiceless consonants. Words are divided into metrical feet, the rules for determining stress placement in words are quite complex and there is lots of irregularity. Vowels fall out a lot, or syncopate, within words.\nCree adds noun classifiers to the mix, and both nouns and verbs are marked as animate or inanimate. In addition, verbs are marked for transitive and intransitive. In addition, verbs get different affixes depending on whether they occur in main or subordinate clauses.\nCree is rated 6, hardest of all.\nOjibwa is said to be about as hard to learn as Cree as it is very similar.\nOjibwa is rated 6, hardest of all.\nCheyenne is well-known for being a hard Amerindian language to learn. Like many polysynthetic languages, it can have very long words.\nI truly don’t know Cheyenne very well.\nHowever, Cheyenne is quite regular, but has so many complex rules that it is hard to figure them all out.\nCheyenne is rated 6, hardest of all.\nArapaho has a strange phonology. It lacks phonemic low vowels. The vowel system consists of i, ɨ~,u, ɛ, and ɔ, with no low phonemic vowels. Each vowel also has a corresponding long version. In addition, there are four diphthongs, ei, ou, oe and ie, several triphthongs, eii, oee, and ouu, as well as extended sequences of vowels such as eee with stress on either the first or the last vowel in the combination. Long vowels of various types are common:\nI will turn out the lights.\nIt is raining.\nThere is a pitch accent system with normal, high and allophonic falling tones. Arapaho words also undergo some very wild sound changes.\nArapaho is rated 6, hardest of all.\nGros Ventre has a similar phonological system and similar elaborate sound changes as Arapaho.\nGros Ventre is rated 5, hardest of all.\nWichita has many strange phonological traits. It has only one nasal. Labials are rare and appear in only two roots. It also may have only three vowels, i, e, and a, with only height as a distinction. Such a restricted vertical vowel distribution is only found in NW Caucasian and the Papuan Ndu languages. There is apparently a three-way contrast in vowel length – regular, long and extra-long.\nThis is only found in Mixe and Estonian. There are some interesting tenses. Perfect tense means that an act has been carried out. The strange intentive tense means that one hopes or hoped to to carry out an act. The habitual tense means one regularly engages in the activity, not that one is doing so at the moment.\nLong consonant clusters are permitted.\nThere are many cases where a CVɁ sequence has been reduced to CɁ due to loss of the vowel, resulting in odd words such as:\nWord order is ordered in accordance with novelty or importance.\nOur ancestors God put us on this Earth.\nweɁe hira:rɁ tiɁi na:kirih\nGod put our ancestors on this Earth.\nIn the sentence above, “our ancestors” is actually the subject, so it makes sense that it comes first.\nWichita has inclusive and exclusive 3rd person plural and has singular, dual and plural. There is an evidential system where if you say you know something, you must say how you know it – whether it is personal knowledge or hearsay.\nWichita gets a 6 rating, hardest of all.\nHuamelutec or Lowland Oaxaca Chantal has the odd glottalized fricatives fʼ, sʼ, ɬʼ and xʼ as its only glottalized consonants. They alternate with plain f, s, l and x. fʼ, ɬʼ and xʼ are extremely rare in the world’s languages, usually only found in 2-3 other languages, often in NW Caucasian. xʼ occurs only in one other language – Tlingit. sʼ is slightly more common, occurring five other languages including Tlingit. In other languages, these odd sounds derived from sequences of consonant + q: Cq -> Cʔ -> glottalized fricative.\nSentence structure is odd:\nHit the ball the man.\nHit the man the ball.\nThe man hit the ball.\nAll mean the same thing.\nHuamelutec gets a 6 rating, hardest of all.\nKarok is a language isolate spoken by a few dozen people in northern California. The last native speaker recently died, however, there are ~80 who have varying levels of L2 fluency.\nIn Karok, you can use a suffix for different types of containment – fire, water or a solid.\nthrow into a fire\nthrow into water\nthrow through a solid\nThe suffixes are unrelated to the words for fire, water and solid.\nKarok gets a 5 rating, hardest of all.\nHopi is so difficult that even grammars describing the language are almost impossible to understand. For instance, Hopi has two different words for and depending on whether the noun phrase containing the word and is nominative or accusative.\nHopi is rated 6, hardest of all.\nIn Nahuatl, most adjectives are simply stative verbs. Hence:\nUmntu omde waya eTenochtitlan.\nThe man he is tall went to Tenochtitlan.\nThe tall man went to Tenochtitlan.\nHe is tall is a stative verb in the above.\nNahuatl gets a 6 rating, hardest of all.\nComanche is legendary for being one of the hardest Indian languages of all to learn. Reasons are unknown, but all Amerindian languages are quite difficult. I doubt if Comanche is harder than other Numic languages.\nBizarrely enough, Comanche has very strange sounds called voiceless vowels, which seems to be an oxymoron, as vowels would seem to be inherently voiced. English has something akin to voiceless vowels in the words particular and peculiar, where the bolded vowels act something akin to a voiceless vowel.\nComanche was used for a while by the codespeakers in World War 2 – not all codespeakers were Navajos. Comanche was specifically chosen because it was hard to figure out. The Japanese were never able to break the Comanche code.\nComanche is rated 6, hardest of all.\nChinantec, an Indian language of southwest Mexico, is very hard for non-Chinantecs to learn. The tone system is maddeningly complex, and the syntax and morphology are very intricate.\nChinantec is rated 6, hardest of all.\nJalapa Mazatec has distinctions between modal, creaky, breathy-voiced vowels along with nasal versions of those three. It also has creaky consonants and voiceless nasals. It has three tones, low, mid and high. Combining the tones results in various contour tones. In addition, it has a 3-way distinction in vowel length. Whistled speech is also possible. It has a phonemic distinction between “ballistic” and “controlled” syllables which is only present on Oto-Manguean.\nsū – warm\nnīˑntū – slippery\ntsǣ – guava\nhų̄ – you plural\nsūˑ – blue\nnīˑntūˑ – needle\ntsǣˑ – full\nhų̄ˑ – six\nJalapa Mazatec is rated 6, hardest of all.\nTariana is a very difficult language mostly because of the unbelievable amount of information it crams into its morphology and syntax. This is mostly because it is an Arawakan language that has been heavily influenced by neighboring Tucanoan languages, with the result that it has many of the grammatical categories and particles present in both families.\nThis stems from the widespread bilingualism in the Vaupes Basin of Colombia, where many people grow up bilingual from childhood and often become multilingual by adulthood. Learning up to five different languages is common. Code-switching was frowned upon and anyone using a word from Language Y while speaking Language X would get laughed at. Hence the various languages tended to borrow features from each other quite easily.\nFor instance, Tariana has both a noun classifier system and a gender system. Noun classifiers and gender are sometimes subsumed under the single category of “noun classifiers.” Yet Tariana has both, presumably from its relationship to two completely different language families. So in Tariana is not unusual to get both demonstratives and verbs marked for both gender and noun classifier. Tariana borrowed such things as serialized perception verbs and the dubitative marker from Tucano.\nIn addition, Tariana has some very odd sounds, including aspirated nasals mh (mʰ), nh (n̺ʰ) and ñh (ɲʰ) and an aspirated w (wʰ) of all things. They seem to be actually aspirated, not just partially devoiced as many voiceless nasals and liquids are.\nTariana gets 6, hardest of all.\nBora, a Wintotoan language spoken in Peru and Colombia near the border between the two countries, has a mind-boggling 350 different noun classes. The noun classifier system is actually highly productive and is often used to create new nouns. New nouns can be created very easily, and their meanings are often semantically transparent. In some noun classifier systems, classifiers can be stacked one upon the other. In these cases, typically the last one is used for agreement purposes.\nBora also is a tonal language, but it has only two tones. In addition, nearly all consonantal phonemes have phonemic aspirated and palatalized counterparts. The agreement structure in the language is also quite convoluted. The classifier system effectively replaces much derivational morphology on the noun and noun compounding processes that other languages use to expand the meanings of nominals.\nBora gets a 6 rating, hardest of all.\nTuyuca is a Tucanoan language spoken in by 450 people in the department of Vaupés in Colombia. An article in The Economist magazine concluded that it was the hardest language on Earth to learn.\nIt has a simple sound system, but it’s agglutinative, and agglutinative languages are pretty hard. For instance, hóabãsiriga means I don’t know how to write. It has two forms of 1st person plural, I and you (inclusive) and I and the others (exclusive). It has between 50-140 noun classes, including strange ones like bark that does not cling closely to a tree, which can be extended to mean baggy trousers or wet plywood that has begun to fall apart.\nLike Yamana, a nearly extinct Amerindian language of Chile, Tuyuca marks for evidentiality, that is, how it is that you know something. For instance:\nDiga ape-wi. = The boy played soccer. (I saw him playing).\nDiga ape-hiyi. = The boy played soccer. (I assume he was playing soccer, though I did not see it firsthand).\nEvidential marking is obligatory on all Tuyuca verbs and it forces you to think about how you know whatever it is you know.\nTuyuca definitely gets a 6 rating!\nCubeo, a language spoken in the Vaupes of Colombia, has a small closed class of adjective roots similar to Juǀʼhoan below:\nɨra – big/large\nkɨhĩ – small\nbãbã – new/young\nbɨkɨ – old/great\nbẽa – good/beautiful\nãbẽ – bad/ugly\nHowever, verbs can function as adjectives, and the adjective roots can either turn into nouns themselves or they can take the inflections of either nouns or verbs. Wild!\nSimilar to how the grammar of Tariana has been influenced by Tucano languages, the grammar of Tucanoan Cubeo has been influenced by neighboring Arawakan languages. The grammar has been described as either SOV or OVS. That would mean that the following:\nThe man the ball hit.\nThe ball hit the man.\nMean the same things. OVS languages are quite rare.\nMorphemes belong to one of four classes:\n- Nasal (many roots, as well as suffixes like -xã = associative)\n- Oral (many roots, as well as suffixes like -pe = similarity, -du = frustrative)\n- Unmarked (only suffixes, e.g. -re = in/direct object)\n- Oral/Nasal (some roots and some suffixes) /bãˈkaxa-/(mãˈkaxa-) – to defecate and -kebã = suppose\nJust by looking at any given consonant-initial suffix, it is impossible to determine which of the first three categories it belongs to. They must be learned one by one.\nCubeo has nasal assimilation, common to many Amazonian languages. In some of these, nasalization is best analyzed at the syllable level – some syllables are nasal and others are not.\nShe recently went.\nThe underlying form dĩ-bI-ko is realized on the surface as nĩmĩko. The ĩ in dĩ-bI-ko nasalizes the d, the b, and the I on either side of it, so nasal spreading works in both directions. However, it is blocked from the third syllable because k is part of a class of non-nasalizable consonants.\nPretty difficult language.\nCuneo gets a 6 rating, hardest of all.\nHixkaryána is famous for being the only language on Earth to have basic OVS (Object-Verb-Subject) word order.\nThe sentence Toto yonoye kamara, or The man ate the jaguar, actually means The jaguar ate the man.\nToto yonoye kamara\nLit. The man ate the jaguar.\nGloss: The jaguar ate the man.\nGrammatical suffixes attached to the end of the verb mark not only number but also aspect, mood and tense.\nHixkaryána gets a 6 rating, hardest of all.\nThis is actually a series of closely related languages as opposed to one language, but the Southern Nambikwara language is the most well-known of the family, with 1,200 speakers in the Brazilian Amazon.\nPhonology is complex. Consonants distinguish between aspirated, plain and glottalized, common in the Americas. There are strange sounds like prestopped nasals glottalized fricatives. There are nasal vowels and three different tones. All vowels except one have both nasal, creaky-voiced and nasal-creaky counterparts, for a total of 19 vowels.\nThe grammar is polysynthetic with a complex evidential system.\nReportedly, Nambikwara children do not pick up the language fully until age 10 or so, one of the latest recorded ages for full competence. Nambikwara is sometimes said to be the hardest language on Earth to learn, but it has some competition.\nNambikwara definitely gets a 6 rating, hardest of all!\nPirahã is a language isolate spoken in the Brazilian Amazon. Recent writings by Daniel Everett indicate that not only is this one of the hardest languages on Earth to learn, but it is also one of the weirdest languages on Earth. It is monumentally complex in nearly every way imaginable. It is commonly listed on the rogue’s gallery of craziest languages and phonologies on Earth.\nIt has the smallest phonemic inventory on Earth with only seven consonants, three vowels and either two or three tones. Everett recently wrote a paper about it after spending many years with them. Previous missionaries who had spent time with the Pirahã generally failed to learn the language because it was too hard to learn. It took Everett a very long time, but he finally learned it well.\nMany of Everett’s claims about Pirahã are astounding: whistled speech, no system for counting, very few Portuguese loans (they deliberately refuse to use Portuguese loans) evidence for the Sapir-Whorf linguistic relativity hypothesis, and evidence that it violates some of Noam Chomsky’s purported language universals such as embedding. It also has the t͡ʙ̥ sound – a bilabially trilled postdental affricate which is only found in two other languages, both in the Brazilian Amazon – Oro Win and Wari’.\nInitially, Everett never heard the sound, but they got to know him better, they started to make it more often. Everett believes that they were ridiculed by other groups when they made the odd sound.\nPirahã has the simplest kinship system in any language – there is only word for both mother and father, and the Pirahã do not have any words for anyone other than direct biological relatives.\nPirahã may have only two numerals, or it may lack a numeral system altogether.\nPirahã does not distinguish between singular and plural person. This is highly unusual. The language may have borrowed its entire pronoun set from the Tupian languages Nheengatu and Tenarim, groups the Pirahã had formerly been in contact with. This may be one of the only attested case of the borrowing of a complete pronoun set.\nThere are mandatory evidentiality markers that must be used in Pirahã discourse. Speakers must say how they know something, whether they saw it themselves, whether it was hearsay or whether they inferred it circumstantially.\nThere are various strange moods – the desiderative (desire to perform an action) and two types of frustrative – frustration in starting an action (inchoative/incompletive) and frustration in completing an action (causative/incompletive). There are others: immediate/intentive (you are going to do something now/you intend to do it in the future)\nThere are many verbal aspects: perfect/imperfect (completed/incomplete) telic/atelic (reaching a goal/not reaching a goal), continuative (continuing), repetitive (iterative), and beginning an action (inchoative).\nEach Pirahã verb has 262,144 possible forms, or possibly in the many millions, depending on which analysis you use.\nThe future tense is divided into future/somewhere and future/elsewhere. The past tense is divided into plain past and immediate past.\nPirahã has a closed class of only 90 verb roots, an incredibly small number. But these roots can be combined together to form compound verbs, a much larger category. Here is one example of three verbs strung together to form a compound verb:\nxig ab op\ntake turn go – bring back, You take something away, you turn around, and you go back to where you got it to return it.\nThere are no abstract color terms in Pirahã. There are only two words for colors, one for light and one for dark. The only other languages with this restricted of a color sense are in Papua New Guinea. The other color terms are not really color terms, but are more descriptive – red is translated as like blood.\nPirahã can be whistled, hummed or encoded into music. Consonants and vowels can be omitted altogether and meaning conveyed instead via variations in stress, pitch and rhythm. Mothers teach the language to children by repeating musical patterns.\nPirahã may well be one of the hardest languages on Earth to learn.\nPirahã gets a 6 rating, hardest of all.\nQuechua (actually a large group of languages and not a single language at all) is one of the easiest Amerindian languages to learn. Quechua is a classic example of a highly regular grammar with few exceptions. Its agglutinative system is more straightforward than even that of Turkish. The phonology is dead simple.\nOn the down side, there is a lot of dialectal divergence (these are actually separate languages and not dialects) and a lack of learning materials. Some say that Quechua speakers spend their whole lives learning the language.\nQuechua has inconsistent orthographies. There is a fight between those who prefer a Spanish-based orthography and those who prefer a more phonemic one. Also there is an argument over whether to use the Ayacucho language or the Cuzco language as a base.\nQuechua has a difficult feature known as evidential marking. This marker indicates the source of the speaker’s knowledge and how sure they are about the statement.\n-mi expresses personal knowledge:\nTayta Wayllaqawaqa chufirmi.\nMr. Huayllacahua is a driver. (I know it for a fact.)\n-si expresses hearsay knowledge:\nTayta Wayllaqawaqa chufirsi.\nMr. Huayllacahua is a driver (or so I’ve heard).\nchá expresses strong possibility:\nTayta Wayllaqawaqa chufirchá.\nMr. Huayllacahua is a driver (most likely).\nQuechua is rated 4, very difficult.\nAymara has some of the wildest morphophonology out there. Morpheme-final vowel deletion is present in the language as a morphophonological process, and it is dependent on a set of highly complex phonological, morphological and syntactic rules (Kim 2013).\nFor instance, there are three types of suffixes: dominant, recessive and a 3rd class is neither dominant nor recessive. If a stem ends in a vowel, dominant suffixes delete the vowel but recessive suffixes allow the vowel to remain. The third class either deletes or retains the vowel on the stem depending on how many vowels are in the stem. If the root has two vowels, the vowel is retained. If it has three vowels, the vowel is deleted.\nAlthough all of this seems quite odd, Finnish has something similar going on, if not a lot worse.\nNevertheless, Aymara is still said to be a very easy language to learn. The Guinness Book of World Records claims it is almost as easy to learn as Esperanto.\nAymara gets a 2 rating, very easy to learn.\nAustralian Aborigine languages are some of the hardest languages on Earth to learn, like Amerindian or Caucasian languages. Some Australian languages have phonemic contrasts that few other languages have, such as apico-dental, lamino-dental, apico-post-alveolar, and lamino-postalveolar cononals.\nAustralian languages tend to be mixed ergative. Ordinary nouns are ergative-absolutive, but 1st and 2nd person pronouns are nominative-accusative. One language has a three way agent-patient-experiencer distinction in the 1st person pronoun. Australian pronouns typically have singular, plural and dual forms along with inclusive and exclusive 1st plural. In some sentences, they have what is known as double case agreement which is rare in the world’s languages:\nI gave a spear to my father.\nI gave a spear mine-to father’s-to.\nBoth elements of the phrase my father are in both dative and genitive.\nHowever, Aboriginal languages do have the plus of being very regular.\nAll Australian languages are rated 6, most difficult of all.\nBerik is a Tor-Orya language spoken in Indonesian colony of Irian Jaya in New Guinea.\nVerbs take many strange endings, in many cases mandatory ones, that indicate what time of day something happened, among other things.\nTelbener – He drinks in the evening.\nWhere a verb takes an object, it will not only be marked for time of day but for the size of the object.\nKitobana – He gives three large objects to a man in the sunlight.\nVerbs may also be marked for where the action takes place in reference to the speaker.\nGwerantena – To place a large object in a low place nearby.\nBerik is rated 6, hardest of all.\nTrans New Guinea\nAmele is the world’s most complex language as far as verb forms go, with 69,000 finitive and 860 infinitive forms.\nAmele is rated 6, hardest of all.\nValman is a bizarre case where the word and that connects two nouns is actually a verb of all things and is marked with the first noun as subject and the second noun as object.\nJohn (subject) and Mary (object)\nJohn is marked as subject for some reason, and Mary is marked as object, and the and word shows subject agreement with John and object agreement with Mary.\nValman gets a 6 rating, hardest of all.\nSemitic languages such as Arabic and Hebrew are notoriously difficult to learn, and Arabic (especially MSA) tops many language learners’ lists as the hardest language they have ever attempted to learn. Although Semitic verbs are notoriously complex, the verbal system does have some advantages especially as compared to IE languages like Slavic. Unlike Slavic, Semitic verbs are not inflected for mood and there is no perfect or imperfect.\nArabic has some very irregular manners of noun declension, even in the plural. For instance, the word girls changes in an unpredictable way when you say one girl, two girls and three girls, and there are two different ways to say two girls depending on context. Two girls is marked with the dual, but different dual forms can be used. All languages with duals are relatively difficult for most speakers that lack a dual in their native language. However, the dual is predictable from the singular, so one might argue that you only need to learn how to say one girl and three girls.\nFurther, it is full of irregular plurals similar to octopus and octopi in English, whereas these forms are rare in English. With any given word, there might be 20 different possible ways to pluralize it, and there is no way to know which of the 20 paradigms to use with that word, and further, there is no way to generalize a plural pattern from a singular pattern. In addition, many words have 2-3 ways of pluralizing them. Some messy Arab plurals:\nkalb -> kilaab\nqalb -> quluub\nmaktab -> makaatib\ntaalib -> tullaab\nbalad -> buldaan\nWhen you say I love you to a man, you say it one way, and when you say it to a woman, you say it another way. On and on.\nThe Arabic writing system is exceeding difficult and is more of the hardest to use of any on Earth. Soft vowels are omitted. You have to learn where to insert missing vowels, where to double consonants and which vowels to skip in the script. There are 28 different symbols in the alphabet and four different ways to write each symbol depending on its place in the word.\nConsonants are written in different ways depending on where they appear in a word. An h is written differently at the beginning of a word than at the end of a word. However, one simple aspect of it is that the medial form is always the same as the initial form. You need to learn not only Arabic words but also the grammar to read Arabic.\nPronouns attach themselves to roots, and there are many different verb conjugation paradigms which simply have to be memorized. For instance, if a verb has a و, a ي, or a ء in its root, you need to memorize the patters of the derivations, and that is a good chunk of the conjugations right there. The system for measuring quantities is extremely confusing.\nThe grammar has many odd rules that seem senseless. Unfortunately, most rules have exceptions, and it seems that the exceptions are more common than the rules themselves. Many people, including native speakers, complain about Arabic grammar.\nArabic does have case, but the system is rather simple.\nThe laryngeals, uvulars and glottalized sounds are hard for many foreigners to make and nearly impossible for them to get right. The ha’(ح ), qa (ق ) and غ sounds and the glottal stop in initial position give a lot of learners headaches.\nArabic is at least as idiomatic as French or English, so it order to speak it right you have to learn all of the expressionistic nuances.\nOne of the worst problems with Arabic is the dialects, which in many cases are separate languages altogether. If you learn Arabic, you often have to learn one of the dialects along with classical Arabic. All Arabic speakers speak both an Arabic dialect and Classical Arabic.\nIn some Arabic as a foreign language classes, even after 1 1/2 years, not one student could yet make a complete and proper sentence that was not memorized.\nAdding weight to the commonly held belief that Arabic is hard to learn is research done in Germany in 2005 which showed that Turkish children learn their language at age 2-3, German children at age 4-5, but Arabic kids did not get Arabic until age 12.\nArabic has complex verbal agreement with the subject, masculine and feminine gender in nouns and adjectives, head-initial syntax and a serious restriction to forming compounds. If you come from a language that has similar nature, Arabic may be easier for you than it is for so many others. Its 3 vowel system makes for easy vowels.\nMSA Arabic is rated 5, extremely difficult.\nArabic dialects are often somewhat easier to learn than MSA Arabic. At least in Lebanese and Egyptian Arabic, the very difficult q’ sound has been turned into a hamza or glottal stop which is an easier sound to make. Compared to MSA Arabic, the dialectal words tend to be shorter and easier to pronounce.\nTo attain anywhere near native speaker competency in Egyptian Arabic, you probably need to live in Egypt for 10 years, but Arabic speakers say that few if any second language learners ever come close to native competency. There is a huge vocabulary, and most words have a wealth of possible meanings.\nEgyptian Arabic is rated 4.5, very to extremely difficult.\nMoroccan Arabic is said to be particularly difficult, with much vowel elision in triconsonantal stems. In addition, all dialectal Arabic is plagued by irrational writing systems.\nMoroccan Arabic is rated 4.5, very to extremely difficult.\nMaltese is a strange language, basically a Maghrebi Arabic language (similar to Moroccan or Tunisian Arabic) that has very heavy influence from non-Arabic tongues. It shares the problem of Gaelic that often words look one way and are pronounced another.\nIt has the common Semitic problem of difficult plurals. Although many plurals use common plural endings (-i, -iet, -ijiet, -at), others simply form the plural by having their last vowel dropped or adding an s (English borrowing). There’s no pattern, and you simply have to memorize which ones act which way. Maltese permits the consonant cluster spt, which is surely hard to pronounce.\nOn the other hand, Maltese has quite a few IE loans from Italian, Sicilian, Spanish, French and increasingly English. If you have knowledge of Romance languages, Maltese is going to be easier than most Arabic dialects.\nMaltese is rated 4, very difficult.\nHebrew is hard to learn according to a number of Israelis. Part of the problem may be the abjad writing system, which often leaves out vowels which must simply be remembered. Also, other than borrowings, the vocabulary is Afroasiatic, hence mostly unknown to speakers of IE languages. There are also difficult consonants as in Arabic such as pharyngeals and uvulars.\nThe het or glottal h is particularly hard to make. However, most modern Israelis no longer make the het sound or a’ain sounds. Instead, they pronounce the het like the chaf sound and the a’ain like an alef. Almost all Ashkenazi Israeli Jews no longer use the het or a’ain sounds. But most Jews who came from Arab countries (often older people) still use the sound, and some of their children do (Dorani 2013).\nHebrew has complex morphophonological rules. The letters p, b, t, d, k and g change to v, f, dh, th, kh and gh in certain situations. In some environments, pharyngeals change the nature of the vowels around them. The prefix ve-, which means and, is pronounced differently when it precedes certain letters. Hebrew is also quite irregular.\nHebrew has quite a few voices, including active, passive, intensive, intensive passive, etc. It also has a number of tenses such as present, past and the odd juissive.\nHebrew also has two different noun classes. There are also many suffixes and quite a few prefixes that can be attached to verbs and nouns.\nEven most native Hebrew speakers do not speak Hebrew correctly by a long shot.\nQuite a few say Hebrew is as hard to learn as MSA or perhaps even harder, but this is controversial.\nHebrew gets a 5 rating for extremely difficult.\nBerber languages are considered to be very hard to learn. Worse, there are very few language learning resources available.\nTamazight allows doubled consonants at the beginning of a word! How can you possibly make that sound?\nTamazight gets a 6 rating, hardest of all.\nIn Tachelhit , words like this are possible:\nYou took it off.\nYou gave it.\nIn addition, there are words which contain only one or two consonants:\nTachelhit gets a 6 rating, hardest of all.\nAmharic is said to be a very hard language to learn. It is quite complex, and its sentence structures seem strange even to speakers of other Semitic languages. Hebrew speakers say they have a hard time with this language.\nThere are a multitude of rules which almost seem ridiculous in their complexity, there are numerous conjugation patterns, objects are suffixed to the verb, the alphabet has 274 letters, and the pronunciation seems strange. However, if you already know Hebrew or Arabic, it will be a lot easier. The hardest part of all is the verbal system, as with any Semitic language. It is easier than Arabic.\nAmharic gets a 4.5 rating, very hard to extremely hard.\nDahalo is legendary for having some of the wildest consonant phonology on Earth. It has all four airstream mechanisms found in languages: ejectives, implosives, clicks and normal pulmonic sounds. There are both glottal and epiglottal stops and fricatives and laminal and apical stops.\nThere is also a strange series of nasal clicks and are both glottalized and plain. Some of these clicks are also labialized. It has both voiced and unvoiced prenasalized stops and affricates, and some of the stops are also labialized. There is a weird palatal lateral ejective. There are three different lateral fricatives, including a labialized and palatalized one, and one lateral approximant. It contrasts alveolar and palatal lateral affricates and fricatives, the only language on Earth to do this.\nThe Dahalo are former elephant hunting hunter gatherers who live in southern Kenya. It is believed that at one time they spoke a language like Sandawe or Hadza, but they switched over to Cushitic at some point. The clicks are thought to be substratum from a time when Dahalo was a Sandawe-Hadza type language.\nDahalo gets a 6 rating, hardest of all.\nSomali has one of the strangest proposition systems on Earth. It actually has no real prepositions at all. Instead it has preverbal particles and possessives that serve as prepositions.\nHere is how possessives serve as prepositions:\nthe night her front\nthe heat his reason\nbecause of the heat\nHere we have the use of a preverbal particle serving as a preposition:\nkú ríd shandádda\nInto put the suitcase.\nPut it into the suitcase.\nSomali combines four “prepositions” with four deictic particles to form its prepositions.\nThere are four basic “prepositions”:\nThese combine with a four different deictic particles:\ntoward the speaker\naway from the speaker\ntoward each other\naway from each other\nHence you put the “prepositions” and the deictic particles together in various ways. Both tend to go in front of and close to the verb:\nNínkíi bàan cèelka xádhig kagá sóo saaray.\n…well-the rope with-from towards-me I-raised.\nI pulled the man out of the well with a rope.\nWay inoogá warrámi jireen.\nThey us-to-about news gave.\nThey used to give us news about it.\nPrepositions are the hardest part of the Somali language for the learner.\nSomali deals with verbs of motion via deixis in a similar way that Georgian does. One reference point is the speaker and the other is any other entities discussed. Verbs of motion are formed using adverbs. Entities may move:\ntowards each other wada\naway from each other kala\ntowards the speaker so\naway from the speaker si\nkala durka separate\nsi gal go in (away from the speaker)\nso gal come in (toward the speaker)\nSomali lacks orthographic consistency. There are four different orthographic systems in use – the Wadaad Arabic script, the Osmanya Ethiopic script, the Borama script and the Latin Somali alphabet, the current system.\nAll of the difficult sounds of Arabic are also present in Somali, another Semitic language – the alef, the ha, the qaf and the kha. There are long and short vowels. There is a retroflex d, the same sound found in South Indian languages. Somali also has 2 tones – high and low. For some reason, Somali tends to make it onto craziest phonologies lists.\nSomali pluralization makes no sense and must be memorized. There are seven different plurals, and there is no clue in the singular that tells you what form to use in the plural. See here:\náf (language) -> afaf\nhoóyo (mother) -> hoyoóyin\náabbe -> aabayaal\nNote the tone shifts in all three of the plurals above.\nThere are four cases, absolutive, nominative, genitive and vocative. Despite the presences of absolutive and nominative cases, Somali is not an ergative language. Absolutive case is the basic case of the noun, and nominative is the case given to the noun when a verb follows in the sentence. There are different articles depending on whether the noun was mentioned previously or not (similar to the articles a and the in English). The absolutive and nominative are marked not only on the noun but also on the article that precedes it.\nIn terms of difficulty, Somali is much harder than Persian and probably about as difficult as Arabic.\nSomali gets a 5 rating, extremely hard to learn.\nMalayalam, a Dravidian language of India, was has been cited as the hardest language to learn by an language foundation, but the citation is obscure and hard to verify.\nMalayalam words are often even hard to look up in a Malayalam dictionary.\nFor instance, adiyAnkaLAkkikkoNDirikkukayumANello is a word in Malayalam. It means something like I, your servant, am sitting and mixing s.t. (which is why I cannot do what you are asking of me). The part in parentheses is an example of the type of sentence where it might be used.\nThe above word is composed of many different morphemes, including conjunctions and other affixes, with sandhi going on with some of them so they are eroded away from their basic forms. There doesn’t seem to be any way to look that word up or to write a Malayalam dictionary that lists all the possible forms, including forms like the word above. It would probably be way too huge of a book. However, all agglutinative languages are made up of affixes, and if you know the affixes, it is not particularly hard to parse the word apart.\nMalayalam is said to be very hard to pronounce correctly.\nFurther, few foreigners even try to learn Malayalam, so Malayalam speakers, like the French, might not listen to you and might make fun of you if your Malayalam is not native sounding.\nHowever, Malayalam has the advantage of having many pedagogic materials available for language learning such as audio-visual material and subtitled videos.\nMalayalam is rated 5, extremely difficult.\nTamil, a Dravidian language is hard, but probably not as difficult as Malayalam is. Tamil has an incredible 247 characters in its alphabet. Nevertheless, most of those are consonant-vowel combinations, so it is almost more of a syllabary than an alphabet. Going by what would traditionally be considered alphabetic symbols, there are probably only 72 real symbols in the alphabet. Nevertheless, Tamil probably has one of the easier Indic scripts as Tamil has fewer characters than other scripts due to its lack of aspiration. Compare to Devanagari’s over 1,000 characters.\nBut no Indic script is easy. A problem with Tamil is that all of the characters seem to look alike. It is even worse than Devanagari in that regard. However, the more rounded scripts such as Kannada, Sinhala, Telegu and Malayalam have that problem to a worse degree. Tamil has a few sharp corners in the characters that helps to disambiguate them.\nIn addition, as with other languages, words are written one way and pronounced another. However, there are claims that the difficulty of Tamil’s diglossia is overrated.\nTamil has two different registers for written and spoken speech, but the differences are not large, so this problem is exaggerated. Both Tamil and Malayalam are spoken very fast and have extremely complicated, nearly impenetrable scripts. If Westerners try to speak a Dravidian language in south India, more often than not the Dravidian speaker will simply address them in English rather than try to accommodate them.\nTamil has the odd evidential mood, similar to Bulgarian.\nHowever, on the plus side, the language does seem to be very logical and regular, almost like German in that regard. In addition, there are a lot of language learning materials for Tamil.\nTamil is rated 4, very difficult.\nMost agree that Korean is a hard language to learn.\nThe alphabet, Hangul at least is reasonable; in fact, it is quite elegant. But there are four different Romanizations- Lukoff, Yale, Horne, and McCune-Reischauer – which is preposterous. It’s best to just blow off the Romanizations and dive straight into Hangul. This way you can learn a Romanization later, and you won’t mess up your Hangul with spelling errors, as can occur if you go from Romanization to Hangul.\nHangul can be learned very quickly, but learning to read Korean books and newspapers fast is another matter altogether because you really need to know the hanja or Chinese character that are used in addition to the Hangul. After World War 2, the Koreas decided to officially get rid of their Chinese characters, but in practice this was not successful. With the use of Chinese characters in Korean, you can be a lot more precise in terms what you are trying to communicate.\nBizarrely, there are two different numeral sets used, but one is derived from Chinese so it should be familiar to Chinese, Japanese or Thai speakers who use similar or identical systems.\nKorean has a wealth of homonyms, and this is one of the tricky aspects of the language. Any given combination of a couple of characters can have multiple meanings. Japanese has a similar problem with homonyms, but at least with Japanese you have the benefit of kanji to help you tell the homonyms apart. With Korean Hangul, you get no such advantage.\nSimilarly, there seem to be many ways to say the same thing in Korean. The learner will feel when people are using all of these different ways of saying the same thing that they are actually saying something different each time, but that is not the case.\nOne problem is that the b, p, j, ch, t and d are pronounced differently than their English counterparts. The consonants, the pachim system and the morphing consonants at the end of the word that slide into the next word make Korean harder to pronounce than any major European language. Korean has a similar problem with Japanese, that is, if you mess up one vowel in sentence, you render it incomprehensible.\nThe vocabulary is very difficult for an English speaker who does not have knowledge of either Japanese or Chinese. On the other hand, Japanese or Chinese will help you a lot with Korean.\nKorean is agglutinative and has a subject-topic discourse structure, and the logic of these systems is difficult for English speakers to understand. In addition, there are hundreds of ways of conjugating any given verb based on tense, mood, age or seniority. Adjectives also decline and take hundreds of different suffixes.\nMeanwhile, Korean has an honorific system that is even wackier than that of Japanese. A single sentence can be said in three different ways depending on the relationship between the speaker and the listener. However, the younger generation is not using the honorifics so much, and a foreigner isn’t expected to know the honorific system anyway.\nMaybe 60% of the words are based on Chinese words, but unfortunately, much of this Chinese-based vocabulary intersects with Japanese versions of Chinese words in a confusing way.\nSpeakers of Korean can learn Japanese fairly easily. Korean seems to be a more difficult language to learn than Japanese. There are maybe twice as many particles as in Japanese, the grammar is dramatically more difficult and the verbs are quite a bit harder. The phonemic inventory in Korean is also larger and includes such oddities as double consonants.\nKorean is rated by language professors as being one of the hardest languages to learn.\nKorean is rated 5, extremely hard.\nJapanese also uses a symbolic alphabet, but the symbols themselves are sometime undecipherable in that even Japanese speakers will sometimes encounter written Japanese and will say that they don’t know how to pronounce it. I don’t mean that they mispronounce it; that would make sense. I mean they don’t have the slightest clue how to say the word! This problem is essentially nonexistent in a language like English.\nThe Japanese orthography is one of the most difficult to use of any orthography.\nThere are over 2,000 frequently used characters in three different symbolic alphabets that are frequently mixed together in confusing ways. Due to the large number of frequently used symbols, it’s said that even Japanese adults learn a new symbol a day a ways into adulthood.\nThe Japanese writing system is probably crazier than the Chinese writing system and it often makes it onto lists of worst orthographies. The very idea of writing an agglutinative language in a combination of two syllabaries and an ideography seems wacky right off the bat. Japanese borrowed Chinese characters. But then they gave each character several pronunciations, and in some cases as many as 24. Next they made two syllabaries using another set of characters, then over the next millennia came up with all sorts of contradictory and often senseless rules about when to use the syllabaries and when to use the character set. Later on they added a Romanization to make things even worse.\nChinese uses 5-6,000 characters regularly, while Japanese only uses around 2,000. But in Chinese, each character has only one or maybe two pronunciations. In Japanese, there are complicated rules about when and how to combine the hiragana with the characters. These rules are so hard that many native speakers still have problems with them. There are also personal and place names (proper nouns) which are given completely arbitrary pronunciations often totally at odds with the usual pronunciation of the character.\nThere are some writers, typically of literature, who deliberately choose to use kanji that even Japanese people cannot read. For instance, Ryuu Murakami uses the odd symbols 擽る、, 轢く、and 憑ける.\nThe Japanese system is made up of three different systems: the katakana and hiragana (the kana) and the kanji, similar to the hanzi used in Chinese. Chinese has at least 85,000 hanzi. The number of kanji is much less than that, but kanji often have more than one meaning in contrast to hanzi.\nAfter WW2, Japan decided to simplify its language. They both simplified and reduced the number of Chinese characters used, and they unified the written and spoken language, which previously had been different.\nSpeaking Japanese is not as difficult as everyone says, and many say it’s fairly easy. However, there is a problem similar to English in that one word can be pronounced in multiple ways, like read and read in English.\nA common problem is that a perfectly grammatically correct sentence uttered by a Japanese language learner, while perfectly correct, is still not acceptable by Japanese speakers because “we just don’t say it that way.” The Japanese speaker often cannot tell why the unacceptable sentence you uttered is not ok. On the other hand, this problem may be common to more languages than Japanese.\nThere is also a class of Japanese called “honorifics” or “keigo” that is quite hard to master. Honorifics are meant to show respect and to indicate one’s place or status in the social hierarchy. These typically effect verbs but can also affect particles and prefixes. They are usually formed by archaic or highly irregular verbs. However, there are both regular and irregular honorific forms. Furthermore, there are five different levels of honorifics. Honorifics vary depending on who you are and who you are talking to. In addition, gender comes into play.\nAlthough it is true the Japanese young people are said to not understand the intricacies of keigo, it is still expected that they know how to speak this well. Consequently, many young Japanese will opt out of certain conversations because they feel that their keigo is not very good. Books explaining how to use keigo properly have been big sellers among young people in Japan in recent years as young people try to appear classy, refined or cultured.\nIn addition, Japanese born overseas (especially in the US), while often learning Japanese pretty well, typically have a very poor understanding of keigo. Instead of embarrassing themselves by not using keigo or using it wrong, these Japanese speakers often prefer to speak in English to Japanese people rather than bother with keigo-less Japanese. Overcorrection in keigo is also a problem when hypercorrection leads to someone making errors in keigo due to “trying to hard.” This looks like phony or insincere politeness and is often worse than not using keigo at all.\nOne wild thing about Japanese is counting forms. You actually use different numeral sets depending on what it is you are counting! There are dozens of different ways of counting things which involve the use of a complex numerical noun classifier system.\nJapanese grammar is often said to be simple, but that does not appear to be the case on closer examination. Particles are especially vexing. Verbs engage in all sorts of wild behavior, and adverbs often act like verbs. Nouns can act like adjectives and adverbs. Meanwhile, honorifics change the behavior of all words. There are particles like ha and ga that have many different meanings. One problem is that all noun modifiers, even phrases, must precede the nouns they are modifying.\nIt’s often said that Japanese has no case, but this is not true. Actually, there are seven cases in Japanese. The aforementioned ga is a clitic meaning nominative, made is terminative case, -no is genitive and -o is accusative.\nIn this sentence:\nThe plane that was supposed to arrive at midnight, but which had been delayed by bad weather, finally arrived at 1 AM.\nEverything underlined must precede the noun plane:\nWas supposed to arrive at midnight, but had been delayed by bad weather, the plane finally arrived at 1 AM.\nOne of the main problems with Japanese grammar is that it is going to seem to so different from the sort of grammar and English speaker is likely to be used to.\nSpeaking Japanese is one thing, but reading and writing it is a whole new ballgame. It’s perfectly possible to know the meaning of every kanji and the meaning of every word in a sentence, but you still can’t figure out the meaning of the sentence because you can’t figure out how the sentence is stuck together in such a way as to create meaning.\nThe real problem is that the Japanese you learn in class is one thing, and the Japanese of the street is another. One problem is that in street Japanese, the subject is typically not stated in a sentence. Instead it is inferred through such things as honorific terms or the choice of words you used in the sentence. Probably no one goes crazier on negatives than the Japanese. Particularly in academic writing, triple and quadruple negatives are common, and can be quite confusing.\nYet there are problems with the agglutinative nature of Japanese. It’s a completely different syntactic structure than English. Often if you translate a sentence from Japanese to English it will just look like a meaningless jumble of words.\nHowever, Japanese grammar has the advantage of being quite regular. For instance, there are only four frequently used irregular verbs.\nLike Chinese, the nouns are not marked for number or gender. However, while Chinese is forgiving of errors, if you mess up one vowel in a Japanese sentence, you may end up with incomprehension.\nAlthough many Japanese learners feel it’s fairly easy to learn, surveys of language professors continue to rate Japanese as one of the hardest languages to learn. A study by the US Navy concluded that the hardest language the corpsmen had to learn in the course of service was Japanese. However, it’s generally agreed that Japanese is easier to learn than Korean. Japanese speakers are able to learn Korean pretty easily.\nJapanese is rated 5, extremely hard.\nClassical Japanese is much harder to read than Modern Japanese. Though you can get by with much less kanji when reading the modern language, you will need a minimum knowledge of 3,000 kanji for reading Classical Japanese, and that’s using a dictionary. There are only about 500-1,000 frequently used characters, but there are countless other words that will come up in your reading especially say special words used in the Imperial Court. Many words have more than one meaning, and unless you know this, you will be lost. 東宮(とうぐう) for instance means Eastern Palace. However, it also means Crown Prince because his residence was to the east of the Emperor’s.\nThe movie The Seven Samurai (set in the late 1500’s) seems to use some sort of Classical Japanese, or at least Classical vocabulary and syntax with modern pronunciation. Japanese language learners say they can’t understand a word of the archaic Japanese used in this movie.\nClassical Japanese gets 5.5, nearly hardest of all.\nTurkish is often considered to be hard to learn, and it’s rated one of the hardest in surveys of language teachers, however, it’s probably easier than its reputation made it out to be. It is agglutinative, so you can have one long word where in English you might have a sentence of shorter words. One word is\nWere you one of those people whom we could not turn into a Czechoslovakian?\nMany words have more than one meaning. However, the agglutination is very regular in that each particle of meaning has its own morpheme and falls into an exact place in the word. See here:\ngöz-lük-çü-lük the business of an optician\nNevertheless, agglutination means that you can always create new words or add new parts to words, and for this reason even a lot of Turkish adults have problems with their language.\nThere is no verb to be, which is hard for many foreigners. Instead, the concept is wrapped onto the subject of the sentence as a -dim or -im suffix. Turkish is an imagery-heavy language, and if you try to translate straight from a dictionary, it often won’t make sense.\nHowever, the suffixation in Turkish, along with the vowel harmony, are both precise. Nevertheless, many words have irregular vowel harmony. The rules for making plurals are very regular, with no exceptions (the only exceptions are in foreign loans). In Turkish, incredible as it sounds, you can make a plural out of anything, even a word like what, who or blood. However, there is some irregularity in the strengthening of adjectives, and the forms are not predictable and must be memorized.\nTurkish is a language of precision in other ways. For instance, there are eight different forms of subjunctive mood that describe various degrees of uncertainty that one has about what one is talking about. This relates to the evidentiality discussed under Tuyuca above, and Turkish has an evidential form similar to Tamil and Bulgarian. On Turkish news, verbs are generally marked with miş, which means that the announcer believes it to be true though he has not seen it firsthand. The particle miş is interesting because this evidential form is coded into the tense system, which is an unusual use of evidentiality.\nThe Roman alphabet and almost mathematically precise grammar really help out. Turkish lacks gender and has but a single irregular verb – olmak. Nevertheless, there are many verbal forms. However, this is controversial and it depends on how you define grammatical irregularity. There is some strangeness in some of the verb paradigms, but it is argued that these oddities are rule-based. The aorist tense is said to have irregularity.\nThere is some irregular morphophonology, but not much. The oblique relative clauses have complex morphosyntax. Turkish has two completely different ways of making relative clauses, one of which may have been borrowed from Persian. There are many gerunds for verbs, and these have many different uses. At the end of the day, Turkish grammar is not as regular or as simple as it is made out to be.\nWords are pronounced nearly the same as they are written. A suggestion that Turkish may be easier to learn that many think is the research that shows that Turkish children learn attain basic grammatical mastery of Turkish at age 2-3, as compared to 4-5 for German and 12 for Arabic. The research was conducted in Germany in 2005.\nIn addition, Turkish has a phonetic orthography.\nHowever, Turkish is hard for an English speaker to learn for a variety of reasons. It is agglutinative like Japanese, and all agglutinative languages are difficult for English speakers to learn. As in Japanese, you start your Turkish sentence the way you would end your English sentence. As in the Japanese example above, the subordinate clause must precede the subject, whereas in English, the subordinate clause must follow the subject. The italicized phrase below is a subordinate clause.\nIn English, we say, “I hope that he will be on time.”\nIn Turkish, the sentence would read, “That he will be on time I hope.”\nTurkish vowels are unusual to speakers of IE languages, and Turkish learners say the vowels are hard to make or even tell apart from one another.\nTurkish is rated 3.5, harder than average to learn.\nOne test of the difficulty of any language is how much of the grammar you must know in order to express yourself on a basic level. On this basis, Finno-Ugric languages are complicated because you need to know quite a bit more grammar to communicate on a basic level in them than in say, German.\nFinnish is very hard to learn, and even long-time learners often still have problems with it. Famous polyglot Barry Farber said it was one of the hardest languages he learned. You have to know exactly which grammatical forms to use where in a sentence. In addition, Finnish has 15 cases in the singular and 16 in the plural. This is hard to learn for speakers coming from a language with little or no case.\ntalo – the house\ntaloasome of the house\ntaloksiinto as the house\ntalossain the house\ntalostafrom inside the house\ntalooninto the house\ntalollaon to the house\ntaloltafrom beside the house\ntalolleto the house\ntaloistafrom the houses\ntaloissa in the houses\nIt gets much worse than that. This web page shows that the noun kauppa – shop can have 2,253 forms.\nA simple adjective + noun type of noun phrase of two words can be conjugated in up to 100 different ways.\nAdjectives and nouns belong to 20 different classes. The rules governing their case declension depend on what class the substantive is in.\nAs with Hungarian, words can be very long. For instance:\nnon-commissioned officer cadet learning to be an assistant mechanic for airplane jet engines\nLike Turkish, Finnish agglutination is very regular. Each bit of information has its own morpheme and has an exact place in the word.\nLike Turkish, Finnish has vowel harmony, but the vowel harmony is very regular like that of Turkish. Unlike Turkish or Hungarian, consonant gradation forms a major part of Finnish morphology. In order to form a sentence in Finnish, you will need to learn about verb types, cases and consonant gradation, and it can take a while to get your mind around those things.\nFinnish, oddly enough, always puts the stress on the first syllable. Finnish vowels will be hard to pronounce for most foreigners.\nHowever, Finnish has the advantage of being pronounced precisely as it is written. This is also part of the problem though, because if you don’t say it just right, the meaning changes. So, similarly with Polish, when you mangle their language, you will only achieve incomprehension. Whereas with say English, if a foreigner mangles the language, you can often winnow some sense out of it.\nHowever, despite that fact that written Finnish can be easily pronounced, when learning Finnish, as in Korean, it is as if you must learn two different languages – the written language and the spoken language. A better way to put it is that there is “one language for writing and another for speaking.” You use different forms whether conversing or putting something on paper.\nSome pronunciation is difficult. The the contrast between short and long vowels and consonants is particularly troublesome. Check out these minimal pairs:\nA problem for the English speaker coming to Finnish would be the vocabulary, which is alien to the speaker of an IE language. Finnish language learners often find themselves looking up over half the words they encounter. Obviously, this slows down reading quite a bit!\nIn the grammar, the partitive case and potential tense can be difficult. Here is an example of how Finnish verb tenses combine with various cases to form words:\nBase form mennä\nActive inessive mennessä\nActive instructive mennen\nPassive inessive mentäessä\nActive instructive menemän\nPassive instructive mentämän\nVerbs in Finnish\nFinnish verbs are very regular. The irregular verbs can almost be counted on one hand:\nand a few others. In fact, on the plus side, Finnish in general is very regular.\nOne easy aspect of Finnish is the way you can build many forms from a base root:\nkirja – book\nkirje – letter\nkirjoittaa – to write\nkirjailija – writer\nAs in many Asian languages, there are no masculine or feminine pronouns, and there is no grammatical gender. The numeral system is quite simple compared to other languages. Finnish has a complete lack of consonant clusters. In addition, the phonology is fairly simple.\nFinnish is rated 5, extremely hard to learn.\nEstonian has similar difficulties as Finnish, since they are closely related. However, Estonian is more irregular than Finnish. In particular, the very regular agglutination system described in Finnish seems to have gone awry in Estonian. Estonian has 14 cases, including strange cases such as the abessive, adessive, elative and inessive. On the other hand, all of these cases can simply be analyzed as the genitive case plus a single unvarying suffix for each case. In addition, there is no gender, so the only things you have to worry about when forming cases are singular and plural.\nEstonian has a strange mood form called the quotative, often translated as “reported speech.”\ntema on – he/she/it is\ntema olevat – it’s rumored that he/she/it is or he/she/it is said to be\nThis mood is often used in newspaper reporting and is also used for gossip.\nEstonian has an astounding 25 diphthongs. It also has three different varieties of vowel length, which is strange in the world’s languages. There are short, vowels and extra-long vowels and consonants.\nlina – linen – short n\nlinna – the town’s – long n, written as nn\n`linna – into the town – extra-long n, not written out!\nThere are differences in the pronunciation of the three forms above, but in rapid speech, they are hard to hear, though native speakers can make them out. Difficulties are further compounded in that extra-long sonorants (m, n, ng, l, and r) and vowels and are not written out. All in all, phonemic length can be a problem in Estonian, and foreigners never seem to get it completely down.\nEstonian pronunciation is not very difficult, though the õ sound can cause problems. However, Estonian has completely lost the vowel harmony system it inherited from Finnish, resulting in words that seem very hard to pronounce.\nAt least in written form, Estonian is not as complex as Finnish. Estonian can be seen as an abbreviated and modernized form of Finnish. The grammar is also like a simplified version of Finnish grammar and may be much easier to learn.\nEstonian is rated 4.5, very to extremely difficult.\nSkolt Sami‘s Latinization is often listed as one of the worst Latinizations around. The rest of the language is quite similar to, and as difficult as, Finnish.\nSkolt Sami gets a 5 rating, extremely hard to learn.\nIt’s widely agreed that Hungarian is one of the hardest languages on Earth to learn. Even language professors agree. The British Diplomatic Corps did a study of the languages that its diplomats commonly had to learn and concluded that Hungarian was the hardest. Hungarian grammar is maddeningly complex, and Hungarian is often listed on craziest grammar lists. For one thing, there are many different forms for a single word via word modification. This enables the speaker to make his intended meaning very precise. Looking at nouns, there are about 257 different forms per noun.\nHungarian is said to have from 24-35 different cases (there are charts available showing 31 cases), but the actual number may only be 18. Nearly everything in Hungarian is inflected, similar to Lithuanian or Czech. Similar to Georgian and Basque, Hungarian has the polypersonal agreement, albeit to a lesser degree than those two languages. There are many irregularities in inflections, and even Hungarians have to learn how to spell all of these in school and have a hard time learning this.\nThe case distinctions alone can create many different words out of one base form. For the word house, we end up with 31 different words using case forms:\nházba – into the house\nházban – in the house\nházból – from [within] the house\nházra – onto the house\nházon – on the house\nházról – off [from] the house\nházhoz – to the house\nházíg – until/up to the house\nháznál – at the house\nháztól – [away] from the house\nházzá – Translative case, where the house is the end product of a transformation, such as They turned the cave into a house.\nházként – as the house, which could be used if you acted in your capacity as a house or disguised yourself as one. He dressed up as a house for Halloween.\nházért – for the house, specifically things done on its behalf or done to get the house. They spent a lot of time fixing things up (for the house).\nházul – Essive-modal case. Something like “house-ly” or in the way/manner of a house. The tent served as a house (in a house-ly fashion).\nAnd we do have some basic cases:\nház – Nominative. The house is down the street.\nházat – Accusative. The ball hit the house.\nháznak – Dative. The man gave the house to Mary.\nházzal – Similar to instrumental, but more similar to English with. Refers to both instruments and companions.\nThe genitive takes 12 different declensions, depending on person and number:\nházam – my house\nházaim – my houses\nházad – your house\nházaid – your houses\nháza – his/her/its house\nházai – his/her/its houses\nházunk – our house\nházaink – our houses\nházatok – your house\nházaitok – your house\nházuk – their house\nházaik – their houses\negyház – church, as in the Catholic Church. (Literally one-house)\nIn addition, the genitive suffixes to the possession, which is not how the genitive works in IE.\nház – house\na(z) – the\naz ember háza – the man’s house (Lit. the man house-his)\na házam – my house (Lit. the house-my)\na házad – your house (Lit. the house-your)\nThere are also very long words such as this:\nfor your (you all possessive) repeated pretensions at being impossible to desecrate…\nBeing an agglutinative language, that word is made up of many small parts of words, or morphemes. That word means something like\nThe preposition is stuck onto the word in this language, and this will seem strange to speakers of languages with free prepositions.\nHungarian is full of synonyms, similar to English.\nFor instance, there are 78 different words that mean to move: halad, jár, megy, dülöngél, lépdel, botorkál, kódorog, sétál , andalog, rohan, csörtet, üget, lohol, fut, átvág, vágtat, tipeg, libeg, biceg, poroszkál, vágtázik, somfordál , bóklászik, szedi a lábát, kitér, elszökken, betér , botladozik, őgyeleg, slattyog, bandukol, lófrál, szalad, vánszorog, kószál, kullog, baktat, koslat, kaptat, császkál, totyog, suhan, robog, rohan, kocog, cselleng, csatangol, beslisszol, elinal, elillan, bitangol, lopakodik, sompolyog, lapul, elkotródik, settenkedik, sündörög, eltérül, elódalog, kóborol, lézeng, ődöng, csavarog, lődörög, elvándorol , tekereg, kóvályog, ténfereg, özönlik, tódul, vonul, hömpölyög, ömlik, surran, oson, lépeget, mozog and mozgolódik .\nOnly about five of those terms are archaic and seldom used, the rest are in current use. However, to be a fair, a Hungarian native speaker might only recognize half of those words.\nIn addition, while most languages have names for countries that are pretty easy to figure out, in Hungarian even languages of nations are hard because they have changed the names so much. Italy becomes Olazorszag, Germany becomes Nemetzorsag, etc.\nAs in Russian and Serbo-Croatian, word order is relatively free in Hungarian. It is not completely free as some say but rather is it governed by a set of rules. The problem is that as you reorder the word order in a sentence, you say the same thing but the meaning changes slightly in terms of nuance. Further, there are quite a few dialects in Hungarian. Native speakers can pretty much understand them, but foreigners often have a lot of problems. Accent is very difficult in Hungarian due to the bewildering number of rules used to determine accent. In addition, there are exceptions to all of these rules. Nevertheless, Hungarian is probably more regular than Polish.\nHungarian spelling is also very strange for non-Hungarians, but at least the orthography is phonetic. Nevertheless, the orthography often makes it onto worst orthographies lists.\nHungarian phonetics is also strange. One of the problems with Hungarian phonetics is vowel harmony. Since you stick morphemes together to make a word, the vowels that you have used in the first part of the word will influence the vowels that you will use to make up the morphemes that occur later in the word. The vowel harmony gives Hungarian a “singing effect” when it is spoken. The ty, ny, sz, zs, dzs, dz, ly, cs and gy sounds are hard for many foreigners to make. The á, é, ó, ö, ő, ú, ü, ű, and í vowel sounds are not found in English.\nVerbs are marked for object (indefinite, definite and person/number), subject (person and number) tense (past, present and future), mood (indicative, conditional and imperative), and aspect (frequency, potentiality, factitiveness, and reflexiveness.\nI could make others save you occasionally (on a disk).\nVerbs change depending on whether the object is definite or indefinite.\nI read a book. (indefinite object)\nOlvasom a könvyet.\nI read the book. (definite object)\nAs noted in the introduction to the Finno-Ugric section, you need to know quite a bit of Hungarian grammar to be able to express yourself on a basic level. For instance, in order to say:\nI like your sister.\nyou will need to understand the following Hungarian forms:\n- verb conjugation and definite or indefinite forms\n- possessive suffixes\n- how to combine possessive suffixes with case\n- word order\n- explicit pronouns\nIt’s hard to say, but Hungarian is probably harder to learn than even the hardest Slavic languages like Czech, Serbo-Croatian and Polish. At any rate, it is generally agreed that Hungarian grammar is more complicated than Slavic grammar, which is pretty impressive as Slavic grammar is quite a beast.\nHungarian is rated 5, extremely hard to learn.\nIt’s fairly easy to learn to speak Mandarin at a basic level, though the tones can be tough. This is because the grammar is very simple – short words, no case, gender, verb inflections or tense. But with Japanese, you can keep learning, and with Chinese, you often tend to hit a wall, often because the syntactic structure is so strangely different from English (isolating).\nActually, the grammar is harder than it seems. At first it seems simple, like a simplified English. No word is capable of declension, and there is no tense, case, and number, nor are there articles. But the simplicity makes it difficult. No tense means there is no easy way to mark time in a sentence. Furthermore, tense is not as easy as it seems. Sure, there are no verb conjugations, but instead you must learn some particles and special word orders that are used to mark tense. Mandarin has 12 different adverbs for which there is no good English translation.\nOnce you start digging into Chinese, there is a complex layer under all the surface simplicity. There is such things as aspect, serial verbs, a complex classifier system, syntax marked by something called topic-prominence, a strange form called the detrimental passive, preposed relative clauses, use of verbs rather than adverbs to mark direction, and all sorts of strange stuff. Verb complements can be baffling, especially potential and directional complements. The 把, 是 and 的 constructions can be very hard to understand.\nThe topic-prominence is interesting in that only a few major languages have topic-comment syntax, and most of those are Oriental languages with a lot of Chinese borrowing. Topicalization is not marked morphologically.\nThere are sentences where the entire meaning changes with the addition of a single character. Chinese sentences are SVO (Subject -Verb – Object) at their base, but that is a bit of an illusion. A sentence that causes you to discuss time duration makes you repeat the verb after the direct object – SVOVT (T= time phrase). In the case of topicalization, sentences can have the structure of OSV (Object – Subject – Verb). Relative clauses and all subordinate clauses come before the noun they modify. In other words:\nEnglish: The man who always wore red walked into the room.\nChinese: Who always wore red the man walked into the room.\nThe relative clause in the sentences above is marked in bold.\nIn Chinese, the prepositional phrase comes between the subject and the verb:\nEnglish: The man hit the ball into the yard.\nChinese: The man into the yard hit the ball.\nThe prepositional phrase is bolded in the sentences above.\nIn Chinese, adjectives are actually stative verbs as in Nahuatl and Lakota.\nNàgè rède cài hěnhǎochī.\nThe it is hot food is good to eat.\nThe hot food is delicious.\nThe 的 symbol turns food hot into food it is hot, an attributive verb. 的 means something like to be.\nThere are dozens of words called particles which shade the meaning of a sentence ever so slightly.\nChinese phonology is not as easy as some say. There are way too many instances of the zh, ch, sh, j, q, and x sounds in the language such that many of the words seem to sound the same. There is a distinction between aspirated and nonaspirated consonants. There is also the presence of odd retroflex consonants.\nChinese orthography is probably the most hardest orthography of any language. The alphabet uses symbols, so it’s not even a real alphabet. There are at least 85,000 symbols and actually many more, but you only need to know about 3-5,000 of them, and many Chinese don’t even know 1,000. To be highly proficient in Chinese, you need to know 10,000 characters, and probably less than 5% of Chinese know that many.\nIn addition, the characters have not been changed in 3,000 years, and the alphabet is at least somewhat phonetic, so we run into a serious problem of lack of a spelling reform.\nThe Communists tried to simplify the system (simplified Mandarin) but instead of making the connections between the phonetic aspects of character more sensible by decreasing their number and increasing their regularity (they did do this somewhat but not enough), they simply decreased the number of strokes needed for each symbol typically without dealing with the phonetic aspect of all. The simplification did not work well, so now you have a mixture of two different types of written Chinese – simplified and traditional.\nIn addition to all of this, Chinese borrowed a lot from the Japanese symbolic alphabet a full 1,000 years after it had already been developed and had not undergone a spelling reform, adding insult to injury.\nEven leaving the characters aside, the stylistic and literary constraints required to write Chinese in an eloquent or formal (literary) manner would make your head swim. And just because you can read Chinese does not mean that you can read Classical Chinese prose. It’s as if it’s written in a different language – actually, it is technically a different language similar to Middle English or Old English. However, few Middle English or Old English texts are read anymore, and Classical Chinese is still widely read.\nHowever, the orthography is at least consistent. 90% of characters have only one reading. Once you learn the character, you generally know the meaning in any context.\nWriting the characters is even harder than reading them. One wrong dot or wrong line either completely changes the meaning or turns the symbol into nonsense.\nIt’s a real problem when you encounter a symbol you don’t know because there is no way to sound out the word. You are really and truly lost and screwed. There is a clue at the right side of the symbol, but it is not always accurate.You need to learn quite a bit of vocabulary just to speak simple sentences.\nSimilarly, a dictionary is not necessarily helpful when trying to read Chinese. You can have a Chinese sentence in front of you along with a dictionary, and the sentence still might not make sense even after looking it up in the dictionary.\nSome Chinese Muslims write Chinese using an Arabic script. This is often considered to be one of the worst orthographies of all.\nThe tones are often quite difficult for a Westerner to pick up. If you mess up the tones, you have said a completely different word. Often foreigners who know their tones well nevertheless do not say them correctly, and hence, they say one word when they mean another. However, compared to other tone systems around the world, the tonal system in Chinese is comparatively easy.\nA major problem with Chinese is homonyms. To some extent, this is true in many tonal languages. Since Chinese uses short words and is disyllabic, there is a limited repertoire of sounds that can be used. At a certain point, all of the sounds are used up, and you are into the realm of homophones.\nTonal distinctions are one way that monosyllabic and disyllabic languages attempt to deal with the homophone problem, but it’s not good enough, since Chinese still has many homophones, and meaning is often discerned by context, stress, rhythm and intonation. Chinese, like French and English, is heavily idiomatic.\nIt’s little known, but Chinese also uses different forms (classifiers) to count different things, like Japanese.\nThere is zero common vocabulary between English and Chinese, so you need to learn a whole new set of lexical forms.\nIn addition, nouns often show relatedness or hierarchy. For instance, in English, you can simply say my brother or my sister, but in Chinese, you cannot do this. You have to indicate whether you are speaking of an older or younger sibling.\nmei mei – younger sister\njie jie – older sister\nge ge– older brother\ndi di – younger brother\nMandarin scored very high on a weirdest languages study.\nOn the positive side, Chinese grammar is fairly regular and word derivation, compound words are sensible and the meaning can be determined by looking at the word. In other languages, compound words are not necessarily so obvious.\nMany agree that Chinese is the hardest to learn of all of the major languages. A recent survey of language professors rated Chinese as the hardest language on Earth to learn.\nMandarin gets a 5.5 rating for nearly hardest of all.\nHowever, Cantonese is even harder to learn than Mandarin. Cantonese has eight tones to Mandarin’s four, and in addition, they continue to use a lot of the older traditional Chinese characters that were superseded when China moved to a simplified script in 1949. Furthermore, since non-Mandarin characters are not standardized, Cantonese cannot be written down as it is spoken.\nIn addition, Cantonese has verbal aspect, possibly up to 20 different varieties. Modal particles are difficult in Cantonese. Clusters of up to the 3 sentence final particles are very common. 我食咗飯 and 我食咗飯架啦喎 are both grammatical for I have had a meal, but the particles add the meaning of I have already had a meal, answering a question or even to imply I have had a meal, so I don’t need to eat anymore.\nCantonese gets a 5.5 rating, nearly hardest of all.\nMin Nan is also said to be harder to learn than Mandarin, as it has a more complex tone system, with five tones on three different levels. Even many Taiwanese natives don’t seem to get it right these days, as it is falling out of favor, and many fewer children are being raised speaking it than before.\nMin Nan gets a 5.5 rating, nearly hardest of all.\nA recent 15 year survey out of Fudan University utilizing both the departments of Linguistics and Anthropology looked at 579 different languages in 91 linguistic families in order to try to find the most complicated language in the world. The result was that a Wu language dialect (or perhaps a separate language) in the Fengxian district of southern Shanghai (Dônđän Wu) was the most phonologically complex language of all, with 20 separate vowels (Wang 2012). The nearest competitor was Norwegian with 16 vowels.\nDônđän Wu gets a 5.5 rating, nearly hardest of all.\nClassical Chinese is still read by many Chinese people and Chinese language learners. Unless you have a very good grasp on modern Chinese, classical Chinese will be completely wasted on you. Classical Chinese is much harder to read than reading modern Chinese.\nClassical Chinese covers an era extending over 3,000 years, and to attain a reading fluency in this language, you need to be familiar with all of the characters used during this period along with all of the literature of the period so you can understand all the allusions. Even with a knowledge of Classical Chinese, you need to read it in context. If you are good at Classical Chinese and someone throws you a random section of it, it will take you a good amount of time to figure it out unless you know context.\nThe language is much more to the point than Modern Chinese, but this is not as good as it sounds. This simplicity leaves a room for ambiguity, and context plays an important role. A joke about some obscure historical or literary anecdote will be lost you unless you know what it refers to. For reading modern Chinese, you will need at least 5,000 characters, but even then, you will still need a dictionary. With Classical Chinese, there are no lower limits on the number of characters you need to know. The sky is the limit.\nClassical Chinese gets a 6 rating, hardest of all.\nIn Quiang, a language of Sichuan Province in China, not only are there rhotic vowels, which are present in only 1% of the world’s languages, but there is also rhoticity harmony, where a non-rhotic vowel in a morpheme becomes rhotic when it is followed by a morpheme with a rhotic vowel.\nʀuɑ + kʰe˞ > ʀuɑ˞kʰe˞\nme + we˞ ˞> me˞we˞\nRhotic vowels are found in US English – Unstressed ɚ: standard, dinner, Lincolnshire, editor, measure, martyr.\nQiang also has a very bad romanization, so bad that the Qiang will not even use it. Voiced consonants are written by adding a vowel to the symbol for the voiceless consonant. It has long and short vowels, but these are not represented in the system.\nQiang gets a 5 rating, extremely hard to learn.\nTibetan probably has one of the least rational orthographies of any language. The orthography has not changed in ~1,000 years while the language has gone through all sorts of changes. A langauge learner in Tibet can get by using phonetic spelling. The problem comes when you try to spell using the Classical Alphabet. For instance:\nSrong rtsan Sgam po (written)\nsoŋtsɛn ɡampo (spoken)\nWhile the orthography is etymological and completely outdated, it is quite predictable.\nTibetan gets a 5 rating, extremely hard to learn.\nDzongka, the official language of Bhutan, has some pretty wild phonology, in addition to having the Tibetan writing system, this time using Bhutanese forms of the Tibetan script.\nIt contrasts all of the following: s, sʰ, ʰs, ʰsʰ, ts, ʰts, tsʰ, z, ʱz, dz, ʱdz, ⁿsʰ, ᵐtsʰ, ⁿtsʰ, ⁿdz, ᵖts, ᵖtsʰ, ᵖtsʷʰ, and ᶲs, and in addition it has four tones, but there is no single word that is distinguished by tone only. On top of that, there are 22 different vowels.\nDzongka gets a 5 rating, extremely hard to learn.\nVietnamese is also hard to learn because to an outsider, the tones seem hard to tell apart. Therefore, foreigners often make themselves difficult to understand by not getting the tone precisely correct. It also has “creaky-voiced” tones, which are very hard for foreigners to get a grasp on.\nVietnamese grammar is fairly simple, and reading Vietnamese is pretty easy once you figure out the tone marks. Words are short as in Chinese. However, the simple grammar is relative, as you can have 25 or more forms just for I, the 1st person singular pronoun. In addition, the Latin orthography is said to be quite bad. It was invented by missionaries a few centuries ago, and it has never made much sense.\nVietnamese gets 5 rating, extremely hard to learn.\nKhmer has a reputation for being hard to learn. I understand that it has one of the most complex honorifics systems of any language on Earth. Over a dozen different words mean to carry depending on what one is carrying. There are several different words for slave depending on who owned the slave and what the slave did. There are 28-30 different vowels, including sets of long and short vowels and long and short diphthongs. The vowel system is so complicated that there isn’t even agreement on exactly what it looks like. Khmer learners, especially speakers of IE languages, often have a hard time producing or even distinguishing these vowels.\nSpeaking it is not so bad, but reading and writing it is pretty difficult. For instance, you can put up to five different symbols together in one complex symbol. The orthographic script is even worse than the Thai one. There are actually rules to this mess, but no one seems to know who they are.\nKhmer gets a 4.5 rating, very to extremely hard.\nSedang, a language of Vietnam, has the highest number of vowel sounds of any language on Earth, at 55 distinct vowel sounds.\nSedang gets a 5 rating, extremely hard to learn.\nHmong is widely spoken in this part of California, but it’s not easy to learn. There are eight tones, and they are not easy to figure out. It’s not obviously related to any other major language but the obscure Mien.\nIt has some very strange consonants called voiceless nasals. We have them in English as allophones – the m in small is voiceless, but in Hmong, they put them at the front of words – the m in the word Hmong is voiceless. These can be very hard to pronounce.\nThe romanization is widely criticized for being a lousy one, but the Hmong use it anyway.\nHmong gets a 5 rating, extremely hard to learn.\nTsou is a Taiwanese aborigine language spoken by about 2,000 people in Taiwan. It has the odd feature whereby the underlying glides y and w turn into or surface as non-syllabic mid vowels e̯ and o̯ in certain contexts:\njo~joskɨ -> e̯oˈe̯oskɨ -= fishes\nTsou is also ergative like most Formosan languages. Tsou is the only language in the world that has no prepositions or anything that looks like a preposition. Instead it uses nouns and verbs in the place of prepositions. Tsou allows more potential consonant clusters than most other languages. About 1/2 of all possible CC clusters are allowed.\nTsou has an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the 1st person plural and a very strange visible and non-visible distinction in the 3rd person singular and plural. Both adjectives and adverbs can turn into verbs and are marked for voice in the same way that verbs are. Verbs are extensively marked for voice. Nouns are marked for a variety of odd cases, often referring to perception, (visible/invisible) person, and place deixis.\n‘e – visible and near speaker\nsi/ta – visible and near hearer\nta – visible but away from speaker\n‘o/to – invisible and far away, or newly introduced to discourse\nna/no ~ ne – non-identifiable and non-referential (often when scanning a class of elements)\nTsou gets a 5 rating, extremely hard to learn.\nBahasa Indonesia is an easy language to learn. For one thing, the grammar is dead simple. There are only a handful of prefixes, only two of which might be seen as inflectional. There are also several suffixes. Verbs are not marked for tense at all. And the sound system of these languages, in common with Austronesian in general, is one of the simplest on Earth, with only two dozen phonemes. Bahasa Indonesia has few homonyms, homophones, homographs, or heteronyms. Words in general have only one meaning.\nThough the orthography is not completely phonetic, it only has a small number of nonphonetic exceptions. The orthography is one of the easiest on Earth to use.\nThe system for converting words into either nouns or verbs is regular. To make a plural, you simply repeat a word, so instead of saying pencils, you say pencil pencil.\nBahasa Indonesia gets a 1.5 rating, extremely easy to learn.\nMalay is only easy if you learn the standard spoken form or one of the creoles. Learning the literary language is quite a bit more difficult. However, the Jawi script, which is Malay written in Arabic script, is often considered to be perfectly awful.\nMalay get a 2 rating for moderately easy.\nGreater Central Philippine\nHowever, Tagalog is much harder than Malay or Indonesian. Compared to many European languages, Tagalog syntax, morphology and semantics are often quite different. Also, Tagalog is typically spoken very fast. Unlike Malay, verbs conjugate quite a bit in Tagalog. The main idea of Tagalog grammar is something called focus. Once you figure that out, the language gets pretty easy, but until you understand that concept, you are going to have a hard time.\nEverything is affixed in Tagalog.\nHowever, articles and creation of adjectives from nouns is very easy.\nganda – beauty (noun)\nmaganda – beautiful (adjective)\nTagalog gets a 4 rating, very difficult.\nMaori and other Polynesian languages have a reputation for being quite easy to learn. The main problem for English speakers is that the sentence structure is backwards compared to English. In addition, macrons can cause problems.\nOne problem with Maori is dialects. The dialects are so diverse that this means that there are multiple words for the same thing. Swiss German has a similar issue, with up to 50 words for each common household item (nearly every major dialect has its own word for common objects):\nngongi, noni, koki, wai – water\nwhiri, rarangi, hiri – to plait, to twist, to weave\npai, maitai – good\ntu, tū, tutehu, mātika – to stand\nmau, mou – to hold\npau, pou – to be exhausted\nika, tohorā – whale\nika, ngohi – fish\nkāwei, kāwai – line\nori, kori, keukeu, koukou, neke, nuku – to move\nhaere, hara, here, horo, whano – to go, to come\nhara, hapa, hē – to be wrong\nkōrerorero, wānanga, rūnanga – to discuss\ntohunga, tahunga – priest\nmatikuku, maikuku – finger nail\nkanohi, konohi, mata, whatu, kamo, karu – eye, face\nEntire Maori sentences can be written with vowels only.\nE uu aau?\nAre yours firm?\nI uaa ai.\nIt rained as usual.\nI ui au ‘i auau aau?’\nIt will be difficult/hard/heavy!\nOn the plus side, the pronunciation is simple, and there is no gender. The language is as regular as Japanese. No Polynesian language has more than 16 sounds, and they all lack tones. They all have five vowels, which can be either long or short. A consonant must be followed by a vowel, so there are no consonant clusters. All consonants are easy to pronounce.\nMaori gets a 3 rating, average difficulty.\nHawaiian is a pretty easy language to learn. It is easy to pronounce, has a simple alphabet, lacks complex morphology and has a fairly simple syntax.\nHawaiian gets a 2 rating, very easy to learn.\nNorth and Central Vanuatu\nSakao is a very strange langauge spoken by 4,000 people in Vanuatu. It is very strange. It is a polysynthetic Austronesian language, which is very weird. It allows extreme consonant clusters. Sakao has an incredible seven degrees of deixis. The language has an amazing four persons: singular, dual, paucal and plural. The neighboring language Tomoko has singular, dual, trial and plural. The trial form is very odd. Sakao’s paucal derived from Tomato’s trial:\nthey, from three to ten\nthe five of them (Literally, they three, five)\nAll nouns are always in the singular except for kinship forms and demonstratives, which only display the plural:\nðjœɣ – my mother/aunt -> rðjœɣ – my aunts\nwalðyɣ – my child -> raalðyɣ – my children\nIt has a number of nouns that are said to be “inalienably possessed”, that is, whenever they occur, they must be possessed by some possessor. These often take highly irregular inflections:\nœsɨŋœ-ɣ my mouth\nœsɨŋœ-m thy mouth\nɔsɨŋɔ-n his/her/its mouth\nœsœŋ-... ...'s mouth\nuly-ɣ my hair\nuly-m thy hair\nulœ-n his/her/its hair\nnøl-... ...'s hair\nHere, mouth is either œsɨŋœ-, ɔsɨŋɔ- or œsœŋ-, and hair is either uly-, ulœ- or nøl-\nSakao, strangely enough, may not even have syllables in the way that we normally think of them. If it does have syllables at all, they would appear to be at least a vowel optionally surrounded by any number of consonants.\nHaving sung and stopped singing thou kept silent.\nSakao has a suffix -in that makes an intransitive verb transitive and makes a transitive verb ditransitive. Ditransitive verbs can take two arguments – a direct object and an instrumental.\nMɨjilɨn amas ara./Mɨjilɨn ara amas.\nHe kills the pig with the club/He kills with the club the pig.\nSakao polysynthesis allows compound verbs, each one having its own instrument or object:\nMɔssɔnɛshɔβrɨn aða ɛðɛ.\nHe-shooting-fish-kept-on-walking with-a-bow the-sea.\nHe walked along the sea shooting the fish with a bow.\nSakao gets a 5 rating, extremely hard to learn.\nKwaio is an Austronesian language spoken in the Solomon Islands. It has four different forms of number to mark pronouns – not only the usual singular and plural, but also the rarer dual and the very rare paucal. In addition, there is an inclusive/exclusive contrast in the non-singular forms.\n1 dual inclusive (you and I)\n1 dual exclusive (I and someone else, not you)\n1 paucal inclusive (you, I and a few others)\n1 paucal exclusive (I and a few others)\n1 plural inclusive (I, you and many others)\n1 plural exclusive (I and many others)\nKwaio gets a 5 rating, extremely hard to learn.\nMalagasy, the official language of Madagascar, has a reputation for being even easier to learn than Indonesian or Malay.\nMalagasy gets a 1 rating, easiest of all to learn.\nThai is a pretty hard language to learn. There are 75 symbols in the strange script, there are no spaces between words in the script, and vowels can come before, after, above or below consonants in any given syllable. There seem to be many different glyphs for every consonant, but the different glyphs for the same consonant will sometimes change the sound of the neighboring vowel. The orthography is as insensible as that of English since centuries have gone by with no spelling reforms, in fact, Thai has not changed its system in 1000 years. The wild card of having tone thrown in adds to the insanity.\nConsonant pronunciations vary depending on the location of the syllable in the word – for instance, s can change to t. There are many vowels which are spoken but not written. There are many consonants that are pronounced the same – for instance, there are six different t‘s, not counting the s‘s that turn into t‘s. The Thai script is definitely one of the most difficult phonetic scripts. Nevertheless, the Thai script is easier to learn than the Japanese or Chinese character sets. In spite of all of that, the syntax is simple, like Chinese.\nThere are five tones, including a neutral tone. Tones are determined by a variety of complex things, including a combination of tone marks, the class of consonants, if the syllable ends in a sonorant or a stop and what the tone of the preceding syllable was. Tone marking in the orthography is quite complex.\nThe vowels are different than in many languages, and there are some unusual diphthongs: eua, euai, aui and uu. There is a contrast between aspirated and unaspirated consonants.\nThere is a system of noun classifiers for counting various things, similar to Japanese. In addition, common to many Asian languages, there is a complicated honorifics system.\nOn the plus side, Thai is a regular language, with few exceptions to the rules. However, the rules are quite complex. The syntax is about as complex as that of Chinese, and the grammar is dead simple.\nThai gets a 5 rating, hardest of all to learn.\nLao is very similar to Thai, in fact it is identical to a Thai language spoken by 16 million people in northeast Thailand called Northeastern Thai. The Lao script is similar to Thai, but it has fewer letters so there is somewhat less confusion.\nLao gets a 4.5 rating, very to extremely hard to learn.\nThe Kam languages of the Dong people in southwest China were rated by the Fudan University study referenced above under Wu as the 2nd most phonologically complex on Earth (Wang 2012). There are 32 stem initial consonants, including oddities like tɕ, tɕʰ, pʲ, pʲʰ, ɕ, kʷ, kʷʰ, ŋʷ, tʃʰ, tsʰ. Note the many contrasts between aspirated and unaspirated voiceless consonants, including bilabial palatalized stops, labialized velar stops, and alveolar affricates. There are an incredible 64 different syllable finals, and 14 others that occur only in Chinese loans.\nThere are an astounding 15 different tones, nine in open syllables and six in checked syllables (entering tones). Main tones are high, high rising, high falling, low, low rising, low falling, mid, dipping and peaking. When they speak, it sounds as if they are singing.\nKam gets a 5 rating, extremely hard to learn.\nAccording to the Fudan University study quoted above, Buyang in the 3rd most phonologically complex language in the world. Buyang is a cluster of 4 related languages spoken by 1,900 people in Yunnan Province, China. Buyang has a completely wild consonant inventory.\nIt has a full set of both voiced and voiceless plain and aspirated stops, including voiceless uvulars. The contrast between aspirated and plain voiced stops is peculiar. The stop series also has distinctions between palatalized and rounded stops throughout the series. It has a labialized voiceless palatal fricative and a voiceless dental aspirated lateral, unusual sounds. It has four different voiceless aspirated nasals. It has voiceless y and w, more odd sounds. It also has plain and labialized palatal glides.\nThat is one heck of a wild phonology.\nBuyang gets a 5 rating, extremely hard to learn.\nThe African Bantu language Ga has a bad reputation for being a tough nut to crack. It is spoken in Ghana by about 600,000 people. It has two tones and engages in a strange behavior called tone terracing that is common to many West African languages. There is a phonemic distinction between three different types of vowel length. All vowels have 3 different lengths – short, long and extra long. It also has many sounds that are not in any Western languages.\nGa gets a 5 rating, extremely hard to learn.\nAnyi is a language spoken by 610,000 people in Côte d’Ivoire. It is relatively straightforward as far as African languages go. Probably the hardest part about the language is that it is tonal, and it does have two tones. The phonology does have the unusual +-ATR contrast which will seem very odd. ATR stands for advanced tongue root, so the language has a contrast between vowels with an advanced tongue root and without one. However, the grammar is pretty regular. There are few confusing phonological processes.\nAnyi has a simple tense system, with only present, past and future. There is no aspect, mood or voice marking, and it lacks the noun class systems so common in many African languages. It has a plural marker, but it is often optional.\nThe syntax does have serial verbs, which will seem odd to Westerners. It distinguishes between relative clauses marked with bɔ and subordinate clauses marked with kɛ.\nAnyi gets a 4 rating, very hard to learn.\nNdali is a Bantu language with 150,000 speakers spoken in Malawi and Tanzania. It has many strange tense forms. For instance, in the past tense:\nPast tense A: He went just now.\nPast tense B: He went sometime earlier today.\nPast tense C: He went yesterday.\nPast tense D: He went sometime before yesterday.\nFuture tense is marked similarly:\nFuture tense A: He’s going to go right away.\nFuture tense B: He’s going to go sometime later today.\nFuture tense C: He’s going to go tomorrow.\nFuture tense D: He’s going to go sometime after tomorrow.\nNdali gets a 5 rating, extremely hard to learn.\nXhosa, a language of South Africa, is quite difficult, with up to nine click sounds. Clicks only exist in one language outside of Africa – the Australian language Damin – and are extremely difficult to learn. Even native speakers mess up the clicks sometimes. Nelson Mandela said he had problems making some of the click sounds in Xhosa. The phonemics in general of Xhosa are pretty wild.\nXhosa gets a 5 rating, extremely hard to learn.\nZulu and Ndebele also have these impossible click sounds. However, outside of click sounds, the phonology of Nguni languages is straightforward. All Nguni languages are agglutinative. These languages also make plurals by changing the prefix of the noun, and the manner varies according the noun class. If you want to look up a word in the dictionary, first of all you need to discard the prefix. For instance, in Ndebele,\nriver – umfula\nrivers – imifula, but\nstone – ilitshe\nstones – amatshe, yet\ntree – isihlahla\ntrees – izihlahla\nNdebele gets a 5 rating, hardest of all.\nZulu has pitch accent, tones and clicks. There are nine different pitch accents, four tones and three clicks, but each click can be pronounced in five different ways. However, tones are not marked in writing, so it’s hard to figure out when to use them. Zulu also has depressor consonants, which lower the tone in the vowel in the following syllable. In addition, Zulu has multiple gender – 15 different genders. And some nouns behave like verbs. It also has 12 different noun classes, but 90% of words are part of a group of only three of those classes.\nZulu gets a 5 rating, extremely hard to learn.\nFor unknown reasons, Swahili is generally considered to be an easy language to learn. The US military ranks it 1, with the easiest of all languages to learn. This seems to be the typical perception. Why Swahili is so easy to learn, I am not sure. It’s a trade language, and trade languages are often fairly easy to learn. There’s also a lot of controversy about whether or not Swahili can be considered a creole, but that has not been proven. For the moment, the reasons why Swahili is so easy to learn will have to remain mysterious.\nOn the down side, Swahili has many noun classes, but they have the benefit of being more or less logical.\nSwahili gets a 2 rating, moderately easy.\n!Xóõ (Taa), spoken by only 4,200 Bushmen in Botswana and Namibia, is a notoriously difficult Khoisan language replete with the notoriously impossible to comprehend click sounds. Taa has anywhere from 130 to 164 consonants, the largest phonemic inventory of any language. Of this vast wealth of sounds, there are anywhere from 30-64 different click sounds. There are five basic clicks and 17 accompanying ones. Speakers develop a lump on their larynx from making the click sounds.\nIn addition, there are four types of vowels: plain, pharyngealized, breathy-voiced and strident. On top of that, there are four tones. Taa appears on many lists of the wildest phonologies and craziest languages period on Earth.\nTaa gets a 5 rating, extremely hard to learn.\nJu|’hoan, a Khoisan language spoken by 5,000 people in Botswana, has one of the wildest phonological inventories on Earth. The voiced aspirated consonants – sb͡pʰ, d͡tʰ , d͡tsʰ , d͡tʃʰ , ɡ͡kʰ , and ᶢǃʰ – are particularly odd. Some question whether these segments actually exist and say that they are instead spoken with a “breathy-voice.” However, voiced aspirated consonants do appear to be real. In addition, Ju|’hoan has a closed class of only 17 adjectives since descriptive functions are done by verbs. They are the following:\nother (those remaining)\nthe numbers one through four\nJu|’hoan scored very high on a study of the weirdest languages on Earth.\nJu|’hoan gets a 5 rating, extremely hard to learn.\nInuktitut is extremely hard to learn. Inuktitut is polysynthetic-agglutinative, and roots can take many suffixes, in some cases up to 700. Verbs have 63 forms of the present indicative, and conjugation involves 252 different inflections. Inuktitut has the complicated polypersonal agreement system discussed under Georgian above and Basque below. In a typical long Inuktitut text, 92% of words will occur only once. This is quite different from English and many other languages where certain words occur very frequently or at least frequently. Certain fully inflected verbs can be analyzed both as verbs and as nouns. Words can be very long.\nI truly don’t know how to speak Inuktitut very well.\nYou may need to analyze up to 10 different bits of information in order to figure out a single word. However, the affixation is all via suffixes (there are no prefixes or infixes) and the suffixation is extremely regular.\nInuktitut is also rated one by linguists one of the hardest languages on Earth to pronounce. Inuktitut may be as hard to learn as Navajo.\nInuktitut is rated 6, hardest of all.\nKalaallisut (Western Greenlandic) is very closely related to Inuktitut. Look at this sentence:\nHowever, they will say that he is a great entertainer, but …\nThat word is composed of 12 separate morphemes. A single word can conceptualize what could be an entire sentence in a non-polysynthetic language.\nKalaallisut is rated 6, hardest of all.\nChukchi is a polysynthetic, agglutinating and incorporating language and is often listed as one of the hardest languages on Earth to learn.\nI have a fierce headache.\nThere are five morphemes in that word, and there are three lexical morphemes (nouns or adjectives) incorporated in that word: meyŋ – great, levt – head, and pəγt – ache.\nChukchi gets a 6 rating, hardest of all.\nBasque, of course, is just a wild language altogether. There is an old saying that the Devil tried to learn Basque, but after seven years, he only learned how to say Hello and Goodbye. Many Basques, including some of the most ardent Basque nationalists, tried to learn Basque as adults. Some of them succeeded, but a very large number of them failed. Based on the number that failed, it does seem that Basque is harder for an adult to learn as an L2 than many other languages are. Basque grammar is maddeningly complex and it often makes it onto craziest grammars and craziest language lists.\nThere are 11 cases, and each one takes four different forms. The verbs are quite complex. This is because it is an ergative language, so verbs vary according to the number of subjects and the number of objects and if any third person is involved.\nThis is the same polypersonal agreement system that Georgian has above. Basque’s polypersonal system is a polysynthetic system consisting of two verb types – synthetic and analytical. Only a few verbs use the synthetic form.\nThree of Basque’s cases – the absolutive (intransitive verb case), the ergative (intransitive verb case) and the dative – can be marked via affixes to the verb. In Basque, only present simple and past simple synthetic tenses take polypersonal affixes.\nThe analytical forms are composed of more than one word, while the synthetic forms are all one word. The analytic verbs are built via the synthetic verbs izan – be, ukan – have and egin – do.\nd-akar-ki-o-gu = We bring it to him/her. The verb is ekarri – bring.\nz-erama-zki-gu-te-n = They took them to us. The verb is eraman – take\nEkarriko d-i-o-gu = We’ll bring it to him/her. Literally: We will have-bring it to him/her. The analytic verb is built from ukan – have.\nEraman d-ieza-zki-gu-ke-te = They can take them to us. Literally: They can be taking them to us. The analytic verb is built from izan – be.\nMost of the analytic verbs require an auxiliary which carries all sorts of information that is often carried on verbs in other languages – tense, mood, sometimes gender and person for subject, object and indirect object.\nI am eating.\nI could eat.\nWe might have given them to you.\nIn the above, naiz, nintekeen and geniezazkiake are auxiliaries. There are actually 2,640 different forms of these auxiliaries!\nA language with ergative morphosyntax in Europe is quite a strange thing, and Basque is the only one of its kind. The ergative itself is quite unusual:\nGizona etorri da. – The man has arrived.\nGizonak mutila ikusi du. – The man saw the boy.\ngizon – man\nmutil – boy\n-a = the\nThe noun gizon takes a different form whether it is the subject of a transitive or intransitive verb. The first sentence is in absolutive case (unmarked) while the second sentence is in the ergative case (marked by the morpheme -k). If you come from a non-ergative IE language, the concept of ergativity itself is difficult enough to conceptualize, much less trying to actually learn an ergative language. Consequently, any ergative language will automatically be more difficult than a non-ergative one for all speakers of IE languages.\nErgativity also works with pronouns. There are four basic systems:\nNor: verb has subject only\nNor-Nork: \" subj. + direct complement\nNor-Nori: \" subj. + indirect comp.\nNor-Nori-Nork: \" subj. + indir. + dir. comps.\nSome call Basque the most consistently ergative language on Earth.\nIf you don’t grow up speaking Basque, it’s hard to attain native speaker competence. It’s quite a bit easier to write in Basque than to speak it.\nNevertheless, Basque verbs are quite regular. There are only a few irregularities in conjugations and they have phonetic explanations. In fact, the entire language is quite regular. In addition, most words above the intermediate level are borrowings from large languages, so once you reach intermediate Basque, the rest is not that hard. In addition, pronunciation is straightforward.\nBasque is rated 5.5, nearly hardest of all.\nDorani, Yakir. Hebrew speaker, Israel. August 2013. Personal communication.\nHewitt, B. G.. 2005. Georgian: A Learner’s Grammar, p. 29.\nKim, Yuni. December 16, 2003. Vowel Elision and the Morphophonology of Dominance in Aymara. UC Berkeley.\nKirk, John William Carnegie. 1905. A Grammar of the Somali Language: With Examples in Prose and Verse and an Account of the Yibir and Midgan Dialects, pp. 73-74.\nRogers, Jean H. 1978. Differential Focusing in Ojibwa Conjunct Verbs: On Circumstances, Participants, and Events. International Journal of American Linguistics 44: 167-179.\nWang, Chuan-Chao et al. 2012. Comment on ”Phonemic Diversity Supports a Serial Founder Effect Model of Language Expansion from Africa.” Science 335:657.\nThis research takes a lot of time, and I do not get paid anything for it. If you think this website is valuable to you, please consider a a contribution to support more of this valuable research.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05", "url": "https://robertlindsay.wordpress.com/category/linguistics/language-families/dravidian/tamil/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886939.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117122304-20180117142304-00034.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9456274509, "token_count": 36202, "score": 2.75, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tuairim: Tá an post seo an-fhada. Tá sé 200 leathanach ar an Idirlíon. Nuashonraithe an 17 Eanáir, 2016.\nIs é seo leanúint ar aghaidh an phoist roimhe seo. Bhris mé é ina dhá chuid toisc go raibh sé ró-fhada.\nTagraíonn an post do na teangacha is deacra do chainteoirí Béarla a fhoghlaim, cé go bhfuil na rátálacha infheidhme go pointe áirithe ar fud na dteangacha. Aithneoidh an chuid is mó de chainteoirí na Síne go bhfuil an Spáinnis ina theanga éasca, in ainneoin a nádúr coigríche. Agus fiú admhaíonn an chuid is mó de na Síne, na Navaho, na Polainne nó na Seice go bhfuil a dteangacha deacair a fhoghlaim. Go pointe áirithe, tá an deacracht neamhspleách ar an bpointe tosaigh teanga. Tá roinnt teangacha níos deacra ná teangacha eile, agus sin é an rud atá le rá.\nMhodh, Torthaí agus Conclúid. Féach anseo.\nSa chás seo, scrúdaíodh 73 teanga nach IE iad.\nRátaí: Rátaítear teangacha ó 1 go 6, ó na teangacha is éasca go dtí na teangacha is deacra. 1 = is éasca, 2 = go measartha éasca go meán, 3 = meán go meánach deacair, 4 = an-deacair, 5 = an-deacair, 6 = an-deacair ar fad.\nAm a theastaíonn: Am a theastaíonn chun an teanga a fhoghlaim go réasúnta go maith: Teangacha Leibhéal 1 = 3 mhí-1 bhliain. Teangacha Leibhéal 2 = 6 mhí-1 bhliain. Teangacha leibhéal 3 = 1-2 bliana. Teangacha leibhéal 4 = 2 bhliain. Teangacha Leibhéal 5 = 3-4 bliana, ach d'fhéadfadh go dtógfadh cuid acu níos mó ama.\nAn Chóiré Thuaidh, an Chóiré Thuaidh Thiar agus an Chóiré Chartvelach\nAr ndóigh, tá na teangacha Caucasacha cosúil le Tsez, Tabasaran, Georgia, Chechen, Ingush, Abkhaz agus Circassian ar na teangacha is deacra ar domhan a fhoghlaim.\nTá an Chechén agus an Circassian rátáilte 6, an ceann is deacra de gach duine.\nTá na uvulars agus na ejectives de na Gearóige i dteangacha an Chuaicéasaigh NE chomh maith le pharyngeals, fricatives taobh, agus aisteach eile. Tá aicmí ainmfhocail acu cosúil leis na teangacha Bantois (ach de ghnáth níos lú). Mar sin féin, tá marcóirí comhaontaithe aicme ainmfhocal acu ar bhriathra ar aidiachtaí. Rud amháin NE Caucasian tá go leor cás. Tá 40+ cás ag roinnt teangacha. Tógtar iad ón talamh suas trí dhá fhoirm ceann foirm spásúil mar atá i, ar nó timpeall agus an ceann eile foirm gluaiseachta treorach mar atá le, ó, tríd nó ag.\nTá 64-126 cás éagsúil ag Tsez, rud a chiallaíonn gurb é an córas cás is casta ar domhan é! Tá sé ar cheann de na teangacha beaga ar domhan a bhfuil dhá chás géiniteach aige Genitive 1 (-s) agus Genitive 2 (-z). Úsáidtear Genitive 1 nuair a bhíonn ainmfhocal ceann an genitives i gcás absolutive agus úsáidtear Genitive 2 nuair a bhíonn ainmfhocal ceann an genitives in aon chás eile. Tá ceithre rang ainmníochta ann freisin. Deirtear go mbíonn deacracht ag daoine a labhraíonn an teanga dhúchais féin an t-athrú ceart a úsáid uaireanta.\nI Tsez, ní mór duit a fhios a lán Tsez gramadaí a chur in iúl ar leibhéal bunúsach. An abairt:\nBéarla: Is maith liom do mháthair.\nTsez: Tá sé an-deas. (Dr debi eniyu yetix.)\nChun an abairt sin a labhairt i Tsez, ní mór duit a bheith ar an eolas:\n• na focail féin (ní bhíonn ord na bhfocal chomh tábhachtach)\n• go n-éilíonn an briathar -eti- go bhfuil an t-ábhar sa chás dative/lative agus go bhfuil an réad san iomlán\n• an rang ainmfhocal le haghaidh eniyu (rang II)\n• an fhoirm dative/lative de di (I), is é sin dr\n• an fhoirm ghiniúnach 1 de mi (tu), is é sin debi\n• an réamhtheideal comhréireachta y- a fhreagraíonn do rang ainmfhocal argóint dhílis an abairt, sa chás seo máthair\n• an deireadh aimsire atá ann do bhriathra a chríochnaíonn le huainle -x\nTsez rátáil 6, is deacra ar fad.\nTá fuaimníocht an-chasta ag Archi agus tá sé ar cheann de na gramadaí is casta ar domhan. Is iad na gnéithe cumascáin iomarcacha agus an mhorfolaíocht bhriathra a dhéanann an gramaic chomh deacair. Tá 1,502,839 foirm féideartha ag gach fréamh fíorais! Is teanga ergatach í freisin, ach tá neamhrialtacht ina chóras ergatach.\nGlacann roinnt briathra an cás tipiciúil ergative / absolutive (absolutive do ábhar an-neamhthrasnaitheach agus ergative do ábhar briathar trasnaíoch áit a mbeadh an réad díreach in absolúideach). I gcásanna eile tá an t-ábhar i dative seachas an cás ergative / absolutive a bhfuiltear ag súil leis. Is gnách go mbíonn briathra seo de thuiscint cosúil le grá / mian, éisteacht, féachaint, mothú, agus a bheith tuirseach. Mar shampla, an briathar:\n-эти- = to love/want ní mór a ábhar a bheith i gcás dative in ionad an cás absolutive nó ergative a bhfuiltear ag súil leis.\nI measc na dteangacha neamh-chliceála, tá ceann de na suímh chomhcheangail is mó ag Archi, agus níl ach an Ubykh atá imithe as an ngnáth ag a bhfuil níos mó. Tá 26 vocal ann agus idir 76 agus 82 comh-aistriú, ag brath ar an anailís. Is féidir cúig cheann de na sé fhócal a bheith ann i gcúig cineálacha: gearr, pharyngealized, ardton, fada (le ton ard), agus pharyngealized le ton ard.\nTá go leor fóinéis neamhghnách aige, lena n-áirítear contras idir roinnt frithghníomhartha taobh velar gan guth, affricates taobh velar gan guth agus eisiúnacha agus frithghníomhartha taobh velar glactha. Is fuaimeanna an-neamhghnách iad an frithghníomhach velar gan guth ʟ̊, an frithghníomhach velar lateral ʟ̊, agus na frithghníomhacha k͡ʟ̊ agus k͡ʟ̊ʼ gan guth agus eisiúnacha comhfhreagracha, toisc nach minic a bhíonn frithghníomhacha velar ina gcuid de na fuaimeanna taobh.\nTá 15 cás ann, 10 cás rialta, cúig chás spásúil agus cúig chás treoracha. Is iad na cásanna Spáis Inessive (in), Intrative (between), superessive (above), Subessive (below) agus Pertingent (against). Is iad na cásanna treorach ná Essive (as), Elative (out of), Lative (to/into), Allative (onto), Terminative (specifies a limit) agus Translative (indicates change).\nTá ceithre aicme ainmfhocal ann:\nI Daoine fireann\nII Daoine baineann\nIII Gach feithidí, cuid acu beo, agus cuid acu neamhbheo\nIV Abstractanna, cuid acu beo, agus cuid acu neamhbheo nach féidir a fheiceáil ach trí chomhaontú béil\nTá Archi rátáil 6, is deacra ar fad.\nTá Tabasaran rátáilte mar an 3ú gramadaí is casta ar domhan, le 48 cás ainmfhocal éagsúla.\nTá Tabasaran rátáilte 6, an ceann is deacra de gach.\nTá fuaimíocht an-deacair ag Ingush, gramadaí an-chasta, agus ina theannta sin, tá sé an-neamhrialta. Tá idirdhealú gar-/neamhtha agus is í an t-aon teanga sa réigiún a bhfuil an ghné seo aici. Tá rang dúnta briathra ag Ingush mar aon le Chechen, gné neamhghnách i dteangacha an domhain. Forbraítear briathra nua trí ainmfhocal a chur leis an briathar do:\nshoot gunna a dhéanamh\nIngush rátáil 6, is deacra ar fad.\nIs é an fhadhb amháin leis an nGaeilge an aibítir aisteach: ქართულია ერთ ერთი რთული ენა. Tá go leor stadanna glottal ann freisin atá deacair le go leor eachtrannaigh a labhairt; is féidir le cnuasaigh consonant a bheith ollmhór - suas le ocht consonant a bheith ceangailte le chéile (CCCCCCCCVC) - agus tá go leor fuaimeanna consonant aisteach. Ina theannta sin, tá uvulars agus ejectives ann. Tá an Gearóidigh ar cheann de na teangacha is deacra ar domhan a fhuaimniú. Déantar é go rialta ar liostaí na fonológa is craiceáilte.\nTá a ghramadach thar a bheith casta. Tá an tSeoirsiach an-chomhchruinnithe agus an-neamhrialta, rud atá an ceann is measa de dhá shaol. Tá buntáiste ag teangacha comhcheangailteacha eile mar an Tuirc agus an Fhionlainnis ar a laghad a bheith an-rialta. Is cosúil go bhfuil na briathra go háirithe beagnach randamach gan aon patrún dóibh ar chor ar bith. Tá an córas argóint agus marcála aimsire ar an bhfiarás thar a bheith casta, le aimsir, gné, stádas ar an bhfiarás, duine agus marcáil uimhreacha don ábhar, agus rudaí díreacha agus indíreacha.\nCé gur teanga ergative í, ní úsáidtear an ergative (nó an marcáil cás gníomhach-stative mar a thugtar air) go leor ach amháin sna aimsireacha aorist agus foirfe ina bhfaigheann an gníomhaire sa abairt cás difriúil, agus an aorist chomh maith mascades mar imperative. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá marcáil ainmnitheach-chasaitheach caighdeánach ann. Is féidir le briathar amháin suas le 12 chuid éagsúla a bheith aige, cosúil leis an bPolainnis, agus tá sé chás agus sé aimsir ann.\nTá rud éigin ar a dtugtar comhaontú ilphearsanta i nGaeilge freisin, cineál morfo-chomhréiteach an-chasta a bhaineann go minic le teangacha il-sintéiseacha agus go pointe níos lú le ergativity.\nI dteanga ilphearsanta, tá morphemes comhaontaithe ag an bhfiaróg leis a bhaineann le ceann amháin nó níos mó de na argóintí bhfiaróg (de ghnáth suas le ceithre argóint). I dteanga neamh-phóiliphearsanta mar an Béarla, ní léiríonn an briathar aon chomhaontú nó ní aontaíonn sé ach le ceann amháin dá argóintí, de ghnáth an t-ábhar. Cé go bhfuil i dteanga ilphearsanta, comhaontaíonn an briathar le ceann amháin nó níos mó den ábhar, an réad díreach, an réad indíreach, tairbhí an briathar, etc. Féadfaidh an marcáil ilphearsanta a bheith éigeantach nó roghnach.\nI nGaeilge, tá na morphemes ilphearsanta le feiceáil mar fhocail nó mar fhocail, ag brath ar an rang briathar agus ar an duine, ar an líon, ar an ngné agus ar thréimhse an bhriathar. Athraíonn na haifigí a chéile go fóinolaíoch freisin nuair a bhíonn siad in aice lena chéile. Sa chóras Gearmánach, cuireann na affixes ilphearsanta ábhar, réad díreach, réad indíreach, genitive, locative agus cúis.\ng-mal-av-en = cuireann siad tú i bhfolach\ng-i-mal-av-en = cuireann siad i bhfolach é uait\nIs é mal (a cheilt) an briathar, agus is affixes ilphearsanta iad na ceithre fhoirm eile.\nSa chás thíos,\nXelebi ga-m-i-tsiv-d-a = Fuair mo lámha fuar.\nciallaíonn xelebi lámha. Léiríonn an marcóir m genitive nó my. Le briathra neamh-iompartha, is minic a fhágann an Ghearóidigh mo roimh an ábhar agus ina ionad sin cuireann sé an ghiniúnacht ar an briathar chun seilbh a léiriú.\nDíríonn briathra gluaiseachta na Seoráide ar deixis, cibé an bhfuil sprioc an ghluaiseachta i dtreo an cainteora nó an éisteora. Úsáid tú coimhlint chun a léiriú cé a bhfuil an tairiscint ag dul i dtreo. Má tá sé ag dul i dtreo aon cheann de tú, ní úsáid tú marcóir deixis. Sonraíonn tú an bealach a ghlacfar chun an sprioc a bhaint amach trí úsáid nó réamhtheagmhálacha ar a dtugtar preverbs, cosúil le cás briathra. Tagann siad seo tar éis an marcóra deixis:\nsíos go cha-\nnó síos da-\nsuas i dtreo dom = amo-. Tá an marcóir deixis mo- agus suas is é a-\nAr an taobh dearfach, tá go leor foclóir eachtrach Laidineach i bhfreagra na Gearmáine, mar sin cabhróidh sé sin le duine ar bith a thagann ó chúlra teanga Laidineach nó Laidineach-trom.\nTá Georgánach rátáilte 5, an-deacair.\nTá líon an-bheag vowels (de ghnáth ach dhá nó trí) i dteannta le suímh fhrith-chomhfhocal ollmhór, an suímh fhrithfhocal is mó ar domhan, mar thréith ar gach teangacha Caucasic NW. Is féidir le beagnach aon chomhréir a bheith simplí, labialized nó palatalized. Is cosúil gur toradh é seo ar phróiseas stairiúil inar cailleadh go leor vowels agus a saintréithe éagsúla a tugadh do chomhréir. Mar shampla, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh comhcheangail palatalized tagtha ó shreath Ci agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh comhcheangail labialized tagtha ó shreath Cu.\nTá gramaic na dteangacha seo casta. Murab ionann agus na teangacha Caucasacha NE, tá córais ainmníochta simplí acu, de ghnáth le cúpla cás amháin.\nMar sin féin, tá cuid de na córais bhriathra casta acu ar an Domhan. Seo cuid de na teangacha is sintéiseacha sa Sean-Domhnach. Is minic go bhfuil sintéise iomlán an abairt laistigh den bhriathar. Tá gach briathar marcáilte le morphemes ergative, absolutive agus réad díreach chomh maith le hiontrálacha éagsúla iarratais.\nTá siad seo cosúil leis an méid a d'fhéadfadh daoine a ghlaoch ar cás verbal. Mar shampla, i gcórais guth iarratais, d'fhéadfadh iarratais a bheith i bhfoirmeacha mar comitative, locative, ionstraim, benefactive agus malefactive. Tá na róil seo cosúil leis an gcóras cás i ainmfhocail tá na hainmneacha mar an gcéanna fiú. Mar sin is féidir leat a fheiceáil cén fáth a glaonn daoine áirithe seo \"cás verbal\".\nIs féidir briathracha Caucasiceacha NW a mharcáil le haghaidh gné (cibé acu an bhfuil rud éigin suntasach, leanúnach nó cleachtúil), giúmar (más rud é go bhfuil rud éigin cinnte, dóchúil, inmhianaithe, féideartha, nó neamhréalta). Is féidir le haifigí eile an briathar a mhúnlú i bhfocail-ord, chun trua, iomarca nó béim a chur in iúl.\nCosúil le NE Caucasian, tá siad ergative freisin.\nNW Caucasian é a dhéanamh ar go leor liostaí teanga is craic.\nSeo cuid de na teangacha is aisteach ar domhan. De na teangacha seo go léir, is iad na comh-fhocail is mó atá ag Abaza. Seo físeán sa teanga Abaza.\nTá an Ubykh, teanga Caucasiceach na Tuirce, imithe as an saol anois, ach tá duine amháin ann a labhraíonn an dara teanga, teangach a deir go bhfuil sé féin-oide ag an teanga. Tá níos mó comh-aistriúcháin ann ná aon teanga neamh-chliceála ar domhan 84 fuaim chomh-aistriúcháin san iomlán. Ina theannta sin, ceadaíonn an fhilíocht fhónamach roinnt cnuasaigh chomhréir an-aisteach.\nTá go leor fuaimeanna coimhdeacha ann a bhfuil an-annamh orthu. Ní fhaightear tw ach i dhá cheann de na cairde Ubykh, Abkhaz agus Abaza agus i dhá theanga eile, araon san Amazon na Brasaíle. Níl an v frithghníomhach labiodental pharyngealized v ann in aon teanga eile. Is minic a thagann sé ar liostaí na fonológa is aisteach. Fuair Ubykh scór an-ard freisin ar staidéar ar na teangacha is aisteach ar domhan.\nCuir sin le dhá fhuaim bhriathra agus le gramadaí an-chasta, agus tá teanga chrua agat.\nIna theannta sin, tá Ubykh ag an am céanna aglutinative agus polysynthetic, ergative agus tá comhaontú polypersonal aige:\nMura raibh tú in ann a dhéanamh dó a ghlacadh sé go léir amach as mo faoi arís dóibh...\nTá 16 mhorféim dochreidte sa fhocal seo a bhfuil naoi siolla ann.\nNíl ach ceithre chóras cás ag Ubykh ar a ainmfhocail, ach tá an chuid is mó de fheidhm na cásanna tar éis bogadh thar an briathar trí réamh-phrionsabal agus cinntithe. Is iad na réamh-chomharthaí agus na cinntithe seo a dhéanann Ubykh chomh casta go hiontach. Seo a leanas cuid de na réamh-chomharthaí treorach:\n- os cionn agus ag teagmháil\n- os cionn agus gan teagmháil\n- thíos agus ag teagmháil\n- thíos agus gan teagmháil\n- ar thaobh\n- trí spás\n- trí ábhar soladach\n- ar dhromchla cothrománach cothrom\n- ar dhromchla nach bhfuil cothrománach ná ingearach\n- i mais chomhlána\n- i dtreo suas\n- i dtreo síos\n- isteach i spás tiúbúil\n- isteach i spás faoi cheangal\nTá roinnt foirmeacha réamhbhriathra ann freisin a léiríonn deixis:\nj- = i dtreo an chainteora\nIs féidir le daoine eile smaointe a chur in iúl a ghlacfadh abairtí iomlána i mBéarla:\njtɕwʼaa- = ar an Domhan, sa Domhan\nChuir siad a chorp i bhfolach. (Lit. Chuir siad a chorp sa talamh.)\nfa = as, isteach nó i ndáil le tine.\nAmdʒan zatʃətʃaqja faastχwən.\nGlac mé branda as an tine.\nD'fhéadfadh go mbeadh morphemes chomh beag le fóiném amháin:\nTugann siad tú dó.\nw 2ú singil iomlán\na 3ú dátaí aonair\nn 3ú ergative\nt t t t t\naa ergative iomad\nn aimsir reatha\nCuirtear iar-fhocail leis na focail chun bríanna a fhoirmiú a fhoirmítear go minic ag gnéithe nó aimsir i dteangacha eile:\nasfəpχa Ní mór dom é a ól.\nasfəfan Is féidir liom é a ól.\nasfəɡjan Is minic a ólann mé é.\nTá mé ag ól suas é go léir.\nasfətɕwan Is ró-dhíol mé é.\nasfaajən Ól mé arís é.\nIs féidir le hainmneacha agus briathra athrú ina chéile. Is féidir le haon ainmfhocal a bheith ina bhriathar stative:\nmac leanbh\nBhí mé ina leanbh. (Lit. Bhí mé leanbh. Is briathar é a bheith ina leanbh.)\nAr an gcaoi chéanna, is féidir le go leor briathra a bheith ina n-ainmhithe trí úsáid a bhaint as affix ainmniúil:\nqʼa a rá\ncad a deirim (Lit. An rud a deirim - mo chaint, mo chuid focal, mo theanga, mo chuid orduithe, etc.\nTá uimhir marcáilte ar an bhfiaróg trí fhocal-chomhfhocal agus níl sé marcáilte ach ar an ainmfhocal sa chás ergative.\nMar sin féin, níl córais cásanna iomráite na dteangacha Caucasacha in aice láimhe aige agus níl aon inscne gramadaí ann.\nTá Ubykh rátáilte 6, an ceann is deacra de gach.\nIs teanga an-deacair í a fhoghlaim. Tá ocht suíomh éagsúla comharthaíochta ag gach comh-aistriú bunúsach sa bhéal. Samhlaigh cé chomh deacair a bheadh sé sin do leanbh Abkhaz a bhfuil bac labhairt aige. Is cosúil go gcuireann Abkhaz marcóirí comhaontaithe ar beagnach gach rud sa teanga. Tá an t-Abkhaz ar go leor liostaí teangacha is craiceáilte, agus fuair sé scór an-ard le déanaí ar staidéar teanga is aisteach.\nTá an t-Abkhaz rátáilte 6, an ceann is deacra de gach duine.\nIs minic a mheastar gur teanga eisiach í Burushaski, gan aon ghaol le teangacha eile, áfach, sílim gur Dene-Caucasian í. Labhraítear é i Sléibhte Himalaya i dtuaisceart na Pacastáine i gceantar ar a dtugtar an Hunza. Tá an comhghaol fíob ag an teanga casta, tá go leor infleachtaí ann, tá bealaí casta ann chun abairtí a dhéanamh ag brath ar go leor fachtóirí, agus is teanga ergative í, atá deacair a fhoghlaim do chainteoirí teangacha neamh-ergative. Ina theannta sin, níl ach an-bheag nó gan aon cognates don fhocalraic.\nTá Burushaski rátáil 6, is deacra ar fad.\nTeangacha Indiach Mheiriceá\nTá sé ar eolas go bhfuil teangacha Indiach Mheiriceá deacair freisin, cé go ndéanann cúpla duine iarracht iad a fhoghlaim sna Stáit Aontaithe ar aon nós. Sa chuid eile den mhór-roinn, tá na milliúin daoine i go leor náisiún éagsúla fós ag foghlaim na teangacha sin. Is beagnach gá duit iad seo a fhoghlaim mar pháiste. Beidh sé deacair go leor do dhuine fásta cumas iomlán a fháil iontu.\nIs é ceann de na fadhbanna atá leis na teangacha seo ná go bhfuil go leor foirmeacha briathar ann. Mar shampla, is é an paraidím chaighdeánach don líon mór fíricí rialta Béarla uasmhéid de chúig fhoirm:\nTá os cionn 1,000 foirm de gach briathar sa teanga ag go leor teangacha Amerindian.\nAch bhí an teanga chomharsanachta Kootenai i gcónaí ró-deacair do na Salishans (féach thíos) a fhoghlaim. Tá idirdhealú ag Kootenai freisin idir comhthreomú gar / neamhspleách mar aon le comhthreomú díreach / aisiompartha, is dócha ó theagmháil le Algonquian.\nMar sin féin, tá an córas díreach / inbhéartach Kootenai níos lú casta ná Algonquians, toisc nach bhfuil sé i láthair ach sa 3ú duine. Tá gné an-aisteach ag Kootenai freisin go bhfuil coirpíní acu a bhfuil cuma orthu mar fhéinfhocail ábhar, ach tá siad seo lasmuigh den abairt ainmníochta iomlán. Is gné an-annamh é seo i dteangacha an domhain. Scóráil Kootenai an-ard ar an suirbhé teanga is aisteach.\nIs teanga íseal í an Kootenai a labhraíonn 100 duine in Idaho.\nTá Kootenai rátáil 6, is deacra ar fad.\nIs teanga leithlithe í Yuchi a labhraítear i ndeisceart na SA. Bhí siad suite ar dtús in Oirthear Tennessee agus bhí siad mar chuid de Chónaidhm Creek ag am amháin. Tá Yuchi beagnach imithe as an saol, agus níl ach cúig chainteoir fágtha.\nTá inscne nó aicmí ainmníochta ag Yuchi bunaithe ar thrí idirdhealú ar shuíomh: seasamh, suí nó luí. Tá gach ainmfhocal ina seasamh, ina suí nó ina luí. Tá crainn ag seasamh, agus na haibhneacha ag luí, mar shampla. Má tá sé níos airde ná mar a tá sé ar fud, tá sé ag seasamh. Má tá sé níos leithne ná mar a bhfuil sé ar airde, tá sé ag luí.\nMá tá sé chomh mór agus a bhfuil sé chomh fada, tá sé ina shuí. Tá gach ainmfhocal ar cheann de na trí ghnéas seo, ach is féidir leat an ghnéas a athrú le haghaidh éifeacht greannmhar nó filíochta. D'fhiafraigh teangachóir uair amháin d'fhógrán cainteoirí baineann an raibh bod ina sheasamh, ina suí nó ina luí. Tar éis a lán de giggles, dúirt siad go raibh an réamhshocraithe ina suí, ach d'fhéadfá a rá go raibh sé ina seasamh nó ina luí le haghaidh éifeacht filíochta.\nChomh maith leis sin ní mór do gach pronoun Yuchi idirdhealú a dhéanamh idir aois (níos sine ná níos óige ná an cainteoir) agus eitneachas (Yuchi nó neamh-Yuchi).\nFaigheann Yuchi rátáil 6, an ceann is deacra.\nIs dócha gurb é an tlingit ceann de na teangacha is deacra, mura bhfuil an teanga is deacra ar domhan. Déantar anailís ar Tlingit mar chuid sintéiseach, go páirteach aglutinative, agus uaireanta polysynthetic. Ní amháin go bhfuil iar-aistritheoirí agus réamh-aistritheoirí ann, ach tá infhixes nó affixes ann i lár na bhfocal freisin.\neech a roghnú\nCaithfidh gach réamhfhocal a bheith in ord ceart chun go n-oibreoidh an focal.\nDe ghnáth, déanaim rud fada a phiocadh tríd an poll de thoil agus mé ina sheasamh ar an mbord.\nDe ghnáth, bíonn orm rud fada a phiocadh tríd an poll agus mé ina sheasamh ar an mbord.\nTá mé de ghnáth ag piocadh an earraí fada inite tríd an poll agus mé ag seasamh ar tábla.\nTá fuaimíocht an-aisteach ag an nGaeilge. Ar dtús, is í an t-aon teanga ar domhan gan aon l. Tá sé seo in ainneoin go bhfuil cúig ghné eile aige: dl (tɬ), tl (tɬh), tl (tɬʼ), l (ɬ) agus l (ɬʼ). Tá na fuaimeanna tɬʼ agus ɬʼ annamh i dteangacha an domhain. Ní fhaightear ɬʼ ach i dteangacha fiáine NW Caucasian. Tá dhá chomhcheangal glottal labialized aige freisin, ʔw agus hw (hw).\nTlingit faigheann 6 rátáil, is deacra ar fad.\nTá vowels fada, gearr agus nasal ag Navajo, córas toin agus gramadaí nach bhfuil cosúil le haon rud san Indo-Eorpach. Is féidir le stiall de cheithre litreacha nó mar sin a bheith go leor affixes a líonadh líne iomlán téacs.\nIs teanga poilsintéiseach í an Navajo. I dteangacha il-sintéiseacha, is féidir le focail an-fhada abairt iomlán a léiriú, agus tá sé deacair an focal a scriosadh ina chuid agus a fháil amach go díreach cad a chiallaíonn siad agus conas a théann siad le chéile. Cruthaítear na focail fada toisc go bhfuil saibhreas mórfoilíochta iontach ag teangacha il-sintéiseacha. Chuir siad go leor morpheme le chéile chun focal a chruthú as rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina abairt i dteanga neamh-polysynthetic.\nTá na mílte iontráil ag roinnt foclóirí Navajo de bhriathraí amháin, gan ainmfhocail. Níl aistriúchán díreach ag go leor aidiachtaí go Navajo. Ina áit sin, úsáidtear briathra mar aidiachtaí. Níl aon fhoirm ar leith ag briathar mar a bhíonn i mBéarla to walk. Ina áit sin, glacann sé foirmeacha éagsúla ag brath ar cibé an bhfuil an gníomh críochnaithe, neamhiomlán, i mbun oibre, arís agus arís eile, gnách, uair amháin amháin, láithreach, nó ag teastáil go simplí. Tugtar gnéithe orthu seo. Ní mór go mbeadh ceann de na córais ghnéithe is casta de aon teanga ag Navajo:\nNa príomhghnéithe:\nAmthaobhach go pointe (tarlaíonn sé ag pointe amháin ama)\nLeanúnach tréimhse ama gan teorainn & gluaiseacht le treo sonraithe\n ar feadh tréimhse ama gan teorainn, leanúnach neamh-locomhníomhach gan bhriseadh\nAth-aithris leanúnachas gníomhartha ath-aithris nó sraith gníomhartha nasctha\nCríochnaitheach cosúil le fad-bhunaithe ach i gcríochnithe foirfeacha le seicheamh statach\nGníomhach go páirteach gníomh amháin i sraith athdhéanta gníomhartha\nDíolacháin ionramháil díolacháin ar rudaí nó ar ghníomhartha a dhéanamh\nÉagsúil gluaiseacht a dháileadh i measc rudaí (cosúil le dháileadh)\nTá athrú treo mar thoradh ar athfhillteach\nConative iarracht ar ghníomh\nIdirthréimhseach aistriú ó stát amháin go stát eile\nCursive dul chun cinn i líne trí am / spás (mhodh dul chun cinn amháin)\nCríochnaitheach go dtarlaíonn imeacht/ghníomh go simplí (cosúil leis an aimsir aorist)\nCríochnaitheach stopadh gníomhaíochta\nStatach seictheach fad-sheasmhach agus stáitiúil\nTús tús le gníomhaíocht\nCríochnaitheach gníomh críochnaitheach de réir a chéile\nFadaíocht tús nó deireadh a chur le gníomh\nSeriative sraith idirnasctha d'aicmí ar leithligh agus ar leithligh a leanann ar a chéile\nInchoative díriú ar thús gníomhaíochta neamh-áitritheoireachta\nAthghrádú filleadh ar staid/áit roimhe sin\nSemilitératif athdhéanamh amháin ar imeacht/ghníomh\nTá an córas tense beagnach chomh fiáin leis an gcóras aspéideach.\nMar shampla, ciallaíonn an briathar ndideesh a phiocadh suas nó a ardú. Ach tá sé éagsúil ag brath ar an méid atá á phiocadh agat:\nndideeshtiil rud crua caol a phiocadh suas (rolla, póta)\nndideashleel chun rud solúbtha caol a phiocadh suas (gaoth, rópa)\nndideeshaal rud cruinn nó mórchruinn a phiocadh suas (uigeal, carraig)\nndideeshgheel rud dlúth agus trom a thógáil (buntáiste, pacáiste)\nndideeshjol chun rud neamh-dhomhchomhchruinn nó scaipthe a phiocadh suas (fál, féar)\nndideashteel rud beoga a phiocadh suas (clann, madra)\nndideeshnil a phiocadh suas cúpla rudaí beaga (péire de berries, cnónna)\nndideeshjih chun líon mór rudaí beaga a phiocadh (pill de bhéara, cnónna)\nndideeshtsos rud solúbtha agus cothrom a phiocadh suas (cló, píosa páipéir)\nndideeshjil rud éigin a phiocadh mé a dhéanamh ar mo chúl\nndideeshkaal aon rud a phiocadh i soitheach\nndideeshtloh chun ábhar slamtha (muid) a phiocadh suas.\nAch tá a phiocadh suas ach bealach amháin chun déileáil leis na 12 comhsheasmhacht éagsúla. Is féidir leat a thabhairt, a thógáil, a chur ar bun, a choinneáil, a iompar timpeall, a chasadh, etc. rudaí. Tá thart ar 28 briathra éagsúla is féidir a úsáid chun rudaí a láimhseáil. Má iolraíonn muid na briathra seo leis na comhsheasmhachtaí, tá os cionn 300 briathra éagsúla ann a úsáidtear chun rudaí a láimhseáil.\nI leabhair Navajo, tá táblaí comhcheangail ann chun focail a chur in éag, ach tá sé deacair patrún a aimsiú ann. Ceann de na rudaí is frustracha faoi Navajo ná go bhfuil gach morpheme beag a chuireann tú le focal cosúil go bhfuil gach rud eile timpeall air a athrú, fiú sa dá threo.\nDeirtear go bhfuil córas an-deacair ag Navajo chun uimhreacha a chomhaireamh.\nTá córas aicmithe ainmníochta ann freisin le níos mó ná dosaen aicmithe a théann i bhfeidhm ar infleacht. Tá an oiread sin aicmitheoirí fiú le haghaidh teanga aicmitheora ainmníochta agus tá sé cosúil le teangacha na hAfraice cosúil le Zulu. Ina theannta sin, tá an córas díreach / inbhéartach aisteach aige.\nChun mí-insint a chur ar an gcion, is teanga ergative í an Navajo.\nTá córas onóir nó cúram ag Navajo freisin cosúil leis an tSeapáinis nó leis an gCóiré.\nTá an ghné neamhghnách ag Navajo freisin nuair is féidir an focal niinaa toisc a anailísiú mar bhriathar.\nX áhóótįd biniinaa...\nToisc go ndeachaigh X...\nBhris sé i bpíosaí mar gheall orm.\nSa dara abairt, an t-aon bhealach a fhios againn go raibh an 1ú singil i gceist mar gheall ar an duine a mharcáil ar niinaa.\nTá 25 cineál éagsúla de réamhchomharthaí pronominal ann is féidir iad a chur ar a chéile roimh bhunús briathar.\nTá gné an-aisteach ag Navajo ar a dtugtar animacy, áit a nglacann ainmfhocail briathra áirithe de réir a n-rang sa rangas an animeachta is cineál rangú bunaithe ar cé chomh beo is atá rud éigin. Tá daoine agus léim ar an mbarr, tá leanaí agus ainmhithe móra ar an gcéad dul síos agus tá easpaí ar an mbarr.\nAr an iomlán, tá cuid de na morphology polysynthetic is casta go hiontach ag Navajo, fiú i gcomparáid le teangacha il-sintéiseacha eile. Ar na liostaí de na teangacha is craiceáilte agus na teangacha is craiceáilte, is gnách go gcuirtear an Návaho ar an liosta.\nDeirtear fiú go bhfuil sé deacair ar leanaí Navajo Navajo a fhoghlaim i gcomparáid le páistí ag foghlaim teangacha eile, ach is cinnte go dtuigeann páistí Navajo an teanga. Ar an gcaoi chéanna le Hopi thíos, is deacair nó fiú dodhéanta fiú na gramadaí Navajo is fearr a thuiscint ag fiú na teangacha.\nMar sin féin, tá Navajo réalta go leor, gné choitianta i dteangacha Amerindian.\nTá Navajo rátáil 6, is deacra ar fad.\nTá sé deacair an teanga Slavey, teanga Na-Dene de chuid Cheanada, a fhoghlaim. Tá sé cosúil le Navajo agus Apache. Tá suas le 15 réamhfhocal éagsúla ag briathra. Tá córais bhriathra fiáin ag gach teanga Athabasca. Úsáidtear aibítir go hiomlán difriúil ann freisin, aibítir siollabach a ceapadh do Indiaigh Cheanada.\nTá Slavey rátáil 6, is deacra ar fad.\nIs minic a mheastar gur teanga Na-Dene í Haida, ach níl aon fhianaise ann go bhfuil stádas aici. Má tá sé Na-Dene, tá sé an ball is faide óna theaghlach. Tá Haida san iomaíocht don teanga is casta ar domhan, le 70 iar-chomhfhocal éagsúla.\nTá Haida rátáil 6, is deacra ar fad.\nTá cáil fhada ag na teangacha Salishan a labhraítear san Iarthuaisceart ar a bheith deacair a fhoghlaim, go páirteach mar gheall ar shraith fhada de chomhréir, i gcás amháin 11 chomhréir ar fhad. Is iad teangacha na Salis na teangacha amháin ar domhan a cheadaíonn focail gan sonorants.\nNíl go leor de na vuálaigh agus na comh-uimhir i bhformhór na dteangacha a labhraítear go forleathan ar fud an domhain. Tá na teangacha Salish, cosúil le Chukchi, poilsintéiseach. Déileálann roinnt aistriúcháin le gach focal Salish mar bhriathra nó mar abairtí. Deir cuid acu nach bhfuil ainmfhocail i dteangacha na Salish, cé go bhfuil sé seo conspóideach. Tá córas béil theangacha na Salish an-chasta.\nTá gach teanga Salishan rátáilte ag 6, an ceann is deacra de gach ceann.\nNuxálk (Bella Coola)\nIs teanga Salishan Amerindian í Nuxálk, a labhraítear i gColumbia na Breataine. Tá sé cáiliúil as roinnt focail a bheith i ndáiríre fiáin agus fiú abairtí nach bhfuil aon vowels iontu ar chor ar bith. Mar shampla:\nxłp̓x̣włtłpłskwc̓ (xɬpʼχwɬthɬphɬːskwht͡sʼ in IPA)\nBhí plandaí bunchberry aige.\nSeo roinnt focail agus abairtí níos aisteach:\nNuyamłamkis timantx tisyuttx ʔułtimnastx.\nD'fhéach an t-athair an t-amhrán lena mhac.\nMusis tiʔimmllkītx taq̓lsxwt̓aχ.\nBhraith an buachaill an rópa sin.\nMar sin féin, ní úsáidtear an focal seo de ghnáth ag cainteoirí agus ní bhíonn na comhcheangail go léir i bhformhór na bhfocal ar chor ar bith. Tá an teanga aisteach nuair a labhraítear í. Tá sé cur síos mar whispering agus é ag chewing ar granola bar (féach an sampla físeán faoi Montana Salish thíos).\nTá na cnuasaigh comhcheangail fiáin seo níos craiceáilte ná iad siúd in Ubykh agus NW Caucasian. Go deimhin, tá na cnuasaigh comhcheangail nutty i Salish agus ag cruthú díospóireacht i dteangachas faoi cibé an bhfuil an siolla nó nach bhfuil feiniméan uilíoch sa teanga mar is cosúil go bhfuil siollaí ag roinnt focail agus frásaí Salish. Tá ceisteanna den chineál céanna tagtha ar roinnt dialektí Berber faoin siolla.\nTá Nuxálk ar liostaí na fonológa is craiceáilte ar domhan.\nTá Nuxálk rátáilte 6, an ceann is deacra de gach.\nDeirtear go bhfuil sé chomh deacair an Salish Montana a fhoghlaim agus an Nuxálk . Tá foirmeacha comhcheangailte agus neamhspleácha ag Spokane (Montana Salish) leis an bhrí chéanna:\n \n- i mbéal\nMontana Salish a dhéanann sé ar a lán de na craziest liostaí gramadaí.\nTaispeánann an nasc seo seanóir ar Chúlchiste Indiach Flathead i Montana, Steven Smallsalmon, ag labhairt Salish Montana. Tá sé ag tabhairt ranganna teanga freisin. Is dócha gurb é seo ceann de na teangacha is aisteach ar domhan.\nMontana Salish rátáil 6, is deacra ar fad.\nTá idirdhealú gnéasach ag Straits Salish idir leanúnach agus neamh-leanúnach. Ciallaíonn leanúnach go leanann an ghníomhaíocht ar aghaidh tar éis a thús mar stát. Is é an morpheme leanúnach -í. Tá an toradh cosúil le Béarla:\nFaigh amach neamh-inbhraite\n leanúnach\nFéach ar neamh-inbhraite\nag faire leanúnach\n neamh- leanúnach\nseilbh leanúnach\n-í a dtugtar mar morpheme parasiteach agus ní tharlaíonn sé ach i gcroí a bhfuil an fho-bhunaithe ag a fheidhmíonn mar óstach don -í morpheme.\nIs minic a liostaítear dialekt Saanich de Straits Salish i ngléasra na gramadaí is craicte ar an Domhan. Is minic a liostaítear an córas scríbhneoireachta mar cheann de na cinn is measa atá ar fáil. Ina theannta sin, tá Saanich ar liostaí na gramadaí is measa mar gheall ar na mófarféimí paraisítí agus mar gheall ar aon idirdhealú a bheith aige idir ainmníochtaí agus briathra!\nFaigheann Straits Salish rátáil 6, an ceann is deacra.\nMeastar go forleathan gurb é Halkomelem, a labhraíonn 570 duine timpeall Vancouver, British Columbia, ceann de na teangacha is deacra ar domhan a fhoghlaim. I Halkomelem, tá treoshuíomh ag go leor briathra i dtreo uisce. Ní féidir leat a rá, chuaigh sí abhaile. Tá tú a rá conas a bhí sí ag dul abhaile i ndáil le comhlachtaí in aice láimhe uisce. Mar sin ag brath ar an áit a bhí sí ag siúl abhaile i ndáil leis an abhainn is gaire, ba mhaith leat a rá:\nBhí sí níos faide ó na uisce agus ag dul abhaile.\nBhí sí ag teacht abhaile sa treo ar shiúl ón uisce.\nBhí sí ag siúl i gcomhthreomhar leis an sruth an uisce síos an sruth.\nBhí sí ag siúl i gcomhthreomhar leis an sruth an uisce suas an sruth.\nFaigheann Halkomelem rátáil 6, an ceann is deacra.\nDeirtear go bhfuil Lushootseed chomh deacair a fhoghlaim agus Nuxálk. Tá Lushootseed ar cheann de na teangacha beaga ar domhan nach bhfuil aon nasals ar chor ar bith, ach amháin i chláir speisialta cosúil le béil béil agus an cainte ársa de fhigiúirí miotaseolaíochta. Tá gluaiséid agus nasals laryngealized aige freisin: w ̰ , m ̰ , agus n ̰ .\nTá Lushootseed rátáil 6, is deacra ar fad.\nTá gach teanga Iroquoian thar a bheith deacair, ach is dócha go bhfuil an Athabaskan níos deacra fós. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh teangacha Siouan comhionann le Iroquoian i deacracht.\nDéan comparáid idir na frásaí céanna i dteangacha Tlingit (Athabaskan) agus i dteangacha Cherokee (Iroquoian).\nTá sé fuar amuigh ansin.\nTá sé fuar anois.\nI Tlingit, is féidir leat a chur leis nó a mhodhnú affixes ag an tús mar prefixes, sa lár mar infixes agus ag an deireadh mar suffixes. Sa sampla thuas, d'athraigh tú cuid den fhocal laistigh den chlóis féin.\nTá sé fuar amuigh ansin. (Lit. Tá sé fuar amuigh)\nTá sé fuar anois. (Lit. Anois tá sé fuar.)\nMar a fheiceann tú, tá Cherokee níos éasca.\nTá sé an-deacair Cherokee a fhoghlaim. Chomh maith le gach rud eile, tá aibítir go hiomlán difriúil aige. Tá sé poilsintéiseach, chun rudaí a dhéanamh níos measa. Is féidir abairt Cherokee a scríobh nach bhfuil briathar ann ar bhealach éigin. Tá cúig chatagóir de aicmitheoirí briathra ann. Ní mór focail a bhfuil aicmitheoir ag teastáil uathu ceann a úsáid. Is féidir le gach briathar rialta foirmeacha dochreidte 21,262 a bheith aige! Tá fréamh fíric, réamhtheachtaire pronominal, iar-fhocal modal agus iar-fhocal gnéithe ag gach briathar. Ina theannta sin, déantar briathra a fhilleadh le haghaidh singil, ilghnéithe agus dúlach freisin. Mar shampla:\nTá 126 foirm dhifriúla agat:\n gvyalv'iha mé leat a cheangal suas\n degvyalviha Tá mé ag ceangal suas tú\n Jiyalv'ha mé a cheangal suas\n Tá mé é a cheangal\n sdayalv'iha mé ceangal tú (dual)\n ijvyalv'iha I tie you (pl)\n Gajayalv'iha mé a cheangal iad (ainmhithe)\n Tá mé a cheangal suas iad (inanimate)\n squahlv'iha tú cheangal mé\n hiyalv'iha Tá tú ag ceangal air\n hatlv'iha tú é a cheangal\n skinalv'iha Tá tú ag ceangal mé agus é\n goginatlv'iha siad mé agus é a cheangal etc.\nDéanaimis breathnú ar fhoirm eile:\nFeicim mé féin gadagotia\nFeicim tú gvgohtia\nFeicim é / tsigotia\nFeicim sé tsigotia\nFeicim tú dhá advgotia\nFeicim tú (plural) istvgotia\nFeicim iad (beo) gatsigotia\nFeicim iad (rud) detsigotia\nFeiceann tú dom sgigotia\nFeicfidh tú féin hadagotia\nFéach tú air / uirthi higo ((h) tia\nFeicfidh tú é higotia\nFeiceann tú eile agus mé sginigotia\nFeiceann tú daoine eile agus mé isgigotia\nFeicfidh tú iad (beo) dehigotia\nFeicfidh tú iad (beo) gahigotia\nFeicfidh tú iad (rud) detsigotia\nFeicfidh mé agigotia\nFeicfidh tú tsagotia\nFeicfidh tú atsigotia\nFeicfidh sé/sí é/í agotia\nFeictear dó/di é/í féin ina adagotia\nFeicfidh tú mé ginigotia\nFeicfidh tú dhá sdigotia\nFeicfidh sé / sí eile + mé oginigotia\nSé sí a fheiceann muid (them + dom) otsigotia\nFeicfidh sé/sí tú (plural) isigotia\nFeicfidh sé/sí iad dagotia\nTú agus mé a fheiceáil dó / di / sé igigotia\nTú agus mé a fheiceáil féin edadotia\nTuigim féin agus tú a chéile denadagotia/dosdadagotia\nTú agus mé a fheiceáil orthu (beo) genigotia\nTú agus mé a fheiceáil iad (bheo nó nach bhfuil) denigotia\nTá tú dhá fheiceáil dom sgninigotia\nTá tú dhá a fheiceáil é / í / sé esdigotia\nFeicfidh tú féin dhá sdadagotia\nTá tú dhá a fheiceáil dúinn (another agus mé) sginigotia\nFéach tú dhá iad desdigotia\nAn ceann eile agus feicim tú sdvgotia\nTá mé ag féachaint air / uirthi osdigotia\nTá sé eile agus feicim sé osdigotia\nAn ceann eile agus feicim tú-dhá sdvgotia\nTá mé agus duine eile a fheiceáil féin dosdadagotia\nTá mé ag féachaint ort (plural) isvgotia\nTá mé eile agus feicim iad dosdigotia\nTú (plural) a fheiceáil dom isgigoti\nTá tú (plúireal) ag féachaint air/uirthi etsigoti\nFeicfidh siad mé gvgigotia\nFeicfidh siad tú a fháilagotia\nFeicfidh siad é/í anigoti\nFeicfidh siad tú agus mé geginigoti\nFeicfidh siad tú dhá gesdigoti\nFeicfidh siad eile agus mé gegigotia / gogenigoti\nFeicfidh siad tú (plural) getsigoti\nFeicfidh siad iad danagotia\nFeicfidh siad iad féin anadagoti\nFeicfidh mé datsigoi\nChonaic mé agigohvi\nBeidh sé / sí a fheiceáil dvgohi\nTá uimhir marcáilte le haghaidh cuimsitheach vs eisiach agus tá dúbailte ann. Tá an tríú duine iolra marcáilte le haghaidh beoga/neamhbheoga. Glacann briathra foirmeacha réad éagsúla ag brath ar an réad atá soladach / beo / cruth neamhchinnte / solúbtha. Tá sé seo cosúil leis an gcóras Navajo.\nTá ton léasacha ag Cherokee freisin, le rialacha casta maidir le conas is féidir le tonnta a chur le chéile. Níl an t-ádh sa litriú. Tá an fhónalóg faoi deara ar bhealach nach bhfuil aon chomhcheangail labial aige.\nMar sin féin, tá Cherokee an-rialta. Níl ach trí bhriathra neamhrialta ann. Níl ann ach go bhfuil go leor rialacha casta.\nTá Cherokee rátáilte 5.5, gar don chuid is deacra de gach.\nTá struchtúir dochreidte casta ag Wyandot, teanga codlata a d'éag thart ar 50 bliain. Déanaimis féachaint ar cheann acu. Is é Wyandot an t-aon teanga ar domhan a cheadaíonn abairtí diúltacha nach bhfuil morpheme diúltach iontu ar bhealach éigin. Wyandot é a dhéanamh ar liostaí grammars craziest. (Le leanúint).\nGleann Mississippi-Ghleann Ohio Siouan\nSiouan Gleann Mississippi\nD'fhéadfadh go mbeadh teangacha Lakota agus teangacha Siouan eile chomh casta le Iroquoian. I Lakota, léirítear gach aidiacht mar bhriathra. Tá rud éigin den chineál céanna le feiceáil sa Náhuatl.\nÓgle sápe kiŋ makú.\nAn t-seansail tá sé dubh thug sé é dom.\nThug sé an t-éadaí dubh dom.\nSa mhéid thuas, is briathar stative é dubh agus feidhmíonn sé mar aidiacht.\nÓgle kiŋ sabá makú.\nShirt an blackly thug sé é dom.\nThug sé an t-éadaí dubh dom. (Lit. Thug sé dom an t-seisear blackly.)\nIs adverb é Bkackly a fheidhmíonn mar aidiacht thuas.\nFaigheann Lakota rátáil 5.5 is deacra de gach ceann.\nTá idirdhealú ag gach teanga Algonquian idir ainmfhocail bheo/neamhbheo, chomh maith le idirdhealú gar/neamhtha agus díreach/athshlán. Mar sin féin, níl an chuid is mó de na teangacha a bhfuil idirdhealú gar-/an-eitilte agus díreach/iompartha acu chomh deacair le Algonquian.\nIs bealach é an t-aistriúchán chun an tríú duine a mharcáil sa chaint. Déanann sé idirdhealú idir 3ú duine tábhachtach (dlúth) agus 3ú duine níos imeallmhara (soiléire). Is gnách go marcáiltear ainmneacha beoga agus ainmneacha sealbhóirí le bheith gar agus is gnách go marcáiltear ainmneacha gan bheatha agus ainmneacha sealbhóirí le bheith neamhspleách.\nIs bealach é Direct/Inverse chun an díospóireacht a mharcáil i dtéarmaí salience, topicality nó animacy. Ciallaíonn sé go bhfuil ainmfhocal amháin níos airde ná ainmfhocal eile i dtéarmaí saliency, topicality nó animacy go bhfuil an t-ainmfhocal sin níos airde i dtéarmaí ordlathas an duine. Ní úsáidtear é ach i gclásail thras-thréimhseacha. Nuair a bhíonn rangú níos airde ag an ábhar ná an réad, úsáidtear an fhoirm dhíreach. Nuair a bhíonn rangú níos airde ag an réad ná an réad, úsáidtear an fhoirm inverse.\nTá sé an-deacair Cree a fhoghlaim. Tá sé scríofa ar bhealaí éagsúla le aibítir agus córais síllabacha éagsúla, rud a chuireann níos mó casta ar an ábhar. Tá go leor fadhbanna ag an aibítir siollabach agus is minic a liostaítear é mar cheann de na scríbhinní is measa atá ar fáil. Tá siad araon polysynthetic agus tá vowels fada, gearr agus nasal agus consonants gan guth aspirated agus unaspirated. Tá focail roinnte ina gcinn méadrach, tá na rialacha chun an t-aistrithe strus a chinneadh i bhfocail casta go leor agus tá go leor neamhrialtachta ann. Is minic a thiteann vowels amach, nó a thagann i gcomhthráth, laistigh de focail.\nCuireann Cree aicmithe ainmfhocal leis an meascán, agus marcáiltear ainmfhocail agus briathra araon mar bheo nó gan bheo. Ina theannta sin, tá briathra marcáilte le haghaidh trasna agus neamhthrasna. Ina theannta sin, faigheann briathra affixes éagsúla ag brath ar cibé an dtarlaíonn siad i bpríomh-chlásail nó i gclásail fho-ordúcháin.\nCree rátáil 6, is deacra ar fad.\nDeirtear go bhfuil an Ojibwa chomh deacair a fhoghlaim agus an Cree mar tá sé an-chosúil.\nTá Ojibwa rátáil 6, is deacra ar fad.\nTá an Cheyenne ar eolas go maith mar theanga Mheiriceánach Indiach a bhfuil sé deacair a fhoghlaim. Cosúil le go leor teangacha poilsintéiseacha, is féidir focail an-fhad a bheith aige.\nNíl a fhios agam i ndáiríre Cheyenne an-mhaith.\nMar sin féin, tá Cheyenne réalta go leor, ach tá an oiread sin rialacha casta go bhfuil sé deacair iad go léir a fháil amach.\nCheyenne rátáil 6, is deacra ar fad.\nTá fuaiméireacht aisteach ag Arapaho. Níl aon fhuaimíní fonéimeacha íseal ann. Is éard atá sa chóras vóilig i, ɨ~, u, ɛ, agus ɔ, gan aon fhóinmíní íseal. Tá leagan fada comhfhreagrach ag gach vowel freisin. Ina theannta sin, tá ceithre dhiphthongs, ei, ou, oe agus ie, roinnt triphthongs, eii, oee, agus ouu, chomh maith le seicheamh leathnaithe vuálaigh mar eee le béim ar an gcéad nó ar an vuálach deireanach sa chomhcheangal. Tá briathra fada de chineálacha éagsúla coitianta:\nBeidh mé a chur ar an solas amach.\nTá sé ag báisteach.\nTá córas béimí píosa le tonna titim gnáth, ard agus allophonic. Téann focail Arapaho faoi roinnt athruithe fuaime an-fhiú.\nTá Arapaho rátáil 6, is deacra de gach.\nTá córas fónála den chineál céanna ag Gros Ventre agus athruithe fuaime forleathan den chineál céanna le Arapaho.\nGros Ventre rátáil 5, is deacra ar fad.\nTá go leor tréithe fónála aisteach ag Wichita. Níl ach aon nasal amháin aige. Tá labials annamh agus níl ach dhá fréamh ann. D'fhéadfadh nach mbeadh ach trí fhuaim, i, e, agus a, ann freisin, agus ní raibh ach airde mar idirdhealú. Ní fhaightear dáileadh tiomantais chobhsaitheach srianta den sórt sin ach amháin i dteangacha Caucasian NW agus na Ndu Papuan. Is cosúil go bhfuil trí threocht ag baint le fad na bhfócail rialta, fada agus ró-fhada.\nNíl sé seo ach i mBéarla agus i mBéarla. Tá roinnt aimsir suimiúla ann. Ciallaíonn an aimsir foirfe go bhfuil gníomh déanta. Ciallaíonn an aimsir intinn aisteach go bhfuil súil ag duine nó go raibh súil aige gníomh a dhéanamh. Ciallaíonn an aimsir thraidisiúnta go mbíonn duine ag gabháil go rialta leis an ngníomhaíocht, ní go bhfuil duine ag déanamh amhlaidh faoi láthair.\nCeadaítear cnuasaigh fada comhchruinn.\nTá go leor cásanna ann inar laghdaíodh sraith CV go C mar gheall ar chailliúint an fhuaimín, rud a fhágann go bhfuil focail aisteach mar:\nTá ord na bhfocal ordáilte de réir nuacht nó tábhachta.\nÁr sinsear Dia chuir dúinn ar an Domhan seo.\nwee hira:r tii na:kirih\nChuir Dia ár sinsear ar an Domhan seo.\nSa abairt thuas, is é 'ár sinsir' an t-ábhar i ndáiríre, mar sin tá sé ciallmhar go dtagann sé ar dtús.\nTá Wichita san áireamh agus san áireamh go heisiach 3ú duine il-fhocal agus tá singil, dúlach agus il-fhocal ann. Tá córas fianaise ann nuair a deir tú go bhfuil a fhios agat rud éigin, ní mór duit a rá conas a bhfuil a fhios agat é - cibé an eolas pearsanta é nó gur ráfla é.\nWichita faigheann 6 rátáil, is deacra ar fad.\nTá na fricatives glottalized neamhghnácha fʼ, sʼ, ɬʼ agus xʼ ag Huamelutec nó Lowland Oaxaca Chantal mar a chuid comh-aigineacha glottalized amháin. Tá siad in éineacht le f, s, l agus x simplí. Tá fʼ, ɬʼ agus xʼ an-annamh i dteangacha an domhain, de ghnáth ní fhaightear iad ach i 2-3 theanga eile, go minic i NW Caucasian. Ní tharlaíonn xʼ ach i dteanga amháin eile Tlingit. Tá sʼ beagán níos coitianta, ag tarlú i cúig theanga eile lena n-áirítear Tlingit. I dteangacha eile, déantar na fuaimeanna neamhghnácha seo a dhíriú ó shraith de chonsúin + q: Cq -> Cʔ -> frithghníomha glottalized.\nTá struchtúr abairt aisteach:\nBuail an liathróid an fear.\nBuail an fear an liathróid.\nBhuail an fear an liathróid.\nCiallaíonn gach rud an rud céanna.\nFaigheann Huamelutec rátáil 6, an ceann is deacra.\nIs teanga iargúlta í Karok a labhraíonn cúpla dosaen duine i dtuaisceart California. Fuair an cainteoir dúchais deireanach bás le déanaí, áfach, tá ~ 80 ann a bhfuil leibhéil éagsúla d'fhuiling L2 acu.\nI Karok, is féidir leat a úsáid a suffix do chineálacha éagsúla de chuimsitheacht tine, uisce nó soladach.\na chaitheamh isteach i tine\na chaitheamh isteach san uisce\na chaitheamh trí sholadach\nNíl baint ag na comhlánaithe leis na focail le haghaidh tine, uisce agus soladach.\nFaigheann Karok rátáil 5, an ceann is deacra.\nTá an teanga Hopi chomh deacair sin go bhfuil sé beagnach dodhéanta na gramadaí a chuireann síos ar an teanga a thuiscint. Mar shampla, tá dhá fhocal éagsúla ag Hopi le haghaidh agus ag brath ar an bhfocal ainmníochta ina bhfuil an focal agus ainmníochta nó cúisitheach.\nTá Hopi rátáil 6, is deacra ar fad.\nI Náuaitil, ní bhíonn an chuid is mó de na hainmhithe ach focail sheasmhacha. Dá bhrí sin:\nBhí duine ag dul go eTenochtitlan.\nAn fear atá sé ar airde chuaigh sé go Tenochtitlan.\nChuaigh an fear ard go Tenochtitlan.\nIs briathar stative é \"is tall\" san fhocal thuas.\nFaigheann Nahuatl rátáil 6, an ceann is deacra.\nTá an Comanche ina laoch mar go bhfuil sé ar cheann de na teangacha Indiacha is deacra a fhoghlaim. Níl a fhios cén fáth, ach tá gach teanga Indiach go leor deacair. Tá amhras orm an bhfuil an Comanche níos deacra ná teangacha Numic eile.\nGo hiontach go leor, tá fuaimeanna an-aisteach ag Comanche ar a dtugtar vowels gan guth, is cosúil gur oxymoron é, mar is cosúil go bhfuil vocals glactha go bunúsach. Tá rud éigin cosúil le vowels gan guth i mBéarla sna focail ar leith agus aisteach, áit a n-oibríonn na vowels bolded rud éigin cosúil le vowel gan guth.\nBaineadh úsáid as Comanche ar feadh tamaill ag na codspeakers sa Dara Cogadh Domhanda ní raibh na Navajos go léir ina codspeakers. Roghnaíodh Comanche go sonrach mar go raibh sé deacair a fháil amach. Níorbh fhéidir leis na Seapáine cód Comanche a bhriseadh.\nComanche rátáil 6, is deacra ar fad.\nTá sé an-deacair do dhaoine nach bhfuil i dteangacha na Síne a fhoghlaim, an t-eangacha Chinantec, teanga Indiach de dheas-thiarthar Mheicsiceo. Tá an córas ton an-chasta, agus tá an sintéacs agus an mhorfóilimhe an-chasta.\nChinantec rátáil 6, is deacra ar fad.\nTá idirdhealú ag Jalapa Mazatec idir vuálaigh modúla, creaky, guth breathe-voice mar aon le leaganacha nasal na trí cinn sin. Tá comhghleacaithe creaky agus nasals gan guth ann freisin. Tá trí thonn aige, íseal, lár agus ard. Mar thoradh ar na tonnta a chomhcheangal, bíonn tonnta comhthreomhar éagsúla ann. Ina theannta sin, tá idirdhealú trí bhealach ann i fhad na vuála. Is féidir labhairt le whistled freisin. Tá idirdhealú fónamach aige idir siollacha ballistic agus controlled nach bhfuil i láthair ach ar Oto-Manguean.\n te\nnīntū sleamhnáin\nts guava\nhų̄ tú plúr\n gorm\nnīntū snáthaid\nts iomlán\nhų̄ sé\nTá Jalapa Mazatec rátáilte 6, an ceann is deacra.\nIs teanga an-deacair í an tTariana den chuid is mó mar gheall ar an méid dochreidte faisnéise a chuimsíonn sí ina mhorfholaíocht agus ina shintase. Tá sé seo den chuid is mó toisc gur teanga Arawakan í a bhfuil tionchar mór aici ó theangacha Tucanoan comharsanacha, agus mar thoradh air sin tá go leor de na catagóirí gramadaí agus de na cáithníní atá i láthair sa dá theaghlach aici.\nTagann sé seo as an dá theangacht forleathan i mBasín Vaupes na Cólamibia, áit a bhfásann go leor daoine suas ina dhá theanga óna óige agus is minic a bhíonn siad ilteangacha ag an aois fásta. Tá sé coitianta go bhfuil suas le cúig theanga éagsúla á foghlaim. Bhí droch-mheas ar an gcód-athrú agus bhí gáire ar dhuine ar bith a d'úsáid focal ó theanga Y agus é ag labhairt theanga X. Dá bhrí sin, bhí claonadh ag na teangacha éagsúla gnéithe a fháil ar iasacht óna chéile go héasca.\nMar shampla, tá córas aicmitheoir ainmfhocal agus córas inscne ag Tariana. Uaireanta cuirtear aicmitheoirí ainmfhocail agus inscne faoi chatagóir amháin de aicmitheoirí ainmfhocail. Ach tá an dá rud ag Tariana, is dócha óna chaidreamh le dhá theaghlach teanga go hiomlán difriúil. Mar sin, i Tariana ní haon rud neamhghnách an dá léiriú agus briathra a bheith marcáilte do rang agus do rangú ainmníochta araon. D'iarraigh Tariana rudaí mar bhriathra braite sraitheach agus an marcóir dúbthach ó Tucano.\nIna theannta sin, tá roinnt fuaimeanna an-aisteach ag Tariana, lena n-áirítear nasal mh (mh), nh (nh) agus ñh (ɲh) agus w (wh) de gach rud. Is cosúil go bhfuil siad i ndáiríre a bheith aspirated, ní amháin go páirteach devoiced mar go leor nasals gan guth agus leachtacha.\nTarana faigheann 6, is deacra ar fad.\nTá 350 aicme ainmfhocal éagsúla ag Bora, teanga Wintotoan a labhraítear i bPéiru agus sa Cholóim in aice le teorainn idir an dá thír. Tá an córas aicmithe ainmníochta an-táirgiúil i ndáiríre agus is minic a úsáidtear é chun ainmníochtaí nua a chruthú. Is féidir ainmfhocail nua a chruthú go héasca, agus is minic go bhfuil a gcuid bríonna trédhearcach ó thaobh séamaintiúil de. I roinnt córais aicmithe ainmníochta, is féidir aicmithe a chur ar a chéile. I gcásanna den sórt sin, is gnách go n-úsáidtear an ceann deireanach chun críocha comhaontaithe.\nTá teanga tonal i mBora freisin, ach níl ach dhá thonn aici. Ina theannta sin, tá comhghleacaithe fónómacha fónómacha agus palatalized ag beagnach gach fónam comhghleacaithe. Tá struchtúr comhaontaithe an teanga an-chasta freisin. Cuirtear an córas aicmitheora in ionad mórfholaíocht díorthaithe go héifeachtach ar phróisis chomhcheangail ainmfhocal agus ainmfhocal a úsáideann teangacha eile chun bríonna ainmneacha a leathnú.\nBora faigheann 6 rátáil, is deacra de gach.\nIs teanga Tucanoach í Tuyuca a labhraíonn 450 duine i roinn Vaupés sa Cholóim. Tháinig alt i iris The Economist chun críche gurbh é an teanga is deacra ar domhan a fhoghlaim.\nTá córas fuaime simplí aige, ach tá sé aglutinative, agus tá teangacha aglutinative an-deacair. Mar shampla, ciallaíonn hóabãsiriga nach bhfuil a fhios agam conas a scríobh. Tá dhá fhoirm den chéad duine iolrach ann, mé agus tú (lena n-áirítear) agus mé agus na daoine eile (eisiach). Tá idir 50-140 rang ainmníochta ann, lena n-áirítear cinn aisteach cosúil le craiceann nach bhfuil ag greamaíocht go dlúth ar chrann, a d'fhéadfaí a leathnú chun bríonna baggy nó pluaide fliuch a thosú ag titim as a chéile a chiallaíonn.\nCosúil le Yamana, teanga Amerindian beagnach imithe as an saol i Sile, tá Tuyuca ag marcáil le haghaidh fianaise, is é sin, conas a bhíonn a fhios agat rud éigin. Mar shampla:\nDiga ap-wi. = Bhí an buachaill ag imirt peile. (Chonaic mé é ag imirt).\nDiga ap-hiyi. = Bhí an buachaill ag imirt peile. (Tá mé ag glacadh leis go raibh sé ag imirt peile, cé nach raibh mé a fheiceáil go pearsanta).\nTá sé éigeantach marcáil fianaise a dhéanamh ar gach briathar Tuyuca agus é a chur i bhfeidhm ort smaoineamh ar conas a bhfuil a fhios agat cibé rud atá ar eolas agat.\nTuyuca cinnte faigheann 6 rátáil!\nTá rang beag dúnta fréamhacha aidiachta ag Cubeo, teanga a labhraítear i Vaupes na Colóime, cosúil le Juʼhoan thíos:\nɨra mór/mhór\nkɨhĩ beag\n nua/óg\nbɨkɨ sean/mhór\nbe maith/ álainn\n olc/droch\nMar sin féin, is féidir le briathra feidhmiú mar aidiachtaí, agus is féidir leis na fréamhacha aidiachta dul ina n-ainmeacha iad féin nó is féidir leo infleachtaí ainmneacha nó briathra a ghlacadh. Fiáin!\nCosúil leis an gcaoi a ndeachaigh teangacha Tucano i bhfeidhm ar ghramadach Tariana, tá tionchar ag teangacha Arawakan comharsanacha ar ghramadach Cubeo Tucanoan. Tá an gramaic a tuairiscíodh mar SOV nó OVS. Ciallaíonn sé sin go ndéanfar na nithe seo a leanas:\nAn fear a bhuail an liathróid.\nBhuail an liathróid an fear.\nCiallaíonn sé na rudaí céanna. Tá teangacha OVS an-annamh.\nBaineann morphemes le ceann de cheithre aicme:\n- Nasal (go leor fréamhacha, chomh maith le iar-scríbhinní mar -xã = comhlachas)\n- Béal (go leor fréamhacha, chomh maith le iar-fhocail mar -pe = cosúlacht, -du = frustrach)\n- Gan mharcáil (níl ach fhrith-fhocail, e.g. -re = in/object díreach)\n- Oral/Nasal (seoltar fréamhacha agus roinnt iar-fhocail) /bãˈkaxa-/(mãˈkaxa-) chun defecate agus -kebã = suppose\nNí féidir, ach ag féachaint ar aon fhocal comhréiteach-thosaitheach ar leith, a chinneadh cén ceann de na trí chatagóir is luaithe a bhaineann sé leis. Caithfear iad a fhoghlaim ceann ar cheann.\nTá an t-aigéad nasal ag Cubeo, rud a bhfuil coitianta i go leor teangacha Amazon. I roinnt díobh seo, déantar anailís is fearr ar nasalization ag an leibhéal siollaí tá roinnt siollaí nasal agus níl cuid eile ann.\nChuaigh sí le déanaí.\nTá an fhoirm bhunúsach dĩ-bI-ko réadú ar an dromchla mar nĩmĩko. An ĩ in dĩ-bI-ko nasalizes an d, an b, agus an I ar gach taobh de, mar sin ag scaipeadh nasal oibríonn i mbeirt threo. Mar sin féin, tá sé bacáilte ón tríú siolla mar go bhfuil k mar chuid de rang de chomhréir nach féidir a nasal.\nTeanga an-deacair.\nCuneo faigheann 6 rátáil, is deacra ar fad.\nTá Hixkaryána cáiliúil mar an t-aon teanga ar domhan a bhfuil ord focal OVS (Object-Verb-Subject) bunúsach aige.\nCiallaíonn an abairt Toto yonoye kamara, nó D'ith an fear an jaguar, go deimhin d'ith an jaguar an fear.\nToto yonoye kamara\nLit. D'ith an fear an jaguar.\nGloss: D'ith an jaguar an fear.\nNí hamháin go ndéanann na suffixes gramadaí a ghabhann le deireadh an bhriathar uimhir a chur in iúl ach freisin gné, giúmar agus aimsir.\nFaigheann Hixkaryána rátáil 6, an ceann is deacra.\nIs sraith teangacha dlúthbhainte é seo i ndáiríre seachas teanga amháin, ach is í an teanga Nambikwara Theas an teanga is cáiliúla den teaghlach, le 1,200 cainteoir san Amazon na Brasaíle.\nTá fónolaíocht casta. Déanann comh-aistriúcháin idirdhealú idir a bhfuil an t-aspiráid, an t-aonad agus an glottalized, coitianta sna Meiriceá. Tá fuaimeanna aisteach cosúil le frithghníomhú glottalized nasal prestopped. Tá vowels nasal agus trí thonn éagsúla. Tá comhghleacaithe nasal, creaky-voiced agus nasal-creaky ag gach vowels ach amháin, ar feadh 19 vowel san iomlán.\nTá an gramaic poilsintéiseach le córas fianaise casta.\nDe réir tuairiscí, ní ghlacann leanaí Nambikwara an teanga go hiomlán go dtí aois 10 nó mar sin, ceann de na haois is déanaí a thaifeadtar le haghaidh inniúlacht iomlán. Deirtear uaireanta gurb í Nambikwara an teanga is deacra ar domhan a fhoghlaim, ach tá iomaíocht aici.\nNambikwara cinnte faigheann 6 rátáil, is deacra ar fad!\nIs teanga scoite é Pirahã a labhraítear san Amazon na Brasaíle. Léiríonn scríbhinní le déanaí ag Daniel Everett nach amháin go bhfuil sé seo ar cheann de na teangacha is deacra ar domhan a fhoghlaim, ach go bhfuil sé ar cheann de na teangacha is aisteach ar domhan freisin. Tá sé an-chasta i mbeagnach gach bealach is féidir a shamhlú. Tá sé liostaithe go coitianta ar ghálaire rogues de na teangacha agus na fónálachtaí is craiceáilte ar an Domhan.\nTá an fhilíocht fhónamach is lú ar domhan aige le seacht gconsúin, trí fhuaim agus dhá nó trí thonn amháin. Scríobh Everett páipéar faoi le déanaí tar éis dó blianta fada a chaitheamh leo. Ní raibh deis ag misinéirí roimhe seo a chaith am leis na Pirahã an teanga a fhoghlaim de ghnáth toisc go raibh sé ró-deacair í a fhoghlaim. Thóg sé Everett am an-fhada, ach d'fhoghlaim sé go maith é sa deireadh.\nTá go leor de na héilimh a dhéanann Everett faoi Pirahã iontach: cainte whistled, aon chóras chun cuntáil, an-bheag iasachtaí Portaingéile (diúltaíonn siad go stuama iasachtaí Portaingéile a úsáid) fianaise le haghaidh hipitéis réalaíoch teanga Sapir-Whorf, agus fianaise go sáróidh sé cuid de na huniversalacha teanga a cheap Noam Chomsky mar shampla cur isteach. Tá an t͡ fuaim aige freisin a bhfuil postdental affricate trí-bhéal ach amháin i dhá theanga eile, araon san Amazon na Brasaíle Oro Win agus Wari.\nAr dtús, ní raibh Everett chuala an fhuaim, ach fuair siad a fhios dó níos fearr, thosaigh siad a dhéanamh níos minice. Creideann Everett go raibh grúpaí eile ag magadh orthu nuair a rinne siad an fhuaim aisteach.\nTá an córas gaolmhara is simplí i Pirahã in aon teanga níl ach focal ann do mháthair agus athair araon, agus níl aon fhocal ag na Pirahã do dhuine ar bith seachas gaolta bitheolaíocha díreacha.\nB'fhéidir nach bhfuil ach dhá uimhreacha ag Pirahã, nó b'fhéidir nach bhfuil córas uimhriúil ann ar chor ar bith.\nNí dhéanann Pirahã idirdhealú idir duine singiléir agus iomadúil. Tá sé seo an-neamhghnách. B'fhéidir go ndearna an teanga a sheata pronoun iomlán a fháil ar iasacht ó na teangacha Tupian Nheengatu agus Tenarim, grúpaí a raibh teagmháil ag na Pirahã roimhe seo leo. B'fhéidir gurb é seo ceann de na cásanna amháin a ndearnadh fianaise orthu maidir le sraith pronoun iomlán a fháil ar iasacht.\nTá marcóirí fhianaise éigeantach ann a chaithfear a úsáid i gcaint Pirahã. Ní mór do chainteoirí a rá conas a bhfuil a fhios acu rud éigin, cibé acu a chonaic siad é féin, cibé acu a bhí sé hearsay nó cibé acu a inferred siad é ar bhonn imthosca.\nTá stíl mhaorga éagsúla ann - an t-éileamh (an t-éileamh gníomh a dhéanamh) agus dhá chineál frustrach - frustrachas ag tosú gníomh (inchoative / incomplete) agus frustrachas ag críochnú gníomh (causative / incomplete). Tá cinn eile ann: láithreach/intinn (tá tú chun rud éigin a dhéanamh anois/tá intinn agat é a dhéanamh sa todhchaí)\nTá go leor gnéithe briathracha ann: foirfe / neamhiomlán (comhlánaithe / neamhlánaithe) telic / atelic (tarrtháil sprioc / gan sprioc a bhaint amach), leanúnach (fás), athdhéanta (iterative), agus tús a chur le gníomh (inchoative).\nTá 262,144 foirm féideartha ag gach briathar Pirahã, nó is féidir go bhfuil na milliúin ann, ag brath ar an anailís a úsáideann tú.\nTá an aimsir sa todhchaí roinnte ina todhchaí/ar áit éigin agus sa todhchaí/ar áit eile. Tá an aimsir a bhí caite roinnte ina thréimhse ghlan agus i thréimhse ghlan láithreach.\nNíl ach 90 bunfhocal briathar ag Pirahã, líon an-bheag. Ach is féidir na fréamhacha seo a chur le chéile chun briathra comhcheangailte a fhoirmiú, catagóir i bhfad níos mó. Seo sampla amháin de thrí bhriathra a shínítear le chéile chun briathra comhcheangailte a chruthú:\nxig ab op\ndul dul a thabhairt ar ais, tú rud éigin a chur ar shiúl, tú ar ais, agus tú dul ar ais go dtí an áit a fuair tú é a thabhairt ar ais é.\nNíl aon téarmaí dath abstratacha i Pirahã. Níl ach dhá fhocal ann do dathanna, ceann don solas agus ceann don dorchadas. Is i bPapúa Nua-Ghuine atá na teangacha eile amháin a bhfuil an tuiscint seo ar dhath teoranta acu. Níl na téarmaí dathanna eile ina téarmaí dathanna i ndáiríre, ach tá siad níos tuairisciúla déantar dearg a aistriú mar cosúil le fuil.\nIs féidir an Pirahã a fhliuchadh, a mhúineadh nó a chódú i gceol. Is féidir comhchlocha agus vowels a fhágáil ar lár go hiomlán agus brí a chur in iúl ina ionad sin trí athruithe i strus, airde agus rithim. Múineann máithreacha an teanga do leanaí trí múnlaí ceoil a athdhéanamh.\nB'fhéidir gurb é an Pirahã ceann de na teangacha is deacra ar domhan a fhoghlaim.\nPirahã faigheann 6 rátáil, is deacra de gach.\nTá Quechua (i ndáiríre grúpa mór teangacha agus ní teanga amháin ar chor ar bith) ar cheann de na teangacha Amerindian is éasca a fhoghlaim. Is sampla clasaiceach é an Quechua de ghramadach an-rialta le cúpla eisceacht. Tá a chóras comhcheangailteach níos simplí ná fiú an Tuircis. Tá an fhónálaíocht bás simplí.\nAr an taobh síos, tá go leor difríocht diaicteach (is teangacha ar leith iad seo agus ní diaictí) agus easpa ábhair foghlama. Deir cuid acu go gcaitheann cainteoirí Quechua a saol ar fad ag foghlaim an teanga.\nTá orthography neamhréireach ag Quechua. Tá troid ann idir iad siúd a roghnaíonn orthography bunaithe ar Spáinnis agus iad siúd a roghnaíonn ceann níos fóinéime. Chomh maith leis sin tá argóint ann maidir le cibé an ba chóir an teanga Ayacucho nó an teanga Cuzco a úsáid mar bhonn.\nTá gné deacair ag Quechua ar a dtugtar marcáil fianaise. Léiríonn an marcóir seo foinse eolais an chainteora agus cé chomh cinnte atá siad faoin ráiteas.\n-mi léiríonn eolas pearsanta:\nTayta Wayllaqawaqa chufirmi.\nIs tiománaí é an tUasal Huayllacahua. (Tá a fhios agam é le haghaidh fíricí.)\n-si léiríonn eolas hearsay:\nTayta Wayllaqawaqa chufirsi.\nIs tiománaí é an tUasal Huayllacahua (nó mar a chuala mé).\nLéiríonn chá an fhéidearthacht láidir:\nTayta Wayllaqawaqa chufirchá.\nIs tiománaí é an tUasal Huayllacahua (is dóichí).\nTá an Quechua rátáilte 4, an-deacair.\nTá cuid den mhórfónóilíocht is fial ann i nGaeilge Aymara. Tá scriosadh gluaine morpheme-deiridh i láthair sa teanga mar phróiseas morphophonological, agus tá sé ag brath ar shraith rialacha fónálacha, morphúlacha agus sintasacha an-chasta (Kim 2013).\nMar shampla, tá trí chineál suffix ann: ceannasacha, athghníomhach agus ní bhíonn an 3ú rang ceannasach ná athghníomhach. Má chríochnaíonn bunleagan i bhfuaimneach, scriosann na h-uimhir uachtaracha an fhuaimneach ach ceadaíonn na h-uimhir athghníomhacha an fhuaimneach fanacht. An tríú rang a scriosann nó a choinníonn an vowel ar an stéim ag brath ar cé mhéad vowels atá sa stéim. Má tá dhá fhuaim ag an gcroí, coinnítear an fhuaim. Má tá trí fhuaim ann, scriosfar an fhuaim.\nCé go bhfuil an chuma ar fad seo go leor aisteach, tá rud éigin cosúil ag tarlú sa Fhinnéis, mura bhfuil sé i bhfad níos measa.\nMar sin féin, deirtear go bhfuil an Aymara fós ina theanga an-éasca le foghlaim. Deir Leabhar Guinness na gClártaí Domhanda go bhfuil sé beagnach chomh éasca le foghlaim le Esperanto.\nFaigheann Aymara rátáil 2, an-éasca a fhoghlaim.\nTá teangacha Aborigine na hAstráile ar na teangacha is deacra ar domhan a fhoghlaim, cosúil le teangacha Amerindian nó Caucasian. Tá contrastachtaí fónamacha ag roinnt teangacha na hAstráile nach bhfuil i mbeagán teangacha eile, mar shampla conónálaí apico-dental, lamino-dental, apico-post-alveolar, agus lamino-postalveolar.\nIs gnách go mbíonn teangacha na hAstráile measctha ergative. Tá ainmfhocail gnáth ergative-absolutive, ach tá pronouns 1ú agus 2ú duine ainmníochta-accusative. Tá idirdhealú trí bhealach ag teanga amháin idir gníomhaire-othar-taithí sa pronóm 1ú duine. De ghnáth bíonn foirmeacha singil, ilmhíle agus dhúbailte ag malartuithe na hAstráile chomh maith le 1ú ilmhíle cuimsitheach agus eisiach. I roinnt abairtí, tá an rud a dtugtar comhaontú cás dúbailte acu, rud a bhfuil annamh i dteangacha an domhain:\nThug mé spear a mo athair.\nThug mé spear mianach-go-athair.\nTá an dá ghné den abairt mo athair i dative agus i genitive araon.\nMar sin féin, tá an buntáiste ag teangacha na mborthanach go bhfuil siad an-rialta.\nTá gach teanga Astrálach rátáilte 6, an ceann is deacra de gach ceann.\nIs teanga Tor-Orya é Berik a labhraítear i gcolún na hIndinéise Irian Jaya i Nua-Ghuine.\nBíonn go leor deireadh aisteach ag briathra, i go leor cásanna cinn éigeantacha, a léiríonn cén uair den lá a tharla rud éigin, i measc rudaí eile.\nTelbener Is é an t-ól sa tráthnóna.\nNuair a ghlacann briathar réad, ní hamháin go marcfar é de réir am an lae ach de réir mhéid an réad.\nKitobana Tugann sé trí rud mór d'fhear i solas na gréine.\nIs féidir briathra a mharcáil freisin le haghaidh áit a dtarlaíonn an gníomh i dtaca leis an cainteoir.\nGwerantena Rud mór a chur in áit íseal in aice láimhe.\nTá Berik rátáil 6, is deacra ar fad.\nTrasna Nua-Ghuine\nIs í Amele an teanga is casta ar domhan maidir le foirmeacha briathar, le 69,000 foirm chríochnaithe agus 860 foirm neamhchríochnaithe.\nTá Amele rátáil 6, is deacra ar fad.\nIs cás aisteach é Valman ina bhfuil an focal agus a nascann dhá ainmfhocal ina bhfiarán de gach rud agus tá sé marcáilte leis an gcéad ainmfhocal mar ábhar agus an dara ainmfhocal mar réad.\nJohn (ábhar) agus Mary (ábhar)\nTá Eoin marcáilte mar ábhar ar chúis éigin, agus tá Máire marcáilte mar ghné, agus léiríonn an focal agus go bhfuil an t-ábhar ag aontacht le Eoin agus go bhfuil an ghné ag aontacht le Máire.\nFaigheann Valman rátáil 6, an ceann is deacra.\nTá sé deacair teangacha Seimiciúla mar Araibis agus Eabhrais a fhoghlaim, agus tá an Araibis (go háirithe MSA) ar cheann liostaí go leor foghlaimeoirí teanga mar an teanga is deacra a rinne siad iarracht a fhoghlaim riamh. Cé go bhfuil briathra Seimitigh an-chasta, tá roinnt buntáistí ag an gcóras briathra go háirithe i gcomparáid le teangacha IE cosúil leis an Slavach. Murab ionann agus na Slavacha, ní bhíonn briathra Seimiciúla ag cur isteach ar stádas agus níl aon rud foirfe nó neamhiomlán ann.\nTá roinnt bealaí an-neamhrialta ag an Araibis maidir le díghrádú ainmfhocal, fiú sa iomad. Mar shampla, athraíonn an focal cailíní ar bhealach nach féidir a thuar nuair a deir tú cailín amháin, beirt cailíní agus trí cailíní, agus tá dhá bhealach éagsúla ann dhá chailín a rá ag brath ar an gcomhthéacs. Tá dhá chailín marcáilte leis an dá cheann, ach is féidir foirmeacha éagsúla dá cheann a úsáid. Tá sé deacair go leor do na cainteoirí nach bhfuil dual i dteanga dhúchais a dteanga a bheith ag labhairt i dteangacha uile a bhfuil dual ann. Mar sin féin, tá an dúbailte intuartha ón singil, mar sin d'fhéadfadh duine a argóint nach gá duit ach a fhoghlaim conas cailín amháin agus trí chailín a rá.\nIna theannta sin, tá sé lán de ilghnéithe neamhrialta cosúil le octopus agus octopi i mBéarla, ach tá na foirmeacha seo annamh i mBéarla. Le haon fhocal, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh 20 bealach éagsúla ann chun é a iolrú, agus níl aon bhealach ann a fhios a bheith agat cén ceann de na 20 paradigm a úsáidfear leis an bhfocal sin, agus dá bharr sin, níl aon bhealach ann chun patrún iolrach a ghinearáil ó patrún singilár. Ina theannta sin, tá 2-3 bhealach ag go leor focail chun iad a iolrú. Cúpla iomadán Arabach míshásta:\nkalb -> kilaab\nchroí -> chroí\nmaktab -> makaatib\ntaalib -> tullaab\nbalad -> buldaan\nNuair a deir tú is breá liom tú le fear, a deir tú é ar bhealach amháin, agus nuair a deir tú é le bean, a deir tú é ar bhealach eile. Ar agus ar.\nTá an córas scríbhneoireachta Araibis thar a bheith deacair agus tá sé níos mó ná an ceann is deacra a úsáid ar bith ar an Domhan. Tá na vowels bog a fhágtar amach. Ní mór duit foghlaim cá háit a gcuirtear leochailí atá ar iarraidh isteach, cá háit a ndéantar comh-uimhir a dhúbailt agus cé na leochailí a chailleann tú sa script. Tá 28 siombail éagsúla sa aibítir agus ceithre bhealach éagsúla chun gach siombail a scríobh ag brath ar a áit sa focal.\nScríobhtar comh-aistriúcháin ar bhealaí éagsúla ag brath ar an áit a bhfuil siad i bhfocal. Scríobhtar h ar bhealach difriúil ag tús focal ná ag deireadh focal. Is é an gné simplí de, áfach, go bhfuil an fhoirm mheánta mar an gcéanna i gcónaí leis an bhfoirm tosaigh. Ní gá duit ach focail Araibis a fhoghlaim ach freisin an gramaic chun Araibis a léamh.\nPronouns a cheangal iad féin le fréamhacha, agus tá go leor éagsúla briathra conjugacion paradigms a bhfuil ach a bheith memorized. Mar shampla, má tá briathar a bhfuil a, a, nó a i a fréamh, ní mór duit a memorize na patters na díorthaigh, agus go bhfuil an chunk maith de na conjugations ceart ann. Tá an córas chun méideanna a thomhas an-choitianta.\nTá go leor rialacha aisteach sa ghramadach a bhfuil an chuma orthu nach bhfuil ciall leo. Ar an drochuair, tá eisceachtaí ag formhór na rialacha, agus is cosúil go bhfuil na eisceachtaí níos coitianta ná na rialacha féin. Gearánann go leor daoine, lena n-áirítear cainteoirí dúchais, faoi ghramaic na hArabacha.\nTá cás Araibis, ach tá an córas simplí.\nTá sé deacair do go leor eachtrannaigh na fuaimeanna laryngeal, uvular agus glottalized a dhéanamh agus tá sé beagnach dodhéanta dóibh a fháil ceart. Tugann na fuaimeanna ha \nTá an Araibis ar a laghad chomh idiomatic mar Fraincis nó Béarla, mar sin chun labhairt go ceart ní mór duit a fhoghlaim go léir na nuances expressionistic.\nCeann de na fadhbanna is measa le Araibis is ea na diailéic, atá i go leor cásanna teangacha ar leithligh go hiomlán. Má fhoghlaimíonn tú Araibis, is minic a chaithfidh tú ceann de na diailéic a fhoghlaim chomh maith le hAraibis chlasaic. Labhraíonn gach duine a labhraíonn Araibis diailéic Araibis agus Araibis Chlasaiceach araon.\nI roinnt ranganna Araibis mar theanga iasachta, fiú tar éis 1 1/2 bliana, ní raibh aon dalta in ann abairt iomlán agus ceart a dhéanamh nach raibh i gcuimhne.\nAg cur le meáchan ar an gcreideamh coitianta go bhfuil an Araibis deacair a fhoghlaim, rinneadh taighde sa Ghearmáin in 2005 a léirigh go bhfuil leanaí Tuircis ag foghlaim a dteanga ag aois 2-3, leanaí Gearmánacha ag aois 4-5, ach ní raibh leanaí Araibis ag foghlaim Araibis go dtí aois 12.\nTá comhaontú verbacha casta ag an nGaeilge leis an ábhar, inscne fireann agus baineann i ainmníochtaí agus aidiachtaí, sintéise tosaigh ceann agus srianta tromchúiseacha ar chomhdhúile a fhoirmiú. Má thagann tú ó theanga a bhfuil nádúr den chineál céanna aici, b'fhéidir go mbeidh an Araibis níos éasca duit ná mar atá sé do go leor daoine eile. Déanann a chóras 3 fhuaimneach fuaimíní éasca.\nTá MSA Araibis rátáil 5, an-deacair.\nIs minic go bhfuil diailéicte Araibis beagán níos éasca le foghlaim ná MSA Araibis. Ar a laghad i Liobáineach agus san Araibis Éigipteach, tá an fhuaim q an-deacair curtha ina hamza nó stop glottal atá níos éasca a dhéanamh. I gcomparáid le MSA Araibis, is gnách go mbíonn na focail dialachta níos giorra agus níos éasca a fhuaimniú.\nChun a bhaint amach in áit ar bith in aice le inniúlacht labhartha dúchais i Aigipt Araibis, is dócha go gcaithfidh tú cónaí san Éigipt ar feadh 10 mbliana, ach labhraíonn Araibis a rá go bhfuil cúpla má tá aon dara teanga foghlaimeoirí teacht riamh in aice le inniúlacht dúchais. Tá stór focal ollmhór ann, agus tá saibhreas bríonna féideartha ag formhór na bhfocal.\nTá Araibis na hÉigipte rátáilte 4.5, an-go-i bhfad deacair.\nDeirtear go bhfuil an Araibis Mhorcóis go háirithe deacair, le go leor éileamh vowel i stéibheanna triconsonantal. Ina theannta sin, tá córais scríbhneoireachta neamhréasúnach ag gach araibis diailctúil.\nTá Araibis Mhorcó rátáilte 4.5, an-go-i bhfad deacair.\nIs teanga aisteach í an Máltais, go bunúsach teanga Arabach Maghrebi (arna chosúlacht le Arabach na Maracó nó na Túinéis) a bhfuil tionchar an-mhór aige ó theangacha neamh-Arabacha. Tá an fhadhb céanna ag an nGaeilge leis sin go minic go bhfuil cuma ar bhealach amháin ar fhocail agus go bhfuil siad á bhfreagrú ar bhealach eile.\nTá an fhadhb choiteann Séimeatach ag an teanga le plúraimí deacra. Cé go n-úsáideann go leor ilghnéithe críochna coitianta ilghnéithe (-i, -iet, -ijiet, -at), cruthaíonn daoine eile an ilghnéithe trína n-uaireanta deiridh a thit nó trí s a chur leis (iasacht Béarla). Níl aon patrún ann, agus ní mór duit ach a mheabhrú cé acu a fheidhmíonn ar an mbealach. Ceadaíonn an Máltais an cluster spt comhfhocal, atá deacair a fhuaimniú.\nAr an láimh eile, tá go leor iasachtaí IE ag Maltese ó Iodáilis, Sisilianach, Spáinnis, Fraincis agus níos mó agus níos mó Béarla. Má tá eolas agat ar theangacha Rómhánacha, beidh an Máltais níos éasca ná an chuid is mó de na diailéicte Araibis.\nTá an Maltese rátáilte 4, an-deacair.\nDe réir roinnt Iosrael, tá sé deacair an Eabhrais a fhoghlaim. B'fhéidir gurb é cuid den fhadhb an córas scríbhneoireachta abjad, a fhágann go minic le huacailí nach mór a mheabhrú ach amháin. Chomh maith leis sin, seachas iasachtaí, is Afroasiatic an foclóir, agus dá bhrí sin níl a fhios ag cainteoirí teangacha IE den chuid is mó. Tá comh-aigí deacair ann freisin mar atá san Araibis mar pharyngeals agus uvulars.\nTá an h-héite nó glottal go háirithe deacair a dhéanamh. Mar sin féin, ní dhéanann an chuid is mó de na hIosraeligh nua-aimseartha fuaimeanna het nó aain a thuilleadh. Ina áit sin, labhraíonn siad an het mar fhuaim chaf agus an aain mar alef. Ní úsáideann beagnach gach Giúdaigh Iosrael Ashkenazi na fuaimeanna het nó aain a thuilleadh. Ach is iad na Giúdaigh a tháinig ó thíortha Arabacha (go minic daoine níos sine) a úsáideann an fhuaim fós, agus cuid dá gcuid leanaí (Dorani 2013).\nTá rialacha morphophonological casta ag an Eabhrais. Athraíonn na litreacha p, b, t, d, k agus g go v, f, dh, th, kh agus gh i gcásanna áirithe. I roinnt timpeallachtaí, athraíonn pharyngeals nádúr na bhfócail timpeall orthu. Is é an t-iar-fhocal ve-, a chiallaíonn agus, a fhuaimnítear go difriúil nuair a bhíonn sé roimh litreacha áirithe. Tá an Eabhrais go leor neamhrialta freisin.\nTá go leor guthanna sa Eabhrais, lena n-áirítear gníomhach, éagníomhach, dian, dian-éagmhach, srl. Tá roinnt aimsir aige freisin mar an láthair, an t-am atá caite agus an juissive gan chomhionannas.\nTá dhá chatagóir ainmfhocal éagsúla sa Eabhrais freisin. Tá go leor suffixes agus go leor prefixes ann freisin ar féidir iad a chur le briathra agus le hainmneacha.\nNí féidir leis an gcuid is mó de na daoine a labhraíonn an Eabhrais mar theanga dhúchais a labhairt i gceart.\nDeir go leor daoine go bhfuil an Eabhrais chomh deacair le MSA nó b'fhéidir níos deacra a fhoghlaim, ach tá sé seo conspóideach.\nFaigheann Eabhrais rátáil 5 le haghaidh an-deacair.\nMeastar go bhfuil teangacha Berber an-deacair a fhoghlaim. Níos measa fós, níl mórán acmhainní foghlama teanga ar fáil.\nCeadaíonn an Tamazight comhghleacaithe dúbailte ag tús focal! Conas is féidir leat a dhéanamh go bhfuil fuaim?\nFaigheann Tamazight rátáil 6, an ceann is deacra.\nI Tachelhit , tá focail mar seo indéanta:\nThóg tú é as.\nThug tú é.\nIna theannta sin, tá focail ann nach bhfuil ach aonad amháin nó dhá chomhchruinn:\nTagann Tachelhit 6 rátáil, an ceann is deacra.\nDeirtear go bhfuil an teanga an-deacair a fhoghlaim. Tá sé casta go leor, agus is cosúil go bhfuil a struchtúr abairtí aisteach fiú do chainteoirí teangacha Seimiciúla eile. Deir cainteoirí Eabhrais go bhfuil deacracht acu leis an teanga seo.\nTá go leor rialacha ann a bhfuil an-chastacht orthu, tá go leor patrúin comhcheangail ann, tá rudaí suite leis an bhfiar, tá 274 litir sa aibítir, agus is cosúil go bhfuil an fuaimniú aisteach. Mar sin féin, má tá a fhios agat cheana féin Eabhrais nó Araibis, beidh sé i bhfad níos éasca. Is é an chuid is deacra de gach an córas briathra, mar a tharla le haon teanga Seamánach. Tá sé níos éasca ná Araibis.\nFaigheann an Amharcach rátáil 4.5 ó an-deacair go an-deacair.\nTá Dahalo ina réalta as a bheith ar chuid de na fónálaíocht chomhcheangailte is fial ar domhan. Tá na ceithre mheicníocht sruthála aer ann a fhaightear i dteangacha: eisiúnacha, implosives, cliceáil agus fuaimeanna plumacha gnáth. Tá stopadh glótach agus epiglottal araon agus stopadh frithghníomhacha agus laminal agus apical.\nTá sraith aisteach cliceáil nasal ann freisin agus tá siad glottalized agus plain araon. Tá cuid de na cliceálacha seo labialized freisin. Tá stopadh agus africates prenasalized guthaithe agus neamhghuthaithe aige, agus tá cuid de na stopálacha labialized freisin. Tá eisiúint taobh palatal aisteach. Tá trí thriomóid ghnéasach éagsúla ann, lena n-áirítear ceann labialized agus palatalized, agus thart ar cheann ghnéasach. Déanann sé difríocht idir affricates agus fricatives latéracha alveolara agus palatal, an t-aon teanga ar domhan a dhéanann sé seo.\nIs sealgairí-bailiúcháin iar-ionsaí elephant iad na Dahalo a chónaíonn i ndeisceart na Ceiné. Creidtear gur labhair siad teanga mar Sandawe nó Hadza ag am éigin, ach gur athraigh siad go Cushitic ag pointe éigin. Meastar go bhfuil na cnaipí ina substrát ó am nuair a bhí Dahalo ina teanga de chineál Sandawe-Hadza.\nDahalo faigheann 6 rátáil, is deacra ar fad.\nTá ceann de na córais tairiscintí is aisteach ar domhan ag Somál. Níl aon réamhráite fíor ann i ndáiríre. Ina áit sin tá páirteanna réamhbhriathra agus seilbh ag an bhfocal a fheidhmíonn mar réamhfhocail.\nSeo mar a úsáideann na hairíonna seilbh mar réamhfhocail:\nan oíche a aghaidh\nan teas a chúis\nmar gheall ar an teas\nAnseo tá úsáid na coire réamhfhocal ag feidhmiú mar réamhfhocal:\nkú ríd shandádda\nI a chur ar an mála.\nCuir isteach sa mhála é.\nComhcheanglaíonn Somál ceithre prepositions le ceithre phíosaí déictic chun a chuid prepositions a fhoirmiú.\nTá ceithre bhun-prepositions ann:\nComhcheanglaíonn siad seo le ceithre phíosaí díictíche éagsúla:\ni dtreo an chainteora\namach ón cainteoir\ni dtreo a chéile\namach óna chéile\nDá bhrí sin, cuirtear na 'prepositions' agus na coisín déictic le chéile ar bhealaí éagsúla. Is gnách go dtéann an dá cheann os comhair an bhriathar agus gar dó:\nNí nínkíi bàan cèelka xádhig kagá sóo saaray.\n...well-an rópa le-as i dtreo-a-me I-a ardú.\nTarraing mé an fear amach as an tobar le rópa.\nWay inoogá warrámi jireen.\nThug siad dúinn-i-thart ar nuacht.\nBhí siad a thabhairt dúinn nuacht faoi sé.\nIs iad na réamhghnéithe an chuid is deacra den teanga Somáile don fhoghlaimeoir.\nDéileálann Somál leis na briathra gluaiseachta trí deixis ar bhealach cosúil leis an nGaeilge. Is é an cainteoir pointe tagartha amháin agus is é an pointe tagartha eile aon eintitis eile a pléadh. Déantar briathra gluaiseachta a fhoirmiú trí fhriathra. Féadfaidh eintitis a aistriú:\ni dtreo a chéile wada\nar shiúl óna chéile kala\ni dtreo an cainteoir mar sin\nar shiúl ón cainteoir si\nKala durka ar leithligh\nSi gal dul isteach (ar shiúl ón cainteoir)\nmar sin gal teacht isteach (i dtreo an cainteoir)\nNíl aon chomhsheasmhacht orthografach ag an Somáilis. Tá ceithre chóras staire éagsúla in úsáid an script Araibis Wadaad, an script Osmanya Eitiopeach, an script Borama agus an aibítir Laidineach Sómal, an córas reatha.\nTá gach ceann de na fuaimeanna deacra Araibis i láthair i Somáilig, teanga Seimiceach eile an alef, an ha, an qaf agus an kha. Tá briathra fada agus ghearr ann. Tá d retroflex ann, an fhuaim chéanna a fhaightear i dteangacha na hIndia Theas. Tá 2 thonn ag Somál freisin ard agus íseal. Ar chúis éigin, is gnách go mbíonn an Somál ar liostaí na fonológa is craiceáilte.\nNíl aon chiall ag ilghnéitheacht na Sómalíochta agus ní mór é a mheabhrú. Tá seacht plúrúil éagsúla ann, agus níl aon leideanna sa singiléir a insíonn duit cén fhoirm a úsáid sa plúr. Féach anseo:\náf (teanga) -> afaf\nhoóyo (máthair) -> hoyoóyin\náabbe -> aabayaal\nTabhair faoi deara na hathruithe tóna sna trí phlúral thuas.\nTá ceithre chás ann, an cás absolúideach, an cás ainmniúil, an cás géiniúil agus an cás glactha. In ainneoin go bhfuil cásanna absolutive agus ainmnithe ann, ní teanga ergative í an Somál. Is é cás absolutive cás bunúsach an ainmfhocail, agus is é ainmniúcháin an cás a thugtar don ainmfhocal nuair a leanann briathar sa abairt. Tá ailt éagsúla ann ag brath ar an raibh an t-ainmfhocal luaite roimhe seo nó nach raibh (cosúil leis na hailt a agus an i mBéarla). Tá an t-aonfhocal agus an t-ainmfhocal marcáilte ní amháin ar an ainmfhocal ach freisin ar an alt a théann roimh é.\nMaidir le deacracht, tá Somalí i bhfad níos deacra ná an Peirsis agus is dócha go bhfuil sé chomh deacair le hAraibis.\nFaigheann Somál 5 rátáil, an-deacair a fhoghlaim.\nTá Malayalam, teanga Dravidian na hIndia, luaite mar an teanga is deacra le foghlaim ag bunús teanga, ach tá an luaitear éagórach agus deacair a fhíorú.\nIs minic a bhíonn sé deacair fiú focail Malayalam a lorg i foclóir Malayalam.\nMar shampla, is focal i Malayalam é adiyAnkaLAkkikkoNDirikkukayumANello. Ciallaíonn sé rud éigin cosúil liomsa, do sheirbhíseach, tá mé ag suí agus a mheascadh st. (agus sin an fáth nach féidir liom a dhéanamh cad a iarrann tú dom). Is sampla den chineál abairt é an chuid i bprátais ina bhféadfaí é a úsáid.\nTá an focal thuas comhdhéanta de go leor morphemes éagsúla, lena n-áirítear na comhcheangail agus na h-affixes eile, agus sandhi ag dul ar aghaidh le cuid acu ionas go bhfuil siad ag éadóireacht ar shiúl óna bhfoirmeacha bunúsacha. Ní cosúil go bhfuil aon bhealach ann chun an focal sin a chuardach nó foclóir Malayalam a scríobh a liostálann na foirmeacha is féidir go léir, lena n-áirítear foirmeacha cosúil leis an bhfocal thuas. Is dócha go mbeadh sé i bhfad ró-mhór de leabhar. Mar sin féin, tá na teangacha comhcheangailteacha go léir déanta suas de na haifigí, agus má tá a fhios agat na haifigí, ní bhíonn sé deacair an focal a pharachadh ar leithligh.\nDeirtear go bhfuil sé an-deacair Malayalam a fhuaimniú i gceart.\nIna theannta sin, ní bhíonn mórán eachtrannaigh ag iarraidh Malayalam a fhoghlaim, mar sin b'fhéidir nach gcloisfidh cainteoirí Malayalam, cosúil leis na Fraince, leat agus b'fhéidir go ndéanfaidh siad gáire ort mura bhfuil do Malayalam ag fuaimeadh go nádúrtha.\nMar sin féin, tá buntáiste ag Malayalam go bhfuil go leor ábhar oideachais ar fáil chun teanga a fhoghlaim mar ábhar fuaime-amhairc agus físeáin fo-thiotal.\nTá Malayalam rátáilte 5, an-deacair.\nTá an tAtáiliam, teanga Dravidian deacair, ach is dócha nach bhfuil sé chomh deacair le Malayalam. Tá 247 carachtar dochreidte i mbéal a aibítir. Mar sin féin, is cumaisc comhcheangail-fhocail iad formhór na ndaoine sin, agus mar sin is cosúil go bhfuil sé beagnach níos mó de shiollaibéar ná aibítir. Ag dul ag cad a bheadh go traidisiúnta a mheas siombailí aibítir, is dócha nach bhfuil ach 72 fíor siombailí sa aibítir. Mar sin féin, is dócha go bhfuil ceann de na scríbhinní Indic is éasca ag an Tamal mar go bhfuil níos lú carachtair ag an Tamal ná scríbhinní eile mar gheall ar a easpa uaillmhianta. I gcomparáid le Devanagaris os cionn 1,000 carachtar.\nAch níl aon script Indic éasca. Is é an fhadhb le Tamil go bhfuil an chuma ar na carachtair go léir cosúil le chéile. Tá sé níos measa ná Devanagari sa mhéid sin. Mar sin féin, tá an fhadhb sin níos measa sna scripteanna níos cruinn mar Kannada, Sinhala, Telegu agus Malayalam. Tá cúpla coirnéal géar ag an Teamil sna carachtair a chabhraíonn leo iad a dhí-eisiamh.\nIna theannta sin, mar a tharlaíonn i dteangacha eile, scríobhtar focail ar bhealach amháin agus glactar iad ar bhealach eile. Mar sin féin, tá éilimh ann go bhfuil deacracht diglossia Tamil ró-mheasta.\nTá dhá chlár éagsúla ag an Teamil don chaint scríofa agus cainte, ach níl na difríochtaí móra, mar sin tá an fhadhb seo ró-mhínithe. Labhraítear an tAtáiliam agus an Malayalam araon go tapa agus tá scripteanna an-chasta, beagnach do-ghlactha acu. Má dhéanann daoine ón Iarthar iarracht teanga Dravidian a labhairt i ndeisceart na hIndia, is minic nach ndéanfaidh an cainteoir Dravidian ach iad a chur i dteagmháil sa Bhéarla seachas iarracht iad a chur in oiriúint.\nTá an giúmar fianaiseach aisteach ag an Tamall, cosúil leis an mBulgáiris.\nMar sin féin, ar an taobh dearfach, is cosúil go bhfuil an teanga an-loighciúil agus rialta, beagnach cosúil leis an nGearmáinis sa mhéid sin. Ina theannta sin, tá go leor ábhair foghlama teanga ann do theamil.\nTá an tAtáilic rátáilte 4, an-deacair.\nAontaíonn an chuid is mó go bhfuil an teanga Chóiréach deacair a fhoghlaim.\nTá an aibítir, Hangul ar a laghad réasúnta; i ndáiríre, tá sé go leor galánta. Ach tá ceithre Rómánú éagsúil ann - Lukoff, Yale, Horne, agus McCune-Reischauer atá míréasúnta. Is fearr na Rómánúcháin a scriosadh agus dul díreach isteach i Hangul. Ar an mbealach seo is féidir leat Rómánú a fhoghlaim níos déanaí, agus ní dhéanfaidh tú do Hangul a mhilleadh le botúin litriúla, mar is féidir a tharlaíonn má théann tú ó Rómánú go Hangul.\nIs féidir Hangul a fhoghlaim go han-tapa, ach is ábhar eile é foghlaim leabhair agus nuachtáin Chóiréacha a léamh go tapa mar go gcaithfidh tú an hanja nó an carachtar Síneach a fhios a bheith agat a úsáidtear chomh maith leis an Hangul. Tar éis an Dara Cogadh Domhanda, shocraigh na Cóiréigh fáil réidh go hoifigiúil lena gcarachtair Síneach, ach i gcleachtas níor éirigh leis seo. Le húsáid carachtair na Síne i gCóiré, is féidir leat a bheith i bhfad níos cruinne i dtéarmaí cad atá tú ag iarraidh a chur in iúl.\nGo hiondúil, tá dhá shraith uimhriúla éagsúla a úsáidtear, ach tá ceann acu díorthaithe ó na Síne mar sin ba chóir go mbeadh sé eolach ar chainteoirí na Síne, na Seapáine nó na Téalainne a úsáideann córais chomhchosúla nó comhionann.\nTá saibhreas homonyms ag an gCoréach, agus is é seo ceann de na gnéithe tricky den teanga. Is féidir le haon teaglaim de chúpla carachtar a bheith i gceist le bríonna iomadúla. Tá fadhb den chineál céanna ag an tSeapáinis le homonyms, ach ar a laghad le Seapáinis tá tú an buntáiste de kanji chun cabhrú leat a rá na homonyms ar leithligh. Le Hangul na Cóiré, ní fhaigheann tú an buntáiste sin.\nAr an gcaoi chéanna, is cosúil go bhfuil go leor bealaí ann an rud céanna a rá sa Chóiréach. Beidh an foghlaimeoir a bhraitheann nuair a bhíonn daoine ag baint úsáide as na bealaí éagsúla seo go léir a rá an rud céanna go bhfuil siad ag rá i ndáiríre rud éigin difriúil gach uair, ach nach bhfuil sé sin an cás.\nIs é an fhadhb amháin ná go bhfuil na b, p, j, ch, t agus d á bhfocal go difriúil ná a gcomhghleacaithe Béarla. Tá na comh-aigí, an córas pachim agus na comh-aigí morphing ag deireadh an fhocail a shleamhnaíonn isteach sa chéad fhocal eile ag déanamh go bhfuil sé níos deacra Cóiré a fhuaimniú ná aon phríomhtheanga Eorpach. Tá fadhb den chineál céanna ag an gCóiréach leis an tSeapáinis, is é sin, má dhéanann tú botún amháin i ndréamh, déanann tú é a thuiscint.\nTá an foclóir an-deacair do chainteoir Béarla nach bhfuil eolas aige ar an Seapáinis ná ar an tSínis. Ar an láimh eile, cabhróidh Seapáinis nó Sínis go mór leat le Cóiré.\nTá an Cóiré aglutinative agus tá struchtúr díospóireachta ábhar-téama aige, agus tá sé deacair ar laigí na gcóras seo a thuiscint do chainteoirí Béarla. Ina theannta sin, tá na céadta bealaí ann chun briathar ar bith a chur le chéile bunaithe ar thréimhse, giúmar, aois nó sean-aoiseacht. Déantar na hainmneacha a laghdú freisin agus glactar le na céadta suffix éagsúla.\nIdir an dá linn, tá córas onóir ag an gCóiréach atá níos craiceáilte ná an tSeapáinis. Is féidir seantán amháin a rá ar thrí bhealach éagsúla ag brath ar an gcaidreamh idir an cainteoir agus an lucht éisteachta. Mar sin féin, ní bhíonn an ghlúin óg ag úsáid na hurraimí chomh minic, agus ní mheastar go mbeadh a fhios ag eachtrannach ar an gcóras hurraimí ar aon nós.\nB'fhéidir go bhfuil 60% de na focail bunaithe ar fhocail Shínise, ach ar an drochuair, bíonn cuid mhór den fhocal seo bunaithe ar an tSínis ag trasnú le leaganacha Seapánacha de fhocail Shínise ar bhealach mearbhall.\nIs féidir le cainteoirí na Cóiréise Seapáine a fhoghlaim go héasca. Is cosúil gur teanga níos deacra í an Chóiréach ná an tSeapáinis a fhoghlaim. Tá dhá oiread de na deighiltí ann ná mar atá sa tSeapáinis, tá an gramaic i bhfad níos deacra agus tá na briathra beagán níos deacra. Tá an fhilíocht fhónamach sa Chóiréach níos mó freisin agus áirítear ann aisteach mar chomhréir dhúbailte.\nMeasann múinteoirí teanga go bhfuil an Chóiréach ar cheann de na teangacha is deacra le foghlaim.\nTá an Cóiré rátáil 5, an-deacair.\nÚsáideann an tSeapáinis aibítir shiombalach freisin, ach bíonn na siombailí féin neamh-in-dhíghrádú uaireanta sa mhéid go mbíonn fiú cainteoirí Seapáinis ag teacht ar Seapáinis scríofa uaireanta agus go n-aontóidh siad nach bhfuil a fhios acu conas é a fhuaimniú. Nílim ag ciallaíonn go bhfuil siad ag mí-fhocalú é; bheadh sé sin ciallmhar. Ciallaíonn mé nach bhfuil siad an clue slightest conas a rá an focal! Níl an fhadhb seo i ndáiríre i dteanga mar an Béarla.\nTá an léarscáil Iapánach ar cheann de na léarscáileanna is deacra le húsáid.\nTá os cionn 2,000 carachtar a úsáidtear go minic i dtrí aibítir shiombalacha éagsúla a bhíonn measctha go minic le chéile ar bhealaí mearbhall. Mar gheall ar an líon mór siombailí a úsáidtear go minic, deirtear go ndéanann daoine fásta na Seapáine siombail nua a fhoghlaim gach lá go dtí an aois fásta.\nIs dócha go bhfuil córas scríbhneoireachta na Seapáine níos craiceáilte ná córas scríbhneoireachta na Síne agus go minic bíonn sé ar liostaí na n-orthographies is measa. Is cosúil go bhfuil an smaoineamh féin teanga chomhcheangailte a scríobh i meascán de dhá shilbhéar agus idéagrafaíocht go hiontach díreach ón mbata. D'éiligh na Seapáine carachtair na Síne. Ach ansin thug siad roinnt fuaimeanna do gach carachtar, agus i gcásanna áirithe, 24 fuaim. Ansin rinne siad dhá shilbhéar ag baint úsáide as sraith eile carachtair, ansin thar na mílte bliain ina dhiaidh sin tháinig sé suas le gach cineál rialacha contrártha agus go minic senseless faoi nuair a úsáid na silabáir agus nuair a úsáid an sraith carachtair. Níos déanaí chuir siad Rómánú leis chun rudaí a dhéanamh níos measa fós.\nÚsáideann an tSínis 5-6,000 carachtar go rialta, agus ní úsáideann an tSeapáinis ach thart ar 2,000. Ach sa tSínis, níl ach aon fhocal amháin nó dhá fhocal ag gach carachtar. I nIodáilis, tá rialacha casta ann maidir le cathain agus conas an hiragana a chur le carachtair. Tá na rialacha seo chomh crua sin go bhfuil fadhbanna fós ag go leor cainteoirí dúchais leo. Tá ainmneacha pearsanta agus ainmneacha áiteanna (ainmneacha féin) ann freisin a thugtar fuaimeanna go hiomlán tofa go minic go hiomlán i gcoinne fuaimniú gnáth an charachtair.\nTá roinnt scríbhneoirí ann, go hiondúil litríocht, a roghnaíonn go stuama kanji a úsáid nach féidir le daoine Seapánacha fiú a léamh. Mar shampla, úsáideann Ryuu Murakami na siombailí neamhghnácha る、, く、 agus 憑ける.\nTá córas na Seapáine déanta suas de thrí chóras éagsúil: an katakana agus hiragana (an kana) agus an kanji, cosúil leis an hanzi a úsáidtear sa tSínis. Tá 85,000 hanzi ar a laghad ag na Síne. Tá líon na kanji i bhfad níos lú ná sin, ach is minic a bhíonn níos mó ná brí amháin ag kanji i gcodarsnacht le hanzi.\nTar éis an Dara Cogadh Domhanda, shocraigh an tSeapáin a theanga a shimpliú. Rinne siad an bheirt simplíocht agus laghdaigh siad líon na gcarachtair Síneach a úsáidtear, agus rinne siad an teanga scríofa agus labhartha a aontacht, a bhí difriúil roimhe sin.\nNíl sé chomh deacair le Béarla a labhairt agus a deir gach duine, agus deir go leor go bhfuil sé sách éasca. Mar sin féin, tá fadhb cosúil leis an mBéarla ann gur féidir focal amháin a fhuaimniú ar bhealaí éagsúla, cosúil le léamh agus léamh i mBéarla.\nIs fadhb choitianta é go bhfuil abairt atá ceart go hiomlán ó thaobh gramadaí de a labhraíonn foghlaimeoir teanga Seapánach, cé go bhfuil sí ceart go hiomlán, fós nach nglactar leis na labhraitheoirí Seapáine toisc nach labhraímid é ar an mbealach sin. Is minic nach féidir leis an labhraí Seapánach a rá cén fáth nach bhfuil an abairt neamhghlactha a labhraíodh tú ceart go leor. Ar an láimh eile, d'fhéadfadh an fhadhb seo a bheith coitianta do níos mó teangacha ná Seapáinis.\nTá rang Seapánach ann freisin ar a dtugtar onorifics nó keigo atá deacair a mháistir. Tá sé i gceist le hurraimí meas a thaispeáint agus áit nó stádas duine sa rangordú sóisialta a léiriú. De ghnáth bíonn tionchar ag na focail seo ar bhriathra ach d'fhéadfadh siad tionchar a bheith acu ar pharaiméadair agus ar réamhráite freisin. De ghnáth, is briathra ársa nó an-neamhrialta a chruthaíonn iad. Mar sin féin, tá foirmeacha onóirithe rialta agus neamhrialta araon ann. Ina theannta sin, tá cúig leibhéal éagsúla onóir. Athraíonn na hurraimí ag brath ar cé tú féin agus ar cé leis atá tú ag caint. Ina theannta sin, tagann inscne i bhfeidhm.\nCé go bhfuil sé fíor go bhfuil sé ráite nach dtuigeann daoine óga na Seapáine intleachtacht na keigo, táthar ag súil go bhfuil a fhios acu conas é seo a labhairt go maith. Dá bhrí sin, ní bheidh go leor de na Seapáinis óga ag dul i mbun comhráite áirithe toisc go mbraitheann siad nach bhfuil a keigo an-mhaith. Leabhair a mhíníonn conas keigo a úsáid i gceart bhí díol mór i measc daoine óga sa tSeapáin le blianta beaga anuas mar a dhéanann daoine óga iarracht a bheith cliste, scagtha nó cultúrtha.\nIna theannta sin, is minic go mbíonn tuiscint an-olc ag Seapáinis a rugadh thar lear (go háirithe sna Stáit Aontaithe), cé go mbíonn siad ag foghlaim Seapáinis go maith, ar keigo. In ionad náire a chur orthu féin trí nach n-úsáidtear keigo nó trína úsáid mícheart, is minic a roghnaíonn na cainteoirí Seapánacha seo labhairt i mBéarla le daoine Seapánacha seachas a bheith ag cur isteach ar Seapáinis gan keigo. Is fadhb í ró-cheartaithe i keigo freisin nuair a bhíonn hipearcheartaithe ag duine a dhéanann earráidí i keigo mar gheall ar iarracht a dhéanamh go crua. Breathnaíonn sé seo mar phony nó beannacht neamhshimplí agus is minic is measa ná gan keigo a úsáid ar chor ar bith.\nIs é an rud amháin a bhíonn ag na Seapáine ná foirmeacha a chomhaireamh. Úsáidtear sraitheanna éagsúla uimhreacha ag brath ar cad atá á comhaireamh agat! Tá mórán bealaí éagsúla ann chun rudaí a chomhaireamh a chuimsíonn úsáid córas casta aicmitheora ainmníochta uimhriúil.\nDeirtear go minic go bhfuil gramadaí na Seapáine simplí, ach ní cosúil go bhfuil sé sin fíor má dhéantar scrúdú níos dlúithe air. Tá na cáithníní an-chasta. Bíonn briathra ag gabháil le gach cineál iompair fiáin, agus is minic a fheidhmíonn briathra cosúil le briathra. Is féidir le hainmneacha gníomhú mar aidiachtaí agus adverbs. Idir an dá linn, athraíonn onóirghníomhaí iompar na bhfocal go léir. Tá coinníoll cosúil le ha agus ga a bhfuil go leor bríonna éagsúla. Is é an fhadhb amháin ná go gcaithfidh gach modhnútóir ainmníochta, fiú frásaí, a bheith roimh na hainmneacha atá á mhodhnú acu.\nDeirtear go minic nach bhfuil cás ag na Seapáine, ach ní fíor é seo. Go deimhin, tá seacht gcás ann sa tSeapáinis. Is clitic é an ga thuasluaite a chiallaíonn ainmniúcháin, is cás críochnaitheach é, -níl is genitive é agus -o is cúisitheach é.\nSa abairt seo:\nTháinig an eitleán a bhí ceaptha teacht ag meán oíche, ach a bhí moill ar thimpeallacht olc, ag 1 AM ar deireadh.\nNí mór gach rud atá faoi thrácht a bheith roimh an eitleán ainmfhocal:\nBhí sé beartaithe go dtiocfadh sé ag meán oíche, ach bhí moill air mar gheall ar dhroch-aimsir, tháinig an eitleán sa deireadh ag 1 AM.\nCeann de na príomhfhadhbanna le gramadaí na Seapáine ná go bhfuil sé ag dul a bheith chomh difriúil ón gcineál gramadaí agus is dócha go mbeidh cainteoir Béarla cleachtaithe leis.\nIs rud amháin é labhairt i nIodáilis, ach is cluiche ball nua go hiomlán é a léamh agus a scríobh. Tá sé go hiomlán indéanta a fhios a bheith agat ar an bhrí gach kanji agus an bhrí gach focal i abairt, ach ní féidir leat a fháil amach fós ar an bhrí an abairt toisc nach féidir leat a fháil amach conas an abairt atá greamaithe le chéile ar bhealach a chruthú ciall.\nIs é an fhadhb atá ann ná go bhfuil an tSeapáinis a fhoghlaimíonn tú sa rang rud amháin, agus an tSeapáinis ar an tsráid rud eile. Is fadhb amháin é nach mbíonn an t-ábhar le rá i bhfréamh i nGaeilge sráide. Ina áit sin, déantar é a thuiscint trí rudaí mar théarmaí onóir nó rogha na bhfocal a d'úsáid tú sa abairt. Is dócha nach bhfuil aon duine ag dul níos measa ar dhiúltacha ná na Seapáine. Go háirithe i scríbhneoireacht acadúil, tá diúltachtaí trí- agus ceathrú-mhéadúla coitianta, agus is féidir iad a bheith mearbhall go leor.\nAch tá fadhbanna ann leis an nádúr aglutinative na Seapáine. Tá struchtúr sintasacha go hiomlán difriúil leis an mBéarla. Go minic má aistríonn tú abairt ó na Seapáine go Béarla beidh sé ach cosúil le meabhlú gan chiall de na focail.\nMar sin féin, tá buntáiste ag grámara na Seapáine go bhfuil sé sách rialta. Mar shampla, níl ach ceithre bhriathra neamhrialta a úsáidtear go minic.\nCosúil leis an nGaeilge, ní dhéantar na hainmneacha a mharcáil de réir uimhreacha ná inscne. Ach cé go bhfuil an tSínis ag maitheamh le hearráidí, má dhéanann tú botún amháin i bhriathar na Seapáine, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh mí-thuiscint agat.\nCé go mbraitheann go leor foghlaimeoirí Seapáine go bhfuil sé sách éasca a fhoghlaim, tá suirbhéanna ar ollamh teanga ag leanúint ar aghaidh ag measúnú go bhfuil Seapáinis ar cheann de na teangacha is deacra a fhoghlaim. Tháinig staidéar a rinne Cabhlach na Stát Aontaithe chun críche gurbh é an tSeapáinis an teanga is deacra a bhí le foghlaim ag na cosantóirí le linn na seirbhíse. Mar sin féin, aontaítear go ginearálta go bhfuil an tSeapáinis níos éasca a fhoghlaim ná an Chóiréach. Tá sé éasca go leor do chainteoirí Seapánacha an Cóiré a fhoghlaim.\nTá an tSeapáinis rátáilte 5, an-deacair.\nTá an tSeapáinis Chlasaiceach i bhfad níos deacra le léamh ná an tSeapáinis Nua-aimseartha. Cé gur féidir leat a fháil amach le i bhfad níos lú kanji nuair a léamh an teanga nua-aimseartha, beidh ort eolas ar a laghad de 3,000 kanji a léamh clasaiceach Seapánach, agus go bhfuil ag baint úsáide as foclóir. Níl ach thart ar 500-1,000 carachtar a úsáidtear go minic, ach tá go leor focail eile a thagann suas i do léitheoireacht go háirithe rá focail speisialta a úsáidtear sa Chúirt Impiriúil. Tá níos mó ná aon chiall ag go leor focal, agus mura bhfuil a fhios agat é seo, beidh tú caillte. Is éard is ciall le 東宮 (とうぐう) mar shampla Pálás an Oirthir. Mar sin féin, ciallaíonn sé freisin Prionsa Cróine toisc go raibh a chónaí ar an taobh thoir den Impire.\nIs cosúil go n-úsáideann an scannán The Seven Samurai (a leagtar go déanach sna 1500í) cineál éigin Seapáine Clásaíoch, nó focal agus sintéise Clásaíoch ar a laghad le fuaimniú nua-aimseartha. Deir foghlaimeoirí teanga na Seapáine nach féidir leo focal den Seapáinis ársa a úsáidtear sa scannán seo a thuiscint.\nFaigheann Seapánach clasaiceach 5.5, beagnach an ceann is deacra de gach duine.\nIs minic a mheastar go bhfuil an Tuirc deacair a fhoghlaim, agus tá sé ar cheann de na teangacha is deacra a fhoghlaim i suirbhéanna ar mhúinteoirí teanga, ach is dócha go bhfuil sé níos éasca ná mar a bhíodh a cháil. Tá sé aglutinative, mar sin is féidir leat a bheith le focal fada amháin áit i mBéarla d'fhéadfadh tú a bheith abairt de na focail níos giorra. Is é an focal amháin\nAn raibh tú ar cheann de na daoine sin nach raibh muid in ann a dhéanamh i Czechoslovakian?\nTá níos mó ná aon chiall ag go leor focal. Mar sin féin, tá an t-aigleogadh an-rialta sa mhéid go bhfuil a mhorféim féin ag gach grinn bhrí agus go dtagann sé isteach i áit cheart sa focal. Féach anseo:\n\" 'Chun-cath-cath-cath-cath-cath \" '\nMar sin féin, ciallaíonn an t-aigleogán gur féidir leat focail nua a chruthú nó codanna nua a chur le focail i gcónaí, agus ar an gcúis seo tá fadhbanna ag a lán daoine fásta na Tuirce fiú lena dteanga.\nNíl aon bhriathar ann le bheith, rud atá deacair ar go leor eachtrannaigh. Ina áit sin, déantar an coincheap a fhilleadh ar ábhar an abairt mar fhocail -dim nó -im. Is teanga í an Tuirc a bhfuil go leor íomhánna ann, agus má dhéanann tú iarracht aistriú díreach ó fhoclóir, ní bhíonn aon chiall ann go minic.\nMar sin féin, tá an suffixation sa Tuirc, chomh maith leis an gconradh vowel, araon cruinn. Mar sin féin, tá comhcheangal neamhrialta fuaime ag go leor focal. Tá na rialacha maidir le plúrtha a dhéanamh an-rialta, gan aon eisceachtaí (is iad na heisceachtaí amháin i ndáil le hiasachtaí eachtracha). I dturcach, is cuma cé chomh dochreidte is a fhuaimeann sé, is féidir leat iomad a dhéanamh as rud ar bith, fiú focal mar cad, cé nó fuil. Mar sin féin, tá roinnt neamhrialtachta ann maidir le neartú na n-airíonna, agus ní féidir na foirmeacha a thuar agus ní mór iad a mheabhrú.\nTá an Tuirc ina theanga cruinneas ar bhealaí eile. Mar shampla, tá ocht bhfoirm éagsúla de stíl mhaorga a thuairiscíonn céimeanna éagsúla éiginnteachta a bhfuil duine acu faoi cad atá á labhairt aige. Baineann sé seo leis an fhianaise a pléadh faoi Tuyuca thuas, agus tá foirm fhianaise ag an Tuircis cosúil le Tamil agus Bulgáiris. Ar nuacht na Tuirce, tá briathra de ghnáth marcáilte le miş, rud a chiallaíonn go gcreideann an t-ainseoir go bhfuil sé fíor cé nach bhfaca sé é go díreach. Tá an particle miş suimiúil toisc go bhfuil an fhoirm fhianaise seo códaithe isteach sa chóras aimsire, rud atá ina úsáid neamhghnách de fhianaiseacht.\nCuidíonn an aibítir Rómhánach agus an gramaic beagnach cruinn go matamaiticiúil go mór. Níl inscne sa Tuirc agus níl ach briathar neamhrialta amháin aige olmak. Mar sin féin, tá go leor foirmeacha béil ann. Mar sin féin, tá sé seo conspóideach agus braitheann sé ar an gcaoi a shainmhíníonn tú neamhrialtacht gramadaí. Tá roinnt strangeness i roinnt de na paradigms briathar, ach tá sé argóint go bhfuil na oddities atá bunaithe ar riail. Deirtear go bhfuil neamhrialtacht ag an aimsir aorist.\nTá roinnt morphophonology neamhrialta, ach ní go leor. Tá morphosyntax casta ag na clásal coibhneasta coibhneasta. Tá dhá bhealach go hiomlán difriúil ag an Tuirc chun clásal coibhneasta a dhéanamh, agus b'fhéidir go ndearnadh ceann acu a fháil ar iasacht ón bhFearsa. Tá go leor gerunds ann do bhriathra, agus tá go leor úsáidí éagsúla acu. Ar deireadh an lae, níl an gramaic Tuircis chomh rialta nó chomh simplí agus a dhéantar é a bheith.\nIs beagnach mar an gcéanna a fhuaimnítear focail agus a scríobhtar iad. Is é an t-eolas a léiríonn go bhfuil leanaí na Tuirce ag foghlaim máistreacht bunúsach gramadaí na Tuirce ag aois 2-3 a mholadh go bhféadfadh go mbeadh an Tuirc níos éasca a fhoghlaim, i gcomparáid le 4-5 don Ghearmáinis agus 12 don Araibis. Rinneadh an taighde sa Ghearmáin in 2005.\nIna theannta sin, tá orthography fuaimeach ag an Tuirc.\nMar sin féin, tá sé deacair do chainteoir Béarla Tuirc a fhoghlaim ar chúiseanna éagsúla. Tá sé comhcheangailteach cosúil leis an Seapáinis, agus tá sé deacair do chainteoirí Béarla gach teanga comhcheangailteach a fhoghlaim. Mar sa tSeapáinis, tosaíonn tú do abairt Tuircis ar an mbealach a chríochnófá do abairt Béarla. Mar atá sa sampla Seapánach thuas, ní mór an clásal fo-ord a bheith roimh an ábhar, ach i mBéarla, ní mór an clásal fo-ord a bheith i ndiaidh an ábhair. Is clásal fo-ord é an abairt atá i léarscáil thíos.\nI mBéarla, deirimid, \"Tá súil agam go mbeidh sé in am\".\nI dTurcach, léiríodh an abairt, \"Tá súil agam go mbeidh sé in am\".\nTá briathra Turcach neamhchoitianta do chainteoirí teangacha IE, agus deir foghlaimeoirí na Tuirce go bhfuil na briathra deacair a dhéanamh nó a insint óna chéile.\nTá rátáil 3.5 ar an Tuirc, níos deacra ná an meán a fhoghlaim.\nIs é ceann de na tástálacha ar an deacracht atá ag aon teanga ná cé mhéad gramadaí a chaithfidh a bheith ar eolas agat chun tú féin a chur in iúl ar leibhéal bunúsach. Ar an mbonn seo, tá teangacha Finno-Uigric casta toisc go gcaithfidh tú beagán níos mó gramadaí a bheith agat chun cumarsáid a dhéanamh ar leibhéal bunúsach iontu ná mar a deir tú, Gearmáinis.\nTá sé an-deacair an Fhinnéis a fhoghlaim, agus is minic a bhíonn fadhbanna fós ag daoine a d'fhoghlaim an Fhinnéis le fada. Dúirt an poilí-theangach cáiliúil Barry Farber gurbh é sin ceann de na teangacha is deacra a d'fhoghlaim sé. Caithfidh tú a bheith ar an eolas go díreach cé na foirmeacha gramadaí atá le húsáid i gcás ina abairt. Ina theannta sin, tá 15 cás i nGaeilge i singil agus 16 i bhfollan. Tá sé seo deacair a fhoghlaim do chainteoirí a thagann ó theanga a bhfuil beagán nó gan aon chás ann.\ntalo an teach\ngo dtí cuid den teach\ntaloksiinto mar an teach\ntalossain an teach\naistrithe ón taobh istigh den teach\ndul isteach sa teach\ntalollaon go dtí an teach\nTógtar ó thaobh an tí\ntalolleto an teach\nTá sé ar tí dul ó na tithe\ntaloissa sna tithe\nTá sé i bhfad níos measa ná sin. Taispeánann an leathanach gréasáin seo gur féidir leis an ainmfhocal kauppa siopa 2,253 foirm a bheith aige.\nIs féidir le hairíonna simplí + ainmfhocal de chineál ainmfhocal de dhá fhocal a chur le chéile suas le 100 bhealach éagsúla.\nBaineann ainmfhocail agus ainmfhocail le 20 aicme éagsúla. Braitheann na rialacha a rialaíonn a n-imní cás ar an rang a bhfuil an t-ábhar ann.\nCosúil leis an Ungáir, is féidir le focail a bheith an-fhada. Mar shampla:\ncadet neamh-oifigeach a fhoghlaim chun a bheith ina mheicnicí cúntóir do innill eitleáin eitleáin\nCosúil leis an Tuirc, tá an t-aigleotúchán sa Fhinnéis an-rialta. Tá a mhorféim féin ag gach píosa faisnéise agus tá áit chuí aige sa focal.\nCosúil leis an Tuirc, tá comhcheangal folláine ag an bhFinne, ach tá an comhcheangal folláine an-rialta cosúil le Tuirc. Murab ionann agus sa Tuirc nó san Ungáir, is cuid mhór de mhórfhoilíocht na Fionlainne é céimíocht na gconsonanta. Chun abairt a fhoirmiú i bhFiniséilis, beidh ort foghlaim faoi chineálacha briathra, cásanna agus céimíocht na comhfhocal, agus d'fhéadfadh sé go dtógfadh sé tamall ort na rudaí sin a thuiscint.\nGo hiontach, bíonn an béim i gcónaí ar an gcéad siollach sa Fhinnéis. Beidh sé deacair ar an gcuid is mó de na coigríche briathra na Fionlainne a fhuaimniú.\nTá an buntáiste ag an bhFinne, áfach, go labhraítear an focal go díreach mar a scríobhtar é. Tá sé seo mar chuid den fhadhb freisin, mar mura ndéanann tú é a rá go ceart, athraíonn an bhrí. Mar sin, mar an gcéanna le Polainnis, nuair a mhilleadh tú a dteanga, beidh tú ach a bhaint amach mí-thuiscint. Cé go bhfuil le rá Béarla, má mhíchumas eachtrannach an teanga, is féidir leat go minic a winne roinnt ciall as.\nAch, in ainneoin go bhfuil an Ghaeilge scríofa in ann a fhuaimniú go héasca, nuair a bhíonn an Ghaeilge á fhoghlaim agat, mar atá i gCeanada, is cosúil go gcaithfidh tú dhá theanga éagsúla a fhoghlaim - an teanga scríofa agus an teanga labhartha. Is é an bealach is fearr chun é a chur ná go bhfuil teanga amháin ann le haghaidh scríbhneoireachta agus teanga eile le haghaidh labhairt. Úsáidtear foirmeacha éagsúla cibé acu ag caint nó ag cur rud éigin ar pháipéar.\nTá sé deacair roinnt focail a fhuaimniú. Tá an difríocht idir fónta agus comhfónta gearr agus fada go háirithe trioblóideach. Seiceáil amach na péirí íosta seo:\nIs fadhb don bhéal Béarla a thagann go dtí an Fhinnéis an foclóir, atá coimhthíoch do bhéal teanga IE. Is minic a bhíonn daoine a bhíonn ag foghlaim an bhFinneois ag lorg suas le leath na bhfocal a bhíonn acu. Is léir go gcuireann sé seo moill ar an léitheoireacht go leor!\nSa ghramadach, is féidir go mbeadh an cás rannpháirteach agus an aimsir fhéideartha deacair. Seo sampla de conas a chomhcheanglaítear amanna briathar na Fionlainne le cásanna éagsúla chun focail a fhoirmiú:\nFoirm bhunúsach mennä\nLeas-mhéid inessive gníomhach\nMeán teagaisc ghníomhach\nMentäessä neamhghníomhach neamhghníomhach\nTeachtaí teagaisc ghníomhacha\nMentämän teagaisc éagórach\nFíoráin sa Fhinnéis\nTá briathra an-rialta sa Fhinnéis. Is féidir na briathra neamhrialta a chomhaireamh ar láimh amháin:\nagus cúpla eile. Go deimhin, ar an taobh dearfach, tá an Fhinnéis go ginearálta an-réalta.\nIs gné éasca de na Fionlainne an bealach is féidir leat go leor foirmeacha a thógáil ó bhunfhoinse:\nleabhar\nlitir\nscríobh scríobh\nkirjailija scríbhneoir\nCosúil le go leor teangacha san Áise, níl aon fhriotain fireann nó baineann ann, agus níl aon inscne gramadaí ann. Tá an córas uimhriúil simplí go leor i gcomparáid le teangacha eile. Níl aon ghreamáin chomhlánacha sa Fhinnéis. Ina theannta sin, tá an fhónalóg sách simplí.\nTá an Fhionlainnis rátáilte 5, an-deacair a fhoghlaim.\nTá deacrachtaí den chineál céanna ag an Eistineach agus ag an bhFinne, ós rud é go bhfuil dlúthbhaint acu. Tá an Ghaeilge níos neamhrialta ná an Ghaeilge. Go háirithe, is cosúil gur thit an córas comhghlúdaithe an-réidh a thuairiscítear sa Fhinnéis as an mbéal in Eistéin. Tá 14 cás ag an Eastóinis, lena n-áirítear cásanna aisteach mar an abessive, an adessive, an elative agus an inessive. Ar an láimh eile, is féidir na cásanna seo go léir a anailísiú mar chás ghineiteach móide iar-chomhcheangal amháin neamh-athraitheach do gach cás. Ina theannta sin, níl aon inscne ann, mar sin is iad na rudaí amháin a chaithfidh tú a bheith buartha faoi nuair a bhíonn cásanna á bhfoirmiú ná singiléir agus il-phlúr.\nTá foirm mhothúcháin aisteach ag an Eistineach ar a dtugtar an cotative, a aistrítear go minic mar cainte tuairiscithe.\ntéama ar he/she/it is\ntema olevat tá sé ráite go bhfuil sé/sí/sí nó go bhfuil sé/sí/sí\nÚsáidtear an giúmar seo go minic i dtuarascáil nuachtáin agus úsáidtear é freisin le haghaidh ráflaí.\nTá 25 diftongh iontach ag an Eistineach. Tá trí chineál éagsúla fad vuála ann freisin, rud a bhfuil aisteach i dteangacha an domhain. Tá briathra gearr, briathra agus briathra agus comh-aistriúcháin an-fhada ann.\nliúnán línéadach gearr\nlinna the towns long n, scríofa mar nn\n`linna isteach sa bhaile n-easca ró-fhada, nach scríofa amach!\nTá difríochtaí ann i bhfreagra na dtrí fhoirm thuas, ach i gcaint tapa, tá sé deacair iad a chloisteáil, cé gur féidir le cainteoirí dúchais iad a dhéanamh amach. Tá deacrachtaí níos mó i sonorants breise-fhada (m, n, ng, l, agus r) agus vowels agus ní scríobhtar amach iad. Ar an iomlán, is féidir le fad fónamach a bheith ina fhadhb san Eistéin, agus is cosúil nach bhfaigheann eachtrannaigh é go hiomlán.\nNíl sé deacair an fhocal a fhuaimniú i stáit an Aontais Eorpaigh, cé go bhféadfadh fadhbanna a bheith ag baint leis an fhuaim õ. Mar sin féin, tá an córas comhcheangail vowel a d'fhág an Fhionlainnis ina dhiaidh sin, rud a fhágann go bhfuil focail a bhfuil sé an-deacair a fhuaimniú.\nNí chomh casta agus an Fhionlainnis í an Ghaeilge i bhfoirm scríofa ar a laghad. Is féidir an Eistinneach a fheiceáil mar fhoirm ghearrthógtha agus nua-aimseartha den Fhinnéis. Tá an gramadaí cosúil le leagan simplithe de ghrámadaí na Fionlainne agus d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith i bhfad níos éasca a fhoghlaim.\nTá an t-eastóinis rátáilte 4.5, an-go-iontach deacair.\nIs minic a liostaítear Laidineachú Skolt Sami mar cheann de na Laidineachú is measa ar fud na tíre. Tá an chuid eile den teanga cosúil go leor leis an bhFinis, agus chomh deacair leis an bhFinis.\nFaigheann Skolt Sami rátáil 5, an-deacair a fhoghlaim.\nTá a lán daoine ag aontacht go bhfuil an Ungáir ar cheann de na teangacha is deacra ar domhan a fhoghlaim. Aontaíonn fiú múinteoirí teanga leis. Rinne Corps Taidhleoireachta na Breataine staidéar ar na teangacha a bhí le foghlaim ag a taidhleoirí go coitianta agus tháinig siad ar an gconclúid gurb é an Ungáir an ceann is deacra. Tá gramadaí na hUngáire an-chasta, agus is minic a liostaítear an HUngáire ar na liostaí gramadaí is measa. Ar dtús, tá go leor foirmeacha éagsúla ann do fhocal amháin trí mhodhnú focal. Cuireann sé seo ar chumas an labhraí a bhrí atá beartaithe a chur in iúl go beacht. Ag féachaint ar ainmfhocail, tá thart ar 257 foirm éagsúla in aghaidh ainmfhocal.\nDeirtear go bhfuil 24-35 cás éagsúil ag an Ungáir (tá cairteanna ar fáil a léiríonn 31 cás), ach b'fhéidir nach bhfuil an líon iarbhír ach 18. Tá beagnach gach rud sa Ungáir ag cur isteach, cosúil leis an Liotuáinis nó leis an Seiceach. Cosúil leis an nGaeilge agus leis an mBascach, tá an comhaontú ilphearsanta ag an Ungáir, cé go bhfuil sé níos lú ná na dhá theanga sin. Tá go leor neamhrialtachtaí i gcúis, agus fiú na hUngáireacha a bheith ag foghlaim conas a litriú go léir de na sa scoil agus a bhfuil am deacair ag foghlaim seo.\nIs féidir leis na difríochtaí cás amháin go leor focail éagsúla a chruthú as foirm bhunúsach amháin. Maidir leis an bhfocal teach, tá 31 focal éagsúla againn ag baint úsáide as foirmeacha cás:\nházba isteach sa teach\nháisbán sa teach\nházból ón teach\nházra ar an teach\nházon ar an teach\nházról amach [as] an teach\nházhoz go dtí an teach\nházíg go dtí/suas go dtí an teach\nháznál sa teach\nháztól [i bhfad] ó theach\nházzá Cás aistriúcháin, áit a bhfuil an teach mar thoradh ar athrú, mar shampla D'athraigh siad an uaimh ina theach.\nházként mar an teach, a d'fhéadfaí a úsáid dá mbeadh tú ag gníomhú i do cháil mar theach nó má bhí tú ag dul i bhfolach mar cheann. Ghlac sé suas mar theach le haghaidh Oíche Shamhna.\nházért don teach, go sonrach rudaí a dhéantar thar a cheann nó a dhéantar chun an teach a fháil. Chaith siad a lán ama ag socrú rudaí (don teach).\nházul Cás modála éasmhach. Rud éigin cosúil le \"house-ly\" nó ar bhealach/mhodh tí. Bhí an teampall ina theach (ar nós theach).\nAgus tá roinnt cásanna bunúsacha againn:\nház Nominative. Tá an teach ar an tsráid.\nházat Accusative. Bhuail an liathróid an teach.\nháznak Dative. Thug an fear an teach do Mháry.\nházzal Cosúil le hionstraim, ach níos cosúla leis an mBéarla le. Tagraíonn sé do na hionstraimí agus do na comhpháirtithe araon.\nTógann an gníomhair 12 díghrádú éagsúil, ag brath ar dhuine agus ar líon:\nházam mo theach\nházaim mo thaighean\nháisad do theach\nházaid do theachanna\nháza a theach\nházai a theach/a theach/a theach\nháisunk ár dteach\nházaink ár dtithe\nházatok do theach\nTáim ag cur do theach\nházuk a dteach\nházaik a dtithe\neaglais eaglais, mar atá sa Eaglais Chaitliceach. (Go litriúil aon-tithe)\nIna theannta sin, an genitive suffixes an seilbh, nach bhfuil conas a oibríonn an genitive i IE.\nháis teach\na(z) an\naz ember háza teach an duine (Lit. an fear a theach)\na házam mo theach (Lit. an teach-mo)\na házad do theach (Lit. an teach-atá)\nTá focail an-fhada ann freisin mar seo:\ndo do (tugaimid go léir possessive) pretensions athdhéanta ar a bheith dodhéanta a desecrate ...\nÓs rud é gur teanga chomhcheangailteach í, tá an focal sin déanta suas de go leor codanna beaga focail, nó mófarféamaí. Ciallaíonn an focal rud éigin cosúil le\nTá an réamhfhocal greamaithe ar an bhfocal sa teanga seo, agus is cosúil go bhfuil sé seo aisteach do chainteoirí teangacha a bhfuil réamhfhocail saor acu.\nTá an Ungáir lán de chomhfhocail, cosúil leis an mBéarla.\nMar shampla, tá 78 focal éagsúla ann a chiallaíonn bogadh: halad, jár, megy, dülöngél, lépdel, botorkál, kódorog, sétál , andalog, rohan, csörtet, üget, lohol, fut, átvág, vágtat, tipeg, libeg, biceg, poroszkál, vágtázik, somfordál , bóklászik, szedi a lábát, kitér, elszökken, betér , botladozik, őgyeleg, slattyog, bandukol, lófrál, szalad, vánsorog, kószál, kullog, baktat, koslat, kaptat, császkál, totyog, suhan, robhan, rohan, kocog, cselleng, csatangol, beslisszol, elllan, elizol, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal, lopal,\nNíl ach thart ar chúig de na téarmaí sin sean-úsáidte agus a úsáidtear go seasta, tá an chuid eile in úsáid faoi láthair. Ach, chun a bheith cothrom, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an chuid is mó de na focail sin aithnithe ag cainteoir dúchais na hUngáire.\nIna theannta sin, cé go bhfuil ainmneacha ag formhór na dteangacha do thíortha atá éasca go leor a fháil amach, sa Ungáir is deacair fiú teangacha náisiún a fháil amach toisc gur athraigh siad na hainmneacha go mór. Tá an Iodáil ag éirí mar Olazorszag, an Ghearmáin ag éirí mar Nemetzorsag, etc.\nCosúil leis an Rúisis agus leis an Seirb-Choratach, tá ord focal réasúnta saor in aisce sa Ungáir. Níl sé saor go hiomlán mar a deir cuid acu ach go bhfuil sé rialaithe ag sraith rialacha. Is é an fhadhb ná nuair a athordóidh tú ord na bhfocal i bhriathar, deir tú an rud céanna ach athraíonn an bhrí beagán i dtéarmaí nuance. Ina theannta sin, tá go leor diailéic sa Ungáir. Is féidir le cainteoirí dúchais iad a thuiscint go leor, ach is minic a bhíonn go leor fadhbanna ag eachtrannaigh. Tá sé an-deacair béim a chur ar an Ungáiris mar gheall ar an líon amaideach rialacha a úsáidtear chun béim a chinneadh. Ina theannta sin, tá eisceachtaí ar na rialacha seo go léir. Mar sin féin, is dócha go bhfuil an Ungáir níos rialta ná an Pholainnis.\nTá litriú na hUngáire an-aisteach do dhaoine nach hUngáireacha iad freisin, ach ar a laghad tá an orthography fónéadach. Mar sin féin, is minic a bhíonn an litriú ar liostaí na litriú is measa.\nTá fuaimníocht na hUngáire aisteach freisin. Ceann de na fadhbanna le fóinéis na hUngáire ná comharsanacht na bhfóinéis. Ós rud é go gcuirtear mófarféimí le chéile chun focal a dhéanamh, beidh tionchar ag na huacail a d'úsáid tú sa chéad chuid den fhocal ar na huacail a úsáidfidh tú chun na mófarféimí a thagann chun cinn níos déanaí sa focal a dhéanamh suas. Tugann an comhcheangal fógála singing effect don Ungáir nuair a labhraítear é. Tá sé deacair ar go leor eachtrannaigh na fuaimeanna ty, ny, sz, zs, dzs, dz, ly, cs agus gy a dhéanamh. Níl na fuaimeanna vowel á, é, ó, ö, ő, ú, ü, ű, agus í le fáil i mBéarla.\nTá briathra marcáilte le haghaidh réad (neamhchinnte, cinnte agus duine / uimhir), ábhar (daoine agus uimhir) aimsir (ar a bhfuil, atá ann cheana agus sa todhchaí), stíl (táscach, coinníollach agus ríthábhachtach), agus gné ( minicíocht, féidearthacht, fírinneacht, agus reflexivity).\nD'fhéadfainn daoine eile a shábháil ó am go ham (ar diosca).\nAthraíonn briathra ag brath ar an ábhar atá sainithe nó neamhchinnteach.\nLéigh mé leabhar. (suíomh neamhchinnteach)\nOlvasom a könvyet.\nLéigh mé an leabhar. (cuspóir sainithe)\nMar a luaitear i d'iontráil ar an rannán Fionlaigh-Uigreach, ní mór duit beagán gramadaí na hUngáire a bheith agat chun tú féin a chur in iúl ar leibhéal bunúsach. Mar shampla, chun a rá:\nIs maith liom do dheirfiúr.\nNí mór duit na foirmeacha seo a leanas san Ungáir a thuiscint:\n- comhghabháil briathra agus foirmeacha socraithe nó neamhshocraithe\n- iar-fhocail shealbhóireachta\n- conas a chomhcheangal suffixes possessive le cás\n- ord focal\n- maoineacha soiléir\nTá sé deacair a rá, ach is dócha go bhfuil an Ungáir níos deacra a fhoghlaim ná fiú na teangacha Slavacha is deacra mar an Seiceach, an tSeirb-Choratach agus an Pholainnis. Ar aon chuma, aontaítear go ginearálta go bhfuil gramadaí na hUngáire níos casta ná gramadaí na Slavaine, rud atá an-iontach mar go bhfuil gramadaí na Slavaine go leor fiáin.\nTá an Ungáir ar an 5ú leibhéal, an-deacair a fhoghlaim.\nTá sé éasca go leor Mandarin a fhoghlaim ag leibhéal bunúsach, cé go bhféadfadh na tonna a bheith deacair. Tá sé seo toisc go bhfuil an grámara an-simplí focail ghearr, gan cás, inscne, infleachtaí briathar nó aimsir. Ach leis an Seapáinis, is féidir leat leanúint ag foghlaim, agus leis an tSínis, is minic a bhíonn claonadh agat bualadh le balla, go minic toisc go bhfuil an struchtúr sintasacha chomh difriúil ó na Béarla (a leithéidí).\nGo deimhin, tá an grámhar níos deacra ná mar a fheiceann sé. Ar dtús is cosúil go bhfuil sé simplí, cosúil le Béarla simplithe. Níl aon fhocal in ann a bheith ag titim, agus níl aon aimsir, cás, agus uimhir ann, ná níl aon airteagail ann. Ach déanann an simplíocht é a dhéanamh deacair. Ciallaíonn gan aimsir nach bhfuil aon bhealach éasca ann am a mharcáil i bprionsabal. Ina theannta sin, ní bhíonn an t-éagmais chomh éasca agus is cosúil. Cinnte, níl aon chomhlánaíocht briathra ann, ach ina ionad sin ní mór duit roinnt deighiltí agus ordú speisialta focal a fhoghlaim a úsáidtear chun an aimsir a chomharú. Tá 12 adverb éagsúil ag an mBéarla ar nach bhfuil aistriúchán maith Béarla ann dóibh.\nNuair a thosaíonn tú ag scaipeadh i nGaeilge, tá sraith casta faoi gach simplíocht dromchla. Tá rudaí mar ghné, briathra sraitheacha, córas aicmithe casta, sintéacs a bhfuil sé marcáilte le rud éigin ar a dtugtar ábhar-príomh, foirm aisteach ar a dtugtar an passive díobhálach, clásal gaolmhara réamhshocraithe, úsáid briathra seachas adverbs chun treo a mharcáil, agus gach cineál rudaí aisteach. Is féidir le comhlántais briathra a bheith mícheart, go háirithe comhlántais féideartha agus treoracha. Is féidir go mbeadh sé an-deacair na tógálacha 把, 是 agus 的 a thuiscint.\nTá an t-ábhar-príomhchúis suimiúil go bhfuil ach cúpla mór teangacha a bhfuil ábhar-chomharc sintéacs, agus is iad an chuid is mó de na teangacha Oirthear le go leor de na Síneach iasachtaí. Níl an t-áit a bheith ar an gcúis marcáilte go morfo-eolaíoch.\nTá seantanna ann ina n-athraíonn an bhrí iomlán le carachtar amháin a chur leis. Tá abairtí Síneach SVO (Subject -Verb Object) ag a mbonn, ach is beag illúis é sin. I gcás abairt a chuireann ort plé a dhéanamh ar fhad ama cuireann sé an briathar arís tar éis an réad díreach SVOVT (T = frása ama). I gcás topicalisation, is féidir le hairíonna struchtúr OSV a bheith acu (Object Subject Verb). Tagann clásal coibhneasta agus gach clásal fo-ghnéithe roimh an ainmfhocal a mhodhnaíonn siad. I bhfocail eile:\nBéarla: Chuaigh an fear a bhí ag caitheamh dearg i gcónaí isteach sa seomra.\nSíneach: a bhí i gcónaí ag caitheamh dearg an fear a chuaigh isteach sa seomra.\nTá an clásal coibhneasta sna habairtí thuas marcáilte i ndath.\nSa tSínis, tagann an frása réamhfhocail idir an t-ábhar agus an briathar:\nBéarla: Bhuail an fear an liathróid isteach sa chúlchóir.\nChinese: Bhuail an fear isteach sa chúlchúrsa an liathróid.\nTá an frása réamhfhocail i ndlúthdhiosca sna habairtí thuas.\nI nGaeilge, is briathra stative iad na hairíonna i ndáiríre mar atá i Nahuatl agus Lakota.\nNágè rède cài hěnhǎochī.\nTá sé bia te go maith a ithe.\nTá an bia te delicious.\nDéanann an siombail 的 bia te a thiontú ina bia tá sé te, briathar tréithneach. Ciallaíonn rud éigin cosúil le bheith.\nTá na dúinneanna de na focail ar a dtugtar cáithníní a shade an bhrí de abairt riamh chomh beag.\nNíl fónalóg na Síne chomh éasca agus a deir cuid acu. Tá an iomarca cásanna de na fuaimeanna zh, ch, sh, j, q, agus x sa teanga ar nós go bhfuil an chuma ar go leor de na focail go bhfuil an fuaim chéanna acu. Tá idirdhealú ann idir comh-aigneacha a bhfuil dúil iontu agus a bhfuil dúil iontu. Tá comh-aigí retroflex neamhghnácha ann freisin.\nIs dócha gurb é litearthacht na Síne an litearthacht is deacra de gach teanga. Úsáideann an aibítir siombailí, mar sin ní aibítir fíor é. Tá ar a laghad 85,000 siombail agus i ndáiríre go leor eile, ach ní gá duit ach 3-5,000 a fhios acu, agus ní fios ag go leor Sínigh fiú 1,000. Chun a bheith an-chomhfhiosach sa tSínis, ní mór duit 10,000 carachtar a bheith agat, agus is dócha go bhfuil níos lú ná 5% de na Síneoirí a bhfuil an oiread sin acu.\nIna theannta sin, ní athraíodh na carachtair le 3,000 bliain, agus tá an aibítir ar a laghad beagán fuaimeach, mar sin tá fadhb mhór againn maidir le easpa athchóirithe litriúla.\nRinne na cumannaithe iarracht an córas a shimpliú (Mandarin shimpliú) ach in ionad naisc idir gnéithe fóntacha carachtair a dhéanamh níos ciallúla trína líon a laghdú agus a rialtacht a mhéadú (dhírigh siad é seo go pointe áirithe ach ní go leor), laghdaigh siad líon na strócanna a theastaíonn do gach siombail de ghnáth gan déileáil le gné fóntacha gach ceann. Ní raibh an simplithe ag obair go maith, mar sin anois tá meascán de dhá chineál éagsúla scríofa na Síne agat simplithe agus traidisiúnta.\nIna theannta sin, ghlac na Síne go leor de na hAlfabéid Siombalacha Seapánacha 1,000 bliain tar éis dóibh a bheith forbartha cheana féin agus gan athchóiriú litriúil a dhéanamh orthu, rud a chuir mí-oireamh ar an gcion.\nFiú amháin má fhágann tú na carachtair ar leataobh, bheadh na srianta stílisteacha agus liteartha a theastaíonn chun an tSínis a scríobh ar bhealach béarla nó foirmiúil (litriúil) ag déanamh do cheann snámh. Agus ní chiallaíonn an rud go bhfuil tú in ann léitheoireacht na Síne a dhéanamh go bhfuil tú in ann prósa na Síne Clasaiceach a léamh. Tá sé cosúil go bhfuil sé scríofa i dteanga difriúil, i ndáiríre, is teanga dhifriúil í go teicniúil cosúil le Meán Béarla nó Sean Béarla. Mar sin féin, ní léitear mórán téacsanna Béarla Mheán nó Béarla Dhá níos mó, agus léitear an tSean-Ghaeilge go forleathan fós.\nMar sin féin, tá an orthography ar a laghad comhsheasmhach. Ní bhíonn ach léamh amháin ag 90% de na carachtair. Nuair a fhoghlaimíonn tú an carachtar, is gnách go bhfuil a chiall ar eolas agat in aon chomhthéacs.\nTá sé níos deacra na carachtair a scríobh ná iad a léamh. Athraíonn pointe nó líne mícheart amháin an bhrí go hiomlán nó déanann sé an siombail a bheith gan chiall.\nIs fíor-fhadhb é nuair a bhíonn siombail nach bhfuil ar eolas agat agat toisc nach bhfuil aon bhealach ann an focal a fhuaimniú. Tá tú i ndáiríre agus go fírinneach caillte agus fucked. Tá leideanna ar thaobh na láimhe deise den tsiombail, ach ní bhíonn siad cruinn i gcónaí. Ní mór duit go leor focal a fhoghlaim chun ráite simplí a labhairt.\nAr an gcaoi chéanna, ní gá go mbeadh foclóir ina chabhair nuair a bhíonn tú ag iarraidh an tSínis a léamh. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh abairt Síneach os do chomhair in éineacht le foclóir, agus d'fhéadfadh nach mbeadh ciall ag an abairt fiú tar éis féachaint air sa foclóir.\nScríobhann roinnt Moslamach Síneach an tSínis ag baint úsáide as scríbhneoireacht Araibis. Is minic a mheastar gurb é seo ceann de na huirlisí is measa ar fad.\nIs minic a bhíonn sé deacair go leor do dhuine ón Iarthar na tonna a phiocadh suas. Má dhéanann tú botún ar na toin, tá focal go hiomlán difriúil ráite agat. Is minic nach ndéanann eachtrannaigh a bhfuil a n-tonnaí ar eolas acu go maith iad a rá i gceart, agus dá bhrí sin, deir siad focal amháin nuair a chiallaíonn siad ceann eile. Mar sin féin, i gcomparáid le córais ton eile ar fud an domhain, tá an córas ton i nGaeilge réasúnta éasca.\nIs é an fhadhb is mó le Sínis ná homonyms. Go pointe áirithe, tá sé seo fíor i go leor teangacha toin. Ós rud é go n-úsáideann an tSínis focail ghearr agus go bhfuil sé dí-sillabach, tá repertoire teoranta fuaimeanna ann is féidir a úsáid. Ag pointe áirithe, tá na fuaimeanna go léir caite, agus tá tú isteach i réimse na n-homophones.\nIs bealach amháin é idirdhealú toin a dhéanann teangacha monosyllabic agus disyllabic chun déileáil leis an bhfadhb homophone, ach níl sé go leor, ós rud é go bhfuil go leor homophones ag an tSínis fós, agus is minic a bhraitheann an bhrí trí chomhthéacs, strus, rithim agus intinn. Tá an tSínis, cosúil leis an bhFraincis agus an Béarla, go mór idiomatic.\nNíl mórán eolais air, ach úsáideann na Síne foirmeacha éagsúla (aicmitheoirí) freisin chun rudaí éagsúla a chomhaireamh, cosúil leis an Seapáinis.\nNíl aon fhocal coitianta idir Béarla agus Sínis, mar sin ní mór duit sraith iomlán nua foirmeacha léasacha a fhoghlaim.\nIna theannta sin, is minic a léiríonn ainmfhocail gaol nó ordlathas. Mar shampla, i mBéarla, is féidir leat a rá go simplí mo dheartháir nó mo dheirfiúr, ach sa tSínis, ní féidir leat é seo a dhéanamh. Caithfidh tú a chur in iúl an bhfuil tú ag caint faoi dheartháir nó deirfiúr níos sine nó níos óige.\nmei mei deirfiúr níos óige\njie jie deirfiúr níos sine\nge ge deartháir níos sine\ndi di deartháir níos óige\nScóráil an Mhandaráin an-ard ar staidéar ar na teangacha is aisteach.\nAr an taobh dearfach, tá gramadaí na Síne réasúnta rialta agus tá díorthaíocht focail, focail chomhcheangailte ciallmhar agus is féidir an bhrí a chinneadh trí bhreathnú ar an bhfocal. I dteangacha eile, ní gá go mbeadh focail chomhcheangailte chomh soiléir sin.\nAontaíonn go leor gurbh í an tSínis an teanga is deacra a fhoghlaim de na teangacha móra go léir. D'athbhreithnigh suirbhé le déanaí ar ollamh teanga na Síne mar an teanga is deacra ar domhan a fhoghlaim.\nFaigheann Mandarin rátáil 5.5 mar an ceann is deacra.\nMar sin féin, tá sé níos deacra Cantonese a fhoghlaim ná Mandarin. Tá ocht ton ag an gCantóinis i gcomparáid le ceithre ton ag an Mhandaráinis, agus ina theannta sin, leanann siad ag úsáid a lán de na carachtair thraidisiúnta Síneach níos sine a cuireadh in ionad nuair a bhog an tSín go dtí scríbhneoireacht shimplí i 1949. Ina theannta sin, ós rud é nach bhfuil carachtair neamh-Mandarin caighdeánaithe, ní féidir an Cantonese a scríobh síos mar a labhraítear é.\nIna theannta sin, tá gné bhéal ag an gCantóinis, b'fhéidir go bhfuil suas le 20 cineálacha éagsúla ann. Tá deighiltí módail deacair sa Chantainis. Tá cnuasaigh de 3 phreas deireanach de na cáithníní an-choitianta. Tá mé ag ithe bia agus tá mé ag ithe bia ar an bhfréamh, ach cuireann na cáithníní an bhrí a bhí agam cheana féin bia, ag freagairt ceist nó fiú a chur in iúl go raibh mé ag ithe bia, mar sin ní gá dom a ithe níos mó.\nFaigheann Cantonese rátáil 5.5, beagnach an ceann is deacra de gach.\nDeirtear freisin go bhfuil Min Nan níos deacra a fhoghlaim ná Mandarin, toisc go bhfuil córas tonn níos casta aige, le cúig fhuaim ar thrí leibhéal éagsúla. Is cosúil nach bhfuil fiú go leor dúchasach Taiwanese ag labhairt go ceart na laethanta seo, mar tá sé ag titim as fabhraí, agus tá i bhfad níos lú páistí á bhfás suas ag labhairt é ná mar a bhí roimhe.\nFaigheann Min Nan rátáil 5.5, beagnach an ceann is deacra.\nD'fhéach suirbhé 15 bliana le déanaí ó Ollscoil Fudan ag baint úsáide as na ranna Teangachas agus Daonchultúr ag breathnú ar 579 teanga éagsúla i 91 teaghlach teanga chun iarracht a dhéanamh an teanga is casta ar domhan a fháil. Ba é an toradh ná go raibh dialekt teanga Wu (nó b'fhéidir teanga ar leithligh) i gceantar Fengxian de dheas Shanghai (Dônđän Wu) an teanga is casta ó thaobh fónála de, le 20 vocal ar leithligh (Wang 2012). Ba é an iomaitheoir is gaire ná an Iorua le 16 vocal.\nFaigheann Dônđän Wu rátáil 5.5 , beagnach an ceann is deacra de gach duine.\nLéann go leor daoine Sínis agus foghlaimeoirí teanga na Síne an tSean-Chínis fós. Mura bhfuil greim an-mhaith agat ar an tSínis nua-aimseartha, beidh an tSínis clasaiceach go hiomlán caillte ort. Tá an tSean-Chineach clasaiceach i bhfad níos deacra a léamh ná an tSean-Chineach nua-aimseartha a léamh.\nClúdaíonn an tSínis Chlasaiceach ré a shíneann thar 3,000 bliain, agus chun a bheith réidh ag léamh sa teanga seo, ní mór duit a bheith eolach ar na carachtair go léir a úsáideadh le linn na tréimhse seo chomh maith le litríocht na tréimhse sin ionas gur féidir leat na hintinn go léir a thuiscint. Fiú má tá eolas agat ar an tSínis Chlasaiceach, ní mór duit é a léamh i gcomhthéacs. Má tá tú go maith i nGaeilge Chlasaiceach agus go gcaitheann duine éigin rannán randamach de, glacfaidh sé go leor ama ort é a fháil amach mura bhfuil an comhthéacs ar eolas agat.\nTá an teanga i bhfad níos mó i gceist ná an tSínis Nua-aimseartha, ach níl sé seo chomh maith agus a fhuaimeann sé. Fágann an simplíocht seo spás do dhúinn, agus tá ról tábhachtach ag an gcomhthéacs. Ní bheidh greann ar an scéal faoi roinnt anicdot stairiúil nó liteartha obscure agat mura bhfuil a fhios agat cad a bhaineann sé leis. Chun an tSínis nua-aimseartha a léamh, beidh 5,000 carachtar ar a laghad ag teastáil uait, ach fiú ansin, beidh foclóir ag teastáil uait. Le Sínis Chlasaiceach, níl aon teorainn íseal ar líon na gcarachtair a chaithfidh tú a bheith ar an eolas. Is é an spéir an teorainn.\nFaigheann an tSean-Chineach clasaiceach rátáil 6, an ceann is deacra de na cinn go léir.\nI Quiang, teanga de Choimisiún Sichuan sa tSín, ní hamháin go bhfuil vowels rhotic, atá i láthair i ach 1% de theangacha an domhain, ach tá chomh maith le comhchuibheas rhoticity, áit a bhfuil neamh-rhotic vowel i morpheme a thiocfaidh chun bheith rhotic nuair a leanann sé ag morpheme le vowel rhotic.\nʀuɑ + khe > ʀuɑkhe\nme + we > mewe\nTá briathra róthacha le fáil i mBéarla na Stát Aontaithe Gan strus : caighdeánach, dinnéar, Lincolnshire, eagarthóir, tomhas, mairtire.\nTá rómánú an-olc ag Qiang freisin, chomh dona sin nach n-úsáidfidh an Qiang é fiú. Scríobhtar comhcheangail fhuaimnithe trí fhuaimnín a chur leis an tsiombail don chomhcheangail gan ghuth. Tá briathra fada agus ghearr ann, ach níl siad seo ionadaithe sa chóras.\nQiang faigheann 5 rátáil, an-deacair a fhoghlaim.\nIs dócha go bhfuil ceann de na huirlisí is lú réasúnach ag an Tibéidis de gach teanga. Níor athraigh an litriú i ~ 1,000 bliain cé go bhfuil an teanga tar éis dul trí gach cineál athruithe. Is féidir le foghlaimeoir teanga sa Tíobóid a fháil trí litreáil fhóntachta a úsáid. Tagann an fhadhb nuair a dhéanann tú iarracht a litriú ag baint úsáide as an Alphabet Clásúil. Mar shampla:\nSrong rtsan Sgam po (leabhair)\nsoŋtsɛn ɡampo (labhartha)\nCé go bhfuil an eiteagrafíocht eitimeolaíoch agus go hiomlán as dáta, tá sé intuartha go leor.\nFaigheann Tibéidis rátáil 5, an-deacair a fhoghlaim.\nTá fuaimníocht an-fhiáin ag Dzongka, teanga oifigiúil Bhutan, chomh maith leis an gcóras scríbhneoireachta Tibéidis, an uair seo ag baint úsáide as foirmeacha Bhutanese den script Tibéidis.\nTá an t-amhrán seo a leanas i gcodarsnacht leis: s, sh, hs, hsh, ts, hts, tsh, z, ɦz, dz, ɦdz, nsh, mtsh, ntsh, ndz, pts, ptsh, ptswh, agus s, agus ina theannta sin tá ceithre thonn aige, ach níl aon fhocal amháin ann a bhfuil idirdhealú ann trí thonn amháin. Ar a bharr sin, tá 22 vowels éagsúla ann.\nFaigheann Dzongka rátáil 5, an-deacair a fhoghlaim.\nTá Vítneam deacair a fhoghlaim freisin toisc go bhfuil sé deacair do dhuine lasmuigh na tonna a insint óna chéile. Dá bhrí sin, is minic a bhíonn sé deacair a thuiscint ó dhaoine eachtracha toisc nach dtuigeann siad an t-uimhir ceart. Tá tonanna \"creaky-voiced\" ann freisin, atá an-deacair do choigríche tuiscint a fháil orthu.\nTá gramadaí Vítneam simplí go leor, agus tá léitheoireacht Vítneam go leor éasca nuair a thuigeann tú na marcanna tona. Tá focail ghearr mar atá sa tSínis. Mar sin féin, tá an gramaic shimplí coibhneasta, mar is féidir leat 25 fhoirm nó níos mó a bheith agat ach amháin le haghaidh I, an pronoun singiléir 1ú duine. Ina theannta sin, deirtear go bhfuil an litriú Laidineach go leor dona. Bhí sé a chumadh ag misinéirí cúpla céad bliain ó shin, agus tá sé riamh a bhí i bhfad ciallmhar.\nFaigheann Vítneam 5 rátáil, an-deacair a fhoghlaim.\nTá cáil ar an gcumarsáid Khmer go bhfuil sé deacair í a fhoghlaim. Tuigim go bhfuil ceann de na córais onóirithe is casta aige de gach teanga ar domhan. Ciallaíonn breis agus dosaen focal éagsúla iompar ag brath ar an méid atá á iompar ag duine. Tá roinnt focail éagsúla ann le haghaidh sclábhaí ag brath ar cé a bhí ina úinéir ar an sclábhaí agus ar an méid a rinne an sclábhaí. Tá 28-30 vocail éagsúla ann, lena n-áirítear tacair de vocail fhada agus ghearr agus diftongs fada agus ghearr. Tá an córas vowel chomh casta nach bhfuil comhaontú ann fiú ar an gcaoi a bhfuil sé i ndáiríre. Is minic a bhíonn sé deacair ar fhoghlaimeoirí Khmer, go háirithe cainteoirí teangacha IE, na vuálaigh seo a tháirgeadh nó a idirdhealú fiú.\nNíl sé chomh dona é a labhairt, ach tá sé deacair é a léamh agus a scríobh. Mar shampla, is féidir leat suas le cúig shiombail éagsúla a chur le chéile i siombail chasta amháin. Tá an script orthographic níos measa ná an ceann Thai. Tá rialacha ann i ndáiríre don chaos seo, ach is cosúil nach bhfuil a fhios ag aon duine cé hiad.\nFaigheann Khmer rátáil 4.5, an-deacair go han-deacair.\nTá an líon is mó fuaimeanna vowel ag Sedang, teanga de Vítneam, de gach teanga ar domhan, ag 55 fuaim vowel ar leith.\nFaigheann Sedang rátáil 5, an-deacair a fhoghlaim.\nIs é Hmong a labhraítear go forleathan sa chuid seo de California, ach ní éasca é a fhoghlaim. Tá ocht gcineál ann, agus níl siad éasca a thuiscint. Níl sé ceangailte le haon phríomh-theanga eile ach leis an mBéarla éagórach.\nTá roinnt comh-aistriúcháin an-aisteach ann ar a dtugtar nasal gan guth. Tá siad againn i mBéarla mar allophones tá an m i bpáiste gan guth, ach i Hmong, cuirtear iad i láthair na bhfocal tá an m sa fhocal Hmong gan guth. Is féidir leo seo a bheith an-deacair a fhuaimniú.\nTá an rómánaíocht faoi cháin go forleathan mar go bhfuil sé mí-mhaith, ach úsáideann na Hmong é ar aon nós.\nHmong faigheann 5 rátáil, an-deacair a fhoghlaim.\nIs teanga aborigine Taiwanese í Tsou a labhraíonn thart ar 2,000 duine i Taiwan. Tá an ghné aisteach aige de réir a bhfuil na gluaiseachtaí bunúsacha y agus w ag casadh isteach nó ag teacht chun cinn mar fhuaimíní lárnach neamh-síleabacha e̯ agus o̯ i gcomhthéacsanna áirithe:\njo~joskɨ -> e̯oˈe̯oskɨ -= iasc\nTá Tsou ergative freisin cosúil leis an chuid is mó de theangacha Formosan. Is é Tsou an t-aon teanga ar domhan nach bhfuil aon réamhfhocail nó aon rud a bhfuil cuma réamhfhocail air. Ina áit sin úsáideann sé ainmfhocail agus briathra in áit na réamhfhocail. Ceadaíonn Tsou níos mó cnuasaigh comhchruinnithe féideartha ná an chuid is mó de na teangacha eile. Ceadaítear thart ar 1/2 de na cnuasaigh CC is féidir.\nTá idirdhealú cuimsitheach / eisiach ag Tsou sa 1ú duine ilghnéithe agus idirdhealú an-aisteach le feiceáil agus neamhfhaicsin sa 3ú duine singilíneach agus ilghnéithe. Is féidir le hairíonna agus adverbs araon a bheith ina bhriathra agus tá siad marcáilte le haghaidh guth ar an mbealach céanna a bhíonn briathra ann. Tá briathra marcáilte go forleathan le haghaidh guth. Tá ainmfhocail marcáilte le haghaidh cásanna neamhghnácha éagsúla, a thagraíonn go minic do thuairim, duine (féach / neamhfhaisnéise), agus deixis áit.\ne in amharc agus in aice le cainteoir\nsi/ta éisteoir atá le feiceáil agus in aice\nta le feiceáil ach i bhfad ó chainteoir\no/to neamhfhaisnéise agus i bhfad i gcéin, nó a tugadh isteach go nua sa díospóireacht\nna/no ~ ne neamh-inaitheanta agus neamh-thárla (go minic nuair a bhíonn rang eilimintí á scanadh)\nFaigheann Tsou rátáil 5, an-deacair a fhoghlaim.\nIs teanga éasca í Bahasa Indonesia a fhoghlaim. Ar dtús, tá an gramaic an-simplí. Níl ach cúpla réamhrá ann, agus ní fhéadfaí ach dhá cheann acu a fheiceáil mar inflectional. Tá roinnt iar-aistritheoirí ann freisin. Ní marcáiltear briathra ar an aimsir ar chor ar bith. Agus tá córas fuaime na dteangacha seo, i gcoitinne le hOstairnéiseach i gcoitinne, ar cheann de na cinn is simplí ar domhan, le dhá dhuslach fuaime amháin. Tá cúpla homonym, homophones, homographs, nó heteronyms ag Bahasa Indonesia. Go ginearálta, ní chiallaíonn focail ach aon chiall amháin.\nCé nach bhfuil an ceartliosta go hiomlán fónéadach, níl ach líon beag eisceachtaí neamhfónéadacha aige. Tá an spléachadh ar cheann de na cinn is éasca ar domhan a úsáid.\nTá an córas chun focail a thiontú ina ainmfhocail nó ina bhriathra rialta. Chun iomad a dhéanamh, ní gá ach focal a athdhéanamh, mar sin in ionad péinteanna a rá, deirtear péinteán péinteán.\nFaigheann Bahasa Indonesia rátáil 1.5, an-éasca a fhoghlaim.\nNí bhíonn an Ghaeilge éasca ach amháin má fhoghlaimíonn tú an fhoirm chaighdeánach labhartha nó ceann de na criollacha. Tá sé i bhfad níos deacra an teanga liteartha a fhoghlaim. Mar sin féin, is minic a mheastar go bhfuil an script Jawi, atá scríofa i scríbhinn Arabach, go hiomlán uafásach.\nFaigheann Malaeis rátáil 2 le haghaidh go measartha éasca.\nAn Pholainn Mhór Lárnach\nMar sin féin, tá an Tagalog i bhfad níos deacra ná an Malaeis nó an Indinéisis. I gcomparáid le go leor teangacha Eorpacha, is minic a bhíonn sintéacs, morphology agus séimintíocht Tagalog go leor difriúil. Chomh maith leis sin, is gnách go labhraítear an Tagalog go han-tapa. Murab ionann agus sa Mhálaeis, bíonn an-chuid briathra i dteanga Tagalog. Is é príomh-smaoineamh na gramadaí Tagalog rud éigin ar a dtugtar fócas. Nuair a thuigeann tú é, bíonn an teanga éasca go leor, ach go dtí go dtuigeann tú an coincheap, beidh am deacair agat.\nTá gach rud i Tagalog.\nMar sin féin, tá sé an-éasca airteagail agus aidiachtaí a chruthú ó ainmfhocail.\nganda áilleacht (ainmfhocal)\nmaganda álainn (aineolas)\nTagalog faigheann rátáil 4, an-deacair.\nTá cáil ar na Maorí agus ar theangacha Poilíneisiacha eile go bhfuil siad an-éasca a fhoghlaim. Is é an phríomhfhadhb do chainteoirí Béarla go bhfuil an struchtúr abairt ar ais i gcomparáid le Béarla. Ina theannta sin, d'fhéadfadh macrons fadhbanna a chur ar bun.\nIs é an fhadhb amháin le Maorí ná diailéic. Tá na diailéicte chomh éagsúil sin go gciallaíonn sé seo go bhfuil go leor focail ann don rud céanna. Tá saincheist den chineál céanna ag an Ghearmáinis Shise, le suas le 50 focal do gach earra tí coitianta (tá focal féin ag beagnach gach dialekt mór d'earraí coitianta):\nngongi, noni, koki, wai uisce\nwhiri, rarangi, hiri a phléist, a thriall, a threal\npai, maitai maith\ntu, tū, tutehu, mātika seasamh\nmau, mou chun a shealbhú\npau, pou a bheith caite\nika, tohorā baile\nika, ngohi iasc\nlíne kāwei, kāwai \nori, kori, keukeu, koukou, neke, nuku chun bogadh\nhaere, hara, here, horo, whano chun dul, chun teacht\nhara, hapa, hē a bheith mícheart\nkōrerorero, wānanga, rūnanga chun plé a dhéanamh\ntohunga, tahunga sagart\nmatikuku, maikuku ingne\nkanohi, konohi, mata, whatu, kamo, karu súile, aghaidh\nNí féidir seantanna maori iomlána a scríobh ach le vuálaigh.\nAn bhfuil sé ag teacht?\nAn bhfuil do chuid féin daingean?\nTá mé ag iarraidh é.\nThit sé mar is gnách.\nI ui au i auau aau\nBeidh sé deacair / crua / trom!\nAr an taobh dearfach, tá an fuaimniú simplí, agus níl aon inscne ann. Tá an teanga chomh rialta le Seapáinis. Níl níos mó ná 16 fuaim ag aon teanga Pholainéiseach, agus níl tonna ag gach ceann acu. Tá cúig fhuaim ag gach ceann acu, agus is féidir iad a bheith fada nó gearr. Ní mór go mbeadh vowel ag teacht i ndiaidh comhghuaillín, mar sin níl aon chnuasach comhghuaillín ann. Tá gach comh-aistriú éasca a fhuaimniú.\nFaigheann Maori rátáil 3, deacracht meán.\nIs teanga an-éasca í Haváí a fhoghlaim. Tá sé éasca a fhuaimniú, tá aibítir shimplí aige, níl morfolaíocht chasta aige agus tá sintéacs simplí go leor aige.\nFaigheann Haváí rátáil 2, an-éasca a fhoghlaim.\nVanuatu Thuaidh agus Lár\nIs teanga an-aisteach í an Sakao a labhraíonn 4,000 duine i Vanuatu. Tá sé an-aisteach. Is teanga poilsintéiseach Austronesian í, rud atá an-aisteach. Ceadaíonn sé cnuasaigh choimhlint mhór. Sakao Tá sé de na céimeanna dochreidte de deixis. Tá ceithre dhuine iontach ag an teanga: singil, dúlach, paucalach agus il. Tá an teanga chomharsanachta Tomoko singil, dhúbailte, triail agus il. Tá an fhoirm trialach an-aisteach. Sakao's paucal a tháinig ó thriail Tomato's:\niad, ó thrí go deich\nna cúig acu (Go litriúil, tá siad trí, cúig)\nTá na hainmneacha go léir i gcónaí san aonfhocal ach amháin le haghaidh foirmeacha gaolmhara agus taispeántais, nach léiríonn ach an iomad:\n mo mháthair/aintín -> mo sheantuismitheoirí\nwalðyɣ mo leanbh -> raalðyɣ mo leanaí\nTá roinnt ainmfhocail aige a deirtear go bhfuil siad \"in-ghlactha\" (inalienably possessed), is é sin, nuair a tharlaíonn siad, ní mór go mbeadh sealbhóir éigin acu. Is minic a bhíonn infleachtaí an-neamhrialta ag na cinn seo:\nMo bhéal\n\"Sɨŋœ-m do bhéal\"\nɔsɨŋɔ-n a bhéal\n~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a bhéal\nuly-ɣ mo chuid gruaige\nuly-m do chuid gruaige\na chuid gruaige\nNí... ... a chuid gruaige\nAnseo, tá béal nó œsɨŋœ-, ɔsɨŋɔ- nó œsœŋ-, agus tá gruaig nó uly-, ulœ- nó nøl-\nSakao, aisteach go leor, ní féidir fiú a bheith siollacha sa bhealach a cheapann muid de ghnáth iad. Má tá siollacha ann ar chor ar bith, is cosúil go bhfuil sé ar a laghad mar fhuaimín atá timpeallaithe ag aon líon comh-aistriúcháin.\nTar éis canadh agus stopadh ag canadh tú i gcónaí ciúin.\nTá an t-aistriúchán -in ag Sakao a dhéanann briathar neamh-iompartha a bheith idirthréimhseach agus a dhéanann briathar idirthréimhseach a bheith dí-iompartha. Is féidir le briathra dí-thrasnachta dhá argóint a ghlacadh réad díreach agus uirlisí.\nTá grá agam duit. / Tá grá agam duit.\nMarú an muc leis an gclub / Marú an muc leis an gclub.\nLigeann polysynthesis Sakao briathra comhcheangailte, a bhfuil a uirlis nó a chuspóir féin ag gach ceann acu:\nNí mór dó a bheith ann.\nHe-shooting-fish-kept-on-walking with-a-bow the-sea. Bhí sé ag-scaoileadh-iasc-agus-ag-coimeád-an-siúlóid le-a-b-a-b-a-mhuir.\nChuaigh sé ar feadh na farraige ag lámhach na n-iasc le bogha.\nSakao faigheann 5 rátáil, an-deacair a fhoghlaim.\nIs teanga Austronesian í Kwaio a labhraítear in Oileáin Shlóman. Tá ceithre fhoirm éagsúla uimhir aige chun pronouns a mharcáil ní amháin an ghnáth singil agus il, ach an dáileog níos annamh agus an paucal an-annamh freisin. Ina theannta sin, tá difríocht chuimsitheach/eisiach sna foirmeacha neamh-singular.\n1 dúbailte san áireamh (tá tú agus mé)\n1 dúbailte eisiach (mé féin agus duine eile, ní tú)\n1 pacaal san áireamh (tá tú, mé agus cúpla duine eile)\n1 pacáistheachán (mé féin agus cúpla duine eile)\n1 iomad san áireamh (mé, tú agus go leor eile)\n1 iomad go heisiach (I agus go leor eile)\nFaigheann Kwaio rátáil 5, an-deacair a fhoghlaim.\nTá cáil ar an Malagás, teanga oifigiúil na Madagásire, go bhfuil sé níos éasca í a fhoghlaim ná an tIndinéisis nó an Malaeis.\nFaigheann an Malagásc rátáil 1, is é an ceann is éasca a fhoghlaim.\nIs teanga an-deacair í an Téalainnis a fhoghlaim. Tá 75 siombail sa scríbhneoireacht aisteach, níl aon spásanna idir focail sa scríbhneoireacht, agus is féidir le huacailí teacht roimh, tar éis, os cionn nó faoi bhun comh-uimhir i ngach siolla. Is cosúil go bhfuil go leor gliifí éagsúla ann do gach comh-aistriú, ach déanfaidh na gliifí éagsúla don chomh-aistriú céanna fuaim an fhuaimigh chomharsanacha a athrú uaireanta. Tá an ceart-aistriúchán chomh neamh-éagsúil le Béarla ó tharla go bhfuil na céadta bliain imithe gan aon athchóirithe litriúcháin, i ndáiríre, níor athraigh an Téalainnis a chóras i 1000 bliain. An wild cárta a bhfuil ton thrown i cuireann sé leis an insanity.\nAthraíonn fuaimníocht na comhghuaillithe ag brath ar shuíomh an tsléibhe sa fhocal mar shampla, is féidir le s athrú go t. Tá go leor vowels ann a labhraítear ach nach scríobhtar. Tá go leor comh-aigineacha ann a fhuaimnítear mar an gcéanna mar shampla, tá sé t éagsúla ann, gan na s a chomhaireamh a thiocfaidh chun bheith ina ts. Is cinnte gurb é an scripte Thai ceann de na scripteacha fónetacha is deacra. Mar sin féin, tá sé níos éasca an script Téalainnis a fhoghlaim ná na comharthaí Seapáine nó na Síne. In ainneoin sin go léir, tá an sintéacs simplí, cosúil le Sínis.\nTá cúig thonn ann, lena n-áirítear ton neodrach. Déantar tonna a chinneadh ag rudaí casta éagsúla, lena n-áirítear comhcheangal de shonraí tonna, an rang comhcheangail, má chríochnaíonn an siollach i sonorant nó stop agus cad é ton an siollaig roimhe seo. Tá marcáil ton sa eagarthóireacht casta go leor.\nTá na huacailí difriúil ná mar atá i go leor teangacha, agus tá roinnt diftongs neamhghnácha ann: eua, euai, aui agus uu. Tá difríocht idir comhcheangail a bhfuil an t-aspiráid orthu agus a bhfuil an t-aspiráid orthu.\nTá córas aicmithe ainmfhocal ann chun rudaí éagsúla a chomhaireamh, cosúil leis an Seapáinis. Ina theannta sin, tá córas casta onóirlínte ann, atá coitianta i go leor teangacha san Áise.\nAr an taobh dearfach, is teanga rialta í an Téalainnis, agus níl mórán eisceachtaí de na rialacha. Mar sin féin, tá na rialacha casta go leor. Tá an sintéacs chomh casta le sin sa tSínis, agus tá an gramaic an-simplí.\nFaigheann an Téalainnis rátáil 5, is é an ceann is deacra a fhoghlaim.\nTá Lao an-chosúil le Thai, i ndáiríre tá sé comhionann le teanga Thai a labhraíonn 16 milliún duine in oirthear na Téalainne ar a dtugtar Thai an Oirthuaiscirt. Tá an script Lao cosúil le Thai, ach tá níos lú litreacha ann agus mar sin tá beagán níos lú mearbhall ann.\nFaigheann Lao rátáil 4.5, an-deacair go han-deacair a fhoghlaim.\nRinneadh an dara teanga is casta go fonolaíoch ar an Domhan (Wang 2012) de réir staidéir Ollscoil Fudan a luaitear thuas faoi Wu. Tá 32 comh-aistriú tosaigh bun, lena n-áirítear oddities cosúil le tɕ, tɕh, pj, pjh, ɕ, kw, kwh, ŋw, tʃh, tsh. Tabhair faoi deara na difríochtaí éagsúla idir comhcheangail gan guth a bhfuil an ghuthán ag dul isteach agus gan a bheith ag dul isteach, lena n-áirítear stadanna palatalized bilabial, stadanna velar labialized, agus affricates alveolar. Tá 64 deireadh siollacha éagsúla, agus 14 cinn eile nach bhfuil ach i iasachtaí Síneach.\nTá 15 ton difriúil, naoi i siollaibí oscailte agus sé i siollaibí ceaptha (tonnaí iontrála). Is iad na príomh-tonnacha ard, ard ag ardú, ard ag titim, íseal, ardú íseal, titim íseal, lár, dipping agus buaic. Nuair a labhraíonn siad, is cosúil go bhfuil siad ag canadh.\nFaigheann Kam rátáil 5, an-deacair a fhoghlaim.\nDe réir staidéir Ollscoil Fudan a luadh thuas, tá Buyang ar an 3ú teanga is casta ó thaobh fuaime de ar domhan. Is grúpa 4 theanga gaolmhara é Buyang a labhraíonn 1,900 duine i gCúige Yunnan, an tSín. Tá suímh chomhlánacha fiáin go hiomlán ag Buyang.\nTá sraith iomlán de stopadh pláin agus spreagtha, lena n-áirítear uvulars gan guth, ann. Tá an difríocht idir stadanna a chuirtear le hais agus stadanna a chuirtear le guth simplí aisteach. Tá idirdhealú ag an tsraith stop freisin idir stadanna palatalized agus cruinnithe ar fud na sraithe. Tá frithghníomhach palatal gan guth laibíolaithe aige agus fuaimeanna neamhghnácha taobh, a chuirtear i ngníomh gan guth. Tá ceithre nasalúis éagsúla gan guth ann. Tá sé gan guth y agus w, fuaimeanna níos aisteach. Tá gluaiséid palatal plain agus labialized aige freisin.\nIs é sin an ceann amháin heck de fónalóige fiáin.\nBuyang faigheann 5 rátáil, an-deacair a fhoghlaim.\nTá drochcháil ag Ga, teanga Bantu na hAfraice, mar náisiúin diana. Labhraíonn thart ar 600,000 duine é sa Ghána. Tá dhá thonn aige agus bíonn iompar aisteach aige ar a dtugtar téarnachas ton a bhfuil coitianta i go leor teangacha san Afraic Thiar. Tá idirdhealú fónamach idir trí chineál éagsúla fad fonnála. Tá 3 fhad éagsúil ag gach vocal gearr, fada agus an-fhada. Tá go leor fuaimeanna ann freisin nach bhfuil in aon teangacha san Iarthar.\nFaigheann Ga rátáil 5, an-deacair a fhoghlaim.\nIs teanga í Anyi a labhraíonn 610,000 duine sa Chosta Eabhuaire. Tá sé réasúnta díreach chomh fada agus a théann teangacha na hAfraice. Is dócha gurb é an chuid is deacra faoin teanga ná go bhfuil sé tonal, agus go bhfuil dhá thonn aige. Tá an t-idirdhealú +-ATR neamhghnách ag an fhónolaíocht a bhfuil an-aisteach air. Is é ATR an t-ainm atá ar bun le haghaidh fréamhraotán teanga feabhsaithe, mar sin tá difríocht ag an teanga idir vuálaigh a bhfuil fréamhraotán teanga feabhsaithe acu agus iad a bhfuil aon cheann acu. Mar sin féin, tá an gramaic réalta go leor. Tá cúpla próiseas fónála a chuireann mearbhall ar dhaoine.\nTá córas téime simplí ag Anyi, gan ach láthair, am atá caite agus todhchaí. Níl aon ghné, stíl nó marcáil gutha ann, agus níl na córais aicme ainmníochta chomh coitianta i go leor teangacha Afracacha ann. Tá marcóir ilmhéadrach ann, ach is minic go bhfuil sé roghnach.\nTá briathra sraitheacha sa sintéacs, rud a bhfuil aisteach ag daoine ón Iarthar. Déanann sé idirdhealú idir clásal gaolmhara atá marcáilte le bɔ agus clásal fo-ordú atá marcáilte le kɛ.\nFuaireann Anyi rátáil 4, an-deacair a fhoghlaim.\nIs teanga Banú é Ndali le 150,000 cainteoir sa Mhalaoi agus sa Tansáin. Tá go leor foirmeacha stranges aige. Mar shampla, sa aimsir atá caite:\nPast tense A: D'imigh sé díreach anois.\nPast tense B: D'imigh sé tráth éigin níos luaithe inniu.\nPast tense C: D'imigh sé inné.\nPast tense D: D'imigh sé am éigin roimh an lá dar gcionn.\nTá an comhartha céanna ag an am atá le teacht:\nFuture tense A: Hes going to go right away.\nFuture tense B: He is going to go sometime later today.\nFuture tense C: Hes going to go tomorrow.\nFuture tense D: He is going to go sometime after tomorrow.\nFaigheann Ndali rátáil 5, an-deacair a fhoghlaim.\nTá Xhosa, teanga na hAfraice Theas, deacair go leor, agus suas le naoi gcliocadh. Níl ach teanga amháin lasmuigh d'Afraic ag baint le cliceáil an teanga Astrálach Damin agus tá sé thar a bheith deacair iad a fhoghlaim. Fiú amháin labhraíonn dúchasacha mess an cliceáil uaireanta. Dúirt Nelson Mandela go raibh fadhbanna aige ag déanamh cuid de na fuaimeanna cliceáil i Xhosa. Tá na fóinimice i gcoitinne i nGaeilge an-fhiú.\nFaigheann Xhosa rátáil 5, an-deacair a fhoghlaim.\nTá na fuaimeanna cliceáil dochreidte seo ag na Zúluigh agus ag na Ndebele freisin. Ach, lasmuigh de na fuaimeanna cliceáil, tá fuaimíocht theangacha Nguni díreach. Tá gach teanga Nguni aglutinative. Déanann na teangacha seo plúireálacha freisin trí réamhfhocal an ainmfhocail a athrú, agus athraíonn an modh de réir an aicme ainmfhocail. Más mian leat focal a chuardach sa foclóir, ní mór duit an t-iar-chomhfhocal a dhiúscairt ar dtús. Mar shampla, i Ndebele,\nabhainn umfula\nna h-aibhneacha imifula, ach\ncloch ilitshe\nclocha amatshe, fós\ncrann isihlahla\ncrainn izihlahla\nFaigheann Ndebele rátáil 5, an ceann is deacra.\nTá béim, ton agus cliceáil ag Zulu. Tá naoi gcineál éagsúla béim, ceithre thonn agus trí chliceáil, ach is féidir gach cliceáil a fhuaimniú ar chúig bhealach éagsúla. Mar sin féin, ní dhéantar tonna a mharcáil i scríbhinn, agus mar sin tá sé deacair a fháil amach cathain a úsáidtear iad. Tá comh-aigéara depressor ag Zulú freisin, a laghdaíonn an ton sa fhuacal sa siollach seo a leanas. Ina theannta sin, tá gnéas il-ghnéasach ag Zulu 15 gnéas éagsúla. Agus bíonn roinnt ainmfhocail cosúil le briathra. Tá 12 aicme ainmfhocal éagsúla ann freisin, ach tá 90% de na focail mar chuid de ghrúpa de thrí cinn de na aicmeacha sin.\nZulu faigheann 5 rátáil, an-deacair a fhoghlaim.\nAr chúiseanna nach bhfuil ar eolas acu, meastar go ginearálta go bhfuil an teanga Swahili éasca le foghlaim. Rangaíonn arm na Stát Aontaithe é 1, leis an teanga is éasca a fhoghlaim. Is cosúil gurb é seo an tuiscint tipiciúil. Níl mé cinnte cén fáth go bhfuil an Suailí chomh éasca a fhoghlaim. Is teanga trádála í, agus is minic go bhfuil teangacha trádála an-éasca le foghlaim. Tá go leor conspóide ann freisin maidir le cibé an féidir leis an Suailí a mheas mar chréolas nó nach féidir, ach níor cruthaíodh é sin. Go dtí seo, ní mór dúinn a bheith i d'fhada cén fáth go bhfuil an Suailí chomh éasca a fhoghlaim.\nAr an taobh dhúshlánach, tá go leor aicmí ainmníochta i nGaeilge, ach tá an buntáiste acu go bhfuil siad níos mó nó níos lú loighciúil.\nFaigheann an Suailí rátáil 2, go measartha éasca.\nIs teanga Khoisan í !Xóõ (Taa), nach labhraíonn ach 4,200 Bushman i mBotswana agus sa tNamibia, agus is teanga deacair go mór í, atá lán de na fuaimeanna cliceáil nach féidir a thuiscint go mór. Tá idir 130 agus 164 comhcheangal ag Taa, an fardal fuaime is mó de gach teanga. Sa saibhreas mór fuaimeanna seo, tá idir 30 agus 64 fuaim chlic éagsúla ann. Tá cúig chliceáil bhunúsacha ann agus 17 cinn a ghabhann leo. Forbraíonn cainteoirí cnap ar a larynx as na fuaimeanna cliceáil a dhéanamh.\nIna theannta sin, tá ceithre chineál vuála ann: plain, pharyngealized, breathy-voiced agus strident. Ar a bharr sin, tá ceithre thonn ann. Tá Taa ar go leor liostaí de na fóinéiceanna is fial agus na dteangacha is craicte ar domhan.\nTá 5 ag Taa, an-deacair a fhoghlaim.\nTá ceann de na suímh fónála is fial ar domhan ag Juicyhoan, teanga Khoisan a labhraíonn 5,000 duine i mBotswana. Tá na comh-aigí a bhfuil an t-uaslódáil orthu sb͡ph, d͡th, d͡tsh, d͡tʃh, ɡ͡kh, agus ɡh go háirithe aisteach. Ceisteanna a chur ar roinnt cibé an bhfuil na codanna seo i ndáiríre agus a rá go bhfuil siad a labhraítear ina ionad le breathy-ghuth. Mar sin féin, is cosúil go bhfuil consonants aspirated voiced fíor. Ina theannta sin, níl ach 17 aidiacht sa rang dúnta de Ju Satria ny briathra no aondrana an t-ionadramhint. Is iad seo a leanas iad:\neile (na cinn atá fágtha)\nna huimhreacha ón gceann go dtí an ceathrar\nScóráil JuicyHoaan an-ard ar staidéar ar na teangacha is aisteach ar an Domhan.\nJuicyShohoahann faigheann 5 rátáil, an-deacair a fhoghlaim.\nTá sé thar a bheith deacair Inuktitut a fhoghlaim. Tá Inuktitut poilsintéiseach-aglutinative, agus is féidir le fréamhacha go leor iar-aistritheoirí a ghlacadh, i gcásanna áirithe suas le 700. Tá 63 fhoirm den táscach reatha ag briathra, agus baineann an comhcheangal le 252 infleacht éagsúil. Tá an córas comhaontaithe ilphearsanta casta ag Inuktitut a pléadh faoi Ghearóidigh thuas agus Bascach thíos. I dtéacs tipiciúil fada Inuktitut, ní bheidh 92% de na focail ag tarlú ach uair amháin. Tá sé seo difriúil go leor ón mBéarla agus ó go leor teangacha eile ina bhfuil focail áirithe ag tarlú go minic nó go minic ar a laghad. Is féidir briathra áirithe a bhfuil an t-iomláine acu a anailísiú mar bhriathra agus mar ainmfhocail araon. Is féidir le focail a bheith an-fhada.\nNíl a fhios agam go fírinneach conas Inuktitut a labhairt go maith.\nD'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh ort suas le 10 píosa faisnéise éagsúla a anailísiú d'fhonn focal amháin a fháil amach. Mar sin féin, is trí fho-iarsmaí a chuirtear an t-iarsmaí go léir (níl réamh-iarsmaí ná infhixes ann) agus tá an fho-iarsmaíocht thar a bheith rialta.\nTá Inuktitut rátáilte freisin ag teangacha ar cheann de na teangacha is deacra ar domhan a fhuaimniú. B'fhéidir go bhfuil sé chomh deacair Inuktitut a fhoghlaim agus Navajo.\nTá Inuktitut rátáilte 6, an ceann is deacra de gach ceann.\nTá Kalaallisut (Grainlainnis Thiar) an-dlúthbhainte le Inuktitut. Féach ar an abairt seo:\nMar sin féin, beidh siad a rá go bhfuil sé ina lucht siamsaíochta mór, ach ...\nTá an focal sin comhdhéanta de 12 mhorféim ar leithligh. Is féidir le focal amháin a choincheapadh cad a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina abairt iomlán i dteanga neamh-polysynthetic.\nTá Kalaallisut rátáilte 6, an ceann is deacra de gach.\nIs teanga il-sintéiseach, comhcheangailte agus ionchorpraithe í an Chukchi agus is minic a liostaítear í mar cheann de na teangacha is deacra ar domhan a fhoghlaim.\nTá tinneas ceann fiáin agam.\nTá cúig mhorféim sa fhocal sin, agus tá trí mhorféim léasacha (ainmhí nó aidiacht) ionchorpraithe sa fhocal sin: meyŋ mór, levt ceann, agus pəγt ach.\nFaigheann Chukchi rátáil 6, an ceann is deacra.\nIs teanga fiáine í an Bascach, ar ndóigh. Tá seanfhocal ann go ndearna an Diabhal iarracht Bascach a fhoghlaim, ach tar éis seacht mbliana, níor fhoghlaim sé ach conas Hello agus Goodbye a rá. Rinne go leor Bascaí, lena n-áirítear cuid de na náisiúnaithe Bascacha is ard, iarracht Bascach a fhoghlaim mar dhaoine fásta. D'éirigh le cuid acu, ach d'fhás líon mór díobh. Bunaithe ar an líon a theip, is cosúil go bhfuil sé níos deacra don Bascach a fhoghlaim mar L2 do dhuine fásta ná mar a bhíonn i go leor teangacha eile. Tá gramadaí na Bascachta an-chasta agus is minic a thagann sé ar na gramadaí is craiceáilte agus ar na liostaí teanga is craiceáilte.\nTá 11 cás ann, agus bíonn ceithre fhoirm éagsúla ag gach ceann acu. Tá na briathra casta go leor. Tá sé seo toisc gur teanga ergative í, mar sin tá briathra éagsúil de réir líon na n-ábhar agus líon na n-ábhar agus má tá tríú duine páirteach.\nIs é seo an córas comhaontaithe ilphearsanta céanna atá ag an nGaeilge thuas. Is córas poili-phearsanta é an Bascach, córas poilisintéiseach ina bhfuil dhá chineál briathar sintéiseach agus anailíseach. Níl ach cúpla briathar a úsáideann an fhoirm shintéiseach.\nIs féidir trí cheann de chásanna Bascach an absolutive (cás fíorais neamhrithsheachanta), an ergative (cás fíorais neamhrithsheachanta) agus an dative a mharcáil trí affixes ar an bhriathar. I mBascach, ní ghlacann ach na tréimhsí sintéiseacha simplí agus simplí atá i láthair le h-affixes ilphearsanta.\nTá na foirmeacha anailíseacha comhdhéanta de níos mó ná focal amháin, agus is focal amháin iad na foirmeacha sintéiseacha. Déantar na briathra anailíseacha a thógáil trí na briathra sintéiseacha izan be, ukan have agus egin do.\nd-akar-ki-o-gu = Tabharfaimid é dó / di. Is é an briathar ekarri bring.\nz-erama-zki-gu-te-n = Thug siad iad chugainn. Is é an briathar eraman take\nEkarriko d-i-o-gu = Tabharfaimid é dó / di. Go litriúil: Beidh muid a-a thabhairt dó / di. Tá an briathar anailíseach tógtha ó ukan have.\nEraman d-ieza-zki-gu-ke-te = Is féidir leo iad a thabhairt chugainn. Go litriúil: D'fhéadfadh siad a bheith ag tabhairt dóibh dúinn. Tá an briathar anailíseach tógtha ó izan be.\nÉilíonn formhór na bhfiaráin anailíseacha cúntóir a iompraíonn gach cineál faisnéise a iompraítear go minic ar bhfiaráin i dteangacha eile tense, mood, uaireanta inscne agus duine le haghaidh ábhar, réad agus réad indíreach.\nTá mé ag ithe.\nD'fhéadfainn ithe.\nD'fhéadfadh muid a bheith tugtha dóibh duit.\nSa mhéid thuas, is cúntóirí iad naiz, nintekeen agus geniezazkiake. Go deimhin tá 2,640 foirm dhifriúla de na cúnta seo!\nIs rud an-aisteach teanga a bhfuil morphosyntax ergative aici san Eoraip, agus is í an Bascach an t-aon cheann dá chineál. Tá an ergative féin an-neamhghnách:\nGizona etorri da. Tá an fear tagtha.\nGizonak mutila ikusi du. Chonaic an fear an buachaill.\nfear fear\nmutil buachaill\n-a = an\nBíonn foirm dhifriúil ag an ainmfhocal gizon cibé an ábhar é do bhriathar trasnaitheach nó neamhthrasnaitheach. Tá an chéad abairt i gcás absolúideach (gan marc) agus tá an dara abairt sa chás ergative (marcáilte ag an morpheme -k). Má thagann tú ó theanga IE neamh-ergative, tá an coincheap ergativity féin deacair go leor a concéide, i bhfad níos lú ag iarraidh a fhoghlaim teanga ergative i ndáiríre. Dá bhrí sin, beidh aon teanga ergative níos deacra go huathoibríoch ná teanga neamh-ergative do gach cainteoir teanga IE.\nOibríonn ergativity le pronouns freisin. Tá ceithre chóras bunúsach ann:\nNor: níl ach ábhar ag an bhfiarál\nNor-Nork: \" subj. + comhlán díreach\nNor-Nori: \" subj. + comp indíreach.\nNí-Nó-Nó-Nó: \" subj. + ind. + dir. comps.\nDeir cuid acu gurb í an Bascach an teanga ergative is comhsheasmhaí ar domhan.\nMura bhfás tú suas ag labhairt Bascach, tá sé deacair inniúlacht teanga dhúchais a bhaint amach. Tá sé i bhfad níos éasca Bascach a scríobh ná é a labhairt.\nMar sin féin, tá briathra Bascach an-rialta. Níl ach cúpla neamhrialtacht i gcomhcheangail agus tá míniú fónéadach acu. Go deimhin, tá an teanga iomlán go leor rialta. Ina theannta sin, tá an chuid is mó de na focail os cionn an leibhéal idirmheánach ar iasacht ó theangacha móra, mar sin nuair a shroich tú Bascach idirmheánach, ní bhíonn an chuid eile chomh deacair sin. Ina theannta sin, tá sé simplí a fhuaimniú.\nTá an Bascach rátáilte 5.5, beagnach an ceann is deacra de gach ceann.\nDorani, Yakir. Labhair Eabhrais, Iosrael. Lúnasa 2013. Teachtaireacht phearsanta.\nHewitt, B. G.. 2005. Georgis: A Learner's Grammar, p. 29.\nKim, Yuni. 16 Nollaig, 2003. Éalú Vólach agus Mórfónolaíocht an Uachtarchais in Aymara. UC Berkeley.\nKirk, John William Carnegie. 1905. Tá sé seo go maith. A Grammar of the Somali Language: With Examples in Prose and Verse and an Account of the Yibir and Midgan Dialects, pp. 73-74.\nRogers, Jean H. 1978. Dírithe Difréinneacha i bhFíor-Fhocail Chomhcheangailte Ojibwa: Ar Imthosca, Rannpháirtithe, agus Imeachtaí. Iris Idirnáisiúnta na Léithcheolaíochta Mheiriceá 44: 167-179.\nWang, Chuan-Chao et al. 2012. Tá sé seo go maith. Comhrá ar Tacaíonn Éagsúlacht Fhonemic le Samhail Eifeacht Bunaitheoir Serial de Leathnú Teanga ón Afraic. Eolaíocht 335:657.\nTógann an taighde seo go leor ama, agus ní íocfar aon rud dom as. Má cheapann tú go bhfuil an suíomh Gréasáin seo luachmhar duit, déan cuidiú le tuilleadh taighde luachmhar a dhéanamh."} {"text": "1. Anatomy or dissection of the spleen.\n2. Surgical incision of the spleen.\nThe definition information for splenotomy is provided by Stedman's. You can search our medical dictionary here.\nStedman's, part of Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, provides a comprehensive line of health-science publications for healthcare professionals and medical students.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "url": "http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=83971", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637898477.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025818-00238-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7388495803, "token_count": 81, "score": 2.65625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "1. an t-am a bhí ann. Anatamaíocht nó díbhreathnú ar an spléine.\n2. Seachadadh. Sceanáin mháinliachta ar an spléine.\nSoláthraíonn Stedman's an fhaisnéis sainmhínithe le haghaidh splenotomy. Is féidir leat ár foclóir leighis a chuardach anseo.\nSoláthraíonn Stedman's, cuid de Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, líne chuimsitheach de phoiblíocht eolaíochta sláinte do ghairmithe cúraim sláinte agus do mhic léinn leighis."} {"text": "Interview series about ENCI, part 1: Assyriology‘ENCI Gives Us Access to a Wealth of Source Material’\n25 January 2024\nWith ENCI, Assyriologists gain access to numerous previously inaccessible sources. In this interview, Cécile Michel explains the purpose of the clay envelopes in which many cuneiform tablets are hidden and talks about her expectations for the first field trip with the new device to the Louvre.\nCécile Michel, why were some cuneiform tablets put into clay envelopes in ancient Mesopotamia?\nDepending on the document, the envelopes fulfilled different functions: contracts, for example, were sealed with an envelope to signify their validity. If someone broke this envelope, the contract was no longer valid. Obviously, this practice also made it impossible to consult the text, which is why most of the contract was copied on the envelope. Thus, although we have never seen them, we already know quite a lot about the sealed contracts that have survived.\nThis is different when it comes to letters. Just like today, they were sealed in envelopes primarily to protect confidential information. Only the names of the sender and the recipient were written on the envelope itself. For us Assyriologists today, this causes a very unsatisfactory situation: although we have this wealth of source material, we cannot access it.\nWhy were so many letters never opened?\nMail often travelled for a very long time. If a recipient was dead on arrival, had moved, or could not be found for other reasons, the undelivered letter remained in its envelope. This happened regularly, and today several sealed letters are stored in museums and archives around the world.\nWhy weren’t these cuneiform tablets X-rayed earlier? The relevant X-ray technology has been available for quite some time, hasn’t it?\nYes, in the form of large stationary devices. However, the tablets are too valuable and too fragile to be exposed to the risk of transport. There is only one solution: rather than bringing the cuneiform tablets to the X-ray scanner, the X-ray scanner has to come to the cuneiform tablets. Before ENCI, such a mobile device did not exist. Now, we have the opportunity to analyse the sealed cuneiform tablets on-site for the first time.\nThe first field trip with ENCI goes to the most famous museum in the world: from 1 to 9 February, you will be at the Louvre in Paris. What is special about the collection there and which tablets did you select from it?\nThe Louvre has one of the largest and most important collections of ancient cuneiform tablets, comprising around 12,000 items. We are starting our analyses with a dozen tablets. Most of them are administrative texts from the late 3rd millennium BC from several sites in southern Iraq.\nFor the reasons mentioned earlier, the texts of these contracts are also written on the envelope. But even in these cases, some interesting questions remain. The outer and inner texts are never identical; for reasons of space, certain information was omitted from the outside. We will be able to check which points were transferred and which were not, and whether there are any other discrepancies, for example due to errors by the scribe, who had to write the contents of the contract on the envelope from memory.\nWhat other insights do you hope to gain by using ENCI?\nAlthough this is undoubtedly its most important function, the device not only makes it possible to read hidden texts but also allows us to better understand how the cuneiform tablets and clay envelopes were made. Sometimes quite coarse clay was used for the core of the tablets, which was then coated with several finer layers to create a smooth writing surface. We see this, for example, in the most important texts from the library of Ashurbanipal from the 1st millennium BC. Indeed, there was a variety of production techniques and methods of closing the envelopes. Thanks to ENCI, we will be able to determine which of these were used.\nWhat expectations do your fellow Assyriologists have with regard to ENCI?\nThere is curiosity and anticipation. For some years now, many Assyriologists have been increasingly interested in the materiality of the texts they are researching. However, since the tablets could not be examined on-site until now, it has been difficult for them to gain insights in this regard. This will change with ENCI. And of course we are all very curious to see what is in the sealed letters that we will be examining, for example on our second trip with ENCI, which will take us to Ankara later this year. We will be the first to read them since they were sent on their journey 4,000 years ago.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "url": "https://www.csmc.uni-hamburg.de/publications/blog/2024-01-29-enci-michel.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475825.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302120344-20240302150344-00675.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9767397642, "token_count": 988, "score": 3.109375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Sraith agallaimh faoi ENCI, cuid 1: Assyriology Tugann ENCI Rochtain dúinn ar Sásamh de Chuthanna Foinse\n25 Eanáir 2024\nLe ENCI, faigheann Assyriologists rochtain ar go leor foinsí nach raibh inrochtana roimhe seo. Sa agallamh seo, míníonn Cécile Michel cuspóir na n-imchlúdaigh chlé ina bhfuil go leor táibléad cuneiform i bhfolach agus labhraíonn sí faoina ionchais don chéad turas réimse leis an bhfeiste nua chuig an Louvre.\nCécile Michel, cén fáth a cuireadh roinnt táibléad cuneiform i mballchruinneacha cré i Mesopotaim ársa?\nAg brath ar an doiciméad, bhí feidhmeanna éagsúla ag na clúdach: bhí conarthaí, mar shampla, séalaithe le clúdach chun a n-éifeachtúlacht a léiriú. Má bhris duine an t-amhrán seo, ní raibh an conradh bailí a thuilleadh. Ar ndóigh, bhí sé dodhéanta an téacs a fheiceáil freisin de bharr an chleachtais sin, agus sin an fáth gur cóipeadh an chuid is mó den chonradh ar an mbosca. Dá bhrí sin, cé nár fheiceamar riamh iad, tá a fhios againn cheana féin go leor faoi na conarthaí séalaithe a tháinig chun solais.\nTá sé seo difriúil nuair a thagann sé le litreacha. Díreach mar atá inniu ann, bhí siad faoi shéala i mboscaí go príomha chun faisnéis rúnda a chosaint. Ní raibh ach ainmneacha an seoltóra agus an faighteora scríofa ar an mbosca féin. Maidir linnse, Assyriologists inniu, is cúis le staid an-sásúil é seo: cé go bhfuil an saibhreas seo ábhar foinse againn, ní féidir linn rochtain a fháil air.\nCén fáth nár osclaíodh an oiread sin litreacha riamh?\nIs minic a bhí an post ag taisteal ar feadh an-fhada. Má bhí an té a ghearrfaí air marbh nuair a tháinig sé, má bhí sé imithe, nó mura bhféadfaí é a aimsiú ar chúiseanna eile, d'fhan an litir gan a sheachadadh ina chlúdach. Bhí sé seo ar siúl go rialta, agus sa lá atá inniu ann tá roinnt litreacha séalaithe stóráilte i músaeim agus i gcartlann ar fud an domhain.\nCén fáth nár rinneadh r-ghatán níos luaithe ar na táibléad cuneiform seo? Tá an teicneolaíocht X-ghabhála ábhartha ar fáil le tamall maith, nach bhfuil?\nSea, i bhfoirm feistí móra seasta. Mar sin féin, tá na táibléid ró-luachmhar agus ró-chroí chun a bheith nochtaithe do riosca an iompair. Níl ach réiteach amháin ann: seachas na táibléad cuneiform a thabhairt chuig an scánaire X-ghathanna, ní mór don scánaire X-ghathanna teacht chuig na táibléad cuneiform. Roimh ENCI, ní raibh gléas soghluaiste den sórt sin ann. Anois, tá an deis againn na táibléad cuneiform séalaithe a anailísiú ar an láthair den chéad uair.\nTéann an chéad turas réimse le ENCI chuig an músaem is cáiliúla ar domhan: ón 1 go dtí an 9 Feabhra, beidh tú ag an Louvre i bPáras. Cad é an rud speisialta faoin mbailiúchán sin agus cén táibléad a roghnaigh tú as?\nTá ceann de na bailiúcháin is mó agus is tábhachtaí de phictiúir cuneiform ársa ag an Louvre, ar cheann de thart ar 12,000 earra. Táimid ag tosú ár anailís le dosaen táibléid. Is téacsanna riaracháin iad an chuid is mó acu ó dheireadh an 3ú míle bliain RC ó roinnt suíomhanna i ndeisceart na hIaráic.\nAr na cúiseanna a luaitear thuas, tá téacsanna na gconarthaí sin scríofa ar an mbosca freisin. Ach fiú sna cásanna seo, tá roinnt ceisteanna suimiúla fós ann. Ní bhíonn na téacsanna seachtracha agus inmheánacha comhionann riamh; ar chúiseanna spás, tá faisnéis áirithe a fhágadh amach ón taobh amuigh. Beidh muid in ann a sheiceáil cé na pointí a aistríodh agus cé na pointí nár aistríodh, agus an bhfuil aon neamhréireachtaí eile ann, mar shampla mar gheall ar earráidí ag an scríobhaí, a bhí le hábhar an chonartha a scríobh ar an urlár ó chuimhne.\nCad iad na léargas eile a bhfuil súil agat a fháil trí úsáid a bhaint as ENCI?\nCé gurb é seo a fheidhm is tábhachtaí gan amhras, ní hamháin go gcuireann an gléas seo ar chumas téacsanna i bhfolach a léamh ach tugann sé deis dúinn tuiscint níos fearr a fháil ar an gcaoi ar rinneadh na táibléad cuneiform agus na clúdach cré. Uaireanta baintear le cré garbh go leor chun croí na mblacaí a dhéanamh, a bhí ina chatach ansin le roinnt sraitheanna níos fíneáil chun dromchla scríbhneoireachta réidh a chruthú. Feicimid é seo, mar shampla, sna téacsanna is tábhachtaí ó leabharlann Ashurbanipal ón gcéad mhíle bliain RC. Go deimhin, bhí teicnící éagsúla táirgeachta agus modhanna éagsúla ann chun na clúdach a dhúnadh. A bhuíochas le ENCI, beidh muid in ann a chinneadh cé acu acu a úsáideadh.\nCad iad na hionchais atá ag do chomhghleacaithe Assyriologists maidir le ENCI?\nTá fiosracht agus ionchas ann. Le roinnt blianta anois, tá suim ag go leor Assyriologists i níos mó agus níos mó i réaltacht na dtéacsanna atá á dtaighde acu. Mar sin féin, ós rud é nach bhféadfaí na táibléid a scrúdú ar an láthair go dtí seo, bhí sé deacair dóibh léargas a fháil maidir leis seo. Athróidh sé seo le ENCI. Agus ar ndóigh, tá muid go léir an-aisteach a fheiceáil cad atá sna litreacha séalaithe a scrúdóimid, mar shampla ar ár dara turas le ENCI, a thabharfaidh dúinn go Ankara níos déanaí i mbliana. Beidh muid ar an gcéad duine a léamh iad ó cuireadh iad ar a gcuid turas 4,000 bliain ó shin."} {"text": "Mediterranean mammal population “greatest in Europe” as research lists 60 endangered species in Málaga’s waters\nA STUDY has revealed the wealth of sea life off the coast of southern Spain.\nAccording to the government report, the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean of Andalucía has the greatest concentration of marine mammals in Europe.\nThe waters of Almería have the largest populations of both common and bottle nose dolphins. There are also important numbers of whales, such as the Long-finned pilot whale, Killer whale and the Humpback whale.\nThe study – which was done by the Ministry of the Environment and which used aerial photography to spot cetaceans, or marine mammals, as they surfaced for air – also revealed numbers the short-finned pilot whale, and other infrequent visitor to the Mediterranean, like the Blainville’s beaked whale and the Dwarf sperm whale – a whale which is rarely seen alive.\nThe Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Cadíz also has large populations of False killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens).\n“This demonstrates the rich biodiversity found in the waters of southern Spain. The reserves of cetacean are important and we must protect our dolphins and whales from overfishing and pollution,” said Renaud de Stephanis, from the Spanish Marine Mammal Society.\nMeanwhile, a separate study has shown that some species of sea life off the coast of Málaga is under threat of extinction.\nThe findings of the 2008 Junta de Andalucía report reveals that the Mediterranean of the Costa del Sol contains 61 animals that are classified as endangered.\nIncluded in this census are seven types of sponge, 33 molluscs and 22 corrals.\nThe waters off Granada contain 58 endangered species.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05", "url": "http://www.theolivepress.es/spain-news/2009/02/10/our-bountiful-endangered-coast/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887065.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118032119-20180118052119-00696.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9296436906, "token_count": 379, "score": 3.234375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Poblacht na mamaigh Mheánmhara an ceann is mó san Eoraip de réir mar a liostaíonn taighde 60 speiceas atá i mbaol i mbárach in uiscí Málaga\nFÓRSAINTEAR sa staidéar go bhfuil saibhreas beatha farraige ag cósta na Spáinne theas.\nDe réir na tuarascála rialtais, is iad an Mhuir Mheánmhuir agus an Aigéan Atlantach de Andalucía na mamaigh mhuirí is mó a bhíonn i dtuilleamh san Eoraip.\nTá an dailfín ghorm agus an dailfín bhéal buidéal is mó i farraige Almería. Tá líon suntasach baill ann freisin, mar shampla an baillín píolótach fada-fhined, baillín killer agus an baillín Humpback.\nAn staidéar a rinne an Aireacht Comhshaoil agus a d'úsáid grianghrafadóireacht aeir chun ceatacéim, nó mamaigh mhuirí, a fheiceáil agus iad ag teacht chun aer nochtadh líon na mball píolótach gearr-fhined, agus cuairteoir neamhchoitianta eile don Mheánmhuir, cosúil leis an bhall blainville agus an bhall sperm Dwarf baill nach bhfaitear go minic beo.\nTá daonra mór de bhalann killer bréagach (Pseudorca crassidens) san Aigéan Atlantach amach ó chósta Cadíz freisin.\nTaispeánann sé seo an t-éagsúlacht bithéagsúil saibhir atá le fáil in uiscí theas na Spáinne. Tá cúlchistí na ceataí tábhachtach agus ní mór dúinn ár ndalfíní agus na baill a chosaint ar ró-iascaireacht agus ar thruailliú, a dúirt Renaud de Stephanis, ó Chumann na Mamálaigh Mhuirí na Spáinne.\nIdir an dá linn, léiríonn staidéar ar leithligh go bhfuil roinnt speiceas de shaol farraige amach ó chósta Málaga faoi bhagairt a bheith imithe in éag.\nLéiríonn torthaí tuarascála Junta de Andalucía 2008 go bhfuil 61 ainmhí sa Mheánmhuir ar an Costa del Sol atá aicmithe mar ainmhithe atá i mbaol.\nCuimsítear sa daonáireamh seo seacht gcineál spúnga, 33 mollusc agus 22 coral.\nTá 58 speiceas i mbaol a bheith sna huiscí ó Granada."} {"text": "Max Salas is an Mexican engineer; luckily for us, he has a creative hobby as well! He has sculpted paleolife art subjects for years, bringing us terrific interpretations of some very unusual animals.\nHe's done many dinosaurs, but the pieces I most enjoy seeing from him are the Paleozoic and Cenozoic animals -- like his large, very interesting Thylacosmilus ferox, seen above.\nWhat a bizarre creature! And a fascinating example of parallel evolution. Thylacosmilus, you see, was not a big cat; it wasn't even a placental mammal! It was a marsupial, yet it bears an uncanny superficial resemblance to a certain extinct big cat.\nNote the interesting differences between Thylacosmilus and, say, Smilodon californicus, the so-called \"sabertoothed tiger.\" Thylacosmilus's killing teeth grew throughout its life as do rodent's incisors, which must have been quite an advantage. Imagine being a Smilodon that lost a \"saber\" -- or two! (This is something for modellers to note, as the freshest looking part of the tooth would have been nearest the gumline.)\nNote also the bizarre \"scabbards\" for the saber-teeth. Those who know the animal may point out that these were in fact shorter than the teeth by a few inches, but Max has chosen to portray the remainder of the scabbard as fur.\nThylacosmilus's skull was also very narrow and its claws were not retractible. It shared with Smilodon a powerfully muscled neck and a jaw capable of quite a gape in order to deliver mighty stabs with it's huge canines. It lived in the South American pampas about 5 million years ago.\nMax has really made this animal come alive. It's peering up and to the left as if sniffing the wind for prey species. I'm extremely pleased with it and plan to put it in a pampas diorama (read: lots of tall grass). At just over a foot long, it's wonderfully animate and lifelike, and cleanly cast in a single piece to usual perfection by Mike Evans, caster to the paleolife art stars. (Definitely check with him if you have a sculpture and need to get it out to the world!)\nI think that this strange and wonderful critter has considerable crossover appeal to the sci-fi/fantasy modeller as well. It would make a great addition to a diorama starring your favorite fantasy hero. The pose is particularly suited for this; the picture above doesn't make that too readily apparent.\nAlthough this and many other of Max's pieces are being marketed through Saurian Studios, Max will be releasing his pieces under his own flag soon! Mike tells me that he's been sent \"some sauropods\" by Max, which Mike thinks are 1/35th scale -- I really anticipate these with considerable elation, let me tell you!\nCheck out the Link and Pin Hobbies website for many nice pictures of build-ups of Max's existing work -- they're listed in the dinosaur models section as Saurian Studios. They're currently the so-called GIGANTOTOSAURUS, CARCHARODONTOSAURUS, ACROCANTHOSAURUS, so called T-REX, SPINOSAURUS, so-called EPANTARIAS, CYNOGNATHUS & PREY (a terrific piece!), so-called PHORORACHUS, THYLACOSMILUS and GLYPTODONT.\nMany thanks to Mike Evans for providing a review copy and for being so patient waiting for me to get this page up! I'd planned to put this page up when mine was done, but it's still not done yet and I wanted to let you see this for yourself as soon as possible so reluctantly went with the (admittedly nice) generic build-up pic above. When mine is done, photographed and scanned it will be added to this page. It's in an unusual color pattern in an attempt to emphasize the fact that it's not a Felid. I'll be adding very fine fishing line for whiskers as well.\nNote on review copies: getting the piece for free does not color my opinion! If I don't like it I'll send it back with a friendly no thanks. Why bother keeping a piece that was for free if you're not going to build it? I have enough unbuilt stuff in my closet already. (Oh brother.)\nOn a related subject: If I buy a kit that I don't like, I just don't review it. That's why my reviews are all positive. Life's too short to trash other people's efforts because they don't appeal to you; thus sayeth Megalania. If you don't see something here, I either didn't buy it or I did buy it and didn't care for it. 'Nuff said.\nI'd recommend buying Max's sculpts from Link & Pin Hobbies -- their url is linked above.\nSend Me Mail", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49", "url": "http://megalania.tripod.com/salas.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400380627.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123300-00123-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9724413753, "token_count": 1076, "score": 2.875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is innealtóir Meicsiceo é Max Salas; go fortunately dúinn, tá greann cruthaitheach aige freisin! Tá sé sculpted paleolife ábhar ealaíne le blianta, ag tabhairt dúinn léirmhínithe iontach de roinnt ainmhithe an-neamhghnách.\nRinne sé go leor dineasáir, ach is iad na píosaí is mó a thaitníonn liom a fheiceáil óna chuid ná ainmhithe Paleozoic agus Cenozoic -- cosúil lena chuid mór, an-suimiúil Thylacosmilus ferox, le feiceáil thuas.\nCad é an créatúr aisteach! Agus sampla suimiúil de éabhlóid chomhthreomhar. Thylacosmilus, feiceann tú, nach raibh cat mór; ní raibh sé fiú mamaigh placenta! Bhí sé marsupial, ach tá sé a iompar cosúlacht superficial uncanny le cat mór áirithe atá imithe as an saol.\nTabhair faoi deara na difríochtaí suimiúla idir Thylacosmilus agus, le rá, Smilodon californicus, an \"tiger saberthoothed\" mar a thugtar air. Thosaigh fiacla marfach Thylacosmilus a shaol ar fad mar a dhéanann incisors na gníomhairí, rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina buntáiste mór. Samhlaigh go raibh tú ina Smilodon a chaill \"saber\" - nó dhá cheann! (Is rud é seo le haghaidh samhlaitheoirí a thabhairt faoi deara, mar go mbeadh an chuid is úr de chuid an fiacla a bheith is gaire don gumline.)\nTabhair faoi deara freisin na \"scabbards\" aisteach do na fiacla saibhir. Is féidir leo siúd a bhfuil aithne acu ar an ainmhí a chur in iúl go raibh siad seo i ndáiríre níos giorra ná na fiacla le cúpla orlach, ach roghnaigh Max an chuid eile den scabbard a léiriú mar fhéile.\nBhí crápa Thylacosmilus an-teann freisin agus ní raibh a clóis in-athshlánú. Bhí sé comhroinnte le Smilodon muineál láidir muscle agus jaw in ann go leor a gap chun stabs cumhachtach a sheachadadh lena canines ollmhór. Bhí sé ina chónaí i pampas Mheiriceá Theas thart ar 5 milliún bliain ó shin.\nMax i ndáiríre rinne an ainmhí seo teacht beo. Tá sé ag peering suas agus ar chlé mar má sniffing an gaoth do speicis prey. Táim an-sásta leis agus tá sé beartaithe agam é a chur i diorama pampas (léigh: go leor féar ard). Ag beagán níos mó ná 30 cm ar fhad, tá sé iontach beo agus lifelike, agus glan a chaitheamh i píosa amháin chun foirfeacht gnáth ag Mike Evans, caster go dtí na réaltaí ealaíne paleolife. (Déanaigí seiceáil air go cinnte má tá dealbh agat agus má theastaíonn uait é a chur amach don domhan!)\nSílim go bhfuil an critter aisteach agus iontach achomharc crossover suntasach ar an sci-fi / samhail fantasy chomh maith. D'fhéadfadh sé a dhéanamh ina bhreis iontach ar diorama starring do laoch fantasy is fearr leat. Tá an seasamh oiriúnach go háirithe chun seo; ní dhéanann an pictiúr thuas é sin a bheith soiléir go han-luath.\nCé go bhfuil an t-earra seo agus go leor eile de chuid Max á mhargú trí Stiúideacha Saurian, beidh Max ag scaoileadh a chuid píosaí faoi a bhratach féin go luath! Deir Mike liom gur chuir Max \"sauropods\" air, a cheapann Mike go bhfuil siad 1/35 ar scála - táim ag súil go mór leo, lig dom a rá leat!\nSeiceáil ar an suíomh Gréasáin Link and Pin Hobbies le haghaidh go leor pictiúir áille de na foirgnimh oibre atá ann cheana féin ag Max - tá siad liostaithe sa chuid samhlacha dineasáir mar Stiúideacha Saurian. Tá siad faoi láthair ar a dtugtar GIGANTOTOSAURUS, CARCHARODONTOSAURUS, ACROCANTHOSAURUS, ar a dtugtar T-REX, SPINOSAURUS, EPANTARIAS, CYNOGNATHUS & PREY (a píosa iontach! ), PHORORACHUS, THYLACOSMILUS agus GLYPTODONT.\nGo raibh maith agat go mór do Mike Evans as cóip athbhreithnithe a sholáthar agus as a bheith chomh foighneach ag fanacht liom an leathanach seo a chur suas! Bhí sé beartaithe agam an leathanach seo a chur suas nuair a bheidh mo chuid déanta, ach níl sé déanta go fóill agus theastaigh uaim go bhfeicfeadh tú é seo duit féin a luaithe is féidir mar sin chuaigh mé go mear leis an pic buildup ginearálta (a admhaítear go deas) thuas. Nuair a bheidh mo chuid déanta, grianghraf agus scanadh beidh sé a chur leis an leathanach seo. Tá sé i patrún dath neamhghnách i iarracht a chur i bhfios go bhfuil sé nach bhfuil sé ina Felid. Beidh mé ag cur líne iascaireachta an-mhaith do whiskers chomh maith.\nNóta ar chóipeanna athbhreithnithe: ní dhéanann an píosa a fháil saor in aisce dath ar mo thuairim! Mura maith liom é, cuirfidh mé ar ais é le \"ní buíochas\". Cén fáth a bothering a choinneáil píosa a bhí saor in aisce más rud é nach bhfuil tú ag dul a thógáil é? Tá go leor rudaí neamh-thógtha agam i mo closet cheana féin. (Ó deartháir.)\nAr ábhar gaolmhar: Má cheannaím trealamh nach maith liom, ní dhéanaim athbhreithniú air. Sin an fáth go bhfuil mo athbhreithnithe uile dearfach. Tá an saol ró-ghearr chun iarracht daoine eile a scriosadh toisc nach bhfuil siad ag tarraingt ort; mar sin a deir Megalania. Mura bhfeiceann tú rud éigin anseo, ní cheannaigh mé é nó cheannaigh mé é agus níor thug mé cúram dó. 'Nuff dúirt.\nMolaim duit scultúir Max a cheannach ó Link & Pin Hobbies -- tá an nasc thuas.\nSeol Post Dom"} {"text": "MetadataShow full item record\nPublisherThe University of Arizona.\nRightsCopyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author.\nCollection InformationThis item is part of the MS-GIST Master's Reports collection. For more information about items in this collection, please contact the UA Campus Repository at email@example.com.\nAbstractThe purpose of this study is to create and display a spatial analysis study on the Lackawanna River Watershed in Northeastern Pennsylvania. Specifically, an analysis that displays data containing contaminants in the air and water within the watershed study area, potentially correlating with the areas heavy use of coal mining historically. Using fugitive emission data to measure air contaminants and water pH, sulfates, and hard metals data to examine potentially polluted waters will show how this small yet essential watershed has been impacted. It is extremely important to run these studies to show the damage that is caused by coal mining and create preventative measures for the future. Protection of watersheds is paramount in conserving the local flora and fauna that feed us and nurture their surrounding ecosystems. Education and outreach can be a useful tool to make people aware of the issues at hand in their own backyards. With the devastating impacts a toxin filled watershed can have on its surrounding watersheds and environments, there should be more publicly accessible research studies that are user friendly to provide the proper awareness and education.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "url": "https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/669285", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474581.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225035809-20240225065809-00396.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9019969702, "token_count": 324, "score": 3.203125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Meta-sonraíShow full item record\nFoilsitheoir: Ollscoil Arizona.\nTá an t-údar © Copyright ©. Tá rochtain dhigiteach ar an ábhar seo indéanta ag Leabharlanna na hOllscoile, Ollscoil Arizona. Tá cosc ar ailt faoi chosaint a tharchur, a atáirgeadh nó a chur i láthair (mar shampla taispeáint poiblí nó feidhmíocht) ach amháin le cead an údair.\nFaisnéis an Chuidithe seo is cuid den Chuidithe MS-GIST. Le haghaidh tuilleadh faisnéise faoi earraí sa bhailiúchán seo, déan teagmháil le Repository Campus UA ag email@example.com.\nIs é cuspóir an staidéir seo staidéar anailíse spásúil a chruthú agus a thaispeáint ar an Lackawanna River Watershed i dTuaisceart Pennsylvania. Go sonrach, anailís a léiríonn sonraí ina bhfuil truaillithe san aer agus san uisce laistigh den limistéar staidéir uisceach, a d'fhéadfadh a bheith comhghaoltach leis na limistéir a úsáideadh go dian mianadóireacht guail go stairiúil. Ag baint úsáide as sonraí astaíochtaí éagórach chun truaillithe aer agus pH uisce, sulfaidí agus sonraí miotail chrua a thomhas chun uisce a d'fhéadfadh a bheith truaillithe a scrúdú, léirítear conas a ndearnadh tionchar ar an mbarr uisce beag ach ríthábhachtach seo. Tá sé thar a bheith tábhachtach na staidéir seo a dhéanamh chun an damáiste a dhéanann mianadóireacht guail a thaispeáint agus bearta coisctheacha a chruthú don todhchaí. Tá cosaint na mbarrshéasúr uisce ríthábhachtach chun an flóra agus an fháuna áitiúil a chaomhnaíonn muid agus a chothaíonn na héiceachórais atá timpeall orthu a chaomhnú. Is féidir le hoideachas agus for-scaoileadh a bheith ina uirlis úsáideach chun daoine a chur ar an eolas faoi na saincheisteanna atá ar fáil ina gcúlchríocha féin. I bhfianaise na dtionchar tubaisteach is féidir a bheith ag an gclár uisce atá líonta le tocsainí ar na gclár uisce agus ar na timpeallachtaí atá timpeall air, ba cheart go mbeadh níos mó staidéir taighde inrochtana go poiblí atá éasca le húsáid chun an feasacht agus an oideachas cuí a sholáthar."} {"text": "Two researchers from the University of Virginia have developed a new password manager prototype that works quite differently from existing password manager clients.\nThe research team describes their password manager — which they named Horcrux — as \"a password manager for paranoids,\" due to its security and privacy-focused features and a unique design used for handling user passwords, both while in transit and at rest.\nThere are two main differences between Horcrux and currently available password manager clients.\nHorcrux inserts dummy credentials into your forms\nThe first is how Horcrux inserts user credentials inside web pages. Regular password managers do this by filling in the login form with the user's data.\nHannah Li and David Evans, the two researchers that created Horcrux, say this is a dangerous behavior because password managers insert user credentials inside a page's DOM, which exposes credentials to malicious JS scripts that can read those credentials while inside the forms, before submission.\nThe two say they fixed this attack surface in Horcrux by inserting dummy (fake) credentials inside login fields. When the user submits his form, the dummy credentials are still there, but Horcrux will intercept the form submit operation (HTTP POST request) and replace the dummy credentials with the user's real username and password combo.\nResearchers admitted that this idea is not new, as other researchers proposed the same solution in the past, but that solution was not adopted by the developers of password managers due to usability and compatibility concerns.\nThis time around, the research team says they tested their technique to be sure it works without glitches and found that 98% of the Alexa Top 1 Million sites that feature login forms are compatible with their \"dummy credentials swap.\"\nHorcrux spreads credentials across multiple servers\nThe second feature that makes Horcrux stand out compared to other password manager clients is how it stores user credentials.\nCompared to classic solutions, Horcrux doesn't trust one single password store but spreads user credentials across multiple servers. This means that if an attacker manages to gain access to one of the servers, he won't gain access to all of the user's passwords, limiting the damage of any security incident.\nFurthermore, credentials stored across these multiple servers are secret-shared using a cuckoo hashing algorithm \"in a way that ensures an attacker cannot determine if a guessed master pass-\nword is correct,\" which greatly limits an attacker's ability to recover any password data, even if he manages to compromise one of the many password-storing servers.\nThe new Horcrux password manager is currently available only as a Firefox add-on that can be compiled from this open-source GitHub repo. The downside is that users have to host their own password-storing servers in order to use Horcrux, something that many users can't afford. Nonetheless, the license permits companies that run password managers to take their design or code and use it for their own professional solutions.\nMore details about the Horcrux design and implementation are available in the research team's paper, entitled \"Horcrux: A Password Manager for Paranoids.\"\nThe concept does sound interesting, and i'm sure if someone wants to go the extra mile they'll get the added protection.\nBut most people keepass using chromeipass suffices.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45", "url": "https://forum.qnap.com/viewtopic.php?f=45&t=134125", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107916776.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20201031062721-20201031092721-00139.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.943158865, "token_count": 670, "score": 2.734375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "D'fhorbair dhá thaighdeoir ó Ollscoil Virginia prototaip nua bainistithe focal faire a oibríonn go hiomlán difriúil ó chliaint bainistithe focal faire atá ann cheana.\nDéanann an fhoireann taighde cur síos ar a mbainisteoir focal faire a thug siad Horcrux mar \"bainisteoir focal faire do paranoids\", mar gheall ar a ghnéithe atá dírithe ar shlándáil agus príobháideacht agus dearadh uathúil a úsáidtear chun pasfhocail úsáideora a láimhseáil, agus iad ag taisteal agus ag sos.\nTá dhá phríomhdhifríocht idir Horcrux agus cliant bainisteoir focal faire atá ar fáil faoi láthair.\nCuireann Horcrux creidiúnais bréige isteach i do fhoirmeacha\nIs é an chéad conas Horcrux insert credentials úsáideoirí taobh istigh leathanaigh ghréasáin. Déantar é seo trí bhainisteoirí pasfhocal rialta an fhoirm logála isteach a líonadh le sonraí an úsáideora.\nDeir Hannah Li agus David Evans, an dá thaighdeoir a chruthaigh Horcrux, gur iompar contúirteach é seo toisc go gcuireann bainisteoirí pasfhocal creidmheasa úsáideoirí isteach i DOM leathanach, a nochtann creidmheasa do scripteanna JS ilbhliantúla a d'fhéadfadh na creidmheasa sin a léamh agus iad taobh istigh de na foirmeacha, sula gcuirtear isteach iad.\nDeir an bheirt gur shocraigh siad an dromchla ionsaithe seo i Horcrux trí cháilíochtaí bréagacha (fals) a chur isteach i réimsí logála isteach. Nuair a chuireann an t-úsáideoir a fhoirm isteach, tá na creidiúnais bréige fós ann, ach cuirfidh Horcrux bac ar an ngníomh a chuir an fhoirm isteach (iarratas POST HTTP) agus cuirfidh sé na creidiúnais bréige in ionad combo fíor-ainm úsáideora agus pasfhocal an úsáideora.\nD'admhaigh taighdeoirí nach smaoineamh nua é seo, mar a mhol taighdeoirí eile an réiteach céanna san am atá caite, ach níor ghlac forbróirí bainisteoirí pasfhocail leis an réiteach sin mar gheall ar imní maidir le húsáid agus comhoiriúnacht.\nAn uair seo, deir an fhoireann taighde go ndearna siad tástáil ar a dteicneolaíocht chun a bheith cinnte go n-oibríonn sé gan glitches agus fuair siad amach go bhfuil 98% de na suíomhanna Alexa Top 1 Milliún a bhfuil foirmeacha logála isteach comhoiriúnach lena \"aistriú creidiúnais bréagach\".\nHorcrux scaipeann creidiúnais ar fud freastalaithe éagsúla\nIs é an dara gné a fhágann go bhfuil Horcrux ag seasamh amach i gcomparáid le cliant bainistithe focal faire eile ná an chaoi a stórálann sé creidiúnais úsáideora.\nI gcomparáid le réitigh clasaiceacha, ní bhíonn Horcrux ag brath ar stór pasfhocal amháin ach scaipeann sé creidiúnais úsáideora ar shláinéir éagsúla. Ciallaíonn sé seo má éiríonn le haisitheoir rochtain a fháil ar cheann de na freastalaithe, ní bheidh sé in ann rochtain a fháil ar gach focal faire an úsáideora, ag teorainn a chur le damáiste aon eachtra slándála.\nIna theannta sin, creidmheasanna stóráilte ar fud na freastalaithe éagsúla tá rúnda-roinnte ag baint úsáide as algartam cuckoo hashing \"ar bhealach a chinntíonn ionsaitheoir nach féidir a chinneadh má tá pas máistir guessed-\n\"Tá an focal ceart\", a chuireann teorainn mhór ar chumas ionsaitheora aon sonraí pasfhocal a aisghabháil, fiú má éiríonn leis ceann de na freastalaithe go leor stórála pasfhocal a chur i gcontúirt.\nNíl bainisteoir pasfhocal Horcrux nua ar fáil faoi láthair ach mar bhreiseán Firefox is féidir a thiomsú ón repo GitHub foinse oscailte seo. Is é an míbhuntáiste ná go gcaithfidh úsáideoirí a gcuid freastalaithe stórála pasfhocal féin a óstáil chun Horcrux a úsáid, rud nach féidir le go leor úsáideoirí a íoc. Mar sin féin, ceadaíonn an ceadúnas do chuideachtaí a ritheann bainisteoirí pasfhocal a gcuid dearadh nó cód a thógáil agus é a úsáid dá réitigh ghairmiúla féin.\nTá tuilleadh sonraí faoi dhearadh agus cur i bhfeidhm Horcrux ar fáil i bpáipéar an fhoireann taighde, dar teideal \"Horcrux: Bainisteoir Pasfhocal do Paranoids\".\nTá an coincheap a fuaime suimiúil, agus tá mé cinnte má tá duine éigin ag iarraidh dul an míle breise beidh siad a fháil ar an chosaint breise.\nAch is leor do chuid is mó daoine pas a choinneáil ag baint úsáide as chromeipass."} {"text": "What Parents Need to Know\nParents need to know that just about everyone is the butt of a joke or two -- including African Americans, the elderly, homosexuals, the mentally handicapped, and overweight people. Frequent extreme profanity, with the majority of it sexually-themed. Every character acts questionably, from the sometimes drunk and stoned killer to Cindy's drug-dealing criminal father. Drug use is prevalent. Countless references to oral sex. Graphic photographs of a penis, a pair of bloated testicles, and an erect penis in a gay character's ear. One gag involves semen. Jokes about virgins, pubic hair, and sticking a penis in a vacuum cleaner. The characters all have sex, and we see lots of groping. A male gym teacher cross-dresses to have access to female students. Many bloody stabbings. A girl is electrocuted. Characters are killed for laughs. One is beheaded. Another kills himself.\n- Families can talk about what's funny, and what's offensive and/or stupid. Why do different people find different things funny? Why do parents and kids often laugh at such different things?", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49", "url": "http://www.movies.com/movie-reviews/scary-movie-review/m59119", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931009825.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155649-00215-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9498125315, "token_count": 237, "score": 2.96875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cad is gá do Thuismitheoirí a Fhios\nNí mór do thuismitheoirí a fhios go bhfuil beagnach gach duine ar an mbonn greann nó dhó - lena n-áirítear Meiriceánaigh Afracacha, na daoine scothaosta, homosexuals, na daoine faoi mhíchumas meabhrach, agus daoine róthrom. Gnéas-chúrsaí a bhí ag an bpríomh-aisteoir. Gníomhaíonn gach carachtar go suaimhneach, ón dúnmharfóir ar uaireanta ar ól agus ar stoic go dtí athair coiriúil díolacháin drugaí Cindy. Tá drugaí á n-úsáid go forleathan. Tagraíochtaí gan áireamh ar ghnéas béil. Grianghraf grafach de phéinis, péire de thástálaí bloated, agus peann erect i gcluas carachtar aerach. Baineann an gag amháin le sperm. Gnéas faoi maighdeana, gruaig pubic, agus a chur ar a bod i scuabóg glantacháin. Tá gnéas ag na carachtair go léir, agus feicimid go leor groping. Déanann múinteoir spóirt fir tras-oideas chun rochtain a fháil ar mhic léinn baineann. Go leor staining fuilteach. Tá cailín electrocuted. Déantar carachtair a mharú le haghaidh gáire. Tá ceann acu faoi cheann. Déantar duine eile féinmharú.\n- Is féidir le teaghlaigh labhairt faoi cad atá greannmhar, agus cad atá ionsaitheach agus / nó amaideach. Cén fáth go bhfaigheann daoine éagsúla rudaí éagsúla greannmhar? Cén fáth go mbíonn tuismitheoirí agus páistí ag gáire go minic ar rudaí chomh difriúil sin?"} {"text": "One of the most common tasks on the internet today is looking up the weather. I woke up early this morning, around 5:29AM and was contemplating a run. I already had a browser open because I had been watching some YouTube videos, so there were a hundred different ways for me to get the weather. Here are four that I would commonly do:\n- Ctrl+T (Open a New Tab), \"weather\", Ctrl+Enter (Open as .com site)\n- Ctrl+T (Open a New Tab, \"?weather\" (Search for \"weather\")\n- Grab Google Glass, put it on, swipe 3 times to the left.\n- Reach into my pocket and grab my phone, Turn it On, Unlock It, Press Home, swipe left (I have Google Now on my left home screen).\nThere are plenty of other ways, but these hit the main capabilities of modern technology. Use a mobile device, use a browser-based powerful computing device, or use a wearable.\nMy first inclination of using a service such as weather.com to provide me information was a complete failure. Not only did the website fail to recognize my location based on IP or any of the other publicly available information about me (why not ask my Browser? Chrome knows pretty much where I am), but it completely failed to give me any WEATHER. The human mind has been fantastically written through the power of brain plasticity to use the internet and the tools around us as an extension of ourselves. I clearly wanted to do a simple lookup of the weather in order to make some decisions regarding clothing and morning activities. If your tool doesn't support this instantly and effortlessly, why in the world would I want to use it?\nMy second attempt was with a Google Search. Thankfully this recognized my location, and gave me an extremely useful forecast for the day. There is even a giant section of advertisements above the information I'm looking for, but I can still see instantly what the temperature looks like for the day.\nIt may seem like a lot of effort to reach over, put on a pair of glasses, and activate a couple swipes. When compared to typing at a keyboard that my fingers are already at, it definitely is; but when you take into account the fact that I'll be wearing these glasses for the rest of the day, and this is an interaction I will most likely perform 5-15 times over the next 8 hours, the convenience and predictable nature make it reasonable again.\nI used to think of smartphones as these intelligent devices that we carried around with us that made our lives easier. This was originally the case, but as we cram more and more capabilities into each phone, as well as a plethora of services all competing for our attention, the difficult of using a smartphone keeps increasing. I had to perform 3 more actions on my phone than I did using Google Glass. This reflects the incredible power of mobile computing. I've noticed it again and again, wearable computing for dedicated activities often improves the quality and quantity of those activities. Great examples are picture taking or sending messages. I send far more messages and take more pictures through Google Glass because it's so easy. I don't need to worry about getting distracted by yet another 30 notifications. I can just do.\nI think it's important to note that this little test reflects the idea that desktop computers and large powerful machines with giant screens will not be disappearing. With the introduction of each successive generation of computing, we find ourselves more and more choosing the right tool for the job, but needing tools at every form factor.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "url": "https://mortalpowers.com/news/on-weather-the-state-of-digital-information-access", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473401.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221070402-20240221100402-00870.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9644795656, "token_count": 727, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ceann de na tascanna is coitianta ar an idirlíon inniu ná an aimsir a chuardach. D'éirigh mé go luath ar maidin, thart ar 5:29AM agus bhí mé ag smaoineamh ar rith. Bhí brabhsálaí oscailte agam cheana féin mar bhí mé ag féachaint ar roinnt físeáin YouTube, mar sin bhí céad bealach éagsúla agam chun an aimsir a fháil. Seo ceathrar a dhéanfainn go coitianta:\n- Ctrl+T (Open a New Tab), \"weather\", Ctrl+Enter (Open as .com site)\n- Ctrl+T (Open a New Tab, \"téarma\" (Cuardach ar \"téarma\")\n- Grab Google Glass, a chur air, swipe 3 huaire go dtí an taobh clé.\n- Reach isteach i mo phóca agus a ghlacadh mo ghuthán, é a Thionól, Unlock It, brúigh ar an Teach, swipe ar chlé (Tá mé Google Anois ar mo scáileán baile ar chlé).\nTá go leor bealaí eile ann, ach bhuail siad seo príomh-acmhainneachtaí na teicneolaíochta nua-aimseartha. Úsáid feiste soghluaiste, feiste ríomhaireachta cumhachtach bunaithe ar bhrabhsálaí, nó feiste in-aistrithe.\nBhí mo chéad claonadh chun seirbhís mar weather.com a úsáid chun faisnéis a sholáthar dom ina theip iomlán. Ní amháin gur theip ar an suíomh Gréasáin mo shuíomh a aithint bunaithe ar IP nó ar aon fhaisnéis eile atá ar fáil go poiblí faoi mé (cén fáth nach iarrann mo Bhrabhsálaí? Tá a fhios ag Chrome go leor cá bhfuil mé), ach níor éirigh go hiomlán liom aon THÉARAS a thabhairt. Tá an intinn daonna scríofa go hiontach trí chumhacht na plaistithe céir chun an idirlíon agus na huirlisí timpeall orainn a úsáid mar shíneadh ar ár gcuid féin. Bhí sé soiléir gur theastaigh uaim breathnú ar an aimsir chun cinntí a dhéanamh maidir le héadaí agus gníomhaíochtaí maidin. Mura dtacaíonn do uirlis seo láithreach agus gan iarracht, cén fáth ar domhan ba mhaith liom é a úsáid?\nBhí mo dara iarracht le Cuardach Google. Go raibh maith agat d'aithin sé seo mo shuíomh, agus thug sé réamhaisnéis an-úsáideach dom don lá. Tá fiú rannán ollmhór fógraí os cionn an fhaisnéis atá á lorg agam, ach is féidir liom an teocht don lá a fheiceáil láithreach.\nB'fhéidir go bhfuil sé cosúil le go leor iarrachta chun dul thar, a chur ar péire gloine, agus a ghníomhachtú cúpla swipes. I gcomparáid le clóscríobh ar phlaíomhchlár a bhfuil mo mhéara ag dul air cheana féin, is cinnte go bhfuil; ach nuair a thugann tú san áireamh go mbeidh na spéaclaí seo agam don chuid eile den lá, agus gur idirghníomhú é seo is dócha go ndéanfaidh mé 5-15 uair thar na 8 uair an chloig seo chugainn, déanann an áisiúlacht agus an nádúr intuartha é a dhéanamh réasúnta arís.\nBhí mé ag smaoineamh ar fhón cliste mar na feistí cliste sin a bhí againn timpeall linn a rinne ár saol níos éasca. Ba é seo an cás ar dtús, ach de réir mar a chuirimid níos mó agus níos mó cumais i ngach fón, chomh maith le slua seirbhísí a bhíonn ag iomaíocht ar fad as ár n-aird, tá sé níos deacra fón cliste a úsáid. Bhí orm 3 ghníomh a dhéanamh ar mo ghuthán ná mar a rinne mé ag úsáid Google Glass. Léiríonn sé seo cumhacht dochreidte ríomhaireachta soghluaiste. Thug mé faoi deara arís agus arís eile, go gcuireann ríomhaireacht in-dhuine le haghaidh gníomhaíochtaí tiomnaithe go minic feabhas ar chaighdeán agus ar chainníocht na ngníomhaíochtaí sin. Is samplaí iontacha iad grianghraf a thógáil nó teachtaireachtaí a sheoladh. Seolann mé i bhfad níos mó teachtaireachtaí agus tógann mé níos mó pictiúir trí Google Glass toisc go bhfuil sé chomh éasca. Ní gá dom a bheith buartha faoi bheith ag cur isteach orm le 30 fógra eile. Is féidir liom ach a dhéanamh.\nSílim go bhfuil sé tábhachtach a thabhairt faoi deara go léiríonn an tástáil bheag seo an smaoineamh nach mbeidh ríomhairí deisce agus meaisíní móra cumhachtach le scáileáin mhóra ag imeacht. Le gach glúin comhlánaithe de ríomhaireacht a thabhairt isteach, faigheann muid féin níos mó agus níos mó ag roghnú an uirlis cheart don phost, ach ag teastáil uirlisí ag gach fachtóir foirme."} {"text": "Modern Day Farming Technologies\nModern-day farming technologies, practices, approaches and agricultural land management systems should all be viewed in this context. The importance therefore of managing the soil to ensure its animal-carrying capacity is retained to the optimum level of performance is critical to this debate.\nRLF as a world-leading liquid fertiliser company has developed its product range specifically to meet this important objective.\nRLF is at the forefront of several products and fertilising concepts that give great effectiveness to managed pasture lands, and these are as follows :\ncarrying pastures means more\nproductivity is required\nPasture Plus is a crop-specific Ultra Foliar fertiliser spray with Nutrient Delivery System (NDS) that increases the efficiency in product uptake through the leaf by up to 350%. Pasture Plus delivers 12 essential nutrients contained in a High-analysis Broad-spectrum solution. These nutrients are formulated specifically for this crop type. Pasture Plus provides the plant with an optimum balance of essential nutrients to ensure soil nutrient variability and deficiency is fixed. Pasture Plus gives greater plant protection, more growth and improved yield qualities. This is done by using just one product that delivers 12 essential nutrients tailor made to suit the crop.\nNutriCover is a foliar-fertigation product formulated to satisfy the nutrient demand of plants at critical stages of plant growth for a fast and effective outcome. By using three forms of nitrogen, (urea, nitrate and ammonium), not just the one to stimulate metabolic pathways in the plant, NutriCover maximises the benefits of nitrogen through balanced crop nutrition. This means that NutriCover is at least three times more efficient than UREA nitrogen through the soil alone, thereby enabling a reduction in nitrogen by traditional granular fertiliser programs. NutriCover can be tailored with additional elements to suit specific nutrient requirements if the crop demands by using key major nutrients that function as activators and building blocks in plant growth.\nNitrogen Plus is a foliar-fertigation product formulated to take care of the nitrogen demands of plants at the critical stages of plant growth. Nitrogen Plus contains the highest level of nitrogen in four different structures that a liquid formulation can hold. Nitrogen Plus utilises the RLF Nutrient Delivery System (NDS) technology that increases the efficiency in product uptake through the leaf by up to 350%. Nitrogen Plus gives fast entry nitrogen to protect against the nutrient deficiency and can be applied as a foliar to broadacre crops or in irrigation systems to all plants. The presence of four forms of nitrogen (UREA, nitrate, ions, ammonium ions and organic nitrogen), supports plant metabolism for fast and efficient uptake and utilisation of nitrogen.\nPower N is a high concentration source of liquid nitrogen specifically designed for safe foliar application and injection and is flexible and easy to use. Power N can be applied in targeted applications to meet crop demands at any growth stage. By being able to split applications throughout the growing season, growers can better manage crop risk. Power N is available as a bulk liquid, does not deteriorate and can be stored safely on-farm from year to year.\n- PowerN26 is a balanced ratio of nitrogen and sulphur.\n- PowerN39 is an efficient method of supplying nitrogen.\nPower N products can be applied via irrigation or boomspray systems with flat fan or streaming nozzles, foliar sprayed, injected into the soil or sprayed on to the soil. Power N is ideal for ‘little and often’, or split applications to closely match crop nitrogen requirements and can be metered precisely for variable rates.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45", "url": "https://www.ruralliquidfertilisers.com/pasture-and-grasslands/risks-and-opportunities/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107904287.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20201029124628-20201029154628-00522.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9157375097, "token_count": 738, "score": 2.9375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Teicneolaíochtaí Feirmeoireachta na Laethanta Nua\nBa cheart na teicneolaíochtaí feirmeoireachta nua-aimseartha, na cleachtais, na cur chuige agus na córais bainistíochta talún talmhaíochta a fheiceáil sa chomhthéacs seo. Tá sé ríthábhachtach don díospóireacht seo, dá bhrí sin, an t-eolas a bheith againn maidir le bainistíocht na talún chun a chinntiú go gcoinnítear a cumas iompair ainmhithe ar an leibhéal is fearr is féidir.\nTá RLF mar chuideachta leasacháin leachtaithe is mó ar domhan tar éis a raon táirgí a fhorbairt go sonrach chun an cuspóir tábhachtach seo a bhaint amach.\nTá RLF i gceannas ar roinnt táirgí agus coincheapa táirgthe a thugann éifeachtúlacht mhór do thailte féarais bhainistithe, agus is iad seo a leanas iad:\nciallaíonn feirmeoireacht níos mó\ntá táirgiúlacht ag teastáil\nIs spraeáil leasacháin Ultra Foliar é Pasture Plus atá sonrach do chultúr le Córas Seachadta Nothrachta (NDS) a mhéadaíonn an éifeachtúlacht i nglacadh an táirge tríd an duille suas le 350%. Soláthraíonn Pasture Plus 12 chothaitheach riachtanach atá i tuaslagán ard-anailís speictream leathan. Tá na cothaithigh seo foirmlithe go sonrach don chineál seo barra. Soláthraíonn Pasture Plus an cothromaíocht is fearr de chothaithigh riachtanacha don phlanda chun a chinntiú go seoltar athraitheacht agus easpa cothaithigh an ithir. Tugann Pasture Plus cosaint níos mó plandaí, níos mó fáis agus cáilíochtaí toraidh níos fearr. Déantar é seo trí tháirge amháin a úsáid a sholáthraíonn 12 chothaitheach riachtanach a dhéantar a oiriúnú don chultúr.\nIs táirge leasacháin duilleach é NutriCover a foirmliú chun freastal ar éileamh na n-aigéid ar phlandaí ag céimeanna criticiúla fáis phlandaí le haghaidh toradh tapa agus éifeachtach. Trí thrí fhoirm nítrigine a úsáid (úire, nítreach agus amóiniam), ní amháin an ceann chun cosáin meitibileach sa phlanda a spreagadh, déanann NutriCover leas is mó a bhaint as nítrigine trí chothú cothromaithe na dtorthaí. Ciallaíonn sé seo go bhfuil NutriCover trí huaire níos éifeachtaí ná nítrigin UREA trí thalamh amháin, rud a chuireann ar chumas laghdú ar nítrigin trí chláir thraidisiúnta leasacháin ghránúlacha. Is féidir NutriCover a shaincheapadh le heilimintí breise chun freastal ar riachtanais chothaithigh ar leith má éilíonn an barra trí phríomh-chothaithigh a úsáid a fheidhmíonn mar ghníomhaitheoirí agus bloic thógála i bhfás plandaí.\nIs táirge leighis duilleach é Nitrogen Plus a fhorchuirtear chun aire a thabhairt do riachtanais nítrigine plandaí ag céimeanna criticiúla fáis plandaí. Tá an leibhéal is airde nítrigine i gceithre struchtúr éagsúla a fhéadann foirmliú leachtach a bheith ann i Nitrogen Plus. Baineann Nitrogen Plus úsáid as teicneolaíocht an Chórais Seachadta Cothaithigh RLF (NDS) a mhéadaíonn éifeachtúlacht i nglacadh an táirge tríd an duille suas le 350%. Tugann Nitrogen Plus nítrigin iontrála tapa chun cosaint a thabhairt i gcoinne an easpa cothaithigh agus is féidir é a chur i bhfeidhm mar bhláth ar chultúir leathan-chraobh nó i gcórais uisciúcháin ar gach plandaí. Tacaíonn ceithre chineál nítrigine (UREA, nítreach, iainí, iainí amóiniam agus nítrigine orgánach) le meitibileacht na bplandaí chun nítrigine a ionsú agus a úsáid go tapa agus go héifeachtach.\nIs foinse ardchruinnithe nítrigine leachtacha é Power N atá deartha go sonrach le haghaidh cur i bhfeidhm agus instealladh slán ar na duilleoga agus tá sé solúbtha agus éasca le húsáid. Is féidir Power N a chur i bhfeidhm in iarratais spriocdhírithe chun freastal ar éilimh ar chultúr ag aon chéim fáis. Trí bheith in ann iarratais a roinnt le linn na séasúir fáis, is féidir le táirgeoirí rioscaí barra a bhainistiú níos fearr. Tá Power N ar fáil mar leacht mórchóir, ní athraíonn sé agus is féidir é a stóráil go sábháilte sa fheirm ó bhliain go bliain.\n- Is PowerN26 cóimheas cothrom de nítrigin agus sulfair.\n- Is modh éifeachtach é PowerN39 chun nítrigin a sholáthar.\nIs féidir táirgí Power N a chur i bhfeidhm trí chórais uisciúcháin nó boomspray le lucht leanúna cothrom nó le nozzles sruthú, a chraoladh le duilleach, a instealladh isteach sa ithir nó a chraoladh ar an ithir. Tá an chumhacht N oiriúnach d'iarratais beag agus go minic, nó do iarratais roinnte chun riachtanais nítrigine an chultúir a mheaitseáil go dlúth agus is féidir iad a thomhas go beacht le haghaidh rátaí athraitheacha."} {"text": "This week, we're taking on your science questions. We find out how cockroaches and ants avoid the heat in a microwave oven, how best to protect yourself from lightning and why a light box can save you from a SAD winter. Also, a table decoration inspired, radiation-resistant spaceship design to keep astronauts healthy, how the contraceptive pill hurts A lapdancers' looks and why penguins prefer to go fishing with their pals. Plus, in Kitchen Science, Dave explains how to make a detector for the Earth's magnetic field - a home made compass! But will it work in space? And what will happen when the Earth's magnetic field swaps round? We answer all these questions and more.\nIn this episode\nPill bad for Lapdancers' fortunes\nA new study by researchers at the University of New Mexico at Albuquerque and published in this month's Evolution and Human Behaviour shows that female lapdancers seeking to supersize their earnings should eschew use of the oral contraceptive pill, because it makes them less attractive to tipping punters.\nGeoffrey Miller and his colleagues recruited 18 lapdancers from local clubs and asked them to record their menstrual activity, earnings and contraceptive pill use over a 60 day period. The results were striking: the earnings of normally-cycling (non pill-using) women peaked in line with their fertility, exceeding $350 per shift by mid cycle. But their contraceptively-compromised (pill using) counterparts fared less well, earning an average of only $200 in tips per shift throughout their cycles. Significantly, both groups earned approximately the same amount during menstruation, indicating that the effect was not due to an overall difference in attractiveness between the women.\nThe results strongly argue for the existence of a female \"oestrus\", which prevailing wisdom claimed had been lost amongst humans during evolution. Instead the results suggest that men can subconsciously detect when women are at their most fertile and tend to judge them as more attractive, valuable and, it would seem, worthy of larger tips at this time! So as well as health consequences, there may be an economic disadvantage to taking the pill too!\nCrocs Cry Real Tears\nThere's an old myth that crocodiles cry in fake remorse while devouring a meal, which is why we say someone is \"crying crocodile tears\" when they insincerely turn on the waterworks.\nBut it turns out that crocs really do weep when they are eating, but surely not because they are feeling emotional.\nNormally, it's rather tricky to work out whether crocodiles are crying when they eat because they spend so much of their time in water and are such feisty creatures they are difficult to train to eat on land. So instead of looking at crocodiles, scientists from the University of Florida decided to try and work out once and for all whether these scaly reptiles do indeed cry while eating, by watching four caimans and three alligators - the slightly less formidable close relatives of crocodiles - which were trained to feed on dry land at a zoo in Florida.\nAnd the researchers saw that the most of the caiman and alligators did cry while tucking into a meal, some of them even bubbled and frothed from their eyes, confirming what until now had just been anecdotal reports of weeping diners.\nThere are a couple of possible explanations for the tears shed by the caimans and alligators while they were eating; it could be linked to the hissing and huffing behaviour that often accompanies feeding - by forcing air through their sinuses crocs might stimulate the production of fluid in the lacrimal glands or tear glands; it's also possible that the mechanical action of biting down on their food might cause the jaw muscles to squeeze tears out of the tear glands.\nAnd like human tears, croc tears are likely to be a way of protecting the eyes. While the crocs are feeding there is a lot of activity around the head, when they are subduing their prey, and tears as well as pulling their eyes deeper into their sockets, might help protect them from getting damaged.\nAnd a rather interesting thing is that the idea for this study came partly from a condition in humans known as crocodile tears, in which people cry when they eat. The scientists wanted to get to the bottom of whether crocodiles really do shed tears, and it seems they do.\nParticle Physicists Help Fight Fires\nParticle Physicists may help foresters by finding fires for them.\nThis year, forest fires have been particularly in the news with fires in Greece killing at least 64 people and doing nearly a billion pounds worth of damage. Once the fire has got hold it is almost impossible to fight it - the trick is to catch it before it gets to this stage.\nSattelites can detect fires larger than 30 acres and by looking at the smoke you can find smaller fires, as long as it isn't too windy. Still, this is already too late.\nVladamir Peskov and Antonio Zirhichi have been developing Ultra-violet sensors fot the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, to detect light given off by particles coming out of particle collisons. These detectors are 100 times more sensitive than anything else available, and because flames give off UV light they can detect a flame from 25 meters away and will respond in a few microseconds - it could also be used to detect sparks in oil installations.\nThey are suggesting mounting their detectors on towers to give firefighters better warning of fires before they become unmanageable.\nAnt use-by date\nNew research published in this month's Animal Behaviour reveals that ants seem to be able to predict their own best before dates.\nDawid Moron from Jagiellonian University in Poland artifically aged European Myrmica scabrinodis ants by exposing them to CO2, which damages the nervous system, or by giving them small injuries to make them vulnerable to infection and dehydration. Over the following five weeks the team then followed up how the injured ants fared against their uninjured nest-mates, and what roles they fulfilled in their colonies. Intriguingly, compared with uninjured ants of a similar age, the compromised individuals tended to take on higher risk tasks, such as foraging outside the nest, at a much younger age than normal. And the more severe their injuries, the sooner they took on these tasks. Such roles are usually assigned only to much older ants, which are deemed more expendable because they are closer to the ends of their lives. They are also more likely to carry parasites and other infections that might pose a threat to the colony, so it makes sense for them to spend more time outside the nest, compared with more valuable younger healthier specimens, that are confined to barracks initially.\nThese new findings shed light on how this pecking order might be achieved, which is at least partly due to ants having a strong grasp of their own mortality, and even their \"time to live\"!\nPenguins pick their favourite fishing palls\nPicture the scene. You're sitting on a beach on the south coast of Australia, with your eyes and nose filled with the sounds and smells of waves crashing in the distance. But you're not alone, and a gaggle of fairy penguins come hopping and waddling past you, as they make their way down to the sea to go feeding for the day.\nThese are the smallest of the worlds penguins, standing just over one foot tall, and instead of dashing down the beach in one big group, the penguins break up into smaller gangs of five to ten, to help avoid being snapped up by predators.\nThis was the scene that a team of researchers saw at Philip Island Nature Park, in Victoria Australia, and it got them wondering whether the birds form these groups randomly or whether penguins selectively choose particular fishing buddies, a bit like kids picking teams in the school playground for a game of football.\nThe scientists monitored the movements of individual penguins for four years using an Automated Penguin Monitoring System, which involves placing electronic microchips under their skin.\nAnd they found that penguins do indeed tend to team up with the same penguins to go out fishing, perhaps because it helps if teams of penguins share the same knowledge of particular fishing sites.\nBut the penguins didn't always team up into the same groups. In years when food was less abundant and fewer chicks were fledged, penguins tended to abandon their groups and feed on their own, perhaps so they didn't have to share the food they found.\nAnd also younger and older penguins weren't picked to form fishing teams because both groups tend to be less good at fishing.\nCan ants survive in a microwave?\nSomeone wrote to us at the Naked Scientists recently who said 'I found a cockroach crawling around in my microwave,' and they said that just for fun they turned on the microwave to zap him. They opened the door 30 seconds later and he was still crawling around. So it seems some things can survive a dose of microwaves.In a microwave oven the microwaves come out from the right hand side and they bounce off the metal of the far side. It acts like a mirror and it bounces backwards and forwards and they form what's called a standing wave. You get areas of the microwave which are very, very hot; which have got very, very powerful microwaves and others with approximately nothing at all. There's about 7.5cm between these hotspots. So you get about four or five hotspots in your microwave, depending on how big it is. If an ant were in a hotspot it would just feel to them like they were in a very, very hot place. So naturally, they'd want to get away from it to somewhere cooler. They would just walk to somewhere cooler where they'll feel a lot more comfortable: just sit there and be fine! It would be more interesting if there's a turntable because it's there to move the food through the hotspots all the time. The ants would have to keep walking round the turntable to avoid getting cooked.So it's not a myth after all. There was somebody who made their way into the newspapers for all the wrong reason and they didn't survive, actually. They decided, in a rush to go out on a date, that they would put their head in the microwave to dry their hair quickly. Unfortunately they didn't survive the experience but their hair looked great afterwards!\nWhat should I do when cycling in a thunderstorm?\nThe way a car protects you from a lightning strike is not because the tyres are insulating so the lightning can't go through it. It's because you're surrounded by the steel body of the car which conducts electricity much better than you do. If lightning hits the car the current is going to want to go through the steel much more than it's going to want to go through you, so the current just goes around you and you're absolutely fine in the middle. This effect is called a Faraday Cage. If you're sitting on a bike and you're not surrounded by metal then the bike will probably make it worse because it will produce a very nice conductive path from your head, through your arms, through the bike and down to the ground very easily. Rubber is an insulator, but even though the tyres are rubber, They're only about 1 inch across and this means the voltage needed to put a spark across that isn't very large. The spark has already jumped about 500m from the clouds to you through the sky. Another inch to the ground isn't going to be too much of a problem.\nWhy do cooked plums taste so bitter?\nWe couldn't answer this on the show last time, so we asked you to help. This answer came from Colleen in Michigan:Colleen suspects it's to do with the breakdown of sugars that give that bitter taste. When you're cooking the sugars at high heat you get non-enzymatic browning which occurs either through caramelisation or something called the Maillard reaction. That is an interaction of proteins and sugars. A free amino group of a protein reacts with a carbon-R group of a sugar, producing something called N-glycosylamine. This is unstable and is basically a downstream product. It breaks down into something called the melanoidins which can be bitter to taste. The reactions are pretty complex, she says, and not well understood. So there could be lots of different reasons. That might be why cooking, she says, is so much of an art!\n21:23 - Great Trainers or Cash Drainers?\nGreat Trainers or Cash Drainers?\nwith Professor Rami Abboud, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School at the University of Dundee\nChris - Now, there's a very interesting study that's been done this week and to join us to talk about it is Professor Rami Abboud. Hello Rami, how are you?\nRami - Hello!\nChris - Thank you for joining us. Now, people think that the more you spend on a pair of trainers the better they're going to be for your sporting prowess but you're saying that's not the case?\nRami - Well, that's what we've found in a study that we've conducted. This is a part of a bigger study, in fact. The database got published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine from a much smaller part of a study that was started some five years ago. What we've done with this study is we've taken three brands and for each brand we have taken low-, medium- and high-cost running shoes. We've compared these three within the same brand. We've used a system called Pedar® which has electronic insoles with 99 sensors each, capable of measuring the pressure between the trainer and the plantar surface of the foot. Then we compared the outcome between the different price tags of each brand and then across the brand.\nWhat we found was that the medium cost and the low-cost running shoes are as good as the most expensive ones if not better within the categories that we have chosen.\nChris - Now, you chose quite a narrow price-banding, if I may say so. I mean GBP30 for a pair of trainers in my book is quite expensive. I go and buy the tenner variety. So what do you think would happen if you bought the really cheap trainers?\nRami - What we have done is look at the branded names. Now, one thing we have not done is look at the non-branded ones. We looked at the branded ones and have actually covered the price tags from GBP30 to GBP150. But this data that we have published now only covered the GBP40-GBP75 bracket.\nChris - So the bottom line is, don't waste money on some really expensive trainers because there's no benefit to your bones through doing that.\nRami - Well, the effect of cushioning that we've found in the lower and medium was as good as the most expensive in the ones that we tested. What I would advise the consumers to buy are trainers that are going to fit length and width. They have to be comfortable for them, the shoes have to conform to the feet and that should be irrespective of the price tag. Someone's going to tell me that some of the higher-end has support, more than lower band. I would refute that because within the brand there are, at the lower end as well, support for the feet. You should go with what is best for your feet irrespective of the price tag.\nChris - So how do these big name brands get away with telling us we should be parting with GBP100 for a set of trainers when actually your clinical evidence says that there's no benefit of doing that.\nRami - Well, I think that's a question that should go to the manufacturers.\nChris - Will you be sending them a copy of this paper? They're obviously ripping people off, aren't they?\nRami - Well this paper is available for anybody to download from the journal. We have, as I said, done extensive studies on these trainers. There will be a series of these papers coming out each year, covering endurance, covering - will they go the extra mile - and so forth. It has been a comprehensive study, not only using sensor-pressure devices but we even used Pedar® meters to look at the shock waves.\nChris - Well, thank you very much for telling us about that, Rami.\nRami - Pleasure.\nChris - That was Professor Rami Abboud, he's from the Ninewells Hospital and Medical School at the University of Dundee.\nWhy do I feel my phone vibrating on the wrong leg?\nWe here at the Naked Scientists wouldn't like to comment on whether or not Tommy is weird, but if he is, he's in good company! Our very own Dr Chris experiences something similar:\nChris - What I have got is, on the outside edge of each elbow, if I pinch the outer skin of my elbow I feel a pain on a strip of skin on my trunk (about, if I laid my arm down by my side, where my elbow would be on my trunk). I feel that hurting there too. On both sides.\nThis is interesting. I think it's a sort of miswiring of the nervous system and it's got an embryological basis to it.\nWhen the body develops, you start off as this flat plate of cells and that then rolls up into a tube. It's split up into segments a bit like a centipede. Well, we're very similar, we have segments to our body. And some of those segments are specialised.\nTwo segments produce arms at the top and two segments down below produce legs. They bud out from the body segment and they pull the nerve supply from that segment with them.\nYou end up with a sort of extension of the nervous system down into the two limbs: upper and lower.\nThat then goes into the central nervous system and informs your spinal column as to what's going on in that bit of the body.\nIt's possible, I suppose, that some of the nerves, as well as being connected to the hand and the spinal cord area encoding the hand, could also be routed to the bit of the body that original bulge came out of to form the limb.\nSo in the case of the questionner, I suspect there's a sort of a crossover going on in his nervous system where something has not crossed properly and the nerves from one side of the body are triggering nerves for the other side of the body. So it's a sort of referred sensation phenomenon.\nWhat does a compass do in space?\nThis basically depends where you are in space. You may have played with a magnet when you were a kid with some iron filings on a piece of paper. You'll have seen something that looks very much like the Earth's magnetic field produced by a magnet. From a magnet it comes out of the North Pole and curves round in two big ovals and comes back upwards at the South Pole. We on Earth can't see that field and so when we're on the ground it's going from the South Pole to the North Pole and so the compass points north. If you were right at the North Pole it would actually point straight downwards and if you were at the south pole it would point straight upwards. Now if you were out in space you would have the same thing. So if you were above the equator it would essentially be pointing to the north. And if you were above the Poles it would be pointing straight up or down. The farther away you go, the weaker it will get so that eventually the sun's magnetic field will overwhelm it. So if you were to fly around the world in a geosychronous way so that you were parallel to the equator and going round at the same rate as the Earth, it should still point north-south. But if you were to do an orbit Pole-Pole, like some of the weather satellites do, would it get confused as it went over the North Pole pointing straight down at the North Pole and rotating over and over its head as you go round.Spaceships mostly they get their direction by looking at the stars. The North Star is always in the same direction so you look at where it is and you know which direction you're pointing in.\nHow do spiders spring webs across gaps?\nSpiders produce a very light and floaty piece of silk from their spinneretts and just wave it out in the breeze. the wind will carry it away and if it actually sticks on to something a bit further away it can start building its web. It's all a bit chancy really, it's not a determined thing. Once that first little thin line has stuck on they'll climb along it and reinforce that first strut. Then they actually use their own bodies and footsteps to measure along and count back to the middle of it to get to the central point. Then they drop a sort of plumb line using themselves as the weight. They'll go down like an absailer down a cliff. They absail down that line to make a Y-shape and that is the scaffolding they'll fill in with different patterns.\nDo daylight replacement boxes work?\nThere's lots of research on light boxes that really do work. Lots of people have Seasonal Affective Disorder. It's a real entity, we think it has a genetic basis. This is where people feel the urge to want to hibernate as soon as you go into Winter. As soon as the days start to get shorter, you don't get enough sun exposure. Or if you have to work nights, it can make you feel really quite nasty and quite depressed. For people who have this it can be quite disabling. So scientists have found that if you get a light box which gives you lots and lots of light in the morning (morning seems to be quite important) it seems to make people feel better. What's the physiological basis for it? Well, you have a body clock in the part of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus. It's got about five thousand nerve cells that work like a genetic domino effect. One gene turns on a second gene which turns on a third gene and that turns on a fourth gene and that turns off the first gene again and the whole thing goes round in a circle. That's how it keeps time. It needs to be able to reset itself because if you go abroad on an aeroplane you get jetlagged for a little while before it resets. Recently, in the last four or five years, scientists have found there's a population of nerve cells in your eyes which see light which is at the blue end of the spectrum and they don't actually show your brain what they're seeing. They just tell your body clock what they're seeing. They tell the body clock when it's bright and when it's dark and by doing that they can reset your body clock and keep it in time. By shining this extra light, scientists think that's how you can rescue your body clock if you need to.\n34:38 - Machinima\nwith Chris Vallance\nNow we have a new feature on the Naked Scientists each month with the help of Chris Vallance. We'll be taking a look at exciting new developments in the world of technology. This month he joins us to talk about the emerging world of machinima. This is where people use computer games to make movies of their own. They use design features built into the game to edit the scenery and use characters to tell a story of their own. They record this and distribute it over the internet. It sounds really weird and whacky but is actually a big business!\nRed vs Blue clip - \"Yes, everything is coming together as planned and these fools still have no idea. Once the young one gets his sword there will be no stopping us. Mwahahahahahaaa...\"\nChris Vallance - What we just heard is a little clip of 'machinima'. Now, the word itself is a contraction of machine-cinema which tells you what it's all about. If you think about puppetry, well, these are films made. Instead of using physical puppets what you use are the characters in computer games. So, instead of picking up big bird or whatever the puppet of choice is, groucho, you go and turn on your Xbox or Playstation and use the characters in the game. Now what we heard there was a clip from one of the best-known machinima films, it's Red vs. Blue, it's based on the game Halo. It has become incredibly popular as many of these games have. And we've started to see them influence the mainstream. We're starting to see film-makers and advertisers pick up on this stuff as well which is why this weekend at De Montfort University, as the programme is going out, Europe's first festival of machinima bringing together filmmakers and people interested in this technology from all over Europe. I spoke to Professor Andre Hugill who is director of the Institute of Creative Technologies at De Montfort University. I asked him why machinima wasn't just an updated form of puppetry or physical theatre.\nAndre Hugill - It's got elements of both of those and it's got elements of animation and cinema. What's unique is that it's user-generated content. It's empowering or enabling people to create original work fairly easily and they've got quite a range of resources available to them such as the ability to use camera angles, render buildings at any time of day or night with ease; create virtual environments and so on. I thin kit offers up a portfolio of possibilities.\nChris - So Andrew Hugill seems pretty convinced as to its worth but to be honest, Chris it sounds a little geeky or anorak-y. Do you think this is really going to catch on and be popular?\nChris Vallance - Well I think the examples there from advertising are perhaps the clearest. There are starting to emerge machinima-type commercials. In the States, recently aired during the football games, a Toyota commercial but was based on World of Warcraft. We have World of Warcraft characters and one of them suddenly pops up with a brand new Toyota truck and he meets the boss baddy at the end with his amazing magic pick-up. That kind of thing is definitely becoming mainstream. Now what's different about machinima is that it's actually live. The characters aren't manipulated and it's filmed without animation or careful step-by-step processes. It's much more like puppetry in that sense.\nChris - Do you actually see a convergence between what's happening in the gaming world then and the film world? Is this an attempt to maximise the commercial potential because you can get one feeding off the other?\nChris Vallance - If we go back to Red vs. Blue we've just had the new version of Halo out to much excitement in the gaming world. Obviously Red vs. Blue is based on Halo so how does the fact that there's a new version of the game affect the films? Well, that's a question I put to Jason Saldaña of Rooster Teeth, the company that produced Red vs. Blue.\nJason Saldaña - It's good. It makes us figure out ways to do it, it's fun to do and we also have fun playing the game. With Halo 3, I haven't stopped playing it since it came out and the same can be said for all of the guys that we work with.\nChris Vallance - And is this a full-time job for you now?\nJason Saldaña - Yes, it is.\nChris Vallance - How many people do you know of who make their living making machinima?\nJason Saldaña - Probably just the six of us.\nChris Vallance - But it must be pretty fun on mortgage applications, I imagine.\nJason Saldaña - Yeah! Trying to explain to people what I do...today I went to the dentists and they asked me what I did for work and it took me, like, 20 minutes to tell them. You know, it can bee complicated.\nChris Vallance - So you heard from Jason there, well he's actually making a living out of machinima. Okay, there are only a few people in the world who can claim that but that does suggest that it's starting to creep its way into the commercial sphere.\nChris - So what do people think of the potential for this kind of technology? There must be manifold spin-offs that you could do with this kind of thing.\nChris Vallance - Well, there are. I don't know how much of an 80s kid you were but do you remember the Human League, do you remember Heaven 17? Well, if you do you'll know who Martin Ware is. He was a member of all those bands. He's now part of a group called the illustrious company working with 3D soundscapes. I spoke to Martin and asked him how he saw the future of machinima developing.\nMartin Ware - Well, I'm very interested in this new form of narrative. All the time, the barriers between the visual and the real are becoming broken down and I think Duran Duran have already done a full-scale concert in second life. That's not quite the same as machinima but it is related in a sense. For instance, the Gorillaz is an animated version of the band. Only a sort of art-conceit in a way. In my career as a musician and producer I've always been interested in things that relate to paint in the old still perspective of conceptualising stuff like mini-symphonies in four minutes. I think this is potentially the 21st century version of that from a musical point of view.\nChris Vallance - So I think that's quite a nice idea, the idea of a live performance, both of music and of a virtual video, if you like: produced in a machinima style way. Perhaps when Mick Jagger gets that little bit too creaky to finally make his way onto the stage he'll consider replacing himself with a character from Halo 3.\nChris - Well that sounds pretty good!. The Rolling Stones could carry on for another five thousand years. Thank you very much Chris for joining us this month to bring us up to speed on the art of machinima, which apart from being hard to understand is also impossible to say, We look forward to joining you again next month for another update on what's hot from the world of technology.\nChris Vallance - Look forward to it.\nWhy do chickens lay all year round?\nWell, it's actually all to do with selective breeding over thousands of years. Originally, if you get very old breeds of chicken, they are seasonal. Over each generation people have been picking the chickens which lay the most eggs and trying to breed those chickens. And so after generation after generation, the period which they lay eggs for is longer and longer and longer until, I'm not sure, probably the last 200 years they got to the point where they had chickens which would lay eggs all year round. So now, chickens will lay eggs all year round. Naked Scientist Dave Ansell used to keep chickens when he was growing up , and noticed that they would lay a lot more in the Spring than in the rest of the year. In the Spring you'd get 2 or 3 times more eggs than you would, say, in the Winter.With regards bloodspots, lots of people discard eggs that have blood spots in them because they think they've been fertilised. But there's more than one reason why you can have a bloodspot in an egg. As the egg is being formed in the oviduct, which is the part of the chicken which makes the egg, sometimes you can get a tear in the tissue or a leak from a blood vessel. This squirts a little bit of the chicken's blood into the egg. It's not harmful and doesn't mean the egg's been fertilised, it's just a bit of blood. So that's why you have bloodspots.\n43:27 - How much would the sea rise if we stopped storing water in our houses?\nHow much would the sea rise if we stopped storing water in our houses?\nAssuming everyone was storing maybe a cubic metre of water, (although some people have very big swimming pools most people maybe only have a little tank of water in the loft between four or five people). So with ten billion people we'd have 10,000 billion litres of water stored. If you work out the area of the Earth it comes out at about 100,000 billion square metres so maybe sea level would rise by about a millimetre.The calculation is that every twenty thousand years or so enough water arrives from outer space to raise the level of the oceans about an inch. So, it's miniscule against that.\nWould an alarm clock attached to a light work well?\nGetting higher levels of light in the morning would certainly help to beat Seasonal Affective Disorder. There was also an alarm clock made by researchers in America which was teathered to your brainwave patterns. When you are dreaming and at certain points during the night you tend to have REM (rapid eye movements), this means your brain is much more active than when it's in deep sleep. If you wake someone up when the brain's much more active then they feel much better and come-to much quicker than if you wake them up when they're in a deep sleep. So with this clock which you set the ideal time to wake up, and then it follows your sleep pattern and wakes you up based on you brain activity as close to your ideal time as it can.\n45:25 - Avian Heartbeat count?\nAvian Heartbeat count?\nWe put this question to Neil Forbes, a specialist in bird medicine and the president of the European College of Avian Medicine & Surgery, based at Great Western Exotic Vets in Swindon.\nA little bit of explanation. The questioner suggests that his bird's heartrate is 10 x his own and I think that, as in many of these cases, some of these figures are wrong. The resting heartrate of a macaw is published to be 127, rising to 350 when being restrained or upset or in flight. And the recommended lifespan of a macaw is 35-50 years as opposed to the 80 years which is suggested. Now taking those figures, that would work out with a heartbeat of 4.3-6.2 x 10^9 so, in fact, far less than the 1.5 trillion suggested. In reality I think the honest answer is that actually birds have less heartbeats than mammals and that isn't a surprise at all. The metabolic rate of a bird is significantly faster than a mammal. Rather similar to a car engine running a bit faster than another car and as such you would expect them to run out a bit sooner than a mammal, rather than a bit later.\n48:48 - Why do Jack Russell dogs sometimes run on three legs with a hind leg lifted?\nWhy do Jack Russell dogs sometimes run on three legs with a hind leg lifted?\nThis one has stumped the Naked Scientists team - we really don't know! Do you have any idea why this may be? If so, let us know!\nWhere is the safest place in a wood to run in a thunderstorm?\nWell, you might think that standing under a tree is a really good idea because then the tree will get hit by lightning rather than you because it's a much better path than you are. The problem is that sap tends to heat up, turns to steam and then explodes, so you get bits of tree flying off and they can hit you and do more damage than possibly even by being hit by lightning itself. Also the tree is behaving as a wonderful lightning conductor and this is raising the the electrical potential of the ground around the tree. Animals like cows and sometimes horses are found dead in fields because the electricity flows over the ground. It's easier for the electricity to go up the cow's front legs, along its body and down its back legs, killing it in the process, than it is to go across the ground. At least some of the electricity does. So you could still get taken down by electricity spreading away across the forest floor.\nHow long will the earths magnetic field dissappear for?\nThe Earth's magnetic field does seem to flip every few hundred thousand years and we're overdue for one at the moment. A few years ago they thought this would take hundreds of thousand of years for it to flip slowly. But recent evidence suggests that it'll maybe flip over faster. In the process of it flipping over it doesn't tend to flip over evenly. What tends to happen is the North Pole gets weaker and weaker and sometimes you get two, three or four other North Poles around the Earth in different places that move around quite fast. Eventually it'll stabilise again the other way around. maybe after 20-30 years.\nIs it just humans that get runny noses?\nNo, we're not. Lots of creatures do have sticky noses and it's all about protecting yourself from those things you might be breathing in. Basically it's a layer of stickiness to catch dust and, more importantly, viruses that might invade your delicate mucous membranes. Things get breathed in and whirled around in your nose like in a miniature dyson vacuum cleaner, and then they get flung to the sides where you've got these sticky walls. Then you blow your nose and get rid of it, or swallow it so it gets broken down in your stomach.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "url": "https://www.thenakedscientists.com/podcasts/naked-scientists/naked-science-qa-show-2", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813883.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222022059-20180222042059-00014.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9744505882, "token_count": 7804, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "An tseachtain seo, táimid ag glacadh ar do cheisteanna eolaíochta. Faighimid amach conas a sheachain cockroaches agus ants an teas i oigheann micreathonn, conas is fearr chun tú féin a chosaint ó thimpiste agus cén fáth gur féidir le bosca solais a shábháil tú ó gheimhreadh SAD. Chomh maith leis sin, tá sé deartha ag bord a spreagadh, dearadh spásárthach atá frith- radaíocht chun spásairí a choinneáil sláintiúil, conas a dhéanann an pill frithghiniúna dochar do chuma lapdancers agus cén fáth go bhfuil pinginí ag dul ag iascaireacht lena gcairde. Ina theannta sin, in Kitchen Science, míníonn Dave conas braiteoir a dhéanamh do réimse maighnéadach na Talún - compás tí! Ach an oibreoidh sé sa spás? Agus cad a tharlóidh nuair a mhalartú réimse maighnéadach an Domhain ar fud? Freagraímid ar na ceisteanna seo go léir agus níos mó.\nSa eipeasóid seo\nPill olc do fortunes Lapdancers '\nLéiríonn staidéar nua a rinne taighdeoirí in Ollscoil Nua-Mheicsiceo in Albuquerque agus a foilsíodh in Evolution and Human Behaviour an mhí seo go gcaithfidh damhsairí baineann atá ag iarraidh a n-ioncam a mhéadú a sheachaint úsáid a bhaint as an pill frithghiniúna ó bhéal, toisc go ndéanann sé níos lú tarraingteacha iad do lucht ceasaíneo.\nGhlac Geoffrey Miller agus a chomhghleacaithe 18 lapdancers ó chlubanna áitiúla agus d'iarr siad orthu a ngníomhaíocht menstrual, a thuilleamh agus a n-úsáid pill frithghiniúna a thaifeadadh thar thréimhse 60 lá. Bhí na torthaí suntasacha: tháinig an t-ioncam a bhí ag mná a bhí ag rothaíocht go gnáth (nach raibh ag úsáid pill) ar an airde i gcomhréir lena dtáirgeacht, ag dul thar $350 in aghaidh na hoibre faoi lár an tsraith. Ach ní raibh an-mhaith ag a gcomhghleacaithe a bhí faoi choimhríocht ó thaobh coscghiniúna (ag úsáid pill), agus ní raibh siad ag fáil ach $200 ar an meán i mbonn in aghaidh na hoibre ar feadh a gcuid timthriallta. Go suntasach, d'fhuair an dá ghrúpa thart ar an méid céanna le linn menstruation, ag léiriú nach raibh an éifeacht mar gheall ar difríocht fhoriomlán i tarraingteacht idir na mná.\nTugann na torthaí argóint láidir do bheith ann do \"oestrus\" baineann, a mhaígh an eagna atá i réim go raibh sé caillte i measc na ndaoine le linn an éabhlóide. Ina áit sin, léiríonn na torthaí gur féidir le fir a bhrath go fo-chomasach nuair a bhíonn mná ag a gcuid féirnéasa is mó agus go bhfuil claonadh acu breithniú a dhéanamh orthu mar níos tarraingtí, níos luachmhara agus, is cosúil, is fiú le fo-iarsmaí níos mó ag an am seo! Mar sin, chomh maith le hiarmhairtí sláinte, d'fhéadfadh míbhuntáiste eacnamaíoch a bheith ann freisin an pill a ghlacadh!\nTá na crocs ag caoineadh deochanna fíor\nTá sean-scéal ann go bhfuil crocodileanna ag caoineadh i aithreachas bréige agus iad ag ithe béile, agus sin an fáth a deirimid go bhfuil duine ag \"caoineadh deora crocodile\" nuair a chuireann siad an obair uisce ar aghaidh go míshásta.\nAch is léir go n-aontóidh crocodileanna i ndáiríre nuair a bhíonn siad ag ithe, ach is cinnte nach bhfuil siad ag mothú mothúchánach.\nDe ghnáth, tá sé deacair a fháil amach an bhfuil crocodileanna ag caoineadh nuair a itheann siad mar go gcaitheann siad an oiread sin dá gcuid ama san uisce agus go bhfuil siad ina gcrutháin chomh feisty go bhfuil sé deacair iad a oiliúint chun ithe ar thalamh. Mar sin, seachas féachaint ar chrocodíl, shocraigh eolaithe ó Ollscoil Florida iarracht a dhéanamh a fháil amach go deo an bhfuil na greamaigh scálacha seo ag caoineadh i ndáiríre agus iad ag ithe, trí bhreathnú ar cheithre caimín agus trí alligator - na gaolmhainn bheag nach bhfuil chomh mór le crocodileanna - a d'fhoghlaim go mbeadh siad ag ithe ar thalamh tirim i bhfásach in Florida.\nAgus chonaic na taighdeoirí go raibh an chuid is mó de na caimín agus na alligators ag caoineadh agus iad ag cur isteach ar bhéile, cuid acu fiú ag boilgeoga agus ag scamhadh óna súile, ag deimhniú na tuairiscí anecdotal go dtí seo de chuairteoirí ag caoineadh.\nTá cúpla míniú is féidir ann ar na deora a chaitheann na caimíní agus na alligairí agus iad ag ithe; d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith nasctha leis an iompar síceáil agus huffing a bhíonn ag gabháil le hithe go minic - trí aer a chur trína sinuses d'fhéadfadh crocs a spreagadh táirgeadh sreabhach sna glúine lacrimal nó glúine deora; is féidir freisin go bhféadfadh an gníomh meicniúil a bhaineann le cnagadh ar a gcuid bia a bheith ag cur ar na matáin bhéal deora a shruthlú amach as na glúine deora.\nAgus cosúil le deora an duine, is dócha go bhfuil deora na crocodile ina bhealach chun na súile a chosaint. Cé go bhfuil na crocs ag ithe tá a lán gníomhaíochta timpeall an chinn, nuair a bhíonn siad ag subjugating a n-íobairt, agus deora chomh maith le tarraingt a n-súil níos doimhne isteach ina sockets, d'fhéadfadh cabhrú a chosaint iad ó damáiste.\nAgus rud suimiúil go leor is ea go tháinig an smaoineamh don staidéar seo go páirteach ó riocht i ndaoine ar a dtugtar deora crocodile, ina mbíonn daoine ag caoineadh nuair a itheann siad. Bhí na heolaithe ag iarraidh teacht go bun an bhfuil crocodileanna ag caitheamh deora i ndáiríre, agus is cosúil go ndéanann siad.\nCabhraíonn Físeoirí Páirtnéil le Dóiteáin a Chur\nD'fhéadfadh Físeoirí Páirtnéid cuidiú le foraoiseoirí trí thine a aimsiú dóibh.\nAn bhliain seo, bhí tinte foraoise go háirithe sna nuachtanna le tinte sa Ghréig ag marú 64 duine ar a laghad agus ag déanamh damáiste ar fiú beagnach billiún punt. Nuair a bhíonn an tine ag gabháil le chéile tá sé beagnach dodhéanta troid a dhéanamh leis - is é an cleas é é a ghabháil sula dtéann sé go dtí an chéim seo.\nIs féidir le satailítí tineanna níos mó ná 30 acra a bhrath agus trí féachaint ar an deatach is féidir leat tineanna níos lú a aimsiú, chomh fada agus nach bhfuil sé ró-ghaoithe. Fós féin, tá sé seo ró-dhéanach.\nTá Vladamir Peskov agus Antonio Zirhichi ag forbairt braiteoirí Ultra-Violet don Chóstach Mór Hadron ag CERN, chun solas a shainaithint a scaoiltear ó phíosaí a thagann amach ó chollisíní píosaí. Tá na braiteoirí seo 100 uair níos íogaire ná aon rud eile atá ar fáil, agus toisc go ndéanann lasracha solas UV a scaoileadh is féidir leo lasadh a bhrath ó 25 méadar ar shiúl agus beidh freagairt acu i gceann cúpla micreathrú - d'fhéadfaí é a úsáid freisin chun sparks a bhrath i suiteálacha ola.\nTá siad ag moladh a gcuid braiteoirí a chur ar thúr chun rabhadh níos fearr a thabhairt do na tineoirí faoi tinte sula ndéantar iad a rialú.\nDáta éaga\nLéiríonn taighde nua a foilsíodh in Animal Behaviour an mhí seo go bhfuil an chuma ar an mbeith go bhfuil siad in ann a gcuid is fearr féin a thuar roimh dhátaí.\nDawid Moron ó Ollscoil Jagiellonian sa Pholainn a bhí ag dul in aois go saorga le mheaisíní Eorpacha Myrmica scabrinodis trína nochtadh dóibh do CO2, a dhéanann damáiste don chóras néaróg, nó trína ndéanamh díobhálacha beaga orthu chun iad a dhéanamh leochaileach do ionfhabhtuithe agus do dhíshuiteáil. Thar na cúig seachtaine ina dhiaidh sin lean an fhoireann ar aghaidh ansin ar an gcaoi a ndeachaigh na miorcanna gortaithe i gcoinne a gcuid comhpháirtithe nead neamhghorta, agus cad iad na róil a chomhlíon siad ina gcolúin. Go hiontach, i gcomparáid le miornáid neamhchlaonta den aois chéanna, bhí na daoine aonair atá faoi mhíchumas ag glacadh le cúraimí níos mó riosca, mar shampla bia a fháil lasmuigh den nead, ag aois i bhfad níos óige ná mar is gnách. Agus an níos déine a gcuid gortuithe, an níos luaithe a ghlac siad ar na tascanna. De ghnáth ní chuirtear róil den sórt sin ar fáil ach do mhná a bhfuil níos sine ná iad, a mheastar a bheith níos inúsáidte toisc go bhfuil siad níos gaire do dheireadh a saol. Tá seans níos mó ann freisin go bhfuil paraisítí agus ionfhabhtuithe eile acu a d'fhéadfadh bagairt a bheith ann don choilíneacht, mar sin tá sé ciallmhar dóibh níos mó ama a chaitheamh lasmuigh den nead, i gcomparáid le samplaí níos luachmhaire níos óige níos sláintiúla, atá teoranta do bharaic ar dtús.\nTugann na torthaí nua seo léargas ar an gcaoi a bhféadfaí an ord peicte seo a bhaint amach, rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith mar gheall ar a laghad go páirteach ar an bhfíric go bhfuil greim láidir ag an mbeithín ar a bháis féin, agus fiú ar a \"am chun maireachtáil\"!\nRoghnaíonn pinginí a gcuid píolótaí iascaireachta is fearr leo\nSamhlaigh an radharc. Tá tú ina suí ar thrá ar chósta theas na hAstráile, agus do shúile agus do shrón líonta le fuaimeanna agus le boladh na bhfuaimeanna ag cur isteach sa chiall. Ach níl tú i d'aonar, agus tagann ghrúpa de phinginí féar ag léim agus ag dul thart ort, agus iad ag dul síos go dtí an fharraige chun bia a fháil don lá.\nIs iad seo na pingviní is lú ar domhan, ag seasamh díreach os cionn cosa amháin ar airde, agus in ionad dul síos an trá i ngrúpa mór amháin, scoilteann na pingviní isteach i ngrúpaí níos lú de chúig go deich, chun cabhrú le bheith ag snapped suas ag dílseoirí.\nBa é seo an radharc a chonaic foireann taighdeoirí i bPáirc Náisiúnta Oileán Philip, i Victoria san Astráil, agus chuir sé i gceist acu an ndéanann na héin na grúpaí seo go randamach nó an roghnaíonn na pinginí cairde iascaireachta áirithe, rud beag cosúil le páistí a roghnaíonn foirne i gcluiche peile sa pháirc scoile.\nRinne na heolaithe faireachán ar ghluaiseachtaí pingíní aonair ar feadh ceithre bliana trí Chóras Fhaireacháin Penguin Uathoibrithe a úsáid, rud a chiallaíonn go gcuirtear micreaclaí leictreonacha faoi a gcraiceann.\nAgus fuair siad amach go bhfuil claonadh ag pingviní dul i ngleic le pingviní céanna chun dul amach ag iascaireacht, b'fhéidir toisc go gcuireann sé le chéile má tá an t-eolas céanna ag foirne pingviní faoi áiteanna iascaireachta ar leith.\nAch ní raibh na pingíní i gcónaí ag comhoibriú isteach sna grúpaí céanna. Sna blianta nuair a bhí bia níos lú abundant agus níos lú na cailíní bhí fledged, pingviní claonadh a thréigean a gcuid grúpaí agus a ithe ar a gcuid féin, b'fhéidir mar sin ní raibh siad a roinnt ar an bia a fuair siad.\nAgus freisin ní raibh na pingíní níos óige agus níos sine roghnaithe chun foirne iascaireachta a fhoirmiú toisc go mbíonn an dá ghrúpa níos lú maith ag iascaireacht.\nAn féidir le miornáid maireachtáil i maicreathonn?\nScríobh duine éigin dúinn ag na Eolaithe Nocht le déanaí a dúirt 'Fuair mé cracóg ag crawling timpeall i mo mhicreathonn,' agus dúirt siad go díreach le haghaidh spraoi chuir siad ar an mhicreathonn chun é a zapadh. D'oscail siad an doras 30 soicind ina dhiaidh sin agus bhí sé fós crawling timpeall. Mar sin is cosúil gur féidir le roinnt rudaí dul i ngleic le dáileog de mhicreathonn.I oigheann mhicreathonn, téann na micreathonn amach ón taobh dheis agus déanann siad titim ar an miotail ar an taobh eile. Gníomhóidh sé cosúil le scáthán agus bounces sé ar ais agus ar aghaidh agus tá siad a fhoirmiú cad a dtugtar tonn seasamh. Tá áiteanna sa mhicreathonn atá an-te, a bhfuil micreathonn an-chumhachtach acu agus áiteanna eile nach bhfuil aon rud acu. Tá thart ar 7.5 cm idir na hotspots seo. Mar sin, faigheann tú thart ar ceithre nó cúig phointe te i do mhicreathonn, ag brath ar cé chomh mór is atá sé. Má bhí an t-amhrán i hotspot bheadh sé ach a bhraitheann dóibh mar a bhí siad i áit an-te, an-te. Mar sin, go nádúrtha, ba mhaith leo dul ar shiúl óna áit éigin níos fuara. Bheadh siad ag siúl go dtí áit éigin níos fuaraí áit a mbraitheann siad i bhfad níos compordaí: suí ann agus a bheith go maith! Bheadh sé níos suimiúla má tá turntable mar tá sé ann chun bogadh an bia trí na hotspots an t-am ar fad. Ba chóir do na miotail leanúint ar aghaidh ag siúl timpeall an turntable chun a sheachaint a bheith cócaráilte.Mar sin ní miotas é tar éis an tsaoil. Bhí duine éigin a rinne a mbealach isteach sna nuachtáin ar an chúis go léir mícheart agus ní raibh siad maireachtáil, i ndáiríre. Chinn siad, i bhrú chun dul amach ar dháta, go gcuirfí a gcinn sa mhicreathonn chun a gcuid gruaige a thriomú go tapa. Ar an drochuair níor mhair siad an taithí ach bhí a gcuid gruaige iontach ina dhiaidh sin!\nCad ba chóir dom a dhéanamh nuair a bhíonn mé ag rothaíocht i dtimpeallacht thunderstorm?\nAn bealach a chosnaíonn carr tú ó bhuail léim nach bhfuil mar gheall ar na bóithre inslithe ionas nach féidir leis an léim dul tríd. Tá sé toisc go bhfuil tú timpeallaithe ag an comhlacht cruach an charr a dhéanann leictreachas i bhfad níos fearr ná tú. Má bhuaileann an charr an chraobh, beidh an sruth ag iarraidh dul tríd an cruach i bhfad níos mó ná mar a bheidh sé ag iarraidh dul tríd tú, mar sin tá an sruth ag dul timpeall ort agus tá tú go hiomlán go maith sa lár. Tugtar Cage Faraday ar an éifeacht seo. Má tá tú ina suí ar rothar agus nach bhfuil tú timpeallaithe ag miotail ansin an rothar is dócha go mbeidh sé níos measa toisc go mbeidh sé a tháirgeadh an-deas treo iondúcháin ó do cheann, trí do lámha, tríd an rothar agus síos go dtí an talamh go han-éasca. Is insulator rubber, ach cé go bhfuil na taidhreacha rubber, Tá siad ach thart ar 1 orlach ar fud agus ciallaíonn sé seo an voltas a theastaíonn chun a chur ar sparc thar nach bhfuil an-mhór. Tá an spárga léim cheana féin thart ar 500m ó na scamaill chun tú tríd an spéir. Ní bheidh inch eile go dtí an talamh a bheith ró-mhór de fhadhb.\nCén fáth go bhfuil blas an-bhródúil ag plumaí cócaráilte?\nNí raibh muid in ann freagra a thabhairt ar an seó seo an uair dheireanach, mar sin d'iarramar ort cabhrú. Tháinig an freagra seo ó Colleen i Michigan: Creideann Colleen go bhfuil baint ag an bpríomh-chúis le scrios siúcraí a thugann an blas searbh sin. Nuair a bhíonn tú ag cócaireacht na siúcraí ag teas ard a fhaigheann tú neamh-enzymeacha browning a tharlaíonn trí caramelisation nó rud éigin ar a dtugtar an Maillard imoibriú. Is idirghníomhaíocht é sin de phróitéiní agus siúcraí. Freagraíonn grúpa amino saor in aisce de phróitéin le grúpa carbóin-R de shiúcra, rud éigin ar a dtugtar N-glycosylamine a tháirgeadh. Tá sé seo neamhsheasmhach agus go bunúsach is táirge iarshrutha é. Briseann sé síos i rud éigin ar a dtugtar na melanoidins a d'fhéadfadh a bheith searbh chun blas. Tá na frithghníomhartha an-chasta, a deir sí, agus ní thuigeann siad go maith iad. Mar sin d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh go leor cúiseanna éagsúla ann. B'fhéidir gurb é sin an fáth go bhfuil an oiread sin ealaíne sa chócaireacht, a deir sí!\n21:23 - An iad na hoiliúnaithe móra nó iad na daoine a chaitheann airgead?\nTraenálaithe Mór nó Dréineoirí Airgid?\nleis an Ollamh Rami Abboud, Ospidéal Ninewells agus Scoil Leighis in Ollscoil Dundee\nChris - Anois, tá staidéar an-suimiúil déanta an tseachtain seo agus chun dul isteach linn chun labhairt faoi is é an tOllamh Rami Abboud. Dia duit Rami, conas atá tú?\nRami - Hello!\nChris - Go raibh maith agat as bheith linn. Anois, daoine a cheapann go bhfuil an níos mó a chaitheann tú ar péire de oiliúnaithe an níos fearr a bheidh siad ag dul a bheith do do prowess spóirt ach tá tú ag rá nach bhfuil sé sin an cás?\nRami - Bhuel, sin a fuair muid i staidéar a rinneamar. Is cuid de staidéar níos mó é seo, go deimhin. Foilsíodh an bunachar sonraí sa British Journal of Sports Medicine ó chuid i bhfad níos lú de staidéar a thosaigh thart ar chúig bliana ó shin. An rud a rinneamar leis an staidéar seo ná go ndearna muid trí bhranda agus do gach branda ghlacamar bróga rith ar chostas íseal, meánmhéide agus ard. Tá comparáid déanta againn idir na trí cinn seo laistigh den bhranda céanna. D'úsáid muid córas ar a dtugtar Pedar® a bhfuil insíleanna leictreonacha aige le 99 braiteoir gach ceann, atá in ann an brú idir an oiliúnóir agus dromchla plantar an chos a thomhas. Ansin rinneamar comparáid idir na torthaí idir na lipéid phraghsanna éagsúla de gach branda agus ansin ar fud na brandaí.\nIs é a fuair muid ná go bhfuil na bróga rith meánchostas agus ísealchostas chomh maith leis na cinn is daoire mura bhfuil siad níos fearr laistigh de na catagóirí a roghnaigh muid.\nChris - Anois, roghnaigh tú go leor caol-bandáil praghas, más féidir liom a rá mar sin. Ciallaíonn mé GBP30 le haghaidh péire de oiliúnaithe i mo leabhar go leor costasach. Téim agus a cheannach an tenner éagsúlacht. Mar sin, cad a cheapann tú a tharlódh má cheannaigh tú na traenálaithe an-éag?\nRami - Is é an rud a rinneamar ná breathnú ar na hainmneacha branda. Anois, rud amháin nach ndearna muid ná breathnú ar na cinn neamhbhrandaithe. D'fhéachamar ar na cinn brandaithe agus d'fhulaing muid na lipéid phraghas ó GBP30 go GBP150. Ach ní raibh an fhaisnéis seo a d'fhoilsigh muid anois ach ar an mbraicéad GBP40-GBP75.\nChris - Mar sin, is é an líne bhun, ná airgead a chaitheamh ar roinnt oilithreoirí an-daor toisc nach bhfuil aon tairbhe do do chnámha trí sin a dhéanamh.\nRami - Bhuel, an éifeacht de cushioning go bhfuil muid fuair i níos ísle agus meán bhí chomh maith leis an ceann is daoire i na cinn a thástáil muid. Cad ba mhaith liom a chomhairle a thabhairt do na tomhaltóirí a cheannach tá oiliúnaithe a bhfuil ag dul a oireann fad agus leithead. Caithfidh siad a bheith compordach dóibh, ní mór na bróga a bheith ag teacht leis na cosa agus ba cheart go mbeadh sé sin gan beann ar an lipéad praghais. Tá duine éigin ag dul a insint dom go bhfuil cuid de na níos airde-deireadh tacaíocht, níos mó ná banna níos ísle. Ba mhaith liom a dhiúltú go toisc laistigh den bhranda tá, ag an deireadh níos ísle chomh maith, tacaíocht do na cosa. Ba chóir duit dul leis an rud is fearr do do chosa gan aird a thabhairt ar an lipéad praghais.\nChris - Mar sin conas a fháil amach na brandaí ainm mór le rá dúinn ba chóir dúinn a bheith ag scaradh le GBP100 le haghaidh sraith de oiliúnaithe nuair i ndáiríre a deir do fhianaise chliniciúil nach bhfuil aon tairbhe a dhéanamh go.\nRami - Bhuel, sílim gur ceist í sin ba chóir a chur ar na monaróirí.\nChris - An mbeidh tú ag seoladh cóip den pháipéar seo dóibh? Tá sé soiléir go bhfuil siad ag scriosadh daoine, nach bhfuil siad?\nRami - Bhuel tá an páipéar seo ar fáil do dhuine ar bith a íoslódáil ón iris. Tá, mar a dúirt mé, staidéar fairsing déanta againn ar na hoiliúnaithe seo. Beidh sraith de na páipéir seo ag teacht amach gach bliain, ag clúdach seasmhacht, ag clúdach - an rachaidh siad an míle breise - agus mar sin de. Bhí sé ina staidéar cuimsitheach, ní hamháin ag baint úsáide as feistí braiteora brú ach d'úsáid muid méadair Pedar® fiú chun féachaint ar na tonnta buille.\nChris - Bhuel, go raibh maith agat go mór as sin a insint dúinn, Rami.\nRami - Pleasure.\nChris - Ba é an tOllamh Rami Abboud a bhí ann, tá sé ó Ospidéal Ninewells agus Scoil Leighis in Ollscoil Dundee.\nCén fáth a bhraitheann mé mo ghuthán vibrating ar an cos mícheart?\nNí mhaith linn anseo ag na Eolaithe naked a chur in iúl ar cibé an bhfuil nó nach bhfuil Tommy aisteach, ach má tá sé, tá sé i gcuideachta maith! Tá rud éigin den chineál céanna ag ár Dr. Chris féin:\nChris - Cad a fuair mé, ar an imeall seachtrach de gach clog, má tá mé pinch an craiceann seachtrach de mo chlog mé bhraitheann pian ar an snas de chraiceann ar mo thrian (thart ar, má leag mé mo lámh síos ag mo thaobh, áit a mbeadh mo chlog ar mo thrian). Tá mé ag mothú go bhfuil an pian ann freisin. Ar an dá thaobh.\nTá sé seo suimiúil. Sílim go bhfuil sé cineál miswiring an chórais néarógach agus tá sé fuair bunús embryological dó.\nNuair a fhorbraíonn an corp, tosaíonn tú mar phláta cothrom cealla agus ansin rolladh suas i dtúba. Tá sé roinnte ina chuid beag cosúil le cilipéad. Bhuel, tá muid an-chosúil, tá muid codanna ar ár gcorp. Agus tá cuid de na codanna sin speisialaithe.\nTá dhá chuid ag cruthú lámha ag an mbarr agus tá dhá chuid thíos ag cruthú cosa. Tá siad bud amach as an chuid comhlacht agus tarraingíonn siad an soláthar nerve ó an chuid sin leo.\nIs é an rud a thagann chun cinn ná leathnú den chóras néaróg síos sna dhá chomhlacht: uachtarach agus íseal.\nTéann sé sin isteach sa lárchóras néaróg agus tugann sé faisnéis do chúlra spine faoi na rudaí atá ag tarlú sa chuid sin den chorp.\nIs féidir, is dóigh liom, go bhfuil roinnt de na néaróg, chomh maith le bheith ceangailte leis an lámh agus an limistéar méirchill spinal códú an lámh, d'fhéadfaí a bheith routed freisin go dtí an chuid den chorp go bunaidh bulge tháinig amach as a fhoirmiú an lámh.\nMar sin, i gcás an cheistneora, tá amhras orm go bhfuil cineál tras-scríobh ag tarlú ina chóras néaróg nuair nach bhfuil rud éigin tras-scríobh go ceart agus na néaróg ó thaobh amháin den chorp ag spreagadh néaróg don taobh eile den chorp. Mar sin is cineál feiniméan braistint tagartha é.\nCad a dhéanann brúdach san spás?\nBraitheann sé seo go bunúsach ar an áit a bhfuil tú sa spás. B'fhéidir gur bhain tú taitneamh as maighnéad nuair a bhí tú óg le roinnt sciatháin iarainn ar phíosa páipéir. Beidh tú a bheith le feiceáil rud éigin a bhfuil cuma an-mhór cosúil le réimse maighnéadach na Talún a tháirgtear ag maighnéad. Ó mhaighnéid a thagann sé amach as an Poil Thuaidh agus cromáin timpeall i dhá ovals mór agus tagann sé ar ais suas ag an Poil Theas. Ní féidir linn ar an Domhan a fheiceáil go réimse agus mar sin nuair a bhíonn muid ar an talamh tá sé ag dul ó na Poil ó dheas go dtí an Poil ó thuaidh agus mar sin an pointe brúinneacha thuaidh. Má bhí tú ceart ag an Polainn Thuaidh bheadh sé i ndáiríre pointe díreach síos agus má bhí tú ag an bpolainn theas bheadh sé pointe díreach suas. Anois, má bhí tú amach sa spás bheadh an rud céanna agat. Mar sin, má bhí tú os cionn an eas-réitigh bheadh sé ag pointeáil go bunúsach go dtí an tuaisceart. Agus má bhí tú os cionn na Polainn bheadh sé ag pointeáil díreach suas nó síos. An níos faide a théann tú, an níos laige a gheobhaidh sé ionas go mbeidh réimse maighnéadach na gréine a overwhelm é sa deireadh. Mar sin, dá mbeadh tú ag eitilt timpeall an domhain ar bhealach geosychronous ionas go mbeadh tú comhthreomhar leis an easbhóir agus ag dul timpeall ag an ráta céanna leis an Domhan, ba chóir go mbeadh sé fós ag pointeáil ó thuaidh go deisceart. Ach má bhí tú a dhéanamh ar orbit Poil-Pól, mar a dhéanann roinnt de na satailítí aimsire, bheadh sé a fháil mearbhall mar a chuaigh sé thar an Poil Thuaidh ag pointeáil díreach síos ar an Poil Thuaidh agus rothlú thar agus os a cheann mar a théann tú timpeall.Spaceships den chuid is mó a fháil ar a n-aird ag féachaint ar na réaltaí. Tá an Réalta Polar i gcónaí sa treo céanna mar sin féachann tú ar an áit a bhfuil sé agus tá a fhios agat cén treo a bhfuil tú ag pointeáil isteach.\nConas a dhéanann spidéil líonta a scaipeadh ar fud na bearnaí?\nTáirgeann spidéil píosa síoda an-ealaíne agus snámha óna spinneretts agus ní bhíonn ann ach é a shéideadh amach sa ghaoth. Beidh an gaoth a iompar amach agus má tá sé i ndáiríre greamaíonn ar rud éigin beagán níos faide amach is féidir leis tosú ag tógáil a líonra. Tá sé go léir beagán dóchasach i ndáiríre, nach bhfuil sé rud cinnte. Nuair a bheidh an chéad líne bheag tanaí greamaithe orthu, rachaidh siad ar a fhad agus daingneoidh siad an chéad strut. Ansin úsáideann siad a gcorp féin agus a gcuid céimeanna chun tomhas a dhéanamh agus chun an lár a chomhaireamh chun teacht ar an bpointe lárnach. Ansin scaoileann siad cineál píobáin ag baint úsáide as iad féin mar an meáchan. Beidh siad dul síos cosúil le absailer síos cliff. Tá siad absail síos an líne a dhéanamh ar Y-chruth agus go bhfuil an scaffolding beidh siad a líonadh isteach le patrúin éagsúla.\nAn oibríonn boscaí malartacha lá?\nTá go leor taighde ar bhocsa solais a oibríonn i ndáiríre. Tá an-chuid daoine ag fulaingt ó neamhoird mhothúchánach séasúrach. Is é an t-eintiteas fíor, is dóigh linn go bhfuil bunús géiniteach. Is é seo an áit a mbraitheann daoine an t-éileamh a bheith ag iarraidh hibernate chomh luath agus a théann tú isteach i samhradh. Chomh luath agus a thosaíonn na laethanta ag éirí níos giorra, ní bhíonn go leor nochtadh gréine agat. Nó má tá tú a bheith ag obair oíche, is féidir é a dhéanamh tú a bhraitheann i ndáiríre go leor míshásta agus go leor dúlagar. I gcás daoine a bhfuil sé seo is féidir é a bheith go leor faoi mhíchumas. Mar sin, tá eolaithe fuair amach go má fhaigheann tú bosca solais a thugann tú go leor agus go leor solais ar maidin (is cosúil go bhfuil maidin an-tábhachtach) is cosúil go bhfuil sé a dhéanamh ar dhaoine a bhraitheann níos fearr. Cad é an bunús fiseolaíoch dó? Tá clog coirp agat sa chuid den inchinn ar a dtugtar an núicléas suprachiasmatic sa hypothalamus. Tá thart ar chúig mhíle cealla néaróg ann a oibríonn cosúil le héifeacht domino géiniteach. Athraíonn géin amháin an dara géin a athraíonn an tríú géin agus a athraíonn an ceathrú géin agus a athraíonn an chéad géin arís agus téann an rud ar fad timpeall i gciorcal. Sin an chaoi a choinníonn sé am. Ní mór dó a bheith in ann é féin a athshocrú mar má théann tú thar lear ar eitleán gheobhaidh tú jetlag ar feadh tamaill beag sula n-athshocraíonn sé. Le déanaí, le ceithre nó cúig bliana anuas, fuair eolaithe go bhfuil pobal cealla néaróige i do shúile a fheiceann solas atá ag deireadh gorm an speictream agus ní thaispeánann siad do inchinn cad atá á fheiceáil acu. Ní thugann siad ach a rá do clog comhlacht cad atá á fheiceáil acu. Deir siad don clog coirp nuair a bhíonn sé geal agus nuair a bhíonn sé dorcha agus trína dhéanamh sin is féidir leo do clog coirp a athshocrú agus é a choinneáil in am. Trí an solas breise seo a shoiléiriú, creideann eolaithe gur féidir leat do chuid clog comhlachta a shábháil más gá.\n34:38 - Machinima\nle Chris Vallance\nAnois tá gné nua againn ar na Eolaithe Nóg gach mí le cabhair ó Chris Vallance. Beidh muid ag féachaint ar fhorbairtí nua spreagúla i saol na teicneolaíochta. An mhí seo, tá sé ag teacht chugainn chun labhairt faoi shaol nua-aimseartha na machinima. Seo an áit a n-úsáideann daoine cluichí ríomhaire chun scannáin a dhéanamh dá gcuid féin. Baineann siad úsáid as gnéithe dearaidh a tógadh isteach sa chluiche chun an radharcra a chur in eagar agus carachtair a úsáid chun scéal a insint dóibh féin. Taifeadann siad é seo agus scaiptear é ar an idirlíon. Fuaimeann sé an-aisteach agus whacky ach tá sé i ndáiríre gnó mór!\nClip Dearg vs Gorm - \"Tá gach rud ag teacht le chéile mar a bhí beartaithe agus níl aon smaoineamh ag na amadáin seo fós. Nuair a fhaigheann an duine óg a chlaíomh ní bheidh aon stopadh againn. Mwahahahahahaaa... \"\nChris Vallance - Is é an rud a chuala muid díreach ná gearrthóg beag de 'machinima'. Anois, is é an focal féin a laghdú de meaisín-cineamáin a insíonn duit cad é go léir faoi. Má smaoiníonn tú ar puppeteering, tá na scannáin seo déanta. In ionad puppets fisiciúla a úsáid cad a úsáideann tú tá na carachtair i cluichí ríomhaire. Mar sin, in ionad a phiocadh suas éan mór nó cibé is é an t-ainneog rogha, groucho, téann tú agus cas ar do Xbox nó Playstation agus úsáid a bhaint as na carachtair sa chluiche. Anois, a chuala muid go raibh clipe ó cheann de na scannáin machinima is fearr ar a dtugtar, tá sé dearg vs gorm, tá sé bunaithe ar an cluiche Halo. Tá sé tar éis a bheith an-tóir mar go leor de na cluichí seo a bhfuil. Agus tá muid ag tosú ag féachaint orthu ag tionchar a imirt ar an príomhshrutha. Tá muid ag tosú ag féachaint ar scannánaithe agus fógraithe ag glacadh leis an ábhar seo chomh maith agus is é sin an fáth an deireadh seachtaine seo in Ollscoil De Montfort, mar a bhfuil an clár ag dul amach, an chéad fhéile na hEorpa de machinima a thabhairt le chéile scannánaithe agus daoine a bhfuil suim acu sa teicneolaíocht seo ó gach cearn den Eoraip. Labhair mé leis an Ollamh Andre Hugill atá ina stiúrthóir ar Institiúid na Teicneolaíochtaí Cruthaitheacha in Ollscoil De Montfort. D'fhiafraigh mé dó cén fáth nach raibh machinima ach foirm nuashonraithe de puppeteer nó amharclann fisiciúil.\nAndre Hugill - Tá eilimintí de na dhá cheann agus tá eilimintí de bheochan agus scannáin. Is é an rud atá uathúil ná go bhfuil sé ina ábhar a chruthaíonn úsáideoirí. Tá sé ag cur cumhacht nó ag cur ar chumas daoine obair bhunaidh a chruthú go leor go héasca agus tá raon go leor acmhainní ar fáil dóibh mar an cumas chun uillinneacha ceamara a úsáid, foirgnimh a thabhairt ag am ar bith den lá nó den oíche go héasca; timpeallachtaí fíorúla a chruthú agus mar sin de. Tairgeann an trealamh seo tairseach de féidearthachtaí.\nChris - mar sin is cosúil Andrew Hugill go leor cinnte mar a luach ach a bheith macánta, Chris fuaimeann sé beagán geeky nó anorak-y. An gceapann tú go bhfuil sé seo ag dul a ghabháil i ndáiríre agus a bheith tóir?\nChris Vallance - Bhuel, sílim go bhfuil na samplaí ó fhógraíocht an ceann is soiléire. Tá fógraí den chineál machinima ag tosú ag teacht chun cinn. Sna Stáit, a craoladh le déanaí le linn na cluichí peile, a Toyota tráchtála ach bhí bunaithe ar World of Warcraft. Tá carachtair againn i World of Warcraft agus tá duine acu ag teacht suas go tobann le trucail Toyota nua agus buaileann sé leis an bád boss ag an deireadh lena pickup draíochta iontach. Tá an cineál sin rud ag éirí go cinnte príomhshrutha. Anois, cad atá difriúil faoi machinima Is go bhfuil sé i ndáiríre beo. Níl na carachtair á n-imní agus tá sé scannánú gan beochan nó nósanna imeachta cúramach céim ar chéim. Tá sé i bhfad níos mó cosúil le puppeteer sa chiall sin.\nChris - An bhfeiceann tú i ndáiríre comhtháthú idir an méid atá ag tarlú i saol na gcluichí agus i saol na scannáin? An iarracht é seo an acmhainneacht tráchtála a uasmhéadú toisc gur féidir leat ceann a fháil ag beathaithe ar an gceann eile?\nChris Vallance - Má théann muid ar ais go Red vs Blue tá an leagan nua de Halo díreach amach go mór ag an domhan cearrbhachais. Ar ndóigh, tá Red vs Blue bunaithe ar Halo mar sin conas a dhéanann an fíric go bhfuil leagan nua den chluiche tionchar a imirt ar na scannáin? Bhuel, sin ceist a chuir mé le Jason Saldaña de Rooster Teeth, an chuideachta a tháirg Red vs Blue.\nJason Saldaña - Tá sé go maith. Déanann sé dúinn teacht ar bhealaí chun é a dhéanamh, tá sé spraoi a dhéanamh agus tá muid ag spraoi a imirt an cluiche. Le Halo 3, ní raibh mé stop ag imirt é ó tháinig sé amach agus is féidir an rud céanna a rá le haghaidh gach ceann de na guys go bhfuil muid ag obair le.\nChris Vallance - Agus an bhfuil sé seo post lánaimseartha duit anois?\nJason Saldaña - Sea, tá sé.\nChris Vallance - Cé mhéad duine a bhfuil aithne agat orthu a dhéanann machinaima mar bheatha?\nJason Saldaña - is dócha nach bhfuil ach sé againn.\nChris Vallance - Ach caithfidh sé a bheith suimiúil go leor ar iarratais morgáiste, is féidir liom a shamhlú.\nJason Saldaña - Sea! Ag iarraidh a mhíniú do dhaoine cad a dhéanann mé... inniu chuaigh mé go dtí an fiaclóirí agus d'iarr siad dom cad a rinne mé le haghaidh obair agus thóg sé dom, mar, 20 nóiméad a insint dóibh. Tá a fhios agat, is féidir é a bheith casta.\nChris Vallance - Mar sin chuala tú ó Jason ann, go maith tá sé ag déanamh beo i ndáiríre amach as machinima. Ceart go leor, níl ach cúpla duine ar domhan a d'fhéadfadh é sin a rá ach léiríonn sé go bhfuil sé ag tosú ag creep isteach sa réimse tráchtála.\nChris - Mar sin, cad a cheapann daoine faoi fhéidearthacht an chineáil seo teicneolaíochta? Ní mór go mbeadh go leor spin-offs gur féidir leat a dhéanamh leis an saghas seo rud.\nChris Vallance - Bhuel, tá. Níl a fhios agam cé mhéad de na 80í leanbh a bhí tú ach an cuimhin leat an League Daonna, an cuimhin leat Heaven 17? Bhuel, má dhéanann tú beidh a fhios agat cé Martin Ware. Bhí sé ina bhall de na bannaí sin go léir. Tá sé anois mar chuid de ghrúpa ar a dtugtar an chuideachta illustrious ag obair le soundscapes 3D. Labhair mé le Martin agus d'fhiafraigh mé dó conas a chonaic sé todhchaí machinaima ag forbairt.\nMartin Ware - Bhuel, tá an-spéis agam sa fhoirm nua seo de scéal. Gach an t-am, tá na bacainní idir an amhairc agus an fíor ag éirí ag briseadh síos agus sílim go bhfuil Duran Duran tar éis a dhéanamh cheana féin ar an gclár iomlán i saol an dara. Ní hé sin an rud céanna le machinima ach tá baint aige i bhfocail áirithe. Mar shampla, is leagan beochana den bhanna é an Gorillaz. Ach cineál ealaíne-conceit ar bhealach. I mo shlí bheatha mar cheoltóir agus mar léiritheoir bhí suim agam i gcónaí i rudaí a bhaineann le péintíocht sa sean-réamhamharc fós de rudaí a choincheapadh mar mhion-simfóníochtaí i gceithre nóiméad. Sílim go bhfuil sé seo go hiondúil an leagan 21ú haois de sin ó thaobh ceoil de.\nChris Vallance - Mar sin, sílim go bhfuil sé seo go leor smaoineamh maith, an smaoineamh ar fheidhmíocht beo, an dá ceol agus físeán fíorúil, más mian leat: a tháirgtear i stíl machinima bhealach. B'fhéidir nuair a bhíonn Mick Jagger a fháil go bhfuil an beagán ró-creaky chun a bhealach ar an stáitse a dhéanamh ar deireadh thiar beidh sé a mheas a chur in ionad é féin le carachtar ó Halo 3.\nChris - Bhuel is cosúil go maith go leor! D'fhéadfadh na Rolling Stones leanúint ar aghaidh ar feadh cúig mhíle bliain eile. Go raibh maith agat go mór Chris as bheith linn an mhí seo chun a thabhairt dúinn suas go tapa ar an ealaín de machinima, a thuilleadh ar a bheith deacair a thuiscint freisin is féidir a rá, táimid ag tnúth le bheith linn arís an mhí seo chugainn le haghaidh nuacht eile ar cad atá te ó domhan na teicneolaíochta.\nChris Vallance - Bí ag súil leis.\nCén fáth a bhfuil sicín ag cur le chéile ar feadh na bliana?\nBhuel, tá sé i ndáiríre go léir a dhéanamh le breeding roghnach thar na mílte bliain. Ar dtús, má fhaigheann tú póraí an-aois de chearc, tá siad séasúrach. Thar gach glúin daoine a bheith ag roghnú na sicíní a leagan an chuid is mó uibheacha agus iarracht a ghiniúint na sicíní. Agus mar sin tar éis glúin tar éis glúin, an tréimhse a bhfuil siad a chur uibheacha le haghaidh níos faide agus níos faide agus níos faide go dtí, níl mé cinnte, is dócha go bhfuil na 200 bliain anuas fuair siad go dtí an pointe ina raibh siad sicíní a bheadh uibheacha a chur ar feadh na bliana. Mar sin anois, beidh sicín uibheacha a chur ar feadh na bliana. Ba ghnách le Dave Ansell, Eolaí Nocht, sicíní a choinneáil nuair a bhí sé ag fás aníos, agus thug sé faoi deara go raibh siad i bhfad níos mó i rith an Earraigh ná an chuid eile den bhliain. Sa earrach gheobhaidh tú dhá nó trí huaire níos mó uibheacha ná mar a gheobhaidh tú, a rá, sa Gheimhreadh. Maidir le spots fola, go leor daoine scrios uibheacha a bhfuil spots fola iontu toisc go gceapann siad go bhfuil siad féirithithe. Ach tá níos mó ná cúis amháin ann go bhféadfadh an fuil a bheith i n-uibhe. De réir mar a bhíonn an ubh á fhoirmiú sa oviduct, is é sin an chuid den sicín a dhéanann an ubh, uaireanta is féidir leat a fháil ar an tear sa fíochán nó sceitheadh ó soitheach fola. Seo sprays beagán de na sicín an fhuil isteach sa uibhe. Níl sé díobhálach agus ní chiallaíonn go bhfuil an ubh féilte, tá sé ach beagán fola. Mar sin sin, sin an fáth go bhfuil tú spots fola.\n43:27 - Cé chomh ard a bheadh an fharraige dá gcuirfí deireadh le huisce a stóráil inár dtithe?\nCé mhéad a bheadh an fharraige ag ardú dá gcuirfí deireadh le huisce a stóráil inár dtithe?\nAg glacadh leis go raibh gach duine ag stóráil méadar ciúbach uisce, (cé go bhfuil linnte snámha an-mhór ag roinnt daoine, b'fhéidir nach bhfuil ach tanc beag uisce ag an gcuid is mó de dhaoine sa lóchta idir ceithre nó cúig dhuine). Mar sin le deich billiún duine bheadh 10,000 billiún lítear uisce againn. Má oibríonn tú amach an limistéar an Domhain a thagann sé amach ar thart ar 100,000 billiún méadar cearnach mar sin b'fhéidir go dtiocfadh leibhéal na farraige ag ardú faoi milliméadar. Is é an ríomh go bhfuil gach fiche míle bliain nó mar sin go leor uisce a thagann ó spás amuigh a ardú ar leibhéal na farraigeanna faoi orlach. Mar sin, tá sé beag i gcomparáid leis sin.\nAn mbeadh cluaisín aláraim ceangailte le solas ag obair go maith?\nIs cinnte go gcabhródh leibhéil níos airde solais ar maidin le hIarbhú Seasonal Affective a bhuachan. Bhí freisin a clog aláraim déanta ag taighdeoirí i Meiriceá a bhí teathered do do patrún tonnta inchinn. Nuair a bhíonn aisling agat agus ag amanna áirithe i rith na hoíche bíonn claonadh agat REM (gluaiseachtaí súl tapa), ciallaíonn sé seo go bhfuil do inchinn i bhfad níos gníomhaí ná nuair a bhíonn sé i gcodladh domhain. Má dhúisíonn tú duine nuair a bhíonn an inchinn i bhfad níos gníomhaí ansin is fearr a bhraitheann siad agus teacht-go-go leor níos tapúla ná má dhúisíonn tú iad nuair a bhíonn siad i codladh domhain. Mar sin, leis an clog seo a shocraíonn tú an t-am idéalach chun éirí, agus ansin leanann sé do phátrún codlata agus déanann sé tú a dhúisigh bunaithe ar do ghníomhaíocht inchinn chomh gar do chuid ama idéalach is féidir leis.\n45:25 - Comhaireamh Plé Heartbeat Avian?\nComhaireamh Pléas Pléas Avian?\nChuir muid an cheist seo le Neil Forbes, speisialtóir i leigheas éan agus uachtarán na Coláiste Eorpach um Leigheas agus Ghnóthaí Éanlaithe, atá lonnaithe ag Veitriúnaithe Exotic an Iarthair Mhóir i Swindon.\nMíle míniú. Tugann an cheistneoir le fios go bhfuil an t-uafás croí a éan 10 x é féin agus sílim, mar atá i go leor cásanna den sórt sin, go bhfuil roinnt de na figiúirí seo mícheart. Tá an ráta croí ag an ara ag sosadh foilsithe go bhfuil sé 127, ag ardú go 350 nuair a bhíonn sé faoi smacht nó ag cur isteach nó ag eitilt. Agus is é an fad saoil molta de macaw 35-50 bliain i gcomparáid leis an 80 bliain a mholtar. Anois ag glacadh na figiúirí, go mbeadh a bheith ag obair amach le buille croí de 4.3-6.2 x 10 ^ 9 mar sin, i ndáiríre, i bhfad níos lú ná an 1.5 trilliún a mhol. I ndáiríre, sílim go bhfuil an freagra macánta go bhfuil i ndáiríre éan níos lú buille croí ná mamaigh agus nach bhfuil iontas ar chor ar bith. Tá ráta meitibileach éan i bhfad níos tapúla ná mamaigh. Cosúil le inneall carr ag rith beagán níos tapúla ná carr eile agus mar sin bheadh tú ag súil go mbeadh siad ag rith amach beagán níos luaithe ná mamaigh, seachas beagán níos déanaí.\n48:48 - Cén fáth a bhíonn madraí Jack Russell ag rith ar thrí chos uaireanta agus an cos cúl ina sheasamh?\nCén fáth a rith madraí Jack Russell uaireanta ar thrí chos agus cos cúl ardaithe?\nTá an ceann seo stumped an fhoireann Eolaithe naked - ní féidir linn a fhios i ndáiríre! An bhfuil aon smaoineamh agat cén fáth go bhféadfadh sé seo a bheith ann? Má tá, cuir in iúl dúinn!\nCá bhfuil an áit is sábháilte i bhforaois chun rith i thunderstorm?\nBhuel, b'fhéidir go gceapann tú go bhfuil seasamh faoi chrann smaoineamh an-mhaith mar ansin beidh an crann a bhuail le bolg seachas tú mar tá sé i bhfad níos fearr cosán ná tú. Is é an fhadhb go bhfuil an sap claonadh a teas suas, casann sé go dtí gaile agus ansin explodes, mar sin a fháil tú píosaí de chrann ag eitilt amach agus is féidir leo bualadh tú agus a dhéanamh níos mó damáiste ná is féidir fiú ag a bheith bhuail le léim féin. Chomh maith leis sin tá an crann ag iompar mar conductor liathróid iontach agus tá sé seo ag ardú an an acmhainneacht leictreach an talamh timpeall an chrainn. Faigheann ainmhithe cosúil le muca agus uaireanta capaill bás i réimsí toisc go ritheann an leictreachas thar an talamh. Tá sé níos éasca don leictreachas dul suas na cosa tosaigh an bó, ar feadh a chorp agus síos a cosa cúl, a mharú sa phróiseas, ná go bhfuil sé dul ar fud an domhain. Ar a laghad cuid den leictreachas a dhéanann. Mar sin d'fhéadfá a bheith fós a ghlacadh síos ag leictreachas scaipeadh ar shiúl ar fud an urlár foraoise.\nCé chomh fada a bheidh an réimse maighnéadach na talún a bheith imithe ar feadh?\nIs cosúil go n-athraíonn réimse maighnéadach na Talún gach cúpla céad míle bliain agus tá muid thar am le haghaidh ceann amháin faoi láthair. Cúpla bliain ó shin cheap siad go dtógfadh sé seo na céadta mílte bliain dó dul ar ais go mall. Ach léiríonn fianaise le déanaí go bhféadfadh sé a bheith níos tapúla. Sa phróiseas a casadh sé thar sé nach bhfuil claonadh a casadh thar go cothrom. Cad is gnách a tharlaíonn go bhfuil an Polair Thuaidh a fhaigheann níos laige agus níos laige agus uaireanta a fhaigheann tú dhá, trí nó ceithre Polair Thuaidh eile ar fud an Domhain i áiteanna éagsúla a bogann timpeall go leor tapa. Faoi dheireadh beidh sé a chobhsú arís ar an mbealach eile timpeall. b'fhéidir tar éis 20-30 bliain.\nAn bhfuil sé ach daoine a fháil srón runny?\nNíl, nílimid. Tá a lán créatúir ag snámh greamaitheach agus tá sé go léir faoi chosaint tú féin ó na rudaí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag anailís i. Go bunúsach tá sé ina shraith greamaithe chun dust a ghabháil agus, níos tábhachtaí fós, víris a d'fhéadfadh ionradh a dhéanamh ar do mhéabarna mucous íogair. Tá rudaí a fháil breathed isteach agus rothlú timpeall i do shrón cosúil i scagaire dúchála Dyson mion, agus ansin a fháil siad flung go dtí na taobhanna áit a bhfuil tú na ballaí greamaitheach. Ansin scuabann tú do shrón agus fáil réidh leis, nó swallow sé mar sin faigheann sé briseadh síos i do bholg."} {"text": "37m yr old fossil of 'giant penguin' found near Antarctica\nResearchers have discovered a fossil, which provided the proof that 'colossal penguins' existed around 37 to 40 million years ago, on a small island near Antarctica.\nThe discovery disclosed about the penguin species, known as 'Palaeeudyptes Klekowskii', which was 6ft 6ins high and weighed around 115 kilos, Metro.co.uk reported.\nA wing bone of the giant extinct penguin along with a 9.1 centimetre long tarsometatarsus, which would have been formed by the fusion of ankle and foot bones, were discovered by Carolina Acosta Hospitaleche from the La Plata Museum in Argentina.\nDan Ksepka at the Bruce Museum in Greenwich, Conneticut said that this was the longest foot bone he had ever seen.\n(Posted on 03-08-2014)", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52", "url": "http://www.newkerala.com/news/2014/fullnews-87526.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802775222.147/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075255-00066-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9591188431, "token_count": 191, "score": 3.171875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Fóslach 'pingín ollmhór' 37m bliain d'aois a fuarthas in aice le hAntartach\nFuair taighdeoirí fosil, a thug an cruthúnas go raibh 'pingíní colosúla' ann thart ar 37 go 40 milliún bliain ó shin, ar oileán beag in aice le hAntartach.\nD'fhoilsigh an fionnachtanas faoi speiceas an phingin, ar a dtugtar 'Palaeeudyptes Klekowskii', a bhí 6ft 6ins ar airde agus a mheá thart ar 115 kilos, a thuairiscigh Metro.co.uk.\nFuair Carolina Acosta Hospitaleche ó Mhúsaem La Plata san Airgintín cnámh sciath den phingin ollmhór atá imithe i gcineál, mar aon le tarsometatarsus 9.1 ceintiméadar ar fad, a bheadh déanta as cnámha an chnoic agus na cos a chomhcheangal.\nDúirt Dan Ksepka ag an Músaem Bruce i Greenwich, Connecticut gurb é seo an cnámh cos is faide a chonaic sé riamh.\n(Póstaithe ar 03-08-2014)"} {"text": "Stem cell transplantation\nStem cell transplantation is an important treatment option for individuals with blood cancers (haematological malignancies). During the procedure, blood-forming (stem) cells, derived from the bone marrow, peripheral blood or umbilical cord blood of a healthy donor, are transplanted into a person with a blood cancer. The aim is to replenish the recipient's body with healthy cells after treatment with conditioning regimens such as chemotherapy or radiation (or both). Peripheral blood stem cells and bone marrow stem cells are the standard stem cell sources used in adults. The most successful transplantations occur when stem cells are transplanted from a healthy donor whose tissue is genetically compatible with that of the recipient (matched related donor). If no matched donor can be identified, it is possible to transplant cells from a matched unrelated donor or from donors carrying certain mismatches. In principle, the higher the degree of genetic mismatch, the higher the risk of severe transplant-related complications, especially graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), in which a donor's white blood cells (T cells) attack the recipient's healthy tissues.\nPeripheral blood versus bone marrow stem cells\nPeripheral blood stem cells are collected after the donor has received a drug that acts to mobilise stem cells from the bone marrow to the peripheral blood. Bone marrow stem cell donation involves the removal of stem cells from the pelvic bone of the donor under general anaesthesia. Donor convenience as well as logistic reasons favour peripheral blood stem cell donation.\nThis review addresses the question of which stem cell source - bone marrow or peripheral blood - is the most suitable for individuals undergoing stem cell transplantation.\nClinical results from several studies have been published comparing the use of bone marrow stem cells and peripheral blood stem cells in individuals with haematological malignancies. In most of these studies, the rates at which stem cells received during transplantation start to grow and make new blood cells (known as engraftment) have been shown to be faster following the transplantation of peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCT) than following transplantation of bone marrow stem cells (BMT) platelets. Some studies have reported PBSCT to be associated with a higher risk of developing GvHD than BMT. GvHD is associated with a lower risk of relapse, reflecting the capability of the immune response to simultaneously attack the malignant cells (Graft versus Malignacy effect). On the other hand, GvHD can be an important driver of transplant-related mortality and morbidity. Disease-free and overall survival have usually been reported not to differ between PBSCT and BMT. A systematic review from 2005, based on data from individual recipients, could not identify a preferred stem cell source and was largely based on data from the late 1990s. Since then, transplant indications and strategies, as well as supportive care measures, have changed substantially.\nResults of this meta-analysis\nIn this systemic review we included nine randomised controlled trials involving 1521 participants. Key inclusion criteria were adults undergoing stem cell transplantation for a blood cancer using either bone marrow stem cells or peripheral stem cells as a stem cell source. Participants were treated between 1994 and 2009. The evidence is current to February 2014.\nIn summary, we found overall and disease-free survival to be comparable for both PBSCT and BMT. Recipients of bone marrow stem cells from related donors were more likely to relapse than recipients of peripheral blood stem cells from related donors, but this difference was not seen in the recipients of bone marrow stem cells from unrelated donors. The incidence of acute GvHD following PBSCT and BMT was comparable; however, there was a tendency to more severe GvHD with PBSCT. PBSCT was associated with higher rates of chronic GvHD. The time to engraftment was significantly shorter with PBSCT than with BMT. The quality of the evidence was considered moderate to high.\nAgainst the background of altering clinical strategies these results confirm that the current practice of using peripheral blood rather than bone marrow as a source of stem cells for stem cell transplantation in adults with haematological malignancies is not deleterious with respect to overall survival.\nThis systematic review found high-quality evidence that overall survival following allo-HSCT using the current clinical standard stem cell source - peripheral blood stem cells - was similar to that following allo-HSCT using bone marrow stem cells in adults with haematological malignancies. We found moderate-quality evidence that PBSCT was associated with faster engraftment of neutrophils and platelets, but a higher risk of GvHD (in terms of more overall and extensive chronic GvHD). There was an imprecise effect on relapse and on severe (grades III to IV) acute GvHD. Quality of life, which is severely affected by GvHD, was not evaluated.\nAgainst the background of transplantation practices that have clearly changed over the past 10 to 15 years, our aim was to provide current data on the best stem cell source for allo-HSCT, by including the results of recently conducted trials. Our review includes participants recruited up to 2009, a proportion of whom were older, had received reduced-intensity conditioning regimens or had been transplanted with stem cells from unrelated donors. However, only one, large, study included relatively recently treated participants. Nevertheless, our findings are comparable to those of previous meta-analyses suggesting that our results hold true for today's practice.\nAllogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is an established treatment option for many malignant and non-malignant disorders. In the past two decades, peripheral blood stem cells replaced bone marrow as stem cell source due to faster engraftment and practicability. Previous meta-analyses analysed patients treated from 1990 to 2002 and demonstrated no impact of the stem cell source on overall survival, but a greater risk for graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) in peripheral blood transplants. As transplant indications and conditioning regimens continue to change, whether the choice of the stem cell source has an impact on transplant outcomes remains to be determined.\nTo assess the effect of bone marrow versus peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in adult patients with haematological malignancies with regard to overall survival, incidence of relapse and non-relapse mortality, disease-free survival, transplant-related mortality, incidence of GvHD and time to engraftment.\nWe searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2014, Issue 1), MEDLINE (from 1948 to February 2014), trial registries and conference proceedings. The search was conducted in October 2011 and was last updated in February 2014. We did not apply any language restrictions.\nWe included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing bone marrow and peripheral blood allogeneic stem cell transplantation in adults with haematological malignancies.\nTwo review authors screened abstracts and extracted and analysed data independently. We contacted study authors for additional information. We used the standard methodological procedures expected by The Cochrane Collaboration.\nWe included nine RCTs that met the pre-defined selection criteria, involving a total of 1521 participants. Quality of data reporting was heterogeneous among the studies. Overall, the risk of bias in the included studies was low.\nFor the primary outcome overall survival, our analysis demonstrated comparable results between bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) (six studies, 1330 participants; hazard ratio (HR) 1.07; 95% CI 0.91 to 1.25; P value = 0.43; high-quality evidence).\nDisease-free survival (six studies, 1225 participants; HR 1.04; 95% CI 0.89 to 1.21; P value = 0.6; moderate-quality of evidence) and non-relapse or transplant-related mortality (three studies, 758 participants; HR 0.98; 95% CI 0.76 to 1.28; P = 0.91; high-quality evidence) were also comparable between transplantation arms.\nIn the related-donor setting, data from two of eight studies with 211 participants (21%) indicated a higher relapse incidence in participants transplanted with bone marrow stem cells rather than peripheral blood stem cells (HR 2.73; 95% CI 1.47 to 5.08; P value = 0.001). There was no clear evidence of a difference in relapse incidence between transplantation groups in unrelated donors (HR 1.07; 95% CI 0.78 to 1.47; P value = 0.66). The difference between the donor-related and -unrelated subgroups (P-value = 0.008) was considered to be statistically significant.\nBMT was associated with lower rates of overall and extensive chronic GvHD than PBSCT (overall chronic GvHD: four studies, 1121 participants; HR 0.72; 95% CI 0.61 to 0.85; P value = 0.0001, extensive chronic GvHD: four studies, 765 participants; HR 0.69; 95% CI 0.54 to 0.9; P value = 0.006; moderate-quality evidence for both outcomes). The incidence of acute GvHD grades II to IV was not lower (six studies, 1330 participants; HR 1.03; 95% CI 0.89 to 1.21; P value = 0.67; moderate-quality evidence), but there was a trend for a lower incidence of grades III and IV acute GvHD with BMT than with PBSCT (three studies, 925 participants; HR 0.75; 95% CI 0.55 to 1.02; P value = 0.07; moderate-quality evidence).\nTimes to neutrophil and platelet engraftment were longer with BMT than with PBSCT (neutrophil: five studies, 662 participants; HR 1.96; 95% CI 1.64 to 2.35; P value < 0.00001; platelet: four studies, 333 participants; HR 2.17; 95% CI 1.69 to 2.78; P value < 0.00001).", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45", "url": "https://www.cochrane.org/CD010189/HAEMATOL_which-is-the-most-suitable-source-of-donor-blood-forming-stem-cells-for-transplanting-into-adults-with-blood-cancers", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107904039.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20201029095029-20201029125029-00568.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9349662662, "token_count": 2130, "score": 3.40625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Iarscríbhinn I\nIs rogha cóireála tábhachtach é trasphlandú cealla bunchloíte do dhaoine aonair a bhfuil ailse fola (gnéasanna malignaithe hematúlacha) orthu. Le linn an nós imeachta, déantar cealla (cnámh) a chruthaíonn fola, a fhaightear ó mhearbhall cnámh, ó fhuil imeallach nó ó fhuil cnámhchlaí de dheonóir sláintiúil, a ghlanadh isteach i duine a bhfuil ailse fola aige. Is é an aidhm atá leis ná cealla sláintiúla a athsholáthar i gcorp an fhaighteora tar éis cóireáil le cóireálacha coinníollaithe amhail ceimiteiripe nó radaíocht (nó an dá cheann). Is iad cealla bunchloí na fola imeallach agus cealla bunchloí na mearóg cnámh na foinsí bunchloí caighdeánacha a úsáidtear in aosaigh. Is é an t-aistriúchán is rathúla ná nuair a chuirtear cealla bunchloch ó dheontóir sláintiúil a bhfuil a fíochán comhoiriúnach go géiniteach le fíochán an fhaighteora (díonóir gaolmhar comhoiriúnach). Mura féidir aon dheontóir comhoiriúnaithe a shainaithint, is féidir cealla a ghlanadh ó dheontóir neamhghaolta comhoiriúnaithe nó ó dheontóirí a bhfuil míchomhoiriúnaithe áirithe acu. Go bunúsach, is é an méid níos airde mí-chomhoiriúnacht géiniteach, is mó an baol de choimhlintí tromchúiseacha a bhaineann le trasphlandú, go háirithe galar graft-versus-host (GvHD), ina ndéanann cealla fola bána (cealla T) deontóra ionsaí ar fhíocháin shláintiúla an fhaighteora.\nFuil imchlúdach i gcoinne bunchill mhéar cnámh\nBailítear bunchill fola imeallach tar éis don dheonóir druga a fháil a oibríonn chun bunchill a shlógadh ó mhear cnámh go dtí an fhuil imeallach. Baineann deonú bunchill mhéar cnámh le bunchill a bhaint ó chnámh pelvic an dheonóra faoi anaistéiséis ghinearálta. Is fearr le cill mháthair na fola imeallach a bhronnadh de bharr go bhfuil sé áisiúil don dheonóir agus de bharr cúiseanna loighisticiúla.\nDéantar an t-athbhreithniú seo ar an gceist cé acu foinse cill stáit - méarchlainne nó fola imeallach - is oiriúnaí do dhaoine aonair a bhfuil trasphlandú cille stáit á dhéanamh orthu.\nFoilsíodh torthaí cliniciúla ó roinnt staidéir ina ndéantar comparáid idir úsáid stéimchéalla méirchnámh agus stéimchéimeanna fola imeallach i ndaoine a bhfuil droch- ghalair hematolaíocha orthu. I bhformhór na staidéir seo, léiríodh go raibh na rátaí a thosaíonn cealla bun a fhaightear le linn trasphlandú ag fás agus ag déanamh cealla fola nua (ar a dtugtar engraftment) níos tapúla tar éis trasphlandú cealla bun fola imeallach (PBSCT) ná tar éis trasphlandú cealla bun méir cnámh (BMT) plátaí. Tuairiscíodh i roinnt staidéir go raibh baint ag PBSCT le riosca níos airde GvHD a fhorbairt ná BMT. Tá baint ag GvHD le riosca níos ísle athchóirithe, ag léiriú cumas an fhreagra imdhíonachta ionsaí a dhéanamh ar na cealla malignant ag an am céanna (éifeacht Graft versus Malignacy). Ar an láimh eile, is féidir le GvHD a bheith ina thiománaí tábhachtach de bhás agus de thinneas a bhaineann le trasphlandú. De ghnáth, tuairiscíodh nach raibh difríocht idir PBSCT agus BMT i dtaca le maireachtáil saor ó ghalair agus maireachtáil iomlán. Ní raibh sé indéanta foinse stéimchill a shainaithint i athbhreithniú córais ó 2005, bunaithe ar shonraí ó fhaighteoirí aonair, agus bhí sé bunaithe go mór ar shonraí ó dheireadh na 1990idí. Ó shin i leith, tá athruithe suntasacha tagtha ar tháscairí agus ar straitéisí trasphlandú, chomh maith le bearta cúraim tacaíochta.\nTorthaí na meta-anailíse seo\nSa athbhreithniú córais seo chuireamar naoi dtrialacha rialaithe randamaithe san áireamh ina raibh 1521 rannpháirtí. Ba iad na príomhchritéir chuimsiú daoine fásta a bhí ag fulaingt ó ghreamú cill bun le haghaidh ailse fola ag baint úsáide as cill bun mearbhall nó cill bun imeallach mar fhoinse cill bun. Rinneadh cóireáil ar rannpháirtithe idir 1994 agus 2009. Tá an fhianaise reatha go dtí Feabhra 2014.\nGo hachomair, fuair muid go raibh an t-am iomlán agus an t-am saor ó ghalair inchomparáide do PBSCT agus BMT araon. Bhí seans níos mó ann go dtarlódh athbhliain i gcás daoine a fuair céilí bunamhrán cnámh ó dheontóirí gaolmhara ná i gcás daoine a fuair céilí bunamhrán fola imeallach ó dheontóirí gaolmhara, ach níor breathnaíodh an difríocht seo i gcás daoine a fuair céilí bunamhrán cnámh ó dheontóirí neamhghaolmhara. Bhí an minicíocht GvHD géarmhíochaine tar éis PBSCT agus BMT inchomparáide; áfach, bhí claonadh ann go mbeadh GvHD níos déine le PBSCT. Bhí baint ag PBSCT le rátaí níos airde GvHD ainsealach. Bhí an t- am chun an greantaithe go suntasach níos giorra le PBSCT ná le BMT. Meastar go raibh cáilíocht na fianaise meánach go mór.\nI bhfianaise na straitéisí cliniciúla atá ag athrú, dearbhaíonn na torthaí seo nach bhfuil an cleachtas reatha chun fuil imill a úsáid seachas méar cnámh mar fhoinse cill mháthair le haghaidh trasphlandú cill mháthair in dhaoine fásta le droch- ghalair hematúla díobhálach maidir leis an maireachtáil iomlán.\nFuair an t-athbhreithniú córais seo fianaise ardchaighdeáin go raibh an maireachtáil iomlán tar éis allo- HSCT ag baint úsáide as an bhfoinse stáit chill chliniciúil chaighdeánach reatha - stáit chill na fola imeallach - cosúil leis an maireachtáil tar éis allo- HSCT ag baint úsáide as stáit chill mhearóg in dhaoine fásta le droch- ghalair hematological. Fuair muid fianaise measartha cáilíochta go raibh baint ag PBSCT le greanta níos tapúla neodróifílí agus plátaí, ach riosca níos airde GvHD (i dtéarmaí GvHD ainsealach níos foriomlán agus níos fairsinge). Bhí éifeacht neamhchinnte ar athchóirithe agus ar GvHD géarmhíochaine tromchúiseach (ghrád III go IV). Ní raibh measúnú déanta ar cháilíocht na beatha, a bhfuil tionchar tromchúiseach aige ar GvHD.\nI bhfianaise na gcleachtais trasphlandála a d'athraigh go soiléir le 10 go 15 bliana anuas, ba é ár gcuspóir sonraí reatha a sholáthar ar an bhfoinse cealla bun is fearr le haghaidh allo-HSCT, trí thorthaí thrialacha a rinneadh le déanaí a chur san áireamh. Áirítear inár n-athbhreithniú rannpháirtithe a earcaíodh go dtí 2009, a raibh cuid acu níos sine, a fuair réimeas coinníollaithe íseal-déine nó a ndearnadh trasphlandú leo le cealla bunchloiche ó dheontóirí neamhghaolta. Mar sin féin, ní raibh ach staidéar amháin, mór, a bhí i gceist le rannpháirtithe a ndearnadh cóireáil orthu go réasúnta le déanaí. Mar sin féin, tá ár bhfigiúirí inchomparáide le cinn na meiteanailísithe roimhe seo a thugann le tuiscint go bhfuil ár dtorthaí fíor le haghaidh cleachtas an lae inniu.\nIs rogha cóireála bunaithe é trasphlandú cealla bunchill hematopoietic allogineach (allo-HSCT) le haghaidh go leor neamhoird malignant agus neamh-malignant. Le dhá scór bliain anuas, tháinig bunchill na fola imeallach in ionad na méirchille cnámh mar fhoinse bunchill mar gheall ar fhás níos tapúla agus ar fheidhmiúlacht. Rinne meta- anailís roimhe seo anailís ar othair a ndearnadh cóireáil orthu ó 1990 go 2002 agus níor léirigh siad aon tionchar ag foinse na ngéibheanna bunscoile ar mhaireachtáil iomlán, ach riosca níos mó le haghaidh galar greanta i gcoinne óstach (GvHD) i n-atharchurtálacha fola imeallach. De réir mar a leanann táscairí trasphlandaithe agus scéimeanna coinníollaithe ag athrú, ní mór a chinneadh an bhfuil tionchar ag rogha an fhoinse cealla bunchlocha ar thorthaí trasphlandaithe.\nMeasúnú a dhéanamh ar éifeacht mhídhle oscain i gcomparáid le trasphlandú bunchill fola imeallach i n-othair fásta le droch- ghalair hematúla maidir le maireachtáil iomlán, teagmhais athfhás agus bás neamh- athfhás, maireachtáil saor ó ghalair, bás a bhaineann le trasphlandú, teagmhais GvHD agus am go dtí an trasphlandú.\nRinneamar cuardach ar Chlár lárnach Cochrane na Trialacha Rialú (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2014, Issue 1), MEDLINE (ó 1948 go Feabhra 2014), cláir thrialacha agus imeachtaí comhdhála. Rinneadh an cuardach i mí Dheireadh Fómhair 2011 agus nuashonraíodh é den uair dheireanach i mí Feabhra 2014. Ní raibh aon srianta teanga againn.\nCuireadh triail randamaithe rialaithe (RCTs) san áireamh a rinne comparáid idir trasphlandú cealla bun alóineach méar cnámh agus fola imeallach in aosaigh le droch- ghalair hematúla.\nRinne dhá údar athbhreithnithe scagadh ar shúileanna agus bhain siad sonraí amach agus rinne siad anailís orthu go neamhspleách. Chuir muid i dteagmháil le húdair an staidéir le haghaidh tuilleadh faisnéise. D'úsáid muid na nósanna imeachta modheolaíocha caighdeánacha a bhí ag súil leis an gComhpháirtíocht Cochrane.\nCuireadh naoi RCT san áireamh a chomhlíonann na critéir roghnúcháin réamhshainithe, lena raibh 1521 rannpháirtí san iomlán. Bhí cáilíocht tuairiscithe na sonraí heterogenous i measc na staidéir. Ar an iomlán, bhí an baol claontachta i staidéir na n-iontrálacha íseal.\nMaidir leis an mbonn maireachtála foriomlán is príomhchríochnaithe, léirigh ár n-anailís torthaí inchomparáide idir trasphlandú méirchnámh (BMT) agus trasphlandú cill bunchloíte fola imeallach (PBSCT) (sé staidéar, 1330 rannpháirtí; cóimheas riosca (HR) 1.07; 95% CI 0. 91 go 1. 25; luach P = 0. 43; fianaise ardchaighdeáin).\nBhí maireachtáil saor ó ghalair (sé staidéir, 1225 rannpháirtí; HR 1.04; 95% CI 0. 89 go 1. 21; luach P = 0. 6; cáilíocht mheánmhéide fianaise) agus básmhaireacht neamh- athfhillte nó a bhaineann le trasphlandú (trí staidéar, 758 rannpháirtí; HR 0. 98; 95% CI 0. 76 go 1. 28; P = 0. 91; fianaise ardchaighdeáin) inchomparáide idir brains trasphlandú freisin.\nI suíomh deonaí gaolmhar, léiríodh sonraí ó dhá cheann de ocht staidéar le 211 rannpháirtí (21%) go raibh minicíocht níos airde athfhillte ag rannpháirtithe a ndearnadh trasphlandú le cealla bunchloch méirchloch ná le cealla bunchloch fola imeallach (HR 2.73; 95% CI 1. 47 go 5. 08; luach P = 0. 001). Ní raibh aon fhianaise shoiléir ann go raibh difríocht idir na grúpaí trasphlandú i dtráthchuiditheoirí neamhghaolta (HR 1.07; 95% CI 0. 78 go 1.47; luach P = 0. 66). Meastar go raibh an difríocht idir na fo-ghrúpaí a raibh gaol acu leis an dónóir agus na fo-ghrúpaí nach raibh gaol acu leis (luach P = 0. 008) suntasach go staidrimh.\nBhí baint ag BMT le rátaí níos ísle GvHD coiteann agus fairsing ná PBSCT (GvHD coiteann ainsealach: ceithre staidéar, 1121 rannpháirtí; HR 0. 72; 95% CI 0. 61 go 0. 85; luach P = 0. 0001; GvHD coiteann ainsealach: ceithre staidéar, 765 rannpháirtí; HR 0. 69; 95% CI 0. 54 go 0. 9; luach P = 0. 006; fianaise meánmhéide cáilíochta don dá cheann de na torthaí). Ní raibh an minicíocht GvHD géarchéim II go IV níos ísle (sé staidéar, 1330 rannpháirtí; HR 1.03; 95% CI 0. 89 go 1. 21; P- luach = 0. 67; fianaise meáchain- cháilíochta), ach bhí treocht ann do minicíocht níos ísle GvHD géarchéim III agus IV le BMT ná le PBSCT (trí staidéar, 925 rannpháirtí; HR 0. 75; 95% CI 0. 55 go 1.02; P- luach = 0. 07; fianaise meáchain- cháilíochta).\nBhí amanna chun neutrophil agus plaiceadáin graftment níos faide le BMT ná le PBSCT (neutrophil: cúig staidéir, 662 rannpháirtí; HR 1.96; 95% CI 1. 64 go 2. 35; P luach < 0. 00001; plaiceadáin: ceithre staidéir, 333 rannpháirtí; HR 2. 17; 95% CI 1. 69 go 2. 78; P luach < 0. 00001)."} {"text": "30 Original Chorales and Warm-ups\n30 Original Chorales and Warm-Ups have been designed to develop the more important aspects of band playing by providing material that can be used at the start of a rehearsal to test balance, dynamics, tuning, flexibility and articulation. Band directors are encouraged to adapt them to suit their own band by focussing on specific musical challenges which may need to be addressed.\nDynamics and tempo indications are not given and should be chosen by the band director as is deemed appropriate. For example, No 15 can be used for ‘long note’ practice to develop tone and stamina by adding a crescendo and diminuendo to each note at a suitably slow tempo.\nAll the chorales are four-part, distributed as follows:-\nSoprano: Soprano Cornet, Solo Cornet, Repiano Cornet, Flugel Horn, Euphonium, Mallet Percussion\nAlto: 2nd Cornet, 3rd Cornet, Solo Horn, 1st Horn\nTenor: 2nd Horn, 1st Baritone, 2nd Baritone\nBass: Bass Trombone, Eb Bass, Bb Bass\nTo keep the trombone section in three-part harmony, 1st and 2nd Trombones share the Soprano and Tenor parts between them.\nThe warm-ups are intended to develop:-\nBalance, intonation, ensemble and interval awareness (1, 2, 3, 13, 14, 15)\nArticulation and ensemble (20, 21, 22)\nFlexibility (23, 24, 25)\nNew keys and time signatures (27, 28, 29, 30)", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45", "url": "http://www.philipsparke.com/30%20Original%20Chorales%20BB.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107880038.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022195658-20201022225658-00399.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9187023044, "token_count": 355, "score": 2.625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "30 Ceol Chóiréach agus Teas-Uirlisí\n30 Chorales agus Warm-Ups bunaidh a ceapadh chun na gnéithe níos tábhachtaí a bhaineann le ceol an bhanna a fhorbairt trí ábhar a sholáthar ar féidir a úsáid ag tús na hiompráide chun cothromaíocht, dinimic, tuning, solúbthacht agus easaontas a thástáil. Spreagtar stiúrthóirí bannaí iad a oiriúnú chun freastal ar a mbranda féin trí díriú ar dhúshláin cheoil shonracha a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag teastáil a aghaidh a thabhairt orthu.\nNí thugtar treoracha dinimice agus luas agus ba cheart don stiúrthóir banna iad a roghnú de réir mar a mheasann sé is iomchuí. Mar shampla, is féidir Uimh 15 a úsáid le haghaidh cleachtadh \"nótaí fada\" chun ton agus stamina a fhorbairt trí crescendo agus diminuendo a chur le gach nóta ag luas mall oiriúnach.\nTá na corail go léir i gceithre chuid, dáileadh mar seo a leanas: -\nSoprano: Cornet Soprano, Cornet Solo, Cornet Repiano, Corn Flugel, Euphonium, Meall Meall\nAlto: 2ú Cornet, 3ú Cornet, Solo Horn, 1ú Horn\nTenor: 2ú Corn, 1ú Baritone, 2ú Baritone\nBass: Bass Trombón, Eb Bass, Bb Bass\nChun an rannán trombón a choinneáil i gcomhchuibhiú trí chuid, roinnfidh an 1ú agus an 2ú Trombónna na codanna Soprano agus Tenor eatarthu.\nTá sé i gceist leis na téamh-suas a fhorbairt:-\nCoibhéis, intinn, comhcheangal agus feasacht idirthréimhseach (1, 2, 3, 13, 14, 15)\nComhcheangal agus comhcheangal (20, 21, 22)\nSolúbthacht (23, 24, 25)\neochair nua agus síniú ama (27, 28, 29, 30)"} {"text": "Published for the exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery (Winter 1990-1) \"The Raj: India and the British, 1600-1947\", this catalogue examines the relationship between British and Indian society over the whole period of the British presence in India, from the founding of the East India Company in 1660 to the withdrawal of the British and Partition in 1947. It depicts the wealth, productivity and complex civilization of the India of the great Mughals and shows how Europeans, including the English, were drawn to its shores, seeking the privilege of trading in its fine muslins, printed cottons and spices. The English East India Company had long insisted on sovereignty within its commercial bases on Indian soil, and a significant body of opinion argued for more secure territorial holdings in the subcontinent.;The catalogue attempts to illustrate and analyse the history of India and the British for over 300 years with more than 500 illustrations of the weapons, fabrics, coinage, books, drawings, paintings, prints, sculpture, manuscripts, miniatures, jewellery and maps featured in the exhibition. The book is an illustrated history of India and a contribution both to Indian history and to an understanding of the European experience of colonialism\nAvailable at Library.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52", "url": "http://capitadiscovery.co.uk/sussex-ac/items/444642", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802767453.104/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075247-00142-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9358512759, "token_count": 247, "score": 2.953125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Foilsíodh an catalóg seo le haghaidh an taispeántais ag an National Portrait Gallery (Ghaeilge 1990-1) \"The Raj: India and the British, 1600-1947\", agus scrúdaíonn sé an caidreamh idir sochaí na Breataine agus na hIndia thar thréimhse iomlán láithreacht na Breataine san India, ó bhunaíodh an Chompánach Indiach Thoir i 1660 go dtí tarraingt siar na Breataine agus an Roinn i 1947. Léiríonn sé saibhreas, táirgiúlacht agus sibhialtacht chasta na hIndia de na Mughals móra agus léiríonn sé conas a tharraing na hEorpaigh, lena n-áirítear na Sasanaigh, chuig a gcóstaí, ag lorg an phribhléid trádála ina muslins fíneáil, cotton clóite agus spíosraí. Bhí an Chompánach Oirthear na hIndia Béarla ag éileamh ar cheannasacht laistigh dá mbunaíochtaí tráchtála ar ithir na hIndia, agus bhí comhlacht suntasach tuairimí ag argóint ar mhaithe le sealúchais chríochacha níos sábháilte sa fho-chríoch. Tá an catalóg ag iarraidh stair na hIndia agus na Breataine a léiriú agus a anailísiú ar feadh níos mó ná 300 bliain le níos mó ná 500 léargas ar na hairm, na fabraicí, na monaí, na leabhair, na líníochtaí, na péinteálacha, na priontaí, na deilbh, na lámhscríbhinní, na mion-imleachtaí, na seodra agus na léarscáileanna atá le feiceáil sa taispeántas. Is stair léargasta é an leabhar ar an India agus is ranníocaíocht é don stair Indiach agus do thuiscint ar thaithí na hEorpa ar choilíneacht\nAr fáil sa Leabharlann."} {"text": "Have you ever wondered how something so tiny can turn into something so beautiful? A butterfly starts its journey in the humblest of ways. It starts out as a tiny egg that with the naked eye would be easily missed. In that egg resides the genetic make up for what will one day be a butterfly. We all have to start somewhere, right?\nButterfly raising is a journey. It can be frustrating at times, but oh so delightful if you stick with it. Like a caterpillar, you devour books and information to care for your precious soon to be butterflies. The metamorphosis takes place as you apply your knowledge and then that knowledge allows all those once distant dreams to take flight.\nWhat came first the egg or the butterfly? Well, in this case it all starts with a fertilized egg from a mother butterfly. This female Gulf Fritillary is curling up her abdomen and depositing a egg on her host plant passionvine.\nFor starts with butterfly gardening you are going to need flowers and lots of them. Be diverse and imaginative. Be observant. And lastly, learn to be flexible because butterfly raising can be unpredictable.\nNext, you are going to need host plants. A host plant is what a female butterfly will lay eggs on. Each butterfly has specific plants she will lay eggs on. For example a Monarch (pictured below) will only lay eggs on Milkweed (pictured above). There are more than one kind of Milkweed that the Monarchs will lay on. The variety above is tropical milkweed that will grow happily in Florida and in the north can be grown as an annual. Milkweeds also make great nectar sources for a large number of butterflies including the skipper which is pictured above. If you are keen on going native, Common Milkweed is native to much of the eastern United States, but be fore warned that it does not transplant well.\nNow, the moment you’ve been waiting for. How exactly do you raise a caterpillar into a butterfly? For starts you are going to need a “home” for your just hatched caterpillar. I’ve used everything from peanut containers to salad containers. Caterpillars need to breathe so to solve that I cut a rectangle in the lid and then glued window screening over it. Just be sure the holes are small enough so the caterpillars don’t escape.\nCaterpillars need food and lots of it! Be prepared for some mega munching machines. These Black Swallowtails will gladly dine on parsley, dill, fennel, and carrots which have given them a bad name. They have been called “The Parsley Worm.” I scrunch my nose at such a name. They are butterflies thank you very much! That “parsley worm” turns into the beautiful butterfly happily resting on my face below.\nButterflies in their teenage stage (caterpillar) are sure to make you smile from time to time. This is the rear end of a Black Swallowtail caterpillar that has a surprising resemblance to a frowning face!\nWhen the caterpillar has reached its full size and guzzled up a lot of food, it will find a place to hang and make a chrysalis. This Monarch caterpillar has attached itself with silk to the lid of my rearing container.\nThe caterpillar sheds off its exoskeleton and underneath is a gem known as a chrysalis. Inside the caterpillar will turn into a butterfly. It will stay inside 10 – 14 days, but this can vary by species. Ten to fourteen days is the average length for a Monarch to emerge.\nI’ve labeled for you the cremaster which is attached to the silk piece that the caterpillar spun before making the chrysalis.\nAnd then one day, you notice a change. You see crystal clear the pattern of butterfly wings! The chrysalis can no longer hide the butterfly that is waiting to burst forth in a glorious display. All that remains is the rays of sun to heat up the chrysalis and give it energy to push open the chrysalis “door.”\nAnd there you have it. A beautiful Monarch butterfly!\nI hope you loved this how to style entry on how to raise butterflies. Check back in a couple of weeks to read more of my adventures. My life is an adventure so who knows what I will write about next.\nTo support my work you can purchase a copy of my book or simply click the “like” button at the following link. In my book you will learn about the life cycles of 10 common butterfly species through pictures and facts. You will also learn more about how to raise butterflies plus several butterfly garden and conservatory tours. It is a great resource for teachers and includes activity pages that can be copied for classrooms. https://www.createspace.com/4083202", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "url": "http://elizabethssecretgarden.blogspot.com/2014/08/raising-butterflies-made-easy.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814300.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222235935-20180223015935-00747.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9370785356, "token_count": 1014, "score": 2.671875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "An ndearna tú smaoineamh riamh ar conas is féidir le rud chomh beag sin athrú go rud chomh álainn? Tosaíonn an t-eitleán ar a thuras ar an mbealach is humble. Tosaíonn sé mar ubh beag a bheadh éasca a fheiceáil le súile nocht. Sa uibhe sin tá an t-eagrán géiniteach a bheidh ina bhrattarla lá amháin. Ní mór dúinn go léir a thosú áit éigin, ceart?\nIs turas é an t-ardú liomach. Is féidir leis a bheith frustrach uaireanta, ach oh chomh taitneamhach má tá tú ag cloí leis. Cosúil le caterpillar, déileálann tú le leabhair agus le faisnéis chun aire a thabhairt do do luachmhar go luath a bheith i mbratalóga. Tarlaíonn an metamorphosis mar a chuireann tú d'eolas i bhfeidhm agus ansin ligfidh an t-eolas sin do na aislingí fadtéarmacha sin eitilt.\nCé acu a tháinig ar dtús, an ubh nó an butterfly? Bhuel, sa chás seo tosaíonn sé go léir le huibheacha feithilte ó mháthair-flibheirt. Tá an Fritillary banchloch seo curling suas a bolg agus a thaisceadh uibhe ar a plandaí óstach passionvine.\nChun tús a chur le gairdíníocht na mbrathair beidh gá le bláthanna agus go leor acu. Bí éagsúil agus samhlaitheach. Bí aireach. Agus ar deireadh, foghlaim a bheith solúbtha mar is féidir le máistir na mbrathair a bheith gan choinne.\nAnsin, beidh ort plandaí óstach a bheith agat. Is ar phlanda óstach a leagfaidh an féileacán babhta uibheacha. Tá plandaí sonracha ag gach bráithreacha ar a ndéanfaidh sí uibheacha. Mar shampla, ní chuirfidh Monarch (sa phictiúr thíos) uibheacha ach ar Milkweed (sa phictiúr thuas). Tá níos mó ná cineál amháin de Milkweed go mbeidh na Monarchs a leagan ar. Is é an éagsúlacht thuas ná milchweed trópaiceach a fhásfaidh go sona sásta i Florida agus sa tuaisceart is féidir é a fhás mar cheann bliantúil. Is foinse iontach neictraí iad na milchweeds do líon mór liomacháin lena n-áirítear an scipeoir atá sa phictiúr thuas. Má tá tú ag iarraidh dul dúchasach, tá an Milkweed Coitianta dúchasach go mór de chuid na Stát Aontaithe thoir, ach bíodh tú ar an eolas nach ndéanann sé trasphlandú go maith.\nAnois, an nóiméad a bhí tú ag fanacht. Conas a thógann tú caterpillar go díreach i butterfly? Chun tús a chur leis, beidh ort \"cás\" a chur ar fáil do do chaitríon atá díreach tar éis teacht as an bpáirc. Tá gach rud a úsáid mé ó choimeádáin phéintín chun coimeádáin salada. Caterpillars gá chun anáil ionas go réiteach go bhfuil mé a ghearradh ceartchearnach sa chlúdach agus ansin glue scáileán fuinneog os a chionn. Bí cinnte go bhfuil na hoileáin beag go leor ionas nach éireoidh na caterpillars.\nCaithtear bia ar an gcatairpiléir agus go leor de! Bí réidh le haghaidh roinnt meaisíní mega munching. Beidh na Swallowtails Dubha seo ag ithe go sásta ar parsley, dill, fennel, agus carróga a thug droch-ainm dóibh. Tá siad a dtugtar The Worm Parsley. I scrunch mo shrón ar ainm den sórt sin. Tá siad butterflies go raibh maith agat go mór! Déantar an \"worm parsley\" sin a athrú go dtí an bpattarlóig álainn ag cur sos sona ar mo aghaidh thíos.\nTá an t-eitleán i gcéim na déagóirí (caterpillar) cinnte go gcuirfidh sé gáire ort ó am go ham. Is é seo an deireadh cúl de caterpillar Swallowtail Black go bhfuil cosúlacht ionadh le aghaidh frowning!\nNuair a bheidh an caterpillar tar éis a mhéid iomlán a bhaint amach agus go leor bia a chur suas, gheobhaidh sé áit chun crochadh agus chrysalis a dhéanamh. Tá an caterpillar Monarch seo ceangailte leis féin le síoda le clúdach mo choimeádán ardaithe.\nTá an caterpillar a exoskeleton agus faoi bhun gem ar a dtugtar chrysalis. Taobh istigh den caterpillar beidh athrú i bpatterfly. Fanfaidh sé taobh istigh de 10-14 lá, ach d'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith éagsúil de réir speiceas. Is é deich go ceathair lá an meán-fhada le haghaidh Monarch a éirí amach.\nTá an cremaster lipéadaithe agam duit atá ceangailte leis an píosa síoda a rinne an caterpillar sula ndearna sé an chrysalis.\nAgus ansin lá amháin, tú faoi deara athrú. Feictear go soiléir an patrún sciathán sciathán! Ní féidir leis an chrysalis an bratach a cheilt a thuilleadh atá ag fanacht le briseadh amach i taispeántas glórmhar. Níl le déanamh ach na gealaí na gréine chun an chrysalis a théamh agus dó fuinnimh a thabhairt chun an chrysalis a bhrú ar oscailt.\nAgus tá sé agat. A maraí Monarch álainn!\nTá súil agam gur thaitin sé seo leat conas a chur isteach ar conas a ardú féileacáin. Seiceáil ar ais i gceann cúpla seachtain chun níos mó de mo eachtraí a léamh. Is eachtra é mo shaol mar sin cé a fhios cad a scríobhfaidh mé faoi seo chugainn.\nChun tacú le mo chuid oibre is féidir leat cóip de mo leabhar a cheannach nó cliceáil ar an gcnaipe like ag an nasc seo a leanas. Sa leabhar seo, foghlaimfidh tú faoi timthriallta saoil 10 speiceas coitianta féileacán trí phictiúir agus fíricí. Foghlaimfidh tú freisin níos mó faoi conas maraibh a chothú chomh maith le roinnt gairdín maraibh agus turais i gcoimeádán. Is acmhainn iontach é do mhúinteoirí agus tá leathanaigh ghníomhaíochta ann ar féidir iad a chóipeáil do sheomraí ranga. https://www.createspace.com/4083202"} {"text": "The urgency to adopt green living and save the environment is something that is much talked about today. But with the urgent need, we all need to focus on what includes green living and how we can put ideas into practice. To start at an individual level, we all have to think of the environment and our duty towards it. Here is an easy guide to developing a conscious understanding of how to save the environment.\nThe whole debate on what is degrading environment today is limited to our conversations, social media types, but on a practical level, nothing effective has been done yet. There is a lot that has to start at the individual level, at homes, in schools, in offices, and in the local environment. What we lack in is the fact that we are forgetting our roles as individuals and are focusing on what the government or the authorities are doing. To save the environment, it is necessary that each of the citizens become well aware of his / her obligations towards nature and contribute maximally to save the same.\nThe first step is something very basic that has been taught to us in our primary schools. This step involves our basic understanding of why do we need to save or conserve the nature today. We are very well aware of the various threats to the environment and us humans are contributing to it in some way or the other. So, let us go back to our primary class lessons and develop an attitude to recycling whatever possible and in a way that is energy efficient. For example, an individual can dump the garbage in two separate bins of degradable and not – biodegradable waste, and send the now – biodegradable waste to recycling plants. The same will help in reducing the amount of waste generated and also the recycled products can be used by the consumers again.\nAnother option that we are aware but seldom use is of reusing products that we often regard as waste. For example, the waste paper and the waste bottles can be used in many creative ways. Through this, an example can be set for our future generation to benefit from making the use of best out of waste.\nThe third step can be of reducing the use of natural resources, for example, coal, petroleum, gas, and we have to control our consumption and not exert such a pressure on the environment that we disturb the whole balance of nature. By reducing our consumption of the electricity and water, we can help in the sustainable development of the human kind.\nEach of the individuals use different transport vehicles to reach their destination, thus, through using public transits the people will not only help in reducing the chances of traffic congestion but will also contribute to reducing the air pollution and saving the petrol. Thus, an individual rather than using his or her personal automobile must use metro rails, buses, taxis, or autos.\nStarting from the living room to workplaces, an individual must try to save energy by switching off the unnecessary turned on fans and lights. India already faces a challenge of energy and electricity shortage thus it will be highly beneficial if each of the individuals attempt to save the wastage of electricity.\nWater is undoubtedly a scarce and essential element; thus, it becomes necessary to save the same. Many of the geologists argue that water being the most important element of living, it is necessary that people start using water in an adequate manner. The people must try to save the water as much as they can and help in saving the environment. The people can also conserve water through implementing rainwater harvesting. Rain harvesting is a combination of traditional and modern approach; wherein a mechanism is used to collect rainwater, and the same is used for daily purposes. Moreover, water can be conserved through taking some simple steps, including cook water in as little water as possible, close the tap when water is not being used and taking five-minute showers rather than taking baths.\nMany governmental and not – governmental agencies have been working hard towards conserving the forest, however, the same seems to fail without the help of citizens. Thus, it is necessary that each of the citizens become well aware of the significance of plantation. It is a well-known fact that if each plant a single tree on every special occasion, the planet will become much greener and the environment will be automatically saved. The plantation is likely to help in reducing the level of greenhouse gasses and minimizing the negative effect of air pollution.\nAuthorities have outlined numerous plans and programs to help in saving the environment. Through integrating and being well aware of these programs, the people can minimize the efforts of authorities and effectively help in attaining maximal benefits. The government can just frame policies; it is the responsibility of each and every citizen that he, she collate with the same, and male these programs highly successful.\nThe concept of being smart consumers is not new; the same involves the consumption and use of products that have longevity and are energy efficient. Many of the environment experts believe that through only through buying environmentally friendly products, the efforts toward saving environment can be easily achieved. However, the companies themselves have been trying to advertise their products as the most energy efficient and environmentally friendly one; it is the responsibility of people that they recognize the best out of them and hence, help in saving environment maximally.\nBeing aware of the disadvantages and benefits of the daily practices is one of the easiest ways through which each of the citizens can help the humankind in sustainable development. Each of the citizens must try to be well aware of the programs and policies that the government has outlined so that the same can be worked upon and adequately executed. Moreover, the well aware citizens can make other aware as well.\nIt is evident that there are numerous ways through which an individual can greatly help in saving the environment; however, the same requires a high level of awareness and determination.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "url": "http://earthuntouched.com/diy-ways-save-environment-now/amp/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891808539.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180217224905-20180218004905-00110.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9640424252, "token_count": 1168, "score": 3.546875, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Tá an práinn chun maireachtáil ghlas a ghlacadh agus an timpeallacht a shábháil ina rud a bhfuil go leor cainte faoi inniu. Ach leis an ngá práinneach, ní mór dúinn go léir díriú ar an méid a chuimsíonn maireachtáil ghlas agus conas is féidir linn smaointe a chur i ngníomh. Chun tús a chur le leibhéal aonair, ní mór dúinn go léir smaoineamh ar an gcomhshaol agus ar ár gceangal chuige. Seo treoir éasca chun tuiscint chonaic a fhorbairt ar conas an timpeallacht a shábháil.\nTá an díospóireacht ar fad faoi cad atá ag díghrádú an chomhshaoil inniu teoranta do ár gcainteanna, cineálacha na meán sóisialta, ach ar leibhéal praiticiúil, níl aon rud éifeachtach déanta go fóill. Tá go leor ann a chaithfidh tosú ar leibhéal an duine aonair, sa bhaile, sa scoil, san oifig, agus sa timpeallacht áitiúil. Is é an rud atá ag teip orainn ná go bhfuilimid ag dearmad ar ár róil mar dhaoine aonair agus go bhfuilimid ag díriú ar an méid atá á dhéanamh ag an rialtas nó ag na húdaráis. Chun an timpeallacht a shábháil, tá sé riachtanach go mbeidh gach saoránach ar an eolas go maith faoina oibleagáidí i leith an dúlra agus go gcuirfidh sé le go leor chun an rud céanna a shábháil.\nIs é an chéad chéim rud an-bhunaidh a mhúin muid inár bpríomhscoileanna. Baineann an chéim seo lenár dtuiscint bhunúsach ar an gcúis go gcaithfimid an nádúr a shábháil nó a chaomhnú inniu. Tá a fhios againn go maith go bhfuil bagairtí éagsúla ar an gcomhshaol agus go bhfuil muidne, na daoine, ag cur leis ar bhealach éigin nó ar bhealach eile. Mar sin, déanaimis dul ar ais chuig ár gcuid ceachtanna bunscoile agus cur chuige a fhorbairt maidir le hathchúrsáil a dhéanamh ar cibé rud is féidir agus ar bhealach atá éifeachtúil ó thaobh fuinnimh de. Mar shampla, is féidir le duine aonair an dramhaíl a dhumpáil i dhá dhúnadh ar leithligh dramhaíola in-athghiniúna agus neamh-bith-athghiniúna, agus an dramhaíl atá anois in-bith-athghiniúna a sheoladh chuig gléasraí athchúrsála. Cabhróidh sé seo leis an méid dramhaíola a ghinitear a laghdú agus is féidir leis na tomhaltóirí na táirgí athchúrsáilte a úsáid arís.\nRogha eile atá ar eolas againn ach nach n-úsáidtear go minic ná táirgí a athúsáidtear a mheasann muid go minic mar dhramhaíl. Mar shampla, is féidir an páipéar dramhaíola agus na buidéil dramhaíola a úsáid ar go leor bealaí cruthaitheacha. Trí seo, is féidir sampla a leagan síos dár gclár sa todhchaí chun tairbhe a bhaint as an úsáid is fearr a bhaint as dramhaíl.\nIs féidir leis an tríú céim a bheith ina laghdú ar úsáid acmhainní nádúrtha, mar shampla, guail, peitriliam, gáis, agus ní mór dúinn ár n-úsáid a rialú agus ní gá go gcuirfimid brú den sórt sin ar an gcomhshaol go gcuirfimid isteach ar chothromaíocht uile na nádúire. Trí laghdú a dhéanamh ar ár n-úsáid leictreachais agus uisce, is féidir linn cabhrú le forbairt inbhuanaithe an chine daonna.\nBaineann gach duine úsáid as feithiclí iompair éagsúla chun a gceann scríbe a bhaint amach, agus dá bhrí sin, trí úsáid a bhaint as idirthurais phoiblí ní amháin go gcabhróidh na daoine le seansanna trédhearcachta tráchta a laghdú ach cuideoidh siad freisin le truailliú an aeir a laghdú agus an gásáil a shábháil. Dá bhrí sin, ní mór do dhuine aonair a fheithicil féin a úsáid ach rails meitreo, busanna, tacsaí nó gluaisteáin a úsáid.\nAg tosú ón seomra suí go dtí na háiteanna oibre, ní mór do dhuine aonair iarracht a dhéanamh fuinneamh a shábháil trí na fainéirí agus na soilse nach gá a bheith ar siúl a mhúchadh. Tá dúshlán ag an India cheana féin maidir le heolas agus easpa leictreachais agus mar sin beidh sé an-tairbheach má dhéanann gach duine iarracht an dramhaíl leictreachais a shábháil.\nIs é an t-uisce, gan amhras, eilimint gann agus riachtanach; dá bhrí sin, tá sé riachtanach é a shábháil. Deir go leor de na geolaithe gurb é an t-uisce an t-eileamaint is tábhachtaí den saol, tá sé riachtanach go dtosóidh daoine ag úsáid uisce ar bhealach leordhóthanach. Ní mór do dhaoine iarracht a dhéanamh an t-uisce a shábháil chomh fada agus is féidir agus cabhrú le timpeallacht a shábháil. Is féidir leis na daoine uisce a chaomhnú trí bhailiú uisce báistí a chur i bhfeidhm. Is éard atá i mbailiú báistí meascán de chur chuige traidisiúnta agus nua-aimseartha; ina n-úsáidtear meicníocht chun báistí a bhailiú, agus úsáidtear an rud céanna chun críocha laethúla. Ina theannta sin, is féidir uisce a chaomhnú trí roinnt céimeanna simplí a dhéanamh, lena n-áirítear uisce a chócaráil sa mhéid is lú uisce is féidir, an tap a dhúnadh nuair nach bhfuil uisce á úsáid agus cith a dhéanamh ar feadh cúig nóiméad in ionad cith.\nTá go leor gníomhaireachtaí rialtais agus neamhrialtasacha ag obair go crua chun an fhoraois a chaomhnú, ach is cosúil go bhfuil an rud céanna ag teip gan cabhair ó shaoránaigh. Dá bhrí sin, tá sé riachtanach go mbeadh gach saoránach ar an eolas go maith faoi thábhacht na plandaíochta. Is fíric ar eolas go maith é go ndéanfaidh gach duine crann amháin a phlandaí ar gach ócáid speisialta, go mbeidh an phláinéid i bhfad níos glas agus go sábhálfar an timpeallacht go huathoibríoch. Is dócha go gcabhróidh an plandaíocht le leibhéal na ngás ceaptha teasa a laghdú agus le héifeacht dhiúltach truaillithe aeir a íoslaghdú.\nTá go leor pleananna agus cláir curtha ar bun ag údaráis chun cuidiú leis an gcomhshaol a shábháil. Trí na cláir seo a chomhtháthú agus a bheith ar an eolas go maith, is féidir leis na daoine iarrachtaí na n-údarás a íoslaghdú agus cuidiú go héifeachtach chun na tairbhí is mó a bhaint amach. Is féidir leis an rialtas ach beartais a chur i bhfeidhm; is freagracht atá ar gach saoránach go ndéanann sé, sí comhoiriúnú leis an gcéanna, agus go n-éireoidh go mór leis na cláir seo.\nNí haon rud nua é an coincheap a bhaineann le bheith ina thomhaltóirí cliste; baineann an rud céanna le tomhaltas agus úsáid táirgí a bhfuil fad saoil acu agus atá éifeachtúil ó thaobh fuinnimh de. Creideann go leor saineolaithe comhshaoil gur féidir na hiarrachtaí chun an timpeallacht a shábháil a bhaint amach go héasca ach trí tháirgí neamhdhíobhálach don chomhshaol a cheannach. Mar sin féin, tá na cuideachtaí féin ag iarraidh a gcuid táirgí a fhógairt mar an ceann is éifeachtaí ó thaobh fuinnimh agus comhshaoil de; is freagracht atá ar dhaoine go n-aithníonn siad an chuid is fearr a bhaineann leo agus dá bhrí sin, cuidiú le sábháil an chomhshaoil a mhéad is féidir.\nTá a bheith ar an eolas faoi mhíbhuntáistí agus buntáistí na gcleachtas laethúil ar cheann de na bealaí is éasca trína bhféadfaidh gach saoránach cabhrú leis an gcine daonna i bhforbairt inbhuanaithe. Caithfidh gach saoránach iarracht a dhéanamh a bheith ar an eolas go maith faoi na cláir agus na beartais a d'éirigh leis an rialtas a leagan amach ionas gur féidir leis an gcéanna a bheith ag obair air agus a chur i bhfeidhm go leordhóthanach. Ina theannta sin, is féidir leis na saoránaigh atá ar an eolas a chur ar an eolas daoine eile freisin.\nIs léir go bhfuil go leor bealaí ann ar féidir le duine aonair cuidiú go mór leis an gcomhshaol a shábháil; áfach, éilíonn an rud céanna ardleibhéal feasachta agus diongbháilteachta."} {"text": "Having a sick child is a very difficult experience for any parent or caregiver. To help alleviate anxiety, try to understand your own feelings, perceptions and fears about hospitalization before talking to your child. Do not be afraid to ask for help and identify people in your life who can be your support systems. Talk with your child’s health care team about his or her treatment plan and learn about the tests and procedures involved in your child’s care and recovery.\nHospitals can be a frightening place for a child. Preparing your child in advance of his or her hospital stay may reduce anxiety by setting clear expectations. It will also help your child cope and establish trust with you and the people he or she meets in the hospital.\nIt is common to see changes in a child’s behavior before, during or after hospitalization. Children’s responses to hospitalization and medical procedures will differ depending on their age, the procedure being done and their past experiences with medical care.\nHere are some ways to prepare your child for a more comfortable hospital stay:\nThe siblings of patients can also face unique challenges during their brother’s or sister’s hospitalization. Issues may arise due to:\nAs a result, siblings may eat or talk less, withdraw, act out in attention-seeking ways, have outbursts of pent-up feelings and/or start acting in a more immature manner than normal.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-50", "url": "https://www.uclahealth.org/mattel/preparing-parents-and-caregivers", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141708017.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20201202113815-20201202143815-00519.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9655777216, "token_count": 293, "score": 2.765625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is eispéireas an-deacair é leanbh tinn a bheith agat d'aon thuismitheoir nó do dhuine a thugann aire dó. Chun cabhrú le imní a mhaolú, déan iarracht do chuid mothúchán féin, do bhreithniú agus do eagla féin faoi ospidéalú a thuiscint sula labhraíonn tú le do leanbh. Ná bíodh eagla ort cabhair a iarraidh agus daoine a aithint i do shaol a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina gcórais tacaíochta duit. Labhair le foireann chúram sláinte do pháiste faoi phlean cóireála agus faigh eolas faoi na tástálacha agus na nósanna imeachta a bhaineann le cúram agus le téarnamh do pháiste.\nIs féidir le hoispidéil a bheith ina áit scanrúil do leanbh. D'fhéadfadh ullmhú do pháiste roimh ré le haghaidh a chónaithe san ospidéal imní a laghdú trí ionchais shoiléir a leagan síos. Cabhróidh sé freisin le do leanbh dul i ngleic agus muinín a bhunú leat féin agus leis na daoine a bhuaileann sé nó sí san ospidéal.\nTá sé coitianta athruithe a fheiceáil i ngníomh an linbh roimh, le linn nó tar éis an ospidéil. Beidh freagraí leanaí ar ospidéalú agus ar nósanna imeachta leighis difriúil ag brath ar a n-aois, ar an nós imeachta atá á dhéanamh agus ar a dtaithí roimhe seo le cúram leighis.\nSeo roinnt bealaí chun do leanbh a ullmhú le haghaidh fanacht ospidéil níos compordaí:\nD'fhéadfadh dúshláin uathúla a bheith ag deartháireacha othair freisin le linn a gcuid deartháir nó deirfiúr a bheith ospidéil. D'fhéadfadh go dtarlódh saincheisteanna mar gheall ar:\nMar thoradh air sin, d'fhéadfadh siblíní ithe nó labhairt níos lú, tarraingt siar, gníomhú ar bhealaí chun aird a lorg, mothúcháin a bheith acu a bhfuil mothúcháin á gcumhdach acu agus / nó tosú ag gníomhú ar bhealach níos neamhfásta ná mar is gnách."} {"text": "Generally, a human being is programmed to sleep during the night time, in the daily interval of 24 hours. Even if you might be better paid by your boss during the night hours, you also might endanger your health.\nIf you usually work during night shifts, you must have noticed that you have problems concentrating, memorizing information or doing normal activities without feeling exhausted, irritated and sometimes dizzy. You should also know that in some cases, working in night shifts can also lead to the development of severe diseases, such as cancer.\nDiseases you risk to develop by working in night shifts\n50 years ago only 2% of people around the world used to sleep just 6 hours or less per night. Nowadays, the number of those who prefer to be active during night time has increased to 28 %.\nResearchers believe that the most dangerous jobs for our health are those of air traffic controllers, truck drivers, pilots or sailors. Having a lower degree of risk of developing diseases there are the jobs of factory workers, policemen, firemen, doctors, nurses, hotel employees or all the other people choosing to work in night shifts.\nNight shifts affect the body natural rhythm, slowing down the metabolism and in the same time consuming our energy. Therefore, people who chose to work during night shifts are prone to obesity. The exposure to artificial light during the night is an important factor contributing to the process of gaining weight in an unexpected manner.\nScientists believe that this factor could explain why people gain weight despite keeping a balanced diet.\nThe hypothesis was confirmed by the tests made on mice, which managed to gain weight even though their food intake was unchanged. At the end of the study, these mice were 33% more corpulent than those who had been exposed to day light.\nIn addition, “night birds” are more likely to develop cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and cancer. The theoretical basis of this research is represented by the fact that the melatonin (which inhibits the tumor growth) is suppressed by the exposure to light at night.\nEven if the effects of melatonin in cancer development in humans are not yet well understood, you should be more careful with the way you treat your body.\nMoreover, you should know that the perfect environment for a restful sleep is characterized by:\n- a dark room (you should avoid the light of lamps or of that coming from the TV);\n- the temperature should be high enough so that a blanket is sufficient to make you feel comfortable;\n- quiet atmosphere;\n- comfort – condition determined by your mattress, pillow or linen;\n- avoid the consumption of coffee or alcohol before sleeping. Also, bear in mind that smoking or taking sedative drugs induce snoring and nocturnal apnea.\nThe mental and physical status during a typical day depends, undoubtedly, on our sleep. Depending on its quality and quantity, we can wake up very energetic and ready to face new challenges or tired, angry and frustrated with no desire to accomplish everything we have in mind.\nIncoming search terms:\n- disease caused by night", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-50", "url": "http://healthdefine.com/medical-advice/diseases-you-risk-to-develop-by-working-in-night-shifts", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141708017.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20201202113815-20201202143815-00685.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.964710772, "token_count": 623, "score": 3.265625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Go ginearálta, tá duine cláraithe chun codladh i rith na hoíche, sa tréimhse laethúil 24 uair an chloig. Fiú má tá tú ag íoc níos fearr le do sheanfhear le linn na n-uaireanta oíche, d'fhéadfadh tú do shláinte a chur i mbaol freisin.\nMá oibríonn tú de ghnáth le linn na hoibre oíche, ní mór go bhfaca tú go bhfuil deacrachtaí agat díriú, faisnéis a mheabhrú nó gníomhaíochtaí gnáth a dhéanamh gan mothú tuirseach, irritated agus uaireanta dizzy. Ba cheart duit a bheith ar an eolas freisin go bhféadfadh sé go dtiocfadh galair thromchúiseacha, mar shampla ailse, as obair oíche i gcásanna áirithe.\nAilse a bhfuil tú i mbaol a fhorbairt trí bheith ag obair i n-aimsir oíche\n50 bliain ó shin ní raibh ach 2% de dhaoine ar fud an domhain ag codladh ach 6 uair nó níos lú in aghaidh na hoíche. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá líon na ndaoine a bhfuil sé níos fearr leo a bheith gníomhach i rith na hoíche tar éis méadú go 28%.\nCreideann taighdeoirí gurb iad na poist is contúirteacha dár sláinte iad na poist sin a bhaineann le rialtóirí aerfhithíochta, tiománaithe trucailí, píolótaí nó seoltóirí. Tá leibhéal níos ísle riosca ag daoine a bhfuil baol orthu galar a fhorbairt ann, agus is iad sin postanna oibrithe na monarcha, póilíní, dóiteoirí, dochtúirí, altraí, fostaithe óstáin nó na ndaoine eile go léir a roghnaíonn obair i n-athruithe oíche.\nBíonn tionchar ag na hoibreacha oíche ar rithim nádúrtha an choirp, ag moilliú an mheitibólachais agus ag an am céanna ag caitheamh ár n-fhuinneamh. Dá bhrí sin, tá daoine a roghnaíonn obair le linn na hoibre oíche seans maith go mbeidh siad saill. Is fachtóir tábhachtach é an nochtadh do sholas saorga le linn na hoíche a chuireann le próiseas an mheáchain a fháil ar bhealach gan choinne.\nCreideann eolaithe go bhféadfadh an fachtóir seo a mhíniú cén fáth a bhfaigheann daoine meáchan in ainneoin a bheith ag ithe aiste bia cothrom.\nDeimhníodh an hipitéis trí thástálacha a rinneadh ar fhéacha, a d'éirigh leo meáchan a fháil cé nach raibh a n-iontógáil bia ag athrú. Ag deireadh an staidéir, bhí na lucha seo 33% níos corpulent ná iad siúd a bhí nochtaithe do sholas an lae.\nIna theannta sin, tá seans níos mó ann go bhforbróidh 'eolaithe oíche' galair chroí-aitheitheacha, diaibéiteas agus ailse. Is é bunús teoiriciúil an taighde seo ná go gcuirtear cosc ar an melatonin (a chuireann cosc ar fhás an úir) trí nochtadh do sholas san oíche.\nFiú mura bhfuil tuiscint mhaith fós ar éifeachtaí melatonin ar fhorbairt ailse i ndaoine, ba cheart duit a bheith níos cúramach leis an mbealach a gcaitheann tú le do chorp.\nIna theannta sin, ba cheart duit a fhios a bheith agat go bhfuil an timpeallacht is fearr le haghaidh codlata suaimhneach mar seo a leanas:\n- seomra dorcha (ba cheart duit solas lampaí nó an tsolais a thagann ón teilifís a sheachaint);\n- ba chóir go mbeadh an teocht ard go leor ionas go mbeidh cóireáil leordhóthanach le go mbraitheann tú compordach;\n- atmaisféar ciúin;\n- comhfhurtacht staid a chinntear ag do mhátra, do chúlán nó do línéadach;\n- ná caife nó alcól a ól roimh an chodladh. Cuimhnigh freisin go gcuireann caitheamh tobac nó drugaí suaimhneacha le snorking agus apnea oíche.\nIs cinnte go mbraitheann ár riocht meabhrach agus fisiceach le linn an lae ar ár gcodladh. Ag brath ar chaighdeán agus ar chainníocht an lae, is féidir linn éirí an-láidir agus réidh chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar dhúshláin nua nó tuirseach, feargach agus frustrach gan aon fonn gach rud atá againn i gcuimhne a chur i gcrích.\nTéarmaí cuardaigh iontrála:\n- galar a tharlaíonn san oíche"} {"text": "Climate variability and change and their health effects in small island states : information for adaptation planning in the health sector\nSmall island states are the countries likely to be most vulnerable to climate variability and long-term climate change, particularly extreme weather and climate events (such as cyclones, floods and droughts) and sea-level rise. Many small island states share characteristics that increase their vulnerability, these include their small sizes, isolation, limited fresh water and other natural resources, fragile economies, often dense populations, poorly developed infrastructures and limited financial and human resources. To understand better the potential health impacts of climate variability and change in small island states and to build capacity to cope with climate change through adaptation planning, a series of workshops and a conference were organized by the World Health Organization (WHO) in partnership with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)(WHO 2000; Aron et al. 2003; WHO 2003). This reportsynthesizes the information presented and identifies key recommendations for improving the health sector’s capacity to anticipate and prepare for climate variability and change.\nThere is ample evidence that many small island states currently are vulnerable to climate variability. Climate change projections increase the level of concern because models suggest that small island states will experience not only warmer temperatures, but also increased climate variability.The consequences of increased climate variability are likely to be related to changes in rainfall,soil moisture budgets,prevailing winds (speed and direction),regional and local sea levels and patterns ofwave action. El Niño events are likely to strengthen the shortterm and interannual variations. In addition, global mean sea level is projected to increase by 0.09 m to 0.88 m by 2100.To understand better the potential human health consequences of these projected changes, the following questions were addressed.\nDownload the full report\nClimate variability and change and their health effects in small island states [pdf 1.04Mb]\nPublishing and ordering information\nBy K.L. Ebi, N.D. Lewis, C.F. Corvalán.\n© World Health Organization 2005\nISBN 92 4 159379 2\n48 pages, English only", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06", "url": "http://www.who.int/globalchange/climate/climatevariab/en/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122071449.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175431-00055-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9230391383, "token_count": 447, "score": 3.4375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Athrú agus athruithe aeráide agus a n-éifeachtaí sláinte i stáit oileáin bheaga: faisnéis le haghaidh pleanála oiriúnaithe san earnáil sláinte\nIs iad na stáit oileáin bheaga na tíortha is dóichí a bheidh an-socair do athléimneacht aeráide agus d'athrú aeráide fadtéarmach, go háirithe aimsir agus imeachtaí aeráide iomarcacha (mar shampla sioclóin, tuilte agus triomaigh) agus ardú leibhéal na farraige. Tá tréithe ag go leor stáit oileáin bheaga a mhéadaíonn a leochaileacht, lena n-áirítear a méideanna beaga, a n-aonar, uisce úr teoranta agus acmhainní nádúrtha eile, geilleagair bhuana, daonra dlúth go minic, bonneagair neamhfhorbartha agus acmhainní airgeadais agus daonna teoranta. Chun tuiscint níos fearr a fháil ar thionchar fhéideartha na héagsúlachta agus na hathraithe aeráide ar shláinte i stáit oileáin bheaga agus chun acmhainn a thógáil chun déileáil le hathrú aeráide trí phleanáil oiriúnaithe, d'eagraigh an Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Sláinte (EDS) sraith ceardlanna oibre agus comhdháil i gcomhpháirtíocht leis an Eagraíocht Meitéareolaíoch Domhanda (EMD) agus Clár Comhshaoil na Náisiún Aontaithe (UNEP) ((EDS 2000; Aron et al. 2003; WHO 2003). Sa tuarascáil seo déantar achoimre ar an bhfaisnéis a chuirtear i láthair agus sainaithnítear príomhmholtaí chun feabhas a chur ar chumas na hearnála sláinte dul i ngleic le héagsúlacht agus le hathrú aeráide agus ullmhú dóibh.\nTá go leor fianaise ann go bhfuil go leor stáit oileáin bheaga leochaileach faoi láthair do athrú aeráide. Tá an leibhéal imní ag méadú de réir na dtáirgí a bhaineann le hathrú aeráide toisc go léiríonn samhlacha nach mbeidh teochtaí níos teo ach ag stáit oileáin bheaga, ach freisin go mbeidh athrú níos mó ar an aeráid. Is dócha go mbeidh baint ag iarmhairtí an athraithe níos mó ar an aeráid le hathruithe ar thitimhiotail, ar bhuiséid taise talún, ar na gaotha is mó a bhíonn i bhfeidhm (luath agus treo), ar leibhéil na farraige réigiúnacha agus áitiúla agus ar na patrúin a bhaineann le gníomhaíocht tonnta. Is dócha go gcuirfidh imeachtaí El Niño na hathruithe gearrthéarmach agus idirbhliana chun cinn. Ina theannta sin, táthar ag súil go méadóidh meánleibhéal na farraige 0.09 m go 0.88 m faoi 2100. Chun tuiscint níos fearr a fháil ar na hiarmhairtí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag na hathruithe réamh-mheasta seo ar shláinte an duine, díríodh ar na ceisteanna seo a leanas.\nÍoslódáil an tuarascáil iomlán\nAthrú aeráide agus a héifeachtaí sláinte i stáit oileáin bheaga [pdf 1.04Mb]\nFaisnéis a fhoilsiú agus a ordú\nLe K.L. Ebi, N.D. Lewis, C.F. Corvalán.\n© Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Sláinte 2005\nISBN 92 4 159379 2 (Chlárú)\n48 leathanach, i mBéarla amháin"} {"text": "Almanac 1.0 Almanac calculates the equatorial coordinates of the sun, the moon, and the planets. From these it calculates the times of rise, set, and meridian transit for each of these celestial bodies. Additionally, it can calculate the times for twilight\nDescription: This application is an interpreter for the Zeno computer programming language. It requires Microsoft Windows 95 or later. It includes a text editor for creating, saving, and printing programs. The on-line Help feature includes a tutorial on the Zeno computer programming language and operating instructions for the interpreter. The Zeno programming language is easy to learn and user friendly. It is more like natural English than most other computer languages and this makes a Zeno program easy to write and easy to understand. The Zeno interpreter allows anyone to learn and quickly master structured programming methods. It may also be used for performing complex numerical calculations. A Zeno program is modular. The program module defines both the start and end of a program. All executable statements are contained within this module or within subprogram modules. Subprograms, procedures and functions, are used to create a program from small manageable pieces. Zeno allows you to define procedure modules and function modules as needed for your programs. The Zeno programming language supports a variety of data types. You may declare named variables and named constants; you may define your own data type using a type definition. Zeno has only two numerical data types; integers and floating point numbers. It has a boolean type, a character type, and a string type. It supports an array type, a record type and an enumerated type which you the programmer define. Global variable declarations and data type definitions must be located outside of the program and any subprogram modules. Declarations are limited to the scope in which they are defined.\nCoronelDP's Electronic Computer Tutor 2011.8 This computer tutorial program has a computer glossary, teaches about hardware, lists troubleshooting tips, contains maintenance tips, gives an introduction to the Internet, basic\nEducation Helping Seniors Get Online Wadia Bajoka, a 71-year-old Iraqi immigrant, enjoys knitting, gardening, and baking pungent meat pies that she presents to guests in an old-fashioned display of hospitality.\nCutter 1.42. Let Your Computer Compute Back in the sixties, there were many scientists and journalists (both pessimistic and optimistic ones) supposing computers in near future would do artistic work", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "url": "http://3d2f.com/programs/18-965-zeno-interpreter-download.shtml", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645613.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318110736-20180318130736-00235.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8924449682, "token_count": 499, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Almanac 1.0 Almanac ríomh na comhordanáidí equatorial an ghrian, an ghealach, agus na pláinéid. Óna gcuid seo, ríomhtar amanna an ardú, an leagan, agus an idirthurais meridian do gach ceann de na comhlachtaí spéir seo. Ina theannta sin, is féidir leis a ríomh na huaireanta do twilight\nTuairisc: Is léiritheoir é an feidhmchlár seo do theanga cláir ríomhaireachta Zeno. Éilíonn sé Microsoft Windows 95 nó níos déanaí. Áirítear leis eagarthóir téacs chun cláir a chruthú, a shábháil agus a phriontáil. Cuimsíonn an ghné Cabhair ar líne teagasc ar theanga cláir ríomhaire Zeno agus treoracha oibriúcháin don ateangaire. Tá an teanga cláir Zeno éasca le foghlaim agus cairdiúil d'úsáideoir. Tá sé níos mó cosúil le Béarla nádúrtha ná an chuid is mó teangacha ríomhaireachta eile agus déanann sé seo clár Zeno éasca a scríobh agus éasca a thuiscint. Ligeann an t-aistriúchán Zeno do dhuine ar bith modhanna cláir struchtúrtha a fhoghlaim agus a mhaistreacht go tapa. Is féidir é a úsáid freisin chun ríomhanna uimhriúla casta a dhéanamh. Tá clár Zeno modúlach. Sa mhódúl clár sainmhínítear tús agus deireadh clár. Tá na ráitis in-fheidhmithe go léir laistigh den mhódúl seo nó laistigh de mhódúl fochlár. Úsáidtear fochlár, nósanna imeachta agus feidhmeanna chun clár a chruthú ó phíosaí beaga inrialaithe. Ligeann Zeno duit modúl nós imeachta agus modúl feidhme a shainiú de réir mar is gá do do chláir. Tacaíonn teanga cláir Zeno le cineálacha éagsúla sonraí. Is féidir leat athróg ainmnithe agus seasmhach ainmnithe a dhearbhú; is féidir leat do chineál sonraí féin a shainiú ag baint úsáide as sainmhíniú cineál. Níl ach dhá chineál sonraí uimhriúla ag Zeno; líon iomlán agus uimhreacha pointe seolta. Tá sé de chineál Boolean, cineál carachtar, agus cineál sraith. Tacaíonn sé le cineál sraithe, cineál taifead agus cineál liostáilte a shainmhíníonn tú an cláróir. Ní mór dearbhúithe athraitheacha domhanda agus sainmhínithe cineálacha sonraí a bheith suite lasmuigh den chlár agus de modúl aon fhochlár. Tá dearbhuithe teoranta don raon feidhme ina ndéantar iad a shainiú.\nTá focallitir ríomhaire ag an gclár teagaisc ríomhaire seo, múineann sé faoi crua-earraí, liostaíonn sé leideanna dífhillteachta, tá leideanna cothabhála ann, tugann sé réamhrá ar an Idirlíon, bunriachtanais\nIs breá le Wadia Bajoka, inimirceach Éireannach 71 bliain d'aois, cló, gairdíní, agus píosaí feola pianta a chur ar fáil do na hóstach i léargas sean-aimseartha fáilteachais.\nGearr 1.42. Lig do ríomhaire ríomhaireacht ar ais sna seascaidí, bhí go leor eolaithe agus iriseoirí (ceachtar pessimistic agus optimist amháin) a cheapann ríomhairí i todhchaí in aice láimhe a dhéanamh obair ealaíne"} {"text": "At the center of our solar system is an enormous nuclear generator. The Earth revolves around this massive body at an average distance of 93 million miles (149.6 million kilometers). It's a star we call the sun. The sun provides us with the energy necessary for life. But could scientists create a miniaturized version here on Earth?\nIt's not just possible -- it's already been done. If you think of a star as a nuclear fusion machine, mankind has duplicated the nature of stars on Earth. But this revelation has qualifiers. The examples of fusion here on Earth are on a small scale and last for just a few seconds at most.\nTo understand how scientists can make a star, it's necessary to learn what stars are made of and how fusion works. The sun is about 75 percent hydrogen and 24 percent helium. Heavier elements make up the final percent of the sun's mass. The core of the sun is intensely hot -- temperatures are greater than 15 million degrees Kelvin (nearly 27 million degrees Fahrenheit or just under 15 million degrees Celsius).\nAt these temperatures, the hydrogen atoms absorb so much energy that they fuse together. This isn't a trivial matter. The nucleus of a hydrogen atom is a single proton. To fuse two protons together requires enough energy to overcome electromagnetic force. That's because protons are positively charged. If you're familiar with magnets, you know that similar charges repel each other. But if you have enough energy to overcome this force, you can fuse the two nuclei into one.\nWhat you're left with after this initial fusion is deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen. It's an atom with one proton and one neutron. Fusing deuterium with hydrogen creates helium-3. Fusing two helium-3 atoms together creates helium-4 and two hydrogen atoms. If you break all that down, it essentially means that four hydrogen atoms fuse to create a single helium-4 atom.\nHere's where energy comes into play. A helium-4 atom has less mass than four hydrogen atoms collectively. So where does that extra mass go? It's converted into energy. And as Einstein's famous equation tells us, energy is equal to the mass of an object times the speed of light squared. That means the mass of the tiniest particle is equivalent to an enormous amount of energy.\nSo how can scientists create a star?", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "url": "https://science.howstuffworks.com/create-star-on-earth.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257650685.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324132337-20180324152337-00593.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9187605381, "token_count": 488, "score": 4.125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "I lár ár gcóras gréine tá gineadóir núicléach ollmhór. Téann an Domhan timpeall an chomhlachta ollmhór seo ar thuras meán de 93 milliún míle (149.6 milliún ciliméadar). Is réalta é a ghlaoimid ar an ngrian. Soláthraíonn an ghrian an fuinneamh atá riachtanach dúinn chun maireachtáil. Ach an bhféadfaí eolaithe leagan miniatúrtha a chruthú anseo ar an Domhan?\nNí hamháin go bhfuil sé indéanta -- tá sé déanta cheana féin. Má smaoiníonn tú ar réalta mar mheaisín núicléach cumasc, tá an chine daonna dúblaíodh an nádúr réaltaí ar an Domhan. Ach tá cáilíochtaí ag an nochtadh seo. Tá na samplaí de chomhcheangal anseo ar an Domhan ar scála beag agus maireann siad ar feadh cúpla soicind ar a mhéad.\nChun a thuiscint conas a d'fhéadfadh eolaithe réalta a dhéanamh, tá sé riachtanach a fhoghlaim cad réaltaí déanta as agus conas a oibríonn cumasc. Tá thart ar 75 faoin gcéad hidrigine agus 24 faoin gcéad héiliam sa ghrian. Is iad na heilimintí níos troma a dhéanann an céatadán deiridh de mhais na gréine. Tá croí na gréine an-te - tá teochtaí níos mó ná 15 milliún céim Kelvin (beagnach 27 milliún céim Fahrenheit nó díreach faoi bhun 15 milliún céim Celsius).\nAg na teochtaí seo, glacann na héadrom hidrigine an oiread sin fuinnimh go ndéanann siad cumasc le chéile. Ní ábhar triviail é seo. Is é núicléas adhaidróin adamh prótóin amháin. Chun dhá phrótain a chomhcheangal le chéile, teastaíonn go leor fuinnimh chun neart leictreamaighnéadach a shárú. Sin toisc go bhfuil próitíní charged dearfach. Má tá tú eolach ar mhaighnéid, tá a fhios agat go ndéanann muirir den chineál céanna a chéile a dhíspreagadh. Ach má tá go leor fuinnimh agat chun an fórsa seo a shárú, is féidir leat an dá núicléas a chomhcheangal i gceann amháin.\nCad a fhágtar leat tar éis an cumasc tosaigh is deuterium, isotóp hidrigine. Is atóm é le prótan amháin agus neodrán amháin. Trí dhéitéiriam a chomhcheangal le hidrigine cruthaítear héiliam-3. Trí dhá adamh héiliam-3 a chomhcheangal le chéile cruthaítear héiliam-4 agus dhá adamh hidrigine. Má bhriseann tú go léir síos, ciallaíonn sé go bunúsach go bhfuil ceithre adamh hidrigine fuse a chruthú adamh heiliam-4 amháin.\nSeo an áit a dtagann fuinneamh isteach. Tá níos lú mais ag adamh héiliam-4 ná ceithre adamh hidrigine le chéile. Mar sin, cá dtéann an mais bhreise sin? Tá sé a thiontú go fuinneamh. Agus mar a deir an chothromóid cáiliúil Einstein, tá fuinneamh comhionann le mais réad a amaduithe le luas an tsolais sa cheathrú. Ciallaíonn sé sin go bhfuil mais na bpáirtíne is lú comhionann le méid ollmhór fuinnimh.\nMar sin, conas is féidir le heolaithe réalta a chruthú?"} {"text": "Despite our inability to attenuate the course of many ocular diseases that can ultimately lead to loss or significantly decreased visual function, this report describes a potential technique to aid such patients in maximizing the use of the vision that remains.\nThe aim of this study was to demonstrate the applicability of utilizing sports vision training to improve objective and subjective visuomotor function in a low vision patient.\nA 37-year-old woman with Usher syndrome presented with reduced central visual acuity and visual field. Although we were unable to reverse the damage resulting from her diagnosis, we were able to improve the use of the remaining vision. A 27 to 31% improvement in hand-eye coordination was achieved along with a 41% improvement in object tracking and visual concentration. Most importantly, following the 14-week training period, there was also a subjective improvement in the patient's appreciation of her visual ability.\nThe sports vision literature cites many examples in which sports vision training is useful in improving visuomotor and on-field performance. We hypothesized that these techniques may be used to aid not only athletes but also patients with low vision. Despite suffering from reduced acuity and a limited visual field, these patients often still have a significant amount of vision ability that can be used to guide motor actions. Using techniques to increase the efficient use of this remaining vision may reduce the impact of the reduced visual function and aid in activities of daily living.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04", "url": "https://journals.lww.com/optvissci/Abstract/2018/09000/Case_Report__Use_of_Sports_and_Performance_Vision.26.aspx", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703517559.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20210119011203-20210119041203-00622.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.952446878, "token_count": 286, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "In ainneoin ár n-éagmais chun dul chun cinn a mhaolú ar go leor galair súl a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina chúis le caillteanas nó le laghdú suntasach ar fheidhm amhairc, déantar cur síos sa tuarascáil seo ar theicníc a d'fhéadfadh cabhrú le hothair den sórt sin úsáid a bhaint as an radharc atá fágtha ar a mhéad is féidir.\nBa é aidhm an staidéir seo a léiriú go bhféadfaí oiliúint fís spóirt a úsáid chun feidhmiú oibiachtúil agus suibiachtúil visuomotor a fheabhsú i bpacient a bhfuil amharc lag aige.\nBean 37 bliain d'aois le siondróm Usher a léiríodh le géarchéim lárnach amhairc laghdaithe agus réimse amhairc. Cé nach raibh muid in ann an damáiste a bhí mar thoradh ar a diagnóis a aisiompú, bhíomar in ann úsáid an fís a bhí fágtha a fheabhsú. Rinneadh feabhas 27 go 31% ar chomhordú lámh-shúil mar aon le feabhas 41% ar rianú rudaí agus ar thionchar amhairc. Is é an rud is tábhachtaí ná gur tháinig feabhas suibiachtúil ar thuiscint an othair ar a cumas amhairc tar éis na tréimhse oiliúna 14 sheachtain.\nTá go leor samplaí luaite sa litríocht maidir le radharc spóirt ina bhfuil oiliúint radharc spóirt úsáideach chun feidhmíocht visuomotor agus ar an réimse a fheabhsú. D'fhógair muid gur féidir na teicnící seo a úsáid chun cabhrú le lúthchleasaithe ach freisin le hothair a bhfuil amharc íseal acu. In ainneoin go bhfuil géarchéim laghdaithe agus réimse amhairc teoranta acu, is minic a bhíonn méid suntasach cumas fís ag na hothair seo a d'fhéadfaí a úsáid chun gníomhartha mótair a threorú. D'fhéadfadh úsáid teicnící chun úsáid éifeachtach an fhíse atá fágtha seo a mhéadú tionchar an fheidhm fhíseach laghdaithe a laghdú agus cuidiú le gníomhaíochtaí an tsaoil laethúil."} {"text": "Volume 13, Number 1\nA Bitter Pill\nThe modern medicine chest is packed with stories of lifesaving drugs ingeniously drawn from unlikely species. So why haven’t drug companies—or conservationists— been able to cash in on nature’s pharmacy?\nBy Richard Conniff\nTesting the Weather\nThe nascent science of climate attribution is making it clear that we’re no longer just talking about the weather—we’re creating it.\nThe strange case of the wildlife biologist turned cat poisoner is the latest round in a bitter battle over tens of millions of free-roaming feline hunters.\nBy John Carey\nA Quiet Desert Storm\nA home-grown strategy to hold onto water, battle climate change, and cope with scorching heat is turning vast tracts of sub-Saharan Africa green.\nBy Mark Hertsgaard\nJohn Nielsen talks with Oliver Ryder about using stem-cell technology to save endangered species\nHow to Build a Living Seawall\nSimple fixes bring marine life back to urban coastlines\nCould giant farm-raised rats shrink the bushmeat trade?\nThe Once & Future City\nWorld’s biggest proving ground for green technology\nThe Next Wave of Biofuels (print only)\nThe key to making fuel from seaweed comes straight from the gut\nCreating electricity from excess pressure in water pipes\nShare Your Ride\nA new communal car concept clears the road and the air\nWhen Enough Is Enough\nBy Fred Pearce\nBy David Malakoff\nSpecies ride the shifting winds\nWorld’s smallest vertebrate discovered\nChildren’s books less focused on nature\nIllegal wildlife trade spreads disease\nVaccinating lions devastates cheetahs\nAirports ideal for alternative energy installations\nWhere did that BP oil go?\nVacant houses are carbon sinks\nRising ocean CO2 drives fish crazy\nClimate change traps narwhals in ice\nBy Carl Safina\nHungry for Land\nA review of Fred Pearce’s The Land Grabbers\nBy Gaia Vince\nArt & Science\nRenewable energy can be beautiful\nThe Lost Bird Project\nSculptures memorialize extinct birds", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06", "url": "http://conservationmagazine.org/conservation-archive-page/spring-2012/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115868812.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161108-00052-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7920743227, "token_count": 446, "score": 2.75, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Leabhar 13, Uimhir 1\nPillí Bitter\nTá an ciste leigheas nua-aimseartha lán le scéalta faoi dhrugaí a shábhálann beatha a tógadh go healóideach ó speicis nach dócha. Mar sin cén fáth nach raibh cuideachtaí cógaisíochta nó cosaintóirí in ann airgead a dhéanamh ar chógaslann na nádúire?\nLe Richard Conniff\nAg Triail ar an Aimsir\nTá an eolaíocht atá ag teacht chun cinn maidir le hiontráil aeráide ag é a dhéanamh soiléir nach bhfuil muid ag caint faoi thitim an aimsir ach go bhfuil muid ag cruthú é.\nIs é an cás aisteach den bithéiste fiadhúlra a thionóil cat poisoner an babhta is déanaí i gcath searbh thar na deich milliún sealgairí catine saor in aisce.\nLe John Carey\nStoirm Chéile Sháithimh\nTá straitéis a fhásann sa bhaile chun uisce a choinneáil, athrú aeráide a chomhrac, agus déileáil le teas scorching ag casadh trátha ollmhóra san Afraic faoi bhun na Saháraí go glas.\nLe Mark Hertsgaard\nLabhraíonn John Nielsen le Oliver Ryder faoi theicneolaíocht na ngéibheanna a úsáid chun speicis atá i mbaol a shábháil\nConas Dúnmharc Beo a Thógáil\nTugann socruithe simplí saol muirí ar ais chuig cóstaí uirbeacha\nAn bhféadfadh rothaí ollmhóra a d'ardaigh feirme an trádáil feola fichille a laghdú?\nAn Chathair a Bhí & an Todhchaí\nAn talamh tástála is mó ar domhan do theicneolaíocht ghlais\nAn Tuairim Thosaigh ar Bhithbhreoslaí (clár cló amháin)\nTagann an eochair chun breosla a dhéanamh as algaí mara díreach ón intestine\nGcás leictreachais a chruthú ó ró-bhrú i bpíopaí uisce\nBíodh spraoi ag comhrá linn\nTá coincheap nua carr coitinn ag glanadh an bhóthair agus an bóthar\nNuair a bhíonn go leor go leor\nLe Fred Pearce\nLe David Malakoff\nRitheann speiceas na gaotha a athraíonn\nAn Vertebrate is lú ar domhan a fuarthas\nLeabhair do leanaí nach bhfuil chomh dírithe ar an dúlra\nTá an trádáil neamhdhleathach ar ainmhithe fiáine ag scaipeadh galar\nTá an vacsaínú leóin ag cur báis ar cheetahs\nAerfoirt atá oiriúnach d'fhostúcháin fuinnimh malartacha\nCá bhfuil an ola BP a dul?\nIs é an teach folamh sinc carbóin\nTá an t-océan ag ardú CO2 ag cur iasc as a intinn\nTá athrú aeráide ag cur narwhals i bpríosún\nLe Carl Safina\nAonghartha ar Thalamh\nAthbhreithniú ar The Land Grabbers le Fred Pearce\nLe Gaia Vince\nEalaín & Eolaíocht\nIs féidir le fuinneamh in-athnuaite a bheith álainn\nAn Tionscadal Éan Chaillte\nScultúir chun cuimhne a chur ar éin atá imithe as an saol"} {"text": "Write and 8- to 10- page research paper on a subject dealing with media law or ethics. (12 point Times, double space)\nYou can choose your own topic, but it must be approved by your instructor.\nThis research paper is to present facts, not opinions, on your subject and include citations of your sources. Please use MLA style for your research paper.\nHere are some ideas for topics:\n- Just past the 25th anniversary of the Supreme Court decision on Hazelwood vs. Kuhlmeier, evaluate the impacts this decision has had on the tension between student freedom of speech and press vs. school authority over student expression. Specifically look at the ways this decision concerning a high school case has influenced court decisions on college cases, such as Hosty v. Carter, and more recent cases.\n- What is the state of censorship concerning freedom of expression for college students and freedom of press for college media. Evaluate current trends in censorship, state laws that protect college media from censorship, court cases concerning censorship, and the impacts on media at public and private universities.\n- Research laws and ethics associated with online media, including blogs, social media and websites. Or, research these laws and determine what you need to know as a blogger or freelance journalist.\n- Explain the Freedom of Information Act and how journalists have used it. What is the current climate of pubic records under the Obama administration, what are some recent court cases regarding the FOIA act, and research some successful and unsuccessful FOIA cases in college media.\n- Peruse the Student Press Law Center website and look at various topics covered in its blog or issue. Does one interest you as a journalist?", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "url": "https://sncjournalism.wordpress.com/media-law-ethics/research-paper/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257649931.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324054204-20180324074204-00199.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9410107732, "token_count": 339, "score": 3.1875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Scríobh páipéar taighde 8 go 10 leathanach ar ábhar a bhaineann le dlí na meán nó le heitice. (Déanfar an t-am a lua sa chéad fhomhír de mhír 2).\nIs féidir leat do thema féin a roghnú, ach ní mór go n-aontú leis an teagascóir.\nTá sé mar aidhm ag an bpáipéar taighde seo fíricí a chur i láthair, ní tuairimí, ar do ábhar agus luaiteoirí a áireamh i do fhoinsí. Bain úsáid as stíl MLA le do pháipéar taighde.\nSeo roinnt smaointe le haghaidh ábhair:\n- Díreach tar éis an 25ú bliain de chinneadh na Cúirte Uachtaraí ar Hazelwood vs. Kuhlmeier, meastóireacht a dhéanamh ar na tionchair a bhí ag an gcinneadh seo ar an teannas idir saoirse cainte agus preas na mac léinn vs. údarás na scoile thar léiriú na mac léinn. Féach go sonrach ar na bealaí ar chuir an cinneadh seo maidir le cás ardscoile tionchar ar chinntí cúirte ar chásanna coláiste, mar shampla Hosty v. Carter, agus cásanna níos déanaí.\n- Cad é an staid cinsireachta maidir le saoirse cainte do mhic léinn coláiste agus saoirse na preasa do mheáin na coláiste. Measúnú a dhéanamh ar threochtaí reatha i ndíreáil, dlíthe stáit a chosnaíonn meáin choláiste ó dhíreáil, cásanna cúirte maidir le díreáil, agus na tionchair ar na meáin in ollscoileanna poiblí agus príobháideacha.\n- Dlíthe agus eitice a bhaineann le meáin ar líne, lena n-áirítear blaganna, meáin shóisialta agus láithreáin ghréasáin, a thaighde. Nó, taighde a dhéanamh ar na dlíthe seo agus a chinneadh cad is gá duit a fhios mar bhlagálaí nó iriseoir neamhspleách.\n- Mínigh an tAcht um Shaoráil Faisnéise agus conas a d'úsáid iriseoirí é. Cad é an aeráid reatha de thaifid phoiblí faoi rialtas Obama, cad iad roinnt cásanna cúirte le déanaí maidir leis an Acht FOIA, agus taighde a dhéanamh ar roinnt cásanna FOIA rathúla agus neamhthráthúla i meán na coláiste.\n- Léigh go cúramach suíomh Gréasáin Ionad Dlí an Phreasa Ollscoile agus féach ar ábhair éagsúla a chuimsítear ina bhlag nó ina n-eisiúint. An bhfuil suim agat i gceann mar iriseoir?"} {"text": "All You Need to Know About Bursitis\nBursitis is an inflammatory disorder caused by trauma due to direct impact or repetitive injury. Besides trauma, other risk factors associated with developing bursitis include rheumatoid arthritis, pseudogout, and gout. Bursitis causes tenderness, and pain in the affected tendon or bone. The bursae sacs might swell, which makes movement difficult quite often. The foot, knee, elbow, and shoulder are some of the joints that are most commonly affected.\nHow Does Bursitis Develop and What is a Bursa?\nBursae (plural for bursa) are lubricated, thin cushions that are at the points of friction in between a bone and soft tissue that surrounds the bone, tendons, ligaments, muscles, and skin. A bursa is in between the bone and the tissue (e.g., skin, ligament, muscle) similar to a small water balloon with few drops of fluid inside of it. The following are essential characteristics of bursae:\n- Healthy bursae are thin. For instance, a research study was conducted with reasonably large bursa that was in between the skin and kneecap that showed that the average measurements of the bursa were a couple of millimeters thick with an average diameter of around four centimeters.\n- The size of bursae can vary depending on location in the body and the individual variation that present from person-to-person.\n- Some bursae are right below the surface of the skin, but others are deep in soft tissue such as muscle (e.g., shoulder).\n- There are around 160 bursae in an adult body.\n- Some of these bursae are present at birth, while others develop later on due to frequent friction. For instance, most individuals develop a bursa after age 7 in the elbow (the olecranon bursa).\n- Depending on the person, other bursae might develop. An individual who wears constricting shoes on a regular basis or whose foot anatomy is abnormal might develop a bursa on the outer part of the big toe joint.\nThe subdeltoid bursa (subacromial bursa) in the shoulder separates your supraspinatus tendon from your deltoid muscle and the overlying bone. Usually, inflammation of this bursa is the result of an injury to your surrounding structures, with the rotator cuff being the most common one. A shoulder bursitis can limit your shoulder’s range of motion, resulting in shoulder impingement syndrome, and eventual pain. Shoulder pain from a shoulder bursitis is often felt in front or side of your shoulder joint.\nElbow bursitis is a common cause of elbow pain. The most common form of elbow bursitis is the olecranon bursitis. The olecranon bursitis is located at the tip of the elbow. Olecranon bursitis is a common cause of pain at the tip of the elbow. As mentioned earlier, it is the result of a direct traumatic event or repetitive traumatic events. With an elbow bursitis, the elbow range of motion is limited and painful. Below characteristics are common in an inflamed elbow bursa:\n- Quite often pain will be worse at night.\n- Reaching activities or overhead lifting is uncomfortable.\n- The most common type of bursitis is olecranon bursitis or bursitis of the tip of your elbow.\nThe Olecranon Bursa of the Elbow\nThe olecranon bursa lies between the skin and olecranon (bony tip of elbow). The olecranon bursa will develop at some point after seven years old.\nSevere elbow bursitis might cause an inflamed olecranon bursa to swell significantly and can easily measure 2.5 cm wide and 6 to 7 cm long. A large olecranon bursa can appear as if you have a small golf ball or egg underneath your skin. Such site-specific, visible swelling might make it easy to diagnose elbow bursitis. However, one should not rush to self-diagnosis or quickly rule out elbow swelling as bursitis, as other more severe conditions like infections can complicate bursa.\nCan Bursitis Develop in the Buttocks?\nYes, chronic back problems, prolonged tightness of the gluteal muscles, and trauma can irritate and inflame the ischiogluteal bursa. The ischogluteal bursa is an inconsistent bursa between the gluteus maximus and the ischial tuberosity. The ischial tuberosity lies in the most inferior portion of the buttocks, directly beneath the pubic bone. Prolonged sitting on a hard surface, bicycling for extended periods can irritate the ischiogluteal bursa. Ischiogluteal bursitis is also referred to as weaver’s bottom sometimes from the common position that the occupation uses. We have listed some of the most common findings in persons with ischiogluteal bursitis:\n- Leg pain\n- The individual has a hard time standing on their tiptoe on the side that is affected.\n- The pain is worse when the individual is lying down, and their hip is passively bent.\n- When sitting, the individual might elevate their painful buttock.\n- Direct pressure on the area can cause a sharp pain.\n- Pain might radiate down the back of the person’s thigh.\n- Tenderness at pubic bone, which can be made worse by extending and bending the leg.\n- The pain occurs when walking and sitting.\nHip Bursitis (Iliopsoas Bursitis)\nThe largest bursa in the body is iliopsoas bursa. It is deep to and in front of the hip joint. Usually, when bursitis occurs here, it is associated with having hip problems, like an injury (mainly from running) or arthritis.\nIliopsoas bursitis can cause significant leg pain, thigh pain, and hip pain. It can radiate (run down) the middle and front areas of your thigh down to the knee and then increases whenever the hip is rotated and extended. Please review the article published on Dynamic Chiropractic about Trochanteric bursitis treatment through clinical chiropractic.\nExtension of your hip while walking can cause leg pain or hip pain so you might limit your stride on the side that is affected and take shorter steps. Also, there might be tenderness in your groin area. At times a mass might be felt that resembles a hernia. The individual might feel tingling or numbness in hip, thigh, and leg if the inflamed bursa compresses the adjacent nerves.\nThigh Bursitis or the Trochanteric Bursitis\nThe trochanteric bursa is located on the outer thigh over your hip. It might become inflamed and cause significant thigh pain and leg pain. This type of bursitis is quite common and most frequently occurs in middle-aged, overweight women.\nTrochanteric bursitis causes aching, deep pain along the side of your hip that might extend into the side of your knee or your buttocks. Stretching, local pressure or activity may aggravate the pain. Pain is frequently worse at night and may make it hard to sleep on the side that is affected.\nThe knee has ten bursae, but it can be as many as 13, due to individual variations! Symptoms of knee bursitis can vary, depending on the severity of swelling. You may experience knee pain, tenderness, redness or a feeling of warmth in the knees. Often, it starts mild, but can progressively worsen when neglected. Knee bursitis sufferers often complain of a restricted range of motion, increased pain when kneeling or walking. Our advice to all knee pain sufferers is to visit one the best clinical chiropractors in Kula Lumpur and get a proper evaluation of your knee joint, meniscus, ligaments, muscles, and bursae.\nThe knee joint has ten named knee bursae that can cause pain. We have listed these for you below:\nThere are a total of five bursae in front of the knee:\n- Supra-patellar bursa or the supra-patellar recess\n- Prepatellar bursa\n- Deep infra-patellar bursa\n- Subcutaneous bursa (superficial bursa or infra-patellar bursa)\n- Pre-tibial bursa\nLooking from laterally (outer side of the knee), there are four bursae:\n- Lateral gastrocnemius bursa or the sub-tendinous bursa\n- Fibular bursa\n- Fibulo-popliteal bursa\n- Sub-popliteal bursa (sub-popliteal recess)\nMedially (inner part of the knee), there are three bursae:\n- Medial gastrocnemius bursa (sub-tendinous bursa)\n- Anserine bursa\n- Bursa semimembranosa\nRetrocalcaneal bursitis or ankle bursitis may occur whenever the bursa underneath the Achilles tendon on the back of your heel becomes inflamed. Ankle bursitis is often caused by a local trauma that is associated with wearing high heels or a poorly designed shoe. It may also be caused by excessive amounts of walking. It might occur along with Achilles tendonitis as well. Ankle bursitis is a common source of ankle and foot pain.\nAn inflamed retrocalcaneal bursa frequently occurs with overuse injury in ice skaters, young athletes, and individuals who are just starting a new exercise program, including jumping or walking. Usually, the pain is on the back of a heel and will increase with resisted flexion or passive extension.\nAre any home remedies available for bursitis?\nYes, and we will be glad to share it with you. The first and most important thing to remember about disorders of a bursa is that they are inflammatory processes. Inflammatory processes are always the result of micro or macro traumatic events. Micro-trauma is the repetitive things you do, while macro trauma pertains to an actual traumatic event. So, the home care for any traumatic pain, injury or disorder is protected, rest, ice, compress, and elevate. In other words, remember P-R-I-C-E:\n- Protection in the form of padding, particularly for bursae that close to the surface of your skin on your knees and ankles.\n- Rest the affected area when possible can help symptoms. Selective alternative forms of exercise activities that might eliminate painful motions. Swimming might be helpful.\n- Ice can be quite effective in reducing pain and inflammation. Small ice packs, like frozen vegetable packages that are applied to the area for around 10 minutes two times per day at the light can help to decrease inflammation in the area.\n- Compression and elevation might be helpful whenever possible to compress the area. You can apply an elastic bandage (particularly to elbows and knees). The area should be kept elevated over your heart to prevent blood from pooling.\nCan a bursa be infected?\nYes, it can. And this is why you should never self-diagnosis your self. Always get an expert to assess your condition before getting care. Secondly, get care from a clinical team and not the unlearned or the inexperienced. It is your body and your health. Good health is more precious than wealth. Don’t take a chance.\nSince an infectious process may cause bursitis, it is critical to have an accurate diagnosis. Fever is a sign that you need to seek immediate medical care since it might indicate infection. Other infection warning signs include severe tenderness or redness or constant warmth around the joint. Skin infections in the area (cellulitis) might mean the bursa also is infected. Visit one of our centers in Malaysia for the best bursitis treatment program in Malaysia.\nWhy would you seek care from our clinical teams?\nBefore treatment can be rendered, we need to identify the root cause of your condition. We have treated thousands of patients successfully; the key to our clinical successes when others fail is our understanding of spine and joint disorder. Our abilities to accurately diagnose your condition are unparalleled when it comes to issues involving the bursae. In short, our research-based non-surgical methods of care are better, because we treat the root-cause through holistic means. Our clinical teams of expert chiropractors and the best clinical physiotherapist team in Kuala Lumpur pay particular attention to the root cause of your condition. Chiropractic Specialty Center’s abilities to identify the root-cause are the primary reason when so many of our patients avoid flare-ups.\nWe have some of the best chiropractors and physiotherapist in Malaysia. In Malaysia, are experts you need for sports injury, joint, and non-surgical treatment. We treat sports and joint injuries through the collaborative efforts from our research-based clinical physiotherapies and some of the best chiropractors in Malaysia. If you are suffering from injury or pain, we are your best option. Our clinical team provides the best bursitis treatment program via technology and integrative holistic means to help you recover quickly.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "url": "https://www.mychiro.com.my/leg-pain/bursitis/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647498.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320150533-20180320170533-00386.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.918082118, "token_count": 2873, "score": 3.78125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Gach Rud a theastaíonn uait a bheith ar Eolas faoi Bursitis\nIs neamhoird athlastach é bursitis a tharlaíonn mar gheall ar thráma mar gheall ar bhualadh díreach nó gortú athdhéanta. Chomh maith le trauma, tá fachtóirí riosca eile a bhaineann le bursitis a fhorbairt, lena n-áirítear ailse reamháiteacha, pseudogout, agus gout. Tá an t-easnamh seo mar thoradh ar thinneas agus pian sa tendon nó san fhuacht a bhfuil tionchar aige air. D'fhéadfadh na sacs bursae a bheith ag dul suas, rud a fhágann go mbíonn gluaiseacht deacair go minic. Tá an chos, an ghlúine, an chúlchúl agus an ghualainn ar chuid de na hailt is coitianta a mbíonn tionchar acu.\nConas a Fhorbraíonn Bursitis agus Cad é Bursa?\nIs cúlraí tanaí lubricated iad bursae (plúrlach le haghaidh bursa) atá ag na pointí frith-iomaíochta idir cnámh agus fíochán bog a thimpeall an chnámh, na tendons, na ligaments, na matáin agus an chraiceann. Tá bursa idir an cnámh agus an fíochán (m.sh., craiceann, ligament, muscle) cosúil le balún uisce beag le cúpla titim sreabhach istigh ann. Is iad seo a leanas na saintréithe bunúsacha a bhaineann le bursae:\n- Tá bursae sláintiúil tanaí. Mar shampla, rinneadh staidéar taighde le bursa réasúnta mór a bhí idir an craiceann agus an kneecap a léirigh go raibh tomhais mheán na bursa cúpla miliméadar tiubh le trastomhas meán thart ar cheithre ceintiméadar.\n- Is féidir le méid na bursae athrú ag brath ar an suíomh sa chorp agus an éagsúlacht aonair a bhíonn ann ó dhuine go duine.\n- Tá roinnt bursae díreach faoi dhromchla an chraiceann, ach tá daoine eile domhain i bhfíochán bog mar fhíochán muscle (m.sh.\n- Tá thart ar 160 bursae i gcorp fásta.\n- Tá cuid de na bursae seo i láthair ag an mbreith, agus forbraíonn cuid eile ina dhiaidh sin mar gheall ar thrioblóid go minic. Mar shampla, forbraíonn an chuid is mó daoine bursa tar éis 7 bliana d'aois sa chois (an bursa olecranon).\n- Ag brath ar an duine, d'fhéadfadh bursae eile a fhorbairt. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh bursa ag duine a bhíonn ag caitheamh bróga a bhíonn ina mbrú go rialta nó a bhfuil anaitíocht neamhghnácha ag a chos ar an gcuid seachtrach den chomhpháirt mhóra an mhéar.\nDéanann an bursa subdeltoid (bursa subacromial) i do ghualainn do tendon supraspinatus a scaradh ó do muscle deltoid agus an cnámh os cionn. De ghnáth, is é an tinneas seo den bursa a tharlaíonn de bharr díobhála do na struchtúir atá timpeall ort, agus is é an cuff rotator an ceann is coitianta. Is féidir le bursitis ghualainn raon gluaiseachta do ghualainn a theorannú, rud a fhágann go bhfuil siondróm impingement ghualainn agus pian sa deireadh. Is minic a bhraitheann pian scála ó bursitis scála i láthair nó ar thaobh do chomhéadan scála.\nIs cúis choitianta le pian ar an gcodán é bursitis clog. Is é an cineál is coitianta de bursitis alán an bursitis olecranon. Tá an bursitis olecranon suite ag barr an chúlra. Is cúis choitianta é bursitis olecranon de pian ag barr an chonair. Mar a luadh roimhe seo, is é an toradh atá air ná imeacht traumatach díreach nó imeachtaí traumatacha athfhillteacha. Le bursitis alán, tá raon gluaiseachta alán teoranta agus pianmhar. Tá na saintréithe thíos coitianta i bursa ingne clog:\n- Is minic a bhíonn an pian níos measa san oíche.\n- Tá sé míchompordach gníomhaíochtaí a bhaint amach nó a ardú os cionn.\n- Is é an cineál bursitis is coitianta ná bursitis olecranon nó bursitis ar cheann do chlé\nAn Bursa Olecranon ar an Elbow\nTá an bursa olecranon idir an craiceann agus an olecranon (spéire cnámh an chois). Déanfaidh an bursa olecranon forbairt ag pointe éigin tar éis seacht mbliana d'aois.\nD'fhéadfadh bursitis elbow tromchúiseach a bheith ina chúis le bursa olecranon inflamed a bheith tuirseach go suntasach agus is féidir go n-amhróidh sé 2.5 cm ar leithead agus 6 go 7 cm ar fhad. Is féidir le bursa mór olecranon a bheith cosúil le liathróid gailf nó ubh beag atá agat faoi do chraiceann. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh sé éasca le diagnóis a dhéanamh ar bursitis alán. Mar sin féin, níor cheart go gcuirfeadh duine féin-dheineas air nó go gcuirfeadh sé tuirseach ar chlé ar chlé mar bursitis, mar is féidir le coinníollacha níos déine eile cosúil le haignéis casta a dhéanamh ar an bursa.\nAn Féidir le Bursitis a Fhorbairt sna Folláin?\nSea, is féidir le fadhbanna crónach cúl, teannas fada na matáin gluteal, agus trauma an bursa ischiogluteal a iontógáil agus a athlasadh. Is bursa neamhsheasmhach é an bursa isogluteal idir an gluteus maximus agus an tuberosity ischial. Tá an tuberosity ischial i gcuid is ísle de na buttocks, díreach faoi bhun an chnámh pubic. Is féidir le suí fada ar dhromchla crua, rothaíocht ar feadh tréimhsí fada a bheith irritating an bursa ischiogluteal. Tagraítear freisin do bursitis ischiogluteal mar bhun na fíodóireachta uaireanta ón seasamh coiteann a úsáideann an gairm. Tá liosta againn de na torthaí is coitianta i ndaoine a bhfuil bursitis ischiogluteal orthu:\n- Pléas\n- Tá sé deacair ar an duine seasamh ar a n-aghaidh ar an taobh a bhfuil tionchar aige air.\n- Tá an pian níos measa nuair a bhíonn an duine ina luí, agus tá a hip bog go passively.\n- Nuair a shuíonn, d'fhéadfadh an duine aonair a gcuid buttock pianmhar a ardú.\n- Is féidir le brú díreach ar an limistéar pian géar a chur faoi deara.\n- D'fhéadfadh pian a bheith ag scaipeadh síos an chúl an duine thigh.\n- Teachtacht ag cnámh pubic, a d'fhéadfadh a bheith níos measa trí leathnú agus fleascadh an chos.\n- Tarlaíonn an pian nuair a bhíonn tú ag siúl agus ag suí.\nBursitis Hip (Iliopsoas Bursitis)\nIs é an bursa iliopsoas an bursa is mó sa chorp. Tá sé domhain go dtí agus os comhair an chomhpháirte hip. De ghnáth, nuair a tharlaíonn bursitis anseo, bíonn baint aige le fadhbanna hip a bheith aige, mar ghortú (go príomha ó rith) nó arthritis.\nIs féidir le bursitis Iliopsoas pian suntasach cos, pian thigh, agus pian hip a chur faoi deara. Is féidir leis an sruth a bheith ag rith síos ó lár agus ó thaobh tosaigh do thigh go dtí an ghlúine agus ansin méadaíonn sé nuair a bhíonn an cnámh rotáilte agus sínte. Léigh an t-alt a foilsíodh ar Dynamic Chiropractic faoi chóireáil bursitis Trochanteric trí chiropractic cliniciúil.\nD'fhéadfadh go mbeadh pian cos nó pian cnámh mar thoradh ar leathnú do chnámh agus tú ag siúl, mar sin d'fhéadfadh go gcuirfí teorainn le do stride ar an taobh a bhfuil tionchar aige agus céimeanna níos giorra a ghlacadh. Chomh maith leis sin, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh mothúchán i do cheantar na mbróige. Uaireanta d'fhéadfadh sé go mbraitheann sé masc a bhfuil cuma air ar hernia. D'fhéadfadh an duine a bheith ag mothú tingling nó numbness i hip, thigh, agus cos má tá an bursa inflamed compressing na néaróga in aice láimhe.\nBursitis Thigh nó Bursitis Trochanteric\nTá an bursa trochanteric suite ar an mbróg seachtrach os cionn do hip. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith inflamed agus a chur faoi deara pian thigh suntasach agus pian cos. Tá an cineál seo bursitis coitianta go leor agus is minic a tharlaíonn sé i measc mná meánaosta atá róthrom.\nBíonn bursitis trochanteric ag cur pian domhain, pian domhain ar feadh taobh do chnoic a d'fhéadfadh a leathnú isteach i taobh do ghlúine nó do ghualainn. D'fhéadfadh síneadh, brú áitiúil nó gníomhaíocht an pian a mhéadú. Is minic a bhíonn an pian níos measa san oíche agus d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith deacair codladh ar an taobh a bhfuil tionchar aige air.\nTá deich bursae ag an ghlúine, ach d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh 13, mar gheall ar athruithe aonair! Is féidir le hairíonna bursitis glúine a bheith éagsúil, ag brath ar thromchúis an athlasadh. Féadfaidh tú pian glúine, teannas, deargú nó mothú teasa a fháil sna glúine. Is minic a thosaíonn sé go hacair, ach d'fhéadfadh sé dul i ngeall ar a bheith níos measa de réir a chéile má dhéantar faillí air. Is minic a ghearann daoine a bhfuil bursitis glúine acu go bhfuil raon gluaiseachta teoranta acu, go bhfuil pian níos mó acu nuair a bhíonn siad ag glúine nó ag siúl. Is é ár gcomhairle do gach duine a bhfuil pian glúine orthu cuairt a thabhairt ar cheann de na chiropractors cliniciúla is fearr i Kula Lumpur agus measúnú cuí a dhéanamh ar do chomhpháirt glúine, meniscus, ligaments, matáin, agus bursae.\nTá deich n-ainmneacha bursae glúine ar an gcomhpháirte glúine a d'fhéadfadh pian a chur ar fáil. Tá siad liostaithe thíos:\nTá cúig bhúrsae ar fad os comhair an ghlúine:\n- Bursa subrathellar nó an t-easc subrathellar\n- Bursa Prepatellar\n- Bursa infra-patellar domhain\n- Bursa faoi chraiceann (bursa dromchla nó bursa infra-patellar)\n- Bursa réamh-tibial\nAg féachaint ó thaobh (taobh amuigh den ghlúine), tá ceithre bursae ann:\n- Bursa gastrocnemius taobh nó an bursa fo-tendinous\n- Bursa Fibular\n- Bursa Fibruil-Póipliteach\n- Bursa fo-phobail (réas fo-phobail)\nGo meánúil (an chuid istigh den ghlúine), tá trí bursae ann:\n- Bursa gastrocnemius meánach (bursa fo-tendinous)\n- Anserine bursa\n- Bursa semimembranosa\nIs féidir le bursitis retrocalcaneal nó bursitis ankle tarlú aon uair a bhíonn an bursa faoi tendon Achilles ar chúl do chúl inflamed. Is minic a bhíonn bursitis an chnoic mar thoradh ar trauma áitiúil a bhaineann le hiodráil ard nó bróga a bhfuil dearadh droch-chlaonta acu. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith mar thoradh ar iomarca siúlóide freisin. D'fhéadfadh sé tarlú in éineacht le tendonitis Achilles freisin. Is foinse coitianta pian an tsíleáin agus na coise é bursitis an tsíleáin.\nIs minic a tharlaíonn bursa retrocalcaneal inflamed le gortaíocht ró-úsáid i sceiteoirí oighir, lúthchleasaithe óga, agus daoine aonair atá díreach ag tosú clár nua aclaíochta, lena n-áirítear léim nó siúl. De ghnáth, bíonn an pian ar chúl an chlé agus méadóidh sé le flexion resisted nó le síneadh éighníomhach.\nAn bhfuil aon leigheas baile ar fáil le haghaidh bursitis?\nSea, agus beidh áthas orainn é a roinnt leat. Is é an chéad rud agus is tábhachtaí a mheabhrú faoi neamhoird bursa ná go bhfuil siad próisis athlastacha. Is i gcónaí is é is cúis le micrea- nó maicreathrú é próisis athlastacha. Is é an micreathrú na rudaí athdhéanta a dhéanann tú, agus baineann an macra-thráma le himeacht traumatic iarbhír. Mar sin, an cúram baile le haghaidh aon pian traumatic, díobháil nó neamhoird atá cosanta, a chur ina luí, oighear, compress, agus ardú. I bhfocail eile, cuimhnigh P-R-I-C-E:\n- Cosaint i bhfoirm padding, go háirithe i gcás bursae atá gar d' uachtar craiceann ar do ghlúine agus ar do chnoic.\n- Is féidir leis an limistéar a bhfuil tionchar aige a chur ar scor nuair is féidir, chun na hairíonna a chabhrú. Gníomhaíochtaí eile a roghnú chun aclaíocht a dhéanamh a d'fhéadfadh gluaiseachtaí pianmhara a dhíchur. D'fhéadfadh snámh a bheith cabhrach.\n- Is féidir le oighear a bheith go leor éifeachtach i laghdú pian agus athlasadh. Is féidir le pacáistí oighir bheaga, cosúil le pacáistí glasraí reoite a chuirtear i bhfeidhm ar an limistéar ar feadh thart ar 10 nóiméad dhá uair sa lá ag an solas cabhrú le tinneas athlastaithe sa limistéar a laghdú.\n- D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh brú agus ardú cabhrach nuair is féidir chun an limistéar a chómhdach. Is féidir leat bandage elastic a chur i bhfeidhm (go háirithe ar chois agus ar ghlúine). Ba chóir an limistéar a choinneáil ar airde os cionn do chroí chun cosc a chur ar fhuil a charnadh.\nAn féidir le bursa a ionfhabhtaithe?\nSea, is féidir. Agus is é seo an fáth nár cheart duit féin-diagnóis a dhéanamh ort féin. Déan do staid a mheas ag saineolaí i gcónaí sula bhfaigheann tú cúram. Ar an dara dul síos, faigh cúram ó fhoireann chliniciúil agus ní ó dhaoine neamhfhoghlaimithe nó gan taithí. Is é do chorp agus do shláinte. Tá dea-shláinte níos luachmhaire ná saibhreas. Ná glac an deis.\nÓs rud é gur féidir le próiseas ionfhabhtaithe bursitis a chur faoi deara, tá sé ríthábhachtach diagnóis chruinn a bheith agat. Is comhartha é teas go gcaithfidh tú cúram leighis a lorg láithreach ós rud é go bhféadfadh sé ionfhabhtú a léiriú. I measc comharthaí rabhaidh eile ionfhabhtaithe tá géarmhíleacht nó deargú nó teas buan timpeall an chomhpháirte. D'fhéadfadh ionfhabhtuithe craiceann sa cheantar (ceillithe) a bheith i gceist go bhfuil an bursa ionfhabhtaithe freisin. Tabhair cuairt ar cheann dár lárionaid sa Mhalaeisia chun an clár cóireála bursitis is fearr sa Mhalaeisia a fháil.\nCén fáth go mbeadh tú ag lorg cúraim ó ár bhfoirne cliniciúla?\nSula bhféadfar cóireáil a thabhairt duit, ní mór dúinn bunchúis do do riocht a aithint. Tá mílte othar cóireáilte againn go rathúil; is é an eochair dár rath cliniciúil nuair a theipeann ar dhaoine eile ár dtuiscint ar neamhoird spine agus comhpháirteanna. Tá ár gcumas chun do riocht a dhiagnóisiú go cruinn gan paraleal nuair a thagann sé chun saincheisteanna a bhaineann leis an bursae. Go hachomair, tá ár modhanna cúraim neamh-mhionsonraithe bunaithe ar thaighde níos fearr, toisc go ndéanaimid cóireáil ar an gcúis bhun le modhanna iomlánacha. Ár foirne cliniciúla de chiropractors saineolaithe agus an fhoireann fisiceolaí cliniciúil is fearr i Kuala Lumpur aird ar leith a thabhairt ar an gcúis bhun do riocht. Is é cumas an Ionaid Speisialta Chiropractic chun an chúis bhun a aithint an chúis phríomh nuair a sheachnaíonn an oiread sin dár n-othar flare-ups.\nTá cuid de na chiropractors agus fisiceolaithe is fearr againn sa Mhalaeisia. I Mhalaeisia, tá saineolaithe is gá duit le haghaidh díobháil spóirt, comhpháirteach, agus neamh-ghluaiseacht cóireáil. Déanaimid cóireáil ar ghortú spóirt agus comhpháirteanna trí iarrachtaí comhoibritheacha ó ár fisiotherapies cliniciúla bunaithe ar thaighde agus cuid de na chiropractors is fearr sa Mhalaeisia. Má tá tú ag fulaingt ó ghortú nó pian, táimid an rogha is fearr agat. Soláthraíonn ár bhfoireann cliniciúil an clár cóireála bursitis is fearr trí theicneolaíocht agus modhanna iomlánacha comhtháite chun cabhrú leat a fháil ar ais go tapa."} {"text": "Causes of Cervicalgia\nUsually, cervicalgia is not a serious condition. However, it is uncomfortable and has to be addressed. The condition has a variety of causes. Poor posture, especially for an extended period of time, is one cause. For example, many patients spend a long time sitting at a desk with improper posture. Injuries involving a harsh neck movement, such as whiplash, are another cause. Furthermore, clenching the neck and shoulder muscles leads to strain and stress on the neck. Pushing the shoulders forward causes stress. Rounded shoulders are common for cycling. Osteoporosis and arthritis, which are examples of bone conditions, also contribute. Patients who are older are more susceptible to cervicalgia. Spinal diseases, conditions, or infections, such as meningitis, can also cause cervicalgia. Some types of sports may cause kyphosis, which affects posture and strains the neck, and cervicalgia can also result from kyphosis.1\nWhat Is Cervicalgia?\nCervicalgia only occurs in the neck, and patients are not diagnosed with this condition when the injury is found in the arms or lower back. For example, movements that put gradual and sudden pressure on the neck can lead to strain and discomfort. The neck is very flexible, but this flexibility leaves it vulnerable to damage. Even with proper posture, the neck is always under stress from supporting the heavy head and allowing good range-of-motion. The neck, or cervical spine, is a very important part of the body. Symptoms of cervicalgia are mostly found in the neck, including stiffness, spasms, and impaired movement. There can also be tenderness in the shoulders, cervicalgia headache, dizziness, and nausea. In most cases, the cervicalgia only causes mild discomfort. However, the pain severity will vary based on the injury. Pain can be felt as sharp and stabbing or dull but persistent.2\nICD 10 and Diagnosis\nCervicalgia is a general term. ICD 10 is the system most medical professionals use to bill insurance, and there is no direct cause of cervicalgia ICD 10. Similarly, the codes for low back pain ICD 10 and other forms of back pain ICD 10 have to be more specifically defined. Based on ICD 10, cervicalgia is either chronic or acute. Even so, getting cervicalgia diagnosed by a healthcare professional can take more time. There are some exceptions to this, including when a disc disorder of the spine has been diagnosed as the cause. Additionally, other than figuring out billing, finding the specific cause of cervicalgia is important for the patient’s treatment. Patients have to tell their healthcare provider about all of their symptoms, and even small symptoms should be mentioned. It is important to be accurate so that the doctor can spot red flag symptoms.3\nThe first step in treatment is to take a break from strenuous activity for a few days. Meanwhile, patients might find that a cold pack eases their pain and inflammation. Diabetic patients should limit their use of ice. Similarly, a heat pack or a warm shower can be used. Over-the-counter pain medications can also provide relief, including Tylenol, Advil, and Aleve. After warming the injured area with a heat pack, stretching the neck can be very beneficial. There are several different types of stretches that help. Even though rest is important, patients should also try to get up and move every half hour. This is because remaining in one position for too long can also cause pain, and poor posture is particularly damaging. There are many alternative treatment options, such as chiropractic care, massage therapy, and acupuncture, that can help. Sometimes, alternative treatment options are the only solution necessary.4\nIt is easy to develop a stiff neck from a long commute or a stressful desk job. Fortunately, there are exercises that can combat cervicalgia pain. Patients who have had a long day might try the upper trapezius stretch, levator stretch, cervical retraction, doorway pec stretch, and external rotation with a TheraBand. The exercises should not cause pain, though they can leave the patient feeling stretched and tired.5 Patients should regularly try some simple neck stretches and head turns, especially if they have been in a static position for a while. Exercises and stretches can be done with or without resistant exercise bands. Good posture is also key, and patients should be mindful of their position when they are sitting, standing, and lying down. Unfortunately, time spent with poor posture and stiffness adds up. Sometimes, patients need outside help to ease their cervicalgia pain.6\nChiropractors provide natural pain relief for cervicalgia, but that is not all that they can do. In some cases, the chiropractor will have to be gentler with the patient. Those who dislike the sound and feeling of “cracking” will want a gentler manipulation. Patients have to make note of all of their symptoms so that the chiropractor’s diagnosis is accurate. Chiropractic care can help with many causes of neck pain. The chiropractor will employ cervical mobilization, cervical manual traction, and cervical “drop” techniques. The adjustments are performed while the patient is lying on a special table, and the table is outfitted with additional tools for the chiropractor to work with. Outside of the office, the chiropractor will recommend exercises for the patient to relieve their cervicalgia symptoms at home. Often, chiropractors to work with doctors and physical therapists, but the patient can consult their doctor about chiropractic care.7\nA licensed practitioner of massage can also provide relief for the patient. Massage therapy is good for sore muscles, and massage promotes blood flow. Patients will experience relaxation from massage, and this can help to ease the stiffness in muscles and the cervicalgia. Massage therapists often work complementary to medical treatment and chiropractic care.8 Trigger point massage is often used for neck pain, and Swedish massage is another method that is employed. Swedish massage is the most common technique. Other forms of massage that the therapist might use include shiatsu and deep tissue massage. Swedish massage and deep tissue massage can be performed together. The aim of deep tissue massage is to release knots and scar tissue that could be the cause of cervicalgia. Self-massage at home might also provide some relief, though patients should not try any difficult techniques.9\n4, 6, 8 https://www.healthline.com\nFind out more about how chiropractic care helps after whiplash.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04", "url": "https://www.echiropractor.org/cervicalgia/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703514796.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210118123320-20210118153320-00196.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9514151812, "token_count": 1370, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cúiseanna le Cervicalgia\nDe ghnáth, ní staid thromchúiseach é cervicalgia. Mar sin féin, tá sé míchompordach agus ní mór aghaidh a thabhairt air. Tá cúiseanna éagsúla leis an riocht. Is cúis amháin é droch-stán, go háirithe ar feadh tréimhse fada ama. Mar shampla, caitheann go leor othair am fada ina suí ag deasc le postúr mícheart. Is cúis eile iad na díobhálacha a bhaineann le gluaiseacht garbh ar a muineál, mar shampla whiplash. Ina theannta sin, mar thoradh ar na matáin muineál na muineál agus na matáin ghualainn a chrócaireacht, bíonn strus agus strus ar an muineál. Ag brú na gualainn ar aghaidh bíonn strus ann. Tá cnámha cruinn coitianta le haghaidh rothaíochta. Cuidíonn osteoiphoróis agus arthritis, a bhfuil samplaí de dhálaí cnámh ann, freisin. Tá othair atá níos sine níos so-ghabhálacha do cervicalgia. D'fhéadfadh galair, coinníollacha nó ionfhabhtuithe spine, mar shampla meningitis, cervicalgia a chur faoi deara freisin. D'fhéadfadh roinnt cineálacha spóirt kyphosis a chur i gcontúirt, rud a théann i bhfeidhm ar an seasamh agus a chuireann strus ar an muineál, agus d'fhéadfadh cervicalgia a bheith mar thoradh ar kyphosis freisin.1\nCad é Cervicalgia?\nNí tharlaíonn cervicalgia ach sa muineál, agus ní dhéantar diagnóis leis an riocht seo nuair a fhaightear an díobháil sna hairm nó sa chúl íseal. Mar shampla, d'fhéadfadh gluaiseachtaí a chuireann brú de réir a chéile agus go tobann ar an muineál go dtiocfadh strus agus míchompord orthu. Tá an muineál an-simplí, ach tá an solúbthacht seo ina chúis le damáiste. Fiú le postúr ceart, tá an muineál i gcónaí faoi strus ó thacú leis an gceann trom agus ag ligean raon maith gluaiseachta. Is cuid an-tábhachtach den chorp é an muineál, nó an spine cervical. Tá comharthaí cervicalgia le fáil den chuid is mó sa mhuineál, lena n-áirítear stiffness, spasms, agus gluaiseacht laghdaithe. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh mothúchán i gcéile, tinneas cinn cervicalgia, dizziness, agus nausea ann freisin. I bhformhór na gcásanna, ní bhíonn ach míchompord éadrom mar thoradh ar an cervicalgia. Mar sin féin, beidh an déine pian ag athrú bunaithe ar an díobháil. Is féidir an pian a bhraitheann mar géar agus stacking nó dull ach leanúnach.2\nICD 10 agus Diagnosis\nIs téarma ginearálta é cervicalgia. Is é ICD 10 an córas a úsáideann an chuid is mó de na gairmithe leighis chun árachas a bhilleáil, agus níl aon chúis dhíreach le cervicalgia ICD 10. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, ní mór na cóid do pian íseal cúl ICD 10 agus cineálacha eile pian cúl ICD 10 a shainiú níos sainiúla. Bunaithe ar ICD 10, tá cervicalgia ainsealach nó géar. Mar sin féin, d'fhéadfadh sé go dtógfadh sé níos mó ama go ndéanfadh gairmithe cúraim sláinte diagnóis le cervicalgia. Tá roinnt eisceachtaí ann, lena n-áirítear nuair a dhiagnóisiíodh neamhord diosca an spine mar chúis. Ina theannta sin, seachas billeáil a fháil amach, tá sé tábhachtach cúis shonracha na cervicalgia a aimsiú le haghaidh cóireála an othair. Ní mór do othair a gcuid cóireálaithe sláinte a chur in iúl faoi na hairíonna go léir atá acu, agus ba cheart fiú na hairíonna beaga a lua. Tá sé tábhachtach a bheith cruinn ionas gur féidir leis an dochtúir comharthaí a bhfuil comharthaí dearga acu a aithint.3\nIs é an chéad chéim i gcóireáil ná sos a ghlacadh ó ghníomhaíocht strenuous ar feadh cúpla lá. Idir an dá linn, d'fhéadfadh othair a fháil go bhfuil pacáiste fuar a n-aghaidh a gcuid pian agus athlasadh. Ba chóir do othair diaibéiteas úsáid oighir a theorannú. Is féidir pacáiste teasa nó cith te a úsáid freisin. Is féidir le cógais pian a fhaightear gan oideas faoiseamh a thabhairt freisin, lena n-áirítear Tylenol, Advil, agus Aleve. Tar éis an limistéar gortaithe a théamh le pacáiste teasa, is féidir an muineál a shíneadh a bheith an-tairbheach. Tá roinnt cineálacha éagsúla síneadh ann a chabhraíonn. Cé go bhfuil sé tábhachtach go bhfuil sé tábhachtach go bhfuil an t-am ag an duine a bhfuil an galar air a bheith ag fanacht ar a chodladh, ba cheart dó dul suas agus bogadh gach leath uair an chloig. Tá sé seo toisc gur féidir le fanacht i gceann amháin ró-fhada pian a chur ort, agus tá droch-stíl an-díobhálach. Tá go leor roghanna cóireála malartacha ann, amhail cúram chiropractic, teiripe massage, agus acupuncture, a d'fhéadfadh cabhrú. Uaireanta, is iad roghanna cóireála malartacha an t-aon réiteach is gá.4\nTá sé éasca a bheith ina mhuineál crua ó obair fhada nó ó phost scrúdaithe brú. Ar an dea-uair, tá cleachtaí ann a fhéadfaidh pian cervicalgia a chomhrac. D'fhéadfadh othair a raibh lá fada acu iarracht a dhéanamh ar an síneadh trapezius uachtarach, síneadh levator, athshlánú ceirvical, síneadh pecs doras, agus rothlú seachtrach le TheraBand. Níor chóir go mbeadh pian ag baint leis na cleachtaí, cé go bhféadfadh siad an t-othar a fhágáil ag mothú síneadh agus tuirseach.5 Ba cheart do othair iarracht a dhéanamh go rialta roinnt síneadh simplí a dhéanamh ar a muineál agus a cheann a thiontú, go háirithe má bhí siad i riocht statach ar feadh tamaill. Is féidir cleachtaí agus síneadh a dhéanamh le bannaí cleachtaí resistant nó gan iad. Tá postúr maith ríthábhachtach freisin, agus ba cheart do othair a seasamh agus iad ina suí, ina seasamh agus ina luí. Ar an drochuair, tá an t-am a chaitear le droch-stíl agus le stiffness ag cur suas. Uaireanta, teastaíonn cúnamh ó dhaoine eile ó othair chun a gcuid pian cervicalgia a mhaolú.6\nSoláthraíonn chiropractors faoiseamh pian nádúrtha le haghaidh cervicalgia, ach ní hamháin sin is féidir leo a dhéanamh. I gcásanna áirithe, beidh ar an chiropractor a bheith níos socair leis an othar. Ba mhaith leo siúd nach maith leo an fhuaim agus an mothúchán de \"crack\" a bheith ina láimhseáil níos socair. Ní mór do othair a gcuid comharthaí go léir a thabhairt faoi deara ionas go mbeidh diagnóis cruinn ag an chiropractor. Is féidir le cúram chiropractic cabhrú le go leor cúiseanna pian muineál. Beidh an chiropractor ag úsáid soghluaisteacht cervical, tarraingt lámhach cervical, agus teicnící cervical drop. Déantar na coigeartuithe agus an t-othar ina luí ar tábla speisialta, agus tá uirlisí breise ag an tábla le haghaidh na hiarphraiteora a bheith ag obair leis. Lasmuigh den oifig, molfaidh an chiropractor cleachtaí don othar chun a gcuid comharthaí cervicalgia a mhaolú sa bhaile. Is minic a bhíonn na cirio-phraiticeoirí ag obair le dochtúirí agus le fisiceolaithe, ach is féidir leis an othar dul i gcomhairle lena dhochtúir féin maidir le cúram cirio-phraiticeach.7\nIs féidir le cleachtóir massage ceadúnaithe faoiseamh a thabhairt don othar freisin. Tá teiripe massage maith le haghaidh matáin tinn, agus cuireann massage sreabhadh fola chun cinn. Beidh na hothair ag mothú scíth a ligean ó mhaisiú, agus d'fhéadfadh sé seo cabhrú leis an stiffness i matáin agus an cervicalgia a mhaolú. Is minic a úsáidtear massage pointe trigger le haghaidh pian muineál, agus is modh eile a úsáidtear massage na Sualainne. Is é an massage Sualainnis an teicníc is coitianta. I measc na bhfoirmeacha eile maisithe a d'fhéadfadh an teiripeoir a úsáid tá shiatsu agus maisithe fíochán domhain. Is féidir massage na Sualainne agus massage fíochán domhain a dhéanamh le chéile. Is é aidhm na maisithe fíneáil fíneáil domhain ná nótaí agus fíneáil scar a scaoileadh a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina chúis le cervicalgia. D'fhéadfadh sé go dtabharfadh féin-mhasaíocht sa bhaile faoiseamh éigin freisin, cé nár cheart do othair aon mheaisíní deacra a thriail.9\n4, 6, 8 https://www.healthline.com\nFaigh amach níos mó faoi conas a chabhraíonn cúram chiropractic tar éis whiplash."} {"text": "Striving for Cardiovascular Health\nWhen heart experts talk about prevention, they usually refer to one of three types: Secondary, primary and primordial prevention. (9) All three have similar elements, but different starting times and different effects.\n1. Secondary prevention. These efforts are started after someone has a heart attack or stroke, undergoes angioplasty or bypass surgery, or develops some other form of cardiovascular disease. It involves taking medications like aspirin and/or a cholesterol-lowering statin, quitting smoking and losing weight if needed, exercising more, and following a healthy diet. Although secondary prevention may sound like closing the barn door after the horse has gone, it isn’t. These steps can prevent a second heart attack or stroke, halt the progression of cardiovascular disease, and prevent early death. It may be obvious, but the number one killer of individuals who survive a first heart attack is a second heart attack.\n2. Primary prevention. Primary prevention aims to keep an individual at risk of cardiovascular disease from having a first heart attack or stroke, needing angioplasty or surgery, or developing some other form of cardiovascular disease. Primary prevention is usually aimed at people who already have developed cardiovascular risk factors, such as high blood pressure or high cholesterol. It focuses on controlling worrisome risk factors. As with secondary prevention, primary prevention relies on making healthy lifestyle changes and, if needed, taking medications. But the appearance of worrisome cardiovascular risk factors means that inflammation, atherosclerosis, and/or endothelial dysfunction are already at work and, in most cases, aren’t reversible.\n3. Primordial prevention. The word “primordial” means persisting from the beginning. Primordial prevention involves working to prevent inflammation, atherosclerosis, and endothelial dysfunction from taking hold, and thus prevent the appearance of risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, excess weight, and ultimately cardiovascular events. Once rarely discussed, primordial prevention is now the cornerstone of the American Heart Association’s definition of ideal cardiovascular health and efforts to help people achieve it. (9) As its name implies, the sooner you can start practicing primordial prevention—ideally from childhood on—the more likely you are to achieve it and protect yourself from cardiovascular disease.\nSteps for the primordial prevention of cardiovascular disease\nFour key choices can dramatically reduce your chances of developing cardiovascular risk factors and ultimately cardiovascular disease. All four are important. Here they are listed by how much they contribute to cardiovascular health, and we explain how you can put each of these into practice.\n1. Not smoking\nOne of the best things you can do for your health is not use tobacco in any form. Tobacco use is a hard-to-break habit that can slow you down, make you sick, and shorten your life. A key way it does this is by contributing to cardiovascular disease.\nIn fact, researchers examined the relationship between cigarette smoking and smoking cessation on mortality in a study of over 100,000 women, published in JAMA. During this decades-long prospective study, approximately 64% of deaths among current smokers and 28% of deaths among former smokers were attributable to cigarette smoking.\n- This study also reported that much of the excess risk due to smoking may be drastically lowered after quitting. Additionally, the excess risk for all-cause mortality – that is, death from any cause – decreases to the level of a never smoker 20 years after quitting.\nThe nicotine that tobacco products deliver is one of the most addictive substances around. That makes tobacco use one of the toughest unhealthy habits to break. But don’t get discouraged; many smokers do quit. In fact, in the United States today there are more ex-smokers than smokers. (10) To learn more about the hazards of smoking, the benefits of quitting, and tips for quitting, see “Not Smoking” on The Nutrition Source.\n2. Maintaining a healthy weight\nIn a study of over one million women, body-mass index (BMI) was shown to be a strong risk factor for coronary heart disease. Research showed incidence of coronary heart disease increases progressively with BMI. (14)\nIn the Nurses’ Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, middle-aged women and men who gained 11 to 22 pounds after age 20 were up to three times more likely to develop heart disease, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, and gallstones than those who gained five pounds or fewer.\n- Those who gained more than 22 pounds had an even larger risk of developing these diseases. (11, 15-18)\nWeight and height go hand in hand. The taller you are, the more you weigh. That’s why researchers have devised several measures that account for both weight and height. The one most commonly used is the body-mass index (BMI)\n- You can calculate your BMI by dividing your weight in kilograms by your height in meters squared. You can also use an online BMI calculator or BMI table\n- A healthy BMI is under 25. Overweight is defined as a BMI of 25 to 29.9, and obesity is defined as a BMI of 30 or higher.\n- Waist size matters, too. An expert panel convened by the National Institutes of Health identified these useful benchmarks: Men should aim for a waist size below 40 inches and women should aim for a waist size below 35 inches. (19)\n- Getting regular physical activity is one of the best things you can do for your health. It lowers the risk of heart disease, diabetes, stroke, high blood pressure, osteoporosis, and certain cancers, and it can also help control stress, improve sleep, boost mood, keep weight in check, and reduce the risk of falling and improve cognitive function in older adults.\n- It doesn’t take marathon training to see real health gains. A 30-minute brisk walk on five days of the week is all most people need. Getting any amount of exercise is better than none.\n- Exercise and physical activity benefit the body, while a sedentary lifestyle does the opposite – increasing the chances of becoming overweight and developing a number of chronic diseases.\n- Research shows that people who spend more time each day watching television, sitting, or riding in cars have a greater chance of dying early than people who are more active.(23-25) A study published in 2013 showed that, among women ages 50-79 with no cardiovascular disease at the start of study, prolonged sitting time was associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk regardless of the amount of time spent in leisure-time physical activity.\n4. Following a healthy diet: Diet and cardiovascular disease\nFor years, research into connections between diet and heart disease focused on individual nutrients like cholesterol, types of fats, and specific vitamins and minerals. This work has been revealing, but it has also generated some dead ends, along with myths and confusion about what constitutes healthy eating. That’s because people eat food, not nutrients.\n- The best diet for preventing cardiovascular disease is one that is full of fruits and vegetables, whole grains (28), nuts , fish, poultry, and vegetable oils; includes alcohol in moderation, if at all; and goes easy on red and processed meats, sugary beverages, sodium, and trans fat.\n- People with diets consistent with this dietary pattern had a 31% lower risk of heart disease, a 33% lower risk of diabetes, and a 20% lower risk of stroke. (26)\n- A randomized controlled trial found that a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts, both rich sources of unsaturated fat, reduced the incidence of major cardiovascular events amongst patients with cardiovascular disease over a 4.8-year follow-up period.\n- This study highlighted that low-fat diets are not beneficial to heart health, and that incorporating healthy fats – such as those included in the Mediterranean diet – can improve heart health and weight loss.\n- There isn’t one exact Mediterranean diet, as this eating style takes into account the different foods, eating patterns, and lifestyles in multiple countries that border the Mediterranean Sea. However, there are similarities that define a Mediterranean eating pattern, and as described by this study the traditional Mediterranean diet includes:\n- High intake of olive oil, nuts, vegetables, fruits, and cereals\n- Moderate intake of fish and poultry\n- Low intake of dairy products, red meat, processed meats, and sweets\n- Wine in moderation, consumed with meals (27)\nPutting it all together\nYou can help prevent cardiovascular disease by doing four key things and making them into habits:\nStrong studies make it possible to link reductions in risk to these habits. Following a healthy lifestyle may prevent over 80% of cases of coronary artery disease, (2, 3) 50% of ischemic strokes, (4) 80% of sudden cardiac deaths, (5) and 72% of deaths related to cardiovascular disease. (6) In other words, a healthy lifestyle is a good investment in a longer, healthier life.\n3. Chiuve, S.E., et al., Healthy lifestyle factors in the primary prevention of coronary heart disease among men: benefits among users and nonusers of lipid-lowering and antihypertensive medications. Circulation, 2006. 114(2): p. 160-7.\n9. Lloyd-Jones, D.M., et al., Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: the American Heart Association’s strategic Impact Goal through 2020 and beyond. Circulation, 2010. 121(4): p. 586-613.\n12. Bogers, R.P., et al., Association of overweight with increased risk of coronary heart disease partly independent of blood pressure and cholesterol levels: a meta-analysis of 21 cohort studies including more than 300 000 persons. Arch Intern Med, 2007. 167(16): p. 1720-8.\n28. Wu H, Flint AJ, Qi Q, et al. Association Between Dietary Whole Grain Intake and Risk of Mortality: Two Large Prospective Studies in US Men and Women. JAMA Intern Med. Published online January 05, 2015.\nThe aim of the Harvard School of Public Health Nutrition Source is to provide timely information on diet and nutrition for clinicians, allied health professionals, and the public. The contents of this Web site are not intended to offer personal medical advice. You should seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this Web site. The information does not mention brand names, nor does it endorse any particular products.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11", "url": "https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/preventing-cvd/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463420.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00004-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9316335917, "token_count": 2192, "score": 3.265625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ag Iarracht ar Sláinte Cardaivisceach\nNuair a labhraíonn speisialtóirí croí faoi chosc, déanann siad tagairt de ghnáth do cheann de thrí chineál: Cosc thánaisteach, bunscoile agus bunscoile. (9) Tá gnéithe den chineál céanna ag na trí cheann, ach tá amanna tosaigh agus éifeachtaí éagsúla acu.\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Cosc thánaisteach. Tosaítear na hiarrachtaí seo tar éis do dhuine ionsaí croí nó stróc a fháil, angioplasty nó máinliacht seachbhóthar a dhéanamh air, nó cineál éigin eile galar cardashoithíoch a fhorbairt. Baineann sé le cógais a ghlacadh mar aspirin agus/nó statin a laghdaíonn colaistéaról, scoir as caitheamh tobac agus meáchan a chailleadh más gá, níos mó aclaíochta a dhéanamh, agus aiste bia sláintiúil a leanúint. Cé go mb'fhéidir go mbraitheann cosc tharchúile mar dhoras an chléir a dhúnadh tar éis don chapaill dul, ní amhlaidh atá sé. Is féidir leis na céimeanna seo an dara ionsaí croí nó stróc a chosc, dul chun cinn galar croí-aigí a stopadh, agus bás luath a chosc. B'fhéidir go bhfuil sé soiléir, ach is é an dara tinneas croí an chéad mharbhóir de dhaoine aonair a mhaireann an chéad ionsaí croí.\n2. Seachadadh. Cosc bunscoile. Tá sé mar aidhm ag an réamhchosaint duine aonair atá i mbaol galar cardashoithíoch a choinneáil ó chéad ionsaí croí nó stróc a bheith aige, angioplasty nó máinliacht a bheith ag teastáil uaidh, nó cineál éigin eile galar cardashoithíoch a fhorbairt. De ghnáth, díritheann réamhchosaint ar dhaoine a bhfuil tosca riosca cardashoithíoch acu cheana féin, mar shampla brú fola ard nó colesterol ard. Díríonn sé ar rialú fachtóirí riosca imní. Cosúil le cosc tharchúplach, tá cosc bunscoile ag brath ar athruithe stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúla a dhéanamh agus, más gá, cógais a ghlacadh. Ach ciallaíonn an chuma ar fhachtóirí riosca cardashoithíoch imní go bhfuil athlasadh, atherosclerosis, agus/nó mífheidhm endothelial ag obair cheana féin agus, i bhformhór na gcásanna, níl siad in-athraitheach.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Cosc bunscoile. Ciallaíonn an focal príomhionscéal go leanann sé ar aghaidh ón tús. Baineann cosc primordial le bheith ag obair chun ionfhabhtú, atherosclerosis, agus mífheidhm endothelial a chosc ó bheith ag glacadh ceaptha, agus dá bhrí sin cosc a chur ar chuma fachtóirí riosca mar ardteannas fola, colesterol ard, meáchan iomarcach, agus i ndeireadh na dálaí cardiovascular. Nuair a bhí sé dírithe go seasta, is é an cosc primordial anois an cloch chúlra de shainmhíniú Chumann Croí Mheiriceá ar shláinte chardó-aistritheach idéalach agus iarrachtaí chun cabhrú le daoine é a bhaint amach. (9) Mar a thugann a ainm le tuiscint, is é an seans is mó go mbainfidh tú amach é agus go gcosnóidh tú tú féin ó ghalair chroí-aigéalach ná an luath is féidir leat tosú ag cleachtadh cosc primordial - go hidéalach ó óige.\nCéimeanna chun galair chártaithe croí a chosc go bunúsach\nIs féidir le ceithre rogha lárnach do seans go mór a laghdú go bhforbrófar fachtóirí riosca cardashoithíoch agus go deireadh thiar galar cardashoithíoch. Tá na ceithre cinn tábhachtach. Seo iad liostaithe de réir cé chomh mór is a rannchuidíonn siad le sláinte cardashoithíoch, agus mínímid conas is féidir leat gach ceann acu a chur i bhfeidhm i gcleachtas.\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Gan tobac a chaitheamh\nCeann de na rudaí is fearr is féidir leat a dhéanamh do do shláinte ná gan tobac a úsáid in aon fhoirm. Is nós é tobac a úsáid a bhfuil sé deacair a scor as agus is féidir leis do chuid ama a chur ar shiúl, do chuid tinnis a chur ort, agus do shaol a ghearrú. Is é príomhbhealach a dhéanann sé é seo ná go gcuireann sé le galar cardashoithíoch.\nGo deimhin, rinne taighdeoirí iniúchadh ar an gcaidreamh idir caitheamh tobac agus scoir tobac ar bháis i staidéar ar níos mó ná 100,000 bean, a foilsíodh i JAMA. Le linn an staidéir ionchais seo a bhí ar siúl ar feadh na mblianta, bhí thart ar 64% de bháis i measc lucht caitheamh tobac reatha agus 28% de bháis i measc lucht caitheamh tobac roimhe sin inchurtha ag caitheamh tobac.\n- D' thuairiscigh an staidéar seo freisin go bhféadfadh go leor den riosca iomarcach a bhaineann le caitheamh tobac a laghdú go mór tar éis scoir. Ina theannta sin, laghdaíonn an riosca iomarcach maidir le bás ó gach cúis - is é sin, bás ó aon chúis - go leibhéal duine nach ndearna tobac riamh 20 bliain tar éis dó scor a chaitheamh.\nTá an nicotine a sholáthraíonn táirgí tobac ar cheann de na substaintí is mó a bhíonn ag cur le daoine. Sin a dhéanann úsáid tobac ar cheann de na nósanna neamhshláintiúla is deacra a scor. Ach ná bíodh díomá ort; is féidir le go leor tobac a fhágáil. Go deimhin, sna Stáit Aontaithe inniu tá níos mó iar-tobacóirí ná tobacóirí. (10) Chun tuilleadh a fhoghlaim faoi na guaiseacha a bhaineann le caitheamh tobac, faoi na buntáistí a bhaineann le scoir a chur as, agus faoi leideanna chun scoir a chur as, féach 'Ná caitheamh tobac' ar The Nutrition Source.\n2. Seachadadh. Cothabháil meáchan sláintiúil\nI staidéar ar níos mó ná milliún bean, léiríodh gur fachtóir riosca láidir é innéacs mais coirp (BMI) le haghaidh galar corónach croí. Léirigh taighde go méadaíonn teagmhas galar croí corónach go forleathan le BMI. (14) an\nSa Staidéar Sláinte na n-Innealtóirí agus sa Staidéar Leath-Leasa na Proifeiseantaigh Sláinte, bhí mná agus fir meánaosta a fuair 11 go 22 punt tar éis aois 20 suas le trí huaire níos mó seans ann go mbeadh galar croí, brú fola ard, diaibéiteas cineál 2 agus clocha gallann orthu ná iad siúd a fuair cúig punt nó níos lú.\n- Bhí riosca níos mó ag na daoine a fuair níos mó ná 22 punt na galair seo a fhorbairt. (Léigh an t-alt.)\nTéann meáchan agus airde lámh ar láimh. An níos airde atá tú, an níos meáchain atá tú. Sin é an fáth go bhfuil taighdeoirí tar éis roinnt tomhais a cheapadh a thugann cuntas ar mheáchan agus ar airde araon. Is é an ceann is coitianta a úsáidtear ná innéacs mais coirp (BMI)\n- Is féidir leat do BMI a ríomh trí do mheáchan i gcilogram a roinnt ar do dhroim i méadar cearnach. Is féidir leat ríomhchlár BMI ar líne nó tábla BMI a úsáid freisin\n- Tá BMI sláintiúil faoi bhun 25. Sainmhínítear róthrom mar BMI de 25 go 29.9, agus sainmhínítear murtall mar BMI de 30 nó níos airde.\n- Tá méid waist tábhachtaí, freisin. D'aithin painéal saineolaithe a thionóil na hInstitiúidí Náisiúnta Sláinte na sásanna úsáideacha seo: Ba cheart do na fir a bheith ag iarraidh méid cirt faoi bhun 40 orlach agus ba cheart do na mná a bheith ag iarraidh méid cirt faoi bhun 35 orlach. (19) an t-easnamh\n- Tá gníomhaíocht choirp rialta ar cheann de na rudaí is fearr is féidir leat a dhéanamh do do shláinte. Laghdaíonn sé an baol go dtarlódh galar croí, diaibéiteas, stróc, brú fola ard, osteoporosis, agus ailse áirithe, agus is féidir leis cabhrú le strus a rialú, codladh a fheabhsú, mothúchán a fheabhsú, meáchan a choinneáil faoi smacht, agus an baol titim a laghdú agus feidhmiú cognaíoch a fheabhsú i ndaoine fásta níos sine.\n- Ní gá oiliúint maraitéin chun fíor-bhrabús sláinte a fheiceáil. Is é 30 nóiméad siúlóid snasta ar chúig lá den tseachtain go leor a theastaíonn ó chuid is mó daoine. Tá aon mhéid aclaíochta níos fearr ná aon cheann.\n- Tá tairbhe ag aclaíocht agus gníomhaíocht fhisiceach don chorp, agus tá an a mhalairt ag baint le stíl mhaireachtála shuíochánta ag méadú na seans go mbeidh róthrom ort agus go bhforbróidh tú roinnt galair ainsealacha.\n- Léiríonn taighde go bhfuil seans níos mó ag daoine a chaitheann níos mó ama gach lá ag féachaint ar an teilifís, ag suí, nó ag marcaíocht i gcarranna bás luath a fháil ná daoine atá níos gníomhaí. (23-25) Léirigh staidéar a foilsíodh in 2013 go raibh baint ag am fada suí le riosca méadaithe galar cardashoithíoch i measc na mban 50-79 bliain d'aois gan aon ghalar cardashoithíoch ag tús an staidéir, is cuma cé mhéad ama a chaitear i ngníomhaíocht choirp am saor in aisce.\n4. Tá an t-am Ag leanúint aiste bia sláintiúil: An aiste bia agus galar cardashoithíoch\nLe blianta fada, dírigh taighde ar naisc idir aiste bia agus galar croí ar chothaithigh aonair cosúil le colesterol, cineálacha sailleanna, agus vitimíní agus mianraí ar leith. Tá an obair seo ag nochtadh, ach tá roinnt deireadh marbh tagtha leis freisin, mar aon le miotais agus mearbhall faoi cad is bia sláintiúil ann. Tá sé sin toisc go n-itheann daoine bia, ní cothaithigh.\n- Is é an aiste bia is fearr chun galair chárthaí a chosc ná an aiste bia atá lán de thorthaí agus glasraí, gráin iomlána (28), cnónna, éisc, éanlaith, agus olaí glasraí; lena n-áirítear alcól go measartha, más ann dóibh ar chor ar bith; agus a théann go héasca ar fheoil dhearg agus próiseáilte, deochanna siúcracha, sóidiam, agus saill thras.\n- Bhí riosca 31% níos ísle galar croí, riosca 33% níos ísle diaibéiteas, agus riosca 20% níos ísle stróc ag daoine a raibh a n-aiste bia comhsheasmhach leis an bpatrún aiste bia seo. (26)\n- Fuair triail randamach rialaithe go laghdaigh aiste bia Mheánmhuirí a fhorlíonadh le ola olóige uasal-earraigh nó cnónna, foinsí saibhre saill neamhsháithithe, an t-ionfhabhtaíocht imeachtaí móra cardashoithíoch i measc othair le galar cardashoithíoch thar thréimhse leanta 4.8 bliana.\n- Léirigh an staidéar seo nach bhfuil aiste bia ísealchraicinn tairbheach do shláinte an chroí, agus gur féidir le saillte sláintiúla a ionchorprú mar na saillte atá san aiste bia Mheánmhuirí sláinte an chroí agus meáchain caillteanas a fheabhsú.\n- Níl aon aiste bia Meánmhara amháin ann, toisc go gcuirtear san áireamh leis an stíl ithe seo na bianna, na patrúin ithe agus na stíleanna maireachtála éagsúla i go leor tíortha a bhfuil teorainn acu leis an Mhuir Mheánmhuir. Mar sin féin, tá cosúlachtaí ann a shainmhíníonn patrún ithe Meánmhara, agus mar a thuairiscítear sa staidéar seo, áirítear leis an aiste bia traidisiúnta Mheánmhara:\n- Iontógáil mhór ola olóige, cnónna, glasraí, torthaí agus gráin\n- Iontógáil measartha iasc agus éanlaithe\n- Íseal-iontógáil táirgí déiríochta, feoil dhearg, feoil phróiseáilte, agus milseoga\n- Fíon i gcoibhneasta, a thomhaistear le béilí (27)\nAg cur an méid sin le chéile\nIs féidir leat cabhrú le galair chroí-aigí a chosc trí cheithre rud a dhéanamh agus iad a dhéanamh ina nósanna:\nDe réir staidéir láidir, is féidir laghdú na rioscaí a nascadh leis na nósanna seo. Is féidir le stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúil níos mó ná 80% de chásanna galar ar an artéar corónach a chosc, (2, 3) 50% de stróc iscaimiceach, (4) 80% de bhásanna cardasacha tobann, (5) agus 72% de bhásanna a bhaineann le galar cardashoithíoch. (6) I bhfocail eile, is infheistíocht mhaith í stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúil i saol níos faide, níos sláintiúla.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Chiuve, S.E., et al., Fachtóirí stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúla i gcosc bunscoile ar ghalair croí corónach i measc fir: tairbhí i measc úsáideoirí agus neamhúsáideoirí cógais lipid-íseal agus frith-hypertensive. Díoladh, 2006. 114 (a) (2): l. 160-7.\n9. Naoi. Lloyd-Jones, D.M., et al., Goalanna náisiúnta a shainiú agus a shocrú chun sláinte cardashoithíoch a chur chun cinn agus galar a laghdú: Sprioc Impéacta Straitéiseach Chumann an Chroí Mheiriceá go dtí 2020 agus ina dhiaidh sin. Díoladh, 2010. 121 (a): pp. 586-613.\n12. Tá sé seo fíor? Bogers, R.P., et al., Comhlachas idir iomarca meáchain agus riosca méadaithe galar croí corónach neamhspleách go páirteach ar leibhéil brú fola agus coleistéaról: meta-anailís ar 21 staidéar cohorta lena n-áirítear níos mó ná 300 000 duine. Arch Intern Med, 2007. 167 (a) 16: bl. 1720-8.\n28. Ceoltóirí Wu H, Flint AJ, Qi Q, et al. Comhlachas idir iontógáil gráin iomlána agus riosca báis: Dhá Staidéar mór ionchais i bhfear agus mná na SA. JAMA Inmheánach Med. Foilsithe ar líne an 5 Eanáir, 2015.\nIs é aidhm Foinse Cothúcháin Scoile Sláinte Poiblí Harvard faisnéis tráthúil a sholáthar maidir le aiste bia agus cothú do chliniceoirí, do ghairmithe sláinte comhghuaillíochta, agus don phobal. Ní chuirtear comhairle leighis ar fáil ar son an láithreáin ghréasáin seo. Ba cheart duit comhairle a lorg ó do dhochtúir nó ó sholáthraí sláinte cáilithe eile le haon cheist a d'fhéadfadh a bheith agat maidir le riocht leighis. Ná déan neamhaird ar chomhairle ghairmiúil nó ná bí ag moill air a fháil mar gheall ar rud éigin a léigh tú ar an suíomh Gréasáin seo. Ní luaitear ainmneacha branda sa fhaisnéis, ná ní thacaíonn sí le haon tháirgí ar leith."} {"text": "It's fitting that former enemies and inheritors of former regimes got together today in Moscow for what may be one of the last big World War II commemorations that can include numbers of walking veterans. Quite right, too, that the country that suffered the greatest number of casualties be the host. It's hard to see how Germany could have been defeated without the Red Army's determination. Click on the stamp at left for an example of the Soviet-era heroic gigantism prevalent in the USSR (from StampRussia).\nThat other Ally that withstood alone on the Western Front, Great Britain, is of course personified by its wartime leader, Winston Churchill. His voice, his profile, his very pugnaciousness, stood for so much in the years before the US entered the war. From the British Postal Museum Archive.\nMarching in Moscow for the first time today was the United States, which not only saved the Brits from the Germans, but had to fight off the Japanese throughout the Pacific. The cartoonist Bill Mauldin, beloved of the foot soldiers but mistrusted by the brass for the scruffy image he gave to GIs, is portrayed in this US Postal Service stamp. Rounding out the Big Four was China, but not the China of Communist Beijing. Nationalist China, under Chiang Kai-Shek, was at the table with its Soviet, American, and British allies. No more Soviets at the Kremlin these days, and the Nationalists had to watch the ceremony from Taiwan. From StampsOfChina.\nFinally, France, which though not a member of the wartime Big Four, did manage to stay in the big power league thanks to the sheer will power of then General De Gaulle. Thanks to French postwar leaders managing to overcome their hatred of Germany for outrages like Oradour (hundreds of men, women, and children killed in cold blood, the entire village burnt to the ground), we have a united Europe today. Stamp from Timbres-de-France.\nOkay, world leaders, well done in the war memorial category. Now please work together on that even bigger goal: saving the planet from its multiple non-military threats. It's a much harder target to zero in on.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11", "url": "http://avuncularamerican.typepad.com/blog/2010/05/ww-ii-65-say-it-with-stamps1.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936464088.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074104-00253-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9660176635, "token_count": 459, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá sé oiriúnach go bhfuil iar-naimhde agus oidhreacha de réimeas iar-aontaigh a tháinig le chéile inniu i Moscó le haghaidh cad a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ar cheann de na comórtais mhór deireanach an Dara Cogadh Domhanda gur féidir a áireamh líon na veterans siúil. Tá sé ceart go leor, freisin, go mbeadh an tír a d'fhulaing an líon is mó caillteanais ina óstach. Tá sé deacair a fheiceáil conas a d'fhéadfaí an Ghearmáin a bheith defeated gan cinneadh an Airm Dhearg. Cliceáil ar an stampa ar chlé le haghaidh sampla den gigantism laochra na Sóivéide a bhí forleathan san USSR (ó StampRussia).\nAn Ally eile sin a sheas ina n-aonar ar an gCéad Chuain Thiar, an Bhreatain Mhór, tá sé, ar ndóigh, personified ag a ceannaire am cogaidh, Winston Churchill. Bhí a ghuth, a phróifíl, a chuid fonntachta féin, chomh mór sin sna blianta sular tháinig na Stáit Aontaithe isteach sa chogadh. Ó Chartlann Mhúsaem na Breataine Poist.\nAg imeacht i Moscó den chéad uair inniu bhí na Stáit Aontaithe, a ní amháin a shábháil na Breataine ó na Gearmánaigh, ach bhí chun troid amach an tSeapáinis ar fud an Aigéin Chiúin. Tá an cartúinéir Bill Mauldin, beloved of the foot soldiers but mistrusted by the brass for the scruffy image he gave to GIs, á léiriú sa stampa Seirbhís Phoistíochta na Stát Aontaithe. Bhí an tSín ag críochnú na Ceithre Mór, ach ní an tSín de Phéising Chumhaltach. Bhí an tSín Náisiúnta, faoi Chiang Kai-Shek, ag an mbord lena chomhghuaillithe Sóivéadacha, Mheiriceá agus na Breataine. Ní raibh aon Sóivéadaigh sa Kremlin níos mó na laethanta seo, agus bhí ar na Náisiúnaigh féachaint ar an searmanas ó Taiwan. Ó StampsOfChina.\nAr deireadh, d'éirigh leis an bhFrainc, cé nach raibh sí ina ball den Cheathrú Mór, fanacht sa chomhlacht mórchumhachta a bhuíochas le neart toil an Ghinearála De Gaulle. Buíochas le ceannairí na Fraince tar éis an chogaidh a bhainistiú chun a n-fhuath sa Ghearmáin a shárú le haghaidh outrages cosúil Oradour (cailíní, fir, mná, agus leanaí a maraíodh i gcroid, an sráidbhaile ar fad dóite go talamh), tá muid a aontaithe san Eoraip inniu. Stamp ó Timbres-de-France.\nCeart go leor, ceannairí domhanda, go maith déanta sa chatagóir cuimhneacháin chogaidh. Anois, le do thoil, oibrigh le chéile ar an gcuspóir níos mó: an phláinéid a shábháil óna bhagairtí neamh-mhilitárúla iomadúla. Tá sé i bhfad níos deacra sprioc a n-úsáideann sé."} {"text": "Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease of global relevance. Due to the fear that comes with the long-term bodily degenerative processes, people with the disease often do not actively seek information on the health risks. According to a new study in the Journal of Consumer Research, modern day technologies like interactive games and virtual reality platforms can help people with Type 2 diabetes make better choices and monitor their health on a regular basis.\n“Our findings bring to light the unrealized power of information communication technologies as social platforms,” write authors Kelly Tian (University of Wyoming), Pookie Sautter, Derek Fisher (both New Mexico State University), Sarah Fischbach (University of Hawaii at Manoa), Cuauhtemoc Luna-Nevarez (Sacred Heart University), Kevin Boberg, Jim Kroger (both New Mexico State University), and Richard Vann (University of Wyoming).\nThe authors found that when people engage in interactive social platforms that are capable of building and hosting online therapeutic communities, they develop empathy for the people who are living day-to-day with a chronic disease. As the online therapeutic communities are developed, the players become peers who mentor one another in making better choices about their health.\nFor companies interested in funding grants that support the healthcare industry, study results support the need for establishing online therapeutic communities where visual platforms foster community engagement and create markets for new technologies. The authors also point out a need for reforming patient education and the design and distribution of information related to a chronic disease like Type 2 diabetes.\n“Emerging bio-health companies that develop monitoring products may also benefit from allowing customer input featured in their product designs,” the authors conclude. “Patient visions of how these features can help alleviate trauma and improve lives show the power of the therapeutic community.”\nKelly Tian, Pookie Sautter, Derek Fisher, Sarah Fischbach, Cuauhtemoc Luna-Nevarez, Kevin Boberg, Jim Kroger, and Richard Vann. “Transforming Health Care: Empowering Therapeutic Communities through Technology-Enhanced Narratives.” Journal of Consumer Research: August 2014.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17", "url": "http://www.todaytopics.com/how-online-games-can-help-diabetic-patients-make-healthier-choices/24665/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937193.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420081400-20180420101400-00517.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9006229043, "token_count": 441, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is galar ainsealach atá ábhartha ar fud an domhain é diaibéiteas cineál 2. Mar gheall ar an eagla a thagann leis na próisis dhearg-téarmacha díghiniúnaitheacha coirp, ní bhíonn daoine a bhfuil an galar acu ag lorg faisnéise go gníomhach faoi na rioscaí sláinte. De réir staidéir nua sa Journal of Consumer Research, is féidir le teicneolaíochtaí nua-aimseartha cosúil le cluichí idirghníomhacha agus ardáin réaltachta fíorúla cabhrú le daoine le diaibéiteas Cineál 2 roghanna níos fearr a dhéanamh agus monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar a sláinte go rialta.\n\"Cuireann ár bhfillteán an chumhacht neamh-réaltaithe a bhaineann le teicneolaíochtaí cumarsáide faisnéise mar ardáin shóisialta i bhfios\", a scríobh na húdair Kelly Tian (Ollscoil Wyoming), Pookie Sautter, Derek Fisher (Ollscoil Stáit Nua-Mheicsiceo araon), Sarah Fischbach (Ollscoil Hawaii ag Manoa), Cuauhtemoc Luna-Nevarez (Ollscoil Síochána na Síochána), Kevin Boberg, Jim Kroger (Ollscoil Stáit Nua-Mheicsiceo araon), agus Richard Vann (Ollscoil Wyoming).\nFuair na húdair amach nuair a bhíonn daoine ag baint úsáide as ardáin shóisialta idirghníomhacha atá in ann pobail teiripeacha ar líne a thógáil agus a óstáil, go bhforbraíonn siad comhbhá leis na daoine atá ag maireachtáil ó lá go lá le galar ainsealach. De réir mar a fhorbraítear na pobail teiripeacha ar líne, bíonn na himreoirí ina gcomhghleacaithe a thugann comhairle dá chéile chun roghanna níos fearr a dhéanamh faoina sláinte.\nI gcás cuideachtaí a bhfuil suim acu deontais a mhaoiniú a thacaíonn le tionscal na cúraim sláinte, tacaíonn torthaí na staidéir leis an ngá le pobail teiripeacha ar líne a bhunú ina gcuireann ardáin amhairc rannpháirtíocht an phobail chun cinn agus ina gcruthófar margaí do theicneolaíochtaí nua. Léiríonn na húdair freisin go bhfuil gá le hoideachas othair a athchóiriú agus le dearadh agus dáileadh faisnéise a bhaineann le galar ainsealach cosúil le diaibéiteas Cineál 2.\nIs féidir le cuideachtaí bithshláinte atá ag teacht chun cinn a fhorbraíonn táirgí faireacháin tairbhe a bhaint as ionchur ó chustaiméirí a cheadú a bheith i gceist ina ndearadh táirgí,conclúíonn na húdair. Léiríonn físí othar ar an gcaoi ar féidir leis na gnéithe seo cabhrú le trauma a mhaolú agus saol a fheabhsú cumhacht an phobail theiripeach.\nKelly Tian, Pookie Sautter, Derek Fisher, Sarah Fischbach, Cuauhtemoc Luna-Nevarez, Kevin Boberg, Jim Kroger, agus Richard Vann. Cúram Sláinte a Athrú: Pobail Teiripeacha a Cumhachtú trí Thráchtálacha Fheabhsaithe Teicneolaíochta. Journal of Consumer Research: Lúnasa 2014."} {"text": "Online Dictionary: translate word or phrase from Indonesian to English or vice versa, and also from english to english on-line.\nHasil cari dari kata atau frase: Utilize(0.01167 detik)\nFound 4 items, similar to Utilize.\nEnglish → Indonesian (Kamus Landak)\nEnglish → Indonesian (quick)\nmemanfaatkan, memperalat, menggunakan\nEnglish → English (WordNet)\nv 1: put into service; make work or employ (something) for a\nparticular purpose or for its inherent or natural\npurpose; “use your head!”; “we only use Spanish at\nhome”; “I can't make use of this tool”; “Apply a\nmagnetic field here”; “This thinking was applied to many\nprojects”; “How do you utilize this tool?”; “I apply\nthis rule to get good results”; “use the plastic bags to\nstore the food”; “He doesn't know how to use a computer”\n[syn: use, utilise, apply, employ]\n2: convert (from an investment trust to a unit trust)\nEnglish → English (gcide)\nUtilize \\U\"til*ize\\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Utilized; p. pr. &\nvb. n. Utilizing.] [Cf. F. utiliser.]\nTo make useful; to turn to profitable account or use; to make\nuse of; as, to utilize the whole power of a machine; to\nutilize one's opportunities.\nIn former ages, the mile-long corridors, with their\nnumerous alcoves, might have been utilized as . . .", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17", "url": "http://kamus.landak.com/cari?emang=Utilize", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945584.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20180422100104-20180422120104-00058.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7569642663, "token_count": 398, "score": 2.671875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Fuaim Online: aistriú focal nó frása ó Indinéisis go Béarla nó vice versa, agus freisin ó Béarla go Béarla ar líne.\nHasil cari dari kata atau frase: Utilize (a úsáid)\nFuair mé 4 earra, cosúil le Utilize.\nBéarla → Indinéisis (Kamus Landak)\nBéarla → Indinéisis (tapa)\núsáid a bhaint as, cuimhneamh a dhéanamh air, úsáid a bhaint as\nBéarla → Béarla (WordNet)\nv 1: a chur i seirbhís; obair a dhéanamh nó (rud) a úsáid le haghaidh\na chuspóir ar leith nó dá chuspóir nádúrtha nó nádúrtha\n úsáid do cheann!; ní úsáidimid an Spáinnis ach ag\n Ní féidir liom an uirlis seo a úsáid Cuir\n Bhí an smaoineamh seo á chur i bhfeidhm ar go leor\ntionscadail; Conas a úsáideann tú an uirlis seo?; Cuirim iarratas isteach\n úsáid na málaí plaisteacha chun\nan bia a stóráil; Ní bhíonn a fhios aige conas ríomhaire a úsáid\n[syn: úsáid, úsáid, cur i bhfeidhm, fostaíocht]\n2: a thiontú (ó iontaobhais infheistíochta go iontaobhais aonad)\nBéarla → Béarla (gcide)\nÚsáid \"Util*ize\", v. t. [imp. & p. p. &\nvb. n. Ag baint úsáide as.] [Cf. F. úsáid.]\nChun a dhéanamh úsáideach; chun dul chun cuntas nó úsáid brabúsach; a dhéanamh\núsáid; mar, a úsáid an chumhacht iomlán de mheaisín; a\nleas a bhaint as na deiseanna atá agat.\nI réaltaí roimhe seo, na conairí míle fada, lena\nd'fhéadfadh go mbeadh úsáid á bhaint as go leor alcóib, mar . . . go deo . . . go deo ."} {"text": "Whitewater Rafting on the Ocoee River: Fun Facts\nThe Ocoee River is Southeast Tennessee’s iconic whitewater river and provides recreational opportunities for paddlers of all skill levels. The river is dam-controlled at 3 levels creating 3 sections – the upper, middle and lower, each offering very different paddling options.\nThe Upper Ocoee provides 5 miles of challenging whitewater and should only be attempted by the most experienced paddlers or with a commercial rafting outfitter. The Middle Ocoee is the most popular section of the river, boasting 5 miles of nearly continuous Class III-IV whitewater. After the river spills into Parksville Lake, it calms down for tubing and relaxing paddles. Whitewater rafting on the Ocoee River is available March through October each year. Learn more at TimeToRaft.com.\nHere are some fun facts about the Ocoee and how it came to become one of the nation’s best-loved rivers.\nFACT # 1: The entire 93-mile long river actually has two names. It’s called the Toccoa River for 56 miles in Georgia. When it reaches the truss bridge at the state line in McCaysville, Ga., and Copperhill, Tenn., the river becomes the Ocoee River and remains so until it empties into the Hiwassee River and eventually the Tennessee River.\nFACT # 2: The Ocoee powerhouses, dams and flume line are part of a hydroelectric power project that began in 1910. Constructed by Eastern Tennessee Power Company, this series of historic hydroelectric structures are tucked into the narrow Ocoee River Gorge, all within a stretch of only 12 miles. The first dam, Ocoee Dam No. 1, flooded the farming community of Parksville, so upon its completion it was called Parksville Lake.\nFACT # 3: The Ocoee Flume is a unique structure, the only one of its kind in the nation. Constructed of tongue-and-groove California longleaf pine, it resembles a wooden trough snaking along the rock bluffs that line the Ocoee River. Its purpose is to capture the Ocoee River as it pauses at the Diversion Dam, and then force the waters through the narrow flume to the powerhouse to turn the turbines. In 1939 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) purchased the powerhouses, dams and flume line.\nFACT # 4: In September 1976, a rock slide heavily damaged the flume line, allowing water to consistently flow down the river bed for the first time since the early 1900s. When this happened, people showed up with army surplus rafts to run the five miles of whitewater rapids. Rafting companies sprang up while TVA hurried to repair the flume to again divert water from the Ocoee. After much resistance and a Congressional Act, TVA agreed to schedule 116 days of recreational water releases per year on the Middle Ocoee River.\nFACT # 5: The Upper Ocoee River runs parallel with a section of the historic Old Copper Road, a 47-mile road that was constructed in 1853 to connect the copper mines in Southeast Tennessee’s Copper Basin to the railroad terminus in Cleveland, Tenn. The 12 miles that winds through the Ocoee Gorge is known as the Ocoee National Forest Scenic Byway, the nation’s first National Forest Scenic Byway. A 5-mile restored section of the original roadbed can be found at the Ocoee Whitewater Center, near Ducktown, Tenn., where it is open to the public as a hiking and biking trail.\nFACT # 6: The Ocoee River was the site of the 1996 Olympic Canoe and Kayak Competition, serving that year as the only Olympic venue outside the state of Georgia. The Olympic Village, housing the whitewater athletes, was located at Lee University in nearby Cleveland, Tenn.\nFACT # 7: Hiwassee/Ocoee Scenic River State Park helps to manage the Ocoee and Hiwassee rivers. In addition to river responsibilities, the state park manages Gee Creek Campground and a number of trails. The state park visitor center is located in Delano, Tenn.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04", "url": "https://www.southeasttennessee.com/ocoee-river/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704832583.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20210127183317-20210127213317-00736.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9434267879, "token_count": 891, "score": 3.0, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Rafting Whitewater ar Abhainn Ocoee: Fíricí Suimiúla\nIs abhainn íogair uisce bán í Abhainn Ocoee i dTuaisceart Tennessee agus soláthraíonn sé deiseanna áineasa do phaidéalóirí de gach leibhéal scileanna. Tá an abhainn á rialú ag dam ag 3 leibhéal ag cruthú 3 chuid an chuid uachtarach, lár agus íseal, agus cuireann gach ceann de na roghanna paidéil an-difriúla ar fáil.\nSoláthraíonn an Upper Ocoee 5 míle d'uisce bán dúshlánach agus níor cheart iarracht a dhéanamh ach ag na paidéil is taithí acu nó le feisteoir rafting tráchtála. Is é an Océan Mheán an chuid is mó tóir ar an abhainn, ag bródú 5 míle d'uisce bán beagnach leanúnach Rang III-IV. Tar éis don abhainn a shruthú isteach i Loch Parksville, síneann sé síos le haghaidh tubing agus pádáil scíth a ligean. Tá rafting uisce bán ar Abhainn Ocoee ar fáil ó mhí an Mhárta go Deireadh Fómhair gach bliain. Faigh tuilleadh eolais ag TimeToRaft.com.\nSeo roinnt fíricí spraíúla faoi an Ocoee agus conas a tháinig sé chun bheith ar cheann de na náisiúin ab fhearr-grá na h-aibhne.\nFACT # 1: Tá dhá ainm ag an abhainn iomlán 93 míle fada. Tugtar an t-ainm sin ar Abhainn Toccoa ar feadh 56 míle i Georgia. Nuair a shroicheann sé an droichead truss ag an líne stáit i McCaysville, Ga., agus Copperhill, Tenn., Is Abhainn an Abhainn Ocoee agus fanann sé mar sin go dtí go dtéann sé isteach i Abhainn Hiwassee agus sa deireadh Abhainn Tennessee.\nFACT # 2: Tá an Ocoee powerhouses, damha agus líne flume cuid de thionscadal cumhachta hidrealaíoch a thosaigh i 1910. Tógadh é ag Eastern Tennessee Power Company, tá an tsraith struchtúir hidrealaíocha stairiúla seo tucked isteach i gCorcaigh an Abhainn Ocoee, go léir laistigh de shraith de 12 míle amháin. An chéad dam, Dam Ocoee No. 1, tuilte ar phobal feirmeoireachta Parksville, mar sin ar a chríochnú tugadh Parksville Lake air.\nFACT # 3: Is é an Ocoee Flume struchtúr uathúil, an ceann amháin dá chineál sa náisiún. Tógadh é as péine longleaf California le teanga agus greim, is cosúil le trog adhmaid ag snámh ar feadh na mbloic charraig atá ar líne Abhainn Ocoee. Is é a chuspóir an Abhainn Ocoee a ghabháil agus é ag sosadh ag an mBád Athshlánú, agus ansin na huiscí a chur ar aghaidh tríd an sruth caol go dtí an t-ionad cumhachta chun na turbinaí a chasadh. Sa bhliain 1939 cheannaigh Údarás Gleann Tennessee (TVA) na cumhachta, na damha agus an líne flume.\nFACT # 4: I Meán Fómhair 1976, rinne sleamhnán carraige damáiste mór don líne flume, rud a cheadaigh uisce a sreabhadh go seasta síos an leaba abhainn don chéad uair ó thús na 1900idí. Nuair a tharla sé seo, tháinig daoine le rachtaí breise arm chun na cúig mhíle de rapids Whitewater a rith. Tháinig cuideachtaí rafting chun cinn agus TVA ag rith chun an flume a dheisiú chun uisce a atreorú arís ó Ocoee. Tar éis go leor freasúra agus Acht Comhdhála, d'aontaigh TVA 116 lá a sceidealú d'eisiúintí uisce áineasa in aghaidh na bliana ar Abhainn Mheán-Ocoee.\nFACT # 5: Ritheann Abhainn Uachtarach Ocoee comhthreomhar le codán den Old Copper Road stairiúil, bóthar 47 míle a tógadh i 1853 chun na mianaigh copar i gCúige Oirdheisceart Tennessee a nascadh le Cuan Copar Tennessee go dtí an chríochfort iarnróid i Cleveland, Tenn. Tá an 12 míle a shroicheann trí Ghlór Ocoee ar a dtugtar an Ocoee Foraois Náisiúnta Scenic Byway, an chéad Byway Scéimigh Foraoise Náisiúnta na tíre. Is féidir codán athchóirithe 5 mhíle den bhóthair bhunaidh a fháil ag Ionad Ocoee Whitewater, in aice le Ducktown, Tennessee, áit a bhfuil sé ar oscailt don phobal mar shlí siúlóide agus rothaíochta.\nFACT # 6: Bhí an Abhainn Ocoee mar shuíomh na gComhdháil Canoe agus Kayak Oilimpeach 1996, ag feidhmiú an bhliain sin mar an t-aon áit Oilimpeach lasmuigh de stát Georgia. Bhí an Baile Oilimpeach, ina raibh na lúthchleasaithe uiscebhealaigh, lonnaithe in Ollscoil Lee i Cleveland in aice láimhe, Tenn.\nFACT # 7: Hiwassee / Ocoee Scenic River State Park cuireann sé le bainistíocht na n-aibhneacha Ocoee agus Hiwassee. Chomh maith le freagrachtaí abhainn, bainistíonn an pháirc stáit Campground Gee Creek agus roinnt cosáin. Tá an t-ionad cuairteoirí páirce stáit lonnaithe i Delano, Tenn."} {"text": "Weather and Risk Management: Links for Teachers\nStudents become the star reporter at a Web site called disasterama.com. They use geography knowledge to sort out stories of four kids caught in natural disasters.\nFeatures: Lesson Ideas, Graphics/Multimedia\nNatural Hazard Risks in the United States\nStudents examine specific locations at high risk for various natural hazards, to assess why the hazards exist, and to investigate what towns and cities are doing to prepare for a natural disaster.\nFeatures: Lesson Ideas, Data Sources\nTornadoes are the result of great instability in the atmosphere and are associated with severe thunderstorms. Learn tornado facts, the history of tornadoes, and how to make a tornado safety plan at home or at school.\nFeatures: Graphics/Multimedia, A Bit of History\nThis game quizzes students on their disaster knowledge about tornadoes, hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes. The game is available to play online or print out for use in the classroom.\nFeatures: Online Interactivity, Graphics/Multimedia, Assessment\nDealing With Disasters\nStudents study potential natural hazards in their community, report on local hazards in small groups, and discuss community preparation and response.\nFeatures: Lesson Ideas, Online Interactivity, Graphics/Multimedia, Inquiry Materials", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14", "url": "http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/pd/living_weather/humans/weatherandrisk4teachers.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131304598.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172144-00046-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.845684886, "token_count": 261, "score": 3.875, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Bainistiú Aeráide agus Riosca: Naisc do Mhúinteoirí\nIs iad na mic léinn na tuairisceoirí is fearr ar shuíomh Gréasáin ar a dtugtar disasterama.com. Baineann siad úsáid as eolas tíreolaíochta chun scéalta a réiteach ar cheithre leanbh a fuair siad i dtimpeallachtaí nádúrtha.\nFeatures: Leas-Ideas, Grafaicí/Multiméide\nRioscaí Náisiúnta sna Stáit Aontaithe\nScrúdaíonn mic léinn áiteanna ar leith atá i mbaol ard do bhagairtí nádúrtha éagsúla, chun a mheas cén fáth a bhfuil na baogais ann, agus chun fiosrúchán a dhéanamh ar na bailte agus na cathracha atá á ndéanamh chun ullmhú do thubaiste nádúrtha.\nFeatures: Léachtaí, Foinsí Sonraí\nIs é an toradh atá ar thornadóí ná go bhfuil an atmaisféar an-neamhsheasmhach agus go bhfuil baint acu le stoirmeacha tromchúiseacha. Foghlaim fíricí faoi thornadó, stair thornadó, agus conas plean sábháilteachta thornadó a dhéanamh sa bhaile nó ar scoil.\nFeatures: Grafach/Multiméide, Beagán Stair\nSa chluiche seo déantar ceist ar mhic léinn maidir lena gcuid eolais tubaiste faoi thornadó, hurricane, tuile, agus crith talún. Tá an cluiche ar fáil le himirt ar líne nó le priontáil le húsáid sa seomra ranga.\nFeatures: Idirghníomhaíocht ar Líne, Grafaicí/Multiméide, Measúnú\nAg Deileáil le hAthruithe\nDéanann mic léinn staidéar ar na contúirtí nádúrtha a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina mbaol ina bpobal, tuairiscíonn siad faoi na contúirtí áitiúla i ngrúpaí beaga, agus pléann siad ullmhúchán agus freagairt an phobail.\nFeatures: Leas-Ideas, Idirghníomhaíocht ar Líne, Grafaicí/Multiméide, Ábhair Iarratais"} {"text": "The Social Importance of Self-Esteem\n10 tips provided by the ‘The (California) State Task Force to Promote Self-Esteem and Personal and Social Responsibility.’ 1986-1990\n(Note: 2014, I can no longer find this list online)\n1. ACCEPT YOURSELF. Every day when you get up, say to yourself, “I am a worthwhile and lovable person, no matter how many “mistakes” I make.\n2. SET REALISTIC GOALS. Try to better yourself, but set goals that are within your reach. For example, if you want to stop smoking and go on a diet, don’t try both at the same time.\n3. FORGIVE YOURSELF AND OTHERS. Remind yourself: “Today is the first day of the rest of my life.” To forgive yourself and others, let go of past feelings of guilt and resentment. Get on with your life.\n4. EXPRESS YOUR FEELINGS. Start by being honest with yourself. Next, find someone you trust–a spouse, a parent, a close friend–and tell him or her how you feel. Truthfully express your feelings this way and you’ll slowly build confidence.\n5. TRUST YOURSELF AND OTHERS. Make an agreement with yourself to be more responsible. Do something simple like getting up at a certain time in the morning. When you do it a few times, you’ll begin to trust yourself in more important situations.\n6. TAKE APPROPRIATE RISKS. Go back to school. Seek a better job. If you don’t take chances, you’ll be in the same old rut.\n7. TAP YOUR CREATIVITY. Everyone is creative, but we stifle our creativity because we’re afraid of failure. Force yourself to keep at it until you get it right. Most of all have fun.\n8. FIND YOUR SPIRITUALITY. We can all increase our self-esteem by realizing we’re accepted and loved by the Creator, exactly as we are.\n9. ELIMINATE NEGATIVE THOUGHTS. You damage your self-esteem by allowing your mind to be filled with negative thoughts such as “I’m a terrible worker” or “I’m too fat.”\n10. LIKE YOUR BODY. Your health and appearance are important parts of your self-esteem. Accept the things you can’t change, such as heights. Work to change the things you can, like being overweight.\nMaria’s Recommended Reading:\nSelf-esteem is not self-confidence. http://www.self-esteem-health.com/about-self-esteem.html", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22", "url": "http://www.marketingwithintegrity.com/category/people/page/2/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863972.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20180521082806-20180521102806-00443.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9161717892, "token_count": 596, "score": 2.765625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "An Tásc Sóisialta a bhaineann le Féinmheas\n10 leideanna a thug an The (California) State Task Force to Promote Self-Esteem and Personal and Social Responsibility. 1986-1990\n(Nóta: 2014, ní féidir liom an liosta seo a fháil ar líne a thuilleadh)\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. GLAC AÍSE. Gach lá nuair a dhúisíonn tú, abair leat féin, 'Is duine luachmhar agus grámhara mé, is cuma cé mhéad 'earráidí' a dhéanaim.\n2. Seachadadh. SOCHTÁIL CÚILÍ REALÁISTE. Déan iarracht tú féin a fheabhsú, ach leag spriocanna atá inrochtana duit. Mar shampla, más mian leat stop a chur le caitheamh tobac agus aiste bia a dhéanamh, ná déan iarracht an dá rud a dhéanamh ag an am céanna.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. FÉIRGÍOCH duit féin agus do dhaoine eile. Cuimhnigh ort féin: Is é an lá atá inniu ann an chéad lá den chuid eile de mo shaol. Chun maitheanas a thabhairt duit féin agus do dhaoine eile, lig do mhothúcháin cionta agus fearg a bhí ann roimhe seo. Téigh ar aghaidh le do shaol.\n4. Tá an t-am FÉINMÍD A n-ÍOMHÁIN. Tosaigh ag a bheith macánta leat féin. Ansin, faigh duine a bhfuil muinín agat as - céile, tuismitheoir, cara dlúth - agus inis dó nó di conas a bhraitheann tú. Léiríonn tú do chuid mothúchán go fírinneach ar an mbealach seo agus tógfaidh tú muinín go mall.\n5. Tá an t-am ann. CONFIDENTE A NÍS agus AINNÍ. Déan comhaontú leat féin a bheith níos freagrach. Déan rud simplí cosúil le dul suas ag am áirithe ar maidin. Nuair a dhéanfaidh tú é cúpla uair, tosaíonn tú ag muinín a bheith agat de féin i gcásanna níos tábhachtaí.\n6. Ceacht. GLAC AN RISCÍ OÍRTA. Téigh ar ais go dtí an scoil. Faigh post níos fearr. Mura ndéanann tú riosca, beidh tú sa sean-ghnáth céanna.\n7. Ceacht. TAPACH DÁ GHÍORGHACHTA. Tá gach duine cruthaitheach, ach cuirimid ár gcruthaitheacht faoi chois toisc go bhfuil eagla orainn go dtitfidh sé. Cuir ort féin a choinneáil air go dtí go bhfaighidh tú ceart é. An chuid is mó de gach a bheith spraoi.\n8. Ceacht. FÉIND DÓ THÓIRACHTA. Is féidir linn go léir ár n-aigne féin a mhéadú trí thuiscint go nglactar linn agus go bhfuil grá ag an mBunlaitheoir dúinn, go díreach mar atá muid.\n9. Naoi. GLACAMH GINNÍMHEAN NÍL. Déanann tú do féinmheas a mhilleadh trí ligean do intinn a líonadh le smaointe diúltacha amhail 'Tá mé ina oibrí uafásach' nó 'Tá mé ró-tall.'\n10. Tá sé seo fíor? GLAC A CHORP. Tá do shláinte agus do chuma ina gcuid thábhachtach de do féinmheas. Glac leis na rudaí nach féidir leat a athrú, mar shampla airde. Oibrigh chun na rudaí is féidir leat a athrú, mar shampla a bheith róthrom.\nMaria's Moltar Léitheoireacht:\nNí hionann féinmheas agus féinmhuinín. http://www.self-esteem-health.com/about-self-esteem.html"} {"text": "What you'll need:\n- A strong magnet\n- A section of copper pipe\n- A section of some other material pipe (or even a toilet paper/paper towel roll)\n- Stand thepipes up on end, or your student can hold them in their hand, vertical.\n- hold the magnet over the opening on one end of the non-copper tubing\n- let the magnet drop, it will fall right down at the forces of gravity\n- now hold the magnet over the opening at one end of the copper tubing\n- let the magnet go, watch what happens!\nThe magnet will float in the copper tube. This is the result of a specific form of Electro-Magnetic force called the Eddy current. As you know, copper is a conductor of electricity. When the magnetic field interacts with the surface of the tube, the metal begins to generate its own magnetic field/current. This was discovered by a scientist by the name of Michael Faraday. The magnetic field created in the metal opposes the one surrounding the magnet. What happens when the same polarized ends of 2 magnets interact? They push eachother away. The same is true here. The magnetic field generated in the pipe is calle the Eddy Current. This all falls within the Physics law called Lenz's Law. Older kids can research Michael Faraday and the Russian physicist Heinrich Lenz. For another simple experiment demonstrating Lenz's Law, check out the Swinging Magnet experiment http://www.ndt-ed.org/TeachingResources/NDT_Tips/LenzLaw.htm", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22", "url": "http://kickbuttcrazylapbooks.blogspot.com/2012/07/experiment-4-eddy-currents.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863901.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20180521004325-20180521024325-00183.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8873133063, "token_count": 324, "score": 3.703125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Cad a bheidh ag teastáil uait:\n- Maighnéad láidir\n- Cuid de phíopa copair\n- Cean de phíobán de ábhar eile (nó fiú páipéar toiliú/rúlla tuáille páipéir)\n- Seas na píopaí suas ar deireadh, nó is féidir le do mhic léinn iad a shealbhú ina lámha, go ingearach.\n- coinnigh an maighnéad thar an oscailt ar cheann amháin den phíbín neamh-chopair\n- lig an maighnéad titim, beidh sé titim síos ceart ar na fórsaí gravity\n- anois a shealbhú an maighnéad thar an oscailt ag ceann amháin de na feadán copair\n- lig an maighnéad a fháil, féach cad a tharlaíonn!\nBeidh an maighnéad ag snámh sa phíbín copar. Is é seo an toradh ar chineál sonrach de chumhacht leictreamaighnéadach ar a dtugtar an sruth Eddy. Mar a fhios agat, tá copar ina ghiarann leictreachais. Nuair a bhíonn an réimse maighnéadach ag idirghníomhú le dromchla an tsléibhe, tosaíonn an miotail lena réimse/sreabhadh maighnéadach féin a ghiniúint. Fuair eolaí ar a dtugtar Michael Faraday é seo. Tá an réimse maighnéadach a cruthaítear sa miotail i gcoinne an réimse a chuairteann an maighnéad. Cad a tharlaíonn nuair a bhíonn an ceann céanna polaraithe de 2 mhaighnéid ag idirghníomhú? Push siad a chéile ar shiúl. Tá an rud céanna fíor anseo. Tugtar an t-amhrán don réimse maighnéadach a ghintear sa phíopa. Tá sé seo go léir faoi réir an dlí Físeáin ar a dtugtar Lenz's Law. Is féidir le páistí níos sine taighde a dhéanamh ar Michael Faraday agus ar an fisiceoir Rúiseach Heinrich Lenz. Chun turgnamh simplí eile a léiríonn Dlí Lenz, féach ar an turgnamh Magnéit Swinging http://www.ndt-ed.org/TeachingResources/NDT_Tips/LenzLaw.htm"} {"text": "According to a 1998 statistical survey of Arlington trees, the following were the most common species among an estimated 24,500 street trees at that time (percentage of total given for each):\nNorway Maple (40.8%)\nBlack Oak (5.1%)\nHemlock species (4.2%)\nAmerican Arborvitae (Northern White Cedar) (4.0%)\nRed Oak (3.6%)\nOrnamental Cherry (3.4%)\nWhite Pine (2.9%)\nRed Maple (2.8%)\nGreen Ash (2.7%)\nThe vast majority were, and still are, Norway Maples. At one time these were considered the ideal street tree as they are tall, broad-canopied, and very resilient. We have since learned, however, that they are invasive, meaning that they compete with and overwhelm native species in our natural areas. In consequence, Massachusetts and many other states have banned the sale of Norway Maple.\nMany of Arlington’s street trees were planted during the first half of the last century and are now nearing the end of their lives. As a result, many more trees are removed each year than are being replaced.\nCurrently, the Tree Division is basing their tree selection on suggestions provided by Massachusetts Department of Transportation. For more information about appropriate trees for the Arlington area, see Recommended Urban Trees.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-10", "url": "https://arlingtontrees.org/town-of-arlingtons-trees/top-ten-trees-in-arlington/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178366477.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20210303073439-20210303103439-00518.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9671693444, "token_count": 285, "score": 2.953125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "De réir suirbhé staidrimh ar chrainn Arlington i 1998, ba iad seo a leanas na speicis is coitianta i measc 24,500 crann sráide measta ag an am sin (procent den iomlán a thugtar do gach ceann):\nCárn na hIorua (40.8%)\nDubh Dubh (5.1%)\nSpeiceas Hemlock (4.2%)\nArborvitae Mheiriceá (Cedár Bán Thuaisceart) (4.0%)\nÓirín Dearg (3.6%)\nCeirise Ornáideach (3.4%)\nPíon Bán (2.9%)\nMaple Dearg (2.8%)\nCith Ghlais (2.7%)\nBa iad an tromlach mór, agus tá siad fós, Maples na hIorua. Uaireanta, measadh gur crann sráide idéalach iad mar go bhfuil siad ard, le canoped leathan, agus an-chrua. Tá a fhios againn ó shin, áfach, go bhfuil siad ionrach, rud a chiallaíonn go bhfuil siad ag dul san iomaíocht le speicis dhúchasacha inár gceantair nádúrtha agus go bhfuil siad thar a bheith láidir. Mar thoradh air sin, tá Massachusetts agus go leor stáit eile tar éis cosc a chur ar dhíol Maple na hIorua.\nBhí go leor de na crainn sráide Arlington 's phlandaithe le linn an chéad leath den chéad céad bliain anuas agus tá siad anois ag druidim a gcuid saol. Mar thoradh air sin, baintear i bhfad níos mó crainn as gach bliain ná mar a chuirtear in ionad.\nFaoi láthair, tá an Rannóg Crann ag bunú a roghnú crann ar mholtaí a sholáthraíonn Roinn Iompair Massachusetts. Le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais faoi chrainn oiriúnach do cheantar Arlington, féach Crann Cathrach Moladh."} {"text": "Brief SummaryRead full entry\nThe small family Agyrtidae is temperate in distribution, extending into mountainous areas of Mexico and Asia. Seven of the eight genera are restricted to the northern hemisphere, and the eighth is endemic to New Zealand. Although Agyrtidae was first recognized as a separate family by Thomson (1859), most authors placed its current members in a broadly defined Silphidae until Lawrence and Newton (1982) resurrected it as a family closely related to Leiodidae rather than Silphidae. Newton (1991) reviewed the scanty knowledge of agyrtid larvae and later (1997) presented the present classification into three subfamilies along with a review of the morphology, relationships, biology, and distribution of the group.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14", "url": "http://eol.org/pages/2654616/overview", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131302428.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172142-00151-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9554186463, "token_count": 153, "score": 2.921875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Gearr-scríbhinn Léigh an iontráil iomlán\nTá an t-eaghlach beag Agyrtidae réasúnta le scaipeadh, ag leathnú isteach i gceantair bheaga Mheicsiceo agus na hÁise. Tá seacht gcineál den ocht gcineál teoranta don leathsféar thuaidh, agus tá an ochtú ceann endéamach sa Nua-Shéalainn. Cé gur aithin Thomson (1859) Agyrtidae ar dtús mar theaghlach ar leithligh, chuir an chuid is mó d'údair a chomhaltaí reatha i Silphidae a shainmhíníodh go forleathan go dtí go ndearna Lawrence agus Newton (1982) é a athbheochan mar theaghlach a bhí dlúthbhainte le Leiodidae seachas Silphidae. Rinne Newton (1991) athbhreithniú ar an eolas beag ar larbhaí agortid agus ina dhiaidh sin (1997) chuir sé an aicmiú reatha i dtrí fho-fhine chomh maith le hathbhreithniú ar mhórfolaíocht, caidrimh, bitheolaíocht, agus dáileadh an ghrúpa."} {"text": "A study of the history of ear gauging indicates the practice to be as old as recorded human history. For males, this form of ear piercing has been a symbol of status, while for women, in addition to being used as means of bodily decoration, it has also been employed to signify the attainment of womanhood.\nEar gauging, which is also referred to as ear stretching, is the stretching of ear lobe piercings to larger diameters than that of the original piercing. It is a form of body enhancement or beautification that many young western people adopt to look ‘different’ from the usual crowd. However, this is not a modern form of body piercing, since it has been around for as long as archaeological records exist.\nIn many cases, ear gauging has been used historically to indicate the standing of members of a specific tribe, and in many respects this is still the situation today. Stretched piercings have been, and still are, a reflection on the individual’s sexual capability and also their superiority over other males in the tribe. The larger the stretching, the more important the individual.\nOtzi the Iceman is a prime example of mummies known to have stretched ears. This is the earliest known example of ear gauging, Otzi having 7-11 mm ear piercings during 3300 BC. It has been suggested that the stretching of the ears noted in depictions of Siddhartha Gautama, better known as Buddha, may have been caused by the weight of the gold jewelry he wore, but this is mere supposition.\nIt is supported, however, by the fact that the Masai tribe of Kenya and the Lahu and Karen-Paduang people of Thailand use this ‘gravity’ technique to stretch their piercings. Let us have a look at the ear gauging practices used today by various cultures.\nA. Mursi Tribal Women\nThe Mursi is an Ethiopian tribe where the women are obliged to wear plates in their gauged ears and on their bottom lip. About a year prior to her marriage, or at about 15 years of age, a Mursi girl’s lip will be pierced by her mother and a wooden peg pushed through the incision.\nOnce healed, the peg is changed for a larger diameter one. Eventually, the peg is replaced by a plate of clay or wood, and this plate is successively changed for larger diameter ones until the required diameter is attained – from around 8 – 22 cm in diameter (3 – 9 inches). Once these plates have been secured, she receives a higher degree of respect than those without them, and is known as a ‘Bhansanai’.\nThese lip and ear plates need not be worn permanently, but are an expected adornment during special occasions such as during weddings and other celebrations, and when they serve food to men. Today, young women can generally make their own decision as to whether or not they follow this tradition.\nB. The Masai People of Kenya\nThe practice of ear gauging has been common among Masai men and women for thousands of years. In recent years, however, most young men have not been following this custom, although you will still find many Masai women wearing ear decorations made from stones, cross-cut elephant tusks, wood and animal bones.\nThe original piercing is carried out using a thorn, sharpened twig or a sharp knife point. Once healed, ear gauging is then carried out by wearing increasingly heavy jewellery that pulls the lobe down and stretches the piercing. This is the traditional way of gauging ears in the more primitive cultures, although many Masai today will use proper ear gauging techniques, such as their own versions of insertion tapers or taper spikes. Beads are a common form of ornamentation, although plugs made from bone, tusks and wood are also used.\nC. The African Fulani Tribe\nFulani women from Nigeria and Central Africa tend to use smaller diameter ear gauges, and decorate them using large gold domes or hoops carrying earrings. A Fulani child will have her ears pierced at around 3 years old, although they may not be stretched until she is older. The gauges used by Fulani women are relatively small compared to the Masai and Mursi, although the jewellery can be larger.\nD. Asian Hill Tribes\nOf the various hill tribes, the only two known to practice ear gauging are the Lahu from Thailand, and the Karen-Padaung (Longnecks) from Myanmar (Burma) and also the Phrae province in Thailand. That latter tribe are best known for their neck rings, offering the appearance of long necks, but both cultures believe the ear to be sacred and the more jewellery they can wear on the better. By gauging their ears, they are able to wear the maximum amount of jewellery they believe possible.\nE. Mexican and Central American Civilizations\nIn Mayan and Aztec society, ear gauging was regarded as desirable for males. There are many Mayan representations of men with flares and ear plugs (ear spools) in gauged ears, and the material used was indicative of the social standing of the wearer. Jade ear plugs were worn by the higher classes, while the rest would use bone, stone, wood and other materials. In central Mexico, the craftsmanship of the Aztecs is evident in the ear gauging plugs and ornaments of gold and silver, though the lower classes would adorn their stretches earlobes with shells, copper and wood among many other imaginative materials.\nEar gauging has been carried out worldwide, and among other notable areas involved in this practice are Japan, where the Ainu used ear jewellery made from shells, bone and a ball and ring known as Ninkari. There are many other cultures worldwide where ear gauging was a part of their life, and even today many people regard ear stretching as a fashion statement and a way of expressing their own personality and individuality.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22", "url": "http://dodinahsent.ga/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867041.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20180525043910-20180525063910-00371.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9747156501, "token_count": 1248, "score": 3.578125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Léiríonn staidéar ar stair an tomhais chluas go bhfuil an cleachtas chomh sean le stair an duine atá taifeadta. I gcás fir, is siombail stádas é an cineál seo piercing cluasa, agus i gcás na mban, chomh maith le bheith in úsáid mar mhodh maisiúcháin coirp, úsáidtear é freisin chun a léiriú go bhfuil bean a bheith acu.\nIs éard atá i léitheoireacht chluas, ar a dtugtar síneadh chluas freisin, ná píoráil lob chluas a shíneadh go diameters níos mó ná an píoráil bunaidh. Is cineál feabhsaithe comhlacht nó áilleachta é a ghlacann go leor daoine óga san iarthar le breathnú \"difriúil\" ón ghrúpa gnáth. Mar sin féin, ní foirm nua-aimseartha é seo de phorcáil an choirp, ós rud é go bhfuil sé thart chomh fada agus a bhfuil taifid seandálaíochta ann.\nI go leor cásanna, úsáideadh tomhas cluasa go stairiúil chun seasamh baill treibh áirithe a léiriú, agus i go leor gnéithe tá sé seo fós mar atá inniu ann. Bhí piercings stráice, agus tá fós, léiriú ar an duine aonair's cumas gnéis agus freisin a superiority thar fir eile sa treibh. An níos mó an síneadh, an níos tábhachtaí an duine aonair.\nIs sampla den scoth é Otzi an Iceman de mhúmaí ar a dtugtar go bhfuil cluasa síneadh acu. Is é seo an sampla is luaithe ar a dtugtar de mheá-éisteacht cluasa, Otzi ag 7-11 mm piercings cluasa le linn 3300 RC. Tagraíodh go bhféadfadh gurbh é meáchan na seodra óir a bhí air a d'fhéadfadh an t-eascraíocht na gcluas a bhí le feiceáil i léaráidí ar Siddhartha Gautama, ar a dtugtar Buddha níos fearr, a bheith mar chúis leis, ach is tuairimíocht í seo.\nTacaíonn sé, áfach, leis an bhfíric go n-úsáideann treibh Masai na Céine agus daoine Lahu agus Karen-Paduang na Téalainne an teicníc gravity seo chun a gcuid piercings a shíneadh. Lig dúinn breathnú ar na cleachtais chun cluais a thomhas a úsáidtear inniu ag cultúir éagsúla.\nA. Mná Tríoblach Mursi\nIs treibh Éitiopach é an Mursi ina bhfuil sé de dhualgas ar na mná plátaí a chaitheamh ina gcluasa measta agus ar a liopaí thíos. Beagnach bliain roimh a pósadh, nó ag thart ar 15 bliana d'aois, déanfaidh a máthair lip Mursi a phorcáil agus plúr adhmaid a bhrú tríd an incision.\nNuair a shroichtear, déantar an pingin a athrú le ceann níos faide. Faoi dheireadh, cuirtear pláta de chré nó adhmaid in ionad an phéipéar, agus déantar an pláta seo a athrú go ceannanna níos mó trastomhas go dtí go mbaintear an trastomhas riachtanach amach ó thart ar 8 22 cm i trastomhas (3 9 orlach). Nuair a bheidh na plátaí seo slán, faigheann sí níos mó meas ná iad siúd gan iad, agus is eol di mar Bhansanai.\nNí gá na plátaí liopa agus cluasa seo a chaitheamh go buan, ach is ornáid ionchasach iad le linn ócáidí speisialta mar shampla le linn bainise agus ceiliúradh eile, agus nuair a sheirbheálann siad bia do na fir. Sa lá atá inniu ann, is féidir le mná óga a chinneadh féin i gcoitinne an leanann siad an traidisiún seo nó nach leanann.\nB. B. Daoine Masai na Céine\nTá an cleachtas a bhaineann le cluasa a thomhas coitianta i measc fir agus mná Masai le mílte bliain. Le blianta beaga anuas, áfach, ní raibh an chuid is mó de na fir óga ag leanúint an nós seo, cé go bhfaighidh tú go leor mná Masai fós ag caitheamh maisiú cluaise a rinneadh de chlocha, de chonair eilifint tras-ghearradh, de adhmad agus de chnámha ainmhithe.\nDéantar an píoradh bunaidh ag baint úsáide as dorn, braon géar nó barr scian géar. Nuair a shroichtear, déantar tomhas cluasa a dhéanamh ansin trí jewelry a chaitheamh atá ag éirí níos troime a tharraingíonn an lob síos agus a shíneann an píoráil. Is é seo an bealach traidisiúnta chun cluasa a thomhas sna cultúir níos primitive, cé go n-úsáidfidh go leor Masai inniu teicnící cuí tomhais cluasa, mar shampla a gcuid leaganacha féin de tapers ionchuir nó spikes taper. Is cineál coitianta ornáideachta é beads, cé go n-úsáidtear plóga déanta as cnámh, tusks agus adhmad freisin.\nC. An Tribe Fulani san Afraic\nIs gnách go n-úsáideann mná Fulani ón Nigéir agus ón Afraic Láir tomhais chluas níos lú trastomhas, agus déanann siad iad a mhaisiú le domóidí nó le huibheacha óir móra a bhfuil cluaise acu. Déantar cluaise leanbh Fulani a phorcáil ag thart ar 3 bliana d'aois, cé nach féidir iad a shíneadh go dtí go mbeidh sí níos sine. Tá na tomhais a úsáideann mná Fulani réasúnta beag i gcomparáid leis na Masai agus na Mursi, cé go bhféadfadh na seodra a bheith níos mó.\nD. Tríbeanna Sléibhe Áise\nAs na treibheanna cnoc éagsúla, is iad an Lahu ón Téalainn, agus Karen-Padaung (Longnecks) ó Mhianmar (Burma) agus freisin an chúige Phrae sa Téalainn an dá cheann amháin a bhfuil a fhios acu gur chleachtadh tomhas cluasa. Tá an treibh seo deireanach ar eolas go maith as a n-anlaith muineál, ag tabhairt cuma muineál fada, ach creideann an dá chultúr go bhfuil an cluais naofa agus is fearr an níos mó jewelry is féidir leo a chaitheamh. Trí a n-easacha a thomhas, tá siad in ann an oiread jewelry is féidir a chaitheamh a chreideann siad a bheith acu.\nE. Saoráidí Mheicsiceo agus Mheiriceá Láir\nI sochaí na Maya agus na Azteca, measadh gur mian le fir cluais a thomhas. Tá go leor léiriúchán Maya ar fhir le flareanna agus plóga cluaise (spól cluaise) i gcluasaí tomhais, agus bhí an t-ábhar a úsáidtear ina tháscaire ar sheasamh sóisialta an chuairteora. Bhí plóga cluaise Jade á n-úsáid ag na ranganna níos airde, agus d'úsáid an chuid eile cnámh, cloch, adhmad agus ábhair eile. I lár Mheicsiceo, tá ceardaíocht na nAistéicí le feiceáil sna plóga agus na maisiúcháin óir agus airgid a mheastar a bheith ag na cluaise, cé go ndéanann na ranganna íseal a gcuid cluaise a shíneadh le muiceál, copar agus adhmad i measc go leor ábhair shamhlaíochta eile.\nRinneadh tomhas cluasa ar fud an domhain, agus i measc réimsí suntasacha eile a bhfuil baint acu leis an gcleachtas seo is ea an tSeapáin, áit a raibh seodra cluasa déanta as craiceann, cnámh agus liathróid agus fáinne ar a dtugtar Ninkari ag na Ainu. Tá go leor cultúir eile ar fud an domhain ina raibh tomhas cluasa mar chuid dá saol, agus fiú inniu tá go leor daoine ag meas go bhfuil an t-éag a shíneadh mar ráiteas faisin agus mar bhealach chun a n-iníonacht agus a n-individualism féin a chur in iúl."} {"text": "Multiple endocrine adenoma refers to three different conditions characterized by tumors in the endocrine system (a network of glands responsible for producing hormones).\nThe term “multiple endocrine neoplasia”, or MEN, is more commonly used in medical circles. The variants of MEN are known as Type 1 (Wermer syndrome), Type 2A and Type 2B (Sipple’s syndrome).\nEach type is distinguished by the pattern in which the tumors occur. The tumors can be benign or malignant, and may appear at different times in a patient’s life. The term MEN applies specifically when two or more glands are affected, although the presence of multiple tumors does not automatically indicate MEN.\nIn MEN, there is a genetic mutation that stimulates cell over-production in the affected glands. Types 2A and 2B are caused by the same mutation, but a different gene is responsible for Type 1.\nMEN is generally inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder. This means that only one parent has to have the disease trait to pass it on to their offspring.\nThe syndrome can occur at any age and affects men and women equally. Many cases have been accompanied or preceded by other endocrine tumors, as well as Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (gastrinoma) and medullary thyroid carcinoma.\nSigns and Symptoms\nThe most common symptom of MEN 1 is hyperparathyroidism, or overgrowth of the parathyroid glands. The thyroid itself is rarely affected. The symptoms usually appear before age 40 in people with the MEN 1 gene. Frequent ulcers, kidney stones, weak bones, pancreatic tumors, and nervous system depression are also common symptoms.\nMEN 2A AND 2B\nThese variants are mainly characterized by pheochromocytoma, a tumor in the adrenal gland medulla, and medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). The latter is present in 100% of MEN Type 2 cases.\nOther symptoms vary between Types 2A and 2B. MEN 2A patients tend to have hypertrophy or an increase in body size, and develop parathyroid tumors. In MEN 2B, common symptoms include swollen lips, enlarged colons, skeletal abnormalities, and tumors in the mucous membranes of facial organs. Most of these symptoms appear before age five.\nThe tumors associated with MEN Type 1 are usually benign, but those affecting the pancreas are likely to become cancerous. In such cases, the cancer can spread to the liver and other organs, lowering the chances of survival. Recovery can also be hampered by accompanying conditions such as low blood sugar, peptic ulcer disease, and pituitary dysfunction.\nMEN Type 2 has a poorer prognosis because of the associated thyroid cancer. MTC is very aggressive and can easily spread to other organs. If left untreated, it can become fatal within weeks or days.\nSince the disease is genetic, the best form of preventative care is cancer screening. If you or a close relative has developed MEN, you should have yourself and your children screened for the mutated genes. This screening can help detect tumors early and improve chances of recovery.\nDiagnosis and Staging\nStandard forms of diagnosis are used to determine individual symptoms, but gene testing will be needed to confirm the syndrome. Often, the first line of tests involves testing for abnormal hormone production. Commonly tested hormones include gastrin, glucagon, and parathyroid hormone. Tumors are usually detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and CT scans.\nAdditional diagnostic information is obtained via biopsies (a surgical procedure in which tissues are extracted). The biopsied tissue is sent to a laboratory for microscopic evaluation.\nFor both types of multiple endocrine adenoma, the treatment of choice is usually surgical removal of the affected gland/s. Children with the MEN 2 gene should have the thyroid and surrounding lymph nodes removed before age 5. However, removing the parathyroid gland, which controls calcium production, can cause bone problems following the surgery. If the tumor is benign and confined to the pituitary, it may be treated instead with a drug called bromocriptine.\nAdditional medications are also given to regulate the acid production of some tumors, reducing the risk of ulcers. Hormone replacement therapy is usually given to replace the function of the removed glands. Screening of family members is also highly recommended, so that early steps can be taken for those found to be at risk.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22", "url": "http://www.knowcancer.com/oncology/multiple-endocrine-adenomas/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864626.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180522053839-20180522073839-00268.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9347473979, "token_count": 919, "score": 3.5, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Tagraíonn adenoma endocrine ilghnéitheach do thrí riocht dhifriúil a bhfuil saintréith orthu le tumóirí sa chóras endocrine (réit ghlandáin atá freagrach as hormóin a tháirgeadh).\nÚsáidtear an téarma neoplasia endocrine il, nó MEN, níos minice i gceantair leighis. Is iad na cineálacha MEN a dtugtar Cineál 1 (siondróm Wermer), Cineál 2A agus Cineál 2B (siondróm Sipples).\nTá gach cineál idirdhealaithe ag an patrún ina dtarlaíonn na tumors. Is féidir na tuamair a bheith neamhdhíobhálach nó drochdhíobhálach, agus d'fhéadfadh siad teacht chun cinn ag amanna éagsúla i saol an othair. Baineann an téarma MEN go sonrach nuair a bhíonn tionchar ag dhá ghland nó níos mó, cé nach léiríonn láithreacht tumors il MEN go huathoibríoch.\nI GINNEACH, tá athrú géiniteach ann a spreagann ró-tháirgeadh cealla sna glúineacha atá i gceist. Tá an cineál 2A agus an cineál 2B mar thoradh ar an athrú céanna, ach tá géine difriúil freagrach as an gcineál 1.\nGo ginearálta, is é an MEN a oireann mar neamhoird uathúil uathúil. Ciallaíonn sé seo nach gá ach an tréith galar a bheith ag tuismitheoir amháin chun é a tharchur chuig a sliocht.\nIs féidir leis an siondróm teacht ar aghaidh ag aois ar bith agus bíonn tionchar aige ar fhir agus ar mhná go cothrom. Bhí tumóirí eile endocrine ag gabháil le go leor cásanna nó roimh sin, chomh maith le Siondróm Zollinger-Ellison (gastrinoma) agus carcinoma méidilleach thyroid.\nSochair agus Síomptóim\nIs é an comhartha is coitianta de MEN 1 hyperparathyroidism, nó rófhás na nglándra parathyroid. Ní bhíonn tionchar ag an thyroid féin go minic. De ghnáth bíonn na hairíonna le feiceáil roimh 40 bliain d'aois i ndaoine a bhfuil an géin MEN 1 acu. Is comharthaí coitianta iad ulcers go minic, clocha duáin, cnámha lag, tuamair pancreas, agus depressed córas néarógach.\nMÁIN 2A agus 2B\nIs é is mó a bhíonn i gceist leis na cineálacha seo ná pheochromocytoma, tumóir i medulla na glúine adrenal, agus ailse thyroid medullary (MTC). Tá an dara ceann i láthair i 100% de chásanna MEN Cineál 2.\nAthraíonn comharthaí eile idir Cineálacha 2A agus 2B. Is gnách go mbíonn hipeirtrofaíocht nó méadú ar mhéid an choirp ag othair MEN 2A, agus go bhforbróidh siad tumóirí parathyroid. I MEN 2B, tá comharthaí coitianta i measc liopaí swollen, colons méadaithe, neamhghnáchtaí cnámh, agus tumors i mbramháin mucous na n-orgáin aghaidh. Tagann formhór na hairíonna seo i láthair roimh aois a cúig.\nDe ghnáth bíonn na tuamair a bhaineann le MEN Cineál 1 neamhdhíobhálach, ach is dócha go dtiocfaidh ailse orthu siúd a théann i bhfeidhm ar an pancreas. I gcásanna den sórt sin, is féidir leis an ailse scaipeadh go dtí an ae agus orgáin eile, ag laghdú na seansanna maireachtála. Is féidir le coinníollacha a ghabhann leis an leigheas a bhac freisin, mar shampla siúcra fola íseal, galar ulcer peptic, agus mífheidhm pituitary.\nMÁIRLÍON Tá prognóis níos measa ag cineál 2 mar gheall ar an ailse thyroid a bhaineann leis. Tá MTC an-ionsaitheach agus is féidir leis scaipeadh go héasca go orgáin eile. Mura ndéantar cóireáil air, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith marbhtach laistigh de sheachtainí nó laethanta.\nÓs rud é go bhfuil an galar géiniteach, is é an cineál cúraim choscála is fearr ná scagadh ailse. Má tá tú féin nó d' ghaolmhar gar a fhorbairt MEN, ba chóir duit féin agus do leanaí a scagadh le haghaidh na géin mutated. Is féidir leis an scagadh seo cabhrú le tumors a bhrath go luath agus seansanna na teachtaireachta a fheabhsú.\nDiagnóis agus Céim\nÚsáidtear foirmeacha caighdeánacha diagnóise chun comharthaí aonair a chinneadh, ach beidh tástáil géinithe ag teastáil chun an siondróm a dhearbhú. Is minic a bhíonn sa chéad líne tástála tástáil ar tháirgeadh neamhghnácha hormóin. I measc na n-hormóin a dhéantar tástáil orthu go coitianta tá gastrin, glucagon, agus hormóin parathyroid. De ghnáth, déantar tumóirí a bhrath le léarscáil mháineatach (MRI) agus scanadh CT.\nFaigheann faisnéis dheimhniúcháin bhreise trí bhiopsí (n-imeacht máinliachta ina n-eisiúinttear fíocháin). Seoltar an fíochán a baipsiáiltear chuig saotharlann le haghaidh meastóireachta microscópacha.\nI gcás an dá chineál adenoma endocrine il, is é an cóireáil rogha de ghnáth ná an ghland/ na glánta/ na glánta atá buailte a bhaint go héigeantach. Ba chóir do leanaí a bhfuil an géin MEN 2 acu an thyroid agus na nóid lymph timpeall orthu a bhaint roimh 5 bliana d'aois. Mar sin féin, d'fhéadfadh fadhbanna cnámh tar éis an máinliachta a bheith mar thoradh ar an gland parathyroid a bhaint, a rialaíonn táirgeadh cailciam. Má tá an tuamair neamhdhíobhálach agus go bhfuil sé teoranta don pituitary, d'fhéadfaí é a chóireáil ina ionad sin le druga ar a dtugtar bromocriptine.\nTugtar cógais bhreise freisin chun táirgeadh aigéad roinnt tumors a rialú, ag laghdú an riosca ulcers. De ghnáth, tugtar teiripe in ionad hormóin chun feidhm na nglándáin a baineadh a athsholáthar. Moltar go mór scagadh a dhéanamh ar bhaill teaghlaigh freisin, ionas gur féidir céimeanna luath a dhéanamh i gcás na ndaoine a fhaightear a bheith i mbaol."} {"text": "So what is Catcher in the Rye really about???.\nThis book has been always in argument since it was banned in America after it's first publication. \"John Lennon's killer, Mark Chapman, asked the former Beatle singer to sign a copy of the book earlier in the morning of the day that he killed John. Police found the book in his possession upon capturing the psychologically disturbed Chapman.\" However, the book itself contains nothing that could lead Chapman to act as he did. I could have been any book that he was reading the day he decided to kill John Lennon, and as a result of the fact that it was The Catcher in the Rye, a book describing a nervous breakdown, media discussed widely about the possible connection between the two. This led the book to become more notorious than it has. So what is The Catcher in the Rye actually about?.\nFrom all the views possible, the story of a young man's kicking out from another school ( he has been kicked out from other schools), The Catcher in the Rye is in fact a sensitive study of one individual's understanding of his human condition. Holden Caulfield, a teenager growing up in 1945s in New York, has been expelled school for poor achievement and losing school property on a train. In an attempt to deal with this and \"run away from it all\" he leaves school a few days before to the end of term, and goes to New York to \"take a vacation\" before returning to his parents' inevitable wrath. Told as a monologue, the book describes Holden's thoughts and activities over these few days, during which he describes a developing nervous breakdown, caused by his bouts of unexplained and sudden depression, impulsive spending and generally odd, erratic behavior, just before it happened.\nHowever, during his mental battle, life continues on around Holden as it always had, with the majority of people ignoring the craziness that is happening to him.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-10", "url": "https://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/80825.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178361808.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20210228235852-20210301025852-00577.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9839420319, "token_count": 393, "score": 2.640625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Mar sin, cad é Catcher in the Rye i ndáiríre faoi? ?\nBhí an leabhar seo i gcónaí i gconspóid ó cuireadh cosc air i Meiriceá tar éis a chéad fhoilsiú. \"D'iarr marcóir John Lennon, Mark Chapman, ar an sean-amhránaí Beatles cóip den leabhar a shíniú níos luaithe ar maidin an lae a mharaigh sé John. Fuair na póilíní an leabhar ina sheilbh nuair a ghabhadh an Chapman psychologically disturbed. \" Mar sin féin, níl aon rud sa leabhar féin a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina chúis le Chapman gníomhú mar a rinne sé. D'fhéadfadh mé a bheith i gceann de na leabhair a bhí á léamh aige an lá a shocraigh sé John Lennon a mharú, agus mar thoradh ar an bhfíric gur The Catcher in the Rye a bhí ann, leabhar a thuairiscigh timpiste néaróg, pléadh go forleathan sna meáin an nasc a d'fhéadfadh a bheith idir an dá rud. Mar thoradh air seo, tháinig an leabhar níos cáiliúla ná mar a bhí. Mar sin, cad é an Catcher sa Rye i ndáiríre faoi?\nÓ gach dearcadh is féidir, is staidéar íogair é an Catcher in the Rye ar thuiscint duine aonair ar a chontúirt daonna. Tá Holden Caulfield, déagóir a d'fhás suas sna 1945idí i Nua-Eabhrac, tar éis é a chur ar shiúl ón scoil mar gheall ar éalú bocht agus go gcaill sé maoin na scoile ar an traein. I iarracht déileáil leis seo agus \"eachtráil ó gach rud\" fágann sé an scoil cúpla lá roimh dheireadh na téarma, agus téann sé go Nua Eabhrac chun \"saoráid a thógáil\" sula dtéann sé ar ais chuig fearg dosheachanta a thuismitheoirí. Insítear mar mhonólóg, déantar cur síos sa leabhar ar smaointe agus gníomhaíochtaí Holden le linn na laethanta seo, le linn a ndéanann sé cur síos ar bhriseadh nervous atá ag forbairt, a d'fhág a chuid buaicphointí dúlagar gan mhíniú agus tobann, caiteachas impulsive agus iompar neamhghnách, neamhghnách go ginearálta, díreach sular tharla sé.\nMar sin féin, le linn a chath meabhrach, leanann an saol ar aghaidh timpeall ar Holden mar a bhí sé i gcónaí, agus an chuid is mó de na daoine ag neamhaird ar an amadán atá ag tarlú dó."} {"text": "||= Fundamental rules of management that could be taught in schools and applied in all organizational situations\n= Basic elements of management in general, of which not all are applicable or desirable in one specific business situation\n≠ Scientific management: use of scientific method to determine “one best way” for a job to be done\n|Management Key Concepts\n||Organizations: People working together and coordinating their actions to achieve specific goals.\nGoal: A desired future condition that the organization seeks to achieve.\nManagement: The process of using organizational resources to achieve the organization’s goals by...\nPlanning, Organizing, Leading, and Controlling\n|Additional Key Concepts Management\n||Resources are organizational assets and include:\nManagers are the people responsible for supervising the use of an organization’s resources to meet its goals.\n||Measures how efficiently and effectively managers use resources to satisfy customers and achieve goals\nEfficiency: A measure of how well resources are used to achieve a goal.\nUsually, managers must try to minimize the input of resources to attain the same goal.\nEffectiveness: A measure of the appropriateness of the goals chosen (are these the right goals?), and the degree to which they are achieved.\nOrganizations are more effective when managers choose the correct goals and then achieve them.\n|Shareholders-stakeholders: the struggle for power\n||Parties in the conflict:\nand countervailing power (Galbraith, 1952 and 1967); capital providers\nDeterminants of the conflict (why the battle?):\nBALANCE: interest, decision power, responsibility and influence.\n||Management and shareholders are heterogeneous bodies, with so-called X-inefficiencies (their personal goals may sometimes differ from the company’s goals, ex. telephone call home during working hours);\nA lot of different goals possible;\nAt any time the vision of all stakeholders individually or as subgroup can differ and become a source of an open or latent conflict.\n||Described by Mintzberg.\nA role is a set of specific tasks a person performs because of the position they hold.\nRoles are directed inside as well as outside the organization.\nThere are 3 broad role categories:\n||General Assembly (Algemene Vergadering of AV) of shareholders (all) : highest authority and all power in principle;\nGA appoints Board of Directors (Raad van Bestuur of RvB): part of decision power of GA is delegated to Board;\nBoard members have personal mandate (personally (s)elected by shareholders) but - after Board has been appointed by shareholders - Board acts for the company (implicit dual position) = TRUST;\nBoard takes decision together (as group): each decision is signed by board, if you do not agree with decision you have to resign as board member;\nThe delegate director from the board (afgevaardigd bestuurder) or CEO (not a board member) can have a select group of board or staff members to help him/her with day-to-day operations/decision.\n|Formal organisation (Further Information)\n||In Belgium: CEO has power, but Board is responsible;\nIn the Netherlands and Germany they have another model: Direction committee (management with full authority) and Supervisory Board (shareholders or others independent personalities/experts controlling the general evolution)\nModification of Belgian corporate law:\ntraditional scheme or creation of Direction Committee (Board transfers decision power fully to DC);\nLarge companies need at least 3 independent board members;\nCommittee 524: criteria of independence.\n|Balance interest, decision power, responsibility and influence\n||Different degree and nature of interest:\nRisk capital lenders;\nInfluence: board members representing interest, are they independent?\nRelation decision power and responsibility: there is an imbalance in Belgium: CEO has power and Board is responsible.\n|The new paradigm: corporate governance\n||After misconduct of some companies: Enron, Lernout & Hauspie: development of rules of conduct;\nCode Lippens (listed and big companies) and Code Buysse (small firms) in Belgium;\nIncrease transparency of financial reporting and accounting principles; guidelines and rules of conduct of Board and Executive Committee;\nCorporate governance charter has to be adopted by Board of Directors;\nIn charter: describes tasks CEO, independent Board members, composition of Direction Committee and advisory committees such as audit committee, remuneration committee, strategic committee.\nIndependent board members: is that possible? They are appointed…so how independent really?\nCodes are also a very important cost for firms (enormous cost of committees).\nwhat if one of the founding fathers of these codes does not even apply the rules himself?\n||Henri Fayol was the first to describe the four managerial functions when he was the CEO of a large mining company in the later 1800’s.\nFayol noted managers at all levels, operating in a for profit or not for profit organization, must perform each of the functions of:\n|Four Functions of Management\n||Planning: Choose Goals\nOrganizing: Working Together\nControlling: Monitoring & Measure\n||Planning is the process used by managers to identify and select appropriate goals and courses of action for an organization.\n3 steps to good planning :\n1. Which goals should be pursued?\n2. How should the goal be attained?\n3. How should resources be allocated?\nThe planning function determines how effective and efficient the organization is and determines the strategy of the organization.\n||In organizing, managers create the structure of working relationships between organizational members that best allows them to work together and achieve goals.\nManagers will group people into departments according to the tasks performed.\nManagers will also lay out lines of authority and responsibility for members.\nAn organizational structure is the outcome of organizing. This structure coordinates and motivates employees so that they work together to achieve goals.\n||In leading, managers determine direction, state a clear vision for employees to follow, and help employees understand the role they play in attaining goals.\nLeadership involves a manager using power, influence, vision, persuasion, and communication skills.\nThe outcome of the leading function is a high level of motivation and commitment from employees to the organization.\n||In controlling, managers evaluate how well the organization is achieving its goals and takes corrective action to improve performance.\nManagers will monitor individuals, departments, and the organization to determine if desired performance has been reached.\nManagers will also take action to increase performance as required.\nThe outcome of the controlling function is the accurate measurement of performance and regulation of efficiency and effectiveness.\n|Management Levels: Organizations often have 3 levels of managers:\n||First-line Managers: responsible for day-to-day operation. They supervise the people performing the activities required to make the good or service.\nMiddle Managers: Supervise first-line managers. They are also responsible to find the best way to use departmental resources to achieve goals.\nTop Managers: Responsible for the performance of all departments and have cross-departmental responsibility. They establish organizational goals and monitor middle managers.\n||Top Management have sought methods to restructure their organizations and save costs.\nDownsizing: eliminate jobs at all levels of management.\nCan lead to higher efficiency.\nOften results in low morale and customer complaints about service.\n|Other Management Trends\n||Empowerment: expand the tasks and responsibilities of workers.\nSupervisors might be empowered to make some resource allocation decisions.\nSelf-managed teams: give a group of employees responsibility for supervising their own actions.\nThe team can monitor its members and the quality of the work performed.\n||Increasing number of global organizations.\nBuilding competitive advantage through superior efficiency, quality, innovation, and responsiveness.\nIncreasing performance while remaining ethical managers.\nManaging an increasingly diverse work force and.\nMore stakeholders and more complex institutions.\nUsing new technologies.\n|Managerial Interpersonal Roles\n||Roles managers assume to coordinate and interact with employees and provide direction to the organization.\nFigurehead role: symbolizes the organization and what it is trying to achieve.\nLeader role: train, counsel, mentor and encourage high employee performance.\nLiaison role: link and coordinate people inside and outside the organization to help achieve goals.\n||Associated with the tasks needed to obtain and transmit information for management of the organization.\nMonitor role: analyzes information from both the internal and external environment.\nDisseminator role: manager transmits information to influence attitudes and behavior of employees.\nSpokesperson role: use of information to positively influence the way people in and out of the organization respond to it.\n||Associated with the methods managers use to plan strategy and utilize resources to achieve goals.\nEntrepreneur role: deciding upon new projects or programs to initiate and invest.\nDisturbance handler role: assume responsibility for handling an unexpected event or crisis.\nResource allocator role: assign resources between functions and divisions, set budgets of lower managers.\nNegotiator role: seeks to negotiate solutions between other managers, unions, customers, or shareholders.\n||There are three skill sets that managers need to perform effectively.\n1. Conceptual skills: the ability to analyze and diagnose a situation and find the cause and effect.\n2. Human skills: the ability to understand, alter, lead, and control people’s behavior.\n3. Technical skills: the job-specific knowledge required to perform a task. Common examples include marketing, accounting, and manufacturing.\nAll three skills are enhanced through formal training, reading, and practice.\n|Levels in firms\n||Corporate-level: decisions by top managers.\nConsiders on which businesses or markets to be in (in which segments active?).\nProvides a framework for all other planning.\nBusiness-level: details divisional long-term goals and structure.\nIdentifies how this business meets corporate goals.\nShows how the business will compete in market generic strategies of Michael Porter).\nFunctional-level: actions taken by managers in departments of manufacturing, marketing, etc.\nThese plans state exactly how business-level strategies are accomplished and how to add value.\n|Key points of Bureaucracy\n||Authority is the power to hold people accountable for their actions.\nPositions in the firm should be held based on performance, not social contacts.\nPosition duties are clearly identified. People should know what is expected of them.\nLines of authority should be clearly identified. Workers know who reports to who.\nRules, Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), & Norms used to determine how the firm operates.\nSometimes, these lead to “red-tape” and other problems.\n||dependent on the culture of the business, the nature of the task, the nature of the workforce and the personality and skills of the leaders.\nThis idea was further developed by Robert Tannenbaum and Warren H. Schmidt (1958, 1973)\nManager makes all the decisions, keeping the information and decision making among the senior management.\nThe communication is mainly downward.\nThe main advantage of this style is that the direction of the business will remain constant.\nCan project an image of a confident, well managed business.\nOn the other hand, subordinates may become dependent upon the leaders and supervision may be needed.\n|Management Styles (Cont)\nessentially dictatorial, however the decisions tend to be in the best interests of the employees rather than the business\nleader explains most decisions to the employees and ensures that their social and leisure needs are always met\nfeedback is again generally downward\nthis style can be advantageous, and can engender loyalty from the employees\nthe manager allows the employees to take part in decision-making\nthe communication is extensive in both directions\nthis style can be particularly useful when complex decisions need to be made that require a range of specialist skills\njob satisfaction and quality of work will improve\nhowever, the decision-making process is severely slowed down\nthe leader's role is peripheral and staff manage their own areas of the business\ncommunication in this style is horizontal (equal in both directions)\nthe style brings out the best in highly professional and creative groups of employees\nHowever, in many cases it is not deliberate and is simply a result of poor management\nthis leads to a lack of staff focus and sense of direction\n|Some features of successful managers\n||Not such “description” of best managers;\nSome features seem to be:\n- internal locus of control (impact on events);\n- decision making power (and learning from feedback);\n- charismatic authority.\nOther personlity traits of successful leaders: Emotional stability, Dominance, Enthusiasm, Conscientiousness, Social boldness, Toughmindedness, Self-assurance, Compulsiveness, High energy, Intuitiveness, Maturity, Team orientation, Empathy, Charisma…\nBONUS SECRET: good managers must stay humble: You may have the power and the title, but nothing good happens without the dedication, commitment and hard work of your staff.\nFor your evaluation: evolution and basics of each theoretical wave\n||1. classical: scientific management, bureaucratic management\n2. behavioural approach: recognizing the human variable\n3.management science approach (operations research)\n4. organization-environment: contingency approach and systems approach\n|Scientific Management theory\n||Modern management began in the late 19th century.\nOrganizations were seeking ways to better satisfy customer needs.\nMachinery was changing the way goods were produced.\nManagers had to increase the efficiency of the worker-task mix.\n||Adam Smith, 18th century economist, found firms manufactured pins in two ways:\nCraft -- each worker did all steps.\nFactory -- each worker specialized in one step.\nSmith found that the factory method had much higher productivity.\nEach worker became very skilled at one, specific task.\nBreaking down the total job allowed for the division of labor.\n|1. Scientific Management\n||Defined by Frederick Taylor, late 1800’s.\nThe systematic study of the relationships between people and tasks to redesign the work for higher efficiency.\nTaylor sought to reduce the time a worker spent on each task by optimizing the way the task was done.\n|The 4 Principles\n||Four Principles to increase efficiency:\n1. Study the way the job is performed now & determine new ways to do it.\nGather detailed, time and motion information.\nTry different methods to see which is best.\n2. Codify the new method into rules.\nTeach to all workers.\n3. Select workers whose skills match the rules set in Step 2.\n4. Establish a fair level of performance and pay for higher performance.\nWorkers should benefit from higher output.\n|Problems of Scientific Management\n||Managers often implemented only the increased output side of Taylor’s plan.\nThey did not allow workers to share in increased output.\nSpecialized jobs became very boring, dull.\nWorkers ended up distrusting Scientific Management.\nWorkers could purposely “under-perform”\nManagement responded with increased use of machines.\n||Frank and Lillian Gilbreth refined Taylor’s methods.\nmade many improvements to time and motion studies.\nTime and motion studies:\n1. Break down each action into components.\n2. Find better ways to perform it.\n3. Reorganize each action to be more efficient.\nGilbreths also studied fatigue problems, lighting, heating and other worker issues.\n||Seeks to create an organization that leads to both efficiency and effectiveness.\nMax Weber developed the concept of bureaucracy.\nA formal system of organization and administration to ensure effectiveness and efficiency.\nWeber developed the Five principles shown in next figure.\n||1. Specialization: job and tasks\n(link with theory: A. Smith)\n2. Departments: grouping of jobs according to logical plan\nLine (direct responsibilities) and staff (supporting “Line”)\n|Fayol’s Principles (1-5)\n||Henri Fayol, developed a set of 14 principles:\n1. Division of Labor: allows for job specialization.\nFayol noted firms can have too much specialization leading to poor quality and worker involvement.\n2. Authority and Responsibility: Fayol included both formal and informal authority resulting from special expertise.\n3. Unity of Command: Employees should have only one boss.\n4. Line of Authority: a clear chain from top to bottom of the firm.\n5. Centralization: the degree to which authority rests at the very top.\n|Fayol’s Principles (6-10)\n||6. Unity of Direction: One plan of action to guide the organization.\n7. Equity: Treat all employees fairly in justice and respect.\n8. Order: Each employee is put where they have the most value.\n9. Initiative: Encourage innovation.\n10. Discipline: obedient, applied, respectful employees needed.\n|Fayol’s Principles (11-14)\n||11. Remuneration of Personnel: The payment system contributes to success.\n12. Stability of Tenure: Long-term employment is important.\n13. General interest over individual interest: The organization takes precedence over the individual.\n14. Esprit de corps: Share enthusiasm or devotion to the organization.\n||Focuses on the way a manager should personally manage to motivate employees.\nMary Parker Follett: an influential leader in early managerial theory.\nSuggested workers help in analyzing their jobs for improvements.\nThe worker knows the best way to improve the job.\nIf workers have the knowledge of the task, then they should control the task.\n|The Hawthorne Studies\n||Study of worker efficiency at the Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric Co. during 1924-1932.\nWorker productivity was measured at various levels of light illumination.\nResearchers found that regardless of whether the light levels were raised or lowered, productivity rose.\nActually, it appears that the workers enjoyed the attention they received as part of the study and were more productive.\n|Theory X and Y\n||Douglas McGregor proposed the two different sets of worker assumptions.\nTheory X: Assumes the average worker is lazy, dislikes work and will do as little as possible.\nManagers must closely supervise and control through reward and punishment.\nTheory Y: Assumes workers are not lazy, want to do a good job and the job itself will determine if the worker likes the work.\nManagers should allow the worker great latitude, and create an organization to stimulate the worker.\n||William Ouchi researched the cultural differences between Japan and USA.\nUSA culture emphasizes the individual, and managers tend to feel workers follow the Theory X model.\nJapan culture expects worker committed to the organization first and thus behave differently than USA workers.\nTheory Z combines parts of both the USA and Japan structure.\nManagers stress long-term employment, work-group, and organizational focus.\n||Uses rigorous quantitative techniques to maximize resources.\nQuantitative management: utilizes linear programming, modeling, simulation systems.\nOperations management: techniques to analyze all aspects of the production system.\nTotal Quality Management (TQM): focuses on improved quality.\nManagement Information Systems (MIS): provides information about the organization.\n|Management science applications\n||- large number of variables\n- economic implications as guidelines (sales, expenses, inventory control and other quantifiable factors)\n- mathematic models used\n- use of computers\n||Considers relationships inside and outside the organization.\nThe environment consists of forces, conditions, and influences outside the organization.\nWhat managers do depends on circumstances!\n||Assumes there is no one best way to manage.\nThe environment impacts the organization and managers must be flexible to react to environmental changes.\nThe way the organization is designed, control systems selected, depend on the environment.\nTechnological environments change rapidly, so must managers.\n||System is number of interdependent parts, functioning as a whole for some purpose.\nSystems theory considers the impact of stages:\nInput: acquire external resources.\nConversion: inputs are processed into goods and services.\nOutput: finished goods are released into the environment.\nAn open system interacts with the environment. A closed system is self-contained.\nClosed systems often undergo entropy and lose the ability to control itself, and fails.\nSynergy: performance gains of the whole surpass the components.\nSynergy is only possible in a coordinated system.\n|The Organization as an Open System\n||Input Stage: Raw Materials\nConversion Stage: Machines Human skills\nOutput Stage: Goods Services\nSales of outputs: Firm can then buy inputs\n||(corporate social responsibility) denotes a business engagement and value creation, allowing to meet legal, ethical and societal expectations and to use business resources in ways to benefit society (Snider et.al. 2003)\n||(environmental social responsibility): “Sustainability, environmental management and proactivity” is a characteristic of entrepreneurship. Businesses take the initiative to develop new procedures and products to obtain a competitive advantage and at the same time meet societal needs. (Lumplin and Dess, 1996)\n|Management and the environment: Examples:\nNew logistic systems;\nValue chain/supply chain strategies;\nHR solutions: telework, etc.;\nCluster management (best practices);\n|Management and the environment: WHY?\n||Definition: Sustainability is defined as economic development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.\nSome companies are committed to sustainability because it can create financial value through enhanced revenues and lower costs.\nTwo opposing camps (“believers” versus “skepticals”)\nClassical view: maximizing profit for shareholders within rules of the game\nModern socio-economic view: firms depend on intentional actions of their members/persons with responsibilities (normative view); it also contributes to long run profits and survival (necessary “license to operate”) (instrumental view)\nWhy should managers care? Does it pay to be green? Yes, under some conditions:\nIt is only through the identification, measurement, and management of sustainability impacts that social and environmental and financial performance can be improved and value created.\nSustainability must be integrated into the way a company does business.\nFirms should not underestimate their ability to turn CSR into a competitive advantage.\n|Main reasons why sustainability is important\n||Regulations: penalties and fines, legal costs, lost productivity from inspections, potential closure, reputation effects.\nCommunity relations: Improving stakeholder relations can lead to loyalty and trust, mismanaging them can lead to consequences including reputation damage and impacts to the bottom line.\nCost and revenue imperatives: Revenues can be increased through increased sales due to good reputation, and costs can be lowered due to process improvements and decreased regulatory fines.\nSocietal and moral obligations: Leadership organizations recognize the link between business and society.\n|How? (1) sustainability\n||The challenge is not “whether” but “HOW” to integrate corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts into decisions.\nSome companies are reactive, some are proactive.\nIt is difficult to align strategy, structure, systems, performance measures, and rewards to facilitate effective implementations.\nOften, the impetus for a sustainability strategy is from external pressures such as government regulation, marketplace demands, competitor actions, or pressure from NGOs.\nEffective management of stakeholder impacts and relationships is critical.\nManaging corporate sustainability:\nImplementation is different than with other strategies in the organization (different goals): for example group of stakeholders is larger.\nIt is unclear how trade-offs between financial and environmental or social performance should be made: integration ecological and economic KPIs.\nImplementation costs are constantly changing: metrics are crucial.\nCommitments must be communicated in words and action by leadership (embed in culture): cf. “ecocentric” leadership.\n||Sustainability cannot be managed as just a public relations strategy to pacify stakeholder concerns (no green washing, but walk the talk!);\nLong-term economic growth is not possible unless that growth is socially and environmentally sustainable.\nA balance between economic progress, social responsibility and environmental protection (the triple bottom line) can lead to competitive advantage.\n|CASE: Wal-Mart - the paradox of managing sustainability\n||Faces enormous challenge: balance low prices with social concerns.\nCritics say Wal-Mart achieves “lowest price possible” by:\npaying less than a living wage,\nnot providing adequate healthcare plan,\nforcing local businesses to decrease wages.\nActivists challenge product sourcing and impact on employees in foreign factories.\nEnvironmental footprint is huge (largest private user of electricity in the U.S., 2nd largest truck fleet).\n+ 60, 000 suppliers (scope impacts sustainability)\n|CASE: Wal-Mart - the paradox of managing sustainability (CONT)\n||Wal-Mart is making an effort to become more sustainable.\nCEO Lee Scott’s goals:\nReduce solid waste by 25% over 3 years\nEliminate 30% energy used in stores\nDouble efficiency of vehicle fleet over 10 years\nAlso, offers products to appeal to a larger customer group (i.e. organic milk & cotton).\nCritics question whether Wal-Mart’s intentions are credible or “stunts and empty promises”.\nCan they improve sustainability and keep prices low?\n||For a long time, we focuses on internal aspects of a firm and its long term performance: leadership, control, planning and strategy, HRM, etc…\nNow more attention to:\nOrganizational Environment: those forces outside its boundaries that can impact it.\nForces can change over time and are made up of opportunities and threats.\nOpportunities: openings for managers to enhance revenues or open markets.\nNew technologies, new markets and ideas.\nThreats: issues that can harm an organization (beyond its control)\neconomic recessions, oil shortages, etc.\nManagers must seek opportunities and avoid threats\nWho and what can pose these threats?\n|Six factors for successful environmental strategy in large, complex, global firms:\n||It must be an integral component of corporate strategy.\nLeadership must commit to it & build organizational capacity.\nStrategies should be supported with management control, performance measurement, and reward systems.\nStrategies should be supported (mission, culture, people).\nManagers must integrate it into all strategic and operational decisions. Then, additional systems and rewards can be introduced to formalize and support.\nManaging sustainability performance should be viewed not only as risk avoidance and compliance but also as an opportunity for innovation and competitive advantage.\n|Other forces from environment\n||- global forces\n- technological forces\n|Task Environment (direct stakeholders): forces from suppliers, distributors, customers, and competitors.\nManagers need to secure reliable input sources.\nSuppliers provide raw materials, components, and even labor.\nWorking with suppliers can be hard due to shortages, unions, and lack of substitutes.\nSuppliers with scarce items can raise the price and are in a good bargaining position.\nManagers often prefer to have many, similar suppliers of each item. (But what do we do with unethical suppliers?)\nB. Distributors: organizations that help others to sell goods.\nSome distributors like Wal-Mart have strong bargaining power (they can threaten not to carry your product).\nC. Customers: people who buy the goods.\nUsually, there are several groups of customers.\nFor Compaq, there are business, home, & government buyers.\nD. Competitors: other organizations that produce similar goods.\nRivalry between competitors is usually the most serious force facing managers;\nHigh levels of rivalry often means lower prices (Profits may become hard to find);\nBarriers to entry keep new competitors out and result from:\nEconomies of scale: cost advantages due to large scale production.\nBrand loyalty: customers prefer a given product.\n|Individualism v. Collectivism\n||Individualism: world view that values individual freedom and self-expression.\nUsually has a strong belief in personal rights and need to be judged by achievements.\nCollectivism: world view that values the group over the individual.\nWidespread in Communism.\nPrevalent in Japan as well.\nManagers must understand how their workers relate to this issue.\n||A society’s acceptance of differences in the well being of citizens due to differences in heritage, and physical and intellectual capabilities.\nIn high power distance societies, the gap between rich and poor gets very wide.\nIn low power distance societies, any gap between rich and poor is reduced by taxation and welfare programs.\nMost western cultures (U.S., Germany, United Kingdom) have relatively low power distance and high individualism.\nMany economically poor countries such as Panama, Malaysia have high power distance and low individualism.\n|Achievement vs Nurture\n||Achievement oriented societies value assertiveness, performance, success.\nThe society is results-oriented.\nNurturing-oriented value quality of life, personal relationships, service.\nThe U. S. and Japan are achievement-oriented while Sweden, Denmark are more nurturing-oriented.\n||Consists of the wide economic, technological, demographic and similar issues.\nManagers usually cannot impact or control these.\nForces have profound impact on the firm.\n1. Economic forces: affect the national economy and the organization.\nIncludes interest rate changes, unemployment rates, economic growth.\nWhen there is a strong economy, people have more money to spend on goods and services.\n2. Technological forces: skills & equipment used in design, production and distribution.\nResult in new opportunities or threats to managers.\nOften make products obsolete very quickly.\nCan change how we manage.\n3. Social-cultural forces: result from changes in the social or national culture of society.\nSocial structure refers to the relationships between people and groups.\nDifferent societies have vastly different social structures.\nNational culture includes the values that characterize a society.\nValues and norms differ widely throughout the world.\nThese forces differ between cultures and over time.\n4. Demographic forces: result from changes in the nature, composition and diversity of a population.\nThese include gender, age, ethnic origin, etc.\nFor example, during the past 20 years, women have entered the workforce in increasing numbers.\nCurrently, most industrial countries are aging.\nThis will change the opportunities for firms competing in these areas.\nNew demand for health care, assisting living can be forecast.\n5. Political-legal forces: result from changes in the political arena.\nThese are often seen in the laws of a society.\nToday, there is increasing deregulation of many state-run firms.\n6. Global forces: result from changes in international relationships between countries.\nPerhaps the most important is the increase in economic integration of countries.\nFree-trade agreements (GATT, NAFTA, EU) decreases former barriers to trade.\nProvide new opportunities and threats to managers.\n|Need to Manage the Organization’s Environment\n||Managers must measure the complexity of the environment and rate of environmental change.\nEnvironmental complexity: deals with the number and possible impact of different forces in the environment.\nManagers must pay more attention to forces with larger impact.\nUsually, the larger the organization, the greater the number of forces managers must oversee.\nThe more forces, the more complex the manager’s job becomes.\nDynamics: environmental change: refers to the degree to which forms in the task and general environments change over time.\nManagers thus cannot be sure that actions taken today will be appropriate in the future given new changes.\n|Reducing Environmental Impact\n||Managers can counter environmental threats by reducing the number of forces.\nMany firms have sought to reduce the number of suppliers it deals with which reduces uncertainty.\nAll levels of managers should work to minimize the potential impact of environmental forces.\nExamples include reduction of waste by first line managers, determining competitor’s moves by middle managers, or the creation of a new strategy by top managers.\n||Stakeholder management: balancing stakeholder interests in view of social responsibility and other firm’s goals.\nDefinition stakeholder: anybody in the organization’s external environment that is affected by the firm’s decisions and actions\nFirm’s direct environment (personnel, customers, rivals, etc.) AND unions, action groups (pressure), media, trade associations, local communities, governments, etc.\n(2) determine interests\n(3) how critical is each stakeholder\n(4) how to manage the relationship, depending on how critical (urgency, power and legitimacy) stakeholder is and how uncertain environment\n(e.g. if very critical and environment very uncertain, then potential stakeholder partnership)\n||Stakeholders often want different outcomes and managers must work to satisfy as many as possible (conflict)\nDynamics in stakeholder power, urgency and legitimacy\nCost of stakeholder management\nLevels: daily business, projects, LT planning\nProblem of complexity of metrics: comparability, value, industry/firm specific, etc.\nDynamic and/ or longitudinal analysis?\nWhat is prescriptive value of analysis to strategic options?\nExample of analysis:\nenvironmental performance through a ‘green’ port portfolio analysis (drawing back on BCG matrix)\nmeasurement of environmental impact as third dimension (next to growth and market share)\nrelative and comparatively static analysis\ncalculation of potential benefits of strategic investments (ex. cargo shifting to less polluting logistic systems or transport modes; investment into emission reduction, impact of telework on space, energy and commuting externalities, etc.)\n|CSR & ESR: Strategy responses\n||There are many ways managers respond to this ESR duty:\n1. Obstructionist response: managers choose not to be socially responsible.\nManagers behave illegally and unethically.\nThey hide and cover-up problems.\n2. Defensive response: managers stay within the law but make no attempt to exercise additional social responsibility.\nPut shareholder interest above all other stakeholders.\nManagers say society should make laws if change is needed.\n3. Accommodative response: managers realize the need for social responsibility.\nTry to balance the interests of all stakeholders.\n4. Proactive response: managers actively embrace social responsibility.\nGo out of their way to learn about and help stakeholders.\n|Why be MORE Responsible?\n||Managers accrue benefits by being responsible.\nWorkers and society benefit;\nQuality of life in society will improve;\nIt is the right thing to do;\nLong term survival and growth;\nShareholder value; …\nWhistleblowers: a person reporting illegal or unethical acts.\nWhistleblowers now protected by law in most cases.\nSlowly incorporating CSR in regulation and policy:\nSocial audit: managers specifically take ethics and business into account when making decisions.\n||National culture: includes the values, norms, knowledge, beliefs, and other practices that unite a country.\nValues: abstract ideas about what a society believes to be good, desirable and beautiful.\nProvides attitudes for democracy, truth, appropriate roles for men, and women.\nUsually not static but very slow to change.\n||social rules prescribing behavior in a given situation.\nFolkways: routine social conventions including dress codes and manners.\nMores: Norms that are central to functioning of society. much more significant that folkways.\nMore examples include theft, adultery, and are often enacted into law.\nNorms vary from country to country.\n|Hofstede’s Model of National Culture\n||Individualism - Collectivism\nLow Power - High Power Distance\nAchievement - Nurturing Oriented\nLow Uncertainty - High Uncertainty Avoidance\nShort Term - Long Term Orientation\n||Societies and people differ on their willingness to take on risk.\nLow uncertainty avoidance (U.S., Hong Kong), value diversity, and tolerate differences.\nTolerate a wide range of opinions and beliefs.\nHigh uncertainty avoidance (Japan and France) are more rigid and do not tolerate people acting differently.\nHigh conformity to norms is expected.\n||Ethics: a set of beliefs about right and wrong.\nEthics guide people in dealings with stakeholders and others, to determine appropriate actions.\nManagers often must choose between the conflicting interest of stakeholders.\n||It is difficult to know when a decision is ethical. Here is a good test:\nManagerial ethics: If a manager makes a decision falling within usual standards, is willing to personally communicate the decision to stakeholders, and believes friends would approve, then it is likely an ethical decision.\n|Ethical Origins: Societal Ethics:\n||Societal Ethics: standards that members of society use when dealing with each other.\nBased on values and standards found in society’s legal rules, norm, and mores.\nCodified in the form of law and society customs.\nNorms dictate how people should behave.\nSocietal ethics vary based on a given society.\nStrong beliefs in one country may differ elsewhere.\nExample: bribes are an accepted business practice in some countries.\n|Ethical Origins: Professional ethics:\n||Professional ethics: values and standards used by groups of managers in the workplace.\nApplied when decisions are not clear-cut ethically.\nExample: physicians and lawyers have professional associations that enforce these.\nIndividual ethics: values of an individual resulting from their family& upbringing.\nIf behavior is not illegal, people will often disagree on if it is ethical.\nEthics of top managers set the tone for firms.\n||A key ethical issue is how to disperse harm and benefits among stakeholders.\nIf a firm is very profitable for two years, who should receive the profits? Employees, managers and stockholders all want a share.\nShould we keep the cash for future slowdowns?\nWhat is the ethical decision?\nWhat about the reverse, when firms must layoff workers.\nFinal point: stockholders are the legal owners of the firm!\n|Ethical Decisions (CONT)\n||Some other issues managers must consider.\nShould you hold payment to suppliers as long as possible to benefit your firm?\nThis will harm your supplier who is a stakeholder.\nShould you pay severance pay to laid off workers?\nThis may decrease the stockholder's return.\nShould you buy goods from overseas firms that hire children?\nIf you don’t the children might not earn enough money to eat.\n|Why Behave Ethically?\n||Managers should behave ethically to avoid harming others.\nManagers are responsible for protecting and nurturing resources in their charge.\nUnethical managers run the risk for loss of reputation.\nThis is a valuable asset to any manager!\nReputation is critical to long term management success.\nAll stakeholders are judged by reputation.\n|FOUNDATIONS OF STRATEGIC PLANNING\n||Planning = process that involves defining GOALS, establishing STRATEGY for achieving goals and developing a set of PLANS to integrate and coordinate the work\n|Company and manager’s objectives\n||- Type of goals:\nStated goals: officially stated in text (statutes, mission, etc.)\nReal goals: actions of members\n- goal not spontaneously reached, but through planned and coordinated mechanisms\n- if business = sum of mathematical functions, then profit maximizing firm\n- BUT firm can have other goal(s): growth max, market share max, employment max, sales max, service max, budget max, etc.\n|Classical economic theory\n||- profit through invisible hand;\n- profit maximizing in function of time and risk:\nShort term and low risk: ST profit\nShort term and high risk: expected profit\nLong term and low risk: present value profit\nLong term and high risk: expected present value profit\n||- sales maximization\n- non-monetary goals: power, status, prestige, safety, expense preference…\nCan they maximize something?\n|Determining Mission and Goals\n||This is the first step of the planning process and is accomplished by:\nA. Define the business: seeks to identify our customer and the needs we can and should satisfy.\nThis also pinpoints competitors.\nB. Establishing major goals: states who will compete in the business.\nShould stretch the organization to new heights.\nGoals must also be realistic and have a time period in which they are achieved.\n|The Planning Process\n||Planning is the process used by managers to identify and select goals and courses of action for the organization.\nThe organizational plan that results from the planning process details the goals to be attained.\nThe pattern of decisions managers take to reach these goals is the organization’s strategy.\n|Three Stages of the Planning Process\n||Determining the Organization’s\nmission and goals\n(Define the business)\n(Analyze current situation &\n(Allocate resources & responsibilities\nto achieve strategies)\n|Planning Process Stages\n||Organizational mission: defined in the mission statement which is a broad declaration of the overriding purpose.\nThe mission statement identifies product, customers and how the firm differs from competitors.\nFormulating strategy: managers analyze current situation and develop strategies needed to achieve the mission.\nImplementing strategy: managers must decide how to allocate resources between groups to ensure the strategy is achieved.\n|Planning Levels – WHAT do they plan?\n||Corporate-level: decisions by top managers.\nConsiders on which businesses or markets to be in.\nProvides a framework for all other planning.\nBusiness-level: details divisional long-term goals and structure.\nIdentifies how this business meets corporate goals.\nShows how the business will compete in market: competition strategy (generic strategies of M. Porter)\nFunctional-level: actions taken by managers in departments of manufacturing, marketing, etc.\nThese plans state exactly how business-level strategies are accomplished.\nHow can we add value to the organization?\n|Characteristics of Plans\n||Time horizon: refers to how far in the future the plan applies.\nLong-term plans are usually 5 years or more.\nIntermediate-term plans are 1 to 5 years.\nCorporate and business level plans specify long and intermediate term.\nShort-term plans are less than 1 year.\nFunctional plans focus on short to intermediate term.\nMost firms have a rolling planning cycle to amend plans constantly.\n|Types of Plans\n||Standing plans: for programmed decisions.\nManagers develop policies, rules, and standard operating procedures (SOP).\nPolicies are general guides to action.\nRules are a specific guide to action.\nSingle-use plans: developed for a one-time, nonprogrammed issue. Usually consist of programs and projects.\nPrograms: integrated plans achieving specific goals.\nProject: specific action plans to complete programs.\n||Corporate level planning is done by top managers.\nAlso approve business and functional level plans.\nTop managers should seek input on corporate level issues from all management levels.\nBusiness and functional planning is done by divisional and functional managers.\nBoth management levels should also seek information from other levels.\nResponsibility for specific planning may lie at a given level, but all managers should be involved.\n|Why Planning is Important\n||Planning determines where the organization is now and where it will be in the future. Good planning provides:\nParticipation: all managers are involved in setting future goals.\nSense of direction & purpose: Planning sets goals and strategies for all managers.\nCoordination: Plans provide all parts of the firm with understanding about how their systems fit with the whole.\nControl: Plans specify who is in charge of accomplishing a goal.\n||Scenario Planning: generates several forecasts of different future conditions and analyzes how to effectively respond to them.\nPlanning seeks to prepare for the future, but the future is unknown.\nBy generating multiple possible “futures” we can see how our plans might work in each.\nAllows the firm to prepare for possible surprises.\nScenario planning is a learning tool to improve planning results.\n|Strategy Analysis and Formulation\n||Managers analyze the current situation to develop strategies achieving the mission.\nSWOT analysis: a planning to identify:\nOrganizational Strengths and Weaknesses.\nStrengths: manufacturing ability, marketing skills.\nWeaknesses: high labor turnover, weak financials.\nEnvironmental Opportunities and Threats.\nOpportunities: new markets.\nThreats: economic recession, competitors\n|Planning & Strategy Formulation\nidentifies strengths &\nweaknesses inside the\nfirm and opportunities\n& threats in the\n|Planning & Strategy Formulation: Corporate-level strategy\ndevelop a plan of action\nmaximizing long-run value\n|Planning & Strategy Formulation: Business-level strategy\na plan of action to take\nadvantage of opportunities\nand minimize threats\n|Planning & Strategy Formulation: Functional-level strategy\na plan of action improving\ndepartment’s ability to\n|O/T: The Five Forces Model: external scan\n||1. Level of Rivalry in an industry: how intense is the current competition with competitors?\nIncreased competition results in lower profits.\n2. Potential for entry: how easy is it for new firms to enter the industry?\nEasy entry leads to lower prices and profits.\n3. Power of Suppliers: If there are only a few suppliers of important items, supply costs rise.\n4. Power of Buyers: If there are only a few, large buyers, they can bargain down prices.\n5. Substitutes: More available substitutes tend to drive down prices and profits.\n|S/W Internal scan\n||Analysis of strengths and weaknesses\nResource-based view: competitive advantage through combination of resources that are: valuable, rare, non-replicable (inimitable), less valuable substitutes, return to company, long lasting\n||- based on analysis\n1. Corporate level: where? In which markets?\nvertical integration versus outsourcing?\n2. Business level: differentiation, cost leadership, etc.\n3. Functional level: where can we add value?\n|1. Corporate-Level Strategies\n||Concentrate in single business: McDonalds focuses in the fast food business.\nCan become very strong, but can be risky.\nDiversification: Organization moves into new businesses and services.\nRelated diversification: firm diversifies in similar areas to build upon existing divisions.\nSynergy: two divisions work together to obtain more than the sum of each separately.\nUnrelated diversification: buy business in new areas.\nBuild a portfolio of unrelated firms to reduce risk or trouble in one industry. Very hard to manage.\n||To what extent do we customize products and marketing for different national conditions?\nGlobal strategy: a single, standard product and marketing approach is used in all countries.\nStandardization provides for lower cost.\nIgnore national differences that others can address.\nMultidomestic strategy: products and marketing are customized for each country of operation.\nCustomization provides for higher costs.\nEmbraces national differences and depends on them for success.\n||When the firm is doing well, managers can add more value by producing its own inputs or distributing its products.\nBackward vertical integration: the firm produces its own inputs.\nMcDonalds grows its own potatoes.\nCan lower the cost of supplies.\nBackward vertical integration: the firm distributes its outputs or products.\nMcDonalds owns the final restaurant.\nFirm can lower costs and ensure final quality.\n||Low-cost: gain a competitive advantage by driving down organizational costs.\nManagers manufacture at lower cost, reduce waste.\nLower costs than competition mean lower prices.\nDifferentiation: gain a competitive advantage by making your products different from competitors.\nDifferentiation must be valued by the customer.\nSuccessful differentiation allows you to charge more for a product.\nStuck in the middle: It is difficult to simultaneously become differentiated and low cost.\n|Business Strategies (CONT)\n||Firms also choose to serve the entire market or focus on a few segments.\nFocused low-cost: try to serve one segment of the market but be the lowest cost in that segment.\nCott Company seeks to achieve this in large retail chains.\nFocused differentiated: Firm again seeks to focus on one market segment but is the most differentiated in that segment.\nBMW provides a good example.\n||Seeks to have each department add value to a good or service.\nMarketing, service, production all add value to a good or service.\nValue is added in two ways:\n1. lower the operational costs of providing the value in products.\n2. add new value to the product by differentiating.\nFunctional strategies must fit with business level strategies.\n|Goals for successful functional strategies:\n||1. Attain superior efficiency: the measure of outputs for a given unit of input.\n2. Attain superior quality: products that reliably do the job they were designed for.\n3. Attain superior innovation: new, novel features about the product or process.\n4. Attain superior responsiveness to customers: Know the customer needs and fill them.\n|Managerial Decision Making\n||Decision making: the process by which managers respond to opportunities and threats by analyzing options, and making decisions about goals and courses of action.\nDecisions in response to opportunities: managers respond to ways to improve organizational performance.\nDecisions in response to threats: occurs when managers are impacted by adverse events to the organization.\n|Types of Decision Making\n||Programmed Decisions: routine, almost automatic process.\nManagers have made decision many times before.\nThere are rules or guidelines to follow.\nExample: Deciding to reorder office supplies.\nNon-programmed Decisions: unusual situations that have not been often addressed.\nNo rules to follow since the decision is new.\nThese decisions are made based on information, and a manger’s intuition, and judgment.\nExample: Should the firm invest in a new technology?\n|The Classical Model\n||Classical model of decision making: a prescriptive model that tells how the decision should be made.\nAssumes managers have access to all the information needed to reach a decision.\nManagers can then make the optimum decision by easily ranking their own preferences among alternatives.\nUnfortunately, mangers often do not have all (or even most) required information.\n|The Classical Model\n||List alternatives & consequences > Assumes all information is available to manager\nRank each alternative from low to high > Assumes manager can process information\nSelect best alternative > Assumes manager knows the best future course of the organization\n|The Administrative Model\n||Administrative Model of decision making: Challenged the classical assumptions that managers have and process all the information.\nAs a result, decision making is risky.\nBounded rationality: There is a large number of alternatives and information is vast so that managers cannot consider it all.\nDecisions are limited by people’s cognitive abilities.\nIncomplete information: most managers do not see all alternatives and decide based on incomplete information.\n|Why Information is Incomplete\n||Uncertainty & risk\nTime constraints & information costs\n|Incomplete Information Factors\n||Incomplete information exists due to many issues:\nRisk: managers know a given outcome can fail or succeed and probabilities can be assigned.\nUncertainty: probabilities cannot be given for outcomes and the future is unknown.\nMany decision outcomes are not known such as a new product introduction.\nAmbiguous information: information whose meaning is not clear.\nInformation can be interpreted in different ways.\n|Incomplete Information Factors (CONT)\n||Time constraints and Information costs: Managers do not have the time or money to search for all alternatives.\nThis leads the manager to again decide based on incomplete information.\nSatisficing: Managers explore a limited number of options and choose an acceptable decision rather than the optimum decision.\nThis is the response of managers when dealing with incomplete information.\nManagers assume that the limited options they examine represent all options.\n|Decision Making Steps\n||1. Recognize need for a decision: Managers must first realize that a decision must be made.\nSparked by an event such as environment changes.\n2. Generate alternatives: managers must develop feasible alternative courses of action.\nIf good alternatives are missed, the resulting decision is poor.\nIt is hard to develop creative alternatives, so managers need to look for new ideas.\n3. Evaluate alternatives: what are the advantages and disadvantages of each alternative?\nManagers should specify criteria, then evaluate.\n4. Choose among alternatives: managers rank alternatives and decide.\nWhen ranking, all information needs to be considered.\n5. Implement chosen alternative: managers must now carry out the alternative.\nOften a decision is made and not implemented.\n6. Learn from feedback: managers should consider what went right and wrong with the decision and learn for the future.\nWithout feedback, managers never learn from experience and make the same mistake over.\n||Is it legal? Managers must first be sure that an alternative is legal both in this country and abroad for exports.\nIs it ethical? The alternative must be ethical and not hurt stakeholders unnecessarily.\nIs it economically feasible? Can our organization’s performance goals sustain this alternative?\nIs it practical? Does the management have the capabilities and resources to do it?\n||Decision making is assumed to be rational\nIn the best interests of the organization\nWithin specific constraints\nSo how are most decision usually made?\n|Role of intuition\n||Making decisions on the basis of experience, feelings and accumulated judgement\n1/3 of all decisions are made intuitively\n|Types of problems and decisions\n||Structured problems (familiar, easily defined)\nProgrammed decision: routine approach\nProcedure: interrelated sequential steps (longer programmed decision)\nRule: rapid and fair decisions\nPolicy: guideline for making a decision (a policy is less strict than a rule); e.g. “Customer should always be satisfied”\nUnstructured problems and unique, unusual and difficult decisions (more often when climbing up the organizational hierarchy)\n|Designing Organizational Structure\n||Organizing: the process by which managers establish working relationships among employees to achieve goals.\nOrganizational Structure: formal system of task & reporting relationships showing how workers use resources.\nOrganizational design: managers make specific choices resulting in a given organizational structure.\nSuccessful organizational design depends on the organization’s unique situation.\n|Determinants of Structure\n||The environment: The quicker the environment changes, the more problems face managers.\nStructure must be more flexible when environmental change is rapid.\nUsually need to decentralize authority.\nStrategy: Different strategies require the use of different structures.\nA differentiation strategy needs a flexible structure, low cost may need a more formal structure.\nIncreased vertical integration or diversification also requires a more flexible structure.\n|Determinants of Structure (CONT)\n||Human Resources: the final factor affecting organizational structure.\nHigher skilled workers who need to work in teams usually need a more flexible structure.\nHigher skilled workers often have professional norms (CPA’s, physicians).\nTechnology: The combination of skills, knowledge, tools, equipment, computers and machines used in the organization.\nManagers must take into account all four factors (environment, strategy, technology and human resources) when designing the structure of the organization.\n||Once tasks are grouped into jobs, managers must decide how to group jobs together.\nFunction: people working together with similar skills, tools or techniques to perform their jobs.\nFunctional structure consists of departments such as marketing, production, and finance.\nWorkers can learn from others doing similar tasks.\nEasy for managers to monitor and evaluate workers.\nHard for one department to communicate with others.\nManagers can become preoccupied with their department and forget the firm\n||A division is a collection of functions working together to produce a product.\nDivisions create smaller, manageable parts of a firm.\nDivisions develop a business-level strategy to compete.\nA division has marketing, finance, and other functions.\nFunctional managers report to divisional managers who then report to corporate management.\nProduct structure: divisions created according to the type of product or service.\nGeographic structure: divisions based on the area of a country or world served.\nMarket structure: divisions based on the types of customers served.\n||Matrix structure: managers group people by function and product teams simultaneously.\nResults in a complex network of reporting relationships.\nVery flexible and can respond rapidly to change.\nEach employee has two bosses which can cause problems.\nFunctional manager gives different directions than product manager and employee cannot satisfy both.\n||Many large organizations have divisional structures where each manager can select the best structure for that particular division.\nOne division may use a functional structure, one geographic, and so on.\nThis ability to break a large organization into many smaller ones makes it much easier to manage.\n||To ensure sufficient coordination between functions, managers delegate authority (decentralization).\nAuthority: the power vested in the manager to make decisions and use resources.\nHierarchy of authority: describes the relative authority each manager has from top to bottom.\nSpan of Control: refers to the number of workers a manager manages.\nLine authority: managers in the direct chain of command for production of goods or services. Example: Sales\nStaff authority: managers in positions that give advice to line managers. Example: Legal\n|Tall & Flat Organizations\n||Tall structures have many levels of authority relative to the organization’s size.\nAs levels in the hierarchy increase, communication gets difficult.\nThe extra levels result in more time being taken to implement decisions.\nCommunications can also become garbled as it is repeated through the firm.\nFlat structures have few levels but wide spans of control.\nResults in quick communications but can lead to overworked managers.\n||Attitudes: collection of feelings about something.\nJob Satisfaction: feelings about a worker’s job.\nSatisfaction tends to rise as manager moves up in the organization.\nOrganizational Citizenship Behaviors: actions not required of managers but which help advance the firm. Managers with high satisfaction perform these “extra mile” tasks.\nOrganizational Commitment: beliefs held by people toward the organization as a whole.\nCommitted managers are loyal and proud of the firm.\nCommitment can differ around the world.\n||Personality Traits: Characteristics that influence how people think, feel and behave on and off the job.\nInclude tendencies to be enthusiastic, demanding, easy-going, nervous, etc.\nEach trait can be viewed on a continuum, from low to high.\nThere is no “wrong” trait, but rather managers have a complex mix of traits.\n|The Big Five (Personalities)\n||Extroversion: people are positive and feel good about themselves and the world.\nManagers high on this trait are sociable, friendly.\nNegative Affectivity: people experience negative moods, are critical, and distressed.\nManagers are often critical and feel angry with others and themselves.\nAgreeableness: people like to get along with others.\nManagers are likable, and care about others.\nConscientiousness: people tend to be careful, persevering.\nOpenness to Experience: people are original, with broad interests.\n|Traits and Managers\n||Successful managers vary widely on the “Big Five”.\nIt is important to understand these traits since it helps explain a manager’s approach to planning, leading, organizing, etc.\nManagers should also be aware of their own style and try to tone down problem areas.\nInternal Locus of Control: People believe they are responsible for their fate.\nSee their actions are important to achieving goals.\nExternal Locus of Control: People believe outside forces are responsible for their fate.\nTheir actions make little difference in achieving outcomes.\nManagers need an Internal Locus of Control!\n||Self-Esteem: Captures the degree to which people feel good about themselves and abilities.\nHigh self-esteem causes people to feel they are competent, and capable.\nLow self-esteem people have poor opinions of themselves and abilities.\nNeed for Achievement: extent to which people have a desire to perform challenging tasks and meet personal standards.\nNeed for Affiliation: the extent to which people want to build interpersonal relationships and being liked.\nNeed for Power: indexes the desire to control or influence others.\n||Perception is the process through which people select, organize and interpret input.\nManager’s decisions are based on their perception.\nManagers need to ensure perceptions are accurate.\nManagers are all different and so are their perceptions of a situation.\nPerceptions depend on satisfaction, moods, and so forth.\nA manager’s past experience can influence their outlook on a new project.\nGood managers try not to prejudge new ideas based on the past.\n|Groups, Teams and Effectiveness\n||Group: two or more people who interact with each other to accomplish a goal.\nTeam: group who work intensively with each other to achieve a specific common goal.\nAll teams are groups, BUT, not all groups are teams.\nTeams often are difficult to form.\nTakes time for members to work together.\nTeams can improve organizational performance.\n|Competitive Advantage with Groups & Teams\n||Performance Enhancement: Make use of synergy\nWorkers in a group have the opportunity to produce more or better output than separate workers.\nMembers correct other’s errors, bring new ideas to bear.\nManagers should build groups with members of complimentary skills.\nResponsive to Customers: Difficult to achieve given many constraints.\nSafety issues, regulations, costs.\nCross-functional teams provide the wide variety of skills needed.\nTeams consist of members of different departments.\n|Competitive Advantage, Cont.\n||Innovation: individuals rarely possess the wide variety of skills needed.\nTeam members also uncover flaws and develop new ideas.\nManagers should empower the team for the full innovation process.\nMotivation: members of groups, and particularly teams, are often better motivated and satisfied than individuals.\nIt is fun to work next to other motivated people.\nTeam members see their contribution to the team.\nTeams also provide social interaction.\n|Formal Groups & Teams\n||Created by manager to meet the firm’s goals.\nCross-functional: members of different departments.\nCross-cultural: members of different cultures.\nResearch and Development Teams: Create new products.\nTop Management team: help develop firm’s direction.\nImportant to have diversity in it to avoid group think.\nCommand Groups: members report to same manager.\nTask Force: created to meet a given objective.\nStanding committees are permanent task forces.\nSelf-Managed Teams: members are empowered to complete some given work.\nTeam decides how to do the task.\n|Informal Groups and Teams\n||Created by the workers to meet their needs.\nFriendship group: made up of employees who enjoy each other’s company.\nSatisfy the need for human interaction and social support.\nInterest Groups: Workers seek to achieve a common goal based on their membership in the organization.\nManagers should observe interest groups to learn what employees see as important.\n||Dynamics affect how a group or team functions.\nGroup size: affects how a group performs.\nNormally, keep group small (2 to 9 members).\nSmall groups interact better and tend to be more motivated.\nUse large groups when more resources are needed.\nDivision of labor is possible with large group.\nGroup Tasks: impacts how a group interacts.\nTask interdependence shows how work of one member impacts another.\nAs interdependence rises, members work closer together.\n|Managing for Performance\n||Motivate groups to achieve goals:\nMembers should benefit when the group performs well.\nRewards can be monetary or in other forms.\nReduce social loafing: human tendency to put forth less effort in a group than individually. To eliminate:\nMake individual efforts identifiable and evaluated.\nEmphasize individual efforts to show they count.\nKeep group size at a small number.\nHelp groups manage conflict.\nAll groups will have conflict, managers should seek ways to direct it to the goals.\n||Defined as the psychological forces within a person that determine:\n1) direction of behavior in an organization;\n2) the effort or how hard people work;\n3) the persistence displayed in meeting goals.\nIntrinsic Motivation: behavior performed for its own sake.\nMotivation comes from performing the work.\nExtrinsic Motivation: behavior performed to acquire rewards.\nMotivation source is the consequence of an action.\n||People are motivated to obtain outcomes at work to satisfy their needs.\nA need is a requirement for survival.\nTo motivate a person:\n1)Managers must determine what needs worker wants satisfied.\n2)Ensure that a person receives the outcomes when performing well.\nSeveral needs theories exist.\nMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.\n|Pay and Motivation\n||Pay can help motivate workers.\nExpectancy: pay is an instrumentality (and outcome), must be high for motivation to be high.\nNeed Theory: pay is used to satisfy many needs.\nEquity Theory: pay is given in relation to inputs.\nGoal Setting Theory: pay linked to goal attainment.\nLearning Theory: outcomes (pay), is distributed upon performance of functional behaviors.\nPay should be based on performance, many firms do this with a Merit Pay Plan.\n||Can be based on individual, group or organization performance.\nIndividual Plan: used when individual performance (sales) is accurately measured.\nGroup Plan: use when group works closely together and is measured as a group.\nOrganization Plan: When group or individual outcomes not easily measured.\nBonus has a higher impact on motivation since\nSalary level not related to current performance.\nOther items (base salary, cost of living, seniority).\nSalary rarely goes down and usually changes little.\n||Managers must monitor & evaluate:\nAre we efficiently converting inputs into outputs?\nMust accurately measure units of inputs and outputs.\nIs product quality improving?\nAre we competitive with other firms?\nAre employees responsive to customers?\ncustomer service is increasingly important.\nAre our managers innovative in outlook?\nDoes the control system encourage risk-taking?\n||Formal, target-setting, monitoring, evaluation and feedback systems to provide managers with information to determine if strategy and structure are working effectively and efficiently.\nA good control system should:\nbe flexible so managers can respond as needed.\nprovide accurate information about the organization.\nprovide information in a timely manner.\n|Control Process Steps\n||1. Establish standards, goals, or targets against which performance is to be evaluated.\nStandards must be consistent with strategy, for a low cost strategy, standards should focus closely on cost.\nManagers at each level need to set their own standards.\n2. Measure actual performance: managers can measure outputs resulting from worker behavior or they can measure the behavior themselves.\nThe more non-routine the task, the harder to measure.\nManagers then measure the behavior (come to work on time) not the output.\n|The Control Process (CONT)\n||3. Compare actual performance against chosen standards.\nManagers must decide if performance actually deviates.\nOften, several problems combine creating low performance.\n4. Evaluate result and take corrective action.\nPerhaps the standards have been set too high.\nWorkers may need additional training, or equipment.\nThis step is often hard since the environment is constantly changing.\n|Output Control Systems\n||Financial Controls are objective and allow comparison to other firms.\nProfit ratios--measures how efficiently managers convert resources into profits.\nReturn on Investment (ROI) is the most common.\nLiquidity ratios -- measure how well managers protect resources to meet short term debt.\nCurrent & quick ratios.\nLeverage ratios -- show how much debt is used to finance operations.\nDebt-to-asset & times-covered ratios.\nActivity ratios -- measures how managers create value from assets.\nInventory turnover, days sales outstanding.\n|Output Control Systems\n||Organizational Goals: after corporate financial goals are set, each division is given specific goals that must be met to attain the overall goals.\nGoals and thus output controls, will be set for each area of the firm.\nGoals are specific & difficult (not impossible) to achieve.\nGoal setting is a management skill developed over time.\nOperating budgets: a blueprint showing how managers can use resources.\nManagers are evaluated by how well they meet goals and stay in budget.\nEach division is often evaluated on its own budgets for cost, revenue or profit.\n|Output Control Problems\n||Managers must create output standards that motivate at all levels.\nBe careful of creating short-term goals that motivate managers to forget the future.\nIt is easy to cut costs by dropping R&D now but it leads to future disaster.\nIf standards are too high, workers may follow unethical behavior to attain them.\nIncrease sales regardless of issues. This can be done by skipping safe production steps.\n|Behavior Control Systems\n||Managers must motivate and shape employee behavior to meet organizational goals.\nDirect Supervision: managers who directly manage workers and can teach, reward, and correct.\nVery expensive since only a few workers can be managed by 1 manager.\nCan demotivate workers who desire more autonomy.\nHard to do in complex job settings.\n|Management by Objectives\n||Management by Objectives (MBO): evaluates workers by attainment of specific objectives.\nGoals are set at each level of the firm.\nGoal setting is participatory with manager AND worker.\nReviews held looking at progress toward goals.\nPay raises and promotions are tied to goal attainment.\nTeams are also measured in this way with goals and performance measured for the team.\n| Bureaucratic Control\n||( Bureaucratic Control)\nControl through a system of rules and standard operating procedures (SOPs) that shape the behavior of divisions, functions, and individuals.\nRules and SOPs tell the worker what to do.\nStandardized actions so outcomes are predictable.\nStill need output control to correct mistakes.\nProblems of Bureaucratic Control:\nRules easier to make than delete. Leads to “red tape”\nFirm can become too standardized and not flexible.\nBest used for routine problems.\n|Organizational Culture & Clan Control\n||(Organizational Culture & Clan Control)\nOrganizational culture is a collection of values, norms, & behavior shared by workers that control the way workers interact with each other.\nClan Control: control through the development of an internal system of values and norms.\nBoth culture and clan control accept the norms and values as their own and then work within them.\nExamples include dress styles, work hours, pride in work.\nThese methods provide control where output and behavioral control does not work.\nStrong culture and clan control help worker to focus on the organization and enhance its performance.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18", "url": "https://cramberry.net/sets/24775-management-flash-cards", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246659254.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045739-00028-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9103248715, "token_count": 15132, "score": 3.296875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is féidir na rialacha bunúsacha bainistíochta a theagasc i scoileanna agus a chur i bhfeidhm i ngach cás eagraíochta\n= Bun-eileamaint na bainistíochta i gcoitinne, nach bhfuil gach ceann acu infheidhme nó inmhianaithe i gcás gnó ar leith\n≠ Bainistíocht eolaíoch: úsáid mhodh eolaíoch chun \"an bealach is fearr\" a chinneadh chun obair a dhéanamh\nPríomh-Chuncheapa Bainistíochta\nEagraíochtaí: Daoine a oibríonn le chéile agus a gcomhordú a ngníomhaíochtaí chun spriocanna sonracha a bhaint amach.\nSprioc: Coinníoll inmhianaithe sa todhchaí a bhfuil an eagraíocht ag iarraidh a bhaint amach.\nBainistíocht: An próiseas chun acmhainní eagraíochta a úsáid chun spriocanna na heagraíochta a bhaint amach trí...\nPleanáil, Eagraíocht, Stiúrthóireacht, agus Rialú\nBainistiú Príomhchomharthaí Breise\nIs sócmhainní eagraíochta iad acmhainní agus áirítear orthu:\nIs iad bainisteoirí na daoine atá freagrach as maoirseacht a dhéanamh ar úsáid acmhainní eagraíochta chun a spriocanna a bhaint amach.\nIs é an t-am a mheastar cé chomh héifeachtach agus chomh héifeachtach is a úsáideann bainisteoirí acmhainní chun a gcustaiméirí a shásamh agus a spriocanna a bhaint amach\nÉifeachtúlacht: Tomhas ar cé chomh maith agus a úsáidtear acmhainní chun sprioc a bhaint amach.\nDe ghnáth, ní mór do bhainisteoirí iarracht a dhéanamh ionchur acmhainní a íoslaghdú chun an sprioc céanna a bhaint amach.\nÉifeachtúlacht: tomhas ar oiriúnacht na gcuspóirí a roghnaíodh (an iad na spriocanna cearta? ), agus an méid a baintear amach iad.\nTá eagraíochtaí níos éifeachtaí nuair a roghnaíonn bainisteoirí na spriocanna cearta agus ansin iad a bhaint amach.\n Rannpháirtithe-pháirtithe leasmhara: an streachailt as ucht cumhachta\nna páirtithe sa choimhlint:\nagus cumhacht chomhionann (Galbraith, 1952 agus 1967); soláthraithe caipitil\nCinntí na coimhlinte (cén fáth an cath? ):\nCÓI: leas, cumhacht chinnidh, freagracht agus tionchar.\nTá an bainisteoir agus na scairshealbhóirí ina gcomhlachtaí heterogenacha, le neamhéifeachtúlachtaí X mar a thugtar orthu (is féidir go mbeidh a n-aidhmeanna pearsanta difriúil ó spriocanna na cuideachta uaireanta, mar shampla. glaoch ar theilifís abhaile le linn uaireanta oibre);\nIs féidir go leor spriocanna éagsúla a bhaint amach;\nAg am ar bith, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tuairimí éagsúla ag gach páirtí leasmhara ar leithligh nó mar fhoghrúpa agus d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh sé ina fhoinse coinbhleachta oscailte nó latente.\nTá sé scríofa ag Mintzberg.\nIs éard atá i ról sraith de chúraimí sonracha a dhéanann duine de bharr an phoist a bhfuil siad ina seilbh.\nTá rólanna á dtreorú laistigh den eagraíocht chomh maith le lasmuigh.\nTá 3 chatagóir mhór ról ann:\nan t-aon Tionól Ginearálta (Algemene Vergadering de AV) de na scairshealbhóirí (i ngach ceann): an t-údarás is airde agus gach cumhacht i bprionsabal;\nCeapann an GA Bord Stiúrthóirí (Raad van Bestuur de RvB): déantar cuid de chumhacht chinnidh an GA a tharmligean chuig an mBord Stiúrthóirí;\nTá sainordú pearsanta ag comhaltaí an Bhoird (roghnaithe go pearsanta ag scairshealbhóirí) ach - tar éis don Bhord a bheith ceaptha ag scairshealbhóirí - gníomhóidh an Bord don chuideachta (suíomh dúbailte implisit) = TRUST;\nDéantar cinneadh ag an mBord le chéile (mar ghrúpa): síneann an Bord gach cinneadh, mura n-aontaíonn tú leis an gcinneadh ní mór duit éirí as mar chomhalta den bhord;\nFéadfaidh an stiúrthóir tarmligthe ón mbord (ag stiúrthóir tarmligthe) nó an POF (nach ball den bhord é) grúpa roghnaithe de chomhaltaí den bhord nó de bhaill foirne a bheith aige/aici chun cabhrú leis/léi le hoibríochtaí/cinneadh laethúla.\n☐Eagraíocht fhoirmiúil (Leas-Sonraí)\nSa Bheilg: tá cumhacht ag an POF, ach tá freagracht ag an mBord;\nI gCeanada agus sa Ghearmáin tá samhail eile acu: Coiste Stiúrthóireachta (bainistíocht le hómhórú iomlán) agus Bord Maoirseachta (eagraithe scairshealbhóirí nó daoine neamhspleácha/saineolaithe eile a rialaíonn an fhorbairt ghinearálta)\nLeasuithe ar dhlí corparáideach na Beilge:\nscéim thraidisiúnta nó cruthú Coiste Stiúrthóireachta (aistríonn an Bord cumhachtaí cinnteoireachta go hiomlán chuig DC);\nNí mór do chuideachtaí móra 3 chomhalta neamhspleácha ar a laghad den bhord;\nCoiste 524: critéir neamhspleáchais.\nAn t-airgead a íocann an t-iarratasóir\nGrád agus cineál éagsúla spéise:\niasachtóirí caipitil riosca;\nTionchar: baill boird a dhéanann ionadaíocht ar leasanna, an bhfuil siad neamhspleách?\nCumhacht agus freagracht cinnidh: tá míchothromú sa Bheilg: tá cumhacht ag an gCeann Stiúrthóir agus tá freagracht ag an mBord.\nAn paraidím nua: rialachas corparáideach\nTar éis mí-iompar roinnt cuideachtaí: Enron, Lernout & Hauspie: rialacha iompair a fhorbairt;\nCode Lippens (cuideachtaí liostaithe agus cuideachtaí móra) agus Code Buysse (fiontair bheaga) sa Bheilg;\nTarraingíonn an Coimisiún le bearta a bhaineann le cur chun feidhme an Rialacháin seo agus leis na rialacha maidir le cur chun feidhme na Rialacháin seo.\nNí mór cairt rialachais chorparáideach a ghlacadh ag an mBord Stiúrthóirí;\nSa chairt: tuairiscítear cúraimí an POF, comhaltaí neamhspleácha an Bhoird, comhdhéanamh an Choiste Stiúrthóireachta agus coistí comhairleacha amhail coiste iniúchóireachta, coiste luach saothair, coiste straitéiseach.\nComhaltaí neamhspleácha den bhord: an féidir sin? Tá siad ceaptha...agus cé chomh neamhspleách atá siad i ndáiríre?\nTá costas an-tábhachtach ag cóid freisin do ghnólachtaí (costas ollmhór ar choistí).\ncad a tharlaíonn má tá ceann de na tuismitheoirí bunaithe na cóid seo nach fiú na rialacha a chur i bhfeidhm é féin?\nBa é an t-ealaíontóir Henry Fayol an chéad duine a thuairiscigh na ceithre fheidhm bhainistíochta nuair a bhí sé ina Phríomhfheidhmeannach ar chuideachta mhór mianadóireachta sna 1800í déanacha.\nFayol a luaitear bainisteoirí ag gach leibhéal, ag feidhmiú i d'eagraíocht chun brabús nó nach bhfuil chun brabús, ní mór gach ceann de na feidhmeanna a chomhlíonadh:\nCeithre Fhoincheanna Bainistíochta\nPleanáil: Roghnaigh Spriocanna\nEagraíocht: Ag Obair le chéile\nRialú: Monatóireacht & Tomhas\nIs é an pleanáil an próiseas a úsáideann bainisteoirí chun spriocanna agus cúrsaí gníomhaíochta oiriúnacha d'eagraíocht a shainaithint agus a roghnú.\n3 chéim chun pleanáil mhaith a dhéanamh:\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Cad iad na spriocanna ba cheart a bheith acu?\n2. Seachadadh. Conas ba cheart an sprioc a bhaint amach?\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Conas ba cheart acmhainní a leithdháileadh?\nCinntíonn an fheidhm phleanála cé chomh héifeachtach agus chomh héifeachtach agus atá an eagraíocht agus cinntíonn sí straitéis na heagraíochta.\nI n-eagraíocht, cruthaíonn bainisteoirí struchtúr na gcaidrimh oibre idir baill na heagraíochta a ligeann dóibh oibriú le chéile agus spriocanna a bhaint amach.\nGrúpaíonn bainisteoirí daoine i ranna de réir na gcúraimí a dhéantar.\nLéireoidh bainisteoirí línte údaráis agus freagrachta do bhaill freisin.\nIs é an struchtúr eagraíochta toradh na heagraíochta. Déanann an struchtúr seo comhordaithe agus spreagadh a thabhairt d'fhostaithe ionas go n-oibreoidh siad le chéile chun spriocanna a bhaint amach.\nI gceannas, socraíonn bainisteoirí treo, luaíonn siad fís shoiléir do na fostaithe a leanúint, agus cuireann siad ar chumas na bhfostaithe tuiscint a fháil ar an ról atá acu chun spriocanna a bhaint amach.\nBaineann ceannaireacht le bainisteoir a úsáideann cumhacht, tionchar, fís, mealladh agus scileanna cumarsáide.\nIs é toradh an fheidhm cheannaireachta ardleibhéal spreagadh agus tiomantas ó fhostaithe don eagraíocht.\nI riaradh, déanann bainisteoirí meastóireacht ar cé chomh maith agus a bhfuil an eagraíocht ag baint amach a spriocanna agus glacann siad gníomh ceartaitheach chun feidhmíocht a fheabhsú.\nDéanfaidh bainisteoirí monatóireacht ar dhaoine aonair, ar ranna, agus ar an eagraíocht chun a chinneadh an bhfuil an feidhmíocht atá ag teastáil bainte amach.\nGlacfaidh bainisteoirí gníomh freisin chun feidhmíocht a mhéadú de réir mar is gá.\nIs é toradh an fheidhm rialaithe tomhas cruinn feidhmíochta agus rialaithe éifeachtúlachta agus éifeachtachta.\nLeibhéil Bainistíochta: Is minic a bhíonn 3 leibhéal bainisteoirí ag eagraíochtaí:\nBainistithe Chéadlíne: freagrach as an ngníomhaíocht laethúil. Déanann siad maoirseacht ar na daoine a dhéanann na gníomhaíochtaí is gá chun an earra nó an tseirbhís a dhéanamh.\nBainisteoirí Meánacha: Maoirseoir ar bhainisteoirí chéad líne. Tá freagracht orthu freisin an bealach is fearr a fháil chun acmhainní na roinne a úsáid chun spriocanna a bhaint amach.\nBainisteoirí Uachtaracha: Tá siad freagrach as feidhmíocht na ranna go léir agus tá freagracht tras-roinn acu. Socraíonn siad spriocanna eagraíochta agus monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar bhainistithe meánacha.\nTá modhanna á lorg ag an Ard-Bainistíocht chun a n-eagraíochtaí a athstruchtúrú agus costais a shábháil.\nLaghdú: poist a bhaint ar gach leibhéal bainistíochta.\nIs féidir go dtiocfadh éifeachtúlacht níos airde.\nIs minic a bhíonn an morál íseal agus gearán custaiméirí faoin tseirbhís mar thoradh air.\nTreochtaí Bainistíochta Eile\nCumhachtú: cur le cúraimí agus freagrachtaí oibrithe.\nD'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh cumhacht ag maoirseoirí roinnt cinntí a dhéanamh maidir le leithdháileadh acmhainní.\nFoireann féinbhainistithe: freagracht a thabhairt do ghrúpa fostaithe a gcuid gníomhartha féin a mhaoirsiú.\nIs féidir leis an bhfoireann faireachán a dhéanamh ar a chomhaltaí agus ar cháilíocht na hoibre a dhéantar.\nTá líon méadaitheach eagraíochtaí domhanda ann.\nbuntáiste iomaíoch a thógáil trí éifeachtúlacht, cáilíocht, nuálaíocht agus freagracht níos fearr.\nFeidhmíocht a mhéadú agus bainisteoirí eiticiúla a bheith acu.\nBa cheart go mbeadh an fhadhb seo chomh mór le feabhas a chur ar an gcineál oibre.\nNíos mó páirtithe leasmhara agus institiúidí níos casta.\nAg baint úsáide as teicneolaíochtaí nua.\nRólanna Idirphearsanta Bainisteora\nTá sé de chúram ar bhainisteoirí a bheith ag comhordaíocht agus ag idirghníomhú le fostaithe agus treoir a thabhairt don eagraíocht.\nRól an phríomhfhigiúr: siombailíonn sé an eagraíocht agus an méid atá á iarraidh a bhaint amach.\nRól ceannaire: oiliúint, comhairle, meantóireacht agus cur chun cinn ardfheidhmíochta fostaithe.\nRól idirchaidrimh: daoine laistigh agus lasmuigh den eagraíocht a nascadh agus a chomhordú chun cuidiú le spriocanna a bhaint amach.\nTá sé seo bainteach leis na cúraimí is gá chun faisnéis a fháil agus a tharchur le haghaidh bainistíochta na heagraíochta.\nRól Monatóireachta: anailís a dhéanamh ar fhaisnéis ón timpeallacht inmheánach agus ón timpeallacht sheachtrach araon.\nRól scaipeoir: cuireann an bainisteoir faisnéis ar aghaidh chun tionchar a imirt ar dearcadh agus ar iompar na bhfostaithe.\nRól an urlabhraí: úsáid a bhaint as faisnéis chun tionchar dearfach a imirt ar an mbealach a fhreagraíonn daoine laistigh agus lasmuigh den eagraíocht air.\nTá sé bainteach leis na modhanna a úsáideann bainisteoirí chun straitéis a phleanáil agus acmhainní a úsáid chun spriocanna a bhaint amach.\nRól an fiontraí: cinneadh a dhéanamh ar thionscadail nó cláir nua a thionscnamh agus a infheistiú.\nRól an duine a dhéileálann le cur isteach: glac freagracht as imeacht nó géarchéim gan choinne a láimhseáil.\nRól leithdháilteora acmhainní: acmhainní a leithdháileadh idir feidhmeanna agus rannáin, buiséid a shocrú do bhainistithe níos ísle.\nRól idirbheartaitheora: cuireann sé ar a chuspóir réitigh a chaibidlíocht idir bainisteoirí eile, ceardchumainn, custaiméirí nó scairshealbhóirí.\nTá trí shraith scileanna ann a chaithfidh bainisteoirí a bheith éifeachtach.\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Scileanna coincheapa: an cumas staid a anailísiú agus a dhiagnóisiú agus an chúis agus an éifeacht a aimsiú.\n2. Seachadadh. Scileanna daonna: an cumas chun iompar daoine a thuiscint, a athrú, a threorú agus a rialú.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Scileanna teicniúla: an t-eolas atá sonrach don phost agus a theastaíonn chun tasc a dhéanamh. I measc na samplaí coitianta tá margaíocht, cuntasaíocht agus déantúsaíocht.\nDéantar na trí scileanna go léir a fheabhsú trí oiliúint foirmiúil, trí léamh agus trí chleachtadh.\nLeibhéil i ngnólachtaí\nAg leibhéal corparáideach: cinntí ag na bainisteoirí is airde.\nNa gnóthais nó na margaí a mheasann sé a bheith iontu (cad iad na codanna gníomhacha? )\nSoláthraíonn sé creat do gach pleanáil eile.\nLeibhéal gnó: mionsonraí ar chuspóirí agus ar struchtúr fadtéarmach na rannán.\nAithníonn sé conas a chomhlíonann an gnó seo spriocanna corparáideacha.\nTaispeánann sé conas a bheidh an gnó san iomaíocht i straitéisí cineálacha margaidh Michael Porter).\nAg leibhéal feidhmiúil: gníomhaíochtaí a dhéanann bainisteoirí i ranna déantúsaíochta, margaíochta, etc.\nLéiríonn na pleananna seo go díreach conas a dhéantar straitéisí ar leibhéal gnó agus conas luach a chur leis.\nPríomhphointí na Beurlachta\nIs é an t-údarás an chumhacht daoine a choinneáil freagrach as a ngníomhartha.\nBa cheart go mbeadh poist sa ghnó bunaithe ar fheidhmíocht, ní ar theagmhálacha sóisialta.\nTá dualgais an phoist sainaitheanta go soiléir. Ba cheart go mbeadh a fhios ag daoine cad atá ag súil leo.\nBa cheart línte údaráis a shainaithint go soiléir. Tá a fhios ag oibrithe cé a thuairiscíonn do cé.\nRialacha, Nósanna imeachta Oibríochtúla Caighdeánacha (NOPanna) agus Caighdeáin a úsáidtear chun a chinneadh conas a oibríonn an gnólacht.\nUaireanta, bíonn fadhbanna ag baint leis na rudaí seo mar gheall ar \"taibéireacht dhearg\" agus fadhbanna eile.\nTá sé ag brath ar chultúr na gnóthais, ar chineál na tasc, ar chineál na bhfostaíochta agus ar phearsantacht agus scileanna na gceannairí.\nD'fhorbair Robert Tannenbaum agus Warren H. Schmidt (1958, 1973) an smaoineamh seo tuilleadh.\nDéanann an bainisteoir na cinntí go léir, ag coinneáil an fhaisnéis agus an chinnteoireacht i measc na bainistíochta sinsearaí.\nTá an cumarsáid go príomha síos.\nIs é príomhbhuntáiste an stíl seo ná go mbeidh treo na gnó ag fanacht seasmhach.\nIs féidir íomhá gnó muiníneach, dea-rialaithe a léiriú.\nAr an láimh eile, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh fo-oibrithe ag brath ar na ceannairí agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh gá le maoirseacht.\nStíleanna Bainistíochta (Cont)\ngo bunúsach éigeantach, ach is gnách go mbíonn na cinntí ar mhaithe le leas na bhfostaithe seachas leas an ghnó\nMíníonn an ceannaire an chuid is mó de na cinntí do na fostaithe agus cinntíonn sé go gcomhlíontar a riachtanais shóisialta agus fóillíochta i gcónaí\nTá an t-athbhreithniú arís go ginearálta síos\nIs féidir leis an stíl seo a bheith tairbheach, agus is féidir dílseacht a ghiniúint ó na fostaithe\nligfidh an bainisteoir do na fostaithe páirt a ghlacadh i gcinnteoireacht\ntá an cumarsáid forleathan sa dá threo\nIs féidir leis an stíl seo a bheith úsáideach go háirithe nuair is gá cinntí casta a dhéanamh a éilíonn raon scileanna speisialaithe\nfeabhsóidh sásamh poist agus cáilíocht na hoibre\nMar sin féin, tá an próiseas cinnteoireachta go mór mall\ntá ról an cheannaire imeallach agus tá foireann ag bainistiú a gcuid réimsí gnó féin\ntá cumarsáid sa stíl seo cothrománach (coibhéiseach sa dá threo)\ncuireann an stíl an chuid is fearr amach i ngrúpaí fostaithe atá an-ghairmiúil agus cruthaitheach\nMar sin féin, i go leor cásanna ní dhéantar é go ciallmhar agus ní bhíonn ann ach mar thoradh ar bhainistíocht dhroch\nmar thoradh ar seo tá easpa díriú foirne agus tuiscint ar threoir\nCúpla gné de bhainisteoirí rathúla\nNí \"scríbhinn\" den sórt sin é seo do na bainisteoirí is fearr;\nIs cosúil go bhfuil roinnt gnéithe mar seo:\n- locus inmheánach rialaithe (tionchar ar imeachtaí);\n- cumhacht cinnteoireachta (agus foghlaim ó thuairisceán);\n- údarás carismatic.\nGnéithe pearsantachta eile ceannairí rathúla: Seasmhacht mhothúchánach, Dominance, díograis, Coinsiúnacht, Dramas sóisialta, Toughmindedness, Féin-chinnteacht, Compulsiveness, Ard-fuinneamh, Intuition, Maturity, Treoir foirne, Empathy, Charisma...\nCÓRNACH BONUS: ní mór do bhainistithe maithe fanacht humble: B'fhéidir go bhfuil an chumhacht agus an teideal agat, ach ní tharlaíonn aon rud maith gan tiomantas, tiomantas agus obair chrua do chuid foirne.\nChun do mheasúnú: forbairt agus bunriachtanais gach tonn teoiriciúil\nAn chéad rud. clasaiceach: bainistíocht eolaíoch, bainistíocht birocrátach\n2. cur chuige i dtaca le hiompar: an t-athraitheach daonna a aithint\n3.cur chuige eolaíochta bainistíochta (rannscaireacht oibríochtaí)\n4. eagraíocht-timpeallacht: cur chuige teagmhála agus cur chuige córais\nTeoiric Bainistíochta Eolaíoch\nThosaigh an bainistíocht nua-aimseartha i ndeireadh an 19ú haois.\nBhí eagraíochtaí ag lorg bealaí chun riachtanais na gcustaiméirí a shásamh níos fearr.\nBhí an t-inneal ag athrú an tslí a tháirgtear earraí.\nBhí ar bhainisteoirí éifeachtúlacht an mheasctha oibrí-tasc a mhéadú.\nMar a fuair Adam Smith, eacnamaí an 18ú haois, go ndéanann gnólachtaí piontaí a mhonarú ar dhá bhealach:\nCraft -- rinne gach oibrí gach céim.\nFactory -- gach oibrí speisialaithe i gcéim amháin.\nFuair Smith go raibh táirgiúlacht i bhfad níos airde ag an modh monarcha.\nTháinig gach oibrí an-scileanna i gceann amháin, tasc ar leith.\nAg briseadh síos an obair iomlán a cheadaíodh don roinn saothair.\nAn chéad lá. Bainistíocht Eolaíoch\nSainmhínigh Frederick Taylor é, ag deireadh na 1800í.\nAn staidéar córais ar na caidrimh idir daoine agus tascanna chun an obair a athdhearadh chun éifeachtúlacht níos airde a bhaint amach.\nD'iarr Taylor an t-am a chaith an oibrí ar gach tasc a laghdú trí an bealach a rinneadh an tasc a bharrfheabhsú.\nNa 4 Prionsabal\nCeithre Prionsabal chun Feidhmíocht a Méadú:\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Léigh an bealach a ndéantar an obair anois & cinnigh bealaí nua chun é a dhéanamh.\nBailíonn sé faisnéis mhionsonraithe, am agus gluaiseacht.\nDéan iarracht ar mhodhanna éagsúla chun a fháil amach cé acu is fearr.\n2. Seachadadh. An modh nua a chódú i rialacha.\nMúineadh do gach oibrí.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Roghnaigh oibrithe a bhfuil a gcuid scileanna ag teacht leis na rialacha a leagtar amach i Céim 2.\n4. Tá an t-am Leibhéal cothrom feidhmíochta a bhunú agus pá a íoc as feidhmíocht níos airde.\nBa cheart go mbainfeadh oibrithe tairbhe as toradh níos airde.\nTráchtaí Bainistíochta Eolaíoch\nNí raibh bainisteoirí ag cur i bhfeidhm ach an taobh táirgeachta méadaithe de phlean Taylor.\nNíor cheadaigh siad d'oibrithe páirt a ghlacadh i dtáirgeadh méadaithe.\nBhí post speisialaithe an-fhulaingteach, dúr.\nChríochnaigh oibrithe ag dílseacht ar Bhainistíocht Eolaíoch.\nD'fhéadfadh oibrithe a bheith ag \"foirfe níos lú\" go ciallmhar\nD'fhreagair an bainistíocht le húsáid mhéadaithe meaisíní.\nD'athraigh Frank agus Lillian Gilbreth modhanna Taylor.\nrinne go leor feabhsuithe ar staidéir ama agus gluaiseachta.\nStaidéar ar am agus ar ghluaiseacht:\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Briseadh síos gach gníomh i gcomhpháirteanna.\n2. Seachadadh. Faigh bealaí níos fearr chun é a dhéanamh.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Ath-eagraigh gach gníomh chun a bheith níos éifeachtaí.\nRinne Gilbreths staidéar freisin ar fhadhbanna tuirse, solais, téamh agus saincheisteanna eile oibrithe.\nTá sé mar aidhm ag an eagraíocht seo eagraíocht a chruthú a thugann éifeachtúlacht agus éifeachtúlacht araon.\nD'fhorbair Max Weber an coincheap de bhureaucracy.\nCóras foirmiúil eagraíochta agus riaracháin chun éifeachtacht agus éifeachtúlacht a chinntiú.\nD'fhorbair Weber na Cúig Prionsabal a thaispeántar sa chéad fhir eile.\nAn chéad rud. Speisialtóireacht: post agus cúraimí\n(nasc leis an teoiric: A. Smith)\n2. Seachadadh. Roinneanna: grúpa poist de réir phlean loighciúil\nLíon (freagrachtaí díreacha) agus foireann (ag tacú le Líne)\nPrionsabail an Chláir (1-5)\nD'fhorbair an tUachtarán, Henri Fayol, sraith de 14 phrionsabal:\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Roinnt Oibre: ceadaíonn sé speisialtóireacht poist.\nDúirt Fayol gur féidir go mbeadh iomarca speisialtóireachta ag gnólachtaí a fhágann go bhfuil drochchaighdeán agus rannpháirtíocht oibrithe ann.\n2. Seachadadh. Údarás agus Freagracht: Áiríodh ar an bhfoirm seo an t-údarás foirmiúil agus neamhfhoirmiúil a thagann as saineolas speisialta.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Aonad na hÓmhara: Ní mór d'fhostaithe ceann amháin a bheith acu.\n4. Tá an t-am Líon Údarás: slabhra soiléir ó bharr go bun an ghnólachta.\n5. Tá an t-am ann. Ionadú: an méid a bhfuil údarás ag an mbarr.\nPríomhphrionsabail Fayol (6-10)\nAn tSeachtú. Aonad Stiúrthóireachta: Plean gníomhaíochta amháin chun an eagraíocht a threorú.\n7. Ceacht. Éadúlacht: Déan cóireáil cothrom agus measúil le hoibrithe go léir.\n8. Ceacht. Ordú: Cuirtear gach fostaí san áit is mó luach a bhíonn aige.\n9. Naoi. Tionscnamh: Nuálaíocht a spreagadh.\n10. Tá sé seo fíor? Aithris: fostaithe obedient, applied, respec­tive is gá.\nPrionsabail Fayol (11-14)\n11. an t-am. Díolú ar Pearsanra: Cuidíonn an córas íocaíochta leis an rath.\n12. Tá sé seo fíor? Cobhsaíocht na hOibre: Tá fostaíocht fhadtéarmach tábhachtach.\n13. Céard a tharla? Is é an leas ginearálta ná an leas aonair: Tá tosaíocht ag an eagraíocht ar an duine aonair.\n14. Céard a tharla? Spiorad de chlub: Comhroinn díograis nó díograis don eagraíocht.\nTá an t-ábhar seo dírithe ar an gcaoi ar chóir do bhainisteoir a bheith in ann fostaithe a spreagadh go pearsanta.\nMary Parker Follett: ceannaire tionchair i teoiric bhainistíochta luath.\nCabhraíonn oibrithe a moltar leo anailís a dhéanamh ar a gcuid post chun feabhsuithe a dhéanamh.\nTá a fhios ag an oibrí an bealach is fearr chun an post a fheabhsú.\nMá tá eolas ag oibrithe ar an tasc, ansin ba cheart dóibh an tasc a rialú.\nStaidéir Hawthorne\nStaidéar ar fheidhmíocht oibrithe ag Oibreacha Hawthorne an Western Electric Co. le linn 1924-1932.\nRinneadh táirgiúlacht oibrithe a thomhas ag leibhéil éagsúla solais.\nFuair taighdeoirí amach go raibh méadú ar tháirgiúlacht, is cuma cé acu a bhí na leibhéil solais ardaithe nó ísle.\nGo deimhin, is cosúil gur bhain na hoibrithe taitneamh as an aird a fuair siad mar chuid den staidéar agus gur tháinig níos mó torthaí orthu.\nTeoiric X agus Y\nMar sin, mhol Douglas McGregor an dá shraith éagsúla de bharúlacha oibrithe.\nTeoiric X: Glacann sé leis go bhfuil an meánoibrí leisciúil, nach maith leis an obair agus go ndéanfaidh sé an méid is lú is féidir.\nNí mór do bhainisteoirí maoirseacht agus rialú a dhéanamh go dlúth trí luach saothair agus pionós.\nTeoiric Y: Glacann sé leis nach bhfuil oibrithe leisciúil, ag iarraidh obair mhaith a dhéanamh agus go gcinnfidh an post féin an maith leis an oibrí an obair.\nBa cheart do bhainisteoirí soláthar mór a thabhairt don oibrí, agus eagraíocht a chruthú chun an oibrí a spreagadh.\nRinne William Ouchi taighde ar na difríochtaí cultúrtha idir an tSeapáin agus na Stáit Aontaithe.\nCuireann cultúr na Stát Aontaithe béim ar an duine aonair, agus bíonn bainisteoirí ag mothú go leanann oibrithe an tsamhail Theory X.\nTá cultúr na Seapáine ag súil go mbeidh oibrí tiomanta don eagraíocht ar dtús agus dá bhrí sin iompraíonn siad ar bhealach difriúil ná oibrithe na SA.\nComhcheanglaíonn teoiric Z codanna de struchtúr na SA agus na Seapáine araon.\nCuireann bainisteoirí béim ar fhostaíocht fhadtéarmach, ar ghrúpa oibre, agus ar fhócas eagraíochta.\nBaineann an t-eitleán úsáid as teicnící cainníochtúla dian chun acmhainní a uasmhéadú.\nBainistíocht chainníochtúil: úsáideann sé cláir líneach, samhlaíocht, córais insamhlaithe.\nBainistíocht oibríochtaí: teicnící chun anailís a dhéanamh ar gach gné den chóras táirgthe.\nBainistíocht Cáilíochta Iomlán (TQM): dírithe ar chaighdeán feabhsaithe.\nCórais Faisnéise Bainistíochta (MIS): soláthraíonn sé faisnéis faoin eagraíocht.\nTaighde eolaíochta bainistíochta\nlíon mór athróg\n- impleachtaí eacnamaíocha mar threoirlínte (díolacháin, caiteachas, rialú stoc agus fachtóirí eile in-uimhiú)\n- múnlaí matamaiticiúla a úsáidtear\n- úsáid ríomhairí\nIs é an t-aistriúchán seo a thugann aird ar chaidrimh laistigh agus lasmuigh den eagraíocht.\nIs éard atá sa timpeallacht ná fórsaí, coinníollacha agus tionchair lasmuigh den eagraíocht.\nBraitheann na cúinsí ar a ndéanann bainisteoirí!\nGlacann sé leis nach bhfuil aon bhealach amháin is fearr le bainistíocht.\nBíonn tionchar ag an gcomhshaol ar an eagraíocht agus ní mór do bhainisteoirí a bheith solúbtha chun freagairt do athruithe comhshaoil.\nBraitheann an bealach a ndéantar an eagraíocht a dhearadh, na córais rialaithe a roghnaítear, ar an timpeallacht.\nTá timpeallachtaí teicneolaíocha ag athrú go tapa, agus ní mór do bhainisteoirí é sin a dhéanamh freisin.\nIs éard atá i gcóras líon na gcodanna idirspleácha, ag feidhmiú mar iomláine le haghaidh cuspóir éigin.\nMeasann teoiric na gcóras tionchar na gcéimeanna:\nIonchur: acmhainní seachtracha a fháil.\nAthrú: déantar ionchur a phróiseáil i earraí agus seirbhísí.\nTorthaí: scaoiltear earraí críochnaithe isteach san chomhshaol.\nBíonn córas oscailte ag idirghníomhú leis an timpeallacht. Tá córas dúnta féin-chomhtháite.\nIs minic a bhíonn entropy ag córais dúnta agus cailleann siad an cumas chun iad féin a rialú, agus bíonn siad ag teip.\nComhghníomhaíocht: is fearr feidhmíocht an tsoláthair iomlán ná na comhpháirteanna.\nNí féidir sineirgí a bhaint amach ach amháin i gcóras comhordaithe.\nAn Eagraíocht mar Chóras Oscailte\nCéim ionchuir: amhábhair\nCéim Athchóirithe: Inneall\nCéim aschuir: Earraí Seirbhísí\nDíolacháin aschur: Is féidir leis an ngnóthas ionchasacha a cheannach ansin\nIs éard atá i gceist le freagracht shóisialta corparáideach ná rannpháirtíocht ghnó agus cruthaitheacht luach, rud a ligeann dó na hionchais dhlíthiúla, eiticiúla agus sochaíocha a chomhlíonadh agus acmhainní gnó a úsáid ar bhealaí a thabharfaidh tairbhe don tsochaí (Snider et.al. 2003)\nIs é an t-eolas a bhaineann le fiontraíocht ná: Inbhuanaitheacht, bainistíocht chomhshaoil agus réamhghníomhaíocht. Glacann gnólachtaí an tionscnamh chun nósanna imeachta agus táirgí nua a fhorbairt chun buntáiste iomaíoch a fháil agus ag an am céanna riachtanais shóisialta a chomhlíonadh. (Lumplin agus Dess, 1996)\nBainistíocht agus an comhshaol: Samplaí:\nCórais lóistíochta nua;\nstraitéisí slabhra luacha/slabhra soláthair;\nRéitigh FP: teilifísobair, etc. ;\nBainistíocht clústeora (feabhas na gcleachtas);\nBainistíocht agus an timpeallacht: Cén fáth?\nSainmhíniú: Sainmhínítear inbhuanaitheacht mar fhorbairt eacnamaíoch a chomhlíonann riachtanais na glúine atá ann faoi láthair gan dochar a dhéanamh do chumas na glúine atá le teacht freastal ar a gcuid riachtanas féin.\nTá roinnt cuideachtaí tiomanta don inbhuanaitheacht toisc gur féidir leis luach airgeadais a chruthú trí ioncam feabhsaithe agus costais níos ísle.\nDhá champa os coinne (creideamh i gcoinne ceasúnaigh)\nAn dearcadh clasaiceach: an t-airgead is mó a uasmhéadú do scairshealbhóirí laistigh de rialacha an chluiche\nAn dearcadh sóisia-eacnamaíoch nua-aimseartha: braitheann gnólachtaí ar ghníomhartha d'aon ghnó a gcuid comhaltaí/daoine a bhfuil freagrachtaí orthu (an dearcadh normatach); cuireann sé le brabús agus maireachtáil fhadtéarmach freisin (an \"cheadúnas oibriúcháin\" riachtanach) (an dearcadh ionstraimúil)\nCén fáth a mbeadh cúram ar bhainisteoirí? An íocann sé a bheith glas? Sea, faoi roinnt coinníollacha:\nNí féidir feidhmíocht shóisialta agus chomhshaoil agus airgeadais a fheabhsú agus luach a chruthú ach trí thionchar inbhuanaitheachta a shainaithint, a thomhas agus a bhainistiú.\nNí mór inbhuanaitheacht a chomhtháthú leis an mbealach a ndéanann cuideachta gnó.\nNíor cheart do ghnólachtaí a n-acmhainn chun freagracht shóisialta na cuideachta a thiontú ina buntáiste iomaíoch a mhíniú.\nPríomhchúiseanna go bhfuil inbhuanaitheacht tábhachtach\nRialacháin: pionóis agus fíneálacha, costais dlí, táirgiúlacht a chailleadh ó iniúchtaí, dúnadh féideartha, éifeachtaí ar cháil.\nCaidreamh leis an bpobal: Is féidir le caidreamh le páirtithe leasmhara a fheabhsú dílseacht agus muinín a chruthú, agus is féidir le droch-bhainistíocht a bheith ina chúis le hiarmhairtí lena n-áirítear damáiste do cháil agus tionchair ar an líne bhun.\nTá an t-airgead a fhaigheann an t-eagraíocht ó na Ballstáit ar fáil do na Ballstáit eile.\nOibleagáidí sochaíocha agus morálta: Aithníonn eagraíochtaí ceannaireachta an nasc idir gnó agus an tsochaí.\nConas? (1) inbhuanaitheacht\nNí 'an bhfuil' an dúshlán ach 'CÉ DÁMHÁIN' tionchar sóisialta, comhshaoil agus eacnamaíoch na gcuideachtaí a chomhtháthú i gcinntí.\nTá roinnt cuideachtaí imoibritheach, tá cuid acu réamhghníomhach.\nTá sé deacair straitéis, struchtúr, córais, bearta feidhmíochta agus luach saothair a ailíniú chun cur chun feidhme éifeachtach a éascú.\nIs minic a thagann an spreagadh do straitéis inbhuanaitheachta ó bhrúí seachtracha amhail rialachán rialtais, éilimh an mhargaidh, gníomhartha iomaitheoirí, nó brú ó eagraíochtaí neamhrialtasacha.\nTá bainistíocht éifeachtach ar thionchar agus caidrimh na bpáirtithe leasmhara ríthábhachtach.\nInbhuanaitheacht corparáideach a bhainistiú:\nTá cur chun feidhme difriúil ná mar a bhíonn le straitéisí eile san eagraíocht (spriocanna éagsúla): mar shampla tá grúpa geallsealbhóirí níos mó.\nNíl sé soiléir conas ba cheart comhréiteach a dhéanamh idir feidhmíocht airgeadais agus feidhmíocht chomhshaoil nó sóisialta: Táscairí tábhachtacha comhshaoil agus eacnamaíochta comhtháthaithe.\nTá costais cur chun feidhme ag athrú go leanúnach: tá tomhais ríthábhachtach.\nNí mór tiomantais a chur in iúl i bhfocail agus i ngníomh ag ceannaireacht (cuirtear isteach sa chultúr): cf. \"Ceannaireacht éicea-lárnach\".\nNí féidir inbhuanaitheacht a bhainistiú mar straitéis caidrimh phoiblí amháin chun imní na bpáirtithe leasmhara a shíochánú (gan nídh glas, ach siúl an cainte! );\nNí féidir fás eacnamaíoch fadtéarmach a bhaint amach mura bhfuil an fás sin inbhuanaithe ó thaobh na sochaí agus an chomhshaoil de.\nIs féidir le cothromaíocht idir dul chun cinn eacnamaíoch, freagracht shóisialta agus cosaint an chomhshaoil (an líne bhun triú) buntáiste iomaíoch a bhaint amach.\nCÁIS: Wal-Mart - an paraidicse a bhaineann le bainistiú inbhuanaitheachta\nTá dúshlán ollmhór os comhair an chraobh: praghsanna íseal a chothromú le cúinsí sóisialta.\nDeir léirmheastóirí go n-éireoidh le Wal-Mart an \"praghas is ísle is féidir\" trí:\na íocann níos lú ná pá maireachtála,\nnach soláthraíonn sé plean cúraim sláinte leordhóthanach,\nag cur brú ar ghnólachtaí áitiúla pá a laghdú.\nCuireann gníomhaithe dúshlán ar fhoinse táirge agus tionchar ar fhostaithe i monarchana eachtracha.\nTá an lorg comhshaoil ollmhór (an t-úsáideoir leictreachais phríobháideach is mó sna Stáit Aontaithe, an 2ú carraig trucail is mó).\n+ 60,000 soláthraí (tionchar raon feidhme ar inbhuanaitheacht)\nCÁIS: Wal-Mart - an paraidicse a bhaineann le bainistiú inbhuanaitheachta (CONT)\nTá Wal-Mart ag déanamh iarracht a bheith níos inbhuanaithe.\nSpriocanna an POF Lee Scott:\nDíothú 25% ar dhramhaíl soladach thar 3 bliana\n30% den fhuinneamh a úsáidtear i siopaí a laghdú\nFeidhmíocht dhúbailte an chaipitil feithiclí thar 10 mbliana\nChomh maith leis sin, cuireann sé táirgí ar fáil chun achomharc a dhéanamh do ghrúpa custaiméirí níos mó (i.e. bainne orgánach & cadás).\nCeisteanna criticeach cibé an bhfuil intinn Wal-Mart creidiúnacha nó stunts agus gealltanais folctha .\nAn féidir leo inbhuanaitheacht a fheabhsú agus praghsanna a choinneáil íseal?\nTá an t-eolas seo ag díriú ar ghnéithe inmheánacha na gnólachta agus ar a fheidhmíocht fadtéarmach: ceannaireacht, rialú, pleanáil agus straitéis, Bainistíocht Fostaíochta, etc.\nAnois, tabhair aird níos mó ar:\nComhshaol Eagraíochta: na fórsaí sin lasmuigh dá theorainneacha a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a imirt air.\nIs féidir le fórsaí athrú le himeacht ama agus tá siad comhdhéanta d'fhéidearthachtaí agus de bhagairtí.\nDeiseanna: oscailtí do bhainisteoirí chun ioncam a mhéadú nó margaí a oscailt.\nTeicneolaíochtaí nua, margaí agus smaointe nua.\nbagairtí: saincheisteanna a d'fhéadfadh dochar a dhéanamh d'eagraíocht (seach a rialú)\ngéarchéimeanna eacnamaíocha, easpa ola, etc.\nNí mór do bhainisteoirí deiseanna a lorg agus bagairtí a sheachaint\nCé agus cad is féidir a chur na bagairtí seo?\n Sé fachtóir le haghaidh straitéis chomhshaoil rathúil i ngnólachtaí móra, casta, domhanda:\nNí mór go mbeadh sé ina chomhpháirt lárnach de straitéis chorparáideach.\nNí mór don cheannaireacht tiomantas a dhéanamh dó agus cumas eagraíochta a thógáil.\nBa cheart go dtacófaí le straitéisí trí rialú bainistíochta, tomhas feidhmíochta agus córais luach saothair.\nBa cheart tacú le straitéisí (an misean, an cultúr, na daoine).\nNí mór do bhainisteoirí é a chomhtháthú i ngach cinneadh straitéiseach agus oibríochtúil. Ansin, is féidir córais agus luach saothair bhreise a thabhairt isteach chun tacú agus tacú.\nBa cheart bainistiú feidhmíochta inbhuanaitheachta a mheas ní amháin mar sheachaint riosca agus mar chomhlíonadh ach freisin mar dheis chun nuálaíocht agus buntáiste iomaíoch a bhaint amach.\nFórsaí eile ón timpeallacht\n-Fórsaí domhanda\n- fórsaí teicneolaíocha\n▪ Comhshaol Tasc (pháirtithe leasmhara díreacha): fórsaí ó sholáthraithe, dáileoirí, custaiméirí agus iomaitheoirí.\nNí mór do bhainisteoirí foinsí ionchuir iontaofa a fháil.\nSoláthraíonn soláthraithe amhábhair, comhpháirteanna, agus fiú saothair.\nD'fhéadfadh sé a bheith deacair oibriú le soláthraithe mar gheall ar easpa, ar chomhdhálacha, agus ar easpa malartuithe.\nIs féidir le soláthraithe a bhfuil earraí gann acu an praghas a ardú agus tá siad i riocht maith bargainála.\nIs minic a bhíonn bainisteoirí ag iarraidh go mbeadh soláthraithe éagsúla, cosúil le chéile ag gach mír. (Ach cad a dhéanaimid le soláthraithe neamh-eiticiúla?)\nB. B. Díoltóirí: eagraíochtaí a chabhraíonn le daoine eile earraí a dhíol.\nTá cumhacht ard idirbheartaíochta ag roinnt dáileoirí cosúil le Wal-Mart (is féidir leo bagairt nach mbeidh do tháirge acu).\nC. Custaiméirí: daoine a cheannaíonn na hearraí.\nDe ghnáth, bíonn roinnt grúpaí custaiméirí ann.\nMaidir le Compaq, tá ceannaitheoirí gnó, tí agus rialtais ann.\nD. Iomaitheoirí: eagraíochtaí eile a tháirgeann earraí den chineál céanna.\nIs é an iomaíocht idir iomaitheoirí an fhórsa is tromchúisí a bhíonn i láthair bainisteoirí de ghnáth;\nIs minic a chiallaíonn leibhéil arda iomaíochta praghsanna níos ísle (D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh sé deacair brabús a fháil);\nCoiscí isteach a choimeádann iomaitheoirí nua amach agus is é an toradh iad:\nGeilleagair scála: buntáistí costais mar gheall ar tháirgeadh ar scála mór.\nDílseacht do bhranda: is fearr le custaiméirí táirge áirithe.\nIndividuachas v. Comhchoiteannas\nIs é an t-aonfhocal Indibhidiúnachas: dearcadh ar an domhan a thugann luachanna do shaoirse agus do féinfhoilsiú an duine aonair.\nDe ghnáth tá creideamh láidir aige i gcearta pearsanta agus is gá a mheas de réir éachtaí.\nComhchoiteannas: dearcadh ar an domhan a chuireann luach ar an ngrúpa thar an duine aonair.\nTá sé forleathan sa Chumanas.\nTá sé forleathan sa tSeapáin freisin.\nNí mór do bhainisteoirí a thuiscint conas a bhaineann a gcuid oibrithe leis an gceist seo.\nIs é glacadh le difríochtaí i bhfolláine na saoránach de bharr difríochtaí i dtréithe, agus i gcumas fisiceach agus intleachtúil.\nI sochaithe a bhfuil an-chumhacht acu, bíonn an bhearna idir saibhir agus bocht an-leathan.\nI sochaithe a bhfuil a gcuid cumhachta ag titim, laghdaítear aon bhearna idir saibhir agus bocht trí chánachas agus cláir leasa.\nTá an-chuid cultúir an iarthair (SAM, an Ghearmáin, an Ríocht Aontaithe) ag fad cumhachta réasúnta íseal agus ard indibhidiúlacht.\nTá an-fhada ag an gcumhacht i go leor tíortha bochta ó thaobh na heacnamaíochta de, mar shampla Panama, an Mhalaeisia agus tá an t-eagla ar an duine aonair.\n\"Sásamh vs Neachtóireacht\"\nIs éard atá i sochaithe atá dírithe ar éachtaí ná dearbhacht, feidhmíocht, rath.\nTá an tsochaí dírithe ar thorthaí.\nLuachanna atá dírithe ar chothú cáilíocht na beatha, caidrimh phearsanta, seirbhís.\nTá na Stáit Aontaithe agus an tSeapáin dírithe ar éachtaí agus tá an tSualainn agus an Danmhairg níos dírithe ar chothú.\nIs éard atá i gceist leis an réimse leathan saincheisteanna eacnamaíocha, teicneolaíocha, déimeagrafacha agus eile den chineál sin.\nDe ghnáth ní féidir le bainisteoirí tionchar a imirt orthu ná iad a rialú.\nTá tionchar mór ag na fórsaí ar an ngnólacht.\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Cumhachtaí eacnamaíocha: tionchar a imirt ar an ngeilleagar náisiúnta agus ar an eagraíocht.\nÁirítear le hathruithe ar rátaí úis, rátaí dífhostaíochta, fás eacnamaíoch.\nNuair a bhíonn geilleagar láidir ann, bíonn níos mó airgid ag daoine le caitheamh ar earraí agus ar sheirbhísí.\n2. Seachadadh. Cumhachtaí teicneolaíocha: scileanna agus trealamh a úsáidtear i ndearadh, i dtáirgeadh agus i ndáil le dáileadh.\nMar thoradh air sin, tá deiseanna nó bagairtí nua ag bainistithe.\nIs minic a dhéantar táirgí a bheith as feidhm go tapa.\nIs féidir athrú ar an gcaoi a bhainistiú againn.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Forsaí sochealaíocha: is é an toradh atá ar athruithe i gcultúr sóisialta nó náisiúnta na sochaí.\nTagraíonn struchtúr sóisialta do na caidrimh idir daoine agus grúpaí.\nTá struchtúr sóisialta an-difriúil ag sochaithe éagsúla.\nÁirítear sa chultúr náisiúnta na luachanna a shainaithníonn sochaí.\nTá luachanna agus caighdeáin an-difriúil ar fud an domhain.\nTá na fórsaí seo difriúil ó chultúr go cultúr agus ó am go ham.\n4. Tá an t-am Forsaí daonlaigh: is é an toradh atá ar athruithe ar nádúr, ar chomhdhéanamh agus ar éagsúlacht daonra.\nÁirítear orthu sin inscne, aois, bunús eitneach, srl.\nMar shampla, le 20 bliain anuas, tá líon na mban a tháinig isteach sa lucht saothair ag méadú.\nFaoi láthair, tá an chuid is mó de na tíortha tionsclaíocha ag dul in aois.\nAthróidh sé seo na deiseanna do ghnólachtaí a bheidh ag dul san iomaíocht sna réimsí sin.\nIs féidir éileamh nua ar chúram sláinte, ar chónaí cúnamh a thuar.\n5. Tá an t-am ann. Forsaí polaitiúla-dlíthiúla: is toradh iad ar athruithe sa réimse polaitiúil.\nIs minic a fheictear iad seo i ndlíthe sochaí.\nSa lá atá inniu ann, tá níos mó agus níos mó neamhrialú ag teacht ar go leor gnólachtaí stáit.\n6. Ceacht. Cumhachtaí domhanda: is toradh iad ar athruithe i gcaidreamh idirnáisiúnta idir tíortha.\nB'fhéidir gurb é an ceann is tábhachtaí ná an méadú ar chomhtháthú eacnamaíoch na dtíortha.\nLaghdaíonn comhaontuithe saorthrádála (GATT, NAFTA, AE) na bacainní a bhí ann roimhe sin ar thrádáil.\nDeiseanna agus bagairtí nua a chur ar fáil do bhainisteoirí.\nNí mór Comhshaol na hEagraíochta a Bhainistiú\nNí mór do bhainisteoirí castacht an chomhshaoil agus ráta na hathraithe comhshaoil a thomhas.\nComhthréthúlacht an chomhshaoil: déileálann sé le líon agus tionchar féideartha na gcumhachtaí éagsúla sa chomhshaol.\nNí mór do bhainisteoirí aird níos mó a thabhairt ar na fórsaí a bhfuil tionchar níos mó acu.\nDe ghnáth, is é an méid a bhíonn an eagraíocht níos mó, is é an líon níos mó fórsaí a chaithfidh bainisteoirí maoirseacht a dhéanamh orthu.\nAn oiread agus a bhíonn na fórsaí níos mó, is amhlaidh a bhíonn an post a bhíonn ag an mbainisteoir níos casta.\nDinimice: Athrú comhshaoil: tagraíonn sé don chéim a n-athraíonn foirmeacha sa tasc agus sna timpeallachtaí ginearálta le himeacht ama.\nNí féidir le bainisteoirí a bheith cinnte, dá bhrí sin, go mbeidh bearta a ghlacfar inniu oiriúnach sa todhchaí i bhfianaise athruithe nua.\nTionchar Comhshaoil a Laghdú\nIs féidir le bainisteoirí a bheith in ann dul i ngleic le bagairtí comhshaoil trí líon na bhfórsaí a laghdú.\nTá iarracht déanta ag go leor gnólachtaí líon na soláthróirí a bhfuil déileáil acu leo a laghdú, rud a laghdaíonn an neamhchinnteacht.\nBa cheart do bhainisteoirí ar gach leibhéal oibriú chun tionchar féideartha na n-fhórsaí comhshaoil a íoslaghdú.\nI measc na n-eispéiris seo tá laghdú ar thirim ag bainisteoirí tosaigh, ag bainisteoirí meánacha ag cinneadh gluaiseachtaí iomaitheoirí, nó ag bainisteoirí barr straitéis nua a chruthú.\nBa cheart go mbeadh an t-eolas seo ar fáil do gach duine a bhfuil suim aige i gcúrsaí sóisialta agus i gcúrsaí sóisialta.\nSainmhíniú ar pháirtí leasmhara: duine ar bith i dtimpeallacht sheachtrach na heagraíochta a mbíonn tionchar ag cinntí agus gníomhartha na cuideachta air\nAn timpeallacht dhíreach atá ag an ngnóthas (pearsanra, custaiméirí, iomaitheoirí, etc.) I gcásanna áirithe, is féidir le daoine a bhfuil taithí acu ar an Ghaeilge a bheith ag obair i dteangacha eile.\n(2) leasanna a chinneadh\n(3) cé chomh ríthábhachtach is atá gach páirtí leasmhara\n(4) conas an caidreamh a bhainistiú, ag brath ar cé chomh criticiúil (dréacht, cumhacht agus dlisteanacht) atá an páirtí leasmhara agus cé chomh neamhchinnte atá an timpeallacht\n(m.sh. má tá an-chríocha agus an timpeallacht an-neamhchinnte, ansin comhpháirtíocht le páirtithe leasmhara féideartha)\nIs minic a bhíonn torthaí éagsúla ag na páirtithe leasmhara agus ní mór do bhainisteoirí oibriú chun an oiread is féidir a shásamh (conflicts)\nDinimice i gcumhacht, práinn agus dlisteanacht na bpáirtithe leasmhara\nCostas bainistíochta na bpáirtithe leasmhara\nLeibhéil: gnó laethúil, tionscadail, pleanáil LT\nFadhb chastacht na méadra: inchomparáideacht, luach, tionscal/fiontair sainiúil, etc.\nAnailís dinimiciúil agus/ nó fhadtéarmach?\nCad é luach forordaitheach anailíse ar roghanna straitéiseacha?\nSampla anailíse:\nFeidhmíocht chomhshaoil trí anailís ar chaipiteal calafoirt \"glas\" (ag tarraingt siar ar mhátrix BCG)\ntomhas na tionchair ar an gcomhshaol mar an tríú gné (in éineacht le fás agus sciar den mhargadh)\nanailís choibhneasta agus comparáideach stáitiúil\nTá an t-airgead ar fáil go saor in aisce. (i gcásanna áirithe, is féidir le hiarratais a bheith i gceist le haghaidh na n-earraí a bhfuil an t-airgead a chuirtear ar fáil dóibh a aistriú chuig córais loighistice nó modhanna iompair nach bhfuil an truailliú chomh mór sin iontu; infheistíocht i laghdú astaíochtaí, tionchar na teilifíse ar shaothar spáis, fuinnimh agus easbhaintí seachtracha na hiomána, etc.)\n☐CSR & ESR: Freagraí Straitéise\nTá go leor bealaí ann ar féidir le bainisteoirí freagairt don dualgas CSE seo:\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Freagra frithsheasmhach: roghnaíonn bainisteoirí gan a bheith freagrach go sóisialta.\nIompraíonn bainisteoirí go neamhdhleathach agus go neamh-eiticiúil.\nClúdaíonn siad fadhbanna agus déanann siad iad a chlúdach.\n2. Seachadadh. Freagra cosanta: fanann bainisteoirí laistigh den dlí ach ní dhéanann siad aon iarracht freagracht shóisialta breise a fheidhmiú.\nCuir leas scairshealbhóirí os cionn gach páirtí leasmhara eile.\nDeir bainisteoirí gur cheart don tsochaí dlíthe a dhéanamh má tá gá le hathrú.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Freagra comhoiriúnaithe: tuigeann bainisteoirí an gá atá le freagracht shóisialta.\nDéan iarracht leasanna na bpáirtithe leasmhara go léir a chothromú.\n4. Tá an t-am Freagra réamhghníomhach: glacann bainisteoirí le freagracht shóisialta go gníomhach.\nTéigh amach as a mbealach chun foghlaim faoi agus cabhrú le páirtithe leasmhara.\nCén fáth a bheith níos freagraí?\nIs é an rud is mó a dhéanann bainistithe ná go mbíonn buntáistí ag bainistithe trí bheith freagrach.\nIs tairbhe do oibrithe agus don tsochaí;\nfeabhsóidh cáilíocht na beatha sa tsochaí;\nIs é an rud ceart a dhéanamh;\nmaireachtáil agus fás fadtéarmach;\nluach scairshealbhóra; ...\nFógraí: duine a thuairiscíonn gníomhartha neamhdhleathacha nó neamh-eiticiúla.\nTá cosaint ag an dlí anois ar fhís-fhíolaithe i bhformhór na gcásanna.\nROSF a ionchorprú go mall i rialachán agus i mbeartas:\nIniúchadh sóisialta: cuireann bainisteoirí eitice agus gnó san áireamh go sonrach agus cinntí á ndéanamh acu.\nAn cultúr náisiúnta: cuimsíonn sé na luachanna, na nósanna, an t-eolas, na creidimh agus na cleachtais eile a aontaíonn tír.\nLuachanna: smaointe abstrata faoi na rudaí a chreideann sochaí a bheith maith, inmhianaithe agus álainn.\nSoláthraíonn sé dearcadh don daonlathas, don fhírinne, do róil chuí d'fhir agus do mhná.\nDe ghnáth ní bhíonn sé seasmhach ach bíonn sé an-mhall athrú.\nIs rialacha sóisialta iad a fhorordóidh iompar i gcás áirithe.\nFolkways: coinbhinsiúin shóisialta rialta lena n-áirítear cóid éadaí agus modhanna.\nMorals: Caighdeáin atá lárnach do fheidhmiú na sochaí. i bhfad níos suntasaí go folkways.\nI measc na n-eispéiris eile tá goid, adhaltranas, agus is minic a chuirtear i bhfeidhm iad i ndlí.\nTá caighdeáin éagsúla ó thír go tír.\nMúnla Cultúir Náisiúnta Hofstede\nAn t-aonad - an comhchoiteannas\nRéamh-Aistriú\nRéitithe - Ag Cothú a Thacaíonn le hOiliúint\nNíos ísle éiginnteacht - an méid is mó éiginnteachta a sheachaint\nTreoir gearrthéarmacha - Treoir fhadtéarmacha\nTá difríochtaí idir sochaithe agus daoine maidir lena n-oibreacht chun riosca a ghlacadh.\nSeachaint neamhchinnteachta íseal (SAM, Hong Cong), luach éagsúlacht, agus fhulaingt difríochtaí.\nBíodh meas agat ar raon leathan tuairimí agus creidimh.\nTá seachnadh neamhchinnteachta ard (an tSeapáin agus an Fhrainc) níos crua agus ní fhulaingíonn siad daoine a ghníomhaíonn ar bhealach difriúil.\nTáthar ag súil le comhréireacht ard le caighdeáin.\nIs é an eiteic ná: sraith de chreideamh faoi cheart agus mícheart.\nTá an eagarthóireacht mar threoir do dhaoine i gcaidreamh le páirtithe leasmhara agus le daoine eile, chun gníomhartha cuí a chinneadh.\nIs minic a chaithfear ag bainisteoirí a roghnú idir leasanna frithpháirteacha na bpáirtithe leasmhara.\nIs deacair a fhios a bheith agat cathain a bhíonn cinneadh eiticiúil. Seo tástáil mhaith:\nEitic bainistíochta: Má dhéanann bainisteoir cinneadh a thagann laistigh de chaighdeáin choitianta, má tá sé sásta an cinneadh a chur in iúl go pearsanta do pháirtithe leasmhara, agus má chreideann sé go n-aontúfaidís le cairde, is dócha gur cinneadh eiticiúil é.\nBunaithe Eitice: Eitice Sóisialta:\nIs é an Eitic Shóisialta: caighdeáin a úsáideann baill na sochaí nuair a bhíonn siad ag déileáil lena chéile.\nBunaithe ar luachanna agus ar chaighdeáin atá le fáil i rialacha, i ngnáthchaighdeáin agus i moráltachtaí dlí na sochaí.\nCódáilte i bhfoirm dlí agus nósanna sochaí.\nTugann nósanna a rá conas ba chóir do dhaoine iad féin a iompar.\nAthraíonn eitice sochaí bunaithe ar shochaí ar leith.\nD'fhéadfadh go mbeadh creideamh láidir i dtír amháin difriúil i dtír eile.\nSampla: is cleachtas gnó inghlactha é bribhtas i roinnt tíortha.\nBunaithe Eitice: Eitice gairmiúla:\nEitic ghairmiúil: luachanna agus caighdeáin a úsáideann grúpaí bainisteoirí san ionad oibre.\nBaintear úsáid as nuair nach bhfuil cinntí soiléir go heiticiúil.\nSampla: tá comhlachais ghairmiúla ag dochtúirí agus ag dlíodóirí a chuireann na rialacha sin i bhfeidhm.\nEitic aonair: luachanna aonair a thagann as a dteaghlach agus a chothú.\nMura bhfuil iompar mídhleathach, is minic a bheidh daoine ag diúltú aontú ar cibé an bhfuil sé eiticiúil.\nIs é an eiteic a bhaineann le bainisteoirí barr an t-uachtar do ghnólachtaí.\nIs ceist eitice lárnach í conas dochar agus tairbhe a scaipeadh i measc na bpáirtithe leasmhara.\nMá tá gnólacht an-bhrabúsach ar feadh dhá bhliain, cé ba cheart go bhfaigheadh na brabúis? Ba mhaith le fostaithe, bainisteoirí agus scairshealbhóirí scaireanna.\nAr chóir dúinn a choinneáil ar an airgead tirim do moill amach anseo?\nCad é an cinneadh eiticiúil?\nCad faoi an aisiompú, nuair a chaithfidh gnólachtaí oibrithe a chur ar scor.\npointe deiridh: is iad scairshealbhóirí úinéirí dlíthiúla na cuideachta!\nCinntí Eiticiúla (CONT)\nTá roinnt saincheisteanna eile le breithniú ag bainisteoirí.\nAr cheart duit íocaíocht a dhéanamh le soláthraithe chomh fada agus is féidir chun tairbhe do do ghnólachta?\nCuirfidh sé seo dochar do do sholáthraí atá ina pháirtí leasmhara.\nAn chóir duit íocaíocht scoir a íoc le hoibrithe a scaoiltear?\nD'fhéadfadh sé seo toradh an scairshealbhóra a laghdú.\nAn chóir duit earraí a cheannach ó ghnólachtaí thar lear a fhostú páistí?\nMura ndéanann tú é, b'fhéidir nach bhfaighidh na páistí airgead go leor le hithe.\nCén fáth a bheith ag iompar go heiticiúil?\nBa cheart do bhainisteoirí iompar eiticiúil a bheith acu chun dochar a dhéanamh do dhaoine eile.\nTá bainisteoirí freagrach as acmhainní atá faoina gcúram a chosaint agus a chothú.\nTá bainisteoirí neamh-eiticiúla i mbaol go gcaillfear a gcáil.\nIs sócmhainn luachmhar é seo d'aon bhainisteoir!\nTá cáil ríthábhachtach le rath bainistíochta fadtéarmach.\nDéantar gach páirtí leasmhara a mheas de réir cáil.\n☐Céadchéim na pleanála straitéiseacha\nTá an t-eolas seo le fáil i dTeangacha an Aontais Eorpaigh, i dTeangacha an Aontais Eorpaigh agus i dTeangacha an Aontais Eorpaigh.\n☐Cuspóirí na cuideachta agus na bainisteora\ncineál na gcuspóirí:\nSpriocanna luaite: luaite go hoifigiúil i dteachta (státú, misean, srl.)\nSpriocanna fíor: gníomhaíochtaí na mball\n- ní baintear amach an sprioc go spontáineach, ach trí mheicníochtaí pleanáilte agus comhordaithe\n- má ghnó = suim feidhmeanna matamaiticiúla, ansin brabús a uasmhéadú gnólacht\n- BUT d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh spriocanna eile ag an ngnó: fás uasta, sciar uasta margaidh, uasta fostaíochta, uasta díolacháin, uasta seirbhíse, uasta buiséid, etc.\nTeoiric Eacnamaíochta Clasaiceach\n- brabús trí lámh dofheicthe;\n- uasmhéadú brabús i bhfeidhm ama agus riosca:\nGearrthéarma agus riosca íseal: brabús ST\nGearrthéarma agus ardriosca: brabús ionchasach\nTorthaí ar luach reatha\nTreoir 2009/138/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle an 16 Meitheamh 2009 maidir le comhlíonadh na gceanglas a bhaineann le comhlíonadh na gceanglas a bhaineann le comhlíonadh na gceanglas\ndíolacháin a uasmhéadú\n- spriocanna neamh-airgeadacha: cumhacht, stádas, cáil, sábháilteacht, rogha caiteachais...\nAn féidir leo rud éigin a uasmhéadú?\nAn Misean agus na Spriocanna a Chinntiú\nIs é seo an chéad chéim den phróiseas pleanála agus déantar é a chur i gcrích trí:\nA. Is é sin. Sainmhíniú a dhéanamh ar an ngnó: cuireann sé i gceist ár gcustaiméir a shainaithint agus na riachtanais is féidir linn a shásamh agus ba cheart dúinn a shásamh.\nLéiríonn sé seo freisin na hiomaitheoirí.\nB. B. Tosaíocht a dhéanamh ar na príomhchuspóirí: na stáit a bheidh i gcomórtas sa ghnó.\nBa chóir go sroicheann an eagraíocht airde nua.\nNí mór go mbeadh na spriocanna réalaíoch agus go mbeadh tréimhse ama acu lena mbaintear amach iad.\nAn Próiseas Pleanála\nIs é an pleanáil an próiseas a úsáideann bainisteoirí chun spriocanna agus cúrsaí gníomhaíochta don eagraíocht a shainaithint agus a roghnú.\nAn plean eagraíochta a thagann as an bpróiseas pleanála, déantar na spriocanna atá le baint amach a shonraíocht.\nIs é an patrún cinntí a dhéanann bainisteoirí chun na spriocanna seo a bhaint amach straitéis na heagraíochta.\nTrí Chéim den Phróiseas Pleanála\nIs é an tAcht a chinnfidh na\nmisean agus spriocanna\n(Saineolaí an ghnó)\n(Anailís a dhéanamh ar an staid reatha &\n(Ráinní agus freagrachtaí a leithdháileadh\nstraitéisí a bhaint amach)\nCéimeanna an phróisis a phleanáil\nAn misean eagraíochta: sainithe sa ráiteas misean, a bhfuil ráiteas leathan ar an gcuspóir is tábhachtaí.\nSa ráiteas misean, sainaithnítear an táirge, na custaiméirí agus an chaoi a bhfuil an gnólacht difriúil óna iomaitheoirí.\nStraitéis a fhoirmiú: déanann bainisteoirí anailís ar an staid reatha agus forbraíonn siad na straitéisí is gá chun an misean a bhaint amach.\nStraitéis chur chun feidhme: ní mór do bhainistithe cinneadh a dhéanamh ar an gcaoi a leithdháileofar acmhainní idir grúpaí chun a chinntiú go mbainfear amach an straitéis.\nLeibhéil Pleanála CÉ a phleanálann siad?\nAg leibhéal corparáideach: cinntí ag na bainisteoirí is airde.\nSmaoiníonn sé ar na gnóthais nó na margaí a bheidh i.\nSoláthraíonn sé creat do gach pleanáil eile.\nLeibhéal gnó: mionsonraí ar chuspóirí agus ar struchtúr fadtéarmach na rannán.\nAithníonn sé conas a chomhlíonann an gnó seo spriocanna corparáideacha.\nLéiríonn sé conas a bheidh an gnó ag dul san iomaíocht sa mhargadh: straitéis iomaíochta (straitéisí ghinearálta M. Porter)\nAg leibhéal feidhmiúil: gníomhaíochtaí a dhéanann bainisteoirí i ranna déantúsaíochta, margaíochta, etc.\nLéiríonn na pleananna seo go díreach conas a dhéantar straitéisí ar leibhéal gnó.\nConas is féidir linn luach a chur leis an eagraíocht?\nGnéithe na bPleananna\nAn t-am a bheidh an plean i bhfeidhm: tagraíonn sé don fhad sa todhchaí a bheidh an plean i bhfeidhm.\nIs gnách go mbíonn pleananna fadtéarmacha 5 bliana nó níos mó.\nIs iad pleananna idirthréimhseacha 1 go 5 bliana.\nSonraíonn pleananna ar leibhéal corparáideach agus gnó fadtéarmach agus idirthréimhseach.\nTá pleananna gearrthéarmach níos lú ná bliain amháin.\nDíríonn pleananna feidhmiúla ar thréimhse ghearrthéarmach go meántéarmach.\nTá timthriall pleanála rollaithe ag formhór na ngnólachtaí chun pleananna a leasú go leanúnach.\nCineálacha Pleananna\nPleananna Seasta: le haghaidh cinntí cláraithe.\nForbraíonn bainisteoirí beartais, rialacha agus nósanna imeachta oibríochtúla caighdeánacha (SOP).\nIs treoracha ginearálta iad beartais chun gníomhú.\nIs treoir shonracha gníomhaíochta iad rialacha.\nPleananna aon-úsáid: arna bhforbairt le haghaidh eisiúint aon-uaire, neamhchláráilte. De ghnáth bíonn cláir agus tionscadail ann.\nClár: pleananna comhtháite lena mbaintear amach spriocanna sonracha.\nTionscadal: pleananna gníomhaíochta sonracha chun cláir a chur i gcrích.\nDéantar pleanáil ar leibhéal corparáideach ag bainisteoirí barr.\nCeadaíonn sé freisin pleananna ar leibhéal gnó agus ar leibhéal feidhmiúil.\nBa cheart do na bainisteoirí barr a iarraidh go gcuirfí isteach ar shaincheisteanna ar leibhéal corparáideach ó gach leibhéal bainistíochta.\nDéantar pleanáil gnó agus feidhmiúil ag bainisteoirí rannpháirteacha agus feidhmiúla.\nBa cheart go n-iarrfadh an dá leibhéal bainistíochta faisnéis ó leibhéil eile freisin.\nD'fhéadfadh go mbeadh freagracht as pleanáil shonraigh ag leibhéal áirithe, ach ba cheart go mbeadh bainistithe go léir rannpháirteach.\nCén fáth go bhfuil pleanáil tábhachtach\nCinntíonn pleanáil mar sin cá bhfuil an eagraíocht anois agus cá mbeidh sí sa todhchaí. Soláthraíonn pleanáil mhaith:\nRannpháirtíocht: tá na bainisteoirí go léir rannpháirteach i gcuspóirí sa todhchaí a shocrú.\nSmaointe faoi threo agus faoi chuspóir: Le pleanáil, leagtar spriocanna agus straitéisí ar fáil do gach bainisteoir.\nComhordú: Soláthraíonn pleananna tuiscint do gach cuid den ghnólacht maidir le conas a oireann a gcórais leis an iomlán.\nRialaithe: Sonraíonn pleananna cé atá i gceannas ar sprioc a bhaint amach.\nPleanáil Scéim: cruthaíonn sé roinnt réamhaisnéisí ar dhálaí éagsúla sa todhchaí agus déanann sé anailís ar an gcaoi a d'fhéadfaí freagairt go héifeachtach dóibh.\nIs é an pleanáil ná ullmhú don todhchaí, ach níl an todhchaí ar eolas.\nTrí \"téarmaí\" éagsúla a ghiniúint is féidir linn a fheiceáil conas a d'fhéadfadh ár bpleananna a bheith ag obair i ngach ceann acu.\nLigeann sé don ghnólacht ullmhú do ionadh féideartha.\nIs uirlis foghlama í pleanáil cásanna chun torthaí pleanála a fheabhsú.\nAnailís agus Foirmliú Straitéise\nDéantar anailís ar an staid reatha chun straitéisí a fhorbairt chun an misean a bhaint amach.\nAnailís SWOT: pleanáil chun:\nNa Laigí agus na Laigí a bhaineann leis an eagraíocht.\nNa láidreachtaí: cumas déantúsaíochta, scileanna margaíochta.\nLaigí: Athshlánú saothair ard, airgeadais lag.\nDeiseanna agus bagairtí comhshaoil.\nDeiseanna: margaí nua.\nBaol: géarchéim eacnamaíoch, iomaitheoirí\nPleanáil & Formulú Straitéise\nna láidreachtaí a aithint\nlaigí taobh istigh den\ngnólacht agus deiseanna\n& bagairtí sa\n Pleanáil agus Formulú Straitéise: Straitéis ar leibhéal corparáideach\nplean gníomhaíochta a fhorbairt\nluach fadtéarmach a uasmhéadú\n Pleanáil & Formulú Straitéise: Straitéis ar leibhéal gnó\nplean gníomhaíochta le cur i bhfeidhm\nleas a bhaint as deiseanna\nagus bagairtí a íoslaghdú\n Pleanáil & Formulú Straitéise: Straitéis ar leibhéal feidhmiúil\nplean gníomhaíochta chun feabhas a chur ar\nAn cumas atá ag an Roinn\nO/T: Múnla na Cúig Fhórsaí: scanadh seachtrach\nAn chéad rud. Leibhéal na n-iomaíochta i dtionscal: cé chomh dian is atá an iomaíocht reatha le hiomaitheoirí?\nMar thoradh ar iomaíocht mhéadaithe, laghdaíonn brabúis.\n2. Seachadadh. An acmhainn chun dul isteach: cé chomh héasca is atá sé do ghnólachtaí nua dul isteach sa tionscal?\nMar thoradh ar iontráil éasca, laghdaíonn praghsanna agus brabúis.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Cumhacht na soláthraithe: Mura bhfuil ach cúpla soláthraí earraí tábhachtacha ann, méadaíonn costais soláthair.\n4. Tá an t-am Cumhacht na gceannaitheoirí: Mura bhfuil ach cúpla ceannaitheoir mór ann, is féidir leo praghsanna a mhargadh síos.\n5. Tá an t-am ann. In ionad: Tá sé de ghnáth ag ionadaithe níos mó a bhíonn ar fáil praghsanna agus brabúis a laghdú.\nS/W Scanáil inmheánach\nAnailís ar láidreachtaí agus laigí\nBreathnú bunaithe ar acmhainní: buntáiste iomaíoch trí chomhcheangal acmhainní a bheith acu: luachmhar, gann, neamh-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath-ath\nEacnamaíocht\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Leibhéal corparáideach: cá háit? Cé na margaí?\ncomhtháthú ingearach i gcoinne lasmuigh?\n2. Leibhéal gnó: idirdhealú, ceannaireacht chostais, etc.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Leibhéal feidhmiúil: cá háit ar féidir linn luach a chur leis?\nAn chéad lá. Straitéis ar Leibhéal Corparáideach\nTá sé mar aidhm aige díriú ar ghnó aonair: tá McDonalds dírithe ar ghnó na bhia tapa.\nIs féidir a bheith an-láidir, ach is féidir a bheith riosca.\nDiversification: Téann eagraíocht isteach i ngnólachtaí agus seirbhísí nua.\nDíospóireacht gaolmhar: déanann gnólacht díospóireacht i réimsí comhchosúla chun forbairt a dhéanamh ar rannáin atá ann cheana.\nComhghníomhaíocht: oibríonn dhá rannán le chéile chun níos mó a fháil ná suim gach ceann ar leithligh.\nDíospóireacht neamhcheangailte: gnó a cheannach i réimsí nua.\nCúntas de ghnólachtaí neamhbhainte a thógáil chun riosca nó trioblóid i dtionscal amháin a laghdú. An-deacair a bhainistiú.\nCé chomh fada a dhéanaimid táirgí agus margaíocht a shaincheapadh do chostais náisiúnta éagsúla?\nStraitéis dhomhanda: úsáidtear cur chuige aonair, caighdeánach maidir le táirge agus margaíocht i ngach tír.\nSoláthraíonn caighdeánú costas níos ísle.\nNá déan dearmad ar na difríochtaí náisiúnta a fhéadann daoine eile a chur i bhfeidhm.\nStraitéis il-dhomhanda: déantar táirgí agus margaíocht a shaincheapadh do gach tír ina bhfuil oibríocht á dhéanamh.\nTá costais níos airde ag baint le saincheaptha.\nGlacann sé le difríochtaí náisiúnta agus braitheann a rath orthu.\nNuair a bhíonn an gnólacht ag déanamh go maith, is féidir le bainisteoirí breisluach a chur leis trí a ionchur féin a tháirgeadh nó a tháirgí a dháileadh.\nComhtháthú ingearach ar ais: déanann an gnólacht a ionchur féin a tháirgeadh.\nFásann McDonalds a prátaí féin.\nIs féidir leis an costas soláthairtí a laghdú.\nComhtháthú ingearach ar ais: déanann an gnólacht a aschuir nó a tháirgí a dháileadh.\nIs é McDonalds úinéir an bhiachlár deiridh.\nIs féidir leis an ngnólathas costais a laghdú agus cáilíocht deiridh a chinntiú.\nCosgais íseal: buntáiste iomaíoch a fháil trí chostais eagraíochta a laghdú.\nDéantar bainisteoirí a mhonarú ar chostas níos ísle, laghdaíonn siad dramhaíl.\nCiallaíonn costais níos ísle ná an iomaíocht praghsanna níos ísle.\nDifríochtú: buntáiste iomaíoch a fháil trí do tháirgí a dhéanamh difriúil óna gcomhpháirtithe.\nNí mór don chustaiméir luach a chur ar an difríocht.\nLigeann idirdhealú rathúil duit níos mó a ghearradh ar tháirge.\nI measc na n-earraí: Tá sé deacair a bheith éagsúil agus ísealchostas ag an am céanna.\nStraitéisí Gnó (CONT)\nRoghnaíonn gnólachtaí mar sin freisin freastal ar an margadh iomlán nó díriú ar roinnt codanna.\nDírithe ar chostas íseal: déan iarracht freastal ar roinn amháin den mhargadh ach a bheith ar an gcostas is ísle sa chuid sin.\nTá Cott Company ag iarraidh é seo a bhaint amach i slabhraí miondíola móra.\nDírithe agus idirdhealaithe: Tá an chuideachta ag iarraidh díriú ar roinn margaidh amháin ach is í an chuid is mó idirdhealaithe sa roinn sin.\nTugann BMW sampla maith.\nTá sé mar aidhm ag gach roinn luach a chur le hearraí nó seirbhísí.\nCuireann margaíocht, seirbhís, táirgeadh luach le hearraí nó le seirbhísí.\nCuirtear luach le dhá bhealach:\n1. na costais oibríochtúla a laghdú chun an luach i dtáirgí a sholáthar.\n2. luach nua a chur leis an táirge trí dhifreáil a dhéanamh.\nNí mór go mbeadh na straitéisí feidhmiúla comhoiriúnach le straitéisí ar leibhéal na ngnólachtaí.\n☐Spóirí le haghaidh straitéisí feidhmiúla rathúla:\nAn chéad rud. Éifeachtúlacht níos fearr a bhaint amach: tomhas na dtáirgí a tháirgtear le haghaidh aonad ionchuir ar leith.\n2. Seachadadh. Faigh cáilíocht uasta: táirgí a dhéanann an post a ceapadh iad chun a dhéanamh go hiontaofa.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Nuálaíocht uachtarach a bhaint amach: gnéithe nua, nuachaoin faoin táirge nó faoin bpróiseas.\n4. Tá an t-am Freagraíocht shármhaith a bhaint amach do chustaiméirí: Tuig riachtanais an chustaiméara agus comhlíon iad.\nGníomhartha Cinnteoireachta Bainistíochta\nDéileáil: an próiseas a ndéanann bainisteoirí freagairt do dheiseanna agus do bhagairtí trí roghanna a anailísiú, agus cinntí a dhéanamh faoi chuspóirí agus faoi chúrsaí gníomhaíochta.\nCinntí mar fhreagra ar dheiseanna: freagraíonn bainisteoirí ar bhealaí chun feidhmíocht eagraíochta a fheabhsú.\nCinntí mar fhreagra ar bhagairtí: tarlaíonn sé nuair a bhíonn tionchar ag imeachtaí díobhálacha ar an eagraíocht ar bhainistithe.\nCineálacha Déanta Cinnteoireachta\nIs é an cineál Cinntí Cláráilte: próiseas gnáth, beagnach uathoibríoch.\nRinne bainisteoirí cinneadh go leor uaireanta roimhe seo.\nTá rialacha nó treoirlínte le leanúint.\nSampla: cinneadh a dhéanamh soláthairtí oifige a athordú.\nCinntí neamhphrogramáilte: cásanna neamhghnácha nach ndearnadh aghaidh orthu go minic.\nNíl aon rialacha le leanúint ós rud é go bhfuil an cinneadh nua.\nDéantar na cinntí seo bunaithe ar fhaisnéis, agus intuition agus breithiúnas an mháistir.\nSampla: An cheart don ghnólacht infheistíocht a dhéanamh i dteicneolaíocht nua?\nAn Múnla Clasaiceach\nIs éard atá i gceist leis an tsamhail clasaiceach maidir le cinnteoireacht: samhail fhorordaitheach a deir conas ba cheart an cinneadh a dhéanamh.\nGlacann sé leis go bhfuil rochtain ag bainisteoirí ar an bhfaisnéis go léir is gá chun cinneadh a dhéanamh.\nIs féidir leis na bainisteoirí an cinneadh is fearr a dhéanamh ansin trína rogha féin a rangú go héasca i measc na roghanna eile.\nAr an drochuair, is minic nach mbíonn an fhaisnéis uile (nó an chuid is mó) a theastaíonn ag na cóngaraí.\nAn Múnla Clasaiceach\n> Glacann sé leis go bhfuil an fhaisnéis go léir ar fáil don bhainisteoir\nRangaigh gach rogha ó íseal go hard > Glacann bainisteoir is féidir faisnéis a phróiseáil\nRoghnaigh an rogha is fearr > Glacann sé leis go bhfuil an t-imeoir ar an eolas is fearr faoi chúrsa todhchaí na heagraíochta\nAn Múnla Riaracháin\nMúnla riaracháin maidir le cinnteoireacht: Chuir sé dúshlán ar na haimhreacha clasaiceacha go bhfuil an fhaisnéis go léir ag bainisteoirí agus go ndéanann siad próiseáil air.\nDá bhrí sin, tá riosca i gceist le cinneadh a dhéanamh.\nRéasúnacht teoranta: Tá líon mór roghanna eile ann agus tá an fhaisnéis ollmhór ionas nach féidir le bainisteoirí iad go léir a mheas.\nTá teorainn ag na daoine a bhfuil cumas cognaíoch acu ar chinntí a dhéanamh.\nFaisnéis neamhiomlán: ní fheiceann formhór na mbainisteoirí gach rogha eile agus déanann siad cinntí bunaithe ar fhaisnéis neamhiomlán.\nCén fáth go bhfuil faisnéis neamhiomlán\nAn t-eagla agus an riosca\nTeorainneacha ama & costais faisnéise\nFachtóirí Faisnéis Neamhchomhlána\nTá faisnéis nach bhfuil iomlán ann mar gheall ar go leor saincheisteanna:\nRiosca: tá a fhios ag bainisteoirí gur féidir le toradh áirithe teip nó rath a bhaint amach agus is féidir dóchúlachtaí a shannadh.\nGan cinnteacht: ní féidir dóchúlachtaí a thabhairt do thorthaí agus níl an todhchaí ar eolas.\nNí fios go leor de na cinntí a dhéantar, mar shampla táirge nua a thabhairt isteach.\nFaisnéis éagothroime: faisnéis nach bhfuil a bhrí soiléir.\nIs féidir faisnéis a léiriú ar bhealaí éagsúla.\nFachtóirí Faisnéis Neamhchomhlána (CONT)\nTeorainneacha ama agus costais faisnéise: Níl an t-am ná an t-airgead ag bainisteoirí chun gach rogha eile a lorg.\nMar thoradh air sin, déanann an bainisteoir cinneadh arís ar bhonn faisnéise neamhiomlán.\nSásúil: Déanann bainisteoirí iniúchadh ar líon teoranta roghanna agus roghnaíonn siad cinneadh inghlactha seachas an cinneadh is fearr.\nIs é seo freagra na mbainisteoirí nuair a bhíonn siad ag déileáil le faisnéis neamhiomlán.\nGlacann bainisteoirí leis go léiríonn na roghanna teoranta a scrúdaíonn siad gach rogha.\nCéimeanna Glacadh Cinntí\nAn chéad rud. Aithníonn siad go bhfuil gá le cinneadh: Ní mór do bhainisteoirí a thuiscint ar dtús go gcaithfear cinneadh a dhéanamh.\nTógadh é le himeacht mar athruithe comhshaoil.\n2. Seachadadh. Roghanna malartacha a chruthú: ní mór do bhainisteoirí bealaí malartacha in-éifeachtúla a fhorbairt.\nMá chailleann daoine roghanna eile, ní bheidh an cinneadh a dhéantar go maith.\nTá sé deacair malartuithe cruthaitheacha a fhorbairt, mar sin ní mór do bhainisteoirí smaointe nua a lorg.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Déan measúnú ar roghanna eile: cad iad buntáistí agus míbhuntáistí gach rogha eile?\nBa cheart do bhainisteoirí critéir a shonrú, ansin meastóireacht a dhéanamh.\n4. Tá an t-am Roghnaigh i measc roghanna eile: cuireann bainisteoirí roghanna eile i rangú agus déanann siad cinneadh.\nAgus rangú á dhéanamh, ní mór na sonraí go léir a chur san áireamh.\n5. Tá an t-am ann. Rogha roghnaithe a chur i bhfeidhm: ní mór do bhainisteoirí an rogha a chur i bhfeidhm anois.\nIs minic a dhéantar cinneadh agus ní chuirtear i bhfeidhm é.\n6. Ceacht. Foghlaim ó ais-aiseolas: ba cheart do bhainisteoirí a mheas cad a chuaigh go maith agus go mícheart leis an gcinneadh agus foghlaim don todhchaí.\nGan aiseolas, ní fhoghlaimíonn bainisteoirí riamh ó thaithí agus déanann siad an botún céanna arís agus arís eile.\nAn bhfuil sé dlíthiúil? Ní mór do bhainisteoirí a bheith cinnte ar dtús go bhfuil rogha eile dlíthiúil sa tír seo agus thar lear le haghaidh onnmhairí.\nAn bhfuil sé eiticiúil? Ní mór an rogha eile a bheith eiticiúil agus ní gá go gcabhródh sé sin le páirtithe leasmhara.\nAn bhfuil sé indéanta ó thaobh na heacnamaíochta de? An féidir le spriocanna feidhmíochta ár n-eagraíochta an rogha seo a chothú?\nAn bhfuil sé praiticiúil? An bhfuil na cumas agus na hacmhainní ag an mbainistíocht chun é sin a dhéanamh?\nTá an-tóir ar an gcinnteoireacht a bheith réasúnach\nI leasanna is fearr an eagraíochta\nLaistigh de shrianta sonracha\nMar sin, conas a dhéantar an chuid is mó de na cinntí de ghnáth?\nRól intuition\nGlacann sé cinntí ar bhonn taithí, mothúchán agus breithiúnais chruinnithe\nDéantar 1/3 de na cinntí go léir go hintíoch\nCineálacha fadhbanna agus cinntí\nTá an t-ábhar seo ag cur le fadhbanna struchtúrtha (a bhfuil aithne orthu, a shainmhínítear go héasca)\nCinneadh cláraithe: cur chuige gnáth\nNósanna imeachta: céimeanna seicheamh idirnasctha (cinneadh níos faide cláraithe)\nRiail: cinntí tapa agus cóir\nBeartas: treoirlínte chun cinneadh a dhéanamh (níl beartas chomh dian le riail); e.g. Ba cheart go mbeadh an custaiméir sásta i gcónaí\nFadhbanna neamhstruchtúrtha agus cinntí uathúla, neamhghnácha agus deacra (níos minice nuair a bhíonn siad ag dul suas sa ordlathas eagraíochta)\nStruchtúr Eagraíochta a Thionscadal\nAn t-eagraíocht: an próiseas trína mbunóidh bainisteoirí caidreamh oibre idir fostaithe chun spriocanna a bhaint amach.\nStruchtúr Eagraíochta: córas foirmiúil de thasc agus caidrimh tuairiscithe a léiríonn conas a úsáideann oibrithe acmhainní.\nDearadh eagraíochta: déanann bainisteoirí roghanna sonracha a fhágann go bhfuil struchtúr eagraíochta áirithe acu.\nBraitheann dearadh eagraíochta rathúil ar staid uathúil na heagraíochta.\nCinntí Struchtúr\nAn timpeallacht: An níos tapúla a athraíonn an timpeallacht, is mó na fadhbanna a bhíonn i láthair na bainisteoirí.\nNí mór an struchtúr a bheith níos solúbtha nuair a bhíonn athrú aeráide tapa.\nDe ghnáth ní mór údarás díláraithe.\nStraitéis: Éilíonn straitéisí éagsúla úsáid struchtúir éagsúla.\nNí mór struchtúr solúbtha a bheith ag straitéis idirdhealaithe, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh struchtúr níos foirmiúla ag teastáil ó chostas íseal.\nÉilíonn comhtháthú nó éagsúlú níos airde vertical struchtúr níos solúbtha freisin.\n☐ Tá an t-eagrán seo á chur i bhfeidhm ag an gCoimisiún\nIs iad na hacmhainní daonna an fhachtóir deiridh a mbíonn tionchar aige ar struchtúr eagraíochta.\nDe ghnáth, bíonn struchtúr níos solúbtha ag teastáil ó oibrithe ard-oilte a bhfuil gá leo oibriú i ngrúpaí.\nIs minic a bhíonn caighdeáin ghairmiúla ag oibrithe ardcháilíochta (CPAs, dochtúirí).\nTeicneolaíocht: Comhcheangal na scileanna, na faisnéise, na n-uirlisí, na trealaimh, na ríomhairí agus na meaisíní a úsáidtear san eagraíocht.\nNí mór do bhainisteoirí na ceithre fhachtóir go léir (an timpeallacht, an straitéis, an teicneolaíocht agus na hacmhainní daonna) a chur san áireamh agus struchtúr na heagraíochta á dhearadh acu.\nNuair a bhíonn na tascanna grúpáilte i bpobail, ní mór do bhainisteoirí cinneadh a dhéanamh ar an gcaoi a ngrúpaítear poist le chéile.\nFeidhm: daoine a oibríonn le chéile le scileanna, uirlisí nó teicnící den chineál céanna chun a gcuid post a chomhlíonadh.\nIs éard atá sa struchtúr feidhmiúil ranna mar mhargaíocht, táirgeadh agus airgeadas.\nIs féidir le hoibrithe foghlaim ó dhaoine eile a dhéanann tascanna den chineál céanna.\nÉasca do bhainisteoirí monatóireacht agus meastóireacht a dhéanamh ar oibrithe.\nTá sé deacair do roinn amháin cumarsáid a dhéanamh le daoine eile.\nIs féidir le bainisteoirí a bheith dírithe ar a gcuid rannán agus dearmad a dhéanamh ar an ngnólacht\nIs éard atá i rannán ná bailiúchán feidhmeanna a oibríonn le chéile chun táirge a tháirgeadh.\nCruthaíonn rannáin codanna níos lú, inrialaithe de ghnólacht.\nForbraíonn rannáin straitéis ar leibhéal gnó chun dul san iomaíocht.\nTá margaíocht, airgeadas agus feidhmeanna eile ag rannóg.\nTugann bainisteoirí feidhmiúla tuairisc do bhainisteoirí rannpháirteacha a thugann tuairisc ansin do bhainistíocht chorparáideach.\nStruchtúr táirge: rannáin a cruthaítear de réir an chineáil táirge nó seirbhíse.\nStruchtúr geografach: rannáin bunaithe ar limistéar tíre nó domhanda a sheirbheáiltear.\nStruchtúr an mhargaidh: rannáin bunaithe ar na cineálacha custaiméirí a bhfuil seirbhís á tabhairt dóibh.\nStruchtúr matrix: grúpálann bainisteoirí daoine de réir foireann feidhme agus foireann táirge ag an am céanna.\nTá líon casta caidrimh tuairiscithe ann.\nTá an- solúbtha agus is féidir freagairt go tapa le hathrú.\nTá dhá cheannas ag gach fostaí agus d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh fadhbanna ann.\nTugann bainisteoir feidhmiúil treoracha éagsúla ná bainisteoir táirge agus ní féidir le fostaí an dá cheann a shásamh.\nTá struchtúr rannpháirteach ag go leor eagraíochtaí móra ina bhféadfaidh gach bainisteoir an struchtúr is fearr a roghnú don rannán áirithe sin.\nD'fhéadfadh go mbeadh struchtúr feidhmiúil ag roinn amháin, struchtúr geografach ag ceann eile, agus mar sin de.\nIs é an cumas seo eagraíocht mhór a bhriseadh ina cuid níos lú a dhéanann sé i bhfad níos éasca a bhainistiú.\nChun comhordú leordhóthanach idir feidhmeanna a áirithiú, déileálann bainisteoirí údarás (díláraithe).\nÚdarás: an chumhacht a thugtar don bhainisteoir chun cinntí a dhéanamh agus acmhainní a úsáid.\nHierarchy of authority: tuairiscíonn sé an t-údarás coibhneasta atá ag gach bainisteoir ó bharr go bun.\nTá an t-iomlán na n-oibrithe a bhainistíonn an bainisteoir.\nÚdarás líne: bainisteoirí sa slabhra ordaithe díreach le haghaidh táirgeadh earraí nó seirbhísí. Sampla: Díolacháin\nÚdarás foirne: bainisteoirí i bpostanna a thugann comhairle do bhainisteoirí líne. Sampla: Dlí\nEagraíochtaí Tall & Flat\nTá go leor leibhéil údaráis ag gach struchtúr i gcomparáid le méid na heagraíochta.\nDe réir mar a mhéadaíonn leibhéil sa ordlathas, bíonn cumarsáid deacair.\nMar thoradh ar na leibhéil bhreise, glacann sé níos mó ama chun cinntí a chur i bhfeidhm.\nIs féidir cumarsáid a bheith mí-chomhréireach freisin de réir mar a dhéantar í a athdhéanamh tríd an ngnólacht.\nTá cúpla leibhéal ag struchtúir phlátaí ach tá raon leathan rialaithe acu.\nTá sé ina thoradh ar chumarsáid tapa ach d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh bainisteoirí rófhostaithe.\nIs é dearcadh an rud: bailiúchán mothúchán faoi rud éigin.\nSásamh Oibre: mothúcháin faoi phost an oibrí.\nIs gnách go dtiocfaidh méadú ar shásamh de réir mar a théann bainisteoir suas sa eagraíocht.\nIompar Saoránachta Eagraíochta: gníomhartha nach gceanglaítear ar bhainistithe ach a chabhraíonn leis an ngnóthas a chur chun cinn. Déanann bainisteoirí na tascanna \"míle breise\" seo le sásamh ard.\nTiomantas Eagraíochta: creidimh a bhfuil daoine i leith na heagraíochta ina iomláine.\nTá bainisteoirí tiomanta dílis agus bródúil as an ngnólacht.\nIs féidir le tiomantas a bheith difriúil ar fud an domhain.\nTá sé tábhachtach go mbeadh na daoine a bhfuil an t-ádh orthu ag obair go dian agus go bhfuil siad ag obair go dian.\nÁirítear leis na claonadh a bheith díograiseach, éilitheach, neamhghnách, néarógach, srl.\nIs féidir gach tréith a fheiceáil ar leanúnachas, ó íseal go hard.\nNíl aon tréith \"ceart\", ach is é an rud is mó ná go bhfuil meascán casta tréithe ag bainisteoirí.\nAn Cúigear Mór (Pearsantachtaí)\nTá daoine dearfacha agus bíonn siad sásta leo féin agus leis an saol.\nTá bainisteoirí ard ar an ngné seo sociable, cairdiúil.\nAffectivity diúltach: bíonn mothúcháin diúltacha ag daoine, tá siad criticiúil, agus i bhfianaise.\nIs minic a bhíonn bainisteoirí criticiúil agus bíonn fearg orthu féin agus ar dhaoine eile.\nComhoiriúnacht: is maith le daoine a bheith ag teacht le chéile le daoine eile.\nTá bainisteoirí tofa, agus cúram a thabhairt do dhaoine eile.\nCosciontacht: bíonn daoine claonadh a bheith cúramach, seasmhach.\nOscailteacht do Théipéar: tá daoine bunaidh, le leasanna leathan.\nGnéithe agus Bainisteoirí\nTá difríocht mhór idir na bainisteoirí rathúla ar an \"Big Five\".\nTá sé tábhachtach na tréithe seo a thuiscint ós rud é go gcuireann sé le cur chuige bainisteora maidir le pleanáil, ceannaireacht, eagrú, srl. a mhíniú.\nBa cheart do bhainisteoirí a bheith ar an eolas freisin faoina stíl féin agus iarracht a dhéanamh ton a chur síos i réimsí fadhbanna.\nLocus Inmheánach Rialaithe: Creideann daoine go bhfuil siad freagrach as a n-ádh.\nFéach go bhfuil a ngníomhartha tábhachtach chun spriocanna a bhaint amach.\nLocus Rialaithe Seachtrach: Creideann daoine go bhfuil fórsaí seachtracha freagrach as a n-ádh.\nNí dhéanann a ngníomhartha mórán difríochta maidir le torthaí a bhaint amach.\nTeastaíonn Locus Rialála Inmheánach ó bhainisteoirí!\nAn t-údarás atá ag an duine féin: Is é an t-údarás atá ag an duine féin a dhéanann an t-údarás a mheasann sé féin a bheith maith.\nBíonn meas ard féin ag daoine go mbraitheann siad go bhfuil siad inniúil, agus go bhfuil siad in ann.\nTá droch-mheas ag daoine íseal féinmheas orthu féin agus ar a gcumas.\nAn gá le héifeachtúlacht: cé chomh mór is atá ag daoine le hiarrachtaí dúshlánacha a chomhlíonadh agus caighdeáin phearsanta a chomhlíonadh.\nAn gá le hIonannú: an méid a theastaíonn ó dhaoine caidrimh idirphearsanta a thógáil agus a bheith maith leo.\nAn gá le Cumhacht: léiríonn an fonn a bheith ag rialú nó ag tionchar a imirt ar dhaoine eile.\nIs é an t-amhras an próiseas trína roghnaíonn, eagraíonn agus léiríonn daoine ionchur.\nTá cinntí na bainisteoirí bunaithe ar a dtuiscint.\nNí mór do bhainisteoirí a chinntiú go bhfuil na braiteanna cruinn.\nTá bainisteoirí éagsúla agus mar sin tá a dtuiscintí ar chásanna éagsúla.\nBraitheann tuiscintí ar shásamh, ar mhothúcháin, agus mar sin de.\nIs féidir le taithí roimhe seo bainisteora tionchar a imirt ar a dtuairim ar thionscadal nua.\nDéanann bainisteoirí maithe iarracht gan réamhchúirt a dhéanamh ar smaointe nua bunaithe ar an am atá caite.\nGrúpaí, Foirne agus Éifeachtúlacht\nGrúpa: dhá dhuine nó níos mó a idirghníomhaíonn lena chéile chun sprioc a bhaint amach.\nFoireann: grúpa a oibríonn go dian lena chéile chun sprioc comhchoiteann sonrach a bhaint amach.\nTá gach foireann ina ghrúpaí, ACH, ní gach grúpaí foireann.\nIs minic a bhíonn sé deacair foirne a fhoirmiú.\nTógann sé tamall do bhaill oibriú le chéile.\nIs féidir le foirne feidhmíocht eagraíochta a fheabhsú.\n☐Tráth iomaíoch le Grúpaí & Foirne\nFeabhas Feidhmíochta: Bain úsáid as sineirgí\nTá deis ag oibrithe i ngrúpa toradh níos mó nó níos fearr a tháirgeadh ná oibrithe ar leithligh.\nDéanann comhaltaí earráidí a chéile a cheartú, a thabhairt le smaointe nua.\nBa cheart do bhainisteoirí grúpaí a bhunú le baill a bhfuil scileanna comhlántacha acu.\nFreagrach do Chustaiméirí: Is deacair a bhaint amach mar gheall ar go leor srianta.\nCeisteanna sábháilteachta, rialacháin, costais.\nSoláthraíonn foirne trasfheidhmeacha an réimse leathan scileanna is gá.\nTá baill ó ranna éagsúla ar fhoirne.\nBuntáiste Iomaíoch, Cont.\nAn t-athnuachan: is annamh a bhíonn an réimse leathan scileanna is gá ag daoine aonair.\nLéiríonn baill na foirne lochtanna freisin agus déanann siad smaointe nua a fhorbairt.\nBa cheart do bhainisteoirí cumhacht a thabhairt don fhoireann don phróiseas nuálaíochta iomlán.\nSpreagadh: is minic a bhíonn spreagadh agus sásamh níos fearr ag baill ghrúpaí, agus go háirithe foirne, ná mar a bhíonn ag daoine aonair.\nTá sé spraoi a bheith ag obair in éineacht le daoine eile a bhfuil spreagadh acu.\nFeicfidh baill an fhoireann a gcuid ranníocaíochta leis an bhfoireann.\nSoláthraíonn foirne idirghníomhaíocht shóisialta freisin.\nGrúpaí agus Foirne Foirmeacha\nCruthaíonn an bainisteoir é chun spriocanna an ghnólachta a bhaint amach.\nIdirfheidhmeach: baill de ranna éagsúla.\nIdirchultúrtha: baill de chultúir éagsúla.\nFoireann Taighde agus Forbartha: Táirgí nua a chruthú.\nFoireann Ard-Mhearacháin: cuidiú le treo na cuideachta a fhorbairt.\nTá sé tábhachtach go mbeadh éagsúlacht ann chun smaoineamh grúpa a sheachaint.\nGrúpaí Coimisiúna: tuairiscíonn baill don bhainisteoir céanna.\nTascfhórsa: cruthaithe chun cuspóir áirithe a bhaint amach.\nIs foirne tasc buan iad coistí buan.\nFoirne Féin-Bainistithe: tá cumhacht ag baill obair áirithe a chur i gcrích.\nCinntíonn an fhoireann conas an tasc a dhéanamh.\nGrúpaí agus Foirne Neamhfhoirmiúla\nIs iad na hoibrithe a chruthaigh iad chun freastal ar a gcuid riachtanas.\nGrúpa cairdeas: comhdhéanta d'fhostaithe a thaitníonn le chéile.\nAn gá atá le hidirghníomhaíocht dhaonna agus le tacaíocht shóisialta a shásamh.\nGrúpaí Suim: Baineann oibrithe le sprioc coiteann a bhaint amach bunaithe ar a mballraíocht san eagraíocht.\nBa cheart do bhainisteoirí grúpaí leasanna a bhreathnú chun a fháil amach cad a mheasann fostaithe a bheith tábhachtach.\nBíonn tionchar ag dinimic ar an gcaoi a bhfeidhmíonn grúpa nó foireann.\nMéid an ghrúpa: bíonn tionchar aige ar an gcaoi a n-oibríonn grúpa.\nDe ghnáth, coinnigh grúpa beag (2 go 9 ball).\nBíonn idirghníomhaíocht níos fearr ag grúpaí beaga agus bíonn sé níos mó spreagadh orthu.\nÚsáid grúpaí móra nuair a bhíonn níos mó acmhainní ag teastáil.\nTá roinn saothair indéanta le grúpa mór.\nTascanna Grúpacha: tionchar ar an gcaoi a n-idirghníomhaíonn grúpa.\nLéiríonn idirspleáchas tasc conas a théann obair chomhalta amháin i bhfeidhm ar chomhalta eile.\nDe réir mar a mhéadaíonn an fhrithsheasmhacht, oibríonn baill níos dlúithe le chéile.\nBainistiú le haghaidh Feidhmíochta\nConas grúpaí a spreagadh chun spriocanna a bhaint amach:\nBa cheart go mbainfeadh baill leas as nuair a bhíonn feidhmíocht mhaith ag an ngrúpa.\nIs féidir le luach saothair a bheith i gcineál airgid nó i gcineálacha eile.\nLaghdú ar loafing sóisialta: claonadh daonna níos lú iarrachta a dhéanamh i ngrúpa ná go aonair. Chun a dhíchur:\nDéan iarracht a dhéanamh go mbeidh na hiarrachtaí aonair in ann iad a shainaithint agus a mheas.\nCuir béim ar iarrachtaí aonair chun a thaispeáint go bhfuil siad tábhachtach.\nCoinnigh méid an ghrúpa ag líon beag.\nCuidiú le grúpaí coimhlint a bhainistiú.\nBeidh coinbhleacht ag gach grúpa, ba cheart do bhainisteoirí bealaí a lorg chun é a dhíriú ar na spriocanna.\nSainmhínítear é mar na fórsaí síceolaíocha laistigh de dhuine a chinneann:\n1) treo iompair in eagraíocht;\n2) an iarracht nó cé chomh crua agus a oibríonn daoine;\n3) an leanúnachas a thaispeántar i gcomhlíonadh spriocanna.\nSpreagadh Intrinsic: iompar a dhéantar ar a son féin.\nTagann spreagadh as an obair a dhéanamh.\nSpreagadh Extrinsic: iompar a dhéantar chun luach saothair a fháil.\nIs é foinse spreagadh an iarmhairt a bhaineann le gníomh.\nTá daoine spreagtha chun torthaí a bhaint amach ag an obair chun a gcuid riachtanas a shásamh.\nIs é riachtanas é riachtanas chun maireachtáil.\nChun duine a spreagadh:\n1) Ní mór do bhainisteoirí a chinneadh cad iad na riachtanais a theastaíonn ó oibrí a bheith sásta.\n2)A chinntiú go bhfaigheann duine na torthaí nuair a dhéanann sé go maith.\nTá roinnt teoiricí riachtanas ann.\nMaslow's Hierarchy of Needs.\nPá agus Spreagadh\nIs féidir le pá mar sin cabhrú le hoibrithe a spreagadh.\nFeidhmíocht: tá an pá ina uirlis (agus mar thoradh air), ní mór go mbeadh sé ard chun go mbeadh an spreagadh ard.\nTeoiric an riachtanas: úsáidtear pá chun go leor riachtanas a shásamh.\nTeoiric Chéadmhaoin: tugtar pá i ndáil le hionchur.\nTeoiric Théarmaithe Sprioc: pá ceangailte le spriocanna a bhaint amach.\nTeoiric Foghlama: tá torthaí (íocaíocht), dáileadh ar fheidhmíocht iompraíochtaí feidhmiúla.\nBa cheart go mbeadh pá bunaithe ar fheidhmíocht, déanann go leor gnólachtaí é seo le Plean Pá Merit.\nIs féidir é a bheith bunaithe ar fheidhmíocht aonair, grúpa nó eagraíochta.\nPlean Indibhidiúil: úsáidtear é nuair a dhéantar feidhmíocht (díolacháin) aonair a thomhas go cruinn.\nPlean Grúpa: Úsáidtear é nuair a oibríonn an grúpa go dlúth le chéile agus nuair a dhéantar an tomhas mar ghrúpa.\nPlean Eagraíochta: Nuair nach féidir torthaí grúpa nó aonair a thomhas go héasca.\nTá tionchar níos mó ag bónas ar spreagadh ó\nNí bhaineann leibhéal na tuarastail leis an bhfeidhmíocht reatha.\nRudaí eile (bhunphá, costas maireachtála, sean-seansaíocht).\nNí bhíonn an tuarastal ag titim go minic agus ní bhíonn mórán athruithe ann de ghnáth.\nNí mór do bhainisteoirí faireachán agus meastóireacht a dhéanamh ar:\nAn bhfuil muid ag tiontú ionchur go aschur go héifeachtach?\nNí mór aonad ionchuir agus aschuir a thomhas go cruinn.\nAn bhfuil feabhas tagtha ar cháilíocht na dtáirgí?\nAn bhfuil muid iomaíoch le gnólachtaí eile?\nAn bhfuil fostaithe ag freagairt do chustaiméirí?\nTá sé tábhachtach go bhfuil seirbhís do chustaiméirí ag éirí níos tábhachtaí.\nAn bhfuil ár mbainisteoirí nuálach i bpeirspictíocht?\nAn spreagann an córas rialaithe glacadh riosca?\nTá córais foirmiúla, sprioc-sithe, faireacháin, meastóireachta agus aiseolas chun faisnéis a sholáthar do bhainisteoirí chun a chinneadh an bhfuil an straitéis agus an struchtúr ag obair go héifeachtach agus go héifeachtach.\nBa cheart go mbeadh córas rialaithe maith:\nbheith solúbtha ionas gur féidir le bainisteoirí freagairt de réir mar is gá.\nfaisnéis chruinn a chur ar fáil faoin eagraíocht.\nfaisnéis a chur ar fáil in am trátha.\nCéimeanna próisis rialaithe\nAn chéad rud. Socraigh caighdeáin, spriocanna nó spriocanna a bhfuil feidhmíocht le meastóireacht ina leith.\nNí mór caighdeáin a bheith comhsheasmhach leis an straitéis, le haghaidh straitéis ísealchostais, ba cheart go mbeadh caighdeáin dírithe go dlúth ar chostas.\nNí mór do bhainisteoirí ar gach leibhéal a gcuid caighdeáin féin a leagan síos.\n2. Seachadadh. Meas an fheidhmíocht iarbhír: is féidir le bainisteoirí aschuir a eascraíonn ó iompar oibrithe a thomhas nó is féidir leo an iompar féin a thomhas.\nAn rud is neamh-rialacha atá sa tasc, is deacair é a thomhas.\nIna dhiaidh sin déanann bainisteoirí an iompar a thomhas (ag teacht ag obair in am) ní an toradh.\nAn Próiseas Rialaithe (CONT)\nAn tríú ceann. Déan comparáid idir an fheidhmíocht iarbhír agus na caighdeáin roghnaithe.\nNí mór do bhainisteoirí a chinneadh an bhfuil feidhmíocht ag imeacht i ndáiríre.\nIs minic a bhíonn roinnt fadhbanna le chéile ag cruthú ísealfheidhmíochta.\n4. Tá an t-am Measúnú a dhéanamh ar an toradh agus gníomh ceartaitheach a dhéanamh.\nB'fhéidir go bhfuil na caighdeáin curtha ró-ard.\nD'fhéadfadh go mbeadh oiliúint bhreise nó trealamh ag teastáil ó oibrithe.\nIs minic a bhíonn an chéim seo deacair ós rud é go bhfuil an timpeallacht ag athrú go leanúnach.\nCórais Rialaithe aschuir\nTá na Rialuithe Airgeadais oibiachtúla agus ceadaíonn siad comparáid le gnólachtaí eile.\nTá rátaí brabúis - tomhais cé chomh héifeachtach bainisteoirí a thiontú acmhainní i brabúis.\nIs é an toradh ar infheistíocht (ROI) an ceann is coitianta.\nCóimheasanna leachtachta -- tomhais cé chomh maith is a chosnaíonn bainisteoirí acmhainní chun fiach gearrthéarmach a shásamh.\nCóimheasa reatha agus tapa.\nLeibhreáil rátaí - a thaispeáint cé mhéad fiacha a úsáidtear chun oibríochtaí a mhaoiniú.\nI gcás ina bhfuil an t-airgead a íocadh ar an gcostas, ní bheidh an t-airgead a íocadh ar an gcostas in aghaidh an tsraith.\nTá rátaí gníomhaíochta - tomhais conas bainisteoirí a chruthú luach ó sócmhainní.\nDíolachán stoc, díolacháin lá atá fágtha.\nCórais Rialaithe aschuir\nCéimeanna a bhaineann le spriocanna airgeadais na cuideachta: tar éis spriocanna airgeadais na cuideachta a leagan síos, tugtar spriocanna sonracha do gach rannán a chaithfear a chomhlíonadh chun na spriocanna foriomlán a bhaint amach.\nSocrófar spriocanna agus dá bhrí sin rialacháin aschuir do gach réimse den ghnólacht.\nTá spriocanna sonracha agus deacair (ní dodhéanta) a bhaint amach.\nIs scileanna bainistíochta iad socrú spriocanna a fhorbraíodh le himeacht ama.\nBuiséid oibriúcháin: léargas ar an gcaoi ar féidir le bainisteoirí acmhainní a úsáid.\nDéantar bainisteoirí a mheas de réir cé chomh maith agus a chomhlíonann siad spriocanna agus a bhfanann siad i mbuiséad.\nIs minic a dhéantar measúnú ar gach rannán ar a bhuiséid féin maidir le costais, ioncam nó brabús.\nfadhbanna rialaithe aschuir\nNí mór do bhainisteoirí caighdeáin aschuir a chruthú a spreagann ar gach leibhéal.\nBí cúramach go ndéantar spriocanna gearrthéarmach a chruthú a spreagann bainisteoirí dearmad a dhéanamh ar an todhchaí.\nTá sé éasca costais a ghearradh trí thacú le T&F anois ach bíonn tubaiste ann sa todhchaí.\nMá tá caighdeáin ró-ard, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh oibrithe ag leanúint iompar neamh-eiticiúil chun iad a bhaint amach.\nMéadaigh díolacháin gan aird a thabhairt ar shaincheisteanna. Is féidir é seo a dhéanamh trí chéimeanna sábháilte táirgeachta a sheachaint.\nCórais Rialaithe Iompraíochta\nNí mór do bhainisteoirí a bheith ag spreagadh agus ag cruthú iompar fostaithe chun cuspóirí eagraíochta a bhaint amach.\nFaomhadh Díreach: bainisteoirí a bhainistíonn oibrithe go díreach agus is féidir leo múineadh, luach saothair agus ceartaithe a dhéanamh.\nAn-daor ós rud é nach féidir ach cúpla oibrí a bhainistiú ag bainisteoir amháin.\nIs féidir le hoibrithe a bhfuil níos mó neamhspleáchais ag teastáil a dhíspreagadh.\nIs deacair é a dhéanamh i suíomhanna oibre casta.\nBainistíocht de réir cuspóirí\nBaineann an t-eolas seo le bainistíocht a bhaineann le spriocanna (MBO): meastófar oibrithe de réir a bhfuil cuspóirí sonracha bainte amach acu.\nSocraítear spriocanna ag gach leibhéal den ghnólacht.\nTá an sprioc a shocrú rannpháirteach le bainisteoir AGUS oibrí.\nAthbhreithnithe a bhí ar siúl ag féachaint ar dhul chun cinn i dtreo spriocanna.\nTá méadú pá agus ardú céime ceangailte le spriocanna a bhaint amach.\nDéantar foirne a thomhas ar an mbealach seo freisin le spriocanna agus feidhmíocht a thomhas don fhoireann.\nRialaithe Bairócratacha\n(Rialú Biúrócratach)\nRialaithe trí chóras rialacha agus nósanna imeachta oibríochtúla caighdeánacha (SOPanna) a mhúnlaíonn iompar rannáin, feidhmeanna agus daoine aonair.\nDeir rialacha agus SOPanna leis an oibrí cad atá le déanamh.\nGníomhartha caighdeánaithe ionas go mbeidh torthaí intuartha.\nNí mór rialú aschuir a dhéanamh fós chun earráidí a cheartú.\nFadhbanna maidir le Rialú Biúrócratach:\nTá sé níos éasca rialacha a dhéanamh ná a scriosadh. Tosaíonn sé le bhrúicéireacht\nIs féidir le daingean a bheith ró-chaighdeánaithe agus gan a bheith solúbtha.\nIs fearr é a úsáid le haghaidh fadhbanna gnáth.\nCultúr Eagraíochta & Rialú Clan\nAn Chultúr Eagraíochta agus Rialú Clan\nIs é cultúr eagraíochta an bailiúchán luachanna, nósanna, agus iompar a roinneann oibrithe a rialaíonn an bealach a n-idirghníomhaíonn oibrithe lena chéile.\nRialú Clan: rialú trí chóras inmheánach luachanna agus nósanna a fhorbairt.\nGlacann an cultúr agus rialú clan na nósanna agus na luachanna mar a gcuid féin agus ansin oibríonn siad laistigh díobh.\nI measc na samplaí tá stíleanna éadaí, uaireanta oibre, bród as obair.\nSoláthraíonn na modhanna seo rialú nuair nach n-oibríonn an toradh agus an rialú iompraíochta.\nCabhraíonn cultúr láidir agus rialú clan le hoibrithe díriú ar an eagraíocht agus a fheidhmíocht a fheabhsú."} {"text": "This detective, who watched over Abraham Lincoln during the president-elect’s 1861 inaugural trip to the White House, founded an agency that still provides security services today:\nLafayette C. Baker\nIsaac G. Middleton\nAllan Pinkerton. The founder of Pinkerton’s National Detective Agency, famous for its “We Never Sleep” motto, Pinkerton immigrated to the United States from Scotland in 1842. Going into police work, the ambitious Pinkerton won fame for breaking a counterfeiting ring, became deputy sheriff of Cook County, Illinois, and in 1850 founded his detective agency. He was involved in uncovering and foiling secessionists’ supposed plot to assassinate President-elect Lincoln when he stopped in Baltimore en route to Washington, D.C. Later, he set up the U.S. Secret Service and then oversaw intelligence-gathering operations for Major General George B. McClellan’s Union Army of the Potomac. Pinkerton’s estimates of Confederate strength were inflated; coupled with McClellan’s tendency toward excessive caution, they helped keep the Army of the Potomac from taking effective action. After the Antietam Campaign, when McClellan was relieved of his command, Pinkerton went back to civilian detective work. His agency originated the term “private eye.”\nHistoryNet.com is brought to you by World History Group, the world's largest publisher of history magazines. HistoryNet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 5,000 articles originally published in our various magazines.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "url": "http://www.historynet.com/quiz081222.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863411.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620031000-20180620051000-00412.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9411088228, "token_count": 326, "score": 2.71875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Bhunaigh an gclár seo, a d'fhéach ar Abraham Lincoln le linn thuras tofa an uachtaráin tofa 1861 chuig an Teach Bán, gníomhaireacht a sholáthraíonn seirbhísí slándála go fóill inniu:\nLafayette C. Baker\nIsaac G. Middleton\nAllan Pinkerton. Bunaitheoir Gníomhaireacht Ghnóthaí Náisiúnta Pinkerton, a bhfuil cáil air as a bhriathar \"We Never Sleep\", imir Pinkerton go dtí na Stáit Aontaithe ó Albain i 1842. Ag dul isteach i obair póilíní, bhuaigh an Pinkerton uaillmhianach clú as ciorcal bréagaíochta a bhriseadh, tháinig sé ina leas-sheríf i gContae Cook, Illinois, agus i 1850 bhunaigh sé a ghníomhaireacht gille. Bhí baint aige le sceimhlitheoirí a nochtadh agus a chur i gcroílár a bhí i gceist chun an tUachtarán toghadh Lincoln a mharú nuair a stopadh sé i Baltimore ar bhealach go Washington, D.C. Ina dhiaidh sin, bhunaigh sé Seirbhís Rúnda na Stát Aontaithe agus ansin d'fhéach sé ar oibríochtaí faisnéise a bhailiú do Mór-Ghinéil George B. McClellan's Arm an Aontais an Potomac. Bhí meastacháin Pinkerton ar neart na gComhnaidhmeanna ag dul i méid; mar aon le claonadh McClellan i dtreo ró-chúram, chabhraigh siad le hArm Potomac a choinneáil ó ghníomhaíocht éifeachtach a dhéanamh. Tar éis an Fhoirne Antietam, nuair a scaoileadh McClellan as a cheannas, d'fhill Pinkerton ar obair bhfianaise sibhialta. Chuir a ghníomhaireacht an téarma \"súil phríobháideach\" ar bun.\nHistoryNet.com a thabhairt duit ag an Grúpa Ealaíne Domhanda, an domhan is mó foilsitheoir na irisí staire. Tá gnéithe laethúla, gailearaí grianghraf agus os cionn 5,000 alt a foilsíodh ar dtús inár irisí éagsúla ar HistoryNet.com."} {"text": "Aggressive cats and 5 reasons why this can happen\nI must say having grown up watching some of the kungfu movies in the eighties and particularly some classics like Bruce Lee, I was reminded of cat aggression, with the cat sounds and movements of many of the kungfu masters.\nHas your cat ever had a sudden outburst of aggression, and you’ve not been able to find the cause? Believe me when I say this is a very common behavior, and can range from simple boredom to something more serious such as being in pain. Here are a few of the most common reasons for these outbursts and the explanations.\nAs we know Cats are very territorial creatures so we’ll start with this one and unpack it further:\n- Territorial aggression\nThis is quite common in instances where your cat feels like another cat or even people and other animals are invading their territory. This is also often very common when introducing a new kitten or sometimes even a new person to the house.\n- Boredom aggression\nThink of it like this, your cat has a natural hunting instinct so since he or she is being fed and cared for he or she doesn’t ever get to exercise this instinct. Sometimes these outbursts can be a simple act of frustration and boredom. This can easily be resolved by a daily play session involving a teaser toy, allowing your cat to have a few swipes and get this frustration out!\n- Fear aggression\nThis is usually triggered by a cat who senses a potential threat and feels like she can’t escape, this can be based on past experience and is quite common to be unsure exactly what your cat is scared of.\n- Pain induced aggression\nA cat that is in pain will generally use aggression to keep you or other cats from touching the affected area. If your cat snaps at you when you touch an area generally not sensitive to your cat, then take this as a sign they may be experiencing pain.\n- Petting induced aggression\nEver been petting your cat and all of a sudden for no reason they change their mind and decide they don’t want to be pet? Usually the way they let us know is through some sort of aggressive behavior for example, a swipe at your hand or even sometimes a hiss. Veterinary professionals believe that the repetitive motion over time turns from pleasing to irritating.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "url": "http://www.ultimatesindulge.com.au/5-reasons-why-cats-may-portray-aggressive-behaviour/855/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267865250.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623210406-20180623230406-00491.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9651659727, "token_count": 483, "score": 2.53125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cait ionsaitheach agus 5 chúis a d'fhéadfadh sé seo tarlú\nCaithfidh mé a rá tar éis mé a bheith ag fás suas ag féachaint ar roinnt de na scannáin kungfu sna 80idí agus go háirithe roinnt clasaiceach cosúil le Bruce Lee, chuimhnigh mé ar ionsaí cat, leis na fuaimeanna cat agus gluaiseachtaí go leor de na máistreacha kungfu.\nAn raibh aon ráig thromchúiseach ionsaithe ag do chait riamh, agus nach raibh tú in ann an chúis a fháil? Creid dom nuair a deirim go bhfuil sé seo an-choitianta iompraíocht, agus is féidir leo a bheith ó bhrón simplí a rud éigin níos tromchúisí mar a bheith i pian. Seo cuid de na cúiseanna is coitianta do na ráigí seo agus na míniúcháin.\nMar a fhios againn Cat Tá créatúir an-chríochach mar sin beidh muid ag tosú leis an ceann seo agus unpack é níos mó:\n- Aggráid chríochach\nTá sé seo coitianta go leor i gcásanna ina mbraitheann do chait go bhfuil cat eile nó fiú daoine agus ainmhithe eile ag ionradh ina gcríoch. Is minic a bhíonn sé seo an-choitianta freisin nuair a thugann catín nua isteach sa teach nó uaireanta fiú duine nua isteach sa teach.\n- Agóid le h-oireamh\nSmaoinigh air mar seo, tá instinct seilge nádúrtha ag do chait mar sin ós rud é go bhfuil sé nó sí á bheathú agus á cúram a thabhairt dó ní fhaigheann sé nó sí an instinct seo a fheidhmiú riamh. Uaireanta is féidir go bhfuil na ráigí seo mar ghníomh simplí frustrachais agus leisce. Is féidir é seo a réiteach go héasca trí seisiún súgradh laethúil lena mbaineann bréagán teaser, ag ligean do chata cúpla swipe a bheith aige agus an frustrachas seo a fháil amach!\n- Ag fulaingt ionsaithe\nIs gnách go gcuireann cat a bhraitheann bagairt féideartha agus a bhraitheann nach féidir léi éalú é seo a spreagadh, d'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith bunaithe ar thaithí roimhe seo agus is gnách go bhfuil sé neamhchinnte go díreach cad a bhfuil eagla ar do chait.\n- Agóid a spreagann pian\nDe ghnáth, beidh cat atá ag fulaingt ag baint úsáide as ionsaí chun tú féin nó catanna eile a choinneáil ó teagmháil a dhéanamh leis an limistéar atá buailte. Má scriosann do chait ort nuair a dhéanann tú teagmháil le háit nach mbíonn í íogair do do chait de ghnáth, glac é seo mar chomhartha go bhféadfadh sé a bheith ag fulaingt pian.\n- Agóid a spreagann cló\nAn raibh tú ag petting do chait agus go tobann gan chúis a athrú a n-intinn agus cinneadh a dhéanamh nach bhfuil siad ag iarraidh a bheith peataí? De ghnáth is é an bealach a léiríonn siad dúinn trí chineál éigin de iompar ionsaitheach mar shampla, swipe ar do lámh nó fiú uaireanta a hiss. Creideann gairmithe tréidliachta go n-athraíonn an ghluaiseacht athdhéanta le himeacht ama ó bheith taitneamhach go dtí a bheith irritating."} {"text": "SF novels like to alter things that are taken for granted, to remind the reader that they are reading science fiction (though it is a sign of a pathetic SF story if you can change the entire background to a conventional setting without affecting the story). A different system of measurements is a quick and easy addition. Remember how the original Battlestar Galactica had the crew taking about times and distances in terms of microns, centons, and yarens.\nA fairly standard trick is altering the \"year one\" of the calendar. Popular choices are 1945 (the first detonation of a nuclear weapon), 1957 (the year Sputnik went up, the first man-made object boosted into orbit), 1961 (the year Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space), and 1969 (the year Neil Armstrong became the first man to set foot on an extraterrestrial object). Extrasolar colonies tend to set year one to the year the colony was established, the year of \"first landing.\"\nSo if the novel adopts the Armstrong standard, a story set in the Gregorian year 2010 would be year 41 of the Space Age.\nAuthors who want to strike a more secular tone will use \"CE\" and \"BCE\" instead of \"AD\" and \"BC\", especially in the academic world. Or avoid the matter entirely, say by using a 1945-based year-one with a flashy title like \"Atomic Era.\"\nAn actual real live problem is the fact that measuring units such as years, days, and seasons are very closely tied to Terra. They have reduced relevance for those living on other planets, and practically no relevance to Belters and others living in deep space. In Heinlein's Podkayne of Mars the main character emphasizes the fact the novel is science fiction by mentioning that she is about eight years old and almost old enough to marry. However, she lives on Mars, which has a longer year than Terra. So while she is 8 Martian years old, she is about 15 Terran years old.\nThis becomes a serious problem when interplanetary companies have to start coping with things like periodic fiscal years, tax periods, and rental durations when they have branch offices on several planets. Corporations with their headquarters based in the United States have to pay their taxes every April 15th, and the branches on other planets will have to deal with the fact that particular day does not correspond to the local month or date.\nCommonly science fiction writers take one Terran year and dub it a \"Galactic Standard Year\", at least for planets colonized by humans. The writers usually pointedly have some character say such and such an event happened a few Tau Ceti IV years back, and another character irately asks \"how many years is that in Galactic Standard Years, you moron?\" This is to rub the reader's nose in the fact that this is a science fiction novel and they are not in Kansas any more.\nAnd things can become real ugly with religious schisms over which day to celebrate specific holy days. It can seem a bit illogical to observe a holy day based on the start of spring, when on your planet that particular Terran day will drift through the planet year from season to season.\nOn a smaller scale you can guarantee that the length of an extraterrestrial planet's day is not going to be 24 hours. Which is going to really screw up the colonist's circadian rhythm. You can either desynchronize the 24 hour clock from the planet's day and night cycle, or divide the planet day into 24 divisions and deal with the fact that the first few generations will be suffering from permanent jet lag. In theory later generations of colonists will eventually adapt their circadian rhythm to the planet, unless the planet day is too extreme.\nSome science fiction novels have people not using hours, but instead using ship watch periods to measure time. Usually one \"watch\" is four Terran hours, with six watches in a Terran day of 24 Terran hours. Sometimes you'll see the term \"ship-day\", meaning Terran Standard Day as understood by a starship crewman.\nOne solution appears in Joan Vinge's The Outcasts of Heaven's Belt. In the Heaven's Belt system, there are no habitable planets, but zillions of mineral rich asteroids. That's where the people live. The only time unit is the Second (this is sometimes called Metric Time). Three kiloseconds is about an hour, thirty megaseconds is about a year, you can read it on the chart. It works regardless of the orbital period of the particular space habitat, you can calculate the duration between any two points in time with simple subtraction, it's great!\n|1 kilosecond||16.7 minutes|\n|1 megasecond||11.6 days|\n|1 gigasecond||32 years|\n|1 terasecond||32,000 years|\n|1 petasecond||32,000,000 years|\n|1 hour||3.6 kiloseconds|\n|1 Earth day||86.4 kiloseconds|\n|1 week||604.8 kiloseconds|\n|1 Earth month||2.6 megaseconds|\n|1 Earth year||31.6 megaseconds|\n|1 century||3.16 gigaseconds|\nVernor Vinge used the system in A Deepness In The Sky, also known as After Epoch Astronauticum. The zero point is set to Neil Armstrong's lunar walk, though when one does that the entire system starts looking suspiciously like Unix time, or POSIX time (Armstrong was in 1969, Unix time starts in 1970).\nAstronomers use a similar system that is based on days instead of seconds, the Julian Day calendar. There are no years, months or weeks, just days. Day zero is noon on January 1, 4713 BC. The date was chosen because it was the last time that three particular calendrical cycles converged. The Julian Day system is based on days because calculating the interval between two dates using the years-months-days system (with leap years) is even more painful than trying to do long division using Roman numerals. Using Julian Day dates, all you need is simple subtraction.\nRalph Buttigieg points out the fact that metric time does not work on the surface of a planet, due to our quaint way of measuring Longitude and celestial Right Ascension. Back in the age of sail, measuring lattitude was exceedingly easy to do with a sextant.\nLongitude was hard, because measuring it requires an accurate clock, since the determination depends upon measuring how far the Earth had rotated upon its axis. Unfortunately in those days, the only accurate clocks were based upon pendulums, which won't work in a ship pitching with the ocean waves. After the British fleet was wreaked in 1707 due to an error in longitude, the British government offered the longitude prize to the first person to devise an accurate shipboard method of determining longitude. John Harrison won the prize by inventing a spring based chronometer, though the British board of longitude tried to cheat him out of the prize money.\nAnyway, the point of all this is that longitude is measured in increments of the planetary day, which of course is of different lengths from planet to planet. Which puts a monkey wrench into plans of using some sort of universal metric time.\nThe Swiss watchmaking company Swatch invented Swatch Internet Time, where the 24 hour day is divided up into 1000 parts called \".beats\", each .beat being 1 minute and 26.4 seconds. This is actually an advertising gimmick. It is a rehash of the French decimal time system invented right after the French Revolution in the far futuristic year 1793. You can tell that it is intended for advertising purposes since out of all the systems invented in the last two hundred years, it is the only one that moves the prime meridian from Greenwich England to Swatch Headquarters. Swatch Internet Time faded away due to lack of interest, unsurprisingly.\nOf course, since all of these systems are based on the Terra-centered \"Day\" unit instead of the metric system \"Second\" unit, they are also much more parochial.\nA \"Decimal Time\" system is one where the various units are decimal fraction or multiples of each other (e.g., A decimal hour divided into 100 decimal minutes, each minute composed of 100 decimal seconds). A \"Metric Time\" system is a decimal time system with only one unit, and the everything is expressed by adding a metric prefix to that unit (e.g., second, kilosecond, megasecond). In addition, a metric unit only defines units of time interval (as does a stopwatch), not time of day (as does a clock).\nAs an example, in Isaac Asimov's The Naked Sun, the Solarians use a decimal system. The Solarian hour as been divided into ten decads, each of which is divided into a hundred centads. This is not a metric system since the hour has not been divided into ten decihours, each of which is divided into a hundred millihours.\nThere was a flawed attempt to create a decimal time system in the TV show Star Trek, the infamous \"Stardates.\" They were created on the spur of the moment by Gene Roddenberry to avoid the problem of tying each episode to specific dates. The writers were told to just pick four digits at random. Pedantic Star Trek fans have been trying ever since to retcon a system that would explain the dates.\nFranz Joseph created his own system for Stardates: they are conventional Gregorian dates written in the form YYMM.DD (e.g., February 13, 1998 would be Stardate 9802.13). This is not considered canon. However, computer programmers have long noted the advantages of writing dates in odometer order. It simplifies sorting items by time. For example, if you have a series of files on your hard drive with names that start with a time stamp in YYYYMMDD form, when you examine that directory with the file names sorted alphabetically, the files will automatically be in chronological order.\nThe flaw with Franz Joseph's system is that is it not clear if Stardate 9802.13 refers to February 13, 1998, February 13, 2098, February 13, 2198, February 13, 2298 and so on. This same flaw became a huge problem at the turn of the century, the infamous Y2K problem.\nAstronomers measure the distance between stars using parsecs, but science fiction writers almost always use light years. Parsecs are more scientific, but there you go. Multiply parsecs by 3.26 to get light years, divide light years by 3.26 to get parsecs.\nAbout the only place I've encountered parsecs in science fiction is in the novels of Isaac Asimov, the role playing game Traveller, and that stupid comment by Han Solo.\nTraveller uses parsecs because they are very close to the average distance between stars. This means if you are created a Traveller-style sub-sector 2D star map you can cram as many stars as possible into the map with a minimum of wasted hexagons.\nStrange sounding alternative metric units of length can be invented as well.\nErik Max Francis points out that the marvelously correct SI unit \"megameters\" makes an appearance in, of all places, the Americanized anime \"Star Blazers\". That anime was originally \"Space Battleship Yamato\", it is unclear if the term \"megameters\" appears in the original Japanese. One megameter is one thousand kilometers or about 620 miles.\nAnother metric system of measure appears in the SF show Battlestar Galactica. This is slightly odd since they use the same units for time as well as distance. They could be related by a rate, such as the speed of light. This is what scientists use when they talk about light-seconds, light-minutes, light-days, and light-years.\nIn Isaac Asimov's Foundation and Empire, Toran jumps his starship through hyperspace into the star system containing the planet Haven, then has to travel \"several milli-microparsecs\" to the planet. \"Milli-micro-\" is an obsolete term meaning \"nano-\" or 10-9. That would make one milli-microparsec about 31,000 kilometers, or about 1/13th the distance between Terra and Luna.\n|100||1 parsec (pc)||3.26 Light Years||74% of the distance between Sol and Proxima Centauri|\n|10-1||1 deciparsec (dpc)||20,627 AU||Sol to outer boundary of Hills section of the Oort Cloud|\n|10-2||1 centiparsec (cpc)||2063 AU||Sol to inner boundary of Hills section of the Oort Cloud|\n|10-3||1 milliparsec (mpc)||206 AU||Approximately four times the Sol-Pluto aphelion|\n|10-6||1 microparsec (μpc)||0.21 AU||A bit less than the Sol-Mercury semi-major axis|\n|10-9||1 nanoparsec (npc)||30,857 Kilometers||2.5 times the diameter of Terra|\n|10-12||1 picoparsec (ppc)||31 Kilometers||Diameter of Baltimore, Maryland USA|\n|10-15||1 femtoparsec (fpc)||31 Meters||Length of a Blue Whale|\n|10-18||1 attoparsec (apc)||3 Centimeters||2/3 the length of your finger|\n|10-21||1 zeptoparsec (zpc)||0.031 Millimeters||0.06 the diameter of a grain of salt|\n|10-24||1 yoctoparsec (ypc)||0.000031 Millimeters||Approximately the length of 160 bacteria laid end to end.|\nFor a spacecraft pilot sitting in the control couch, there lots of specific terms for directions relative to the pilot, which can be found here.\nFor absolute positions within a solar system, you'd probably use some kind of spherical celestial coordinate system, centered on the primary star, with the fundamental plane set to the primary's ecliptic (in other words: a heliocentric ecliptic coordinate system). The zero point of the ecliptic longitude is at the vernal equinox of the Northern Hemisphere, traditionally known as \"The First Point of Aries\". For a quick jargon, longitude can be divided into 12 segments of thirty degrees each, named after the signs of the Zodiac.\nIn the novel Phase Two, relative angular longitude measurement between two points is done in terms of \"months\", with one month equal to thirty degrees. This is related to the amount of time it takes Earth to travel thirty degrees around its orbit.\nSpace maps displaying the positions of local spacecraft are traditionally (in science fiction at least) shown in holographic spheres. Sky marshals will use a display based on absolute celestial coordinates as they control the strategy and tactics of a battle (center = primar star, zero longitude = vernal equinox or galactic center). Combat starships in the thick of a fight, on the other hand, will probably use a display based on coordinates relative to the ship in question (center = ship, zero longitude = current position of ship's nose).\nFor relative angular measure there are colorful archaic terms originating from astrology.\n|0°||Conjunction||In same sign|\n|18°||Vigintile||360° / 20|\n|30°||Semi-sextile||360° / 12|\nOne sign apart\n|32.727°||Undecile||360° / 11|\n|36°||Decile||360° / 10|\n|40°||Novile||360° / 9|\n|360° / 8|\n|51.429°||Septile||360° / 7|\n|60°||Sextile||360° / 6|\nTwo signs apart\n|360° / 5|\n|360° / 4|\nThree signs apart\n|102.857°||Biseptile||360° / 3.5|\n360° / (7/2)\nSeptile × 2\n|108°||Tridecile||360° / 3.333|\n360° / (10/3)\nDecile × 3\n|120°||Trine||360° / 3|\nFour signs apart\n|360° / 2.647|\n90° + 45°\nSquare + Semisquare\n|144°||Biquintile||360° / 2.5|\n|360° / 2.4|\nFive signs apart\n|154.286°||Triseptile||360° / 2.333|\n360° / (7/3)\nSeptile × 3\n|165°||Quindecile||360° / 2.182|\nOpposition - 15°\nUndecile × 5\n|180°||Opposition||360° / 2|\nSix signs apart\nScroll vertically to see rest of infographic\nDragan Radovanovic/Business Insider\nErik Max Francis has created a powerfully compelling measurement system based on fundamental Planck units. Well, in reality he said it was not particularly revolutionary, he just did the multiplication, and actually using it would be extraordinarily silly. But for science-fictional purposes, it is far more scientifically accurate than using centons and yarens.\nThe system was modified by Sean Williams and Shane Dix for use in their \"Orphans\" novels.\nIn physics, there are five universal physical constants: speed of light in vacuum, Gravitational constant, Dirac's constant or \"reduced Planck's constant\", Coulomb force constant, and Boltzmann constant. Planck units are units that are defined in such a way that if you express any of the five universal constants in terms of Planck units, their value is \"one.\"\nThere are five Planck units: Planck length, Planck mass, Planck time, Planck charge and Planck temperature. For his system Mr. Francis only needs the first three.\nAs an aside, Mr. Francis says:\nA measurement system needs a set of fundamental units, from which all the other units can be derived. For his system Mr. Francis used the SI fundamental units: length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, luminous intensity, and amount of substance.\nFor length, mass, and time units just use the Planck units directly.\nFor electric current (charge divided by time), use the (unit independent) magnitude of the charge on an electron for charge, and Planck time for time.\nFor thermodynamic temperature, it can be derived with the Boltzmann constant. The Boltzmann constant is equal to energy divided by temperature, so simple algebra will give you the equation: temperature equals energy divided by Boltzmann constant. For the energy unit see below.\nLuminous intensity is tricky, see Mr. Francis' essay for his solution.\nAnd for amount of substance, this isn't a strictly derivable unit. Mr. Francis proposes to replace the unit with the actual number of atoms (e.g., instead of one mole, just use Avogadro's number 6.02 x 1023.)\nAgain, for details about the units derived from the fundamental units, refer to the essay. Any unit not defined is left as an exercise for the reader.\nMr. Francis doesn't approve of such alternate metrification in principle. He is, however, quick to say that he is not talking about Sean Williams and Shane Dix. What he is annoyed at is some people who want to actually propose alternate second-minute-hour-type systems to replace the existing SI unit system in the real world (which of course, is not at all what Mr. Williams and Mr. Dix were doing).\n|Planck mass||mP||2.177 x 10-8 kg|\n|Planck length||lP||1.616 x 10-35 m|\n|Planck time||tP||5.391 x 10-44 s|\n|length||L||1.616 x 10-35 m|\n|mass||M||2.177 x 10-8 kg|\n|time||T||5.391 x 10-44 s|\n|current||C == e/T||2.972 x 1024 A|\n|temperature||E == M L2 T -2/k||1.415 x 1032 K|\n|plane angle||rad||1 rad|\n|solid angle||sr||1 sr|\n|force||M L T -2||1.210 x 1044 N|\n|energy||M L2 T -2||1.956 x 109 J|\n|power||M L2 T -3||3.629 x 1052 W|\n|frequency||T -1||1.855 x 1043 Hz|\n|pressure||M L-1 T -2||4.635 x 10113 Pa (yikes!)|\n|activity||T -1||1.855 x 1043 Bq|\n|absorbed dose||M L2 T -2 E-1||1.382 x 10-23 Gy|\n|dose equivalent||M L2 T -2 E-1||1.382 x 10-23 Sv|\n|capacitance||M-1 L-2 T4 C2||1.312 x 10-47 F|\n|charge||T C||1.602 x 10-19 C|\n|electric conductance||M-1 L-2 T3 C2||2.434 x 10-4 S|\n|inductance||M L2 T -2 C-2||2.215 x 10-40 H|\n|magnetic flux||M L2 T -2 C-1||6.582 x 10-16 Wb|\n|magnetic flux density||M T -2 C-1||2.520 x 1054 T|\n|resistance||M L2 T -3 C-2||4.108 x 103 Ω|\n|voltage||M L2 T -3 C-1||1.221 x 1028 V|\nAs previously mentioned, this system was adapted by Sean Williams and Shane Dix for their \"Orphans\" novels. The authors state that they have adapted Mr. Francis' ideas to suit their needs, and any errors introduced in the process are theirs.\nSean Williams and Shane Dix postulate the new system was adopted in the wake of even more disasters like the Mars Climate Orbiter fiasco. That was caused due to the fact that Lockheed Martin used English units while NASA (like the rest of the civilized world) uses Metric units. Everybody just assumed they were all using the same units, and didn't discover differently until the probe ricocheted off the Martian atmosphere. This sent the probe off into oblivion and $125 million dollars down the drain.\nIn the novels, Mr. Francis's system is modified somewhat. The Planck units are fundamental, but have exceedingly inconvenient sizes. One inch is about 157 billion quadrillion quadrillion Planck meters, an average person masses almost three trillion Planck kilograms, one hour is equal to about a trillion quadrillion quadrillion quadrillion Planck minutes.\nSo they scaled the Planck units, multiplying them by 1043. This makes the units more human sized.\nThe time units were fiddled with so they\n- were vaguely the same as the old units\n- used Adjusted Planck time units and\n- were more or less decimal\nHours and minutes were divided into 100 sub-units. The day was split into two ten-hour halves: practical but not too unlike the old. And ten months of six five-day weeks gives one great flexibility when scheduling rosters and planning. From Echoes of Earth:\n|1 new second||0.54 old second|\n|1 new minute||100 new seconds||0.90 old minute 54 old seconds)|\n|1 new hour||100 new minutes||1.5 old hours (90 old minutes)|\n|1 new day||20 new hours||1.2 old days (30 old hours)|\n|1 new week||5 new days||0.89 old week (6.2 old days)|\n|1 new month||6 new weeks||1.2 old months (5.3 old weeks)|\n|1 new year||10 new months||1.025 old years (12 old months)|\nThe distance units were chosen to be sort of a compromise between the old Metric and the old English units, since in the novel the US was still stubbornly and idiotically sticking to English. The new centimeter was between the old centimeter and the inch. The old mile and the old gallon was very close to the new kilometer and new liter.\n|1 new centimeter||1.6 old cm, or 0.64 inches|\n|1 new decimeter||10 new cm||6.5 inches|\n|1 new meter||10 new dm||1.6 old m, or 3.3 feet|\n|3 new meters||10 feet|\n|1 new kilometer||1000 new meters||0.97 mile|\n|1 new hectare||2.6 old hectares||6.4 acres|\n|1 new liter (dm3)||4.2 old liters||1.1 gallons|\nThe jingle in the US was \"five old pounds equal one new kilogram\".\n|1 new g||2.2 old g|\n|1 new kg||1000 new g||4.8 old pounds|\n|1 new tonne||1000 new kg||2.1 old tons|\n|1 new ampere||2.972 old ampere|\n|0°||-273.15°||-459.67°||0° (absolute zero)|\n|193°||0°||32°||273.15° (freezing point H2O)|\n|264°||100°||212°||373.15° (boiling point H2O)|\nMany commonly used constants have simple values when expressed in Adjusted Planck Units.\n|c (the speed of light)||1.00 x 108 ms-1|\n|1 light-year||6.00 x 1015 m|\n|1 light-hour||1.00 x 1011 m|\n|1 parsec||2.0 x 1016 m|\n|1 g||1.0 light-year/year2|\n|1 solar radius||430000 km|\n|1 Earth radius||4000 km (equatorial)|\n|geostationary orbit||22220 km (Earth)|\nThe following conversion factors will convert from the old International System of Units to the new Adjusted Planck Standard International Units.\nWhile such a system may seem pedantic, it has applications to communicating with extraterrestrials. They ain't gonna use the metric system, that's for sure. For instance, the metre is defined as the distance traveled by light during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 second. That weird number is based on 1,650,763.73 wavelengths of the orange-red emission line of krypton-86. Which was based on the length of a physical prototype metre bar. Which was based a distance equal to one ten-millionth of the distance between the North Pole and the Equator.\nThe point being that an alien species is not going to be living on a planet with precisely the same size as Terra, and even if they did 1/ten-millionth is probably not a special number in whatever radix they use.\nNatural units on the other hand are much more universal.\nFor more bizzare units from fantasy and science fiction, TV Tropes has you covered. Wikipedia has List of humorous units of measurement, List of obsolete units of measurement, and List of unusual units of measurement.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "url": "http://www.projectrho.com/public_html/rocket/futuremeasure.php", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038083007.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20210415035637-20210415065637-00044.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9019901752, "token_count": 5948, "score": 2.78125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is maith le úrscéalta SF rudaí a athrú a bhfuiltear ag glacadh leo, chun a mheabhrú don léitheoir go bhfuil siad ag léamh ficsean eolaíochta (cé gur comhartha é de scéal sci-fi pathetic más féidir leat an cúlra iomlán a athrú go suíomh traidisiúnta gan difear a dhéanamh don scéal). Is é córas difriúil tomhais a chur le chéile go tapa agus go héasca. Cuimhnigh ar an Battlestar Galactica bunaidh a bhí ag an bhfoireann ag glacadh amanna agus achar i dtéarmaí microns, centons, agus yarens.\nIs cleas sách gnáth é \"bliain amháin\" an féilire a athrú. Is iad na roghanna is coitianta ná 1945 (an chéad bhrógáil ar arm núicléach), 1957 (an bhliain a chuaigh Sputnik suas, an chéad rud de dhéantús an duine a cuireadh isteach i bhfithis), 1961 (an bhliain a tháinig Yuri Gagarin ar an gcéad fhear sa spás), agus 1969 (an bhliain a tháinig Neil Armstrong ar an gcéad fhear a chuir a chos ar ghné thar lear). Is gnách go leagann coilíneachtaí seachshlándála bliain amháin leis an mbliain a bunaíodh an coilíneacht, bliain \"an chéad tuirlingthe\".\nMar sin, má ghlacann an úrscéal caighdeán Armstrong, bheadh scéal a leagtar sa bhliain 2010 Gregorian ar bhliain 41 den Aois Spáis.\nBainfidh údair a bhfuil sé i gceist acu ton níos seicle a bhaint amach úsáid as \"CE\" agus \"BCE\" in ionad \"AD\" agus \"BC\", go háirithe sa saol acadúil. Nó déan an t-ábhar a sheachaint go hiomlán, a rá ag baint úsáide as 1945 bunaithe ar bhliain amháin le teideal flashy cosúil le \"Atomic Era\".\nIs fadhb bheo iarbhír í an fhíric go bhfuil aonaid tomhais mar bhlianta, laethanta, agus séasúir ceangailte go dlúth le Terra. Tá siad níos lú ábhartha dóibh siúd atá ina gcónaí ar phláinéid eile, agus beagnach gan aon ábharthacht do Belters agus daoine eile a chónaíonn sa spás domhain. I Heinlein's Podkayne of Mars, cuireann an príomhcharachtar béim ar an bhfíric go bhfuil an úrscéal ficsean eolaíochta trína lua go bhfuil sí thart ar ocht mbliana d'aois agus beagnach d'aois chun pósadh. Mar sin féin, tá sí ina cónaí ar Mars, a bhfuil bliain níos faide ná Terra. Mar sin cé go bhfuil sí 8 bliana d'aois Mars, tá sí thart ar 15 Terran bliain d'aois.\nTá sé seo ina fhadhb thromchúiseach nuair a bhíonn ar chuideachtaí idirphláinéadach dul i ngleic le rudaí cosúil le blianta cánach tréimhsiúla, tréimhsí cánach, agus réanna ar cíos nuair a bhíonn oifigí brainse acu ar roinnt pláinéid. Ní mór do chorparáidí a bhfuil a gceanncheathrú bunaithe sna Stáit Aontaithe a gcuid cánacha a íoc gach 15 Aibreán, agus ní mór do na brainsí ar phláinéid eile déileáil leis an bhfíric nach gcomhlíonann lá áirithe an mhí nó an dáta áitiúil.\nDe ghnáth glacann scríbhneoirí ficsean eolaíochta bliain amháin Terran agus glacann siad \"Bliain Chaighdeánach Galagasach\" air, ar a laghad do phláinéid a choilníonn daoine. De ghnáth bíonn carachtar ag na scríbhneoirí ag rá go géar gur tharla an rud seo agus an rud sin cúpla bliain ó shin i Tau Ceti IV, agus fiafraíonn carachtar eile go géar \"cé mhéad bliain atá ann i mblianta caighdeánacha Galactic, a imreoir?\" Tá sé seo chun an léitheoir a chur ar an eolas go bhfuil sé seo ina úrscéal ficsean eolaíochta agus nach bhfuil siad i Kansas níos mó.\nAgus d'fhéadfadh rudaí a bheith an-chrua le sceitimíní reiligiúnacha maidir le cén lá a cheiliúradh laethanta naofa ar leith. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith beagán míréasúnta chun breathnú ar lá naofa bunaithe ar thús an earraigh, nuair ar do phláinéid go mbeidh lá Terran ar leith a dhriotáil tríd an bhliain phláinéid ó shéasúr go shéasúr.\nAr scála níos lú is féidir leat a ráthú nach mbeidh 24 uair an chloig ar fhad lá na pláinéad eachtrannach. Agus beidh sé ag dul a screw suas go mór an colonist's ritim circadian. Is féidir leat an clog 24 uair a chloig a dhíchur ó timthriall lá agus oíche an phláinéid, nó an lá a roinnt ina 24 rannán agus déileáil leis an bhfíric go mbeidh na chéad chúpla glúin ag fulaingt ó shiúl aimsire buan. Go teoiriciúil, déanfaidh glúnta ina dhiaidh sin de choilíneoirí a rithim shiorcadán a oiriúnú don phláinéid sa deireadh, mura bhfuil an lá pláinéide ró-mhór.\nI roinnt úrscéalta ficsean eolaíochta ní úsáideann daoine uaireanta, ach ina ionad sin úsáideann siad tréimhsí faire loinge chun am a thomhas. De ghnáth is é \" faire \" amháin ceithre uair an chloig Terran, le sé faire i lá Terran de 24 uair an chloig Terran. Uaireanta feicfidh tú an téarma \"laeth-lá\", rud a chiallaíonn Lá Caighdeánach na Talún mar a thuigtear é ag criú starship.\nTá réiteach amháin le feiceáil i leabhar Joan Vinge The Outcasts of Heaven's Belt. Sa chóras Crios na bhFlaitheas, níl aon phláinéid ináitithe, ach zillions de astaróidí saibhir mianraí. Sin an áit a bhfuil na daoine ina gcónaí. Is é an t-aonad ama amháin an Dara (ar a dtugtar am Meitreach é seo uaireanta). Tá trí kiloséacna thart ar uair an chloig, tríocha megaséacna thart ar bhliain, is féidir leat é a léamh ar an gcairt. Oibríonn sé gan beann ar thréimhse orbital an áit chónaithe spáis ar leith, is féidir leat a ríomh an tréimhse idir dhá phointe ar bith in am le subtraction simplí, tá sé iontach!\nTá 1 kiloscean ag 16.7 nóiméad\nTá sé seo an-mhór.\nTá 1 gigasecond a bhí 32 bliain a bhí\nTá 1 terasecond a bhí ag 32000 bliain.\nTá 1 petasecond a bhí ag 32 milliún bliain.\n♬1 uair an chloig ♬3.6 kiloseconds ♬\n1 Lá Domhanda 86.4 kiloseconds \n♬1 seachtain ♬604.8 kiloseconds ♬\n1 mhí Domhanda 2.6 megaseconds \n1 Earth bliain 31.6 megaseconds \n♬1 céad bliain ♬3.16 giga-sceide ♬\nD'úsáid Vernor Vinge an córas in A Deepness In The Sky, ar a dtugtar After Epoch Astronauticum freisin. Tá an pointe núil socraithe le Neil Armstrong's moonwalk, cé go ndéanann duine é sin tosaíonn an córas iomlán ag breathnú go amhrasach cosúil le am Unix, nó am POSIX (Armstrong i 1969, tosaíonn am Unix i 1970).\nÚsáideann réalteolaithe córas den chineál céanna atá bunaithe ar laethanta in ionad soicind, an féilire Lá Julianach. Níl aon blianta, míonna nó seachtainí, ach laethanta. Is é lá 0 meán lae an 1 Eanáir, 4713 RC. Roghnaíodh an dáta toisc gurb é an uair dheireanach a tháinig trí timthriall féilire ar leith le chéile. Tá córas Lá na hIúliana bunaithe ar laethanta toisc go bhfuil an t-eachtra idir dhá dháta a ríomh ag baint úsáide as an gcóras blianta-mhíonna-laethanta (le blianta léasacha) níos pianmhara ná iarracht a dhéanamh deighilt fhada ag baint úsáide as uimhreacha Rómhánacha. Ag baint úsáide as dátaí Lá Julian, ní gá duit ach aistarraingt simplí.\nTugann Ralph Buttigieg le fios nach n-oibríonn am méadrach ar dhromchla phláinéid, mar gheall ar ár mbealach sean-aimsire chun Leithleithid agus Éirí Amach Réamh na spéire a thomhas. Ar ais san aois na seil, bhí sé thar a bheith éasca latitude a thomhas le sextant.\nBhí sé deacair an fad a thomhas, toisc go dteastaíonn clog cruinn uaidh, ós rud é go bhfuil an cinneadh ag brath ar thomhas cé chomh fada a bhí an Domhan rothlú ar a ais. Ar an drochuair, sna laethanta sin, bhí na cloigí cruinn amháin bunaithe ar pendulums, nach mbeidh ag obair i long ag casadh leis na tonnta farraige. Tar éis do chabhlach na Breataine a bheith i mbéal i 1707 mar gheall ar earráid i fhad, thairg rialtas na Breataine duais fhad don chéad duine a cheapann modh cruinn bord loinge a chinneadh. Bhuaigh John Harrison an duais trí chrónaméadar a bhí bunaithe ar earraigh a chruthú, cé gur theastaigh ó bhord na Breataine fadtéarma a chur ar ceal as an duais airgid.\nAr aon nós, is é pointe na n-uile seo go bhfuil fad a thomhas i incrimintí na lá pláinéadach, a bhfuil ar ndóigh de fhad éagsúil ó phláinéid go pláinéad. A chuireann an eochair mhoncaí i pleananna a úsáid cineál éigin ama méide uilíoch.\nD'aimsigh an chuideachta uaireadóirí na hEilvéise Swatch Swatch Internet Time, áit a bhfuil an lá 24 uair roinnte ina 1000 cuid ar a dtugtar \".beats\", gach .beat a bheith 1 nóiméad agus 26.4 soicind. Is é seo i ndáiríre gimmick fógraíochta. Is athshlánú é ar chóras ama deiciúil na Fraince a cruthaíodh díreach tar éis Réabhlóid na Fraince sa bhliain 1793 fada amach anseo. Is féidir leat a rá go bhfuil sé ceaptha chun críocha fógraíochta ós rud é as na córais go léir a cruthaíodh sna dhá chéad bliain anuas, is é an t-aon cheann a bhogann an príomh-mhear-mhear-mhear ó Greenwich Sasana go dtí Ceanncheathrú Swatch. Ní haon ionadh go ndeachaigh Swatch Internet Time ar fad mar gheall ar easpa spéise.\nAr ndóigh, ós rud é go bhfuil na córais seo go léir bunaithe ar an aonad \"Laethanta\" Terra-lárnaithe in ionad an aonad \"Second\" córais mheatríochta, tá siad i bhfad níos páirceálaí freisin.\nIs éard atá i gcóras \"Am Deichimil\" ná ceann ina bhfuil na haonaid éagsúla ina bhfréacsanna deichimil nó i gcúplaí a chéile (e.g., Uair dheichimil roinnte ina 100 nóiméad deichimil, agus gach nóiméad comhdhéanta de 100 soicind deichimil). Is córas ama deichiméadach é córas \"Am Mhetrach\" nach bhfuil ach aonad amháin ann, agus léirítear an rud go léir trí réamhtheachtacht mheitreach a chur leis an aonad sin (m.sh., an dara, an cileagrúpa, an mhéagrúpa). Ina theannta sin, ní shainmhíníonn aonad méadrach ach aonad idirthréimhse ama (mar a dhéanann stopwatch), ní am an lae (mar a dhéanann clog).\nMar shampla, in The Naked Sun le Isaac Asimov, úsáideann na Solarians córas deichiméil. An uair a chloig Solarian mar a bhí roinnte i deich decads, gach ceann acu roinnte i céad centads. Ní córas méadrach é seo ós rud é nach bhfuil an uair a roinnte ina deich n-decihours, agus tá gach ceann acu roinnte ina céad millihours.\nBhí iarracht lochtach ann córas ama deiciúil a chruthú sa seó teilifíse Star Trek, an \"Stardates\" míchlúiteach. Cruthaíodh iad ar an nóiméad ag Gene Roddenberry chun an fhadhb a sheachaint a bhaineann le gach eipeasóid a cheangal le dátaí sonracha. Dúradh leis na scríbhneoirí ceithre dhigit a roghnú gan choinne. Tá lucht leanúna Pedantic Star Trek ag iarraidh ó shin ar aghaidh a dhéanamh ar chóras a d'fhéadfadh na dátaí a mhíniú.\nChruthaigh Franz Joseph a chóras féin do Stardates: is dátaithe Gregóraiche traidisiúnta iad a scríobhadh sa fhoirm YYMM.DD (mar shampla, bheadh Stardate 9802.13 an 13 Feabhra 1998). Ní mheastar go bhfuil sé seo ina chanóin. Mar sin féin, tá sé ar eolas ag cláirithe ríomhaireachta go bhfuil buntáistí ag dul i bhfeidhm nuair a scríobhtar dátaí in ord óiméadar. Éascaíonn sé earraí a shocrú de réir ama. Mar shampla, má tá sraith comhaid agat ar do thiomáint crua a bhfuil ainmneacha ag tosú le stampa ama i bhfoirm YYYMMDD, nuair a scrúdóidh tú an t-eagarthóir sin leis na hainmneacha comhaid a shocrú go aibítreach, beidh na comhaid in ord cróineolaíoch go huathoibríoch.\nIs é an locht le córas Franz Joseph ná nach bhfuil sé soiléir an dtagraíonn Stardate 9802.13 do 13 Feabhra, 1998, 13 Feabhra, 2098, 13 Feabhra, 2198, 13 Feabhra, 2298 agus mar sin de. Tháinig an locht céanna seo ina fhadhb mhór ag tús na haoise, an fhadhb iomráiteach Y2K.\nTomhaiseann réalteolaithe an fad idir réaltaí ag úsáid parsecs, ach úsáideann scríbhneoirí ficsean eolaíochta blianta solais beagnach i gcónaí. Tá Parsecs níos eolaíocha, ach tá tú ag dul. Iolrú parsecs le 3.26 a fháil bliain solais, a roinnt bliain solais le 3.26 a fháil parsecs.\nAn t-aon áit a bhfuil parsecs i ficsean eolaíochta is i úrscéalta Isaac Asimov, an cluiche ról-chluiche Traveller, agus an trácht stupid ag Han Solo.\nÚsáideann Traveller parsecs toisc go bhfuil siad an-ghar don mheán-achar idir réaltaí. Ciallaíonn sé seo má cruthaítear léarscáil réalta 2D fo-earnála ar stíl Traveller is féidir leat an oiread réaltaí agus is féidir a chur isteach sa léarscáil le huasmhéid heicseagónaí caillte.\nIs féidir aonaid mhetrice malartacha a bhfuil fuaim aisteach acu a chruthú freisin.\nLéiríonn Erik Max Francis go bhfuil an t-aonad SI \"megameters\" iontach ceart ag teacht chun cinn, as gach áit, sa anime Americanized \"Star Blazers\". Bhí an t-anime sin ar dtús \"Space Battleship Yamato\", níl sé soiléir an bhfuil an téarma \"megameters\" le feiceáil sa tSeapáinis bunaidh. Tá megaiméadar amháin míle ciliméadar nó thart ar 620 míle.\nTá córas tomhais mheatrika eile le feiceáil sa seó SF Battlestar Galactica. Tá sé seo beagán aisteach ós rud é go n-úsáideann siad na haonaid chéanna don am chomh maith leis an achar. D'fhéadfaí iad a nascadh le ráta, mar shampla luas an tsolais. Is é seo a úsáideann eolaithe nuair a labhraíonn siad faoi solais-soicind, solais-mínúin, solais-lá, agus solais-bhlianta.\nI 'Foundation and Empire' le Isaac Asimov, léim Toran a chuid soithigh réalta trí hipearspás isteach sa chóras réalta ina bhfuil an phláinéid Haven, ansin caithfidh sé \"ríomh-mhilli-microparsecs\" a thaisteal chuig an bplainéad. Is téarma as dáta é \"Milli-micro-\" a chiallaíonn \"nano-\" nó 10-9. Bheadh sé sin ag déanamh milli-microparsec amháin thart ar 31,000 ciliméadar, nó thart ar 1/13 an fad idir Terra agus Luna.\n\"100\" \"An bhfuil\" \"1\" \"parsec\" \"pc\" \"An bhfuil\" \"3.26\" \"Bliain Solas\" \"An bhfuil\" \"74%\" \"de na fad idir Sol agus Proxima Centauri\"\n10-1 Rinneadh Rinneadh1 deciparsec (dpc) Rinneadh Rinneadh20,627 AU Rinneadh RinneadhSol go teorainn seachtrach de chuid Hills de Rinneadh Rinneadh Oort\n10-2 Ráth Ráth 1 centiparsec (cpc) Ráth Ráth Ráth 2063 AU Ráth RáthSol go teorainn inmheánach de chuid Hills de Ráth Ráth Oort\n10-3 1 milliparsec (mpc) 206 AU \n10-6 1 microparsec (μpc) 0.21 AU A beagán níos lú ná an Sol-Mearcair leath-mhór-ais \n10-9 \n10-12 \n10-15 \n10-18 adadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadad\n10-21 adgadgadgadgad1 zeptoparsec (zpc) adgadgadgad0.031 Milliméadar adgadgad0.06 an trastomhas de ghrán salann adgadgad\n10-24 \nMaidir le píolótach spásárthach ina suí sa chonair rialaithe, tá go leor téarmaí sonracha ann le haghaidh treoracha i ndáil leis an píolótach, is féidir a fháil anseo.\nLe haghaidh suímh iomlán laistigh de chóras gréine, is dócha go n-úsáidfí cineál éigin córais chomhordanúcháin spherical neamh, atá dírithe ar an réalta príomhúil, leis an bpláinéad bunúsach socraithe ar ecliptic an phríomhúil (i bhfocail eile: córas comhordanúcháin ecliptic heliocentric). Tá an pointe núl den fhad ecliptic ag an equinox vernal den Leithleibhéal Thuaidh, ar a dtugtar \"An Chéad Phríomhphointe Aries\" go traidisiúnta. Chun a bheith simplí, is féidir an fhad a roinnt ina 12 chuid de thríocha déag gach ceann, ainmnithe i ndiaidh comharthaí an Zodiac.\nSa úrscéal Céim a Dhá, déantar tomhas ceangail réasúnta idir dhá phointe i dtéarmaí \"míonna\", agus mí amháin comhionann le tríocha céim. Tá sé seo a bhaineann leis an méid ama a thógann sé an Domhan a thuras tríocha céim timpeall a orbit.\nTá léarscáileanna spáis a léiríonn suíomhanna na n-aisleán spáis áitiúla ar an traidisiún (i bhfíor-eagna eolaíochta ar a laghad) a thaispeántar i réimsí holografacha. Úsáidfidh máirseálaí spéire taispeáint bunaithe ar chomhordanáidí neamhghnácha iomlánacha agus iad ag rialú straitéis agus tactics cath (ionad = réalta primar, fad núl = equinox vernal nó lár galactic). Is dócha go n-úsáidfidh soithí réalta comhrac i ndroch-chath, ar an láimh eile, taispeáint bunaithe ar chomhordanáidí i ndáil leis an long atá i gceist (meán = long, longitude nialas = seasamh reatha na srón long).\nMaidir le tomhas uillinn réasúnta tá téarmaí sean-aimseartha datha ann a thagann ó réalteolaíocht.\n0° \n 18° \n30° \nTá sé ar leithligh\n32.727° Cad a Dhéanann Mé Agus Cad a Dhéanann Mé 360° / 11 Cad a Dhéanann Mé\n36° \n 40° \n360° / 8\n 51.429° \n60° Sextile 360° / 6 \nDhá chomhartha ar leithligh\n360° / 5\n360° / 4\nTrí shíntiús ar leithligh\n102.857° \n360° / (7/2)\nSeptile × 2\n108° \n360° / (10/3)\nDecile × 3\n120° \nCeithre chomhartha ar leithligh\n360° / 2.647 ceachtar\n90° + 45°\nCearnóg + Semiquare\n 144° Biquintile 360° / 2.5 \n360° / 2.4\nCúig shíntiús ar leithligh\n 154.286° \n360° / (7/3)\nSeptile × 3\n 165° \nFrithsheasamh - 15°\nGan a bheith in ann a rá × 5\n180° \nSé shíntiús ar leithligh\nScrollaigh go ingearach chun an chuid eile den infographic a fheiceáil\nDragan Radovanovic/Business Insider\nErik Max Francis Tá córas tomhais cumhachtach láidir bunaithe ar aonaid bhunúsacha Planck. Bhuel, i ndáiríre dúirt sé nach raibh sé go háirithe réabhlóideach, rinne sé ach an iomadaíocht, agus i ndáiríre é a úsáid a bheadh thar a bheith amaideach. Ach chun críocha ficsean eolaíochta, tá sé i bhfad níos cruinne go heolaíoch ná centons agus yarens a úsáid.\nD'athraigh Sean Williams agus Shane Dix an córas le húsáid ina gcuid úrscéalta \"Orphans\".\nSa fhisice, tá cúig choinbhinsiún fisiceach uilíoch: luas an tsolais sa spás, coinbhinsiún gravitational, coinbhinsiún Dirac nó \"coinbhinsiún Planck laghdaithe\", coinbhinsiún fórsa Coulomb, agus coinbhinsiún Boltzmann. Is éard atá in aonaid Planck ná aonaid a shainmhínítear ar bhealach go bhfuil aon cheann de na cúig choinbhinsiún uilíoch a léirítear i dtéarmaí aonaid Planck, is é \"aon\" a luach.\nTá cúig aonad Planck ann: fad Planck, mais Planck, am Planck, muirear Planck agus teocht Planck. Chun a chóras, níl ach na trí chéad cheann ag teastáil ó Mháistir Francis.\nMar thuras ar shiúl, deir an tUasal Francis:\nNí mór do chóras tomhais sraith d'aonad bunúsacha a bheith ann, óna bhféadfar na haonaid eile go léir a dhíriú. D'úsáid an tUasal Francis na haonaid bhunúsacha SI dá chóras: fad, mais, am, sruth leictreach, teocht teirmodheinamic, déine solais, agus méid substainte.\nLe haghaidh aonad fad, mais, agus ama, bain úsáid as aonad Planck go díreach.\nMaidir le sruth leictreach (luchtaigh roinnte ar am), bain úsáid as méid (eoin neamhspleách) an mhuirear ar leictreon le haghaidh muirear, agus am Planck le haghaidh ama.\nMaidir le teocht teirmidheinamic, is féidir é a dhíorthaigh le buan Boltzmann. Tá an Boltzmann seasmhach comhionann le fuinneamh roinnte ar an teocht, mar sin algebra simplí a thabhairt duit an chothromóid: Teochta comhionann le fuinneamh roinnte ar Boltzmann seasmhach. Maidir leis an aonad fuinnimh, féach thíos.\nTá diancht solais tricky, féach aiste an tUasal Francis 'do réiteach.\nAgus maidir le méid substainte, ní aonad in-bhreathnaithe é seo. Molann an tUasal Francis an t-aonad a athsholáthar leis an líon iarbhír adamh (e.g., in ionad moil amháin, ní gá ach uimhir Avogadro 6.02 x 1023 a úsáid).\nArís, le haghaidh sonraí faoi na haonaid a dhíorthaítear ó na haonaid bhunúsacha, féach an aiste. Fágtar aon aonad nach bhfuil sainithe mar chleachtadh don léitheoir.\nNí aontaíonn an tUasal Francis leis an méadú malartach sin i bprionsabal. Tá sé, áfach, go tapa a rá nach bhfuil sé ag caint faoi Sean Williams agus Shane Dix. Is é an rud a bhfuil sé annoyed ag roinnt daoine atá ag iarraidh a mholadh i ndáiríre a mhalairt de na dara nóiméad-uair-chineál córais a chur in ionad an chóras atá ann cheana féin SI aonad sa saol fíor (a ar ndóigh, nach bhfuil ar chor ar bith cad a bhí an tUasal Williams agus an tUasal Dix a dhéanamh).\n \nTá sé ar fad ar an mbord.\nTá sé ag teacht ar an am chun an t-am a chaitheamh.\na fhad a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil\n\"Más\" \"Más\" \"Más\" \"Más\" \"Más\" \"Más\" \"Más\"\n\"Tá an t-am ag teacht\".\n \n Teochta \n♬planet angle\n \n\"Force\" \"Solved\" \"M\" \"L\" \"T\" \"Solved\" \"1.210\" \"N\" \"Solved\"\n \n\"Cumhacht\" \"Cumhacht\" \"Cumhacht\"\n♬ minicíocht ♬♬♬\n♬ brú ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ )\n gníomhaíocht \n dosage adsorbed \ndose equivalent dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd\nCapacitance Cad atá le déanamhM-1 L-2 T4 C2 Cad atá le déanamh1.312 x 10-47 F Cad atá le déanamh\nIs é an t-am a bhí sé ag an am sin.\n Conductance leictreach Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad\n│Inductance │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │\n flux maighnéadach \n│Díthíocht flux maighnéadach ││M T -2 C-1 ││2.520 x 1054 │\n♬aghaidhmhianta ♬\n voltas \nMar a luadh roimhe seo, rinne Sean Williams agus Shane Dix an córas seo a oiriúnú dá gcuid úrscéalta \"Orphans\". Deir na húdair go bhfuil smaointe an Uasail Francis curtha in oiriúint acu chun freastal ar a gcuid riachtanas, agus is iad féin a rinne aon earráidí a tugadh isteach sa phróiseas.\nSean Williams agus Shane Dix postulate an córas nua a glacadh i ndiaidh níos mó tubaistí cosúil leis an Mars Aeráid Orbiter fiasco. Ba chúis leis sin go n-úsáid Lockheed Martin aonaid Béarla agus go n-úsáid NASA (cosúil le cóis an domhain shibhialta) aonaid Mhetracha. Gach duine a ghlac siad go léir a bhí ag baint úsáide as na haonaid céanna, agus ní raibh a fháil amach ar bhealach difriúil go dtí go ricocheted an sond as an atmaisféar Mars. Chuir sé seo an sond amach i ndearmad agus $ 125 milliún dollar síos an drenach.\nSna úrscéalta, tá córas an Uasail Francis modhnaithe go pointe éigin. Tá na haonaid Planck bunúsach, ach tá méideanna thar a bheith míchuí acu. Tá inch amháin thart ar 157 billiún quadrillion quadrillion Planck méadar, tá an meán duine mais beagnach trí trilliún Planck cileagram, tá uair an chloig comhionann le thart ar trilliún quadrillion quadrillion Planck nóiméad.\nMar sin, rinne siad scála na n-aonad Planck, ag iomadaíocht iad le 1043. Déanann sé seo na haonaid níos mó de mhéid an duine.\nBhí na haonaid ama fiddled le mar sin tá siad\n- bhí siad an-chosúil leis na sean-aonad\n- aonad ama Planck Coigeartaithe a úsáidtear agus\n- bhí níos mó nó níos lú deichiméalacha\nBhí na huaireanta agus na nóiméad roinnte ina 100 fo-aonad. Bhí an lá roinnte ina dhá leath deich uair an chloig: praiticiúil ach nach bhfuil ró-difriúil ó na sean. Agus tugann deich mí de shé seachtaine cúig lá solúbthacht mhór do dhuine nuair a bhíonn sceidil sceidil agus pleanáil á dhéanamh aige. Ó Echoes of Earth:\n1 nua dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara\n1 nóiméad nua Cad a tharlaíonn 100 soicind nua Cad a tharlaíonn 0.90 nóiméad d'aois 54 soicind d'aois)\n1 uair nua 100 nóiméad nua 1.5 sean uair an chloig (90 nóiméad d'aois) \n1 lá nua 20 uair nua 1.2 sean-lá 30 uair d'aois \n1 seachtain nua 5 lá nua 0.89 seachtain d'aois (6.2 lá d'aois) \n1 mhí nua 6 seachtain nua 1.2 mí d'aois (5.3 seachtain d'aois)\n1 bhliain nua 10 mí nua 1.025 bliain d'aois (12 mí d'aois) \nRoghnaíodh na haonaid fad chun a bheith ina chineál comhréitigh idir an sean-Mhéidric agus na haonaid sean-Béarla, ós rud é sa úrscéal go raibh na Stáit Aontaithe fós stubbornly agus idiotically greamaithe ar an mBéarla. Bhí an ceintiméadar nua idir an sean-ceintiméadar agus an orlach. Bhí an míle agus an gallún sean an-chosúil leis an ciliméadar nua agus an litre nua.\nTá sé ar an gcuma go bhfuil sé ag teacht ar an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas\n1 Deciméadar nua Cad Cad 10 cm Cad Cad 6.5 Inch Cad Cad\n1 méadar nua Cad atá 10 dm nua Cad atá 1.6 sean m, nó 3.3 troigh Cad atá\n3 méadar nua a bhí 10 troigh a bhí\n1 ciliméadar nua cad a tharlaíonn1000 méadar nua cad a tharlaíonn0.97 míle cad a tharlaíonn\n1 heicteár nua Cad atá le déanamh2.6 heicteár d'aois Cad atá le déanamh6.4 acra Cad atá le déanamh\n1 lítear nua (dm3) d'fhuilchill 4.2 lítear d'fhuilchill d'fhuilchill 1.1 galún d'fhuilchill\nBa é an jingle sna Stáit Aontaithe \"beagán sean-púnt is ionann agus aon chileagram nua\".\n1 g rud nua a dhéanamh 2.2 g rud sean a dhéanamh\n1 kg nua Cad a dhéanann 1000 g nua Cad a dhéanann 4.8 punt d'aois Cad a dhéanann\n1 tonna nua d'fhiacha 1000 kg nua d'fhiacha 2.1 tonna d'fhiacha\n\"Tá 1 ampère nua déanta as 2.972 ampère sean déanta as\n0° 273.15° 459.67° 0° (null iomlán) \n193° \n264° 100° 2 12° 373.15° (pointe fiuchphointe H2O) \nTá luachanna simplí ag go leor coimhdeacha a úsáidtear go coitianta nuair a léirítear iad in Aonaid Planck Coigeartaithe.\nC ( luas an tsolais) cad é 1.00 x 108 ms-1 cad é\n1 solas-bhliain a dhéanamh 6.00 x 1015 m a dhéanamh\n1 uair an chloig solas cad a tharla 1.00 x 1011 m cad a tharla\n1 parsec darach 2.0 x 1016 m darach\n1 g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g\nTá radius 1 ghrian a dhéanamh ar 430,000 km a dhéanamh\n1 Earth radius 4000 km (eicéadach)\nTá 22220 km (Tír) ar an orbit gheostáitigh\nDéanfar na fachtóirí tiontaithe seo a leanas a thiontú ón sean-Sistema Idirnáisiúnta Aonad go dtí na hAonad Idirnáisiúnta um Chaighdeán Planck Coigeartaithe nua.\nCé go bhféadfadh sé go mbeadh an córas sin cosúil le pedantic, tá feidhm aige chun cumarsáid a dhéanamh le extraterrestrials. Ní bheidh siad ag úsáid an chóras méadrach, sin cinnte. Mar shampla, sainmhínítear an méadar mar an fad a thrasnaíonn solas le linn earra ama 1/299,792,458 soicind. Tá an uimhir aisteach bunaithe ar 1,650,763.73 tonnfhad na líne astaíochta oráiste-dearg Krypton-86. A bhí bunaithe ar fhad bar méadar fhréamhshamhla fisiciúil. A bhí bunaithe ar achar atá comhionann le ceann de deich milliún den achar idir an Poil Thuaidh agus an t-Eacnamaí.\nIs é an pointe go bhfuil speiceas eachtrannach nach bhfuil ag dul a bheith ina gcónaí ar phláinéid le go beacht an méid céanna le Terra, agus fiú má rinne siad 1/deich-milliún is dócha nach bhfuil uimhir speisialta i cibé radix a úsáideann siad.\nTá aonaid nádúrtha ar an láimh eile i bhfad níos uilíoch.\nLe haghaidh níos mó aonad bizarre ó shamhlaíocht agus ficsean eolaíochta, Tá TV Tropes tú clúdaithe. Tá Liosta de na haonaid tomhais greannmhar, Liosta de na haonaid tomhais as dáta, agus Liosta de na haonaid tomhais neamhghnácha ar Wikipedia."} {"text": "In this lesson plan, which is adaptable for grades K-8, students use BrainPOP resources (including a free online science game) to help them explore dinosaurs and dinosaur adaptations.\n- Explore how dinosaurs’ body parts affected their balance and mobility.\n- Use an online game to construct a dinosaur and evaluate its viability according to its leg strength, speed, balance, defense, and attack skills.\n- Observe how their constructed dinosaur survives in the wild and make choices regarding its survival (ie, what it should eat and how it should defend itself.)\nPreparation:This lesson plan is designed to be used as part of unit of study on dinosaurs or animal adaptations. Students should have some background knowledge about dinosaurs, their predators, and their defense mechanisms prior to beginning the lesson. The activities below center on a free online game from The Children's Museum of Indianapolis called Construct-a-saurus. When starting the game, players will be brought to a laboratory that allows them to build dinosaurs from various body parts. Players can select from a variety of heads, forearms, bodies, hind legs and tails to attribute to their dinosaur. These body parts can balance and unbalance the dinosaur, determining if the dino mobile and can survive in the wild. After building the dinosaur, players will take their dino out into the wild and try to get it back to its home.\n- Build students' background knowledge about dinosaurs through either the BrainPOP movies (Birds, Dinosaurs, Fossils, Natural Selection, Reptiles) or BrainPOP Jr movies (Bones, Extinct and Endangered Species, Fossils). You can use the graphic organizer to help students record and analyze what they learned.\n- Talk with students about how various species of dinosaurs defended themselves against predators. What body adaptations protected and assisted them?\n- Project the Construct-a-saurus game for the class to see. Invite a student volunteer to design a dinosaur that could stand up to a battle with a T-Rex. As the student selects the various body parts, encourage him or her to explain the reasoning behind each choice. Draw students' attention to the Speed, Defense, Attack, Balance, and Leg Support meters at the bottom of the screen, and how these measures are affected by each change.\n- When all the body parts are selected, a progress report may pop up on the screen explaining possible issues, such as the dinosaur being unbalanced. Invite other students to give feedback and suggest alternatives. A Red Alert will appear if a dinosaur will be unable to survive in the wild. If extensive changes need to be made or students become frustrated, encourage students to pay attention to the dinosaur species that each body part belongs to, and match up all the parts of a real species.\n- When the student is satisfied with his or her dinosaur, release it into the wild! Another volunteer can attempt to help the dinosaur safely navigate its way back home. Discuss the different paths the dinosaur can take, and how it can choose to behave when it encounters predators.\n- Discuss the game as a class. What adaptations allowed the dinosaur to survive longer? Which hindered it? Instruct students to think-pair-share or turn and talk with a partner about how they would build a better dinosaur.\n- Release students to play the game on their own. You may want students to take a screenshot of their dinosaur so they can compare it to their peers' dinosaurs later on.\n- Return students to a whole class discussion. Younger students may want to discuss strategies for helping their dinosaur survive. Older students may want to analyze the accuracy of the game. In Construct-a-saurus, if a Triceratops tries to defend itself against a Tyrannosaurus, the Triceratops wins. Talk with students about this. How likely is it for certain types of dinosaurs to win the battle? Would the outcomes be the same in every dinosaur battle? What other factors would determine which dinosaur won?\n- Invite students to use what they learned from the game to design a dinosaur that would survive in the wild. They can draw their dinosaur on paper or using digital tools, or create the dinosaur using 3D materials. Students should name their dinosaur and write about its diet, predators, and adaptations. Allow students to share their dinosaurs with the class, or post about their creations online so family and friends can view them.\nFiled as: 3-5, 6-8, Blended Learning, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.6-8.7, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.2.7, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.3.7, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.4.7, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.6.7, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RST.6-8.9, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.SL.2.2, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.SL.3.2, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.SL.5.2, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.SL.6.2, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.SL.7.2, Construct-a-Saurus, Dinosaurs, K-3, Lesson Plan, Life on Earth, Science, Science Games, Teacher Resources", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22", "url": "http://educators.brainpop.com/lesson-plan/construct-a-saurus-game/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207926964.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113206-00309-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9086704254, "token_count": 1110, "score": 4.375, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Sa phlean ceachta seo, atá in oiriúnú do ghrád K-8, úsáideann mic léinn acmhainní BrainPOP (lena n-áirítear cluiche eolaíochta ar líne saor in aisce) chun cabhrú leo díosairí agus oiriúnú dinosairí a iniúchadh.\n- Faigh amach conas a raibh tionchar ag codanna comhlacht na dínosairí ar a n-iarmhéid agus ar a n-aistriú.\n- Bain úsáid as cluiche ar líne chun dinosaur a thógáil agus a inmharthanacht a mheas de réir a neart cos, a luas, a chothromaíocht, a chosaint, agus a scileanna ionsaí.\n- Breathnú ar an gcaoi a maireann a dhinsaoir a thóg siad san fhiáine agus roghanna a dhéanamh maidir lena maireachtáil (ie, cad ba cheart dó a ithe agus conas ba cheart dó é féin a chosaint).\nUllmhú:Tá an plean ceachta seo deartha le húsáid mar chuid d'aonad staidéir ar dheinosaúirí nó oiriúnaithe ainmhithe. Ba cheart go mbeadh eolas cúlra ag mic léinn faoi dhinosaúracha, a n-imreoirí, agus a n-imní cosanta sula dtosaíonn an ceacht. Tá na gníomhaíochtaí thíos dírithe ar chluiche ar líne saor in aisce ó Mhúsaem Leanaí Indianapolis ar a dtugtar Construct-a-saurus. Nuair a thosaíonn an cluiche, tabharfar imreoirí chuig saotharlann a ligeann dóibh dineasáir a thógáil ó chodanna éagsúla an choirp. Is féidir le himreoirí ceann, forearms, comhlachtaí, cosa cúl agus eireaball a roghnú ó éagsúlacht cinn chun a gcuid dineasáir a chur leis. Is féidir leis na codanna comhlacht seo an dinosúr a chothromú agus a dhíchothromú, ag cinneadh an féidir leis an dinosúr a bheith soghluaiste agus maireachtáil sa fhiáin. Tar éis an dinosaur a thógáil, tógfaidh imreoirí a dino amach sa fhiáine agus déanfaidh siad iarracht é a fháil ar ais chuig a theach.\n- Tóg eolas cúlra na mac léinn faoi dhinosairí trí na scannáin BrainPOP (Einíon, Dinosaurs, Fossils, Roghnú Nádúrtha, Réptílí) nó scannáin BrainPOP Jr (Bones, Species Extinct and Endangered, Fossils). Is féidir leat an eagraitheoir grafach a úsáid chun cabhrú le mic léinn an méid a d'fhoghlaim siad a thaifeadadh agus a anailísiú.\n- Labhair le mic léinn faoi conas a chosaint speicis éagsúla de dineasáir féin i gcoinne predators. Cad iad na hairíonna a bhí ag an gcorp a chaomhnaigh agus a chabhraigh leo?\n- Tionscadal an cluiche a thógáil-a-saurus don rang a fheiceáil. Iarr ar mhic léinn deonach dinosaur a dhearadh a d'fhéadfadh seasamh suas le cath le T-Rex. Agus an mic léinn ag roghnú na codanna éagsúla den chorp, spreag é nó í chun míniú a thabhairt ar an réasúnaíocht atá taobh thiar de gach rogha. Tarraing aird na mac léinn ar na méadair Luas, Cosanta, Ionsaí, Cothromaíocht, agus Tacaíocht Chéim ag bun an scáileáin, agus conas a théann gach athrú i bhfeidhm ar na bearta seo.\n- Nuair a roghnaítear na codanna comhlacht go léir, d'fhéadfadh tuarascáil ar dhul chun cinn a bheith ar an scáileán ag míniú saincheisteanna féideartha, mar shampla go bhfuil an dineasúr neamhchothrom. Iarr ar mhic léinn eile aiseolas a thabhairt agus roghanna eile a mholadh. Beidh Alerta Dearg a thaispeáint má tá dinosaur a bheith in ann maireachtáil sa fhiáine. Má tá gá le hathruithe fairsing a dhéanamh nó má bhíonn frustrachas ar na daltaí, spreag na daltaí aird a thabhairt ar na speicis dinosaur a mbaineann gach cuid coirp leo, agus comhoiriúnaigh na codanna go léir de speiceas fíor.\n- Nuair a bheidh an mac léinn sásta lena nó a dinosaur, scaoileadh sé isteach sa fhiáin! Is féidir le hoibrí eile iarracht a dhéanamh cuidiú leis an dineasúr a bhealach a sheoláil go sábháilte ar ais abhaile. Déan plé ar na bealaí éagsúla is féidir leis an dínosaur a ghlacadh, agus conas is féidir leis a bheith ag iompar nuair a bhíonn sé ag teacht ar ghalar.\n- plé an cluiche mar rang. Cad iad na hoiriúnaithe a lig don dhinosaur maireachtáil níos faide? Cad a chuir bac air? Inis do dhaltaí smaoineamh-páirt-roinnt nó casadh agus labhairt le comhpháirtí faoi conas a dhéanfadh siad dinosúr níos fearr a thógáil.\n- A scaoileadh ar mhic léinn a imirt ar an cluiche ar a gcuid féin. B'fhéidir go n-iarrfá ar mhic léinn grianghraf a dhéanamh dá dhinosaúr ionas gur féidir leo é a chur i gcomparáid le dhinosaúr a gcairde níos déanaí.\n- A thabhairt ar ais ar mhic léinn le plé ranga ar fad. B'fhéidir go mbeidh mic léinn níos óige ag iarraidh straitéisí a phlé chun cabhrú lena dhinosaur maireachtáil. B'fhéidir go mbeadh mic léinn níos sine ag iarraidh anailís a dhéanamh ar chruinneas an chluiche. I Construct-a-saurus, má dhéanann Triceratops iarracht é féin a chosaint i gcoinne Tyrannosaurus, buaileann an Triceratops. Labhair leis na mic léinn faoi seo. Cé chomh dóchúil is atá sé go n-éireoidh le cineálacha áirithe d'in-in-ainmhithe an cath a bhuachan? An mbeadh na torthaí mar an gcéanna i ngach cath le dineasáir? Cad iad na tosca eile a chinnfeadh cé acu dineasúr a bhuaigh?\n- Iarr ar mhic léinn úsáid a bhaint as an méid a d'fhoghlaim siad ón gcluiche chun dinosúr a dhearadh a d'fhéadfadh maireachtáil san fhiáine. Is féidir leo a n-dinosaur a tharraingt ar pháipéar nó ag baint úsáide as uirlisí digiteacha, nó an dinosaur a chruthú ag baint úsáide as ábhair 3D. Ba chóir do dhaltaí ainm a thabhairt dá dhinosaur agus scríobh faoi a réim bia, dídeanaithe, agus oiriúnaithe. Lig do dhaltaí a gcuid dinosaur a roinnt leis an rang, nó postáil faoi a gcuid cruthaitheacha ar líne ionas gur féidir le teaghlach agus cairde iad a fheiceáil.\nFiled as: 3-5, 6-8, Blended Learning, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.6-8.7, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.2.7, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.3.7, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.4.7, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.3.7, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RST.6-8.9, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.SL.2.2, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.SL.3.2, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.SL.5.2, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.SL.6.2, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.SL.7.2, Construct-a-Saurus, Dinosaurs, K-3, Lesson Plan, Life on Earth, Science, Science, Teacher Resources"} {"text": "snar (pach; pagis, but brochos, in 1Co 7:35): Over half a dozen Hebrew words are used to indicate different methods of taking birds and animals, of which the snare (pach) is mentioned oftener than any other. It was a noose of hair for small birds, of wire for larger birds or smaller animals. The snares were set in a favorable location and grain scattered to attract the attention of feathered creatures. They accepted the bribe of good feeding and walked into the snare, not suspecting danger. For this reason the snare became particularly applicable in describing a tempting bribe offered by men to lead their fellows into trouble, and the list of references is a long one, all of the same nature. See Ex 10:7; 1Sa 18:21; 28:9; Ps 11:6; 18:5, \"snares of death\"; used symbolically of anything that may kill: Ps 91:3; 124:7; 140:5; 141:9; Pr 7:23; 13:14; 18:7; 20:25; 22:25; 29:25; Ec 9:12. But this is a people robbed and plundered; they are all of them snared in holes, and they are hid in prison-houses: they are for a prey, and none delivereth; for a spoil, and none saith, Restore\" (Isa 41:22). Here it is specified that the snare was in a hole so covered as to conceal it. Jer 18:22 clearly indicates that the digging of a pit to take prey was customary, and also the hiding of the snare for the feet. North American Indians in setting a snare usually figure on catching the bird around the neck. Jer 50:24, \"I have laid a snare for thee\"; Ho 9:8, \"A fowler's snare is in all his ways\"; Am 3:5 seems to indicate that the snare was set for the feet; Lu 21:34, \"But take heed to yourselves, lest haply .... that day come on you suddenly as a snare\"; Ro 11:9, \"Let their table be made a snare, and a trap\"; 1Co 7:35, \"not that I may cast a snare upon you\"; 1Ti 3:7, \"the snare of the devil\"; also 1Ti 6:9 \"But they that are minded to be rich fall into a temptation and a snare and many foolish and hurtful lusts, such as drown men in destruction and perdition.\"", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "url": "http://www.internationalstandardbible.com/S/snare.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863518.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620104904-20180620124904-00391.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9594915509, "token_count": 541, "score": 3.078125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Snare (pach; pagis, ach brochos, in 1Co 7:35): Úsáidtear níos mó ná leath dosaen focal Eabhrais chun a léiriú modhanna éagsúla a bhaineann le héin agus ainmhithe a ghabháil, agus luaitear an snare (pach) níos minice ná aon cheann eile. Ba é an noose gruaige do éanlaith bheaga, de sreang do éanlaith níos mó nó ainmhithe níos lú. Cuireadh na gaistí in áit shochorraithe agus scaiptear gráin chun aird na créatúir plumacha a mhealladh. Ghlac siad leis an briobóid a bhí ann chun bia maith a fháil agus chuaigh siad isteach sa ghaoth, gan amhras ar an mbaol. Ar an gcúis seo tháinig an snag i bhfeidhm go háirithe i dtaca le cur síos a dhéanamh ar bhribhiú tempting a thairg daoine chun a gcuid comhghleacaithe a thabhairt isteach i dtrioblóid, agus tá an liosta tagairtí fada, gach ceann den chineál céanna. Féach Ex 10:7; 1Sa 18:21; 28:9; Sal 11:6; 18:5, \"snáitheanna báis\"; a úsáidtear go siombalach le haghaidh aon rud a d'fhéadfadh a mharú: Sal 91:3; 124:7; 140:5; 141:9; Pr 7:23; 13:14; 18:7; 20:25; 22:25; Ec 9:12. Ach is pobal é seo a robáil agus a throid; tá siad go léir gafa i mboscaí, agus tá siad i bhfolach i dteach príosúin; tá siad mar throid, agus níl aon duine ag saoradh; mar throid, agus níl aon duine ag rá, Cuir ar ais. \" (Isa 41:22). Anseo tá sé sonraithe go raibh an seipéal i mbosca chomh clúdaithe le go mbeadh sé i bhfolach. Léiríonn Irm 18:22 go soiléir go raibh sé de ghnáth tobar a bheith á dtógáil chun saibhreas a ghlacadh, agus go raibh gaeilgeoirí ag dul i ngleic le haithris. Nuair a bhíonn Indiaigh Mheiriceá Thuaidh ag cur gaiste, is gnách go gcuirtear an t-éan timpeall an mhuineál. 50:24, \"Tá gaiste curtha agam ort\"; Ho 9:8, \"Tá gaiste an éin ar a bhealaí go léir\"; is cosúil go léiríonn Am 3:5 go raibh an gaiste curtha ar na cosa; Lu 21:34, \"Ach bígí aireach libh féin, ar eagla go dtiocfadh an lá sin ort go tobann mar gaiste\"; Ro 11:9, \"Déan a mbord a bheith ina gaiste agus i gcatha\"; 1Co 7:35, \"ní go gcuirfidh mé gaiste oraibh\"; 1Ti 3:7, \"gaiste an diabhail\"; freisin 1Ti 6:9 \"Ach bíonn na daoine a bhfuil sé ar intinn acu a bheith saibhir i dtreo na temptation agus an gaiste agus go leor éin amaideach agus díobhálach, amhail daoine a bhíonn ag dul i mbás agus i mbás\"."} {"text": "Files can be structured in several ways in which three common structures are given in this tutorial with their short description one by one.\nHere, as you can see from the above figure, the file is an unstructured sequence of bytes. Therefore, the OS doesn't care about what is in the file, as all it sees are bytes.\nNow, as you can see from the above figure that shows the second structure of a file, where a file is a sequence of fixed-length records where each with some internal structure.\nCentral to the idea about a file being a sequence of records is the idea that read operation returns a record and write operation just appends a record.\nNow in the last structure of a file that you can see in the above figure, a file basically consists of a tree of records, not necessarily all the same length, each containing a key field in a fixed position in the record. The tree is stored on the field, just to allow the rapid searching for a specific key.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "url": "https://codescracker.com/operating-system/file-structure.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590559.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20180719051224-20180719071224-00510.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9655604959, "token_count": 205, "score": 3.203125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is féidir comhaid a struchtúrú ar bhealaí éagsúla ina bhfuil trí struchtúr coitianta a thugtar sa teagasc seo lena gcur síos gairid ar a chéile.\nAnseo, mar a fheiceann tú ón bhfigiúr thuas, is sraith neamhstruchtúrtha baite é an comhad. Dá bhrí sin, ní thugann an OS cúram faoi na rudaí atá sa chomhad, toisc nach bhfeiceann sé ach baistí.\nAnois, mar is féidir leat a fheiceáil ó na figiúr thuas a léiríonn an dara struchtúr de chomhad, áit a bhfuil comhad ina sreang de taifid fad seasta ina bhfuil gach ceann acu le struchtúr inmheánach.\nTá an smaoineamh go bhfuil comhad ina shraith taifid lárnach ar an smaoineamh go dtugann oibríocht léitheoireachta taifead agus go gcuireann oibríocht scríbhneoireachta taifead i bhfeidhm.\nAnois sa struchtúr deireanach de chomhad gur féidir leat a fheiceáil sa figiúr thuas, comhlíonann comhad go bunúsach ar chrann taifid, ní gá go léir an fad céanna, gach ceann acu ina bhfuil réimse eochair i suíomh seasta sa taifead. Tá an crann stóráilte ar an réimse, ach chun ligean ar an cuardach tapa do eochair ar leith."} {"text": "#include Tk_GetVRootGeometry(tkwin, xPtr, yPtr, widthPtr, heightPtr)\n- Tk_Window tkwin (in)\nToken for window whose virtual root is to be queried.\n- int xPtr (out)\nPoints to word in which to store x-offset of virtual root.\n- int yPtr (out)\nPoints to word in which to store y-offset of virtual root.\n- int widthPtr (out)\nPoints to word in which to store width of virtual root.\n- int heightPtr (out)\nPoints to word in which to store height of virtual root.\nTk_GetVRootGeometry returns geometry information about the virtual root window associated with tkwin. The “associated” virtual root is the one in which tkwin's nearest top-level ancestor (or tkwin itself if it is a top-level window) has been reparented by the window manager. This window is identified by a __SWM_ROOT or __WM_ROOT property placed on the top-level window by the window manager. If tkwin is not associated with a virtual root (e.g. because the window manager does not use virtual roots) then *xPtr and *yPtr will be set to 0 and *widthPtr and *heightPtr will be set to the dimensions of the screen containing tkwin.\ngeometry, height, location, virtual root, width, window manager", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "url": "https://www.mankier.com/3/Tk_GetVRootGeometry", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039544239.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20210421130234-20210421160234-00002.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8521399498, "token_count": 321, "score": 2.640625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "#include Tk_GetVRootGeometry ((tkwin, xPtr, yPtr, widthPtr, heightPtr)\n- Tk_Window tkwin (in)\nToken le haghaidh fuinneog a bhfuil a bhunfhocal fíorúil le fiosrúchán a dhéanamh air.\n- int xPtr (out)\nTagraíonn sé do fhocal ina stórálfar x-offset de bhunfhocal fíorúil.\n- int yPtr (out)\nTagraíonn sé do fhocal ina stórálfar y-offset de bhunfhocal fíorúil.\n- int widthPtr (out)\nTagraíonn sé do fhocal ina stórálfar leithead an fhoraigh fhíorúil.\n- int airde Ptr (as)\nTagraíonn sé do fhocal ina stórálfar airde an fhoraigh fhíorúil.\nTk_GetVRootGeometry a thugann faisnéis gheoiméide faoin bhfuinneog fréamhacha fíorúil a bhaineann le tkwin. Is é an associated virtual root an ceann ina bhfuil an tkwin's is gaire ar an gcéad leibhéal sinsear (nó tkwin féin má tá sé ar an gcéad leibhéal fuinneog) a bhí ath-cháilithe ag an bainisteoir fuinneog. Aithnítear an fuinneog seo le hábhar __SWM_ROOT nó __WM_ROOT a chuireann bainisteoir na fuinneoga ar an bhfuinneog ar an leibhéal is airde. Mura bhfuil tkwin bainteach le fréamh fíorúil (m.sh. toisc nach n-úsáideann bainisteoir na fuinneoga fréamhacha fíorúla) ansin socrófar *xPtr agus *yPtr go 0 agus socrófar *widthPtr agus *heightPtr go tomhais an scáileáin ina bhfuil tkwin.\ngeoimeadracht, airde, suíomh, fréamh fíorúil, leithead, bainisteoir fuinneoga"} {"text": "This voracious and carnivorous fish live in freshwaters on the Northern Hemisphere. Northern Pike (Esox lucius) is also known by its folk name of \"Water Wolf\". Pikes grow as large as 150 cm in size and 25 kg in weight (1 'to over 4', and weigh 50 pounds), although larger sizes have been reported, particularly in the Great Lakes area, making people believe in a misidentification or folk tale.\nThe color of Northern Pikes is olive shading into whitish or yellowish on belly, with spots on their body and some dark ones on the fins. Pikes have large pores on their head and lower jaw. This characteristic make Northern Pike a close relative to Muskellunge, similar-looking, but Northern Pike have light marks on their dark body backgrounds and less than 6 sensory pores on the underside of their jaw.\nUsually found in cold, clear, rocky waters, lakes and streams, Northern Pike are usually hidden waiting for their prey, which are cased sideways with their sharp teeth. Pikes eat mainly fish and ducklings, although they are also cannibals, part of their nature, which serves in maintaining the Northern Pike population.\nSome anglers have photographed Northern Pikes eating other pikes of a similar size, but also leeches and insects, because they are well known for their tremendously voracious appetites. Northern Pikes are some of the largest freshwater fish that anglers like to catch due to the challenge involved while facing their aerial acrobatics and explosive hits.\nFishing for pike is an exciting sport in North America, where anglers usually do not eat the catch, but northern pike is usually filleted for the purpose of European cuisine, particularly popular in many German dishes. There are references traced back as far as the Romans, depicting pikes served at festivals.\nIn America, Northern Pike lives in northern New England, Eastern New York, Minnesota and the Ohio Valley, the Great Lakes basin and also the surrounding states of Nebraska and Missouri. Toward the north, pikes are also found in Alaska and Canada, except, British Columbia, were they appear rarely.\nNorthern Pike breed with Muskie to produce the Muskellunge subspecies known as Tiger Muskellunge (Esox masquinongy immaculatus), and there is also a mutation of Northern pike known as the Silver Pike, silvery-blue or silver in color, often referred to as Silver Muskellunge, occurring in scattered populations, missing the rows of spots.\nThe name of Northern Pike was given to this specie after its North American habitat resembling the pole-weapon known as pike. This fish is also known as Common Pike, Snake, Great Northern Pike, American Pike, Jackfish, Great Lakes Pike, Grass Pike, and Pickerel.\nThere is a website that has great information on most species of fresh fish. It has details that pertain to each species of fish such as habitat, spawning, eating habits, the best lures and baits and more, the website is called: Fishing Stringer, and can be found at this url:\nBy Robert W. Benjamin\nCopyright © 2007\nYou may publish this article in your ezine, newsletter on your web site as long as it is reprinted in its own and without modification except for formatting needs or grammar corrections.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "url": "https://thefishanglersstore.com/pike-learn-the-facts-that-can-help-you-catch-the-trophies/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038879305.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20210419080654-20210419110654-00013.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9652381539, "token_count": 692, "score": 3.1875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá an t-iasc voracious agus carnivorous maireachtáil i n-uiscí milis ar an Leithleabhar Thuaidh. Tá an Pike Thuaidh (Esox lucius) ar a dtugtar freisin ag a ainm tíre \"Water Wolf\". Fásann na piocanna chomh mór le 150 cm de mhéid agus 25 kg de mheáchan (1 'go os cionn 4', agus meáchan 50 punt), cé go bhfuil méideanna níos mó tuairiscíodh, go háirithe i gceantar na Lochlanna Mór, rud a fhágann go gcreideann daoine i mí-aitheantas nó i scéal tíre.\nTá dath na Píosaí Thuaidh óilín ag dul i bhfolach nó buí ar a bolg, le spotaí ar a gcorp agus roinnt dorcha ar na fins. Tá póirí móra ag na piocanna ar a gcinn agus ar a mbéal íseal. Déanann an saintréith seo Pike Thuaidh dlúthchairde le Muskellunge, cosúil le cuma, ach tá marcanna solais ag Pike Thuaidh ar a gcúlchríonna dorcha agus níos lú ná 6 pores mothaitheacha ar an taobh thíos dá mbéal.\nDe ghnáth, is i uisce fuar, soiléir, carraig, lochanna agus sruthanna a fhaightear, is gnách go mbíonn Pike Thuaidh i bhfolach ag fanacht lena n-íobairt, atá casáilte go taobh lena gcuid fiacla géara. Bíonn na Píosaí ag ithe iasc agus éanlaith den chuid is mó, cé go bhfuil siad ina cannibals freisin, mar chuid dá nádúr, a chabhraíonn le daonra Píosa Thuaidh a chothabháil.\nTá grianghraf déanta ag roinnt iascairí de na Píocáin Thuaidh ag ithe píocáin eile a bhfuil méid comhchosúil acu, ach freisin leighis agus insteachtaí, toisc go bhfuil a n-aitheantas go maith as a n-aitheanta go hiontach. Tá Northern Pikes ar chuid de na hiasc uisce milis is mó a thaitníonn le h-iascairí a ghabháil mar gheall ar an dúshlán a bhaineann leis agus iad ag tabhairt aghaidh ar a n-acrobatics aeir agus bualadh le pléascáin.\nIs spórt spreagúil é iascaireacht ar phíoc i Meiriceá Thuaidh, áit nach n-itheann iascairí an ghabháil de ghnáth, ach is gnách go ndéantar píoc thuaidh a phileáil chun críche cócaireachta na hEorpa, atá tóir air go háirithe i go leor miasa Gearmáine. Tá tagairtí ann a leanann siar chomh fada leis na Rómhánaigh, ag léiriú piocanna a bhí á n-úsáid ag féilte.\nI Meiriceá, tá Pike Thuaidh ina chónaí i dtuaisceart Shasana Nua, in Oirthear Nua Eabhrac, i Minnesota agus i Ghleann Ohio, i mbosca na Lochlanna Mór agus sna stáit timpeall Nebraska agus Missouri freisin. I dtreo an tuaiscirt, tá piocanna le fáil freisin in Alasca agus i gCeanada, ach amháin i gColumbia na Breataine, áit a bhfuil siad annamh.\nTá an Pike Thuaidh ag briodáil le Muskie chun fo-speiceas Muskellunge a tháirgeadh ar a dtugtar Tiger Muskellunge (Esox masquinongy immaculatus), agus tá athrú ar an Pike Thuaidh ar a dtugtar an Pike Airgid, gorm-airgead nó airgid i dath, a thugtar air go minic mar Silver Muskellunge, a tharlaíonn i ndaonraí scaipthe, gan na sraitheanna spotaí.\nTugadh an t-ainm Pike Thuaisceart don speiceas seo tar éis a ghnáthshaol Mheiriceá Thuaidh a bheith cosúil leis an arm póiléir ar a dtugtar pike. Tá an t-iasc seo ar a dtugtar freisin mar Pike Coitinne, Snake, Pike mór Thuaisceart, Pike Mheiriceá, Jackfish, Pike na Lochlanna Móra, Grass Pike, agus Pickerel.\nTá suíomh Gréasáin ann a bhfuil faisnéis mhór aige ar an chuid is mó de speicis iasc úr. Tá sonraí ann a bhaineann le gach speiceas éisc mar áit chónaithe, líonadh, nósanna ithe, na luí is fearr agus na n-eaglaí agus go leor eile, is é an suíomh Gréasáin: Fishing Stringer, agus is féidir é a fháil ag an url seo:\nLe Robert W. Benjamin\nCóipcheart © 2007\nFéadfaidh tú an t-alt seo a fhoilsiú i do ezine, nuachtlitir ar do shuíomh gréasáin chomh fada agus a athscríobhtar é ina chuid féin agus gan mhodhnú ach amháin do riachtanais formáidithe nó ceartaithe gramadaí."} {"text": "Wed November 10, 2010\nReport details black male achievement gap\nBy LARRY ABRAMSON\nBlack male students are nearly twice as likely to drop out of high school as their white counterparts. A new study says that statistic and others call for a different approach to help black men and boys succeed.\nAs head of the Council of the Great City Schools, Mike Casserly has seen lots of depressing numbers about achievement for minority students. But he says performance for black males is shockingly low.\n\"African-American male students who were neither disabled nor poor were doing no better than white students who were disabled and/or poor,\" Casserly says.\nThe new report by the group analyzed test scores from the National Assessment of Educational Progress to get at other depressing truths about achievement for African-American men and boys. They are twice as likely as whites to be held back in elementary school, and three times as likely to be suspended from school. That trend follows black men right into adulthood: They are half as likely as white male students to graduate college in four years.\nThe council hopes these numbers will lead to a White House conference focusing on achievement for black males. But many other studies have drawn attention to this problem with few results.\nThe Schott Foundation has produced four reports on this issue over the past decade, including a recent report released in August. Michael Holzman, a consultant for Schott, says the problem is simple: Most black male students go to lousy schools.\n\"If we look at schools that are predominately black, and we look at the achievement of white kids who are in those schools, we find that the white kids don't do well either,\" Holzman says.\nThe Schott study points to New Jersey districts that have been successful in reducing the achievement gap, thanks to extra attention and extra funding brought about by a lawsuit.\nSome black leaders, however, feel that the problem goes beyond funding. Michael Wotorson of the Campaign for High School Equity says black students enter kindergarten less prepared, and that means black home life plays some role.\n\"Until we address our own culpability, we're going to be making very, very slow progress,\" Wotorson says.\nThe Council of the Great City Schools says the numbers are so bad for black male students that Congress needs to establish a special program.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22", "url": "http://ripr.org/post/report-details-black-male-achievement-gap", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928757.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00079-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9725496769, "token_count": 477, "score": 2.640625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Dé Céadaoin, 10 Samhain, 2010\nMion-scéal an tuarascála: an bhearna i gcomhlíonadh fir dubh\nAg LARRY ABRAMSON\nTá beagnach dhá oiread de seans ann go dtitfidh mic léinn dubh as an scoil ard ná a gcomhghleacaithe bána. Deir staidéar nua go n-iarrann staitisticí agus daoine eile cur chuige difriúil chun cabhrú le fir agus le buachaillí dubh a bheith rathúil.\nMar cheann Comhairle na Scoileanna Mór-Chathrach, chonaic Mike Casserly go leor uimhreacha dúshlánacha maidir le hacmhainní do mhic léinn mionlaigh. Ach deir sé go bhfuil feidhmíocht na bhfear dubh an-íseal.\n\"Ní raibh na mic léinn Afracach-Mheiriceánaigh nach raibh faoi mhíchumas ná bochta ag déanamh níos fearr ná mic léinn bána a bhí faoi mhíchumas agus / nó bochta\", a deir Casserly.\nRinne an grúpa tuarascáil nua anailís ar scóir tástála ón Measúnú Náisiúnta ar Fhorbairt Oideachais chun fírinneanna dúshlánacha eile a fháil faoi éachtaí d'fhir agus do bhuachaillí Mheiriceánach Afracach. Tá siad dhá oiread chomh dóchúil le daoine bán a bheith ar ais sa bhunscoil, agus trí huaire chomh dóchúil le bheith ar fionraí ón scoil. Tá an treocht sin ag leanúint fir dubh go díreach isteach san fástacht: Tá siad leath chomh dóchúil le mic léinn fireannacha bán céim coláiste a bhaint amach i gceann ceithre bliana.\nTá súil ag an gComhairle go dtiocfaidh na huimhreacha seo chun comhdháil sa Teach Bán ag díriú ar éachtaí d'fhir dubh. Ach tá go leor staidéir eile tar éis aird a tharraingt ar an bhfadhb seo agus níl mórán torthaí faighte acu.\nTá ceithre thuarascáil déanta ag Fondúireacht Schott ar an gceist seo le deich mbliana anuas, lena n-áirítear tuarascáil a foilsíodh le déanaí i mí Lúnasa. Deir Michael Holzman, comhairleoir do Schott, go bhfuil an fhadhb simplí: Téann an chuid is mó de na mic léinn fir dubh chuig scoileanna míshásta.\n\"Má fhéachann muid ar scoileanna ina bhfuil daoine dubha den chuid is mó, agus má fhéachann muid ar éachtaí na bpáistí bán atá sna scoileanna sin, faighimid nach ndéanann na páistí bán go maith freisin\", a deir Holzman.\nTugann staidéar Schott le ceantair New Jersey a d'éirigh leo an bhearna bainte amach a laghdú, a bhuíochas le aird bhreise agus maoiniú breise a tháinig le dlíodóir.\nAch, is dóigh le roinnt ceannairí dubh go bhfuil an fhadhb níos mó ná maoiniú. Deir Michael Wotorson den Iomaíocht ar son na n-Eaglaise go dtagann daltaí dubha isteach sa pháirc-oide níos lú ullmhaithe, agus ciallaíonn sé sin go bhfuil ról ag saol an tí dubha.\n\"Go dtí go ndéileálfaimid lenár gcúis féin, beidh dul chun cinn an-fhada á dhéanamh againn\", a deir Wotorson.\nDeir Comhairle na Scoileanna Cathrach Mór go bhfuil na huimhreacha chomh dona do mhic léinn dubh go gcaithfidh an Comhdháil clár speisialta a bhunú."} {"text": "There are numerous definition of SME – Small Medium Enterpises. Whatever the definitions are, SMEs has been the driving force of any economy and they play an important part of the development of a nation.\nThe Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Definition is as follows:\nSmall and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are non-subsidiary, independent firms which employ fewer than a given number of employees. This number varies across countries. The most frequent upper limit designating an SME is 250 employees, as in the European Union. However, some countries set the limit at 200 employees, while the United States considers SMEs to include firms with fewer than 500 employees.\nSmall firms are generally those with fewer than 50 employees, while micro-enterprises have at most 10, or in some cases 5, workers.\nFinancial assets are also used to define SMEs. In the European Union, a new definition came into force on 1 January 2005 applying to all Community acts and funding programmes as well as in the field of State aid where SMEs can be granted higher intensity of national and regional aid than large companies. The new definition provides for an increase in the financial ceilings: the turnover of medium-sized enterprises (50-249 employees) should not exceed EUR 50 million; that of small enterprises (10-49 employees) should not exceed EUR 10 million while that of micro firms (less than 10 employees) should not exceed EUR 2 million. Alternatively, balance sheets for medium, small and micro enterprises should not exceed EUR 43 million, EUR 10 million and EUR 2 million, respectively.\nOECD, 2005, OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook: 2005, OECD Paris, page 17\nStatistical Theme: Industry and services statistics\nCreated on Tuesday, December 04, 2001\nHow about Definition of SMEs around the World In Context of Asia Pacific Region as we are discussing the regions around Singapore, the definition is as follows:\n|Reference from: http://peuyeumcipatat.blogspot.sg/2013/05/pengertiankriteria-dan-klasifikasi-umkm.html|\n|Reference from: http://www.smecorp.gov.my/index.php/en/policies/2015-12-21-09-09-49/sme-definition|\n|Hong Kong||Manufacturing Less than 100 persons|\n|Non Manufacturing Less than 50 persons|\n|Reference from: https://www.tid.gov.hk/english/aboutus/publications/smes/smes04_chapter2.html|\n|Thailand||Small and Medium Enterprises include three categories:|\n|1. Manufacturing Business including industrial production, mining, agriculture production particularly agricultural processing|\n|2. Trading Businesses: wholesale, retail, import, and export|\n|3. Service Businesses: businesses supporting manufacturing, trading, Hotels and Tourist related industries, repair, transport and beauty salons, etc.|\n|Reference from: http://www.smebank.co.th/en/definitions.php|\n|Other Countries||List of Definition of SMEs around the world can be seen in general at the following link: Wikipedia.org|\nWhat About Singapore?\nThe 180,000 local SMEs make up 99% of the enterprises in Singapore and contribute to nearly half of the GDP while employing 70% of the workforce.\nSingapore Definition of SMEs: \"Company’s annual sales turnover of not more than S$100 million OR employment size not more than 200 workers\"\nReference from: Fact Sheet on SMEs\nUnderstanding about the role of SMEs in Singapore – Spring Singapore and New SME's Definition and Incentive Criteria.\nKey Resources for Singapore SMEs: SME Portal", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "url": "http://pogenv.com/sme-small-medium-enterprise-definition/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591831.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720193850-20180720213850-00186.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8516329527, "token_count": 797, "score": 3.1875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá go leor sainmhíniú ar FBManna Fiontair Bheaga Meánmhéide. Cibé an sainmhíniú atá ann, is iad FBManna fórsa tiomána aon gheilleagair agus tá ról tábhachtach acu i bhforbairt náisiúin.\nIs é seo a leanas an sainmhíniú a thug an Eagraíocht um Chomhar agus Forbairt Eacnamaíoch (ECO):\nIs gnólachtaí neamh-inmní, neamhspleácha iad fiontair bheaga agus mheánmhéide (FBManna) a fhostú níos lú ná líon áirithe fostaithe. Tá an líon seo éagsúil ó thír go tír. Is é an teorainn uachtarach is minice a ainmníonn FBM ná 250 fostaí, mar atá san Aontas Eorpach. Mar sin féin, leagann roinnt tíortha an teorainn ar 200 fostaí, agus meastar sna Stáit Aontaithe go gcuimsíonn FBManna gnólachtaí a bhfuil níos lú ná 500 fostaí iontu.\nIs gnólachtaí beaga iad go ginearálta iad siúd a bhfuil níos lú ná 50 fostaí iontu, agus tá 10 fostaí ar a mhéad, nó i gcásanna áirithe 5, ag micrifhiontair.\nÚsáidtear sócmhainní airgeadais freisin chun FBManna a shainiú. Sa Aontas Eorpach, tháinig sainmhíniú nua i bhfeidhm an 1 Eanáir 2005 a bhaineann le gníomhartha agus cláir chistiúcháin uile an Chomhphobail chomh maith le réimse na státchabhrach inar féidir le FBManna déine níos airde de chúnamh náisiúnta agus réigiúnach a dheonú ná cuideachtaí móra. Foráiltear leis an sainmhíniú nua go méadófar na huasteorainneacha airgeadais: ní bheidh láimhdeachas na fiontair mheánmhéide (50-249 fostaí) níos mó ná EUR 50 milliún; ní bheidh láimhdeachas na fiontair bheaga (10-49 fostaí) níos mó ná EUR 10 milliún agus ní bheidh láimhdeachas na micrifhiontair (níos lú ná 10 fostaí) níos mó ná EUR 2 milliún. I gcásanna eile, níor cheart go mbeadh na billí sheilfeanna do mheánfhiontair, fiontair bheaga agus fiontair mhicrea-fhiontair níos mó ná EUR 43 milliún, EUR 10 milliún agus EUR 2 milliún, faoi seach.\nOECD, 2005, OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook: 2005, OECD Paris, leathanach 17\nTéama Staidrimh: Staitisticí tionscail agus seirbhísí\nCruthaithe Dé Máirt, 4 Nollaig, 2001\nCad mar gheall ar Sainmhíniú na FBManna ar fud an domhain I gcomhthéacs réigiún na hÁise an Aigéin Chiúin mar atá muid ag plé na réigiúin timpeall Singeapór, is é an sainmhíniú mar seo a leanas:\n☐ Ní mór do na húdaráis inniúla a bheith in ann an t-eolas a chur ar fáil do na húdaráis inniúla.\n☐ Ní mór do na húdaráis inniúla a bheith in ann an t-eolas a chur ar fáil do na húdaráis inniúla agus do na húdaráis inniúla eile.\nHong Kong Cad atá á dhéanamh ag níos lú ná 100 duine cad atá á dhéanamh ag\nNí mhonarú Ní lú ná 50 duine\n☐ Ní mór don Choimisiún an t-údarás a bheith ag gabháil leis an gclár.\nTá trí chatagóir de Fhiontair Bheaga agus Meánmhéide:\nAn chéad lá. Gnó déantúsaíochta lena n-áirítear táirgeadh tionsclaíoch, mianadóireacht, táirgeadh talmhaíochta go háirithe próiseáil talmhaíochta\n2. Táim ag iarraidh Gnóthas Trádála: mórdhíola, miondíola, allmhairí, agus onnmhairí\nTrí. Gnólachtaí Seirbhíse: gnóthais a thacaíonn le déantúsaíocht, trádáil, tionscail óstáin agus tionscail a bhaineann le turasóireacht, deisiú, iompar agus salúin áilleachta, srl.\n☐ Ní mór do na Ballstáit an t-airgead a íoc go dtí go mbeidh an t-airgead sin á íoc ag an gCoimisiún.\nIs féidir liosta de shainmhíniú na FBManna ar fud an domhain a fheiceáil go ginearálta ag an nasc seo a leanas: Wikipedia.org\nCad a Dhéanfar i dtaobh Singeapór?\nIs iad na 180,000 FBM áitiúil 99% de na fiontair i Singeapór agus cuireann siad le beagnach leath an OTI agus fostaíonn siad 70% den lucht saothair.\nSainmhíniú ar FBManna: \"Tuairim díolacháin bliantúil na cuideachta nach mó ná S$100 milliún NÓ méid fostaíochta nach mó ná 200 oibrí\"\nTagann an t-alt as: Leabhrán Físe ar FBManna\nTuiscint ar ról FBManna i Singeapór Spring Singapore agus Sainmhíniú FBManna Nua agus Crithrí na Spreagadh.\nNa príomh-acmhainní do FBManna Singeapór: Tairseach FBManna"} {"text": "File Folder Activities for Autism Emotions and Feelings\nThis real-life photo set of two Emotions and Feelings File Folder Activities will grab your student's attention and keep them on task. Perfect for mastery of Social Emotional, Communication, and Academic IEP goals! There are 8 real-life images of young children presenting these emotions and feelings:\nThese two sets of differentiated learning activities give young readers the opportunity to practice short, simple sentences, \"I am...\". For those students who have not yet learned to read, symbols are included with the sentences to provide support. It is suggested that you print this activity on white card stock paper on the \"portrait\" setting on your printer. Laminate the completed file folder and answer cards for durability. Answer key is included with this activity.\nSAMPLE IEP GOAL: The student will predict how others will feel by naming the emotion corresponding to pictures.\nCopyright © AutismEducators.com. All rights reserved by author. This product is to be used by the original downloader only. Copying for more than one teacher, classroom, department, school, or school system is prohibited. This product may not be distributed or displayed digitally for public view. Failure to comply is a copyright infringement and a violation of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). Clipart and elements found in this PDF are copyrighted and cannot be extracted and used outside of this file without permission or license. Intended for classroom and personal use ONLY. See product file for clip art credits.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "url": "http://autismeducators.com/File-Folder-Activities-for-Autism-Emotions-and-Feelings-AutismEducators", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589350.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716135037-20180716155037-00270.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9319313765, "token_count": 308, "score": 3.0, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Gníomhaíochtaí Cárta Comhad do Eacnamaíochtaí agus mothúcháin Aistíce\nGlacfaidh an tacar grianghraf fíor-saoil seo de dhá Gníomhaíocht Foldóir Comhad mothúchán agus mothúchán aird do mhic léinn agus coinneoidh siad ar an tasc. Oiriúnach chun máistreacht a bhaint as spriocanna IEP Sóisialta, Eacnamaíocha, Cumarsáide agus Acadaimí! Tá 8 íomhá fíor-saoil de leanaí óga ag cur na mothúcháin agus na mothúcháin seo i láthair:\nTugann an dá shraith de ghníomhaíochtaí foghlama idirdhealaithe seo deis do léitheoirí óga seantanna gearr, simplí, \"Tá mé\"... a chleachtadh. I gcás na scoláirí nach bhfuil foghlamtha fós le léamh, tá siombailí san áireamh leis na habairtí chun tacú leo. Moltar duit an ghníomhaíocht seo a phriontáil ar pháipéar cairt bán ar an suíomh \"pictiúr\" ar do phriontálaí. Lámínigh an foldair comhlánaithe agus cártaí freagraí chun marthanacht a chinntiú. Cuirtear eochair fhreagra leis an ngníomhaíocht seo.\nTÓCLA IÁ MÓIR: Déanfaidh an mic léinn réamhamharc ar an gcaoi a mbraitheann daoine eile trí na mothúcháin a fhreagraíonn do phictiúir a ainmniú.\nCóipcheart © AutismEducators.com. Tá na cearta go léir á gcur i gcúl an údair. Ní féidir leis an íoslódálaí bunaidh an táirge seo a úsáid ach amháin. Tá cosc ar chóipeáil do níos mó ná múinteoir amháin, seomra ranga, roinn, scoil nó córas scoile. Ní féidir an táirge seo a dháileadh ná a thaispeáint go digiteach le haghaidh amharc poiblí. Is sárú cóipchirt é an neamhchomhlíonadh agus sárú ar an Acht um Chóipcheart na Mílaoise Digiteach (DMCA). Tá cóipcheart ag an clipart agus na heilimintí atá sa PDF seo agus ní féidir iad a bhaint agus a úsáid lasmuigh den chomhad seo gan cead nó ceadúnas. Ceaptha le húsáid sa seomra ranga agus le húsáid phearsanta AONLAIN. Féach ar chomhad táirge le haghaidh creidmheasanna clipart."} {"text": "Nail chronology aid dating old buildings\nNails themselves were sufficiently valuable and standardized to be used as an informal medium of exchange.\nUntil around 1800 artisans known as nailers or nailors made nails by hand – note the surname Naylor.\nToday almost all nails are manufactured from wire, but the term \"wire nail\" has come to refer to smaller nails, often available in a wider, more precise range of gauges than is typical for larger common and finish nails.\nNails were formerly made of bronze or wrought iron and were crafted by blacksmiths and nailors.\nThe Birmingham industry expanded in the following decades, and reached its greatest extent in the 1860s, after which it declined due to competition from wire nails, but continued until the outbreak of World War I. Usually coils of wire are drawn through a series of dies to reach a specific diameter, then cut into short rods that are then formed into nails.\nThe nail tip is usually cut by a blade; the head is formed by reshaping the other end of the rod under high pressure. Wire nails were also known as \"French nails\" for their country of origin.\n(Workmen called slitters cut up iron bars to a suitable size for nailers to work on.\nWhether it's floor care, landscape, building, renovating and decorating or an ... Bradder gas trim master; Framer gas impulse master; Bradder air...\nThe production of wrought-iron nails continued well into the 19th century, but ultimately was reduced to nails for purposes for which the softer cut nails were unsuitable, including horseshoe nails.\nThe slitting mill, introduced to England in 1590, simplified the production of nail rods, but the real first efforts to mechanise the nail-making process itself occurred between 17, initially in the United States and England, when various machines were invented to automate and speed up the process of making nails from bars of wrought iron.\nIn 1913, 90% of manufactured nails were wire nails.\nNails went from being rare and precious to being a cheap mass-produced commodity.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-21", "url": "https://motovelonmsk.ru/nail-chronology-aid-dating-old-buildings-3685.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988763.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20210506205251-20210506235251-00262.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.985078752, "token_count": 429, "score": 3.359375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cabhair le cróineolaíocht naíon ag dul in aois sean-fhoirgnimh\nBhí luach agus caighdeánú go leor ag na ingne féin le húsáid mar mheán neamhfhoirmiúil malairte.\nGo dtí thart ar 1800 rinne ceardaithe ar a dtugtar nailers nó nailors naíonáin de láimh tabhair faoi deara an sloinne Naylor.\nSa lá atá inniu ann déantar beagnach gach cnaipí a mhonarú ó sreang, ach tagann an téarma \"cnaipí sreang\" chun tagairt a dhéanamh do cnaipí níos lú, a fhaightear go minic i raon níos leithne, níos cruinne de mheánmhéideanna ná mar a bhíonn i gnáth-cnaipí níos mó agus críochnaithe.\nBhí naíonáin déanta roimhe seo de bhrónais nó de iarann cóirithe agus bhí siad déanta ag seamóirí agus ag seamóirí.\nMhair tionscal Birmingham sna blianta ina dhiaidh sin, agus tháinig sé ar a mhéid is mó sna 1860idí, agus ina dhiaidh sin tháinig sé i ngeall ar iomaíocht ó naíonáin sreinge, ach lean sé ar aghaidh go dtí gur thit an Chéad Chogadh Domhanda. De ghnáth, tarraingítear píopaí sreinge trí shraith de dhreamhacha chun trastomhas sonrach a bhaint amach, agus ansin gearrtar iad ina stailc ghearr a dhéantar ansin ina cnaipí.\nDe ghnáth ghearrtar an barr ingne le sciath; déantar an ceann a chruthú trí dheireadh eile an tslat a athchruthú faoi bhrú ard. Bhí clúdach sreinge ar a dtugtar \"clúdach na Fraince\" freisin mar gheall ar a dtír thionscnaimh.\n(Gan oibrithe ar a dtugtar slitters barraí iarainn a ghearradh go dtí méid oiriúnach do nailers a bheith ag obair orthu.\nCibé an bhfuil sé cúram urláir, tírdhreach, tógáil, athchóiriú agus maisiú nó ... Bradder gáis trim máistir; Máistir impulse gáis Framer; Bradder aer ...\nLean táirgeadh na n-uillinneacha cruach chrua go maith isteach sa 19ú haois, ach sa deireadh tháinig laghdú ar na uillinneacha chun críocha nach raibh na uillinneacha gearr níos boige oiriúnach dóibh, lena n-áirítear uillinneacha cas.\nAn sliotán, a tugadh isteach go Sasana i 1590, simpliú a dhéanamh ar an táirgeadh na naíonáin, ach an chéad iarrachtaí fíor a mheicniú an phróiseas nail-making féin tharla idir 17, ar dtús sna Stáit Aontaithe agus i Sasana, nuair a bhí meaisíní éagsúla a cheapadh chun uathoibriú agus luas a chur ar an bpróiseas naíonáin a dhéanamh ó barraí de iarann forbraithe.\nSa bhliain 1913, bhí 90% de na nead déanta de na nead sreinge.\nD'athraigh na ingne ó bheith annamh agus luachmhar go raibh siad ina n-earraí saor a tháirgtear go mór."} {"text": "2011 Summer Curriculum Development Workshop June 19-22, 2011\nViolence Overload? Promoting Sensitivity to Human Suffering: the Case of Bosnia\nCurricula Developed during the Workshop\n- These curricula were designed to be used within 9-12 and Community College courses. Additionally the curricula can serve as supplemental materials for collegiate survey courses.\n- Assessing and Defining Responsibility in the Balkans (Questionnaire) PDF\n- To Understand the Unthinkable (Power Point Presentation) PDF\n- Genocide and International Law (Power Point Presentation) PDF\n- International Law and the Bosnian War (Power Point Presentation) PDF\nAdditional resources are available upon request.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-27", "url": "http://www.reeec.illinois.edu/teachers/curriculum/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375095671.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031815-00064-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8390644193, "token_count": 141, "score": 2.65625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Seimineár um Fhorbairt Churaclaim Samhraidh 2011 Meitheamh 19-22, 2011\nAn Tromlach Fhoréigin? An Chéim a Chur chun Móra: An Chás na Boisnia\nCúrsacha a Forbraíodh le linn na Seimineár\n- Bhí na curaclaim seo deartha le húsáid i gcúrsaí 9-12 agus i gcúrsaí na gColáiste Pobail. Ina theannta sin, is féidir leis na cúrsaí curricula a bheith ina ábhar forlíontach do chúrsaí suirbhé coláisteacha.\n- Measúnú agus Sainmhíniú Freagrachta sna Balcáin (Ceistineoir) PDF\n- Chun an Neamh-in-chomhcheap a Thuiscint (Tagartha PowerPoint) PDF\n- Ghuineasacht agus an Dlí Idirnáisiúnta (Tagartha PowerPoint) PDF\n- An Dlí Idirnáisiúnta agus an Cogadh sa Bhoisnia (Tagartha PowerPoint) PDF\nTá acmhainní breise ar fáil ar iarratas."} {"text": "|Home | About | Journals | Submit | Contact Us | Français|\nLong-term storage of biological materials is a critical component of any epidemiological study. In designing specimen repositories, efforts need to balance future needs for samples with logistical constraints necessary to process and store samples in a timely fashion.\nIn the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa), the Biobank was charged with long-term storage of more than 380,000 biological samples from pregnant women, their partners and their children for up to 100 years.\nBiological specimens include whole blood, plasma, DNA and urine; samples are collected at 50 hospitals in Norway. All samples are sent via ordinary mail to the Biobank in Oslo where the samples are registered, aliquoted and DNA extracted. DNA is stored at −20 °C while whole blood, urine and plasma are stored at − 80 °C.\nAs of July 2006, over 227,000 sample sets have been collected, processed and stored at the Biobank. Currently 250–300 sets are received daily. An important part of the Biobank is the quality control program.\nWith the unique combination of biological specimens and questionnaire data, the MoBa Study will constitute a resource for many future investigations of the separate and combined effects of genetic, environmental factors on pregnancy outcome and on human morbidity, mortality and health in general.\nCollection and long-term storage of biological specimens are becoming an integral part of many human studies . When designing longitudinal studies with biological specimens, researchers are faced with the question of how to perform sampling and store a vast number of samples in a way that allows the greatest number of analytical options in the future [1–4]. Issues of cost, feasibility, sample size and volume, sample processing, storage and retrieval of samples all contribute to the decisions that affect the scientific questions.\nThe Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) is a prospective birth cohort enrolling pregnant women throughout Norway from 1999–2008. Biological material is to be collected from women in 100,000 pregnancies. In addition cord blood from their newborn infants and samples from 80,000 fathers may result in more than 380,000 unique sample sets for long-term storage. In addition to biological materials, detailed questionnaire data are collected during pregnancy and as the child ages. Additional health outcome information is available through linkage to Norwegian national health registries.\nThe overall aim is to study the effects of genetic and environmental factors on pregnancy outcomes and later health of the children as well as the parents. The study includes collection of questionnaires and registry information, and aims at having DNA for all participants as well as biological samples from pregnant women to assess environmental exposures. With this unique combination of biological specimens, DNA, and questionnaire data, the MoBa Study will constitute a resource for many future investigations of the effects of genetic and environmental factors on pregnancy outcome and on human morbidity, mortality and health in general. Here we present the chosen methods for sampling of biological material, sample processing, storage, and retrieval.\nThe target population consists of all women who give birth in Norway. The study is described in detail elsewhere . Briefly, pregnant women and their partners are recruited by mail prior to their ultrasound appointment at 17th week’s gestation; 99% of pregnant women in Norway have routine ultrasounds. Direct participation contact occurs at the ultrasound appointment and at delivery. The opportunity for collection of biological material exists only on these occasions. Table 1 shows the progression of the study enrolment over time; currently 50 of 52 hospitals that perform deliveries in Norway are participating.\nBiological specimens are collected from the mothers at 17–18 weeks of gestation and at the time of delivery. Blood samples from the fathers are collected at the ultrasound appointment; recruitment of fathers began in 2000. Cord blood samples are drawn at delivery or, if cord blood is unavailable, a capillary sample from the newborn child is collected at the time of phenylketonuria (PKU) screening (3–4 days after birth). Over the course of the study, the specimens collected have changed as research interests have grown. Figure 1 presents a timeline of the specimen collection activities.\nInitially, only two 7-ml EDTA tubes (Becton-Dickinson (BD), Plymouth, UK) were drawn from women at the ultrasound appointment. One of the EDTA tubes is spun following sample collection in the hospital laboratory and plasma is pulled o3 before shipping; the other is shipped in the vacutainer directly to the Biobank. In 2002, based on particular interests in environmental toxins, the sample set was extended to include an additional 7-ml anticoagulant tube for plasma analysis and one plastic 3-ml EDTA tube (BD, Plymouth, UK) of blood for trace metal analysis. Additionally, 8-ml of urine is collected in a urine cup and transferred to a urine transport tube. (Becton-Dickinson (BD), Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). Urine was initially shipped in tubes without bacterostatic additive (BD, Plymouth, UK), but most of the urine samples showed bacterial growth upon receipt in the Biobank. We therefore tested the impact of urine preservation methods on potential environmental analyses of interest (e.g., phthalates, bisphenol A) . As a result of this evaluation we changed the protocol in 2003 to ship urine samples in tubes with chlorhexidine (UAP Vacutainers, BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). From fathers, the umbilical cord and mothers one day after delivery two 7-ml EDTA tubes are drawn.\nSamples are shipped overnight from hospital laboratories to the Biobank. A majority of samples are received the day after collection. Samples are processed the day of receipt. A specially designed computer program (The Mother–Child program) supports all processing at the Biobank. This Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) controls all steps where sample identity can be mixed-up, e.g. transfer of samples from one tube to another. Specimen tubes from hospitals are labelled with the woman’s name and national identity number; upon registration in the Biobank the sample sets get a unique Biobank ID which is linked to the MoBa participant ID for this pregnancy. At registration the LIMS records maternal ID, date of sampling, date of receipt, collection hospital, and sample status at arrival (e.g., incomplete volume, haemolysed, coagulated). Bar codes with the unique Biobank identifier are automatically printed for further sample processing. Our LIMS also stores locations for all aliquots for each Biobank ID (which freezer, rack, plate, and position on the 96 well plate). Access to the Mother-Child program is highly restricted, and a tape back-up of the database is made each night and stored in a fire-protected area.\nWhole blood is aliquoted into two polypropylene deep-well plates (930 μl in each, ABgene, Surrey, UK). For the plasma pulled off at the hospital laboratories before shipment, a total of 1.8-ml is aliquoted onto 6 different polypropylene microtitre plates (300 μl each, ABgene, Surrey, UK) using Tecan pipetting robots (three Genesis RSP 200 and one Freedom Evo, Tecan Ltd, Männedorf, Switzerland). The plates are sealed with heat-sealing foil sheets (Easy Peel, ABgene, Surrey, UK). Maternal plasma collected for environmental analyses is spun at the Biobank and aliquoted into individually labelled vials on three Matrix™ plates (TrackMates tubes, Hudson, NH, individual nanobar code; e.g. 2D bar code on each tube, 930 μl in each). Urine is divided into 930 μl aliquots on six Matrix plates.\nThe 930 μl volume was selected because this is the maximum efficient volume for the Tecan machine; larger volumes require a much greater aliquoting time and thus all samples are stored in 930 μl or smaller volumes. DNA is extracted manually using the FlexiGene kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Quality control is performed on all DNA samples using a spectrophotometer (Spectramax 190, Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA) where optical density (OD) is tested in triplicates. Stringent parameters must be adhered to for DNA to be accepted. These parameters include a DNA purity of 1.6–2.0 260/280 ratio, a DNA concentration in excess of 20 ng/μl, and OD at zero for the negative control included in each batch of 24 samples (e.g. extracted at the same time). All indications of quality outside the requirement are marked in our LIMS. The DNA concentrations are subsequently normalised to 100-ng/μl using a Tecan pipetting (Generis 2000, Ma¨ nnedorf, Switzerland) robot; which also tracks the amount of DNA aspirated throughout the process. DNA normalisation is based on four different computer programs that communicate with each other (Softmax Pro 3.0 for the spectrophotometer, Gemini for the Tecan machine, MCS (specially made for communication between Softmax Pro 3.0 and Gemini). DNA is then aliquoted into four to ten 1.4-ml deep-well plates (930 μl in each) dependent on the DNA yield, the volume in each well which is not totally filled is calculated and recorded, and the file from the Gemini program of the Tecan robot is imported to the Mother–Child program.\nDNA is stored at −20 °C while whole blood, urine and plasma are stored at −80 °C. Plates containing aliquots from the same sample are stored in two different chest freezers. The 3-ml EDTA tube for metal analysis is stored at −20 °C. All freezers are connected to an external alarm system, and temperatures are logged routinely. An emergency electrical system is connected to all freezers to provide backup power.\nWe plan to retrieve specified samples using automated equipment for all samples stored in the 96-well format. Study investigators will identify subjects and samples of interest; these personal identification numbers will be linked to the encrypted Biobank IDs and pull lists will be generated. Once the samples to be retrieved are identified, the retrieval file from the Mother–Child program will be transferred to a MultiPROBE II robot (Perkin Elmer, Wellesley, MA). Up to 100 plates are loaded into the MultiPROBE II robot for automatic retrieval and transfer to a delivery plate. The retrieved volume from a certain position is tracked in the Mother–Child program.\nConduct of such a large study over such a long period of time requires a comprehensive quality assurance program to ensure the ability to track changes over time. In addition to standard operating procedures (SOPs) which are constantly updated, the Biobank is being ISO-certified (ISO 9001). As part of the QA, we keep five samples from each lot of materials used in the study; this includes vacutainers, pipettes, tips and plates. Because a majority of sample collection and processing occurs at the 50 hospitals, annually we conduct a written survey of all hospitals involved to assess collection, processing, and storage procedures in order to identify variations in protocols throughout the study period. We are conducting an evaluation of changes in different markers in plasma and urine during repeatedly freeze-thaw cycles and long-term storage. Sodium, cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, vitamin E and aspartic aminotransferase were analysed in plasma while sodium and creatinine were analysed in urine ; results will be presented in a future manuscript.\nAs of July 07, 2006, a total of 227,510 sample sets have been received, processed and stored at the Biobank (representing 68,385 pregnancies, 47,663 fathers and 57,573 children). The tubes, the shipment, as well as the processing and storage are shown in Figure 2, illustrated by the sample set from mothers at 17th–18th week of pregnancy. The number of received sample sets and sample types are shown in Table 2. Currently, 250–300 sample sets are received and processed daily by 14 full-time technicians.\nThe QA/QC program is ongoing and will be incorporated into analyses using the biological specimens. This information will facilitate investigators’ decisions regarding what samples to use for a specific analysis; for example, if the analyte is stable over multiple freeze thaw cycles, it will be less critical which aliquot to select than if the analyte is changed as a result of thawing and refreezing.\nIn determining the logistics of a biological specimen repository, issues of optimal processing and storage of samples need to be balanced by the cost and feasibility of these methods.\nKey factors that affect the stability of biological samples include anticoagulants, stabilising agents, temperature, elapsed time from collection to initial processing and endogenous degrading properties (enzymes, cell death) [1–4]. The effects of each of these on known factors have been carefully considered together with the simplest logistics and lowest costs. EDTA works well for DNA-based assays; citrate stabilised blood gives a higher yield of lymphocytes for culture, while heparin is the anticoagulant usually used for immediate analysis and is regarded as the best for trace element analysis. Since MoBa never planned to isolate lymphocytes or perform Epstein-Barr virus transformation of peripheral mononuclear cells, EDTA was chosen as the anticoagulant. Citrate has been regarded as the only anticoagulant for analysis of coagulation factors, but recently a new enzyme immunoassay for measuring immunologically intact fibrinogen in EDTA samples has been developed . To make the procedure for blood sampling as easy and standardised as possible we ended up collecting only EDTA tubes for whole blood, plasma and DNA. Another large cohort study collecting biological specimens, the UK Biobank study, will also be using EDTA plasma for almost all analytes (UK Biobank www.ukbiobank.ac.uk, see Sample Handling and Storage subgroup protocol and recommendations, Appendix 3).\nThe temperature of the sample during transport is a critical factor in ensuring integrity and flexibility in future analysis [1–4]. The appropriate temperature depends on the biomolecules of interest and, ideally, the MoBa Biobank would need to take into account the temperature requirements for the stability of each biomarker. This was not feasible, partly due to the extra work it would require of the hospital laboratory personnel and partly because of the increased postage costs to ship on ice. MoBa samples are therefore sent by ordinary mail, as is also the case for many blood samples for clinical testing in Norway and elsewhere. In our freeze-thaw program, samples were tested before freezing and then each time for 30 individual freeze-thaw cycles for six analytes. The biggest difference in test levels was found between the test before freezing and after the first thawing. This will be true for all samples in the Biobank, because all analysis will be performed after at least one thawing.\nMany archives of biological material store whole blood and extract DNA later based on a nested case-control design . Because many outcomes in the MoBa study are anticipated to occur soon after enrolment (e.g., pregnancy outcomes), it was a priority to extract DNA from all samples at time of collection, even though the cost of this option was high. To facilitate DNA sample delivery, DNA concentration adjustment is also performed at the time of extraction. Thus, retrieval only has to consider volume to determine the amount of required DNA. Commercial companies use this strategy as well [9, 10].\nMicrotitre plates, although facilitating storage (both costs and space), may result in challenges because each time a certain sample is required, all the 95 other samples on that plate will be thawed as well. It was therefore decided as part of the collaborative project with National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences to store maternal plasma also on Matrix plates. The cost per sample is approximately 10 times higher compared to microtitre plates (1.8 compared to 0.15 US $), but allows the flexibility of being able to retrieve individual vials still working within the 96-well format allowing for automated aliquoting of samples.\nAs of July 7, 2006, a total number of 227,510 sample sets are registered and processed at the Biobank. We continue to receive 1200–1300 sample sets per week (five working days) and will soon begin retrieving samples for nested case-control studies. Researchers who would like to collaborate on specific research questions should consult the “guidelines for access to data” published on the website of NIPH (www.fhi.no/tema/morogbarn). Managing such diverse activities present challenges for the Biobank, but given the forethought in the sample collection activities, analysts should be able to take full advantage of this resource to explore the factors associated with successful pregnancy out-come and health among Norwegian families.\nThe Biobank of the MoBa study is supported by NIH/NIEHS (grant no. N01-ES-85433), NIH/NINDS (Autism Birth Cohort U01 NS 047537), EU/EARNEST (grant no. 007036), Norwegian Research Council/FUGE (grant no. 151918/S10) and the Norwegian Government. We thank the International Advisory Committee: Elaine Gunter, Richard Jones, Mads Melbye, Egil Jellum, and Anne-Lise Børresen-Dale for their helpful advice for design and logistics of the Biobank, the MoBa group in Bergen for recruitment and tracking of study participants, and all the laboratory technicians at the Biobank for their efforts.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-27", "url": "http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc/articles/PMC1820840/?lang=en-ca", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375093400.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031813-00028-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9327312708, "token_count": 3711, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": " Baile Maidir le Journal Submit Contact Us Fraincis \nIs cuid ríthábhachtach d'aon staidéar eitinnsciolaíoch é stóráil fhadtéarmach ábhair bhitheolaíocha. Agus stórálacha samplaí á dtionscadal, ní mór iarrachtaí a dhéanamh chun riachtanais sa todhchaí a chothromú le haghaidh samplaí le srianta loighisticeacha is gá chun samplaí a phróiseáil agus a stóráil go tráthúil.\nSa Staidéar Comhorta Máthar agus Leanaí na hIorua (MoBa), cuireadh an t-ioncam ar an mBiabhanc stóráil fhadtéarmach níos mó ná 380,000 sampla bitheolaíoch ó mhná torracha, a gcomhpháirtithe agus a gcuid leanaí ar feadh suas le 100 bliain.\nÁirítear ar na samplaí bitheolaíocha an fhuil iomlán, an phlasma, an DNA agus an t-uisce; bailítear samplaí in 50 ospidéal sa Iorua. Seoltar na samplaí go léir trí ghnáthphost chuig an mBiabhanc in Oslo áit a ndéantar na samplaí a chlárú, a aicíocáil agus a bhaint as DNA. Stóráiltear DNA ag -20 °C agus stóráiltear fuil iomlán, fual agus plasma ag -80 °C.\nFaoi Iúil 2006, bailíodh, próiseáladh agus stóráladh níos mó ná 227,000 tacar samplaí sa Bhiabhanc. Faoi láthair, faightear 250-300 seata in aghaidh an lae. Is cuid thábhachtach den Bhia-Bainc an clár um rialú cáilíochta.\nLeis an meascán uathúil de speiceas bitheolaíoch agus sonraí ceistneora, is acmhainn é Staidéar MoBa do go leor imscrúduithe amach anseo ar éifeachtaí ar leithligh agus chomhcheangailte fachtóirí géiniteacha agus comhshaoil ar thoradh toirchis agus ar ionfhabhtacht, ar bháis agus ar shláinte an duine i gcoitinne.\nTá bailiú agus stóráil fadtéarmach speiceam bitheolaíocha ag éirí mar chuid dhílis de go leor staidéir daonna . Nuair a dhéantar staidéir fhadtéarmacha a dhearadh le samplaí bitheolaíocha, bíonn ceist os comhair taighdeoirí maidir le conas samplaí a thógáil agus líon mór samplaí a stóráil ar bhealach a cheadaíonn an líon is mó roghanna anailíse sa todhchaí [14]. Cuidíonn saincheisteanna a bhaineann le costas, indéantacht, méid agus toiliú sampla, próiseáil sampla, stóráil agus aisghabháil samplaí le cinntí a théann i bhfeidhm ar na ceisteanna eolaíocha.\nIs éard atá i Staidéar Cohort Máthar agus Leanaí na hIorua (MoBa) ná cohorta breithe ionchasach a chláraigh mná torracha ar fud na hIorua ó 19992008. Tá ábhar bitheolaíoch le bailiú ó mhná i 100,000 toirchis. Ina theannta sin, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh níos mó ná 380,000 tacar samplaí uathúil le stóráil fadtéarmach mar thoradh ar fhuil cordal ó na leanaí nuabheirthe agus ar shamplaí ó 80,000 athair. Chomh maith le hábhair bhitheolaíocha, bailítear sonraí mionsonraithe ar cheistneoir le linn toirchis agus de réir mar a théann an leanbh in aois. Tá faisnéis bhreise maidir le torthaí sláinte ar fáil trí nasc le cláir náisiúnta sláinte na hIorua.\nIs é an aidhm foriomlán ná staidéar a dhéanamh ar na héifeachtaí a bhíonn ag fachtóirí géiniteacha agus comhshaoil ar thorthaí toirchis agus ar shláinte níos déanaí na leanaí chomh maith leis na tuismitheoirí. Áirítear leis an staidéar suirbhéanna agus faisnéis chlár a bhailiú, agus tá sé mar aidhm aige DNA a bheith aige do gach rannpháirtí chomh maith le samplaí bitheolaíocha ó mhná torracha chun nochtadh comhshaoil a mheas. Leis an meascán uathúil seo de speiceas bitheolaíoch, DNA, agus sonraí ceistneora, is acmhainn é Staidéar MoBa do go leor imscrúduithe amach anseo ar éifeachtaí fachtóirí géiniteacha agus comhshaoil ar thoradh toirchis agus ar ionfhabhtacht, ar bháis agus ar shláinte an duine i gcoitinne. Tá sé beartaithe go ndéanfar an t-ábhar a bhailiú agus a stóráil go comhleanúnach.\nIs éard atá sa daonra spriocdhírithe na mná go léir a thugann breith sa Iorua. Déantar cur síos mionsonraithe ar an staidéar in áit eile . Go hachomair, earcaítear mná torracha agus a gcomhpháirtithe trí phost roimh an gceapachán ultrafhuaime a bheidh acu ag an 17ú seachtain de toirchis; 99% de mhná torracha sa Iorua a bhfuil ultrafhuaime gnáth. Tarlaíonn teagmháil rannpháirtíochta dhíreach ag an gceapachán ultrafhuaime agus ag an bhreith. Ní féidir ábhar bitheolaíoch a bhailiú ach amháin sna cásanna seo. Taispeánann tábla 1 dul chun cinn na cláraithe san staidéar thar am; faoi láthair tá 50 os cionn 52 ospidéal a dhéanann seachadadh sa Iorua ag glacadh páirt.\nTógtar samplaí bitheolaíocha ó na máithreacha ag 17-18 seachtaine de mheáchain agus ag an am a sheoltar iad. Tógtar samplaí fola ó na tuismitheoirí ag an gceapachán le haghaidh ultrafhuaime; thosaigh earcú na n-aithreacha sa bhliain 2000. Tógtar samplaí fola cordón ag an bhreith nó, mura bhfuil fola cordón ar fáil, baintear sampla capillaire ón leanbh nuabheirthe tráth sgríobhtha phenylketonuria (PKU) (3~4 lá tar éis an bhreith). Le linn na staidéir, tá na samplaí a bailíodh tar éis athrú de réir mar a d'fhás spéis taighde. Léirítear i bhfigiúr 1 amlíne na ngníomhaíochtaí bailiúcháin samplaí.\nAr dtús, níor tógadh ach dhá thús EDTA 7-ml (Becton-Dickinson (BD), Plymouth, an Ríocht Aontaithe) ó mhná ag an gceapachán ultrafhuaime. Déantar ceann de na feadáin EDTA a fhliú tar éis sampla a bhailiú sa saotharlann ospidéil agus tarraingtear plasma ó 3 sula gcuirtear ar loingsiú é; cuirtear an ceann eile ar loingsiú sa vacsaínéir go díreach chuig an mBiabhanc. I 2002, bunaithe ar leasanna áirithe i tocsainí comhshaoil, leathnaíodh an tacar samplaí chun feadán 7 ml frith-chruthaitheach breise a chur san áireamh le haghaidh anailíse plaismí agus feadán plaisteach 3 ml EDTA (BD, Plymouth, an Ríocht Aontaithe) fola le haghaidh anailíse miotail rian. Ina theannta sin, bailítear 8 ml d'fhual i gcúigfhual fual agus aistrítear é chuig feadán iompair fual. (Becton-Dickinson (BD), Franklin Lakes, NJ, SAM). Cuireadh an t-uisce ar shiúl i dtúbacha gan breiseán baictéarostatach (BD, Plymouth, an Ríocht Aontaithe) ar dtús, ach léirigh formhór na samplaí úire fás baictéarach nuair a fuarthas iad sa Biobank. Dá bhrí sin, rinneamar tástáil ar thionchar modhanna caomhnaithe an fhliuch ar anailíseacha comhshaoil féideartha a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina spéis (m.sh., phthalates, bisphenol A). Mar thoradh ar an meastóireacht seo, d'athraigh muid an prótacal i 2003 chun samplaí fuála a sheoladh i mbróga le clóirheicsidín (UAP Vacutainers, BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ, SAM). Tógtar dhá thús EDTA 7 ml ó na tuismitheoirí, an cordon umbilical agus ó na máithreacha lá amháin tar éis an tsoláthair.\nSeoltar samplaí thar oíche ó saotharlanna ospidéil go dtí an Biobank. Fógraíonn an Coimisiún an méid seo a leanas: Déantar próisis a phróiseáil an lá a fhaightear iad. Tacaíonn clár ríomhaire atá deartha go speisialta (an clár Mother Child) leis an bpróiseáil go léir sa Bhibhiobanc. Rialaíonn an Córas Bainistíochta Faisnéise Saotharlainne (LIMS) seo gach céim ina bhféadfaí aitheantas an tsampála a mheascadh, e.g. aistrithe samplaí ó thús amháin go dtí an ceann eile. Tá an t-ainm agus an uimhir náisiúnta aitheantais náisiúnta ar na tiúbanna samplaí ó ospidéil; nuair a chláraítear iad sa Bhiabhanc faigheann na tacar samplaí ID Biobhanc uathúil atá nasctha le ID rannpháirtí MoBa don toirchis seo. Ag an gclárú, taifeadann an LIMS aitheantas na máthar, dáta an bharánta, dáta an fhaighte, ospidéal na bailiúcháin, agus stádas an bharánta ar an bhfáil (e.g., toiliú neamhchríochnaithe, hemolysed, coagulated). Tá cóid bhrabhs le hiontrálaí uathúil an Bhia-Bainc á phriontáil go huathoibríoch chun próiseáil bhreise a dhéanamh ar an sampla. Coinníonn ár LIMS áiteanna freisin do gach aliquot do gach ID Biobank (an reoiteoir, an raca, an pláta, agus an seasamh ar an pláta 96 tobar). Tá rochtain ar an gclár Máthair-Leanbh an-teoranta, agus déantar cúltaca téip den bhunachar sonraí gach oíche agus stóráiltear é i limistéar cosanta dóiteáin.\nCuirtear an fhuil iomlán i dhá phláta polypropylene (930 μl i ngach ceann, ABgene, Surrey, RA). Maidir leis an plasma a tharraingtear amach sna saotharlanna ospidéil roimh an loingsiú, déantar 1. 8 ml san iomlán a aliquotáil ar 6 pláta microtitre éagsúla polypropylene (300 μl gach ceann, ABgene, Surrey, UK) ag baint úsáide as róbataí pipettála Tecan (trí Genesis RSP 200 agus ceann amháin Freedom Evo, Tecan Ltd, Männedorf, an Eilvéis). Tá na plátaí séalaithe le bileoga fóil sealaithe teasa (Easy Peel, ABgene, Surrey, UK). Déantar plasma máthar a bhailítear le haghaidh anailíseanna comhshaoil a threorú sa Biobank agus a aliquotáil i vials lipéadaithe ar leith ar thrí phláta MatrixTM (tubaí TrackMates, Hudson, NH, cód nanobar aonair; e.g. Cód barra 2D ar gach feadán, 930 μl i ngach ceann). Déantar an t-uisce a roinnt ina 930 μl aliquots ar sé phláta Matrix.\nRoghnaíodh an toirte 930 μl toisc gurb é seo an toirte is éifeachtaí don mheaisín Tecan; ní mór toirteanna níos mó a bheith i bhfad níos faide agus dá bhrí sin stóráiltear na samplaí go léir i toirteanna 930 μl nó níos lú. Déantar DNA a bhaint de láimh ag baint úsáide as an trealamh FlexiGene (Qiagen, Hilden, an Ghearmáin). Déantar rialú cáilíochta ar gach sampla DNA trí speictrófotóiméadar a úsáid (Spectramax 190, Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA) áit a ndéantar dlúthracht optúil (OD) a thástáil i dtrí dhúbailte. Ní mór cloí le paraiméadair dian chun DNA a ghlacadh. I gcás na n-earraí a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a scagadh, ba cheart an t-ábhar a scagadh go díreach agus a scagadh go díreach. a bhaint ag an am céanna). Tá gach léiriú ar cháilíocht lasmuigh den riachtanas marcáilte inár LIMS. Déantar na tiúchan DNA a normalú ina dhiaidh sin go 100 ng/μl ag baint úsáide as robot pipéadaithe Tecan (Generis 2000, Mannedorf, an Eilvéis); a rianálann an méid DNA a chuirtear isteach i rith an phróisis. Tá gnáthoibriú DNA bunaithe ar cheithre chlár ríomhaireachta éagsúla a dhéanann cumarsáid lena chéile (Softmax Pro 3.0 don speictramaitéar, Gemini don meaisín Tecan, MCS (a rinneadh go speisialta le haghaidh cumarsáide idir Softmax Pro 3.0 agus Gemini). Ansin déantar an DNA a aicíocú i gceithre go deich plátaí domhain 1.4 ml (930 μl i ngach ceann) ag brath ar an toradh DNA, ríomhtar agus taifeadtar an toirte i ngach tobar nach bhfuil líonta go hiomlán, agus déantar an comhad ó chlár Gemini an róbata Tecan a allmhairiú chuig an gclár Mother Child.\nStóráiltear DNA ag -20 °C agus fola iomlán, fual agus plasma ag -80 °C. Tá plátaí ina bhfuil aliquots ón sampla céanna stóráilte i dhá fhuíreaséir chistin éagsúla. Coinnítear an feadán EDTA 3-ml le haghaidh anailíse miotail ag -20 °C. Tá na fuíleáin go léir nasctha le córas aláraim sheachtrach, agus déantar teochtaí a chlárú go rialta. Tá córas leictreach éigeandála ceangailte leis na fuíleoirí go léir chun cumhacht cúltaca a sholáthar.\nTá sé beartaithe againn samplaí sonraithe a aisghabháil ag baint úsáide as trealamh uathoibrithe do gach sampla a stóráiltear i bhformáid 96-poill. Déanfaidh imscrúdaitheoirí an staidéir ábhair agus samplaí spéise a shainaithint; déanfar na huimhreacha aitheantais phearsanta seo a nascadh leis na hÍdithe criptithe Biobank agus déanfar liostaí tarraingthe a ghiniúint. Nuair a bheidh na samplaí le fáil amach aitheanta, aistrítear an comhad faighte ón gclár MotherChild chuig róbata MultiPROBE II (Perkin Elmer, Wellesley, MA). Cuirtear suas le 100 pláta isteach sa róbót MultiPROBE II chun iad a aisghabháil go huathoibríoch agus a aistriú chuig pláta seachadta. Déantar an toirte a fhaightear ó shuíomh áirithe a rianú sa chlár MotherChild.\nChun staidéar chomh mór sin a dhéanamh thar thréimhse chomh fada ama, teastaíonn clár cuimsitheach um chinntiú cáilíochta chun a chinntiú go mbeidh sé indéanta athruithe a rianú thar am. Chomh maith le gnáthnós imeachta oibriúcháin (SOPanna) a nuashonraítear go leanúnach, tá an Biobank á deimhniú ag ISO (ISO 9001). Mar chuid den QA, coinnímid cúig sampla ó gach bailiúchán ábhair a úsáidtear sa staidéar; áirítear leis seo vacsaineoirí, pipéidí, barr agus plátaí. Ós rud é go dtarlaíonn formhór na bailiúcháin agus na próiseála samplaí sna 50 ospidéal, déanaimid suirbhé i scríbhinn gach bliain ar na hoispidéil uile a bhfuil baint acu leis chun nósanna imeachta bailiúcháin, próiseála agus stórála a mheas d'fhonn athruithe i bprótacail a aithint le linn thréimhse an staidéir. Tá meastóireacht á déanamh againn ar athruithe i marcóirí éagsúla i plasma agus i dtrácht le linn timthriallta athfhriotaithe reo-díthe agus stórála fadtéarmach. Rinneadh anailís ar an natrium, ar an chholesterol, ar na tríghlicrídí, ar na haigéid shailleacha saorga, ar vitimín E agus ar an aminotransféarás aspartach sa phlasma agus rinneadh anailís ar an natrium agus ar an gcreatínín san fhliuch; cuirfear na torthaí i láthair i lámhscríbhinn amach anseo.\nFaoi an 7 Iúil 2006, fuair, próiseáil agus stóráil 227,510 tacar samplaí san iomlán ag an mBiabhanc (a léiríonn 68,385 toirchis, 47,663 athair agus 57,573 leanbh). Taispeántar na feadáin, an loingsiú, chomh maith leis an bpróiseáil agus an stóráil i bhFigiúr 2, léirítear iad leis an sampla a bhailíodh ó mháithreacha ag an 17ú-18ú seachtain de thráthnóna. Tá líon na sraitheanna samplaí a fuarthas agus cineálacha samplaí le feiceáil i dTábla 2. Faoi láthair, glactar 250300 seata samplaí agus déantar iad a phróiseáil go laethúil ag 14 theicnigeach lánaimseartha.\nTá an clár QA/QC ar siúl agus cuirfear é san áireamh i anailíseanna ag baint úsáide as na samplaí bitheolaíocha. Éascaíonn an fhaisnéis seo cinntí imscrúdaitheoirí maidir le cad samplaí a úsáid le haghaidh anailíse sonrach; mar shampla, má tá an t-anailís cobhsaí thar timthriallta éagsúla reoite, beidh sé níos lú criticiúla a roghnú a bhfuil aliquot ná má athraítear an t-anailís mar thoradh ar dhíscaoileadh agus athchreosadh.\nAgus loighistic stórála samplaí bitheolaíocha á chinneadh, ní mór saincheisteanna próiseála agus stórála samplaí is fearr a chothromú le costas agus indéantacht na modhanna sin.\nI measc na príomhfhachtóirí a dhéanann difear do chobhsaíocht na samplaí bitheolaíocha tá frith-ghrádaithe, gníomhairí cobhsaíochta, teocht, an t-am a rith ó bhailiú go próiseáil tosaigh agus airíonna díghrádú endogenacha (aingsaimí, bás cealla) [14]. Rinneadh machnamh cúramach ar na héifeachtaí a bhí ag gach ceann acu ar fhachtóirí ar a dtugtar, mar aon leis an lóistíocht is simplí agus na costais is ísle. Oibríonn EDTA go maith le haghaidh tástálacha DNA-bhunaithe; tugann fuil cithite a chobhsaíodh le citrate toradh níos airde de lymphocytes le haghaidh cultúir, agus is é heparin an anticoagulant a úsáidtear de ghnáth le haghaidh anailíse láithreach agus meastar gurb é an ceann is fearr le haghaidh anailíse eilimintí rian. Ós rud é nach raibh sé beartaithe ag MoBa liamhfosaití a leithdháileadh nó athrú víreas Epstein-Barr a dhéanamh ar chealla mononuclear imeallach, roghnaíodh EDTA mar an anticoagulant. Meastar gur é cithráit an t-aon anticoagulant chun anailís a dhéanamh ar fhachtóirí cóigilte, ach le déanaí forbraíodh imdhíon-imhionsamhlaíocht einsím nua chun fibrinogen neamhchlaonta go hinimníúil a thomhas i samplaí EDTA . Chun an nós imeachta chun samplaí fola a dhéanamh chomh simplí agus chomh caighdeánaithe agus is féidir, ní bhaineamar ach feadáin EDTA a bhailiú le haghaidh fola iomlán, plasma agus DNA. Úsáidfear plaisime EDTA freisin i staidéar mór cohorta eile a bhailíonn samplaí bitheolaíocha, staidéar Biobank na Ríochta Aontaithe, le haghaidh beagnach gach anailít (Biobank na Ríochta Aontaithe www.ukbiobank.ac.uk, féach Prótacal agus moltaí fo-ghrúpaí um Láimhseáil agus Stóráil Samhla, Leas-leathanach 3).\nTá an teocht an sampla le linn iompair ina fhachtóir ríthábhachtach chun sláine agus solúbthacht a chinntiú i anailís amach anseo [14]. Braitheann an teocht oiriúnach ar na bithmhóilíní is ábhar spéise agus, go hidéalach, bheadh ar an mBiabhanc MoBa riachtanais an teocht a chur san áireamh le haghaidh cobhsaíocht gach bithmharcóir. Ní raibh sé seo indéanta, go páirteach mar gheall ar an obair bhreise a bheadh ag teastáil ó phearsanra saotharlainne na ospidéil agus go páirteach mar gheall ar na costais poist méadaithe a bheadh le seoladh ar oighear. Dá bhrí sin, seoltar samplaí MoBa trí ghnáthphost, mar a tharlaíonn freisin i gcás go leor samplaí fola le haghaidh tástála cliniciúil sa Iorua agus in áiteanna eile. Iár gclár reo-díthe, rinneadh tástáil ar shamplaí roimh reo agus ansin gach uair le haghaidh 30 timthriall reo-díthe aonair do shé anailít. Fuarthas an difríocht is mó i leibhéil tástála idir an tástáil roimh an reo agus tar éis an chéad dhíscaoileadh. Beidh sé seo fíor do na samplaí go léir sa Bhia-Bainc, toisc go ndéanfar na hanailíse go léir tar éis díghrádú amháin ar a laghad.\nStóráil go leor cartlanna de ábhar bitheolaíoch fola iomlán agus DNA a bhaint amach ina dhiaidh sin bunaithe ar dhearadh cás-rialú cnó . Ós rud é go bhfuilthar ag súil go dtarlóidh go leor torthaí i staidéar MoBa go luath tar éis an chláraithe (m.sh. torthaí toirchis), ba phríomhthosaíocht é DNA a bhaint as gach sampla ag am na bailiúcháin, cé go raibh costas an rogha seo ard. Chun seachadadh sampla DNA a éascú, déantar coigeartú tiúchan DNA a dhéanamh freisin tráth na hionstraime. Dá bhrí sin, ní gá ach méid a mheas chun an méid DNA is gá a chinneadh. Baineann cuideachtaí tráchtála úsáid as an straitéis seo freisin [9, 10].\nCé go gcuireann plátaí microtitre stóráil (costais agus spás araon) ar fáil, d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh dúshláin ann toisc go mbeidh na 95 sampla eile ar an pláta sin deataithe gach uair a bheidh sampla áirithe ag teastáil. Mar sin, chinn an tAire, mar chuid den tionscadal comhoibritheach leis an Institiúid Náisiúnta Eolaíochtaí Sláinte Comhshaoil, plasma mháthar a stóráil ar phlátaí Matrix freisin. Tá an costas in aghaidh an sampla thart ar 10 huaire níos airde i gcomparáid le plátaí microtitre (1.8 i gcomparáid le 0.15 US $), ach ceadaíonn sé an solúbthacht a bheith in ann vials aonair a fháil a oibríonn fós laistigh den fhormáid 96-well a cheadaíonn aliquoting uathoibrithe samplaí.\nFaoi 7 Iúil 2006, tá líon iomlán de 227,510 tacar samplaí cláraithe agus próiseáilte ag an mBiabhanc. Leanann muid ag fáil 12001300 seata samplaí in aghaidh na seachtaine (céad lá oibre) agus beidh muid ag tosú ag fáil samplaí go luath le haghaidh staidéir cás-rialú snasta. Ba cheart do thaighdeoirí ar mian leo comhoibriú ar cheisteanna taighde sonracha dul i gcomhairle leis na \"treoirlínte maidir le rochtain ar shonraí\" a foilsíodh ar shuíomh gréasáin NIPH (www.fhi.no/tema/morogbarn). Tá sé deacair ar an mBanc Bithfhiúchas gníomhaíochtaí éagsúla den sórt sin a bhainistiú, ach i bhfianaise na réamhsmaoineamh a bhí i ngníomhaíochtaí na bailiúcháin samplaí, ba cheart go mbeadh na hanailísithe in ann leas iomlán a bhaint as an acmhainn seo chun iniúchadh a dhéanamh ar na tosca a bhaineann le toradh rathúil toirchis agus sláinte i measc teaghlaigh na hIorua.\nTá tacaíocht ag NIH/NIEHS do Biobank an staidéir MoBa (deontas uimh. N01-ES-85433), NIH/NINDS (Autism Birth Cohort U01 NS 047537), EU/EARNEST (deontas uimh. 007036), Comhairle Taighde na hIorua/FUGE (deontas uimh. 151918/S10) agus Rialtas na hIorua. Go raibh maith agat as an gCoiste Comhairleach Idirnáisiúnta: Elaine Gunter, Richard Jones, Mads Melbye, Egil Jellum, agus Anne-Lise Børresen-Dale as a gcuid comhairle úsáideach maidir le dearadh agus lóistíocht an Biobank, an grúpa MoBa i Bergen chun rannpháirtithe staidéir a earcú agus a rianú, agus na teicneoirí saotharlainne go léir ag an Biobank as a gcuid iarrachtaí."} {"text": "The scientific name of the European honey bee is Apis Mellifera, the honey-maker (C.1761)\nThe medicinal importance of honey has been documented in the world’s oldest medical literatures, and since the ancient times, it has been known to possess antimicrobial property as well as wound-healing activity. The healing property of honey is due to the fact that it offers antibacterial activity, maintains a moist wound condition, and its high viscosity helps to provide a protective barrier to prevent infection. Its immunomodulatory property is relevant to wound repair too. The antimicrobial activity in most honeys is due to the enzymatic production of hydrogen peroxide. However, another kind of honey, called non-peroxide honey (viz., manuka honey), displays significant antibacterial effects even when the hydrogen peroxide activity is blocked.\n(2011, M D Mandal1 and S Mandal2,)\nOur natural, raw honey is made from the nectar from wild herbs and flowers that grow around Lytchett Bay and in the surrounding fields, heathland and woods. The benefits of hundreds of herbs and flowers are carried in the form of nectar in the stomach of the bee, where it is subtly altered by the bee’s digestive enzymes in ways that modern science has been unable to explain. This process creates new compounds before the honey is regurgitated in the hive, concentrated by evaporation, and stored in honeycomb.\nRaw honey is one of nature’s richest super food sugar substitutes, containing over 80 different health-giving proponents. These properties are only found in raw unprocessed honey that is pure, unfiltered and unheated, embodying the natural bouquet of flower pollination with a potent source of nutritional elements. All around the world, humans have for centuries been using honey straight from the beehive.\nRaw honey is a great alternative sweetener because it enters the bloodstream slowly and maintains a balanced flow of energy instead of the standard refined honey or sugar lows and highs. However, when consuming natural sweeteners with high sugar content like honey, it is important not to overdo it and always use in moderation within a healthy diet. Avoid raw honey if you have concerns about candida or parasites in the body.\nDid you know?\n- Shop for honey and you’ll see that some are lighter, others are darker. In general, the darker the honey, the better its antibacterial and antioxidant power\n- Honey was known to the Greeks as the “food of the Gods”\n- Honey was used in WWI to treat soldiers wounds. It is healing as antibacterial & attracts & absorbs moisture\nNatural, raw honey varies in colour – there’s dark treacly heather honey, rich and distinctive in flavour from the ling that blooms across the county’s heathland from July to October. There’s delicate pale honey from oilseed rape fields, ablaze with yellow blooms in springtime, or slightly minty honey from lime trees that burst into flower in July. Then there’s fragrant floral honey that in late spring speaks of apple blossom and in summer of wild meadows and garden flowers.\nCommonly purchased supermarket brands of honey is not raw honey, instead it is a refined version of truly raw honey, and often blends of different honeys that can come from a vast area (including China and the far East). Commercial brands are pasturised (by heating to at least 70 ̊ C or more followed by rapid cooling) and then filtered which removes many of the natural enzymes, nutrients and antioxidants. It looks consistent in colour & clearer to make it look more appealing on the shelf.\nBut at Lytchett Bay Apiaries, we don’t process our honey this way. Instead, it is simply spun from the frames, and passed through a strainer to remove bits of wax etc. This means more of the micronutrients and enzymes are preserved, as well as more pollen grains, which are good for keeping hayfever at bay (allegedly).\nAt Lytchett Bay Apiaries, we bring to our customers raw unadulterated honey that nourishes the body and pleases the soul.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34", "url": "https://lytchettbayapiaries.com/bee-facts/what-is-raw-honey-and-what-are-its-health-benefits/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221208676.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20180814062251-20180814082251-00272.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9413512349, "token_count": 881, "score": 3.375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is é Apis Mellifera, an déantóir mil (C.1761) ainm eolaíoch an bhealaigh mheala Eorpaigh\nTá tábhacht leigheasach an mheala cláraithe i litríocht leighis is sine ar domhan, agus ó na hamhachtaí, tá a fhios go bhfuil air airíonna frithmhiocróbacha a bheith aige chomh maith le gníomhaíocht leigheasán gorta. Tá an t-eitilt leigheastach atá ag mil mar gheall ar an bhfíric go bhfuil gníomhaíocht frithbhictéarach aige, go gcoinníonn sé staid taise na huaire, agus go gcuireann a chuid greannmhar ard cosc cosanta ar ionfhabhtuithe. Tá a chuid maoine imdhíonachta ábhartha freisin maidir le hathchóiriú gorta. Tá an ghníomhaíocht frithmhiocróbach i bhformhór na milis mar gheall ar tháirgeadh enzimatic de perócsaíd hidrigine. Mar sin féin, léiríonn cineál eile mil, ar a dtugtar mil neamh-peróicéad (i.e., mil manuka), éifeachtaí suntasacha frith-bacteriacha fiú nuair a bhacfar gníomhaíocht peróicéad hidrigine.\n(2011, M D Mandal1 agus S Mandal2,)\nDéantar ár mil nádúrtha, amh as an nectar ó luibheanna agus bláthanna fiáine a fhásann timpeall Bhaile Lytchett agus sna páirceanna, sailleanna agus coillte atá timpeall air. Tá na buntáistí a bhaineann le céadta luibheanna agus bláthanna i bhfoirm neictear i mbéal an bhé, áit a ndéanann einsímí díleá na bhé athruithe subtle ar bhealaí nach raibh an eolaíocht nua-aimseartha in ann a mhíniú. Cruthaíonn an próiseas seo comhdhúile nua sula ndéantar an mil a athfhágáil sa chré, a thiomáint trí éadromú, agus a stóráil i gcraobh.\nTá mil amh ar cheann de na hionad siúcra súper-bhia is saibhre sa nádúr, ina bhfuil os cionn 80 tacóide éagsúla a thugann sláinte. Ní fhaightear na hairíonna seo ach i mil amh neamhphróiseáilte atá íon, gan scagadh agus gan teas, a chuimsíonn an bouquet nádúrtha de pholláineadh bláthanna le foinse láidir eilimintí cothaitheacha. Ar fud an domhain, tá daoine ag úsáid mil díreach ón gclann ar feadh na gcéadta bliain.\nIs mil iontach é an mil amh mar is é a théann isteach sa sruth fola go mall agus a choinníonn sreabhadh cothromaithe fuinnimh in ionad na meala raifíneáilte nó na n-uisceanna siúcra caighdeánacha. Mar sin féin, nuair a bhíonn milseoga nádúrtha a bhfuil cion siúcra ard iontu mar mheabhair á n-úsáid, tá sé tábhachtach gan ró-úsáid a bhaint as agus iad a úsáid i gcoibhneas i gcónaí laistigh de réim bia sláintiúil. Seachain mil amh má tá imní ort faoi candida nó paraisítí sa chorp.\nAn raibh a fhios agat?\n- Seol do mheabhair agus feicfidh tú go bhfuil cuid acu níos éadroime, cuid eile níos dorcha. Go ginearálta, is é an méid is dorcha atá sa mheabhair, an méid is fearr a cumhacht frithbhictéarach agus frith-ocsaídeach\n- Bhí mil ar eolas ag na Gréagaigh mar \"bial na nDiaigh\"\n- Baineadh úsáid as mil sa chéad chogadh domhanda chun cóireáil a dhéanamh ar ghortú saighdiúirí. Tá sé ina leigheas mar antibacterial & tarraingíonn & ionsú taise\nTá mil nádúrtha, amh éagsúil ó thaobh dath de tá mil mil dorcha treacly, saibhir agus sainiúil ó thaobh blas de ó na ling a bhíonn ag bláthú ar fud an chontae ó Iúil go Deireadh Fómhair. Tá mil bhlaosc íogair ó chríocha raps olach, ag lasadh le bláthanna buí i rith an earraigh, nó mil beagáinín mint ó chrainn liomóide a bhris isteach i bláth i mí Iúil. Ansin tá mil fhlór cumhra ann a labhraíonn faoi bhláth na h-uibhe i ndeireadh an earraigh agus i samhradh faoi bhláth na mbóithre fiáine agus faoi bhláth na gclann.\nNí hé mil amh a cheannaítear go coitianta i bhrandaí móra, is leagan scagtha de mheal fíor-mhiomhar é, agus is minic a bhíonn meascáin de mheáin éagsúla a d'fhéadfadh teacht ó limistéar leathan (lena n-áirítear an tSín agus an Fharth-Oirthear). Déantar brandaí tráchtála a phastú (trí théamh go 70 ̊ C nó níos mó agus ansin le fuarú tapa) agus ansin a scagadh a chuireann go leor de na einsímí nádúrtha, cothaithigh agus frithocsaídeoirí as. Tá an dath comhsheasmhach agus níos soiléire chun go mbeidh sé níos tarraingtí ar an seilf.\nAch ag Lytchett Bay Apiaries, ní dhéanaimid ár mil a phróiseáil ar an mbealach seo. Ina áit sin, ní dhéantar é ach a spinning ó na frámaí, agus a chur trí shrianta chun píosaí féitheacha srl a bhaint. Ciallaíonn sé seo go gcoinnítear níos mó de na miocrotháileoga agus na n-ainmhithe, chomh maith le níos mó gráin pholláin, atá go maith chun fiabhras na haine a choinneáil ar shiúl (ar a dtugtar).\nAg Lytchett Bay Apiaries, cuirimid ar fáil dár gcustaiméirí mil amh neamh-adulterated a chothóidh an corp agus a thaitníonn leis an anam."} {"text": "Ooh la la! Year 1 French counting with Mademoiselle Ward\nYear 1 have been using our skills of collaboration to help each other count in French! We rolled a dice and had to think really carefully about how to say the numbers that we’d learnt. If we couldn’t remember we helped each other count up from 1 using actions to give us clues. Ask the children to help you count to 10!", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-21", "url": "https://www.honitonprimary.co.uk/news/detail/ooh-la-la-year-1-french-counting-with-mademoiselle/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243990419.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20210511214444-20210512004444-00326.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9490557313, "token_count": 88, "score": 2.625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ooh la la! Bliain 1 ag comhaireamh na Fraince le Mademoiselle Ward\nTá ár gcuid scileanna comhoibrithe ag an mbliain 1 ag baint úsáide as chun cabhrú lena chéile a chomhaireamh i bhFraincis! Bhí orainn smaoineamh go cúramach ar conas na huimhreacha a d'fhoghlaim muid a rá. Má bhí muid ag cuimhneamh ní raibh muid ag cabhrú le chéile a chomhaireamh suas ó 1 ag baint úsáide as gníomhartha a thabhairt dúinn leideanna. Iarr ar na páistí cabhrú leat a chomhaireamh go dtí 10!"} {"text": "|≈||approximately equal to|\n|digits||indicates that digits repeat infinitely (e.g. 8.294 369 corresponds to 8.294 369 369 369 369 …)|\nAn attometer is a unit of length, a combination of the metric prefix atto (symbol a) and the SI unit of length meter (symbol m), equal to 10−18 meter or 1.0E-18 meter and its symbol is am. Plural name is attometers.\nThe link (usually abbreviated as \"l.\", \"li.\" or \"lnk.\"), sometimes called a Gunter’s link, is a unit of length formerly used in many English-speaking countries. A link is exactly 66⁄100 of a foot, or exactly 7.92 inches or 20.1168 cm.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-25", "url": "https://trustconverter.com/en/length-conversion/attometers/attometers-to-links/length-conversion-table.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487611445.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210614043833-20210614073833-00081.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.804287076, "token_count": 170, "score": 2.953125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is é an t-am a d'fhág an t-am céanna le linn an tsaoil.\n≪digits ≪ ≫ ciallóidh sé go bhfuil na huimhreacha ag athrá go neamhchríochnaithe (e.g. 8.294 369 comhionann le 8.294 369 369 369 369 ...)\nIs aonad fad é attometer, meascán den réamhchomhfhéachtan méadrach atto (siombail a) agus an t-aonad SI de mhéadar fad (siombail m), comhionann le 10-18 méadar nó 1.0E-18 méadar agus is é am a shiombail. Is é an t-ainm il-ainm attometers.\nAn nasc (de ghnáth a ghearrthréitear mar \"l.\", \"li\". nó \"Ink. \"), ar a dtugtar nasc Gunters uaireanta, is aonad fad a úsáidtear roimhe seo i go leor tíortha Béarla-labhartha. Tá nasc díreach 66⁄100 de chosa, nó díreach 7.92 orlach nó 20.1168 cm."} {"text": "Silt dispersion North Sea\nThis animation shows the dispersion of silt during the burial operations of a cable in the North Sea bed. The burial operation consist of two phases: first the pre-sweeping of sandwaves and second the trenching of the cable. The installation is executed from east to west. During flood the silt is transported to the north and during ebb to the south. High concentrations of silt can have a negative impact on the ecology. Red represents a high concentration of silt and blue a low concentration of silt.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-32", "url": "http://www.svasek.com/modelling/finel2d-ani-silt.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438043060830.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002420-00221-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9433221817, "token_count": 113, "score": 3.53125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Díspreagadh silte i Muir Thuaidh\nTaispeánann an t-aistriúchán seo scaipeadh na muice le linn oibríochtaí léitheoireachta cábla i mbéal na Mara Thuaidh. Tá dhá chéim ag an oibríocht adhlactha: an chéad cheann ná réamh-scaip na n-aontaí gaineamh agus an dara ceann ná an cábla a thréigean. Déantar an suiteáil ó oirthear go dtí an iarthar. Le linn tuile, déantar an sliotán a iompar go dtí an tuaisceart agus le linn an t-eitil go dtí an deisceart. D'fhéadfadh tionchar diúltach a bheith ag tiúchan ard muiceolaí ar an éiceolaíocht. Léiríonn dearg tiúchan ard muice agus léiríonn gorm tiúchan íseal muice."} {"text": "Maintaining clear and appropriate boundaries in the world of social media can be a real challenge for patients and the health professionals who care for them.\nAdvice from the Nursing and Midwifery Council issued last year warned that nurses and midwives must not overstep those boundaries by sharing confidential information, distributing images taken in clinical environments or pursuing personal relationships with patients online.\nSimilar advice for doctors followed, and other regulators are taking action on a subject that concerns patients, health professionals and their employers. But while this advice has been helpful in clarifying expectations of appropriate behaviour, and allowing regulators to take action when boundaries are breached, it may have left health professionals with the impression that any online engagement with their patients is simply wrong.\nAn event run by the NMC as part of this year's social media week brings together bloggers, tweeters and digital enthusiasts from both sides of the patient-professional divide, to see where the boundaries should be drawn.\nThe simple fact is that health professionals need to understand how their patients are using the web, so they can find ways to engage with them better while still maintaining appropriate boundaries. The web presents new opportunities to empower people to improve and maintain their health, by placing the tools to discover and share information directly in their hands.\nPatients are becoming more empowered as they use online tools to learn and apply expert knowledge, and play a more active role in the prevention, treatment and monitoring of their own illnesses and conditions. Empowerment is happening collectively too, as groups of patients and carers participate in solidarity networks and advocacy groups centred on specific conditions and experiences.\nReady access to health information online can give empowered patients access to a range of materials that may help them manage their own conditions. Before they go to a real-world health professional, some patients find it useful to triage their conditions online. This can speed up diagnosis, and lead to more informed discussions between patients and professionals.\nBut it can also lead patients to develop a firm self-diagnosis that may make it harder to explore the problem when they do eventually meet a health professional. Conversations about the credibility of online information is important, particularly with patients whose approach to searching the web can be characterised as diagnosing with Google and treating with Wikipedia.\nNurses, midwives and other health professionals, engaging with their patients online, can help correct misinformation and signpost positive, peer-reviewed websites.\nThe internet, as well as being a source of health-related information, also provides patients with opportunities for mutual online support. Sometimes these online communities are actively managed by organisations that provide support in more traditional ways, such as cancer charities.\nOther organisations find ways to engage in online spaces that were not designed with health in mind, for example sexual health advisers reaching out with safer sex information in gay chat rooms, or midwives engaging in networks for pregnant women and new mothers.\nBut what about the spaces where health professionals are deliberately excluded, such as \"pro-ana\" websites, which have been criticised for promoting anorexia nervosa among young people? Such sites are extremely worrying to health professionals and others because vulnerable people can be damaged if they follow their advice, leading to calls to have them classified as harmful and blocked automatically by internet service providers.\nProfessionals need to tread carefully and understand where the boundaries of safe practice are. Sometimes, this can mean stepping back and letting patients support each other.\nWorking out where to draw the boundaries is not easy, and patients and professionals need to find ways to coexist safely online. In every area of social media, rules of engagement are constantly being reviewed and our expectations rapidly evolve.\nBut like it or not, patients are taking conversations about their health online, and professionals have to follow, rethinking boundaries and getting involved.\nAndy Jaeger is assistant director in professional and public communications at the Nursing and Midwifery Council and tweets here. The hashtag for the event is #SMWnmc.\nThis article is published by Guardian Professional. Join the healthcare network to receive regular emails and exclusive offers.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-32", "url": "http://www.theguardian.com/healthcare-network/2012/feb/15/talking-with-patients-online-boundaries", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042986148.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002306-00230-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9537648559, "token_count": 826, "score": 3.0625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is féidir le teorainneacha soiléire agus oiriúnacha a choinneáil i saol na meán sóisialta a bheith ina fhadhb fíor d'othair agus do na gairmithe sláinte a thugann aire dóibh.\nThug comhairle ón gComhairle um Altranas agus Máithreachais a eisíodh anuraidh rabhadh nach mór do na hoifigigh agus do na máithreacha na teorainneacha sin a shárú trí fhaisnéis rúnda a roinnt, íomhánna a tógadh i dtimpeallachtaí cliniciúla a dháileadh nó caidreamh pearsanta a leanúint le hothair ar líne.\nLean comhairle den chineál céanna do dhochtúirí, agus tá rialtóirí eile ag gníomhú ar ábhar a bhaineann le hothair, le gairmithe sláinte agus lena bhfostóirí. Ach cé go raibh an chomhairle seo cabhrach chun na hionchais maidir le hiompar cuí a shoiléiriú, agus chun ligean do rialálaithe gníomhú nuair a sháraítear teorainneacha, d'fhéadfadh sé go bhfágfadh sé le gairmithe sláinte an tuiscint go bhfuil aon rannpháirtíocht ar líne lena n-othair mícheart go simplí.\nTugann imeacht a reáchtáil an NMC mar chuid de sheachtain na meán sóisialta na bliana seo le chéile blogóirí, tweets agus díograiseoirí digiteacha ó gach taobh den scoilteach othair-ghairmiúil, chun a fheiceáil cá háit a gcaithfear na teorainneacha a tharraingt.\nIs é an fhíric shimplí ná go gcaithfidh gairmithe sláinte a thuiscint conas a bhfuil a gcuid othair ag baint úsáide as an ngréasán, ionas gur féidir leo bealaí a aimsiú chun dul i ngleic leo níos fearr agus teorainneacha cuí á gcur i bhfeidhm fós. Cuireann an gréasán deiseanna nua ar fáil chun daoine a chumhachtú chun a sláinte a fheabhsú agus a chothabháil, trí na huirlisí a chur ar fáil chun faisnéis a fháil agus a roinnt go díreach ina lámha.\nTá níos mó cumhachta ag gabháil le hothair de réir mar a úsáideann siad uirlisí ar líne chun eolas saineolaithe a fhoghlaim agus a chur i bhfeidhm, agus ról níos gníomhaí a imirt i gcosaint, cóireáil agus faireachán a gcuid galair agus staidí féin. Tá cumhachtú ag tarlú go comhchoiteann freisin, de réir mar a ghlacann grúpaí othar agus cúramóirí páirt i líonraí dlúthpháirtíochta agus i ngrúpaí abhcóideachta atá dírithe ar choinníollacha agus ar thaithí ar leith.\nIs féidir le rochtain réidh ar fhaisnéis sláinte ar líne rochtain a thabhairt do othair chumhachtaithe ar raon ábhar a d'fhéadfadh cabhrú leo a gcuid coinníollacha féin a bhainistiú. Sula dtéann siad chuig gairmí sláinte fíor-shaoil, is maith le roinnt othair triail a dhéanamh ar a riochtaí ar líne. Is féidir leis seo diagnóis a luathachadh, agus go dtiocfaidh díospóireachtaí níos eolasaí idir othair agus gairmithe.\nAch d'fhéadfadh sé freisin go bhforbródh othair féin-dhiagnóis daingean a d'fhéadfadh a dhéanamh níos deacra an fhadhb a iniúchadh nuair a bhíonn siad ag bualadh le gairmithe sláinte sa deireadh. Tá sé tábhachtach comhrá a dhéanamh faoi chreidiúnacht na faisnéise ar líne, go háirithe le hothair a bhfuil a gcuma le cuardach ar an ngréasán a shainmhínítear mar dhiagnóisiú le Google agus cóireáil le Wikipedia.\nIs féidir le hoibrithe cúraim sláinte, le hoibrithe cúraim sláinte agus le gairmithe sláinte eile, a bheith ag plé lena gcuid othair ar líne, cabhrú le mífhaisnéis a cheartú agus suíomhanna Gréasáin dearfacha, a rinne athbhreithniú piaraí a chur in iúl.\nChomh maith le bheith ina fhoinse faisnéise a bhaineann le sláinte, cuireann an t-idirlíon deiseanna ar fáil do othair chun tacú lena chéile ar líne. Uaireanta, déanann eagraíochtaí a sholáthraíonn tacaíocht ar bhealaí níos traidisiúnta, amhail carthanais ailse, na pobail ar líne seo a bhainistiú go gníomhach.\nFuaireann eagraíochtaí eile bealaí chun dul i ngleic le spásanna ar líne nach ndearnadh iad a dhearadh le sláinte san áireamh, mar shampla comhairleoirí sláinte gnéis ag teacht amach le faisnéis faoi ghnéas níos sábháilte i seomraí comhrá aeracha, nó máithreacha ag dul i ngleic le líonraí do mhná torracha agus do mháithreacha nua.\nAch cad faoi na spásanna ina gcuirtear gairmithe sláinte ar shiúl go beacht, amhail suíomhanna Gréasáin \"pro-ana\", a ndearnadh cáineadh orthu as anorexia nervosa a chur chun cinn i measc daoine óga? Tá suíomhanna den sórt sin an-imní do ghairmithe sláinte agus do dhaoine eile toisc gur féidir le daoine leochaileacha a bheith díobhálach má leanann siad a gcuid comhairle, rud a fhágann go bhfuil glaonna ann chun iad a aicmiú mar dhroch-úsáidte agus iad a bhac go huathoibríoch ag soláthraithe seirbhíse idirlín.\nNí mór do ghairmithe dul go cúramach agus a thuiscint cá bhfuil teorainneacha na cleachtais shábháilte. Uaireanta, d'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith i gceist le céim siar a dhéanamh agus ligean do othair tacú lena chéile.\nNí éasca a fháil amach cá háit a tharraingfear na teorainneacha, agus ní mór do othair agus do ghairmithe bealaí a aimsiú chun cómhaireachtáil go sábháilte ar líne. I ngach réimse de na meáin shóisialta, déantar athbhreithniú ar rialacha rannpháirtíochta i gcónaí agus tá ár n-ionchais ag teacht chun cinn go tapa.\nAch is maith leat é nó nach maith leat, tá othair ag caint ar a sláinte ar líne, agus ní mór do ghairmithe leanúint, teorainneacha a athmheas agus dul i ngleic.\nTá Andy Jaeger ina leas-stiúrthóir i cumarsáid ghairmiúil agus poiblí ag an gComhairle Altranais agus Mháithreachais agus tweetann sé anseo. Is é an hashtag don ócáid #SMWnmc.\nFoilsíodh an t-alt seo ag Guardian Professional. Bí páirteach sa líonra cúraim sláinte chun ríomhphoist rialta agus tairiscintí eisiacha a fháil."} {"text": "When the boundary of the skin is crossed or cut, it heals with a scar. New skin scars are thick and full of blood vessels, but over a period of several months they become flatter and the blood supply decreases.\nSkin scars that remain thick and wide but are confined to the area of the original injury are called hypertrophic scars. Hypertrophic (overgrown) scars are usually flesh-colored, pink, or red, and are dome-shaped. They can have areas with many prominent, tiny red blood vessels or areas that are flat and shiny within the raised, broad scar.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39", "url": "http://www.rewaj.pk/natural-remedy-for-skin-scars/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160454.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924125835-20180924150235-00267.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9714570045, "token_count": 120, "score": 2.90625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Nuair a thrasnaíonn teorainn an chraiceann nó nuair a ghearrtar é, leigheasann sé le scar. Tá scars craiceann nua tiubh agus lán de na soithigh fola, ach thar thréimhse roinnt míonna bíonn siad níos plátaí agus laghdaíonn soláthar fola.\nTugtar scars hypertrophic ar scars craiceann a fhanann tiubh agus leathan ach a bhfuil teoranta do limistéar an ghortú bunaidh. De ghnáth bíonn na scars hypertrophic (overgrown) dath feola, bándearg nó dearg, agus tá siad i gcruth dom. Is féidir leo a bheith ina limistéir le go leor soithigh fola dearga, beag, atá i bhfianaise nó limistéir atá cothrom agus gleansach laistigh den scar ard, leathan."} {"text": "Having developed a new type of insulation that is fire-resistant, affordable, and environmentally friendly that rivals or improves on the performance of traditional insulation, W-Heat wants to end energy poverty and improve energy efficiency in buildings across Hungary and beyond.\nIn Hungary, low thermal insulation in most buildings leads to high energy use, while some 70% of households still need thermal insulation. With energy prices increasing 13-fold since 1992 and salaries rising just 9-fold, excess energy use is expensive - and harmful for the environment. W-Heat, a five-person research team from the Budapest University of Technology and Economics, has developed low-cost, sustainable insulation with equal or better performance than traditional types of insulation like plastic foams.\nThe insulation’s manufacturing is low energy and low carbon and is fully biodegradable, with the components coming from agricultural by-products, such as wheat straw and recycled glass. Importantly, the insulation is also fire-resistant and self-extinguishing, which could save lives in the event of a building fire. The insulation’s special properties are due to a special treatment of the wheat straw fibres which optimizes its porosity and increase its thermal insulation capability, as well as the new kind of binder composite that makes the insulation durable. Besides the material, the manufacturing process is also novel, because the whole process is scaled down using high-tech but low energy demand procedures to fit into a larger minivan, therefore, the thermal insulation boards can be produced locally where the straw is available or right at the construction sites saving transportation costs and labour.\nWith an expected increase in insulation across the globe in the coming years in an effort to improve energy efficiency and reduce emissions, W-heat hopes to develop a business plan on how their solution could be a viable and scalable business. Additionally, they would like support for the patenting process for their insulation and its processing method.\nW-Heat is one of 15 finalists in the 2019 Social Innovation to Tackle Energy Poverty Program, launched by the Schneider Electric Foundation and Ashoka in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Romania.\nPhoto Credits: Janos Kummer", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-25", "url": "https://tackleenergypoverty.ashoka.org/en/story/saving-lives-and-lowering-emissions-green-building-insulation", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488519183.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20210622155328-20210622185328-00352.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9491635561, "token_count": 439, "score": 2.703125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tar éis cineál nua inslithe a fhorbairt atá frithsheasmhach in aghaidh tine, inacmhainne, agus neamhdhíobhálach don chomhshaol a bhíonn i gcomórtas nó a fheabhsaíonn feidhmíocht inslithe traidisiúnta, ba mhaith le W-Heat deireadh a chur le bochtaineacht fuinnimh agus éifeachtúlacht fuinnimh a fheabhsú i bhfoirgnimh ar fud na hUngáire agus níos faide i gcéin.\nI Hongáir, bíonn úsáid ard fuinnimh mar thoradh ar insliú teiriúil íseal i bhformhór na bhfoirgneamh, agus tá gá fós le insliú teiriúil ag thart ar 70% de theaghlaigh. Agus praghsanna fuinnimh ag méadú 13 uair ó 1992 agus pá ag méadú ach 9 uair, tá an iomarca fuinnimh a úsáidtear costasach - agus díobhálach don chomhshaol. Tá insliú costasach inbhuanaithe a fhorbairt ag W-Heat, foireann taighde cúig dhuine ó Ollscoil Teicneolaíochta agus Eacnamaíochta na hIodáile, a bhfuil feidhmíocht chomhionann nó níos fearr aige ná cineálacha traidisiúnta insliú mar chraiceann plaisteach.\nTá an t-eisiamh á mhonarú ag úsáid fuinnimh íseal agus carbóin íseal agus tá sé go hiomlán bith-imdhíobhálach, agus na comhpháirteanna a thagann ó fho-tháirgí talmhaíochta, amhail sliocht cruithneachta agus gloine athchúrsáilte. Tá sé tábhachtach go bhfuil an t-ainsíocht frithsheasmhach agus féin-teoranta, rud a d'fhéadfadh beatha a shábháil i gcás tine foirgneamh. Tá na hairíonna speisialta atá ag an insliú mar gheall ar chóireáil speisialta ar na snáithíní síolta cruithneachta a bharrfheabhsaíonn a porosity agus a méadaíonn a cumas insliú teochta, chomh maith leis an gcineál nua comhdhéanta ceangail a dhéanann an insliú buan. Chomh maith leis an ábhar, tá an próiseas déantúsaíochta nua freisin, toisc go ndéantar an próiseas iomlán a laghdú trí úsáid a bhaint as nósanna imeachta ardteicneolaíochta ach íseal-iarrachta fuinnimh chun go mbeidh siad oiriúnach do mhion-fhuinneog níos mó, dá bhrí sin, is féidir na boird inslithe teasa a tháirgeadh go háitiúil áit a bhfuil an t-eireaball ar fáil nó díreach ar na suíomhanna tógála ag sábháil costais iompair agus saothair.\nLe méadú a bhfuiltear ag súil leis ar insliú ar fud an domhain sna blianta amach romhainn i iarracht éifeachtúlacht fuinnimh a fheabhsú agus astaíochtaí a laghdú, tá súil ag W-heat plean gnó a fhorbairt maidir le conas a d'fhéadfadh a réiteach a bheith ina ghnó inmharthana agus in-leibhéal. Ina theannta sin, ba mhaith leo tacaíocht a fháil le haghaidh an phróisis phaitinne a dhéanamh ar a n-insliú agus ar a mhodh phróiseála.\nTá W-Heat ar cheann de 15 finaliste i gClár Nuálaíochta Sóisialta 2019 chun dul i ngleic le Bochtaineacht Fuinnimh, a sheol Fondúireacht Schneider Electric agus Ashoka sa Bhulgáir, sa Phoblacht Theic, san Ungáir, sa Pholainn agus sa Rómáin.\nCreidiúintí Grianghraf: Janos Kummer"} {"text": "March 12, 2008 Inventorspot reports on a new development from Japan where researchers at the Shiga University of Medical Science have taken the common local food condiment, wasabi (or Japanese Horseradish), and created a unique smoke detector/fire alarm based on smell as an aid to the deaf in case of an emergency.\nMost alarms rely on sound to alert us of potential danger - clearly not the right option for those suffering from hearing impairment. Systems using strobe lighting have also been developed but this approach has limitations, particularly if you are asleep, so researchers turned to the olfactory senses for this new development.\nWasabi has a super strong odor and when the green paste is consumed on quantities any bigger than about a pinhead, it packs a big punch. Burning in the nasal cavity is a common reaction. But used properly, the taste is amazing and the perfect complement to nori or sushi rolls. Based on the power of wasabi, the researchers built a silent smoke alarm with spray cans of wasabi extract inside.\nTesting was conducted with a prototype alarm and 14 test subjects. The testers went to sleep in a room and once in a deep slumber, the scientist released the wasabi extract smell into the room. The test showed 13 out of 14 test subjects waking within two minutes. One of the testers, who is actually deaf, awoke in just 10 seconds from the perfume being sprayed into the room, perhaps highlighting the heightened senses of those with hearing impairments and the potential for this alarm. The creators of the wasabi alarm hope to have a final version available for consumers within two years.\nSee the BBC report on the olfactory alarm http://video.aol.com/video-detail/japanese-invent-silent-wasabi-smoke-alarm/2451836440.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35", "url": "http://www.gizmag.com/wasabi-fire-alarm-aid-deaf/8974/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644062782.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025422-00323-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9365879893, "token_count": 377, "score": 3.15625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "12 Márta, 2008 Inventorspot tuairiscíonn forbairt nua ón tSeapáin áit a bhfuil taighdeoirí in Ollscoil Shiga na hEolaíochta Leighis tar éis an comhdhéanta bia áitiúil coitianta, wasabi (nó Horseradish Seapánach), a thógáil agus braiteoir deataigh / alarma tine uathúil a chruthú bunaithe ar an boladh mar chabhair do na daoine bodhra i gcás éigeandála.\nTá an chuid is mó de na rabhaidh ag brath ar fhuaim chun ár dtugaint faoi bhagairt féideartha - is léir nach rogha ceart é do dhaoine a bhfuil lag éisteachta acu. Tá córais a úsáideann solas stróbe forbartha freisin ach tá teorainneacha ag an gcur chuige seo, go háirithe má tá tú ag codladh, mar sin d'fhéach taighdeoirí ar na braiteoirí olfactóireachta don fhorbairt nua seo.\nTá boladh an-láidir ag Wasabi agus nuair a dhéantar an pasta glas a ithe i gcainníochtaí níos mó ná ceann pin, cuireann sé buille mór. Is é an t-imoibriú is coitianta ná dóthain sa chalafort nasal. Ach má úsáidtear é i gceart, tá an blas iontach agus is é an comhlántacht foirfe do nori nó rollaí sushi. Bunaithe ar chumhacht an wasabi, d'fhógair na taighdeoirí raidió tobac ciúin le cannaí spraeála eisiata wasabi istigh.\nRinneadh tástáil le fréamhshamhail aláraim agus 14 ábhar tástála. Chuaigh na tástálaithe a chodladh i seomra agus uair amháin i gcodladh domhain, scaoileadh an eolaí an boladh sliocht wasabi isteach sa seomra. Léirigh an tástáil go raibh 13 as 14 ábhar tástála ag teacht ar an gcloigeann laistigh de dhá nóiméad. D'éirigh duine de na tástálaithe, atá cliste i ndáiríre, i gceann 10 soicind amháin ón cumhrán a bhí á spraeáil isteach sa seomra, rud a d'fhéadfadh a chur i bhfios go raibh na braiteoirí a raibh lag éisteachta acu agus an fhéidearthacht go mbeadh an t-alarm seo ann. Tá súil ag cruthaitheoirí an t-alarma wasabi go mbeidh leagan deiridh ar fáil do thomhaltóirí laistigh de dhá bhliain.\nFéach ar an tuarascáil BBC ar an aláram boladh http://video.aol.com/video-detail/japanese-invent-silent-wasabi-smoke-alarm/2451836440."} {"text": "Starting with a C major scale:\nwe are going to build a triad on each note of the scale:\nThese are the diatonic triads in the key of C major. They only use notes in the key signature with no added sharps or flats.\nHere are the same diatonic triads in the key of C major in the 1st inversion:\nHere are the same diatonic triads in the key of C major in the 2nd inversion:\nThe chord symbols above the staff describe each chord... i.e.\nBelow the staff there is a series of Roman Numerals. It traditional music theory, diatonic chords and chord progressions are analyzed with Roman Numerals.\nCHORD SYMBOLS are widely used in popular and jazz sheet music. Understanding them is a must for any chord player.\nAlthough the ROMAN NUMERALS are not used today in most sheet music, they are EXTREMELY IMPORTANT in understanding and using SUBSTITUTE CHORDS and CHORD PROGRESSIONS.\nBelow are listed the DIATONIC TRIADS in all of the major keys.\nClick here to GO BACK TO CHORDS & TRIADS\nHi and Welcome!\nFill out the form below to sign up for the free periodic\nPlayer's Guide Newsletter!\nGet tips and ideas about substitute chords, chord progressions and harmonic movement.\nHear & Play\nHear & Play", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39", "url": "http://www.practical-chords-and-harmony.com/diatonic-triads.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267159165.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923075529-20180923095929-00042.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8738947511, "token_count": 303, "score": 2.96875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ag tosú le scála mór C:\nTáimid ag dul a thógáil triad ar gach nóta an scála:\nIs iad seo na triads diatonic i mbeagán C mór. Ní úsáideann siad ach nótaí sa shíniú eochair gan aon mhéara nó plátaí breise.\nSeo na triads diatonic céanna i gcnaipe C mór sa 1ú haistriú:\nSeo na triads diatonic céanna i mbeagán C mór sa 2ú haistriú:\nDéanann na siombailí cords os cionn an fhoireann cur síos ar gach cords... i.e.\nFaoi bhun an fhoireann tá sraith de uimhreacha Rómhánacha. Déantar anailís ar theoiric cheoil thraidisiúnta, ar chords diatonic agus ar leanúnachas chord le hIonúmar Rómhánach.\nÚsáidtear siombailí chord go forleathan i nótaí ceoil tóir agus i d'fhuaim. Tá sé riachtanach go dtuigeann aon imreoir chorda iad.\nCé nach n-úsáidtear na huimhreacha Rómhánacha sa chuid is mó de na nótaí ceoil inniu, tá siad thar a bheith tábhachtach chun tuiscint a fháil ar na cordaí agus na dul chun cinn cordaí a chur ina n-ionad agus iad a úsáid.\nTá na TRIADÁIN DIATONIC sna príomh-eochair go léir liostaithe thíos.\nCliceáil anseo chun GO BACK TO CHORDS & TRIADS\nHi agus Fáilte!\nLíon an fhoirm thíos chun clárú don tréimhseach saor in aisce\nLeabhar Nuachta an Chainteora!\nFaigh leideanna agus smaointe faoi chords malartacha, dul chun cinn chord agus gluaiseacht harmónach.\nÉist & Seinn\nÉist & Seinn"} {"text": "(ISNS) -- The discovery of two new jumbo-sized viruses is blurring the lines between viral and cellular life and could point to the existence of a new type of life, scientists suggest.\nThe two large viruses, detailed in this week's issue of the journal Science\n, have been dubbed \"Pandoraviruses\" because of the surprises they may hold for biologists, in reference to the mythical Greek figure who opened a box and released evil into the world.\nThe discovery of Pandoraviruses is an indication that our knowledge of Earth's microbial biodiversity is still incomplete, explained study coauthor Jean-Michel Claverie\n, a virologist at the French National Research Agency at Aix-Marseille University.\n\"Huge discoveries remain to be made at the most fundamental level that may change our present conception about the origin of life and its evolution,\" Claverie said.\n, a computational evolutionary biologist at the National Center for Biotechnology Information in Bethesda, Md., who was not involved in the study, called the Pandoraviruses a \"wonderful discovery,\" but not a complete surprise.\n\"In a certain sense, it's something that we saw coming, and it's wonderful that it has come,\" Koonin said.\nA systematic search\nClaverie's lab found one of the viruses, Pandoravirus salinus, in sediments collected off the coast of Chile. The other, Pandoravirus dulcis, was lurking in mud in a freshwater pond near Melbourne, Australia.\nBoth of the new viruses are so massive that they can be seen using a traditional light microscope. Their genomes are also super-sized: the genome of P. salinus is 1.91 million DNA bases long, while that of P. dulcis is 2.47 million DNA bases. For comparison, the size of the previous viral genome record holder, Megavirus chilensis, is 1.18 million bases.\nM. chilensis is a marine relative of Mimiviruses, a class of large viruses that was first discovered more than a decade ago and forever changed scientists' conceptions of how large viruses could be.\nAfter sequencing the first Mimivirus genome in 2010, Claverie and his team began a systematic search for even larger viruses. They found P. salinus in the same environment in Chile where M. chilensis was found.\nThe discovery of P. dulcis was more serendipitous, being the result of water sample Claverie took during a trip to Melbourne.\nAt first, the French scientists thought both viruses were the same. But after comparing the two genome sequences and their encoded proteins, they realized that the pair represented a new virus family, said Claverie.\nWhat are they?\nThe team also conducted several experiments to confirm that Pandoraviruses were indeed viruses. Using light and electron microscopes, the scientists followed their newfound entities through a complete replication cycle. The gigantic entities met all three key criteria to be labeled viruses.\nFirst, instead of splitting in two like typical bacterium or cells, the Pandoraviruses spawned hundreds of new copies in one cycle. Secondly, they both lacked the genes needed for energy production. Finally, they could not produce proteins without infecting single-celled organisms known as amoebas, which seem to be the Pandoraviruses' preferred hosts.\nFurther surprises awaited the team when they analyzed the Pandoraviruses' genomes. That of P. dulcis contained about 1,500 genes, while that of P. salinus contained more than 2,500 genes. A typical flu virus can have as few as 10 genes, and M. chilensis has only about 1,000 genes.\nWhat's more, scientists don't know what most of the Pandoravirus genes do. There are \"a few recognizable genes involved in DNA replication, and a few transcription-related genes. Not much else is recognizable,\" explained study co-first author Matthieu Legendre\n, who is also at CNRS.\nThe Pandoraviruses are also unlike other viruses in that they lack the gene for the capsid protein that typically forms the housing, or \"capsid,\" of giant viruses.\nThe fourth domain\nThese irregularities raise interesting questions about the origins of Pandoraviruses, scientists say.\nAccording to a theory preferred by Claverie and his team, the ancient ancestors of Pandoraviruses were once free-living cells that gradually lost most of their genes as they became parasites.\nSome scientists think this hypothetical ancestral cell could have constituted a so-called \"fourth domain\" of life — that is, a previously unknown branch of life that is distinct from the accepted three domains: Bacteria; Archaea, another type of single-celled organism; and Eukaryotes, the domain that animals and plants belong to.\nClaverie and his team are now on the hunt for other Pandoraviruses to unravel their evolutionary origins and better study their genes.\n\"These viruses have more than 2,000 new genes coding for proteins and enzymes that do unknown things, and participate in unknown metabolic pathways,\" explained virologist and study coauthor Chantel Abergel, who is also at CNRS.\n\"Elucidating their biochemical and regulatory functions might be of a tremendous interest for biotech and biomedical applications,\" she added.\nThe scientists have reason to believe that many more Pandoraviruses await discovery.\n\"The fact that two of them were found almost simultaneously from very distant locations either indicate that we were incredibly lucky,\" Claverie said, \"or that they are not rare.\"", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39", "url": "https://www.insidescience.org/news/jumbo-viruses-hint-fourth-domain-life", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155817.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919024323-20180919044323-00340.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9607844949, "token_count": 1182, "score": 3.203125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "(ISNS) -- Tá an fionnachtana ar dhá víreas nua jumbo-mhéide ag cur leis na línte idir saol víreasach agus ceallach agus d'fhéadfadh sé a léiriú go bhfuil cineál nua beatha ann, a mhol eolaithe.\nNa dhá víreas mór, a bhfuil mionsonraí acu i dtionól na seachtaine seo den iris Science\n, a thugtar \"Pandoraviruses\" orthu mar gheall ar na iontas a d'fhéadfadh a bheith acu do bith-eolaithe, i dtaca leis an figiúr miotasach Gréagach a d'oscail bosca agus a scaoileadh olc isteach sa domhan.\nIs léiriú é fionnachtadh Pandoraviruses go bhfuil ár n-eolas ar bithéagsúlacht mhicrobiúil na Talún fós neamhiomlán, a mhínigh an comh-údar staidéir Jean-Michel Claverie\n, víreolaí ag an nGníomhaireacht Náisiúnta Taighde na Fraince in Ollscoil Aix-Marseille.\n\"Tá fionnachtana ollmhóra fós le déanamh ar an leibhéal is bunúsaí a d'fhéadfadh ár dtuairim reatha a athrú maidir le bunús na beatha agus a éabhlóid\", a dúirt Claverie.\n, bithéiste comhthionscanta éabhlóideach ag an Ionad Náisiúnta um Fhaisnéis Bithteicneolaíochta i Bethesda, Md., nach raibh páirteach sa staidéar, d'iarr na Pandoraviruses \"fhiosrú iontach\", ach ní iontas iomlán.\n\"I mbeagán focal, is rud é a chonaic muid ag teacht, agus tá sé iontach go bhfuil sé tagtha\", a dúirt Koonin.\nCuardach córais\nFuair saotharlann Claverie ceann de na víris, Pandoravirus salinus, i sediments a bailíodh ó chósta na Sile. Bhí an ceann eile, Pandoravirus dulcis, ag luí i mblaosc i dtóg uisce úr in aice le Melbourne, san Astráil.\nTá an dá víreas nua chomh mór sin gur féidir iad a fheiceáil ag baint úsáide as micreascóip solais thraidisiúnta. Tá a ngineamhacha thar-mhéide freisin: tá gínóm P. salinus 1.91 milliún bonn DNA ar fhad, agus tá an P. dulcis 2.47 milliún bonn DNA. I gcomparáid, is é méid an gcinóm víreasach roimhe seo, Megavirus chilensis, 1.18 milliún bonn.\nIs gaol mara é M. chilensis de Mimiviruses, rang víris mhóra a fuarthas amach ar dtús níos mó ná deich mbliana ó shin agus a d'athraigh go deo coincheapa eolaithe ar cé chomh mór is a d'fhéadfadh víris a bheith.\nTar éis an chéad ghéinóm Mimivirus a sheachadadh i 2010, thosaigh Claverie agus a fhoireann ag cuardach córais le haghaidh víris níos mó fós. Fuair siad P. salinus sa chomhshaol céanna sa tSile inar aimsíodh M. chilensis.\nBhí an fionnachtadh ar P. dulcis níos mó serendipitous, mar thoradh ar sampla uisce a ghlac Claverie le linn turas go Melbourne.\nAr dtús, shíl na heolaithe Fraince go raibh an dá víreas mar an gcéanna. Ach tar éis comparáid a dhéanamh idir an dá shraith géinóim agus a gcuid próitéiní códaithe, thuig siad go raibh an péire ina ionadaí ar theaghlach víris nua, a dúirt Claverie.\nCad iad?\nRinne an fhoireann roinnt turgnaimh freisin chun a dhearbhú gur víris iad Pandoraviruses i ndáiríre. Ag baint úsáide as micreascóipí solais agus leictreonacha, lean na heolaithe a n-eintitis nua-aimseartha trí timthriall athdhéanamh iomlán. Bhuail na hinstitiúidí ollmhóra leis na trí phríomhchritéar go léir chun iad a lipéadú mar víris.\nAr dtús, seachas a bheith ag scoilt ina dhá chuid cosúil le baictéir nó le cealla tipiciúla, d'fhás na Pandoraviruses na céadta cóip nua i gcúrsa amháin. Ar an dara dul síos, ní raibh na géiní a bhí riachtanach chun fuinneamh a tháirgeadh acu araon. Ar deireadh, ní fhéadfaí próitéiní a tháirgeadh gan ainmhithe aon-chill a aithnítear mar améabaí a ionfhabhtuithe, is cosúil gurb iad na hóstach is fearr le Pandoraviruses.\nBhí iontas breise ag fanacht leis an bhfoireann nuair a rinne siad anailís ar ghéinóim Pandoraviruses. Bhí thart ar 1,500 géine i gcineál P. dulcis, agus bhí níos mó ná 2,500 géine i gcineál P. salinus. Is féidir le víreas ghrúpa tipiciúil a bheith chomh beag le 10 géine, agus níl ach thart ar 1,000 géine ag M. chilensis.\nNíos mó ná sin, níl a fhios ag eolaithe cad a dhéanann formhór na ngéin Pandoravirus. Tá \"beagán géinithe aitheanta i gceist le dúbailt DNA, agus cúpla géin a bhaineann le trascríobh. Ní féidir mórán eile a aithint\", a mhínigh an chéad údar comhoiriúnaí den staidéar, Matthieu Legendre\n, atá ag CNRS freisin.\nTá na Pandoraviruses difriúil ó víris eile freisin toisc nach bhfuil an géin acu don phróitéin capsid a chruthaíonn an t-áit chónaithe, nó \"capsid\", de víris ollmhór de ghnáth.\nAn ceathrú réimse\nTugann na neamhrialtachtaí seo ceisteanna suimiúla faoi bhunús Pandoraviruses, a deir eolaithe.\nDe réir teoiric a roghnaigh Claverie agus a fhoireann, bhí sinsear ársa Pandoraviruses uair amháin cealla saor-bheo a chaill go mall an chuid is mó dá ngéiní de réir mar a tháinig siad ina bparasít.\nMeasann roinnt eolaithe go bhféadfadh an ceall sinsearach hipitéiseach seo a bheith ina \"ceathrú réimse\" den saol mar a thugtar air is é sin, brainse nach raibh ar eolas roimhe sin den saol atá ar leith ó na trí réimse a nglactar leo: Baictéir; Archaea, cineál eile d'orgánach aon-chealla; agus Eukaryotes, an réimse a mbaineann ainmhithe agus plandaí leis.\nTá Claverie agus a fhoireann anois ar an tóir ar Pandoraviruses eile chun a n-fhoinse éabhlóideach a dhíspreagadh agus a ngéin a staidéar níos fearr.\n\"Tá níos mó ná 2,000 géine nua ag na víris seo a chódálann próitéiní agus einsímí a dhéanann rudaí anaithnid, agus a ghlacann páirt i mbealaí meitibileach anaithnid\", a mhínigh víriséalaí agus comh-údar na staidéir Chantel Abergel, atá ag CNRS freisin.\n\"D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh spéis mhór ag baint le hiarratais bithteicneolaíochta agus bithleighis a gcuid feidhmeanna bithcheimiceacha agus rialála a shoiléiriú\", a dúirt sí.\nTá cúis ag na heolaithe a chreidiúint go bhfuil go leor Pandoraviruses eile ag fanacht le fáil amach.\n\"Is é an fíric go bhfuarthas beirt acu beagnach ag an am céanna ó áiteanna an-i bhfad óna chéile ná go raibh muid an-chinnte\", a dúirt Claverie, \"nó nach bhfuil siad gann\"."} {"text": "The most recent information about bicyclist deaths and injuries in relationship to traffic accidents was released by Transport Canada regarding the year 2013. In general, there were several good statistics showing a reduction in overall traffic accidents in the country. For instance, the number of fatal motor vehicle accidents was only 1,923, which had dropped 7.2 per cent from the prior year.\nAs a cyclist, you may think that’s good news. It may seem significant, too, if you are considering working with a lawyer on a current cycling accident you’ve had, because it shows that the roads are getting safer overall. That’s not necessarily good news for cyclists, though, as the lower rates of injuries and fatalities don’t seem to have affected them directly. A chart showing the years 2009 through 2013 states that the number of cyclists fatally wounded in an accident in 2009 was 45, just 2.0 per cent of all fatalities. However, in 2013, that number had risen to 62 and 3.2 per cent, higher than in 2012 and all prior years on the study.\nBicyclists also made up 4.6 per cent of all serious injuries on the roads. The next lowest group for injuries was motorcyclists, who made up 11.6 per cent of injuries in 2013.\nWhere do these accidents take place? The chart shows that the number of collisions in urban areas far exceeded those in rural areas, although it was shown that rural areas tended to have more fatalities. For example, fatal injuries only totalled 742 in urban areas, while collisions in rural areas result in 973 fatalities. When it’s considered that more accidents take place in urban areas, you can see that it’s far more likely to be in a fatal accident in a rural area.\nSource: Transport Canada, “Canadian Motor Vehicle Traffic Collision Statistics 2013,” accessed Dec. 23, 2015", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "url": "https://www.michaelgoldenlawyer.com/blog/2015/12/how-many-bicyclists-were-hurt-or-killed-in-canada-in-2013/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152236.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727041254-20210727071254-00658.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9674879909, "token_count": 393, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá an fhaisnéis is déanaí maidir le básanna agus le himreoirí rothair i ndáil le timpistí tráchta scaoilte ag Cúntóirí Custaim maidir leis an mbliain 2013. Go ginearálta, bhí roinnt staitisticí maithe ann a léiríonn laghdú ar thráchtáil thráchtála foriomlán sa tír. Mar shampla, ní raibh ach 1,923 de na timpistí mótarfheithiclí marfach, a bhí 7.2 faoin gcéad níos lú ná an bhliain roimhe sin.\nMar rothair, b'fhéidir go gceapann tú go bhfuil sé sin ina nuacht mhaith. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith suntasach freisin má tá tú ag smaoineamh ar bheith ag obair le dlíodóir ar thimpiste rothaíochta atá agat faoi láthair, toisc go léiríonn sé go bhfuil na bóithre ag éirí níos sábháilte go ginearálta. Ní gá go mbeadh an scéal sin go maith do rothaitheoirí, áfach, toisc nach cosúil go raibh tionchar díreach ag na rátaí níos ísle díobhála agus báis orthu. Deir cairt a léiríonn na blianta 2009 go 2013 gur 45 an líon rothaithe a gortaíodh go marbhtach i dtimpiste i 2009, ach 2.0 faoin gcéad de na básanna go léir. I 2013, áfach, d'ardaigh an líon sin go 62 agus 3.2 faoin gcéad, níos airde ná i 2012 agus na blianta roimhe sin go léir sa staidéar.\nBhí 4.6 faoin gcéad de na himreoirí tromchúiseacha ar na bóithre ar rothaithe freisin. Ba iad na gluaisrothair an chéad ghrúpa eile a raibh an líon is lú díobhálacha orthu, agus ba iad 11.6 faoin gcéad de na díobhálacha a bhí orthu in 2013.\nCá mbíonn na timpistí seo? Léiríonn an chairt gur mó líon na dtimpistí i gceantair uirbeacha ná i gceantair thuaithe, cé gur léir gur i gceantair thuaithe a bhí níos mó básanna. Mar shampla, ní raibh ach 742 díobháil marfach i gceantair uirbeacha, agus i gceantair thuaithe, bhí 973 bás mar thoradh ar chollásaí. Nuair a mheasann tú go dtarlaíonn níos mó timpistí i gceantair uirbeacha, feicfidh tú go bhfuil sé i bhfad níos dóchúla go mbeidh timpiste marbhtach i gceantar tuaithe.\nFoinse: Conair Cheanada, Istaitisticí ar Chóistiméireacht Tráffic Mórfheithiclí Cheanada 2013, rochtain ar 23 Nollaig 2015"} {"text": "Cultivation of Lemon Grass\nSite: Plant Lemongrass in full sun in rich, well-draining soil. Lemongrass also works well in containers. We recommend a three-gallon pot.\nPropagation: Lemongrass is easily propagated by root division. When dividing clumps, each stalk should have about one-inch of root attached. For better success, cut the blades to about two-inches before dividing. Lemongrass has a very extensive root system. So, for potted plants, it is important to divide it yearly.\nGrowing: Allow soil to dry between waterings in the growing season. Water sparingly in winter.\nFertilize every two weeks during the growing season. Most balanced fertilizers are adequate, but 15-30-15 worked best in our trials. Time-release granules also work well. Fertilizing is not necessary during the winter.\nThis tender perennial can be grown year-round outdoors in USDA Zones 8-12 (southern United States). In cold climates, Lemongrass should be overwintered inside. It is easily dug up and re-potted, if necessary. When frozen, Lemongrass will die.\nPests and diseases are very infrequent.\nHarvesting: Blades must be 12-inches tall before cutting. If you're harvesting for food, cut about one-inch above the crown. If you cut any lower, that section of the plant will not re-grow.\nCulinary Uses: Lemongrass has long been in used for teas, soups and in Oriental cooking. Just about every part of Lemongrass can be used, including the leaf tips, tender shoots and whole leaves. Snip a few leaves into a pot of tea for a refreshing flavor and added aroma. For a delicate hint of lemon, add a bunch of Lemongrass to the water used for steaming meats and vegetables. Add the tender shoots to a stir fry for a subtle, yet exotic flavor enhancement.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35", "url": "http://www.culinaryherbguide.com/growing/growinglemongrass.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644064869.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025424-00015-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9464516044, "token_count": 425, "score": 2.71875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cultúr na Ghrásaí Limon\nÁit: Lámháil an leimín-ghrása i bhfód saibhir, dea-dránaithe, i bhfód lán-sól. Tá an liomógras oiriúnach freisin i gcoimeádáin. Molaimid pota trí galún.\nAthghabháil: Tá sé éasca an liomógras a athghabháil trí roic a roinnt. Nuair a bhíonn clúbaí á roinnt, ba chóir go mbeadh thart ar 1 orlach de bhun ceangailte le gach stiall. Chun rath níos fearr, gearr na sciatháin go thart ar dhá orlach sula roinntear iad. Tá córas fréamhacha an-leathan ag an leimín-ghrása. Mar sin, maidir le plandaí i bpócaí, tá sé tábhachtach é a roinnt go bliantúil.\nFás: Lig don ithir tiormaithe idir uisceadh i rith an tséasúir fhás. Uisce go cothroime sa gheimhreadh.\nFógrú gach dhá sheachtain le linn na séasúir fáis. Tá formhór na luibheanna cothromaithe leordhóthanach, ach d'oibrigh 15-30-15 is fearr inár dtrialacha. Oibríonn granules scaoilte ama go maith freisin. Ní gá conclúid a dhéanamh i rith an gheimhridh.\nIs féidir an plúr-bhunaidh teann seo a fhás thar lear i rith na bliana i gCriosanna 8-12 USDA (deisceart na Stát Aontaithe). I gclimaí fuar, ba cheart an Lemongrass a bheith thar an gheimhreadh taobh istigh. Is féidir é a dhúnadh amach go héasca agus é a ath-potted, más gá. Nuair a bheidh sé reoite, básóidh Lemongrass.\nTá lotnaidí agus galair an-réada.\nBearradh: Ní mór go mbeadh na sciatháin 12 orlach ar airde sula ndéantar iad a ghearradh. Má tá tú ag feirmeoireacht le haghaidh bia, gearradh thart ar 1 orlach os cionn an choróin. Má ghearrann tú níos ísle, ní fhásfaidh an chuid sin den phlanda arís.\nÚsáidte i gCúlchultúr: Tá an leimonn-ghrása á úsáid le fada i dte, i súp agus i cócaireacht na hOirthear. Is féidir beagnach gach cuid de Lemongrass a úsáid, lena n-áirítear na barr duilleoga, seoltaí teann agus duilleoga iomlána. Slice cúpla duilleoga isteach i pota tae le haghaidh blas athnuachana agus aroma breise. Chun léimín a fháil, cuir cnapán de Lemongrass leis an uisce a úsáidtear chun feoil agus glasraí a steamh. Cuir na briseadh teachta le stir fry le haghaidh feabhas subtle, ach blas coimhthíoch."} {"text": "Manure application in winter should never be part of a manure management plan. Rather, it should be part of a contingency plan, because we all know that weather happens. Frequent rain and a late corn harvest are taxing manure storage capacities on many farms. Contingency plans are essential for manure that must be applied in less than ideal conditions. A forage or wheat field can be an ideal site for contingency plan manure application, because compaction should not be an issue, and the soil cover would help prevent nutrient runoff and erosion. Forage or wheat fields are ideal for those reasons. However, winterkill becomes a much greater risk, especially with application of liquid manure. Why? Beside the common risks – which include compaction from wheel traffic and crown damage – manure contains salts.\nSalinization, the concentration of salt in the root zone, is not an issue in Ontario. Ample precipitation and drainage leaches the salts through the soil profile. However, when the soil is frozen, infiltration can’t occur. Salts in manure can then turn deadly. High sodium also has a negative effect on soil structure; making the soil more susceptible to crusting, and further decreasing the capacity for infiltration.\nLivestock manure contains many salts, including ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium. When accrued, they can be significant. Salt content varies from farm to farm based on livestock species, diet formulation and even the salt in the drinking water. Many manure analyses report “Total Salts” or electrical conductivity (EC) to reflect the accumulated salts. A typical hog manure (as applied basis) can have about 20 mS/cm (milliSemens/cm) or about 125 lbs of total salts per 1,000 gallons. Dairy manure average is 14 mS/cm or about 90 lbs/1000 gallons. Sodium and magnesium chloride have a working temperatures to about -15° C; potassium chloride to -4° C, while calcium chloride can work to about -23° C.\nWhen manure is applied on frozen or snow-covered soils, the salts melt the snow and ice at the soil surface. The layer below may still be frozen, preventing infiltration. The melted, saturated layer is high in salts, toxic to roots, and more prone to erosion and runoff, and more susceptible to frost heaving. All these risks are increased where manure with high EC or total salt contents has been applied.\nWhen contingency plan applications become necessary during the winter season, options include:\n- Late summer application to forage crops after the final cut or at the beginning of the critical harvest period,\n- Temporary storage at a neighbouring storage that has extra capacity,\n- Application to forage fields or cover crops that will be tilled or killed,\n- Application to the most level harvested fields, preferably with residue still present, furthest away from surface water, where application does not occur through water runs or “flow paths.”\nChristine Brown is a field crops sustainability specialist with the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43", "url": "https://www.manuremanager.com/other/winterkill-from-manure-application-30645", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510867.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016201314-20181016222814-00490.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9317348003, "token_count": 626, "score": 3.03125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ba cheart go mbeadh an t-uisce a bhaintear as an mbonn i gcónaí i gcónaí. Ba chóir go mbeadh sé mar chuid de phlean éigeandála, mar tá a fhios againn go léir go dtarlaíonn an aimsir. Tá báistí go minic agus beith ag an bplandáil arbhair déanach ag cur go mór le cumas stórála boilg i go leor feirmeacha. Tá pleananna contúirteacha ríthábhachtach maidir le boilg nach mór a chur i bhfeidhm i ndálaí nach bhfuil chomh maith agus ba chóir. Is féidir le réimse forage nó cruithneachta a bheith ina shuíomh idéalach le haghaidh planáil éigeandála maidir le feithid a chur i bhfeidhm, toisc nach mbeadh comhdhlúthú ina cheist, agus go gcabhródh an clúdach ithreach le rónú agus creimeadh cothaithigh a chosc. Tá páirceanna forage nó cruithneachta oiriúnach chun na cúiseanna sin a bhaint amach. Mar sin féin, bíonn baol i bhfad níos mó ag an gcill gheimhridh, go háirithe le feistí leasacháin a chur i bhfeidhm. Cén fáth? Chomh maith leis na rioscaí coitianta lena n-áirítear comhdhlúthú ó thrácht rotha agus damáiste crown tá salainn sa charn.\nNí fadhb é salinization, tiúchan na salainne sa chrios fréamhacha, in Ontario. Tá an t-uisceacht agus an dránaíocht go leor ag cur na salainn tríd an bpróifíl ithreach. Mar sin féin, nuair a bhíonn an ithir reoite, ní féidir le stealladh teacht ar aghaidh. Is féidir leis na salainn sa tailte a bheith marfach ansin. Tá tionchar diúltach ag sóidiam ard freisin ar struchtúr an ithir; ag déanamh an ithir níos so-ghabhálach do chrócaireacht, agus ag laghdú tuilleadh an cumas le haghaidh infiltration.\nTá go leor salann sa tailte beathach, lena n-áirítear amóiniam, cailciam, maignéisiam, potaisiam agus sóidiam. Nuair a chuirtear i gcrích iad, d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith suntasach. Athraíonn an t-ábhar salann ó fheirm go feirm bunaithe ar speiceas na beathach, foirmliú an aiste bia agus fiú an salann san uisce óil. Tá an t-am ar fad le haghaidh na n-earraí a úsáidtear chun an t-earraí a chur ar fáil. Is féidir le feoil choinche tipiciúil (mar bhunús a chuirtear i bhfeidhm) thart ar 20 mS / cm (milliSemens / cm) nó thart ar 125 punt de salann iomlán in aghaidh 1,000 galain. Is é 14 mS/cm nó thart ar 90 lbs/1000 galain an meán-bhéithis déiríochta. Tá teocht oibre ag clóiríd sóidiam agus maignéisiam go dtí thart ar -15 ° C; clóiríd potaisiam go dtí -4 ° C, agus is féidir le clóiríd chailciam oibriú go dtí thart ar -23 ° C.\nNuair a chuirtear boilg ar ithir reoite nó ar ithir clúdaithe le sneachta, déanann na salainn an sneachta agus an oighear ar dhromchla an ithir a leá. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an ciseal thíos reoite fós, rud a chosnaíonn infiltration. Tá an ciseal leáite, saturated ard i salainn, tocsaineach do fhréamhacha, agus níos mó seans maith le creimeadh agus le runoff, agus níos so-ghabhálach do chró. Tá na rioscaí seo go léir méadaithe nuair a chuirtear boilg le cion sóid ard nó le cion salann iomlán i bhfeidhm.\nI gcás ina mbeidh gá le hiarratais ar phlean teagmhasacha le linn shéasúr an gheimhridh, tá na roghanna seo a leanas:\n- Iarr ar chultúir foraoise i ndeireadh an tsamhraidh tar éis an ghearradh deiridh nó ag tús na tréimhse criticiúla feirmeoireachta,\n- Stóráil shealadach i stóráil in aice láimhe a bhfuil cumas breise aige,\n- I bhfeidhm ar fheirmeacha forage nó ar chréatúir chlúdaithe a bheidh le tuilteadh nó le dúnmharú,\n- I bhfeidhm ar na páirceanna a bhfuil an t-uasmhéid acu, is fearr go bhfuil iarmhar fós i láthair, is faide ó uisce dromchla, áit nach dtarlaíonn an t-uasmhéid trí rith uisce nó trí bhealaí sruth.\nIs saineolaí in inbhuanaitheacht na dtorthaí feirme é Christine Brown le hAireacht Talmhaíochta, Bia agus Gnóthaí Tuaithe Ontario."} {"text": "My english language journey english language essay bread winner of our family mention that at the secondary school and during my form 1. Home » english essays » form 1 level » form 1 essay ( 1 ) form 1 essay ( 1 ) 2011-12-13 the communication between parents and their children in this contemporary. Essay on use of modern technology in schools english essay writing for css classes essay labour day in urdu radiology research papers for physical education. Xbox family english 1 one my form essay important vocabulary for essay writing good quotes for sat essay view dissertation proposal presentation jobs mрів©thode. 'myself' essay forums essay, report i think my family tree is unique because i have a cross-cultural extended family english essays for schools.\nMy english language journey english language essay sole bread winner of our family to mention that at the secondary school and during my form 1. Hi, my name is eric i am 12 i want to talk about my family i have two sisters their names are rachel and carrie 1) b in paragraph 2. Write ten sentences about your family in english or a short paragraph learn how to write a paragraph or an essay in english my family consists of my dad. English essay form 1 my family law contact july 2014 nyc dissertation library edinburgh x27 essay on my school in hindi for class 4th book essay about.\nDownload and read my family english essay my family english essay spend your few moment to read a book even only few pages reading book is not obligation and force for. 000 my family essay form 1 words) to complete all of the associated tasks host of cbc news: new brunswick at 6. English essay form 1 my family violence thematic essay outline graphic organizer systems exemple dintroduction dune dissertation philosophique yoga. Research papers on big data management best college essay editing service unavailable 2014 common app essay options argumentative essay on gmo labeling initiative.\nFor kids in english essay on my family for class 1 2 my family for class 1 and class 2 1 i have a very happy family 2 essay on my father for kids i love my. Essay on role of science and technology in development vocabulary english essay form 1 my family use noah: november 1, 2017 [the mummy and the importance. 20 lines 'my home' essay for class 1 , 2| pointwise my home is the most important place in my life essay on my family for class 1 , 2. Essay 1 lyrics my family form english literature a level coursework introduction zip health is wealth essay in english for class 7 icse essay on information. English essay form 1 my family news write good essay for sat words compare and contrast essay on city life and village life 1 family form my.\n1 zip essay form family my english essay outline for ielts listening important essays for 2nd year 2013 youtube myself essay in english for students pdf worksheets. I have a happy family consisting of eight members,namely my lovely father,mother,sister,two brothers,younger brother, and younger sistermy father’s name is rus.\nCody coursework matlab number english essay form 1 my family violence character analysis essay outline notes character analysis essay outline notes college essay mla. My essay form 1 my my mother is the most successfully women in my family i hope i'll get the highest marks for this essay my english: always b. My family essay in english my family short essay related searches for my family essay form 1 related searches my family essay in english my family short essay. Trovafloxacin synthesis essay by on october 29, 2017 - 2:50 pm in uncategorized / no comments english essay form 1 my family episode noah: october 29, 2017. English essay form 1 my family best websites research papers list essay about my family in french quizlet essay books for ias mains notes argumentative essay.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43", "url": "http://ayhomeworkpkab.banhanguytin.info/english-essay-form-1-my-family.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511806.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018105742-20181018131242-00540.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9051582217, "token_count": 801, "score": 2.53125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Mo thuras Béarla Béarla aiste Béarla buaiteoir arán ár dteaghlaigh a lua go bhfuil sa scoil mheánmhéide agus le linn mo rang 1. Home English essays form 1 level form 1 essay ( 1 ) form 1 essay ( 1 ) 2011-12-13 an cumarsáid idir tuismitheoirí agus a gcuid leanaí sa lá atá inniu ann. Saineolas ar úsáid na teicneolaíochta nua-aimseartha i scoileanna aiste Béarla a scríobh do ranganna CSS aiste Lá an Lucht Oibre in Urdu páipéir taighde radaiceolaíochta le haghaidh oideachas fisiceach. Xbox family English 1 one my form essay important vocabulary for essay writing good quotes for sat essay view dissertation proposal presentation jobs mрів©thode, an fhocal tábhachtach le haghaidh aiste scríbhneoireachta 'Féin' aiste fóraim aiste, tuarascáil Sílim go bhfuil mo chrann teaghlaigh uathúil toisc go bhfuil teaghlach leathnaithe tras-chultúrtha agam\nMo thuras Béarla Béarla aiste Béarla buaiteoir aráin amháin dár dteaghlach chun a lua go sa scoil mheánmhéide agus le linn mo rang 1. Hi, is é mo ainm Eric Tá mé 12 Ba mhaith liom a labhairt faoi mo theaghlach Tá dhá deirfiúracha a bhfuil a n-ainmneacha Rachel agus Carrie 1) B i mír 2. Scríobh deich abairt faoi do theaghlach i mBéarla nó mír ghearr foghlaim conas mír nó aiste a scríobh i mBéarla Is é mo dhaid mo theaghlach. Saineolas Béarla Foirm 1 Mo Dlí Teaghlaigh Teagmháil Iúil 2014 Leabharlann Disceacht NYC Edinburgh X27 Saineolas ar mo scoil i Hindi don Rang 4ú Leabhar Saineolas faoi.\nÍoslódáil agus a léamh mo theaghlach Béarla aiste mo theaghlach Béarla aiste a chaitheamh do nóiméad cúpla le leabhar a léamh fiú amháin cúpla leathanach leabhar a léamh nach bhfuil oibleagáid agus fórsa do. 000 foirm aiste mo theaghlaigh 1 focal) chun na tascanna gaolmhara go léir a chomhlánú óstáil nuacht CBC: Nua-Bhrunswick ag 6. Saineolas Béarla foirm 1 mo chuid foréigean teaghlaigh aiste téamacha cur síos córais eagrú grafacha sampla d'introchtú dúin dírscéal fealsúnachta yoga. Páipéir taighde ar bhainistíocht sonraí móra Seirbhís eagarthóireachta aiste coláiste is fearr nach bhfuil ar fáil 2014 Roghanna aiste app coitianta aiste argóideach ar thionscnamh lipéadú GMO.\nLe haghaidh páistí i Béarla aiste ar mo theaghlach do rang 12 mo theaghlach do rang 1 agus rang 2 1 Tá teaghlach an-sásta agam 2 aiste ar mo athair do leanaí is breá liom mo Aisdán ar ról na heolaíochta agus na teicneolaíochta i bhforbairt focalfhocal inscríbhinn foirm 1 mo theaghlach úsáid Noah: 1 Samhain, 2017 [an mummy agus an tábhacht. 20 línte 'mo bhaile' aiste do rang 1, 2 pointe a dhéanamh ar bhealach mo bhaile an áit is tábhachtaí i mo shaol aiste ar mo theaghlach do rang 1, 2. Saineolas 1 lyrics mo theaghlach foirm litríocht Béarla a leibhéal cúrsa cur isteach zip Sláinte is saibhreas Saineolas i mBéarla do Rang 7 Saineolas ar fhaisnéis. Saineolas Béarla foirm 1 mo theaghlach nuacht scríobadh aiste maith do sat focail comparáid agus contrast aiste ar shaol na cathrach agus saol na sráidbhailte foirm 1 teaghlaigh mo.\n1 zip foirm aiste Teaghlaigh mo chuid aiste Béarla forlíonadh do IELTS ag éisteacht aisteanna tábhachtacha don 2ú bliain 2013 youtube féin aiste i mBéarla do mhic léinn bileoga oibre pdf. Tá teaghlach sona agam a bhfuil ochtar baill ann, is é sin mo athair, mo mháthair, mo dheirfiúr, dhá dheartháir, deartháir níos óige, agus deirfiúr níos óige.\nCody coursework Matlab number English essay form 1 my family violence character analysis essay outline notes character analysis essay outline notes coláiste essay mla. Mo aiste foirm 1 mo mo mháthair is é an chuid is mó rathúil mná i mo theaghlach tá súil agam go mbeidh mé a fháil ar na marcanna is airde le haghaidh an aiste mo Béarla: i gcónaí B. An Teaghlach Mo Saothar Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Saothar Beag Trovafloxacin synthesis essay by on october 29, 2017 - 2:50 pm in uncategorized / no comments aiste Béarla foirm 1 mo theaghlach eipeasóid Noah: october 29, 2017. Saineolas Béarla Foirm 1 Mo Theaghlach Suíomhanna Gréasáin taighde liosta páipéir Saineolas faoi mo theaghlach i bhFraincis Quizlet Saineolas Leabhair do IAS Nótaí Mains Saineolas argóintiúil."} {"text": "Organizational Adulting Mindset Worksheet\nHow to Play:\nThe worksheet begins on the left side, with a focus on the current state. You will fill in the first three columns under What We See Today.\n- Begin by defining the Primary Behaviors you practice as a team or group. This is what you commonly do today as you deliver work or complete tasks. Expect to see productive, useful behaviors as well as non-adulting behaviors—the behaviors you need to identify and address as a team.\n- Identify and define what enables each non-adulting behavior to exist and stay in practice.\n- List the outcomes and impacts created by the non-adulting behaviors.\n- Before moving to the next three columns, write up the characteristics of the mindset you have today.\nOnce you have completed the current state, shift your thinking to the desired state. You will now work your way across the columns under What We Want to See.\n- Start with Desired Impacts/Outcomes. Some impacts/outcomes in the current state may be exactly what you desire. If so, simply transfer them to the Impacts column under What We Want to See. Some impacts and outcomes in the current state are not desirable, these are the ones you wish to change. In this case, you want to define the outcomes you want to achieve.\n- Next, for every new impact/outcome, brainstorm what will enable those outcomes.\n- Then, for each new enabler, identify one or more behaviors you will need to practice to realize the outcomes and take advantage of the enablers.\n- Finally, review your desired state and define the characteristics of the mindset you need to adopt to be successful.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "url": "https://xplane.com/worksheets/organizational-adulting-mindset/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153709.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20210728092200-20210728122200-00551.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9062433839, "token_count": 355, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Leabhrán oibre maidir le meon a fhorbairt i dtaca le heagraíocht\nConas a Imirt:\nTosaíonn an bileog oibre ar an taobh clé, agus béim á leagan ar an stát reatha. Líonfaidh tú na chéad trí cholún faoi Cad a fheicimid inniu.\n- Tosaigh ag sainmhíniú na dTrámaí Príomh-Aire a chleachtann tú mar fhoireann nó mar ghrúpa. Is é seo a dhéanann tú go coitianta inniu agus tú ag seachadadh oibre nó ag críochnú tascanna. Tá súil agat iompraíochtaí táirgiúla, úsáideacha a fheiceáil chomh maith le hiompraíochtaí neamh-inbhlásta - na hiompraíochtaí a chaithfidh tú a aithint agus a chur i ngleic mar fhoireann.\n- Aithint agus sainmhíniú a dhéanamh ar an méid a chuireann ar chumas gach iompair neamh-dhlúthanach a bheith ann agus fanacht sa chleachtas.\n- Liostaigh na torthaí agus na tionchair a chruthaigh na hiompar neamh-inbhlásta.\n- Sula dtéann tú chuig na trí cholún eile, scríobh síos na tréithe a bhaineann leis an meon atá agat inniu.\nNuair a bheidh an staid reatha críochnaithe agat, aistarraing do chuid smaointe go dtí an stát atá ag teastáil. Beidh tú ag obair anois do bhealach trasna na colúin faoi Cad ba mhaith linn a fheiceáil.\n- Tosaigh leis na hIarsmaí/Torthaí Iarrata. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh roinnt tionchair/thorthaí sa stát reatha díreach mar a theastaíonn uait. Má tá, aistarraing iad go simplí chuig an colún Tionchair faoi Cad ba mhaith linn a fheiceáil. Níl roinnt tionchair agus torthaí san staid reatha inmhianaithe, is iad seo na cinn ar mhaith leat a athrú. Sa chás seo, ba mhaith leat na torthaí a theastaíonn uait a bhaint amach a shainiú.\n- Ansin, le haghaidh gach tionchar/orthocáid nua, brainstorm cad a chuirfidh na torthaí sin ar fáil.\n- Ansin, le haghaidh gach cumasóir nua, sainaithint a dhéanamh ar cheann amháin nó níos mó iompraíochtaí beidh ort a chleachtadh chun na torthaí a bhaint amach agus leas a bhaint as na cumasóirí.\n- Ar deireadh, déan athbhreithniú ar do staid inmhianaithe agus sainmhínigh na tréithe den mheon a chaithfidh tú a ghlacadh chun a bheith rathúil."} {"text": "The results of a new study on Arab women in Dearborn, Mich., have been released. The study revealed that women who wear “traditional clothing” (code word for hijab) are prone to lower levels of vitamin D because of less exposure to sunlight. Two articles on the study (here and here) read like, “Oh noes! Those poor hijabis who get no sunlight will get so sick!” This recent study is just the latest in a line of studies on hijabis in various parts of the world which all have the same result: hijabis don’t get enough sunlight and hence don’t get enough vitamin D. We’re told of all the risks of not getting enough vitamin D: increased risk of cancer, diabetes, Crohn’s disease, multiple sclerosis, heart disease and infections.\nI am highly skeptical of these studies and the way they’re framed in the media. Not because of the results (if hijabis aren’t getting enough vitamin D, then we need to go about other ways of getting it), but because they all seem to have the same message: hijab is making you sick! There are many ways to get vitamin D, with exposure to sunlight being just one of them. You can also get vitamin D through diet. However, what is stressed in the two articles about the study is that hijabis don’t get enough vitamin D compared to non-hijabis despite the fact that the study also found “There was no difference in rates of health problems linked to vitamin D deficiency, such as bone or joint pain or breaks, or muscle weakness” between women in the study who wear hijab and women who don’t. In the Scientific American post, we’re given multiple quotes about how hijabis can’t enough vitamin D even from diet.\nWhile heavy doses of vitamin D are available in supplements, the body manufacturers the most through sun exposure (admittedly in short supply in early spring in Michigan, when the study was done), Hobbs says. The vitamin naturally occurs in only a few foods, including mackerel, tuna, salmon and eggs, and it’s added to milk in the U.S. To get the recommended 1,000 International Units of vitamin D a day (or no more than 2,000), you’d have to drink 20 glasses of milk daily, or eat 80 eggs, Hobbs says. Spend a few minutes in the sunshine, though, and your body will make 10,000 to 20,000 units, he says.\nSo what am I or any other hijabi suppose to take away from this study? That unless I take off my hijab I’m not ever going to get enough vitamin D? That makes me feel very hopeful.\nWhat was also troubling was that the study was only done on Arab American women. The Muslim community in the U.S., even in the Detroit area, is really diverse. Why were only Arab American women used in the study? Why weren’t women from other ethnic groups who wear hijab also used? This is troubling to me because it once again reinforces the idea that Muslim=Arab. The way the Freep.com article and Scientific American post were framed reinforced this idea. The titles of the articles are “Vitamin low in Arab women” and “Does modest dress among Arab-American women promote vitamin D deficiency?”, yet the bulk of both articles focus on hijabis. The article itself says that vitamin D levels were higher in women who didn’t wear hijab and since the study was done on Arab women, I assume that the women who didn’t wear hijab were also Arab. Also, there are Arabs who aren’t Muslim. Yet the articles are framed in such a way that equates Arab with Muslim.\nSo while it’s good to know that I should be conscious of my vitamin D intake, I also know that studies like these aren’t perfect.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-40", "url": "http://www.patheos.com/blogs/mmw/2009/02/oh-noes-hijab-will-make-you-sick/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737882743.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221802-00143-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9539070129, "token_count": 827, "score": 3.203125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Foilsíodh torthaí staidéir nua ar mhná Arabach i Dearborn, Michigan. Léirigh an staidéar go bhfuil mná a chaitheann éadaí traidisiúnta (códfhocal le haghaidh hijab) seans maith go mbeidh leibhéil níos ísle vitimín D acu mar gheall ar níos lú nochtadh do sholas na gréine. Dhá alt faoin staidéar (anseo agus anseo) a léigh mar, Ó noes! Ní bhfaigheann hijabisí go leor solas na gréine agus dá bhrí sin ní fhaigheann siad go leor vitimín D. Deirtear dúinn go bhfuil na rioscaí go léir a bhaineann le vitimín D a fháil go leor: riosca méadaithe ailse, diaibéiteas, galar Crohn, sclerosis il, galar croí agus ionfhabhtuithe.\nTáim an-chinnteach faoi na staidéir seo agus faoin gcaoi a bhfuil siad á gcraobhú sna meáin. Ní mar gheall ar na torthaí (má tá hijabis nach bhfuil ag fáil go leor vitimín D, ansin ní mór dúinn dul faoi bealaí eile a fháil air), ach toisc go bhfuil siad go léir cosúil go bhfuil an teachtaireacht chéanna: hijab ag déanamh tú tinn! Tá go leor bealaí ann chun vitimín D a fháil, agus ní amháin amháin ná go bhfuil an solas na gréine i láthair. Is féidir leat vitimín D a fháil trí aiste bia freisin. Mar sin féin, is é an rud a leagtar béim air sna dhá alt faoin staidéar ná nach bhfaigheann hijabis go leor vitimín D i gcomparáid le daoine nach bhfuil hidjab orthu in ainneoin go bhfuair an staidéar freisin \"Ní raibh aon difríocht i rátaí fadhbanna sláinte a bhaineann le easpa vitimín D, mar shampla pian nó briseadh cnámh nó comhpháirteanna, nó laige matáin\" idir mná san staidéar a chaitheann hidjab agus mná nach bhfuil. Sa phost Saineolaíoch Mheiriceá, tugtar go leor luachan dúinn faoi conas nach féidir le hijabis go leor vitimín D a fháil fiú ó aiste bia.\nCé go bhfuil dáileoga móra vitimín D ar fáil i bhforlíontaí, déanann an comhlacht an chuid is mó a tháirgeadh trí nochtadh don ghrian (a bhfuil ganntanas go deimhin ann go luath san earrach i Michigan, nuair a rinneadh an staidéar), a deir Hobbs. Ní bhíonn an vitimín go nádúrtha ach i mbeagán bia, lena n-áirítear macréile, tuna, salmón agus uibheacha, agus cuirtear leis an bainne sna Stáit Aontaithe é. Chun an 1,000 Aonaid Idirnáisiúnta vitimín D a mholtar in aghaidh an lae (nó nach mó ná 2,000) a fháil, bheadh ort 20 gloine bainne a ól in aghaidh an lae, nó 80 uibheacha a ithe, a deir Hobbs. Ach má chaitheann tú cúpla nóiméad sa ghrian, déanfaidh do chorp 10,000 go 20,000 aonad, a deir sé.\nMar sin, cad atá mé nó aon hijabi eile a ghlacadh amach as an staidéar seo? Go dtí go dtógfaidh mé mo hijab ní bheidh mé ag dul a fháil go leor vitimín D riamh? Cuireann sé sin dóchas orm.\nBa é an rud a bhí imníoch freisin ná nach ndearnadh an staidéar ach ar mhná Arabach Mheiriceá. Tá an pobal Moslamach sna Stáit Aontaithe, fiú i gceantar Detroit, an-éagsúil. Cén fáth nár úsáideadh ach mná Arabach Mheiriceá san staidéar? Cén fáth nár úsáideadh mná ó ghrúpaí eitneacha eile a chaitheann hijab freisin? Tá sé seo trioblóideach dom mar go gcuireann sé an smaoineamh a neartú arís go Moslamach = Arabach. Chuir an bealach a ndearnadh an t-alt Freep.com agus post Scientific American a chur i gcorp an smaoineamh seo. Is iad teidil na n-ailt Vitimín íseal i mná Arabach agus An gcuireann gúna measartha i measc mná Arabach-Mheiriceánach easnamh vitimín D chun cinn?, ach díritheann an chuid is mó den dá alt ar hijabis. Deir an t-alt féin go raibh leibhéil vitimín D níos airde i measc na mban nach raibh hijab agus ós rud é go ndearnadh an staidéar ar mhná Arabach, measaim go raibh na mná nach raibh hijab araib araib freisin. Chomh maith leis sin, tá Arabach nach Moslamaigh iad. Ach tá na hairteagail curtha i gcreat ar bhealach a chuireann Arabach ar an gcéanna le Moslamach.\nMar sin cé go bhfuil sé go maith a fhios agam gur chóir dom a bheith ar an eolas faoi mo iontógáil vitimín D, tá a fhios agam freisin nach bhfuil staidéir mar seo foirfe."} {"text": "Women's rights it is rather a novel that has been 'strongly misread'1 key words: chopin, feminism, freud, edna when kate chopin's the awakening was published in 1899, it immediately created controversies late 1980s, focused on discrimination and on cultural, social, and political issues, and this wave feminists.\nThe women's movement is a series of campaigns for reforms on issues such as reproductive rights, domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, women's suffrage, sexual harassment and sexual violence the women's movement began in the late 19th century and had three different waves first-wave.\nThe narration in kate chopin's “the storm” is delivered in third person omniscient and is a key element in the story the role of the narrator is more than simply communicating the story to the rea.\nCriticism of the storm by kate chopin while it has traditionally been men who have attached the ball and chain philosophy to marriage, kate chopin gave readers a woman's view of how repressive and confining marriage can be for a woman, both spiritually and sexually while many of her works incorporated the notion.\nRead this full essay on racism in the father of desiree's baby by kate chopin the short story was written based on a time when racial prejudice and discrimination was familiar mainly thorough out america's southern states the views of in addition, mrs mallard is a woman with a strong sense of passion and detest.\nKate chopin's the storm is about a woman named calixta who rekindles a lost romance with a former lover in the midst of a storm this story discrimination has always been present in our history as humans: those who have been discriminated against many times in many different cultures are minority races and women.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43", "url": "http://wlhomeworkcsbs.taxiservicecharleston.us/a-discrimination-among-women-in-the-storm-by-kate-chopin.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511063.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20181017065354-20181017090854-00150.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9726554155, "token_count": 370, "score": 3.3125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cearta na mban is é an rud is mó a bhí ann ná úrscéal a bhí 'misread1 go láidir' focail eochair: Chopin, feimineachas, Freud, Edna nuair a foilsíodh Kate Chopin's an awakening i 1899, chruthaigh sé conspóidí láithreach ag deireadh na 1980idí, ag díriú ar idirdhealú agus ar shaincheisteanna cultúrtha, sóisialta agus polaitiúla, agus seo feminists tonn.\nIs sraith feachtais é an gluaiseacht na mban le haghaidh athchóirithe ar shaincheisteanna mar chearta atáirgthe, foréigean baile, saoire máithreachais, pá comhionann, vótáil na mban, gnóthachtáil ghnéasach agus foréigean ghnéasach a thosaigh an gluaiseacht na mban ag deireadh an 19ú haois agus bhí trí tonn éagsúla ann - an chéad tonn.\nTá an scéal i \"the storm\" de chuid Kate Chopin curtha ar fáil i dtríú duine uile-fhiosach agus is príomhghné é sa scéal. Ní hamháin go bhfuil ról an scéalaí ag cur an scéal in iúl don réalta.\nCé gur fir a bhí i dteagmháil go traidisiúnta leis an bpiléar agus leis an gceanglas pholasaí le pósadh, thug Kate Chopin léitheoirí dearcadh bean ar cé chomh brúiseach agus teoranta is féidir pósadh a bheith do mhná, go spioradálta agus go gnéasach agus go leor dá cuid oibreacha an nocion.\nLéigh an aiste iomlán seo ar ciníochas i athair leanbh Desiree ag Kate Chopin Scríobhadh an scéal gearr bunaithe ar am nuair a bhí foréigean ciníoch agus idirdhealú eolach go príomha amach go hiomlán stáit theas Mheiriceá\nTá Kate Chopin's the storm faoi bhean ar a dtugtar calixta a athshlánú rómáns caillte le iar-gráinneoir i lár stoirm an idirdhealú scéal seo i gcónaí i láthair inár stair mar dhaoine: iad siúd a bhfuil idirdhealú déanta i gcoinne go leor uaireanta i go leor cultúir éagsúla ná cineálacha mionlaigh agus mná."} {"text": "There was a time, not too long ago, that June and July were relatively quiet months on the farm. Once in-crop weed spraying was finished, work in the fields was essentially completed. Farmers were able to spend their summers getting ready for harvest, taking care of unseeded low-lying areas in their fields, and attend weddings and other social events.\nSummer this year has been a whirlwind so far. In-crop spraying was completed about two weeks ago (mostly), but fungicide season has only just gotten started. Every sprayer is rolling full out on whatever fields are ready to spray, and farmers are busy checking the rest of the fields to see if they are ready. It is not unheard of to spray 40,000 acres per season, per sprayer.\nPerhaps I should explain what I mean by “in-crop spraying”. After seeding is complete in late May to mid-June, crops must all be sprayed to kill weeds. Make no mistake, this is a critical application, as a crop left to fight weeds on its own can be quickly overwhelmed by competition. Thanks to genetic modification, many of our crops are easy to deal with, such as corn, soybeans and canola. Some are also very competitive, like wheat and barley. However, crops like peas and lentils, even with proper herbicide application, can easily be outcompeted by difficult weeds like kochia, wild buckwheat, wild oats, etc. Spraying these crops is a big project and it takes many hours on the sprayer; but it is not the final application of the year.\nAs soon as the weeds are taken care of, crops are carefully monitored for disease and insects. Most diseases need wet, humid air and warm temperatures for optimum growth and infection. These diseases are mostly fungi, with a wide variety of species infecting each crop. In wheat, tan spot can be very damaging to the leaves, removing photosynthetic area and replacing it with tan-coloured spots. In canola, white mould can devastate yield potential, choking off the stem and starving the plant. In other crops such as lentils, some diseases can virtually kill an entire field in a matter of days (e.g. Anthracnose).\nFrom the outside looking in on agriculture, you may wonder why we spray so many chemicals on our crops. We would not spray fungicides if we didn’t need to. These are expensive products that require many hours on the sprayer to apply, and many of them have extremely tight application windows. Also, during the summer months, I can guarantee you every farmer would rather be at the lake than spraying non-stop.\nTake Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) for example, caused by Fusarium graminearum. This disease, if left unchecked, infects the seeds of durum, wheat and barley, elevating levels of a vomitoxin called deoxynivalenol (DON). As the name suggests, this toxin induces vomiting and can be dangerous if consumed in high enough levels. Therefore, if our grain is infected with FHB, it will be worth a lot less to try and sell. Would you want to eat bread or pastries or drink beer infected with this? It is a difficult disease to control, and we check our durum daily to try and catch the optimal window for fungicide application, which is about a two-day opportunity while the head is flowering. A wheat head that has completed flowering, and therefore moved past its application window, is shown below:\nWe sprayed this crop to protect it from FHB, as climatic conditions are perfect for its development. Unfortunately, we also had to apply a product that everyone hates: chlorpyrifos, also known by its brand name, Lorsban. This product is an insecticide, and yes it is somewhat hazardous. We applied it to protect our crop from the dreaded grasshopper. These verocious insects can eat a lot of material very quickly. To compound the problem, we also found some of these bugs:\nThis little bug on the wheat head is called the orange blossom wheat midge, a nasty little insect that lays its eggs in the florets of wheat and durum, which hatch later on and chew on the developing kernel. Like FHB-damaged kernels, this also causes grade loss.\nSpraying insecticides is not a fun job, but sometimes it is necessary to protect the massive investment we put into our crops every year. We avoid spraying them as much as we can, but you do not have to worry about their safety. There is no kernel, or any form of it, in that wheat head yet. Lorsban has a residual of about 7 days. This plant is at least 40 days from harvest. All of our insecticides, indeed all of our chemicals, have a regulated pre-harvest interval to ensure no residue remains at harvest. Furthermore, scientists have developed economic thresholds to determine when it is worth spraying insecticides to prevent unnecessary spraying. Believe me, if I didn’t believe this our food was safe after spraying with insecticides, would I really be out there spraying it? Would I eat it with my family?\nThe reason I have covered this in such detail isn’t to tell you how tough farming is. I love farming, and I couldn’t think of a career I could enjoy more. I tell you this so that you may know why we do the things we do. Contrary to popular belief, we don’t smother our crops with pesticides; we target herbicides (kills weeds), fungicides (kills fungi) and insecticides (kills bugs) to specific fields that require them. Someday, maybe we will have better tools that allow us to reduce pesticide use (genetic engineering is by far the best path forward for this), but for now, these are the best options we have. And the reality is, for the most part, they have been proven safe by journal article after peer-reviewed journal article.\nThat’s my rant for today. Hopefully I can get back on this blog more often in the future, as fungicide season will only last another week or so. I am looking forward to its conclusion. It has been a busy spray season!\nOh, one more point, in case you were wondering how the “summer of storms” has progressed since my last post about it. Immediately after that post, some fields got 3 inches of rain. Yeah. Not good. But things have improved since, and because of near ideal weather in the past two weeks, we are now looking at the potential for a very nice crop. Our fingers are crossed!\nIf you disagree with me about pesticides and their safety, please comment, and I’ll be happy to discuss it with you. This is a subject I take very seriously, and I have done a great deal of research on it.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43", "url": "https://southsaskfarmer.com/2013/07/12/why-do-we-spray/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512268.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019020142-20181019041642-00099.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9741619229, "token_count": 1432, "score": 2.640625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Bhí am ann, ní fada ó shin, go raibh míonna samhraidh ag an bhfeirm i mí an Mheithimh agus i mí Iúil. Nuair a bhí an spáráil ar an weed i measc na bplandála críochnaithe, bhí an obair sna páirceanna críochnaithe go bunúsach. Bhí feirmeoirí in ann a gcuid samhraidh a chaitheamh ag ullmhú don fómhar, ag tabhairt aire do cheantair íseal nach raibh síolta acu ina bhfeirmeacha, agus ag freastal ar phóstaí agus ar imeachtaí sóisialta eile.\nTá an samhradh seo caite ina thionól go dtí seo. Críochnaíodh an spraeáil i measc na bptí thart ar dhá sheachtain ó shin (go príomha), ach níor thosaigh séasúr na ngreimíní ach go díreach. Tá gach spraeálaí ag rolladh go hiomlán amach ar cibé páirceanna atá réidh le spraeáil, agus tá feirmeoirí gnóthach ag seiceáil an chuid eile de na páirceanna le feiceáil an bhfuil siad réidh. Ní rud neamhchoitianta é 40,000 acra a chraoladh in aghaidh na séasúir, in aghaidh an chraobhsálaí.\nB'fhéidir gur cheart dom a mhíniú cad a chiallaíonn mé le 'spréáil i bpraghsanna'. Tar éis an síol a bheith críochnaithe ag deireadh mhí na Bealtaine go lár mhí an Mheithimh, ní mór na barra go léir a chraoladh chun an weeds a mharú. Ná déan meabhla, tá sé seo ina iarratas ríthábhachtach, mar go bhféadfadh iomaíocht a bheith ag cur i bhfeidhm go tapa ar chultúr a fhágtar chun troid le weeds ina n-aonar. A bhuíochas le modhnú géiniteach, tá go leor dár dtorthaí éasca a láimhseáil, mar shampla arbhar, pónairí sóise agus canola. Tá cuid acu an-iomaíoch freisin, cosúil le cruithneacht agus arbhair. Mar sin féin, is féidir le barra cosúil le pianta agus lionsa, fiú le cur i bhfeidhm ceart fíordhiúlta, a bheith níos deacra ná weeds deacair cosúil le kochia, buckwheat fiáin, oats fiáin, srl. Is tionscadal mór é na barra seo a chothú agus tógann sé go leor uaireanta ar an chothú; ach ní hé sin an t-iarratas deiridh den bhliain.\nA luaithe a dhéantar cúram den weed, déantar monatóireacht chúramach ar na barra le haghaidh galair agus feithidí. Is gá don chuid is mó de na galair aer fliuch, taise agus teocht te chun fás agus ionfhabhtaithe a bheith uasta. Is fungais iad na galair seo den chuid is mó, agus bíonn speiceas leathan éagsúla ag ionfhabhtuithe gach barra. I cruithneacht, is féidir le spot tan a bheith an-díobhálach do na duilleoga, ag baint limistéar fótasintéiseach agus ag é a chur in ionad le spotaí dath tan. I canola, is féidir le muiceach bán an acmhainn toraidh a scriosadh, ag cur an stéim as agus ag ocras an phlanda. I bplandálacha eile amhail lionsaí, is féidir le galair áirithe réimse iomlán a mharú i mbeagán laethanta (m.sh. Antracnóis).\nÓ bheith amuigh ag féachaint ar an talmhaíocht, b'fhéidir go n-aontódh tú cén fáth a bhfuil an oiread sin ceimiceán á spraeáil againn ar ár dtorthaí. Ní bheadh muid ag spraeáil fungicides mura mbeadh gá againn. Is táirgí daor iad seo a éilíonn go leor uaireanta ar an spraeire chun iad a chur i bhfeidhm, agus tá fuinneoga an-dlúth le húsáid ag go leor acu. Chomh maith leis sin, i rith mhíonna an tsamhraidh, is féidir liom a ráthú duit go mbeadh gach feirmeoir ag an loch seachas ag spraeáil gan stad.\nTóg Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) mar shampla, a d'fhág Fusarium graminearum. Má fhágtar an galar seo gan smacht, ionfhabhraíonn sé síolta durum, cruithneachta agus arbhair, ag ardú leibhéil vomitoxin ar a dtugtar deoxynivalenol (DON). Mar a thugann an t-ainm le tuiscint, cuireann an tocsain seo meá agus is féidir go mbeadh sé contúirteach má dhéantar í a ithe i leibhéil ard go leor. Dá bhrí sin, má tá ár ngloine ionfhabhtaithe le FHB, beidh sé i bhfad níos lú fiú a iarracht a dhíol. Ar mhaith leat arán nó péiste a ithe nó beoir a ól atá ionfhabhtaithe leis seo? Is galar deacair é a rialú, agus déanaimid seiceáil ar ár duram go laethúil chun iarracht a dhéanamh an fhuinneog is fearr a ghabháil le haghaidh iontógáil fungicide, rud a bhaineann le deis dhá lá agus an ceann ag bláthú. Tá ceann cruithneachta a chríochnaigh bláthú, agus dá bhrí sin a bhog thar a fhuinneog iarratais, ar taispeáint thíos:\nRinneamar an plandáil seo a chraobhscaoileadh chun í a chosaint ó FHB, mar go bhfuil na coinníollacha aeráide foirfe chun forbairt a dhéanamh. Ar an drochuair, bhí orainn táirge a bhfuil fuath ag gach duine a chur i bhfeidhm freisin: clóirpírifos, ar a dtugtar a ainm branda, Lorsban freisin. Is inseticíd é an táirge seo, agus tá sé ina riosca go leor. Chuir muid é chun ár dtorthaí a chosaint ar an ngrása grasshopper uafásach. Is féidir leis na feithidí veracious seo go leor ábhar a ithe go han-tapa. Chun an fhadhb a chomhcheangal, fuair muid roinnt de na buganna seo freisin:\nTugtar an bug beag seo ar cheann an cruithneachta ar an mbréagán cruithneachta blossom orange, insct beag olc a chuireann a uibheacha i bláthanna cruithneachta agus duram, a eisiúint ina dhiaidh sin agus a chew ar an gcorn atá ag forbairt. Cosúil le gráin atá damáiste déanta ag FHB, bíonn caillteanas grád ann freisin.\nNí obair spraeála é insecticides, ach uaireanta tá sé riachtanach chun an infheistíocht ollmhór a chur i ár dtorthaí gach bliain a chosaint. Seachainimid iad a chraobhscaoileadh chomh minic agus is féidir linn, ach ní gá duit a bheith buartha faoina sábháilteacht. Níl aon chnámh, nó aon fhoirm de, sa cheann gráin sin fós. Tá iarmhar de thart ar 7 lá ag Lorsban. Tá an planda seo 40 lá ar a laghad ó chruinniú. Tá idirthréimhse rialaithe roimh an bhreith ag gach ceann dár ndíonadóirí, go deimhin, ag gach ceann dár gceimiceán, chun a chinntiú nach fhanann aon fhillte ag an bhreith. Ina theannta sin, tá tairseacha eacnamaíocha forbartha ag eolaithe chun a chinneadh cathain a bhfuil sé fiú inseicticídí a spreagadh chun spreagadh neamhriachtanach a chosc. Creid dom, mura gcreideann mé go raibh an bia seo sábháilte tar éis dó a chraoladh le hidirbheathaigh, an mbeadh mé i ndáiríre amuigh ansin ag scaipeadh é? An n-ithefainn é le mo theaghlach?\nNí chun a insint duit cé chomh crua is atá feirmeoireacht ná an fáth a bhfuil an méid sin mionsonraithe agam. Is breá liom feirmeoireacht, agus ní fhéadfainn smaoineamh ar ghairm a d'fhéadfadh mé taitneamh a bhaint as níos mó. Tá mé ag insint duit seo ionas gur féidir leat a fhios cén fáth a dhéanann muid na rudaí a dhéanaimid. I gcodarsnacht leis an gcreideamh coitianta, ní dhéanaimid ár dtorthaí a shárú le pléasticidí; díreofar fíneálacha (marú féar), fíneálacha (marú fungais) agus feithidí (marú bugs) ar fheirmeacha sonracha a éilíonn iad. Lá éigin, b'fhéidir go mbeidh uirlisí níos fearr againn a ligfidh dúinn úsáid lotnaidicídí a laghdú (is é innealtóireacht ghineiteach an bealach is fearr chun cinn le haghaidh seo), ach faoi láthair, is iad seo na roghanna is fearr atá againn. Agus is é an fhírinne, den chuid is mó, gur cruthaíodh go bhfuil siad sábháilte trí alt iris a athbhreithníodh ag comhghleacaithe.\nSin mo rant le haghaidh inniu. Tá súil agam go mbeidh mé in ann teacht ar ais ar an mblag seo níos minice sa todhchaí, mar nach mairfidh séasúr na ngreimí ach seachtain eile nó mar sin. Táim ag súil go mór leis an gconclúid. Bhí sé ina shéasúr spraeála gnóthach!\nÓ, pointe amháin eile, i gcás go raibh tú ag smaoineamh ar conas a bhfuil an \"samhradh na stoirmeacha\" tar éis dul chun cinn ó mo phost deireanach faoi. Go díreach tar éis an phoist sin, fuair roinnt réimsí 3 orlach de shiúl. Tá. Ní maith. Ach tá rudaí feabhsaithe ó shin, agus mar gheall ar aimsir beagnach idéalach sa dá sheachtain anuas, táimid ag breathnú anois ar an acmhainneacht le haghaidh an-mhaith fómhar. Tá ár méara ag trasnú!\nMá tá tú mí-aontaithe liom faoi phéistithe agus a sábháilteacht, tabhair tuairimí le do thoil, agus beidh áthas orm é a phlé leat. Is ábhar é seo a ghlacann mé go mór leis, agus rinne mé go leor taighde air."} {"text": "This project aims to provide an open repository of primary sources for the history of late modern geodetical research. Moreover, it will study the application of digital methods to the historical analysis of international cooperation, scientific diplomacy, and interdisciplinary debate in the field.\nThe primary goal of the project at this stage is to make the materials produced by the precursors organizations of the current International Association of Geodesy available for digital inquiry through a digitization process made possible by a cooperation between the libraries of the MPIWG and the GFZ in Potsdam. Metadata for the whole corpus and a growing bibliography of its component elements are available on our Zotero group. You can request access to the corpus by sending us an email.\nThe first of these entities, the Mitteleuropäische Gradmessung, was set up in 1862 as an intergovernmental association, following a proposal by the Prussian military surveyor Johann Jakob Baeyer, to initiate the exact measurement of degrees of latitude and longitude across Central Europe and promote scientific geodesy. Over time this regional association developed into a truly global endeavor, leading it to be first renamed Europäische Gradmessung (1867) and then Internationale Erdmessung (1886).\nBetween 1862 and 1912 the association has produced a variety of printed material, such as conference minutes and research reports, giving shape to a thematically coherent, multilingual corpus of more than 15,000 pages. Based on the digitized material we will evaluate different methods for corpus analysis and distant reading to develop appropriate ways to study and interpret these types of sources.\nOne aspect that is of particular interest from the point of view of digital humanities research is the issue of how to foster automated analysis of multilingual corpora, a crucial issue in the digital history of science for the age before the advent of global English (Gordin 2015).\nAmong possible developments of this project at later stages are the interlinking of the digitized material with other existing repositories that hold relevant geodetical publications (such as, for example, JSTOR) and the comparative analysis of other series of geodetical research reports (such as, for example the annual reports of the US Coast and Geodetic Survey).\nAs a way to frame the project in the broader historiographical debate we hold also an open discussion group. See the details in the upcoming events below.\nFeel free to get in touch if you want more information or want to get involved in the project or the discussion group.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "url": "https://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/research/projects/measuring-earth-digital-repository-history-modern-geodesy", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154356.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20210802172339-20210802202339-00149.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8821546435, "token_count": 521, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá sé mar aidhm ag an tionscadal seo stór oscailte a sholáthar de phríomhfhoinsí maidir le stair na taighde geodéise nua-aimseartha déanach. Tá sé beartaithe go gcuirfear an tAontas Eorpach chun feidhme go héifeachtach agus go héifeachtach.\nIs é príomhchuspóir an tionscadail ag an gcéim seo na hábhair a tháirgtear ag eagraíochtaí réamhtheachtaithe an Chumann Idirnáisiúnta Geodásaíochta reatha a chur ar fáil le haghaidh fiosrúcháin digiteacha trí phróiseas digiteála a rinneadh indéanta trí chomhoibriú idir leabharlanna an MPIWG agus an GFZ i Potsdam. Tá meta-sonraí don chorpus iomlán agus leabhrán atá ag fás de na heilimintí comhpháirteacha ar fáil ar ár ngrúpa Zotero. Is féidir leat rochtain ar an gcorpus a iarraidh trí ríomhphost a sheoladh chugainn.\nBunaíodh an chéad cheann de na heintitis seo, an Mitteleuropäische Gradmessung, i 1862 mar chomhlachas idir-rialtasach, tar éis togra ón suirbhéoir míleata Prúiseach Johann Jakob Baeyer, chun tomhas cruinn na gcéimí leitheadaigh agus fhad ar fud Mheán na hEorpa a thionscnamh agus geodéise eolaíoch a chur chun cinn. Le himeacht ama d'fhorbair an comhlachas réigiúnach seo ina iarracht domhanda go fírinneach, rud a thug air a ath-ainmnithe ar dtús Europäische Gradmessung (1867) agus ansin Internationale Erdmessung (1886).\nIdir 1862 agus 1912 tá an comhlacht a tháirgtear éagsúlacht na n-ábhar clóite, mar shampla nótaí comhdhála agus tuarascálacha taighde, ag cur cruth ar a corpus comhsheasmhach téamacha, ilteangach de níos mó ná 15,000 leathanach. Bunaithe ar an ábhar digiteach déanfaimid modhanna éagsúla a mheas le haghaidh anailíse corpus agus léitheoireachta i bhfad i gcéin chun bealaí cuí a fhorbairt chun staidéar a dhéanamh ar na cineálacha foinsí seo agus iad a léiriú.\nIs é an cheist maidir le conas anailís uathoibrithe corparáidí ilteangacha a chothú, saincheist ríthábhachtach i stair dhigiteach na heolaíochta don aois roimh theacht an Bhéarla domhanda (Gordin 2015), gné amháin atá spéisiúil ó thaobh taighde daonnachtaí digiteacha de.\nI measc forbairtí féideartha an tionscadail seo ag céimeanna níos déanaí tá idirnascadh an ábhair dhigitithe le stórálacha eile atá ann cheana a bhfuil foilseacháin ábhartha geodéiseacha acu (mar shampla, JSTOR) agus anailís choibhéiseach sraith eile de thuairiscí taighde geodéiseacha (mar shampla, tuarascálacha bliantúla Chósta agus Suirbhé Geodéise na Stát Aontaithe).\nMar bhealach chun an tionscadal a chur faoi chuimsiú an díospóireachta stairiografaigh níos leithne, déanaimid grúpa plé oscailte freisin. Féach na sonraí sna himeachtaí atá le teacht thíos.\nBíodh a fhios agat más mian leat tuilleadh eolais a fháil nó más mian leat bheith páirteach sa tionscadal nó sa ghrúpa plé."} {"text": "Energy Systems 101: simplified for you b/c you’re a busy guy/gal!\nDoing physical work, especially exercise, requires energy! Nothing new there. But the ability to Produce and Use this energy via your cardiovascular and (neuro) muscular systems are the trainable windows in exercise, and this is what you are doing whether you know it or not when you go out for a jog or lift weights. You are training your systems to produce energy either Fast (“rate of energy production”) for muscular work, or for a longer Duration (“capacity”). So we work out to produce energy, whose speed-of-energy needs are dependent on the activity at hand; rate has more or less to do with how FAST we need it, like having to sprint to your bus, and capacity is more dependent on if the activity is repeated over and over, like a basketball game, or just going for a long jog.\nAll our Energy System Engines at work…\nOur body’s energy currency is something called ATP. Not going to delve deep into it, but I’ll give you a primer and explain why you need to know this, even if you just work out occasionally.\nYour muscles store and create ATP (the energy!). We all have about 10 seconds worth inside our muscles before it runs out. That was God’s gift to us, and I am grateful.\nAfter this energy runs out, the concept of “Energy Systems” comes into play. This is just how your body can continue creating that energy currency and maintaining whatever physical thing you are doing at that moment, be it typing on a computer, or actually working out. We have 3 main engines to produce and use energy, and hopefully after you read this, you have an understanding of which engine(s) you are training when you exercise.\nEngine 1: Aerobic Engine\nThis engine powers your muscles for hours on end, or anything over about 60 seconds. It must have a constant supply of Oxygen. This is why traditional low intensity Aerobic work can occasionally look lame or boring—because your Oxygen intake via breathing is the main player here! What’s not very well understood is that even high-intensity intervals or heavy deadlifts, where you are out of breathe, are Aerobic when doing repeated bouts, because it’s your Aerobic system that is used to replenish the ATP (energy) for your next set of sprints or deadlifts in between those sets. So yeah, your Aerobic engine comes into play even during non-Aerobic based weight-lifting workouts! So stop saying you “don’t do cardio” man! You do, and need to embrace it! I can go all day and write about why weight lifters need cardio to lift MORE weight, but I digress….Instead, just read this.\nSo in turn, this system is always running. You’d be dead if it wasn’t, and chemically speaking, it is EPIC in terms of how many steps are involved. Check this picture out: this is the Krebs Cycle you learned in Biology class, one of the 2 Aerobic engine methods to create ATP; the other is called the Electron Transport Chain, and it’s even more bonkers; won’t even go there today!\nCrazy, I know.\nThis type of training has tons of variety that can be used. Intensity can be anywhere from 0-10 on the Rate of Perceived Exertion scale (RPE for short), depending on how you are designing your workout. Walking is Aerobic, obviously, but so are those repeated bouts of high-intensity work like sprints or bootcamps. What matters, again, is how much energy is needed quickly, and how long you need that energy to last at that intensity. When designing your Aerobic workouts, take that into account!\n*Something I notice in exercise is that people, for the most part, train the Capacity side way more than they should, and do so in asinine fashion. Take running as an example: if you could only run at, say, 6.0 on a treadmill for 3 miles, then training “capacity” would have you train at that speed for longer and longer bouts, which is most do when they jog. They teach their bodies to run at that speed for 4, 5, 6 miles, etc. But if you wanted to ever run FASTER, then you need to also throw some RATE of Energy Production workouts in there. Yes, that means running faster, and at the beginning of a “Rate” program, definitely shorter bouts, since it’s your baseline. But In time, your 3 mile jog at 6.0 can become a 3 mile jog at 8.0, but only if you throw those higher speeds in eventually!\nThe other way people botch this is they don’t recover enough to repeat their next set at the SAME speed. These are your over-used Suicide Sprints, Metcon’s, etc. Yes, they do have a place in a training program, but do you think running SLOWER each successive set will make you run FASTER and LONGER at that speed?\nExactly. Anyway….enough with my rant.\nEngine 2: Anaerobic Lactate\nThis “no-Oxygen-needed” engine goes by many names, such as the Lactic Acid system, or Glycolysis, to name a few, but don’t get too caught up in this; the research still has no idea what things like “lactic acid” are anyway. Some say it doesn’t exist, and the burn you feel during intense exercise is nothing more than hydrogen ions. Others, like Performance Architect Joel Jamieson of 8weeksout.com, say Lactate is an actual energy source that allows you to continue exercise, albeit in a much more uncomfortable and fatigued state; I’m more a buyer of this philosophy.\nWhat’s important to understand is that it requires less chemical steps since no Oxygen is needed, but it runs out quickly! This type of training is usually like an “8-9” on the RPE scale—intense and much shorter bouts of exercise than pure Aerobic work, with varying rest periods depending on if the focus of the workout is to enhance RATE (long rest periods) or CAPACITY (torture workouts like some Crossfit workouts or Suicide Sprints).\n*Most weight lifting falls into this. In terms of weight lifting, enhancing RATE would be your heavy lifts or your high powered Power lifts, using long rests, while trying to get more swole and jacked vi Bodybuilding would be those longer, burning, higher-rep lifts, which enhance Capacity since the sets are of longer Duration. (Btw, When doing “conditioning” circuits using sprints, for example, which most won’t consider “weight lifting”, the energy needs are similar. The only difference is the mechanical tension and localized muscular fatigue.)\nWhy does this energy run out so quickly?\nBecause creating ATP this way is highly disturbing to our cellular environment!. Don’t believe me? Try sprinting for 2 minutes at the same speed, and tell me how it went, or if you could maintain your speed; or try doing 10 sets of squats, and let me know how you feel the next day.\nThis window is trainable, but not as trainable as your Aerobic engine, namely because of this high inflammatory response to our bodies! I can’t tell you how many people over-train this system. It requires more and more stimulus (stress/load/intensity) to make further fitness improvements, and you can only push that so far before hitting a wall or injuring yourself. Besides that, it can be mentally crushing day in and day out, especially when performing something like conditioning (Cardio) in an Anaerobic fashion using exercises that CAN’T last more than 30-60 seconds because of their high intensity.\nThat’s no way to live everyday man! Go for a bike ride tomorrow please!\nThis system is also not required for life like the Aerobic energy system—as long as you don’t need a lot of energy fast, such as doing a sprint or picking up something heavy. Theoretically, though, you could get by just chilling 24/7 and eating healthy; the Okinawan’s have the highest life expectancy in the world, and many just chill all day (but eat healthy).\nEngine 3: Anaerobic aLactic\nThis other “no-Oxygen-needed” system is powered by Creatine Phosphate. Yes, your body makes its own Creatine, that stuff you see in Vitamin Shoppe, just not that much. And it runs out in like 5-10 seconds. But this engine allows you to do something beastly, like this:\nCreatine Phosphate at work…\nThis type of training is like a 9-10 on the intensity scale and requires more rest to repeat at the same intensity. These are your maximum power jumps, throws, lifts, 20 yard dash, and the like.\nIt’s also the least trainable window out of the 3 engines. So don’t spend months on end training this engine!\n*As an aside, creatine monohydrate from the Vitamin Shoppe very much works if you understand it: its extra energy–that’s it. It won’t make you jacked automatically as many people think, it just gives you extra energy to get more reps. If getting that extra rep is that important to you, go out and buy some….my ass can’t afford those luxuries these days….\nPutting it All Together\nWith that said, when you choose to exercise, know what energy system(s) you are working, and understand the inflammatory implications and adaptations of each. If all you do is randomized exercise and don’t focus some time on developing them specifically, you won’t get too far. And like I always say, who has that time to waste!?\nHere is a quick example to explain all of this:\nYou are walking to the bus, which requires a small ATP burn rate, which is 100% fueled via that crazy diagram at the beginning of this blog on the Krebs cycle; but if the bus is 2 minutes early, and I have to start quasi-sprinting to catch the bus, the ATP is in higher demand, and your Aerobic engine is too slow to make you run at that necessary speed, so it relies on your other Anaerobic engines.\nIf I’m running at 85% of my max speed for like 30-60 seconds or so, I’d be burning my stored carbohydrates via Glycolysis (Anaerobic Lactic system–Engine #2) to fuel my catch-the-bus run. But if I run too fast, and my ability to use oxygen exceeds my ability to create ATP at the RATE (i.e. speed of my run) necessary for Engine #2, then I’ll have to slow down and use my Aerobic engine again, which as you know is always working! So I slow down and catch my breath, and increase my oxygen supply, which in my current state of fitness would allow me to continue running, just not at that 85% speed. (more Capacity-developing workouts could change this, but I digress…)\nSo in short, intensity dictates what engine I’m using. At this point in our hypothetical example, I was running too fast to supply my muscles with the necessary ATP energy to maintain that speed, so I had to lower my intensity (speed) until I could in fact supply my muscles with energy. Again, training smart can change all of that and help me run faster and longer, but only if I train SMART.\nLet’s keep the example going…\nI then realize the parked bus didn’t see me and is about to leave without me, and I need to go into a balls-out 100% max sprint to catch it, which would be Engine #3 (Anaerobic aLactic Phosphate system); the rate of energy needed is the highest, and I’m going to use it now, because it will last about 5-10 seconds, and that’s all I need to catch this damn bus!! That’s why God created that last system…for emergencies!\n*Btw, this example happens to me and dozens of others every single week on my bus to NYC. I wrote this piece with you guys in mind!\nSo I finally catch my bus. When I’m finally on the bus, looking like a sweaty maniac, it’s my Aerobic engine that will help me relax and get back to normal, because sitting on a seat is as low-energy needing as it gets. The better conditioned Aerobically I am, the faster this happens. Think about it: if you are completely out of shape, you will huff and puff longer—the better in shape you are Aerobically, the faster you recover and replenish your energy.\nBTW, measuring how fast you can relax after huffing and puffing from exercise is a great way to measure Aerobic fitness—I go into that in my Cardio article.\nThe cool thing is that I can train all 3 engines to work better. If I get both stronger, allowing my muscles/joints/tissues to become resilent, and use principled programming in my conditioning/Aerobic workouts, I can make what was once Anaerobic (high energy need) now Aerobic (lower energy need). That’s the goal of most sports or long-term fitness training—to make someone’s Anaerobic capacity their new Aerobic capacity; think about it–if I can make that quasi-sprint speed last longer via my Aerobic engine using constant Oxygen from my breathing, I can last at that speed longer, which means my speed that was needed and produced by Engine 3 is now produced by Engine 1! Same thing with lifting weights–if I can make my 1 rep max my new 10 rep max, I won’t need to rely on those short Anaerobic engines to lift that same weight! THAT is what most training should accomplish.\nAny workout will focus on improving RATE or CAPACITY. How fast do you need Energy, which is trained via the highest intensities, with long rests, or how long do you need that energy for, which is trained using things like shorter work/rest ratios, high volume sets, and the like. They are both important, and should compliment each other. This is precisely why most people fail at exercise in the long term sense—they do randomized workouts that fail to develop either side of the equation–it’s too random and not focused! Yes, it’s better than nothing, but if you work out regularly, then you need more targeted stress, so use some principles and get your sh$t together!\nGlad you now understand this! Those that develop both are the people that can do badass things, and do them for a long time. Great runners run FAST and for a long DURATION; they got “fast” from doing RATE of Energy workouts for a period of time (strength and power training, sprints, etc.) , and then turned that new speed into CAPACITY by using workouts that repeated that new speed in a variety of different Durations; like I said, they should complement each other.\nIn terms of programming your weekly workouts, inflammation management is the key. Doing sprints is cool and fun, but the catch, as you now know, is that Engines 2 and 3 are highly inflammatory, and are not as trainable long term. This is huge if you plan on working out more than a couple days a week and for months on end. Consider trying to do your heaviest weight lifts or your high-intensity circuits every week for 12 months; you will hit a wall or likely get injured; that all just requires MORE energy to make MORE gains, and we only have so much. This is where variety comes in. I always espouse something called a “High/Low” model; after a hard, intense workout, try something less inflammatory the following day. This is where the “art” of training comes in- If I start getting achey, stop sleeping well, etc., then I know my workout dosage was too high. If my fitness improves (strength, capacity, etc.), AND I continue to feel good, then I’m on the right track, and can potentially up the dosage.\nMy 45-year-old beginner client wanted to improve his general fitness. So I used a Seasonal Training approach using these principles and did this:\nBlock 1: Basic Strength Training w/ Aerobic Focus\nBecause he was a beginner, I can throw a lot of randomness and variety at him, and he will improve. His body is sensitive to exercise, and doesn’t need excessive intensity (inflammation) to make gains. But as he advances, I’ll have to get more specific, as specificity requires targeted stress and more inflammation, and that is Energy expense as you know now!\nWith that said, we did 2 days a week of some basic high-rep lifting so he could learn the movements we will use later in his program, and programmed low-intensity Aerobic work (think 50-60% of max intensity) for 20+ Minutes, which progressed each week for 3-4 weeks. Because this Aerobic work was low intensity (i.e. low inflammation), we could do it as much as he wanted (increased frequency), so he did it 2 days, as well as on the days he lifted (RPE 8), since the lifting didn’t take as long during this Block.\nBlock 2: Strength and Hypertrophy Block\nThis is where we hit the iron more intensely, and maintained his Aerobic system’s fitness that we just achieved by “touching base” with light Aerobic work and/or shorter bouts of higher intensity aerobic work after the main lifting portion. The focus here was maximizing tension on his muscles and getting stronger/bigger/more resilient tissue, so Aerobic work took a short-term back seat (less time dedicated it, but not ignoring it completely). So about 80% Anaerobic-style weight lifting in the 5-12 rep range over multiple sets, and some “touching-base cardio” each week.\nWe did this for about 6 weeks.\nBlock 3: Conditioning\nThis is where we used his Aerobic baseline from Block 1, and included moves he learned and became stronger with in Block 2, into the same workouts. He wasn’t training for a particular sport, per say, so we made his “sport” his workouts! Let’s now see everything he worked for and put it into high density workouts where he does lots of intense work and watch how long he can keep it up without stopping, meaning let’s see how Aerobic this workout can be. If he is de-conditioned, he will need lots of rest, as it’s still too Anaerobic for him at those intensities.\nThe more moves you learn and master in strength training, the more you can use them Aerobically later on, like we did here. Training allows what was once hard (energy consuming) now easy (less energy consuming). We also created more high-intensity bouts of exercise using all 3 Energy Systems, which is basically “getting in shape”; we did this about 4 weeks. Variety and Randomness are more frequent in this block. Think of this as circuit training, combining various intensities using movements you are capable of. Something like Orange Theory or Crossfit would be good examples here. If you are smart, you will alternate your low intensity days with your high intensity days, and have some rest days in there, to keep your inflammation in check. Work with your schedule and pay attention to fitness markers and how you feel.\nFinally we hit Reset, and started over. But now he has more strength and a better Aerobic engine from all of those weeks of training, so his baseline was higher. He is now more FIT! See how his strength complemented his Aerobic work?\nOn the other hand, he now will need even more Stress to make gains, and that’s why on his next Seasonal Block schedule, he will see higher intensities in his Aerobic work, and more weight in his Anaerobic resistance training block! The cool thing is he won’t even notice, because what is now low intensity USED TO BE his high intensity.\nSee how you can focus your programming on certain things at certain times? See how periodized block training piggybacks on itself when you hit “reset” and start over? See how it’s more efficient to actually have some rhyme and reason in your exercise, rather than “just doing something”?\nAll 3 Energy Systems have trainable (adaptable) windows, but as you now know, the Aerobic engine has the most adaptable window, and should take up a hefty part of your training if your goal is general fitness and health.\nTo begin training virtually with Brian, get started at https://www.trainerize.me/profile/brianmahoney/Brian.Mahoney and schedule your complimentary consultation which can be done either via call or email.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "url": "https://www.trainerize.me/articles/energy-systems-101-for-dummies/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153474.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727170836-20210727200836-00675.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9570177794, "token_count": 4549, "score": 3.09375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Córais Fuinnimh 101: simpliú duit b/c is fear/baile gnóthach tú!\nÉilíonn sé neart fuinnimh obair choirp a dhéanamh, go háirithe cleachtadh! Níl aon rud nua ann. Ach is é an cumas chun an fuinneamh seo a tháirgeadh agus a úsáid trí do chórais chardó-shlaodach agus (neuro) matáin na fuinneoga oiliúnacha san fheidhmiú, agus is é seo an rud atá á dhéanamh agat cibé an bhfuil a fhios agat é nó nach bhfuil nuair a théann tú amach le haghaidh jogging nó meáchan a ardú. Tá tú ag oiliúint do chórais chun fuinneamh a tháirgeadh go tapa (ráta táirgeachta fuinnimh) le haghaidh obair mhíchláir, nó ar feadh tréimhse níos faide (cumas). Mar sin, oibrímid chun fuinneamh a tháirgeadh, a bhfuil a riachtanais luas-fuinnimh ag brath ar an ngníomhaíocht atá ar láimh; tá ráta níos mó nó níos lú a dhéanamh le cé chomh tapa is gá dúinn é, cosúil le bheith ag sprint do bhus, agus tá acmhainn ag brath níos mó ar má tá an ghníomhaíocht a athdhéanamh arís agus arís eile, cosúil le cluiche cispheile, nó díreach ag dul ar jog fada.\nGach ár n-Inneall Córais Fuinnimh ag obair...\nIs é an t-airgeadra fuinnimh ár gcorp rud éigin ar a dtugtar ATP. Ní bheidh mé ag dul go domhain isteach ann, ach tabharfaidh mé bunús duit agus míneoidh mé cén fáth go gcaithfidh tú é seo a fhios, fiú mura n-oibríonn tú ach ó am go ham.\nStórálann do shnámha agus cruthaíonn siad ATP (an fuinneamh!). Tá thart ar 10 soicind ag gach duine againn laistigh dár matáin sula dtéann sé amach. Ba é sin bronntanas Dé dúinn, agus táim buíoch.\nTar éis don fhuinneamh seo a bheith caite, tagann coincheap na \"Sórais Fuinnimh\" i bhfeidhm. Is é seo an chaoi a leanann do chorp ag cruthú an airgeadra fuinnimh sin agus ag coinneáil cibé rud fisiciúil atá á dhéanamh agat ag an nóiméad sin, bíodh sé ag clóscríobh ar ríomhaire, nó ag obair amach i ndáiríre. Tá 3 phríomh-inneall againn chun fuinneamh a tháirgeadh agus a úsáid, agus tá súil agam tar éis duit é seo a léamh, go bhfuil tuiscint agat ar an inneall (í) a bhfuil tú ag oiliúint nuair a bhíonn tú ag feidhmiú.\nInneall 1: Inneall Aeróbach\nCuireann an t-inneall seo cumhacht ar do chuid matáin ar feadh uaireanta an chloig, nó ar aon rud níos faide ná 60 soicind. Ní mór dó soláthar seasmhach ocsaigin a bheith aige. Sin é an fáth gur féidir le obair aeróbach traidisiúnta íseal-dhlúth a bheith lag nó brónach uaireanta toisc gurb é an t-oideas ocsaigine a ghlacann tú trína n-atmaireacht an príomh-imreoir anseo! Cad nach bhfuil a thuiscint go maith go bhfuil fiú ard-dhlúth idirthréimhse nó deadlifts trom, nuair a bhíonn tú as an anailís, aeróbach nuair a dhéanamh ar an comharthaí athdhéanta, toisc go bhfuil sé do chóras aeróbach a úsáidtear chun athsholáthar an ATP (fuinneamh) do do chéad sraith eile de sprint nó deadlifts i idir na sraitheanna. Mar sin, tá, a thagann do inneall aeróbach isteach i gcluiche fiú le linn workouts neamh-aeróbach-bhunaithe meáchan-a thógáil! Mar sin stop ag rá nach bhfuil tú ag déanamh cardio fear! Tá, agus ní mór duit glacadh leis! Is féidir liom dul ar feadh an lae agus scríobh faoi cén fáth go bhfuil gá le cardio ag luchtú meáchain chun MEÁIR meáchain a thógáil, ach déanaim digress....In ionad sin, léigh seo.\nMar sin, tá an córas seo ag rith i gcónaí. Bheadh tú marbh mura mbeadh, agus go ceimiceach, tá sé EPIC i dtéarmaí cé mhéad céim atá i gceist. Féach ar an bpictiúr seo: is é seo an Timthriall Krebs a d'fhoghlaim tú i rang Bitheolaíochta, ceann de na 2 mhodh inneall aeróbach chun ATP a chruthú; is é an ceann eile an t-Eileacróin Chain Iompar, agus tá sé níos mó bonkers; ní bheidh fiú dul ann inniu!\nMad, tá a fhios agam.\nTá tonna éagsúlacht ann a d'fhéadfaí a úsáid sa chineál seo oiliúna. Is féidir an déine a bheith in áit ar bith ó 0-10 ar scála Ráta an Fhostaíochta Breitheanaigh (RPE go gairid), ag brath ar an gcaoi a bhfuil tú ag ceapadh do chuid aclaíochta. Is aeróbach é siúl, ar ndóigh, ach is amhlaidh atá na hionsaithe athfhillteacha sin de obair ard-déine cosúil le sprint nó campaí trealaimh. Is é an rud atá tábhachtach, arís, cé mhéad fuinnimh a theastaíonn go tapa, agus cé chomh fada is gá duit an fuinneamh sin a mhaireann ag an dlúthleibhéal sin. Nuair a bheidh tú ag pleanáil do chuid aclaíochta aeróbach, tabhair aird ar sin!\n* Rud a thugann mé faoi deara i bhfeidhmiú ná go ndéanann daoine, den chuid is mó, an taobh Cumas a oiliúint i bhfad níos mó ná mar ba chóir dóibh, agus go ndéanann siad é ar bhealach asinne. Tóg ag rith mar shampla: má d'fhéadfadh tú ach ag rith ag, a rá, 6.0 ar treadmill ar feadh 3 mhíle, ansin oiliúint \"cumas\" bheadh tú ag oiliúint ag an luas sin le haghaidh níos faide agus níos faide boits, a is mó a dhéanamh nuair a jogging. Múineann siad a gcorp chun rith ag an luas sin ar feadh 4, 5, 6 míle, etc. Ach más mian leat riamh a reáchtáil níos tapúla, ansin ní mór duit a chaitheamh freisin roinnt ráta de tháirgeadh fuinnimh workouts ann. Sea, ciallaíonn sé sin ag rith níos tapúla, agus ag tús clár Ráta, cinnte níos giorra bouts, ós rud é go bhfuil sé do bhunlíne. Ach le himeacht ama, d'fhéadfadh do rith 3 mhíle ag 6.0 a bheith ina rith 3 mhíle ag 8.0, ach amháin má chuireann tú na luasanna níos airde sin isteach sa deireadh!\nAn bealach eile daoine botch seo nach bhfuil siad a fháil go leor chun a n-athdhéanamh a leanas sraith ag an luas céanna. Seo do sprints Suicide ró-úsáidte, Metcons, etc. Sea, tá áit acu i gclár oiliúna, ach an gceapann tú go gcuirfidh rith níos moille gach sraith ina dhiaidh sin tú ag rith níos tapúla agus níos faide ag an luas sin?\nGo díreach. Ar aon nós....go leor le mo rant.\nInneall 2: Lactate Anaeróbach\nTá go leor ainmneacha ag an inneall \"gan ocsaigin-riachtanach\" seo, mar shampla an córas aigéad Lactí, nó Glycolysis, chun cúpla ceann a ainmniú, ach ná bí ró-ghnóthach leis seo; níl aon smaoineamh ag an taighde fós ar na rudaí cosúil le \"aigéad lachtí\". Deir cuid acu nach bhfuil sé ann, agus ní hé an dóiteán a bhraitheann tú le linn aclaíochta dian ach iain hidrigine. Deir daoine eile, cosúil leis an Ailtire Feidhmíochta Joel Jamieson de 8weeksout.com, gur foinse fuinnimh iarbhír é Lactate a ligeann duit leanúint le cleachtadh, cé go bhfuil tú i riocht i bhfad níos míchompordaí agus tuirseach; is ceannaitheoir níos mó mé den fhealsúnacht seo.\nIs é an rud atá tábhachtach a thuiscint ná go dteastaíonn níos lú céimeanna ceimiceacha uaidh ós rud é nach bhfuil ocsaigin ag teastáil, ach tá sé ag dul amach go tapa! Is gnách go bhfuil an cineál oiliúna seo cosúil le 8-9 ar scála RPE-ionsaithe aclaíochta dian agus i bhfad níos giorra ná obair Aerobic íon, le tréimhsí scíthe éagsúla ag brath ar an bhfócas atá ar an obair chun RATE (tréimhsí scíthe fada) nó CAPACITY a fheabhsú (oiliúintí tortúrtha cosúil le roinnt workouts Crossfit nó Sprint Suicide).\n*Titeann an chuid is mó de na meáchain a thógáil isteach sa réimse seo. Maidir le meáchan a ardú, ba cheart go mbeadh an RÉIT ag feabhsú do chuid ardaitheoirí nó do chuid ardaitheoirí cumhachta ardchumhachta, ag baint úsáide as sosanna fada, agus ag iarraidh níos mó a fháil agus a bheith ag cur suas vi Bodybuilding ba cheart go mbeadh na lifts níos faide, ag dóiteáil, níos airde-rep, a chuireann ar chumas toisc go bhfuil na sraitheanna níos faide. (D'ainneoin sin, nuair a dhéantar ciorcaid \"conairithe\" ag baint úsáide as sprint, mar shampla, nach mbreathnóidh an chuid is mó ar \"aird a ardú\", tá na riachtanais fuinnimh cosúil. Is é an t-aon difríocht ná an teannas meicniúil agus tuirse locáilte matáin.)\nCén fáth go dtéann an fuinneamh seo amach chomh tapa?\nToisc go bhfuil ATP a chruthú ar an mbealach seo an-truaillithe do ár timpeallacht cheallach! Nach gcreideann tú dom? Déan iarracht sprintáil ar feadh 2 nóiméad ag an luas céanna, agus inis dom conas a chuaigh sé, nó má d'fhéadfá do luas a choinneáil; nó déan iarracht 10 sraith de squats a dhéanamh, agus inis dom conas a bhraitheann tú an lá dar gcionn.\nTá an fhuinneog traenálach, ach ní mar traenálach mar do inneall aeróbach, go sonrach mar gheall ar an fhreagra ard athlastach seo ar ár gcorp! Ní féidir liom a rá leat cé mhéad daoine ró-oiliúint an córas. Éilíonn sé níos mó agus níos mó spreagadh (stress / load / déine) chun feabhsuithe breise a dhéanamh ar folláine, agus ní féidir leat é a bhrú go dtí seo sula ndéanann tú bualadh le balla nó tú féin a ghortú. Thairis sin, is féidir go mbeadh sé crónach go meabhrach ó lá go lá, go háirithe nuair a dhéantar rud éigin cosúil le comhdhéanamh (Cárdio) ar bhealach anaeróbach ag baint úsáide as cleachtaí nach FÉIDH níos mó ná 30-60 soicind mar gheall ar a dhlúthúlacht ard.\nNí bealach é sin chun maireachtáil gach lá! Téigh ar turas rothar amárach le do thoil!\nNí gá an córas seo freisin chun maireachtáil cosúil leis an gcóras fuinnimh aeróbach, chomh fada agus nach gá duit go leor fuinnimh go tapa, mar shampla sprint a dhéanamh nó rud éigin trom a thógáil. Go teoiriciúil, áfach, d'fhéadfá a bheith ag cócaireacht 24/7 agus ag ithe go sláintiúil; tá an t-ionchas saoil is airde ar domhan ag na Okinawans, agus go leor acu ag cócaireacht an lá ar fad (ach ag ithe go sláintiúil).\nInneall 3: Anaeróbach aLactáideach\nTá an córas eile \"gan ocsaigin-riachtanach\" seo á chumhachtú ag Creatine Phosphate. Sea, déanann do chorp a Creatine féin, an t-ábhar sin a fheiceann tú i Vitamin Shoppe, ach ní go leor. Agus ritheann sé amach i mar 5-10 soicind. Ach ceadaíonn an t-inneall seo duit rud éigin beastly a dhéanamh, mar seo:\nCreatine Phosphate ag obair...\nTá an cineál oiliúna seo cosúil le 9-10 ar scála déine agus teastaíonn níos mó scíthe chun an déine céanna a athdhéanamh. Seo iad do léim cumhacht uasta, cuireann, lifts, 20 slat dash, agus mar sin de.\nIs é an t-uinneog is lú a thraenáil as na 3 innill é freisin. Mar sin ná caith míonna ag oiliúint an innill seo!\n*Mar threo, oibríonn creatine monohydrate ó Vitamin Shoppe go mór má thuigeann tú é: is é a fhuinneamh breise é. Ní dhéanfaidh sé tú a jacked go huathoibríoch mar a cheapann go leor daoine, ach tugann sé duit fuinneamh breise a fháil níos mó reps. Má tá an t-ainm breise sin chomh tábhachtach sin duit, téigh amach agus ceannach cuid....ní féidir le mo chúl na só seo a íoc na laethanta seo....\nAg cur na hIonstraimí ar Fhéile\nAgus sin ráite, nuair a roghnaíonn tú a fheidhmiú, a fhios cad córas fuinnimh (s) tá tú ag obair, agus a thuiscint na himpleachtaí athlastach agus oiriúnaithe de gach ceann. Má dhéanann tú ach aclaíocht randamach agus mura gcuireann tú roinnt ama ar bun iad go sonrach, ní bheidh tú ag dul i bhfad. Agus mar a deirim i gcónaí, a bhfuil an t-am sin a chailliúint! An bhfuil tú?\nSeo sampla tapa chun é seo a mhíniú:\nTá tú ag siúl go dtí an bus, a éilíonn ráta beag dóite ATP, atá 100% breoslaithe trí an diagrama crazy ag tús an bhlag seo ar an timthriall Krebs; ach má tá an bus 2 nóiméad roimh ré, agus tá mé chun tús a chur le quasi-sprinting a ghabháil leis an mbus, an ATP i éileamh níos airde, agus do innill aeróbach ró-mhall chun tú a reáchtáil ar an luas is gá, mar sin tá sé ag brath ar do innill anaeróbach eile.\nMá tá mé ag rith ag 85% de mo luas uasta ar feadh 30-60 soicind nó mar sin, bheadh mé ag dóiteáil mo carbaihiodráití stóráilte trí Glycolysis (Anaerobic Lactic córas Inneall # 2) chun breosla mo rith a ghabháil leis an mbus. Ach má rith mé ró-tapa, agus mo chumas chun ocsaigin a úsáid níos mó ná mo chumas chun ATP a chruthú ag an RATE (i.e. luas mo rith) is gá do Inneall # 2, ansin beidh mé a bheith go mall agus úsáid mo inneall aeróbach arís, a bhfuil mar a fhios agat ag obair i gcónaí! Mar sin, déanaim mo luas a laghdú agus gabháil liom mo anailís, agus méadaím mo sholáthar ocsaigine, rud a ligfeadh dom leanúint ar aghaidh ag rith, ach ní ag an 85% de luas. (D'fhéadfadh níos mó cleachtaí forbartha cumas é seo a athrú, ach táim ag díriú...)\nMar sin, go hachomair, déanann dian-mheas a rá cén inneall a úsáidim. Ag an bpointe seo inár sampla hipitéiseach, bhí mé ag rith ró-tapa chun fuinneamh ATP riachtanach a sholáthar do mo chuid matáin chun an luas sin a chothabháil, mar sin bhí orm mo dian (luath) a ísliú go dtí go bhféadfainn fuinneamh a sholáthar do mo matáin i ndáiríre. Arís, is féidir le cleas a oiliúint an rud sin go léir a athrú agus cuidiú liom rith níos tapúla agus níos faide, ach amháin má dhéanann mé cleas.\nLeanaimis an sampla a choinneáil ar siúl...\nAnsin tuigeann mé nach bhfaca an bus páirceáilte mé agus go bhfuil sé ar tí imeacht gan mé, agus ní mór dom dul isteach i bpáirtithe 100% max sprint chun é a ghabháil, a bheadh i n-Inneall # 3 (córas fosfáite anaeróbach aLactic); is é an ráta fuinnimh is gá an ceann is airde, agus táim chun é a úsáid anois, toisc go mairfidh sé thart ar 5-10 soicind, agus sin go léir is gá dom an bus damned seo a ghabháil!! Sin an fáth a chruthaigh Dia an córas deireanach sin... le haghaidh éigeandála!\n*Btw, tarlaíonn an sampla seo domsa agus do dhúisíní eile gach seachtain ar mo bhus go NYC. Scríobh mé an píosa seo le tú guys i gcuimhne!\nMar sin, fuair mé mo bhus ar deireadh. Nuair a bheidh mé ar an mbus ar deireadh, ag breathnú cosúil le maniac sweaty, tá sé mo inneall aeróbach a chabhróidh liom scíth a ligean agus a fháil ar ais go gnáth, toisc go suí ar shuí is é an t-eagrú fuinnimh íseal mar a fhaigheann sé. An níos fearr a choiriúnaithe aeróbach mé, an níos tapúla a tharlaíonn sé seo. Smaoinigh air: má tá tú go hiomlán as cruth, beidh tú ag snámh agus ag snámh níos faide - is fearr an cruth atá agat go aeróbach, is luaithe a aisghabhfaidh tú agus a athshlánóidh tú do chuid fuinnimh.\nBTW, tomhas cé chomh tapa is féidir leat a scíth a ligean tar éis a huffing agus puffing ó fheidhmiú is bealach iontach a thomhas aeróbach folláine Téim isteach go i mo alt Cardio.\nIs é an rud fionnuar go bhfuil mé in ann a oiliúint gach 3 innill a oibriú níos fearr. Má fhaighim an dá níos láidre, ag ligean mo matáin / joints / fíocháin a bheith resilent, agus úsáid a bhaint as clárú prionsabail i mo aclaíocht / workouts aeróbach, is féidir liom a dhéanamh ar an méid a bhí uair amháin anaeróbach (riachtanas fuinnimh ard) anois aeróbach (riachtanas fuinnimh níos ísle). Is é sin an sprioc a bhaineann leis an chuid is mó spóirt nó oiliúint folláine fadtéarmach a dhéanamh ar chumas anaeróbach duine a cumas aeróbach nua; smaoineamh air má is féidir liom a dhéanamh go bhfuil luas quasi-sprint maireann níos faide trí mo inneall aeróbach ag baint úsáide as ocsaigin leanúnach ó mo anailís, is féidir liom maireachtáil ag an luas níos faide, rud a chiallaíonn mo luas a bhí ag teastáil agus a tháirgtear ag Inneall 3 Tá sé anois a tháirgtear ag Inneall 1! An rud céanna le meáchain a ardú - má is féidir liom mo 1 rep max a dhéanamh mo 10 rep max nua, ní bheidh mé ag gá a bheith ag brath ar na gluaisteáin anaeróbach gearr chun an t-ualach céanna a ardú! IS É sin ba cheart go gcríochnódh formhór na hoiliúna.\nBeidh aon workout dírithe ar an ráta nó cumas a fheabhsú. Cé chomh tapa is gá duit Fuinneamh, a bhfuil oiliúint trí na déine is airde, le sosanna fada, nó cé chomh fada is gá duit go bhfuil an fuinneamh, a bhfuil oiliúint ag baint úsáide as rudaí cosúil le rátaí oibre / sos níos giorra, tacar ard-luach, agus mar sin de. Tá an dá cheann tábhachtach, agus ba cheart go gcuirfeadh siad le chéile. Is é seo go díreach an fáth go dtéann an chuid is mó daoine as a gcuid aclaíochta sa chiall fadtéarmach - déanann siad workouts randamacha nach bhforbróidh aon taobh den chothromóid - tá sé ró-chontae agus gan díriú! Sea, tá sé níos fearr ná aon rud, ach má oibríonn tú amach go rialta, ansin is gá duit níos mó strus spriocdhírithe, mar sin úsáid roinnt prionsabail agus a fháil do sh $ t le chéile!\nTá áthas orm go dtuigeann tú é seo anois! Is iad na daoine a d'fhorbair an dá rud na daoine a d'fhéadfadh rudaí badass a dhéanamh, agus iad a dhéanamh ar feadh i bhfad. Ritheann rithéirí móra go tapa agus ar feadh tréimhse fada; fuair siad \"tapa\" as obair RATH na n-fhorbartha fuinnimh a dhéanamh ar feadh tréimhse ama (oiliúint neart agus cumhachta, sprint, srl.) , agus ansin a chasadh go luas nua i CAPACITY trí úsáid a bhaint as workouts go bhfuil arís agus arís eile go luas nua i réimse de Dúráidí éagsúla; mar a dúirt mé, ba chóir dóibh a chomhlánú a chéile.\nMaidir le clárú do chuid workouts seachtainiúla, tá bainistiú athlasadh an eochair. Tá sprinting cool agus spraoi, ach an ghabháil, mar a fhios agat anois, go bhfuil Inneall 2 agus 3 go bhfuil siad ard-inflammatory, agus nach bhfuil mar a oiliúna fhadtéarma. Tá sé seo ollmhór má tá sé ar intinn agat oibriú amach níos mó ná cúpla lá sa tseachtain agus ar feadh míonna ar deireadh. Smaoinigh ar iarracht a dhéanamh do chuid is mó meáchain a ardú nó do chiorcaid ard-dhlúth gach seachtain ar feadh 12 mhí; beidh tú ag bualadh le balla nó is dócha go ndéanfaidh tú díobháil; ní gá ach níos mó fuinnimh chun níos mó gnóthachain a dhéanamh, agus níl ach go leor againn. Seo an áit a dtagann éagsúlacht isteach. Is é mo mhodh i gcónaí rud éigin ar a dtugtar \"High/Low\" a chur i bhfeidhm; tar éis aclaíochta crua, dian, déan iarracht rud éigin nach bhfuil chomh athlastach an lá dar gcionn. Is é seo an áit a dtagann an \"ealaín\" oiliúna isteach - Má thosaím ag fáil achy, stop codlata go maith, etc., ansin tá a fhios agam go raibh mo dáileog aclaíochta ró-ard. Má fheabhsaíonn mo folláine (neart, cumas, srl.) ), AGUS leanfaidh mé ag mothú go maith, ansin tá mé ar an mbóthar ceart, agus is féidir liom an dáileog a mhéadú.\nBhí mo chliant tosaithe 45 bliain d'aois ag iarraidh a folláine ghinearálta a fheabhsú. Mar sin, d'úsáid mé cur chuige Oiliúna Séasúrach ag baint úsáide as na prionsabail seo agus rinne mé seo:\nBloc 1: Bun-Oiliúint Neart le Díriú Aeróbach\nToisc gur tosaitheoir é, is féidir liom go leor randamachta agus éagsúlacht a chaitheamh air, agus feabhsóidh sé. Tá a chorp íogair i leith aclaíochta, agus ní gá dó dian-ghéar (inflammation) a dhéanamh chun gnóthachain a bhaint amach. Ach mar a théann sé chun cinn, beidh mé a fháil níos sonracha, mar a sonrach a éilíonn strus spriocdhírithe agus níos mó athlasadh, agus go bhfuil an costas Fuinnimh mar a fhios agat anois!\nAgus sin ráite, rinneamar 2 lá sa tseachtain de chuid ard-rep a ardú ionas go bhféadfaí na gluaiseachtaí a fhoghlaim a úsáidfimid ina dhiaidh sin ina chlár, agus obair aeróbach íseal-déine (smaoinigh 50-60% den déine uasta) cláraithe ar feadh 20+ nóiméad, a chuaigh chun cinn gach seachtain ar feadh 3-4 seachtaine. Toisc go raibh an obair aeróbach seo ar dian-leibhéal íseal (i.e. Ní raibh sé chomh maith le bheith ag obair ar an gcineál seo de chóireáil, ach bhí sé ag obair ar an gcineál seo de chóireáil, agus bhí sé ag obair ar an gcineál seo de chóireáil.\nBloc 2: Bloc Neart agus Hipirtrófa\nSeo an áit a bhuail muid an iarainn níos déine, agus a choimeád ar bun a chóras aeróbach folláine a bhfuil muid díreach a bhaint amach ag teagmháil bonn le solas aeróbach obair agus / nó níos giorra raonta de níos airde obair aeróbach déine tar éis an chuid is mó ardaithe. Bhí an fócas anseo ar an teannas a uasmhéadú ar a chuid matáin agus fíochán níos láidre / níos mó / níos athléimní a fháil, mar sin ghlac obair aeróbach suíochán cúl gearrthéarmach (níos lú ama a thiomnaithe dó, ach gan é a neamhaird go hiomlán). Mar sin, thart ar 80% de stiil anaeróbach meáchain a ardú sa raon 5-12 rep thar sraith iomadúla, agus roinnt \"cardio-bhunach teagmháil\" gach seachtain.\nRinneamar seo ar feadh thart ar 6 sheachtain.\nBloc 3: Coigeartú\nSeo an áit a d'úsáid muid a bhunlíne aeróbach ó Bloc 1, agus gluaiseachtaí a d'fhoghlaim sé agus a tháinig níos láidre leis i Bloc 2, isteach sna hoiliúintí céanna. Ní raibh sé ag oiliúint le haghaidh spórt ar leith, mar sin rinneamar a chuid \"spóirt\" a chuid workouts! A ligean ar a fheiceáil anois gach rud a d'oibrigh sé le haghaidh agus é a chur i workouts dlús ard áit a dhéanann sé a lán de na hoibre dian agus féachaint cé chomh fada is féidir leis a choinneáil suas gan stad, a chiallaíonn a ligean ar a fheiceáil conas aeróbach is féidir leis an workout a bheith. Má tá sé de-chomhshásta, beidh sé ag teastáil go leor de chuid eile, mar go bhfuil sé fós ró-anaerobic dó ag na déine.\nAn níos mó gluaiseachtaí a fhoghlaim tú agus máistreacht i oiliúint neart, an níos mó is féidir leat iad a úsáid aeróbach níos déanaí, mar a rinneamar anseo. Ligeann oiliúint do rud a bhí deacair (ag caitheamh fuinnimh) a bheith éasca anois (ag caitheamh níos lú fuinnimh). Rinneamar níos mó tréimhsí aclaíochta ard-déine ag baint úsáide as na trí Chóras Fuinnimh, rud a chiallaíonn go bhfuil sé ag \"a fháil i gcruth\"; rinneamar é seo ar feadh 4 sheachtain. Tá éagsúlacht agus randamacht níos minice sa bhloc seo. Smaoinigh air seo mar oiliúint chiorcaid, ag meascadh dianchaighdeán éagsúla ag baint úsáide as gluaiseachtaí is féidir leat. Bheadh samplaí maith anseo de chineál cosúil le Orange Theory nó Crossfit. Má tá tú cliste, déanfaidh tú do laethanta íseal-dhlúth a mhalartú le do laethanta ard-dhlúth, agus beidh roinnt laethanta scíthe agat ann, chun do athlasadh a choinneáil faoi smacht. Oibrigh le do sceideal agus tabhair aird ar mharcaithe folláine agus ar do mhothúcháin.\nFaoi dheireadh bhuail muid ar Athshuiteáil, agus thosaigh muid ar ais. Ach anois tá sé níos mó neart agus inneall aeróbach níos fearr ó na seachtainí go léir de oiliúint, mar sin a bhunlíne a bhí níos airde. Tá sé níos FIT anois! Féach conas a neart comhlánaithe a chuid oibre aeróbach?\nAr an láimh eile, beidh sé anois gá fiú níos mó Strain a dhéanamh gnóthachain, agus sin why on his next Seasonal Bloc sceideal, beidh sé a fheiceáil déine níos airde ina chuid oibre aeróbach, agus níos mó meáchain ina chuid bloc oiliúna friotaíocht anaeróbach! Is é an rud fionnuar go bhfuil sé ní bheidh fiú a thabhairt faoi deara, toisc go bhfuil an méid atá anois íseal-dhlúth a úsáidtear a bheith ina ard-dhlúth.\nFéach conas is féidir leat díriú ar do chlár ar rudaí áirithe ag amanna áirithe? Féach conas a tréimhsí bloc oiliúint piggybacks ar féin nuair a bhuail tú \"athshuiteáil\" agus tosú ar ais? Féach conas is é níos éifeachtaí a bheith i ndáiríre roinnt rím agus cúis i do fheidhmiú, seachas \"ach rud éigin a dhéanamh\"?\nTá na 3 Chórais Fuinnimh in oiriúint (in oiriúint) do na fuinneoga, ach mar a fhios agat anois, is é an t-inneal aeróbach an fuinneog is in oiriúint, agus ba cheart go nglacfadh sé cuid mhór de do thrátháil má tá do sprioc folláine agus sláinte i gcoitinne.\nChun tús a chur le hoiliúint fíorúil le Brian, tosú ag https://www.trainerize.me/profile/brianmahoney/Brian.Mahoney agus sceideal do chomhairliúchán saor in aisce a d'fhéadfaí a dhéanamh trí ghlaoch nó ríomhphost."} {"text": "Plymouth Massachusetts, 1890\nPLYMOUTH, ever memorable as the first town settled by Europeans in New England, lies in the southeast part of Plymouth County, 37 miles southeast of Boston by the Plymouth Branch, and 46 by the Shore Line of the Old Colony Railroad. It is a port of entry and the seat of justice for Plymouth County. It is bounded on the north by Kingston, Duxbury Bay and the Atlantic Ocean, east by the latter, south by Bourne and Wareham, and west by Carver and Kingston.\nTerritorially Plymouth is the largest town in the State, extending about 16 miles along the sea, and from five to ten miles into the interior, broadening seaward midway of its length, and forming here a large rounded angle marked by Manomet Hill. The assessed area is 50,797 acres; having some 40,000 acres of forests, consisting principally of pine and oak. The rock formation appears to be granite, which is overlaid, except at its elevations, by drift and alluvium. Bowlders are occasionally met with, also iron ore; and there are small tracts of clay. The surface is quite uneven; and, with the exception of a narrow area along the coast, is sandy and unproductive. The land rises at the broad northeast projection into the long and beautiful wooded eminence of Manomet Hill, 396 feet above sea-level. A charming locality on this shore, called Manomet Bluffs, has become quite populous with summer residents, having a hotel, villas and cottages. The land rises precipitously in a curved line from the shore to the heights of 60 and 100 feet. \"The outlook from the bluffs is one of the finest and most expansive on the coast. In fair weather, nearly the entire outline of Cape Cod, from Sandwich to Provincetown, may be seen sweeping around and enclosing the bay.\" The view to the north includes the nearer Duxbury Bay, with the Neck, Captain's Hill, and Pilgrim Hall and church spires and towers in Plymouth, and the shipping in its harbor. A remarkable feature in the town is the numerous fresh-water ponds, which have an area of about 3,000 acres. The most noted of these —beginning at the north— are Billington Sea, Great South Pond, Long Pond, Half-way Pond, and Great Herring Pond which extends a little into Bourne. Long Pond is becoming quite a summer resort, and has several handsome cottages. Within a circuit of five miles there are at least twenty ponds, large and small, abounding in fish; while the adjacent forests contain deer and other game; the southwestern part being almost as much of a wilderness as when the Pilgrims first traversed it on their way to Buzzard's Bay, or to visit the friendly Massasoit at Mount Hope Bay. The principal streams are Agawam River, flowing from Halfway Pond to Buzzard's Bay; Eel River, carrying the overflow of Great Pond to the southern extremity of Plymouth Harbor; and Town Brook, flowing from Billington Sea into the bay at Plymouth village.\nThe harbor is formed by a narrow beach, formerly well wooded, which runs out three miles northwesterly from the east shore of Eel River. At the extremity is a pier, and on an island northeast is the harbor beacon. Still further northeast is Saquish, a long, curved peninsula point toward Plymouth, and making an elbow with Duxbury Beach, where the Gurnet Light is located. Within this elbow lies Clark's Island, where the Pilgrims spent the Sabbath before the celebrated \"landing.\" It is a gently rounded eminence, and is verdurous with grassy lawns, shrubbery, and even large trees, and is further adorned by several pretty cottages.\nPlymouth, the chief village, lies upon Town Brook. At the shore is \"Plymouth Rock,\" famous from its having received the feet of the Pilgrims as they left the boat when they made their celebrated \"landing.\" It is a solitary sienite bowlder, now covered by a beautiful stone canopy. The top of the rock has been removed to Pilgrim Hall. The land rises beautifully from the bay in a broad and gentle slope. At the summit, visible from afar over the village, is the monument to the forefathers, recently completed, the corner stone having been laid in 1859. The designer was Hammat Billings, and its cost has been about $200,000. It is of solid granite throughout; consisting of an octagonal pedestal 45 feet high (uncarved except in narrow bands and mouldings) upon which stands the figure of Faith, 36 feet high, her feet on Plymouth Rock, and holding in her left hand an open Bible, while the right, uplifted, points heavenward. On buttresses about the pedestal, are seated four figures of heroic size, representing Morality, Education, Freedom and Law. Between these are tall panels bearing inscriptions, and below them, relief tablets representing chief scenes in the Pilgrim's career. The cost of the work has been defrayed by various organizations and by individual contributions.\n[NATIONAL MONUMENT TO THE FOREFATHERS, PLYMOUTH.]\nThe erection of this monument seems to be the culmination of the Pilgrim drama. In the village are many handsome streets and elegant buildings, among which stand forth conspicuously the court-house, with a fine lawn in front; the Pilgrim Hall, a solid structure of granite; the Oddfellows Hall, the Old Colony Bank building, the Leyden Building, one or two hotels, and several fine church edifices.\n[Samoset and the Pilgrims]\nThe post-offices are Plymouth (village), Chiltonville at the mouth of Eel River, North Plymouth and Manomet. Other villages are Cedarville, Ellisville, Halfway Pond, South Plymouth, West Plymouth, Red Brook, Saquish and Wellingsly. The population in 1885 was 7,239, of whom 1,896 were legal voters. There were 95 farms, whose aggregate product was $85,169. The principal manufacturing establishments in the last census year were two woollen mills, employing 156 persons; three shoe factories, employing 263; a cordage factory employing 219; two cotton mills, employing 72; and a rolling mill for iron, employing 50. Seventy-eight persons were employed in making tacks, 24 in making nails, 18 in making rivets, and 86 in making various castings, forgings and machinery. The value of the textiles made was $1,295,595; and of the iron and other metallic goods, $535,087. The value of the total manufactures was $2,064,749. The fisheries — chiefly of mackerel, cod and alewives — produced $15,000. The commercial marine consisted of five vessels, — one barque, two schooners and two sloops, having a total tonnage of 1,301. The two national banks have a capital stock of $410,000; and the two savings banks at the close of last year carried deposits to the amount of $2,908,020. The valuation in 1888 was $5,373,325, with a tax-rate of $14 on $1,000. There were 1,379 assessed dwelling-houses.\nThe schools are excellent, consisting of primary, grammar and high; and for them are provided 29 buildings, valued at some $60,480. Plymouth Public Library contains upwards of 5,000 volumes; and the collection of the Pilgrim Social Library numbers upwards of 11,000. The newspapers are the \"Old Colony Memorial\" and the \"Free Press,\" both weekly issues. There are four Congregationalist churches, and one each of the Baptists, Universalists, Unitarians, Protestant Episcopalians, Methodist Episcopalians, African Methodist Episcopalians, Latter Day Saints and Roman Catholics.\nOn landing, December 21, 1620, the sea-tossed company of Pilgrims proceeded to lay out Leyden Street, which now extends from the shore, a little south of the \"Rock,\" to the summit of the acclivity. On January 31, 1620-21, the forefathers \"kept their first Sabbath-worship on shore;\" and on the 8th of February following Rose Standish died. On the 27th of the same month they formed a military organization, with Miles Standish for its captain; and on the 3d March they mounted the \"great guns\" from the ship on their log fort, on what is now called \"Burying Hill.\" On the 26th of March they received a visit from Samoset, who cried out to them as he approached \"Welcome, Englishmen !\" On the 1st of April this friendly Indian brought with him Squanto and Massasoit; the latter of whom, chief of the Wampanoags, with his brother Quadequena, entered into a formal treaty of peace, which was sacredly observed until broken by King Philip in 1675. Governor Carver died on the 15th of April, and William Bradford was chosen to fill his place; \"and being not yet recovered of his illness, in which he had been near ye point of death, Isaak Allerton was chosen to be an assistant unto him.\" On 22d of May, Edward Winslow and Mrs. Susanna White were married. This was the first marriage in the colony. Those who died during the first winter were buried on a bank called \"Cole's Hill,\" but a short distance from the landing-place; and the graves were levelled in order to prevent the Indians from suspecting the loss and weakness of the company. A great freshet in 1735 washed many of the bones of the forefathers into the sea. Defences were raised upon this bank in 1742, and during the war of the Revolution, also in that of 1812. Burying Hill, above the town, embraces about eight acres, and is filled with ancient graves and memorial stones.\nThe first grist mill in New England was built in 1632 by Stephen Dean, near Billington Sea. The house of Mr. Clark was attacked by the Indians March 12, 1676; when eleven persons were massacred and the building reduced to ashes. Eleven dwellings and two barns were burnt by the savages on the 11th of May following. The Pilgrim Society was instituted in 1820, to commemorate the deeds of the forefathers; and Daniel Webster delivered the oration before it on the 22d of December of that year. The first newspaper published here was \"The Plymouth Journal,\" by N. Coverly making its appearance in March, 1785. The \"Old Colony Memorial\" commenced in 1821. The Old Colony Railroad was opened to Plymouth on November 8, 1845; and from that date the industrial aspect of the town has been steadily improving.\nThe Plymouth church came from the pastoral care of the Rev John Robinson, in Leyden, a man of signal ability. It was for some time after its arrival in America under the guidance of Elder William Brewster, who used to preach twice every Sabbath, but declined to administer the ordinances. Robert Cushman preached to it December 12, 1621, the first sermon ever printed in America. The Rev. Ralph Smith, settled in 1629, was the first regular pastor. The Second Church, organized in 1738, had for its first minister the Rev. Jonathan Ellis. Among the eminent men Plymouth has given to the world were Col. Benjamin Church (1639-1718); General James Warren (1726-1808); John Davis, LL.D. (1761-1847); Oakes Ames (1804-1873); and Charles T. Jackson, M.D. (1805).\nPp. 542-547 in Nason and Varney's Massachusetts Gazetteer, 1890", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48", "url": "http://capecodhistory.us/Mass1890/Plymouth1890.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398447881.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205407-00123-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9729312062, "token_count": 2488, "score": 2.9375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Plymouth Massachusetts, 1890\nPLYMOUTH, riamh cuimhneacháin mar an chéad bhaile a lonnaíodh ag na hEorpaigh i Sasana Nua, is i lár an oirdheisceart de Plymouth Contae, 37 míle ó dheas ó Boston ag an Plymouth Brainse, agus 46 ag an Líne Chósta an Old Colony Iarnróid. Is calafort iontrála é agus is é an t-áit bhreithiúnais do Chontae Plymouth. Tá sé teoranta ó thuaidh ag Kingston, Bàgh Duxbury agus an Aigéan Atlantach, ó thuaidh ag an dara ceann, ó dheas ag Bourne agus Wareham, agus ó thuaidh ag Carver agus Kingston.\nGo críochach is é Plymouth an baile is mó sa Stát, ag síneadh thart ar 16 míle ar feadh na farraige, agus ó chúig go deich míle isteach sa taobh istigh, ag leathnú ar an bhfarraige ar lár a fhad, agus ag cruthú uillinn mhór cruinnithe anseo a bhfuil Manomet Hill mar a shainaithnítear. Is é an limistéar measta 50,797 acra; tá thart ar 40,000 acra foraoise ann, agus is é an príomhchuid de phín agus de chill. Is cosúil gur gráinéad é an foirmiú carraig, a bhfuil drochthionchar agus alluvium air, ach amháin ag a airde. Is minic a bhíonn boilders le fáil, rud arán iarainn freisin; agus tá tránna beaga cré ann. Tá an dromchla go leor neamhchothrom; agus, seachas limistéar caol ar feadh an chósta, tá sé gaineamh agus neamhtháirgiúil. Éiríonn an talamh ag an léarscáil leathan ó thuaidh isteach i mbéal an chrainn fhada agus álainn de Manomet Hill, 396 troigh os cionn leibhéal na farraige. Tá áit álainn ar an gcladach seo, ar a dtugtar Manomet Bluffs, go leor daonra le cónaitheoirí samhraidh, ag a bhfuil óstán, villaí agus cottages. Éiríonn an talamh go géar i líne chriathartha ón gcósta go dtí airde 60 agus 100 troigh. \"Tá an dearcadh ó na bluffs ar cheann de na is fearr agus is mó expansive ar an chósta. I aimsir mhaith, is féidir a fheiceáil beagnach an t-amhrán iomlán de Cape Cod, ó Sandwich go Provincetown, ag scuabadh timpeall agus ag clúdach an bhá\". Áirítear ar an radharc ó thuaidh Bàgh Duxbury níos gaire, leis an Neck, Captain's Hill, agus Pilgrim Hall agus spireanna eaglais agus túir i Plymouth, agus an loingseoireacht ina calafort. Is gné shuntasach sa bhaile na poill uisce úr iomadúla, a bhfuil limistéar de thart ar 3,000 acra acu. Is iad na cinn is suntasaí díobh seo - ag tosú sa tuaisceart - Muir Billington, an Pond Deisceart Mór, an Pond Fada, an Pond Leathbhealach, agus an Pond Mór Eirí a shíneann beagán isteach i mBórn. Tá Long Pond ag éirí go leor ionad saoire samhraidh, agus tá roinnt teachí cothaithe álainn. Laistigh de chiorcad de cúig mhíle tá ar a laghad fiche lochanna, mór agus beag, abundant iasc; agus na foraoisí in aice láimhe a bhfuil deer agus cluiche eile; an chuid theas-thuaisceart ag beagnach an oiread sin de fiáin mar nuair a bhí na Pilgrims thrasnaigh ar dtús é ar a mbealach go Buzzard's Bay, nó chun cuairt a thabhairt ar an cairdiúil Massasoit ag Mount Hope Bay. Is iad na príomhshruthaí Abhainn Agawam, a shruthaíonn ó Halfway Pond go Buzzard's Bay; Abhainn Eel, a iompróidh iomarca na hAlb Mór go dtí imeall theas Mhuir Plymouth; agus Town Brook, a shruthaíonn ó Mhuir Billington isteach sa bhfarraige ag sráidbhaile Plymouth.\nTá an calafort déanta ag trá caol, a bhí coillte go maith roimhe seo, a ritheann trí mhíle siar ó thuaidh ó chósta thoir Abhainn Eel. Ag an imeall tá pier, agus ar oileán an tuaisceart tá an beacon calafort. Níos faide ó thuaidh fós tá Saquish, leath-oileán fada, cuartha ag pointe i dtreo Plymouth, agus ag déanamh labh le Trá Duxbury, áit a bhfuil an Gurnet Light suite. Laistigh den chúl seo tá Oileán Clark, áit a chaith na Píológaigh an Sabbath roimh an \"droch-thuirlingt\" ceiliúradh. Is é an eminence go réidh cruinn, agus tá sé greenery le lawns grassy, shrubbery, agus fiú crainn mhóra, agus tá sé adorned tuilleadh ag roinnt cottages deas.\nTá Plymouth, an príomhbhaile, suite ar Town Brook. Ag an gcladach tá \"Plymouth Rock\", cáiliúil ó fuair sé cosa na Píológaigh agus iad ag fágáil an bhád nuair a rinne siad a \"dtuirlingt\" ceiliúradh. Is bowlder sienite aonair é, atá clúdaithe anois ag canopy cloiche álainn. Tá an barr an charraig a bhaint go dtí Halla na Píológa. Tá an talamh ag ardú go hálainn ón ghleann i gcill leathan agus éadrom. Ag an gcruinniú mullaigh, atá le feiceáil ó i bhfad os cionn an sráidbhaile, tá an séadchomhartha do na sinsear, a chríochnaíodh le déanaí, agus an cloch uillinne curtha i 1859. Ba é Hammat Billings an dearthóir, agus tá costas thart ar $ 200,000 air. Tá sé de ghráinéad soladach ar fud; comhdhéanta de chúlchiste ochta-chúigear 45 troigh ar airde (gan a bheith carntha ach amháin i mbrandaí caol agus i múnlaithe) ar a bhfuil figiúr Faith, 36 troigh ar airde, a chosa ar Charraig Plymouth, agus ag seilbh sa lámh chlé Bíobla oscailte, agus an lámh dheis, ardaithe, ag pointeáil i dtreo na bhflaitheas. Ar bhuntúirí timpeall an chosáin, tá ceithre fhigiúr de mhéid laochra ina suí, a léiríonn Morail, Oideachas, Saoirse agus Dlí. Idir na páinéil sin tá painéil arda le haiscriptí, agus thíos leo tá táibléid athshlánú ag léiriú príomhscenaí i gcarr na Píológa. Tá costas na hoibre á chlúdach ag eagraíochtaí éagsúla agus ag ranníocaíochtaí aonair.\n[MONUMENT Náisiúnta chun na sinsear, PLYMOUTH.]\nIs cosúil gurb é an séala seo a thógáil an dráma Pilgrim. Sa sráidbhaile tá go leor sráideanna álainn agus foirgnimh ealaíne, ina measc a sheasann amach go suntasach an teach cúirte, le féar deas os a chomhair; an Halla Píolóim, struchtúr daingean de ghráinéad; an Halla Oddfellows, foirgneamh an Bhainc Sean Colony, Foirgneamh Leyden, óstán nó dhá óstán, agus roinnt foirgnimh eaglaisí dea-chúrsa.\n[Samoset agus na Píológaigh]\nTá na hoifigí poist i Plymouth (sráidbhaile), Chiltonville ag béal Abhainn Eel, Plymouth Thuaidh agus Manomet. Is iad na sráidbhailte eile Cedarville, Ellisville, Halfway Pond, South Plymouth, West Plymouth, Red Brook, Saquish agus Wellingsly. Ba é an daonra i 1885 7,239, agus bhí 1,896 vótálaithe dlíthiúla. Bhí 95 feirme, a raibh a dtáirgeacht iomlán $ 85,169. Ba iad na príomh-fhorbróirí sa bhliain deireanacha an daonáirimh seo dhá mhilíní uachtar, a raibh 156 duine fostaithe iontu; trí mhilíní bróga, a raibh 263 duine fostaithe iontu; mhilíne cordaíochta a raibh 219 duine fostaithe iontu; dhá mhilíne cadáis, a raibh 72 duine fostaithe iontu; agus mhilíne rollta iarainn, a raibh 50 duine fostaithe iontu. Bhí 78 duine fostaithe ag déanamh cnaipí, 24 ag déanamh cnaipí, 18 ag déanamh niets, agus 86 ag déanamh castings, forgais agus meaisíní éagsúla. Ba é luach na teicstílí a rinneadh $1,295,595; agus an iarainn agus earraí miotail eile, $535,087. Ba é luach na n-oibreacha iomlána $ 2,064,749. Ba é an t-iascach go príomha ar mhacraíl, ar an mbord agus ar na mná a bhí ag iascach $ 15,000 a tháirgeadh. Bhí cúig long, aon bharca, dhá scúner agus dhá sloop, ag an muirí tráchtála, agus toinneas iomlán de 1,301 acu. Tá stoc caipitil de $410,000 ag an dá bhanc náisiúnta; agus bhí taiscí ag an dá bhanc coigiltis ag deireadh na bliana seo caite ar mhéid $2,908,020. Ba é an luacháil i 1888 $ 5,373,325, le ráta cánach de $ 14 ar $ 1,000. Bhí 1,379 teach cónaithe measta.\nTá na scoileanna den scoth, ina bhfuil bunscoileanna, gramaic agus ardscoileanna; agus tá 29 fhoirgneamh ar fáil dóibh, ar luach thart ar $60,480. Tá os cionn 5,000 imleabhar i Leabharlann Poiblí Phlymouth; agus tá níos mó ná 11,000 sa bhailiúchán de Leabharlann Sóisialta Pilgrim. Is iad na nuachtáin \"Old Colony Memorial\" agus an \"Free Press\", a eisíonn gach seachtain. Tá ceithre eaglais Chomhchruinnithe ann, agus ceann amháin ó na Baisteoirí, Ón Uilíoch, Ón Aonaithe, Ón Eipiscópail Phrotastúnach, Ón Eipiscópail Meitéadaigh, Ón Eipiscópail Meitéadaigh na hAfraice, Ón Naomh na Laethanta Deireana agus Ón Caitliceach Rómhánach.\nAr thuirlingt, 21 Nollaig, 1620, chuaigh an chuideachta píológaithe a bhí ar muir chun Sráid Leyden a leagan amach, a shíneann anois ón gcladach, beagán ó dheas den \"Rock\", go dtí barr an acclivity. Ar 31 Eanáir, 1620-21, \"chuir na sinsir a gcéad adhradh Sabbath ar an gcósta\"; agus ar an 8 Feabhra ina dhiaidh sin fuair Rose Standish bás. Ar an 27ú den mhí chéanna, bhunaigh siad eagraíocht mhíleata, le Miles Standish mar chaipiteán; agus ar an 3ú Márta, chuir siad na \"gunnaí móra\" ón long ar a gcinntí lógó, ar an rud a dtugtar \"Burying Hill\" air anois. Ar an 26 Márta fuair siad cuairte ó Samoset, a ghlaoigh orthu agus é ag druidim \"Fáilte, Sasanaigh !\" Ar an 1 Aibreán thug an Indiach cairdiúil seo leis Squanto agus Massasoit; an ceann deireanach acu, ceann Wampanoags, lena dheartháir Quadequena, i gconradh síochána foirmiúil, a choimeádadh go naofa go dtí go ndearna an Rí Philip é a bhriseadh i 1675. Fuair an Gobharnóir Carver bás ar an 15 Aibreán, agus roghnaíodh William Bradford chun a áit a líonadh; \"agus mar nach raibh a ghalar, a bhí beagnach i láthair an bháis, á fháil aige fós, roghnaíodh Isaak Allerton chun a bheith ina chúntóir dó\". Ar 22 Bealtaine, bhí Edward Winslow agus Mrs. Susanna White pósta. Ba é seo an chéad phósadh sa choilíneacht. Iad siúd a fuair bás le linn an chéad gheimhridh a adhlacadh ar bhainc ar a dtugtar \"Cole's Hill\", ach ar achar gearr ón áit tuirlingthe; agus bhí na tuamaí cothrom d'fhonn a chosc ó na hIndiaigh amhras ar an caillteanas agus laigse an chuideachta. Chuir frith-bhreath mór i 1735 go leor de chnámha na sinsir isteach sa fharraige. Tógadh cosaintí ar an mbainc seo i 1742, agus le linn chogaidh na Réabhlóide, freisin i gcogadh 1812. Tá an Cnoc Burying, os cionn na cathrach, thart ar ocht acra, agus tá sé líonta le tuamaí ársa agus clocha cuimhneacháin.\nTógadh an chéad mhill grist i Sasana Nua i 1632 ag Stephen Dean, in aice le Billington Sea. Rinne na hIndiaigh ionsaí ar theach an Uasail Clark an 12 Márta, 1676; nuair a maraíodh aon duine déag agus an foirgneamh a laghdaíodh go luaithín. Déag áit chónaithe agus dhá shearbhón a bhí dóite ag na savages ar an 11ú de Bealtaine ina dhiaidh sin. Bunaíodh an Cumann Piligrim i 1820, chun comóradh a dhéanamh ar ghníomhartha na sinsear; agus thug Daniel Webster an óráid os a chomhair ar an 22ú Nollaig den bhliain sin. Ba é \"The Plymouth Journal\", le N. Coverly an chéad nuachtán a foilsíodh anseo a d'fhág a chuma i mí an Mhárta, 1785. Cuireadh tús leis an \"Mhionsaí Coilíneachta Sean\" i 1821. Osclaíodh an t-iarnród Old Colony go Plymouth ar an 8 Samhain, 1845; agus ó shin i leith tá feabhas leanúnach tagtha ar ghné thionsclaíoch an bhaile.\nTháinig eaglais Plymouth ó chúram pearsantachta an tSean-Eoin Robinson, i Leyden, fear a raibh cumas comhartha aige. Bhí sé ar feadh roinnt ama tar éis a theacht i Meiriceá faoi threoir an Elder William Brewster, a bhí in úsáid chun preach dhá uair gach Sabbath, ach dhiúltaigh a riaradh na ordúintí. D'eaglaigh Robert Cushman dó ar 12 Nollaig, 1621, an chéad searmanas a bhí i gcló riamh i Meiriceá. An Rev. Ba é Ralph Smith, a shocraigh i 1629, an chéad chaomhnóir rialta. Bhí an Dara Eaglais, a eagraíodh i 1738, mar a chéad aire an Rev. Jonathan Ellis. - Tá sé ar bun. I measc na bhfear suntasacha a thug Plymouth don domhan bhí Col. Benjamin Church (1639-1718); Ginearálta James Warren (1726-1808); John Davis, LL.D. (1761-1847); Oakes Ames (1804-1873); agus Charles T. Jackson, M.D. (1805) an t-amhrán.\nPp. 542-547 i Nason agus Varney's Massachusetts Gazetteer, 1890"} {"text": "First, we want to give some background on both the poem “the harlem dancer” and on the poet claude mckay second, we will then do a line by line analysis of “the harlem dancer” third, we’ll discuss the meaning of “the harlem dancer. Siarra fannin essay 1 – question 1 african american lit claude mckay poetry analysis the harlem renaissance was a burst of a cultural movement during the 1920’s where there was a revival of african american musical and literary culture booming mainly in the harlem neighborhoods of new york city. In this critical essay, student heather glover offers a concise rhetorical analysis of the sonnet africa by jamaican-american writer claude mckay mckay's poem originally appeared in the collection harlem shadows (1922) heather glover composed her essay in april 2005 for a course in rhetoric at armstrong atlantic state university in savannah, georgia. Harlem shadows the harlem shadows is a poem that was written by claude mckay the poem shows empathy for the marginalized people in society and mackay give the examples of the prostitutes who work overnight to make ends meet in life.\n- usage of the outsider theme in claude mckay's poetry claude mckay was an important figure during the 1920's in the harlem rennaisance primarily a poet, mckay used the point of view of the outsider as a prevalent theme in his works. Claude mckay, a dialectical analysis claude mckay, a dialectical analysis essay 1444 words may 19th, 2013 6 pages claude mckay's harlem shadows essay claude mckay's harlem shadows during the harlem renaissance, the black body was considered exotic and the flavor of the week society had an obsession towards black women, in general. Below is an essay on an explication of claude mckay’s “america” from anti essays, your source for research papers, essays, and term paper examples love and hate are two of the most profound emotions that a person can experience during his or her time on earth.\nBorn to hannah ann elizabeth mckay and thomas mckay, peasant farmers and landowners in claredon parish, jamaica, claude was educated in british and classical literature by his school teacher brother, uriah theodore, who greatly encouraged him to delve into his poetic career (ball, 1. The information we provided is prepared by means of a special computer program use the criteria sheet to understand greatest poems or improve your poetry analysis essay. The following paper focuses on the two poets of the harlem renaissance – claude mckay and james weldon johnson their role and importance within the literary movement is identified, and the major themes of their poems, if we must die and the prodigal son are highlighted harlem renaissance poets claude mckay’s was a leading figure [. The poem “if we must die”(1005) was written in 1919 by claude mckay when the anti-blacks riots start to spread into other cities in chicago where they chased blacks to kill them and send them back to their country.\nClaude mckay, born festus claudius mckay, was a key figure in the harlem renaissance, a prominent literary movement of the 1920s his work ranged from vernacular verse celebrating peasant life in jamaica to poems challenging white authority in america, and from generally straightforward tales of black life in both jamaica and america to more philosophically ambitious fiction addressing. If we must die, claude mckay essaysclaude mckay (1890-1948) is a black jamaican born poet who wrote during the harlem renaissance this is a time immediately following wwi slavery had already been abolished and there was an abundance of racial tension. Claude mckay & dialectical analysis in claude mckay’s, “old england” and “quashie to buccra” mckay uses dialect as a way to give poems multiple meanings what may be seen as a simplistic or naïve poem about jamaican life may actually be full of double meanings that only a select audience would be able to identify.\nClaude mckay was a jamaican-american writer and poet who was amongst the major figures in the harlem renaissance this biography provides detailed information about his childhood, life, achievements, works & timeline. View notes - if we must die analysis essay from us history ap us hist at school 7-oceanside senior high school if we must die claude mckay mckay writes if we must die as a literary. Claude mckay's early poetry (1911-1922): approximating the table of contents of selected poems of claude mckay criticism and contextual essays works cited works cited for claude mckay's early poetry (1912-1922) tei/xml editions my goal in this short analysis is to briefly highlight this class-based tension that mckay foregrounds. If we must die by claude mckay soaps tone analysis subject tone work cited purpose occasion audience speaker claude mckay if we must die lived: september 15, 1890 - may 22, 1948 famous for his poetry, journalism, and novels affected by the racism in the us against african-americans.\nHome to harlem summary & study guide claude mckay this study guide consists of approximately 44 pages of chapter summaries, quotes, character analysis, themes, and more - everything you need to sharpen your knowledge of home to harlem. Claude mckay was a jamaican poet best known for his novels and poems, including if we must die, which contributed to the harlem renaissance claude mckay was born in sunny ville, clarendon. Essay claude mckay, a dialectical analysis claude mckay & dialectical analysis in claude mckay’s, “old england” and “quashie to buccra” mckay uses dialect as a way to give poems multiple meanings. Claude mckay poems the paper underlies exploring the complex nature and motivations of caribbean resistance as expressed in “my native land, my home”- how claude mckay evokes subversive potential through the poem and influences to literary works on the same.\nIn the poem if we must die by claude mckay, the author cries out to his audience -to his men at arms- to fight back against those that oppress them and are intent to kill them. In claude mckay’s, “old england” and “quashie to buccra” mckay uses dialect as a way to give poems multiple meanings what may be seen as a simplistic or naive poem about jamaican life may actually be full of double meanings that only a select audience would be able to identify. In the harlem dancer by claude mckay, the brief passage that unlocks the poem for me is “the light gauze hanging loose about her form ” the metaphor of light gauze suggests that the female dancer had wounds from her past nevertheless she is still beautiful, and her heart is pure and chaste. America by claude mckay tarun desai per 3 west 12/17/13 section b claude mckay claude mckay was born in 1889 in jamaica he emigrated to the us in 1912, and became a central figure in the harlem renaissance.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "url": "http://okpaperahqu.blogdasilvana.info/claude-mckay-a-dialectical-analysis-essay.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039745800.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20181119150816-20181119172816-00132.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9448695183, "token_count": 1617, "score": 3.125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ar dtús, ba mhaith linn roinnt cúlra a thabhairt ar an dán \"The Harlem Dancer\" agus ar an file Claude McKay. Ar an dara dul síos, déanfaimid anailís líne ar líne ar \"The Harlem Dancer\". Ar an tríú dul síos, pléimid an bhrí atá le \"The Harlem Dancer\". Siarra Fannin aiste 1 ceist 1 Litríocht Mheiriceá Afracach Claude McKay anailís filíochta Bhí Athbheochan Harlem ina ghluaiseacht chultúrtha le linn na 1920idí nuair a bhí athbheochan ar chultúr ceoil agus liteartha Mheiriceá Afracach ag fás go príomha i gcomharsanachtaí Harlem i gCathair Nua Eabhrac. Sa aiste criticiúil seo, cuireann an mac léinn Heather Glover anailís rítheolaíoch chuimsitheach ar an sonnet Africa ag an scríbhneoir Meiriceánach-Jamaic Claude McKay. Tháinig an dán McKay ar dtús sa bhailiúchán Harlem Shadows (1922) rinne Heather Glover a aiste i mí Aibreáin 2005 do chúrsa i rítheolaíocht in Ollscoil Stáit Armstrong Atlantic i Savannah, Georgia. Is dán é Harlem Shadows a scríobh Claude McKay. Léiríonn an dán comhbhá le daoine imeartha sa tsochaí agus tugann McKay samplaí de na prostitutes a oibríonn thar oíche chun deireadh a chur le chéile sa saol.\n- úsáid téama an eachtrannach i bpoeisi Claude McKay Bhí Claude McKay ina fhigiúr tábhachtach le linn na 1920idí sa Harlem renaissance go príomha ina file, d'úsáid McKay dearcadh an eachtrannach mar théama forleathan ina chuid oibreacha. Claude mckay, anailís dialectical claude mckay, anailís dialectical aiste 1444 focail 19 Bealtaine, 2013 6 leathanaigh claude mckay's harlem shadows aiste claude mckay's harlem shadows le linn an athbheochan harlem, measadh go raibh an corp dubh eisceachtúil agus blas na seachtaine bhí díomá ag an tsochaí i leith mná dubh, go ginearálta. Seo thíos aiste ar mhíniú ar claude mckay's america ó anti essays, do fhoinse do pháipéir taighde, aisteanna, agus samplaí páipéir téarma is iad grá agus fuath dhá cheann de na mothúcháin is doimhne is féidir le duine a fháil amach le linn a chuid ama ar an talamh.\nRugadh é do Hannah Ann Elizabeth McKay agus Thomas McKay, feirmeoirí agus úinéirí talún sa pharóiste Claredon, Jamaica, agus d'fhoghlaim Claude i litríocht na Breataine agus clasaiceach ag a dheartháir múinteoir scoile, Uriah Theodore, a spreag go mór é chun dul i mbun a ghairm bheatha filíochta (ball, 1. Tá an fhaisnéis a thugamar ar fáil ullmhaithe trí bhíthin clár ríomhaire speisialta úsáid an bileog critéir a thuiscint an chuid is mó filí nó feabhas a chur ar do chuid filí anailís aiste. Díríonn an páipéar seo a leanas ar an dá fhile na Renaissance Harlem claude mckay agus james weldon johnson sainaithnítear a ról agus a thábhacht laistigh den ghluaiseacht liteartha, agus tá príomhthéamaí a gcuid filíochta, má ní mór dúinn bás a fháil agus an mac prodigal a chur i bhfios. Scríobh Claude McKay an dán \"If we must die\" i 1919 nuair a thosaigh na rónta frith-dubh ag scaipeadh go cathracha eile i Chicago, áit a raibh siad ag dul i ngleic le daoine dubha chun iad a mharú agus iad a sheoladh ar ais chuig a dtír féin.\nBhí Claude McKay, a rugadh Festus Claudius McKay, ina phríomhfhigiúr sa Athbheochan Harlem, gluaiseacht liteartha suntasach sna 1920idí. Bhí a chuid oibre ó véarsaí volnácacha ag ceiliúradh saol na bhfeirmeoirí i Jamaica go dánta ag dúshlán údarás bán i Meiriceá, agus ó scéalta simplí de ghnáth ar shaol na ndaoine dubha i Meiriceá agus i Meiriceá go dtí ficsean níos uaillmhianta go fealsúnachta. Má ní mór dúinn bás a fháil, claude mckay aisteanna claude mckay (1890-1948) is é an t-údar dubh Jamaican a rugadh a scríobh le linn an Harlem renaissance seo am díreach tar éis wwi bhí an sclábhaíocht curtha ar ceal cheana féin agus bhí neart de teannas ciníoch. Claude mckay & anailís dhiaileactach in claude mckays, old england agus quashie to buccra mckay úsáideann dialekt mar bhealach chun bríonna a thabhairt do bhéal go ilmhínithe cad a d'fhéadfadh a bheith le feiceáil mar bhéal simplistic nó naïve faoi shaol jamaican d'fhéadfadh a bheith i ndáiríre lán de bríonna dúbailte nach mbeadh ach lucht féachana roghnaithe in ann a aithint.\nBhí Claude mckay ina scríbhneoir agus ina file Meiriceánach ó Iamáice a bhí i measc na ndaoine móra sa athbheochan Harlem. Soláthraíonn an t-eagraíocht seo faisnéis mhionsonraithe faoina óige, a shaol, a éachtaí, a chuid oibre agus a thréimhse. Féach nótaí - má ní mór dúinn bás anailís aiste ó dúinn stair ap dúinn hist ag scoil 7-oceanside ard-scoile má ní mór dúinn bás claude mckay scríobhann mckay má ní mór dúinn bás mar litríocht. Claude mckay's early poetry (1911-1922): approximating the table of contents of selected poems of claude mckay criticism and contextual essays works cited works cited for claude mckay's early poetry (1912-1922) tei/xml editions is é an aidhm atá agam sa anailís ghearr seo ná an teannas aicme-bhunaithe seo a chuireann mckay ar an mbarrthír a chur i bhfios go hachomair. Má ní mór dúinn bás a fháil ag claude mckay soaps tone anailís ábhar ton obair luaite cuspóir ócáid lucht féachana cainteoir claude mckay má ní mór dúinn bás a fháil beo: 15 Meán Fómhair, 1890 - 22 Bealtaine, 1948 cáiliúil as a chuid filíochta, iriseolaíocht, agus úrscéalta a bhí tionchar ag an ciníochas sna Stáit Aontaithe i gcoinne Afracach-Mheiriceánaigh.\nTreoir Staidéar Cliste ó Thír Chonair chuig Harlem agus Treoir Staidéar Claude McKay tá thart ar 44 leathanach de achoimreanna caibidil, luacha, anailís carachtair, téamaí, agus go leor eile sa treoir staidéar seo - gach rud a theastaíonn uait chun do chuid eolais ar Thír Chonair chuig Harlem a ghéarú. Bhí Claude mckay ina file Jamaican is fearr ar a dtugtar as a chuid úrscéalta agus dánta, lena n-áirítear más gá dúinn bás, a chuir leis an Harlem Renaissance claude mckay rugadh i Sunnyville, Clarendon. Aisdán claude mckay, anailís dialectical claude mckay & anailís dialectical in claude mckays, old england agus quashie to buccra mckay úsáideann dialekt mar bhealach chun bríonna a thabhairt i bhfad i bhfad. Léiríonn Claude mckay an dá chuid den pháipéar an nádúr casta agus na spreagadh a bhaineann le friotaíocht na Cairibe mar a léirítear i \"mo thír dhúchais, mo bhaile\" - conas a spreagann Claude mckay acmhainneacht subversive tríd an dán agus tionchar a imirt ar shaothar liteartha ar an gcéanna.\nSa dán má ní mór dúinn bás a fháil le Claude McKay, glaonn an t-údar ar a lucht féachana - ar a chuid fir arm - chun troid ar ais i gcoinne na ndaoine a chuireann brú orthu agus a bhfuil sé d'intinn acu iad a mharú. I claude mckays, old england agus quashie to buccra úsáideann mckay dialekt mar bhealach chun bríonna a thabhairt do chuid dánta go ilmhínithe cad a d'fhéadfadh a bheith le feiceáil mar bhéal simplistic nó naive faoi shaol jamaican d'fhéadfadh a bheith i ndáiríre lán de bríonna dúbailte nach mbeadh ach lucht féachana roghnaithe in ann a aithint. Sa damhsaí Harlem le Claude McKay, is é an sliocht ghearr a osclaíonn an dán dom ná \"an gás éadrom ag crochadh scaoilte timpeall a foirme\" tugann an maíomh-amhrán den gás éadrom le tuiscint go raibh sárú ag an damhsaí baineann óna am atá caite ach go fóill tá sí álainn, agus tá a croí íon agus caiste. Meiriceá ag Claude McKay Tarun Desai 3 iar 12/17/13 alt b claude McKay claude McKay rugadh i 1889 i Jamaica éigríodh sé go dtí na stáit aontaithe i 1912, agus tháinig sé ina fhir lárnach sa Renaissance Harlem."} {"text": "Are you interested in how does Artificial Intelligence work? Here we discuss in detail. Machine intelligence is known as artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence has become extremely popular. It is the replication of natural intelligence on computers designed to learn and imitate human activities. These robots can learn from experience and execute human jobs. As technologies like AI continue to develop, they will get a major influence on our standard of living. However, it is natural for everyone to somehow relate to AI technology, whether an end-user or a job in artificial intelligence.\nHow does Artificial Intelligence (AI) work?\nCreating an AI system is a thorough reverse engineering procedure for human characteristics and capabilities on a computer and utilizing it beyond what humans can do.\nTo grasp the real workings of Artificial Intelligence, one has to delve into the many subsections of Artificial Intelligence and learn how may use these areas in the different industries. You may also take an artificial intelligence program that helps you acquire an overview.\nML instructs a machine how and when to learn from previous experience and make choices. It detects patterns, analyzes previous data to deduce the significance of those data points to obtain a probable conclusion without human experience. This automation, which evaluates data, saves companies time and enables them to make a better choice.\nDeep Learning is a method based on ML. It trains a computer to analyze inputs across layers to categorize, deduce and predict the results.\nNeural networks operate on principles similar to human neural cells. They are algorithms that capture the links between different underlying variables and analyze the data like a human brain.\nNatural Language Processing:\nNLP is a study of reading, comprehending, and computer interpretation of a language. When a computer knows what the user wants to say, it answers appropriately.\nComputer visual algorithms attempt to comprehend a picture by splitting an image and analyzing various sections of the items. It enables the computer to identify and understand from several pictures to better decide on the output based on prior observations.\nCognitive computer algorithms attempt to imitate a human brain by analyzing text/speech/images/objects in a person’s way.\nWhat is the purpose of Artificial Intelligences?\nThe objective of Artificial Intelligence is to support human capacity and assist us in making far-reaching choices. This is the solution from a technical point of view. Artificial intelligence can philosophically enable people to have meaningful lives free of hard labor and to govern the complicated network of linked individuals, businesses, states, and countries in a way that benefits all of humanity.\nAll the various tools and methods that we have developed for the last thousand years are currently shared with Artificial Intelligence to reduce human efforts and help us make better choices. Artificial intelligence was also recognized as our latest invention, creating groundbreaking technologies and services that will massively alter our way of life, perhaps eliminating conflict, inequality, and human misery.\nWhat is the use of AI?\nArtificial intelligence is utilized worldwide in all sectors. Some sectors that have deeply studied AI to discover new applications include e-commerce, retail, security, and monitoring. Sports Analytics, Production, and Manufacturing, Automotive, among others.\nGraham James is a technology geek and robotics expert. He loves to automate things and has great research in the field of robotics. For him, robots are the way to automate our daily tasks. You can find more information about our team on about us.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-39", "url": "https://thordrc.com/how-does-artificial-intelligence-work/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057598.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925052020-20210925082020-00586.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9395409226, "token_count": 684, "score": 3.65625, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "An bhfuil suim agat i conas a oibríonn Intleacht Chliste? Anseo pléimid go mion. Tugtar faisnéis mheaisín ar intleacht shaorga. Tá an-tóir ar intleacht shaorga. Is é an cóipeáil ar intleacht nádúrtha ar ríomhairí atá deartha chun gníomhaíochtaí daonna a fhoghlaim agus a mhalairt. Is féidir leis na robots seo foghlaim ó thaithí agus oibreacha daonna a dhéanamh. De réir mar a leanann teicneolaíochtaí cosúil le AI ag forbairt, beidh tionchar mór acu ar ár gcaighdeán maireachtála. Mar sin féin, is nádúrtha do gach duine a bheith bainteach ar bhealach éigin le teicneolaíocht AI, cibé acu úsáideoir deiridh nó post in intleacht shaorga.\nConas a oibríonn Intleacht Chumasach (AI)?\nIs nós imeachta innealtóireachta iomlána é córas AI a chruthú le haghaidh tréithe agus cumas daonna ar ríomhaire agus é a úsáid thar an méid is féidir le daoine a dhéanamh.\nChun fíorfheidhmiú na hEalaíne Sniotáilte a thuiscint, ní mór do dhuine dul isteach i bhfo-altanna éagsúla na hEalaíne Sniotáilte agus foghlaim conas na réimsí seo a úsáid sna tionscail éagsúla. D'fhéadfá clár intleacht shaorga a ghlacadh freisin a chabhróidh leat léargas a fháil.\nTugann ML treoir do mheaisín conas agus cathain a fhoghlaim ó thaithí roimhe seo agus roghanna a dhéanamh. Faigheann sé patrúin, déanann sé anailís ar shonraí roimhe seo chun tábhacht na bpointí sonraí sin a bhaint amach chun conclúid dóchúil a fháil gan taithí daonna. Saothrú, a mheasann sonraí, sábhálann sé am do chuideachtaí agus cuireann sé ar a gcumas rogha níos fearr a dhéanamh.\nIs modh é Deep Learning atá bunaithe ar ML. Traenaíonn sé ríomhaire chun anailís a dhéanamh ar ionchuir thar sraitheanna chun na torthaí a chatagóiriú, a dhíthreorú agus a thuar.\nOibríonn líonraí néarónach ar phrionsabail cosúil le cealla néarónach daonna. Is algartam iad a ghabháil naisc idir athromaitheoirí bunúsacha éagsúla agus a anailísiú na sonraí cosúil le hinchinne daonna.\nPróiseáil Teanga Nádúrtha:\nIs staidéar é NLP ar léitheoireacht, ar thuiscint, agus ar léirmhíniú ríomhaire teanga. Nuair a bhíonn a fhios ag an ríomhaire cad ba mhaith leis an úsáideoir a rá, freagraíonn sé go cuí.\nDéanann algartam amhairc ríomhaire iarracht pictiúr a thuiscint trí íomhá a roinnt agus codanna éagsúla na n-earraí a anailísiú. Cuireann sé ar chumas an ríomhaire roinnt pictiúir a aithint agus a thuiscint chun cinneadh níos fearr a dhéanamh ar an aschur bunaithe ar bhreathnuithe roimhe seo.\nDéantar iarracht ag algartam ríomhaireachta cognaíocha inchinn an duine a shamhlú trí théacs/caint/íomhánna/ábhar a anailísiú ar bhealach duine.\nCad é cuspóir na nInntleachtaí Artificial?\nIs é cuspóir na hintleachta shaorga tacú le cumas an duine agus cabhrú linn roghanna fada-raonta a dhéanamh. Is é seo an réiteach ó thaobh teicniúil de. Is féidir le heolas saorga daoine a chumasú go fealsúnachta saol bríomhar a bheith acu saor ó obair chrua agus an líonra casta daoine aonair, gnóthaí, stáit agus tíortha nasctha a rialú ar bhealach a thabharfaidh tairbhe don chine daonna ar fad.\nTá na huirlisí agus na modhanna éagsúla a d'fhorbair muid le mílte bliain anuas á roinnt faoi láthair le hEalaíne Artificial chun iarrachtaí daonna a laghdú agus cabhrú linn roghanna níos fearr a dhéanamh. Aithníodh faisnéis shaorga mar ár n-inventáil is déanaí freisin, ag cruthú teicneolaíochtaí agus seirbhísí forbrónach a athróidh go mór ár mbealach maireachtála, agus b'fhéidir go gcuirfear deireadh le coinbhleacht, neamhionannas agus éagothroime daonna.\nCad é úsáid AI?\nÚsáidtear intleacht shaorga ar fud an domhain i ngach earnáil. I measc roinnt earnálacha a ndearna staidéar domhain ar AI chun feidhmchláir nua a fháil, tá ríomhthráchtáil, miondíol, slándáil agus faireachán. Anailísíocht Spóirt, Táirgeadh agus Déantúsaíocht, Feithicleach, i measc daoine eile.\nIs geek teicneolaíochta agus saineolaí róbataí é Graham James. Is breá leis rudaí a uathoibriú agus tá taighde iontach aige i réimse na róbataice. A dó, is iad robots an bealach chun ár gcuid tascanna laethúla a uathoibriú. Is féidir leat tuilleadh eolais a fháil faoi ár bhfoireann ar faoi dúinn."} {"text": "Others states are still considering legislation, but Governor Pat Quinn have made it happen! Last month Gov. Pat Quinn signed legislation banning the manufacture and sale of personal care products containing synthetic microbeads. “Banning microbeads will help ensure clean waters across Illinois and set an example for our nation to follow” said Governor Quinn.\nHowever, more states are needed to force companies to come up with other alternatives to deliver similar exfoliating performance without the need to use polyethylene which is used in L’Oreal’s Go 360 Clean Exfoliating Scrub or polypropylene beads used in Dermalogica’s Clear Start-Blackhead Clearing Pore Control Scrub.\nNevertheless, L’Oreal has committed to no longer using microbeads of polyethylene in its scrubs by 2017. In addition, The Body Shop announced it would be phasing out microbeads from all its products by 2015 and Lush Fresh Handmade Cosmetics, has stopped its production of plastic worldwide.\nWhat are Microbeads?\nMicrobeads, tiny synthetic particles, are found in numerous personal care products are causing an environmental ruckus on Lake Michigan and many other rivers across our state. These small plastic particles are about 5 mm in size and are used in cleansers, soaps, facial scrubs and shower gels for their exfoliating properties and more sensational experience. It is estimated that a single beauty product can contain over 300k microbeads.\nPolyethylene is a form of plastic (synthetic polymer) is very inexpensive and versatile, used for numerous functions in cosmetic products such as abrasive agents in facial scrubs, also used as a stabilizer, binding agent, thickener and film-forming agent. One of the most popular plastic in the world, polyethylene is used by manufacturers across the globe. It can be colored in various ways without degrading the quality of plastic; it does not absorb water or does it deteriorates, and cannot be damaged by sunlight.\nOn August 2012, the 5 Gyre Institute, a research organization conducted a study showing that plastic pollution is affecting our Great lakes. The 5 Gyre Institute is dedicated to eliminating plastic pollution in the world’s oceans. The environmental group has stated that non-biodegradable plastic particles slip through sewage system filters and end up in lakes, absorbing toxins and then get eaten by marine animals, thus causing harm to wildlife.\nSustainable Skin Care\nAlthough, major cosmetic companies like Johnson & Johnson, and Unilever has promised to discontinue the use of microbeads; unfortunately, the transition to more natural alternatives may take several years to implement. The purpose of exfoliation is to remove the top layers of damaged skin and formulators are searching for alternatives such as Micro Powders a biodegradable synthetic wax, which is irregular in particle shape and produce a more aggressive exfoliating effect. This product is economical and environmentally-friendly, according to Micro Powders.\nFurthermore, there are a variety of biodegradable ingredients available to formulators, such as jojoba beads, made from a natural wax, as well as papaya and pineapple enzymes, baking soda, coffee grounds, oatmeal, sea salt, sugar, and walnut hulls which effectively exfoliate dead skin cells, and are less likely to harm the environment. In addition to cosmetic companies, consumers also have a responsibility to the marine environment, and environmental awareness is needed to create change.\nThere’s an App for that!\nAs a result, The North Sea Foundation and The plastic Soup Foundation launched the “Beat the Micro Bead” campaign, in an effort to urge manufacturers to eliminate microbeads in their products. For this purpose, the non-profit organizations created a smartphone app. This app allows consumers to scan personal care products to check for the presence of plastic microbeads. The app will read the bar code and indicate using color whether microbeads are present.\nRed: this product contains microbeads.\nOrange: this product still contains microbeads, but manufacturer has indicated it will replace in a given time frame or adapt product accordingly.\nGreen: this product is free from plastic microbeads.\nFinally, we must do everything necessary to reduce man-made plastic pollution in our great state of Illinois, our Great Lakes and our beautiful planet!", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07", "url": "http://www.examiner.com/article/microbeads-be-gone-land-of-lincoln-first-to-ban-synthetic-beads-skin-care?cid=rss", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701145519.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193905-00052-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9407003522, "token_count": 921, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá stáit eile ag smaoineamh ar reachtaíocht fós, ach rinne an Gobharnóir Pat Quinn é a dhéanamh! An mhí seo caite Gov. Shínigh Pat Quinn reachtaíocht a chuireann cosc ar mhonarú agus ar dhíol táirgí cúraim phearsanta ina bhfuil micreaball sintéiseach. \"Cuideoidh cosc a chur ar mhicreaglaí le huisce glan a chinntiú ar fud Illinois agus sampla a leagan síos dár náisiún a leanúint\", a dúirt an Gobharnóir Quinn.\nMar sin féin, tá gá le níos mó stáit chun cuideachtaí a chur i bhfeidhm chun roghanna eile a chur ar fáil chun feidhmíocht exfoliating den chineál céanna a sholáthar gan an gá a bheith le poileitiléine a úsáid a úsáidtear i Scrub Exfoliating glan LOreal Go 360 nó beanna polypropylene a úsáidtear i Scrub Rialú Pore Clearing Pore Dermalogica.\nMar sin féin, gheall LOreal gan micreaballí poileitiléine a úsáid ina scrúbaí faoi 2017. Ina theannta sin, d'fhógair The Body Shop go gcuirfeadh sé micreaball amach as a chuid táirgí go léir faoi 2015 agus Lush Fresh Cosmetics Handmade, chuir sé deireadh lena tháirgeadh plaisteach ar fud an domhain.\nCad iad Microbeads?\nMicrobeads, cáithníní sintéiseacha beag, atá le fáil i go leor táirgí cúram pearsanta ag cruthú ruckus comhshaoil ar Loch Michigan agus go leor aibhneacha eile ar fud ár stát. Tá na cáithníní beaga plaisteacha seo thart ar 5 mm de mhéid agus úsáidtear iad i gléasanna glantacháin, saibíní, scrubanna aghaidh agus géilí cithfholctha mar gheall ar a n-airíonna exfoliating agus ar an taithí níos sensational. Meastar go bhfuil níos mó ná 300k micreaball i dtáirge áilleachta amháin.\nIs cineál plaisteacha (pólaiméir shintéiseach) é an pholaitéilín, tá sé an-éasca agus ilfheidhmiúil, úsáidtear é le haghaidh feidhmeanna iomadúla i dtáirgí cosmaideacha mar ghníomhairí abrasive i scrubs aghaidh, a úsáidtear freisin mar chobhsaitheoir, gníomhaire ceangailteach, tiúsóir agus gníomhaire foirmiú scannáin. Ceann de na plaisteach is mó a bhfuil tóir air ar domhan, tá monaróirí ar fud an domhain ag úsáid an pholaitéilín. Is féidir é a dathú ar bhealaí éagsúla gan cáilíocht na plaisteacha a laghdú; ní ghlacann sé uisce nó ní athraíonn sé, agus ní féidir le solas na gréine damáiste a dhéanamh dó.\nI mí Lúnasa 2012, rinne Institiúid 5 Gyre, eagraíocht taighde staidéar a thaispeánann go bhfuil truailliú plaisteach ag dul i bhfeidhm ar ár n-Lá Mór. Tá Institiúid 5 Gyre tiomanta do thréimhse truaillithe plaisteacha a dhíchur i n-aigéin an domhain. Dúirt an grúpa comhshaoil go dtéann cáithníní plaisteach neamh-bhio-dhíghrádúcháin trí scagairí córas fuíolluisce agus go dtéann siad i lochanna, ag ionsú tocsainí agus ansin ag ithe ainmhithe mara, rud a dhéanann dochar do bheatha fiáine.\nCúram Craiceann Inbhuanaithe\nCé gur gheall cuideachtaí móra cosmaideacha mar Johnson & Johnson, agus Unilever go gcuirfear deireadh le húsáid micreabhlaí; ar an drochuair, d'fhéadfadh sé go dtógfadh sé roinnt blianta go gcuirfí i bhfeidhm an t-aistriú go roghanna malartacha níos nádúrtha. Is é cuspóir an exfoliation na sraitheanna barr de chraiceann damáiste a bhaint agus tá foirmitheoirí ag lorg roghanna eile mar Micro Powders, féar sintéiseach bithdhíghrádú, atá neamhrialta i bhfoirm na bpáirtíne agus a tháirgeann éifeacht exfoliating níos ionsaithí. Tá an táirge seo eacnamaíoch agus neamhdhíobhálach don chomhshaol, de réir Micro Powders.\nIna theannta sin, tá comhábhair dhiodhleathacha éagsúla ar fáil do fhoirmitheoirí, mar shampla péireanna jojoba, a dhéantar ó chíche nádúrtha, chomh maith le einsímí papaya agus anáin, sóid bácála, grán caife, plúr oigheann, salann farraige, siúcra, agus scagaireacha walnut a exfoliates cealla craicinn marbh go héifeachtach, agus is lú seans go ndéanfaidh siad dochar don chomhshaol. Chomh maith le cuideachtaí cosmaidí, tá freagracht ag tomhaltóirí freisin i leith an chomhshaoil mhuirí, agus tá gá le feasacht chomhshaoil chun athrú a chruthú.\nTá App ann chun sin a dhéanamh!\nMar thoradh air sin, sheol The North Sea Foundation agus The plastic Soup Foundation an feachtas Beat the Micro Bead, i iarracht a dhéanamh ar mhonaróirí micreaball a dhíchur ina dtáirgí. Chun na críche sin, chruthaigh na heagraíochtaí neamhbhrabúis aip fón cliste. Ligeann an aip seo do thomhaltóirí táirgí cúraim phearsanta a scanadh chun láithreacht micreaball plaisteach a sheiceáil. Léann an aip an cód barra agus léiríonn sé le dath an bhfuil micreaball ann.\nDearg: tá micreathrú ann sa táirge seo.\nOrange: tá micreamhéideanna fós sa táirge seo, ach tá sé de réir an mhonaróra go n-athróidh sé laistigh de thréimhse ama áirithe nó go ndéanfaidh sé an táirge a oiriúnú dá réir sin.\nGlas: níl micreathra plaisteacha sa táirge seo.\nAr deireadh, ní mór dúinn gach rud is gá a dhéanamh chun truailliú plaisteach de dhéantús an duine a laghdú inár stát iontach Illinois, inár Mór-Lá agus inár bpláinéad álainn!"} {"text": "Heatstroke Prevention Tips from Apple Valley Veterinarians in Plantsville\nHeatstroke can be deadly for your pet, so it’s crucial to understand the condition and what you can do if it occurs in your cat, dog or other pet. Our veterinarians, Dr’s. Rothstein and Freiman in Southington treat heatstroke as a pet emergency, requiring immediate veterinary care.\nWhat is Heatstroke?\nHeatstroke is an elevated body temperature that begins to overwhelm your pet’s body–leading to serious organ damage. A heatstroke is a form of non-fever hyperthermia, which occurs when the environmental temperature and humidity combine to prevent your pet (usually dogs) from cooling down. Even in milder climates, heatstroke can occur if a pet is left in a hot car or exercising excessively.\nNot surprisingly, the dogs most prone to hyperthermia include long-haired breeds, as well as those with shorter snouts. Cats can also develop heat stroke, though it’s not quite as common. Age can be a factor in heat stroke, with both very younger and very old animals at greater risk, and it can also be predisposed to by hormonal imbalance, upper respiratory infection, and obesity. Pets with heart disease or circulatory problems are often affected. Other heatstroke predisposing factors include dehydration, poisoning, and reactions to general anesthesia.\nSigns Your Pet is Suffering from Heatstroke\nWatch for the many possible symptoms of pet heatstroke, especially during hot weather and after your pet has been exercising. Visit or immediately contact your Hartford County veterinarians in Southington, CT for life-saving veterinary care if you notice:\n- Panting, which is one of the only ways pets can cool themselves, along with sweaty paws\n- Fast heart rate and irregular beats\n- Higher than normal body temperature, over 103° F\n- Red gums and/or eyes\n- Pet cannot urinate, or only produces a small amount\n- Breathing problems, as fluid accumulates in the lungs\n- Vomiting, including bloody vomit\n- Bloody or dark stool\n- Mental confusion\n- Unsteady, uncoordinated gait\nHow to Cool Your Pet and Avoid Heatstroke\nDo not use frigid water in an attempt to quickly cool your pet. Shivering will only increase internal body temperature and place stress on the circulatory system. Aim for gradual cooling. To cool your pet:\n- Spray your pet’s coat with cool water\n- Immerse your dog in cool (but not cold) water\n- Wrap your pet in wet towels\n- Use fans\n- Use evaporative cooling techniques, such as applying rubbing alcohol to paw pads and exposed skin\n- Check body temperature with a rectal thermometer and withdraw cooling methods you may have been using at normal temperature of around 103 degrees.\n- Allow your pet access to plenty of cool water, but don’t force him or her to drink.\nAfter your pet’s temperature returns to normal, have him or her examined by Dr. Freiman or Dr. Rothstein in Plantsville. We can perform tests to check your pet’s kidney function, heart and other organs to rule out any damage.\nGet Pet Emergency Care for Heatstroke in Plantsville, CT\nIf your pet shows symptoms of heat stroke, contact your Apple Valley Veterinarians, your veterinarian in Southington, immediately. Contact us at (860) 628-9635.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "url": "https://applevalleyvets.com/conditions-treated/heatstroke/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039744348.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118093845-20181118115845-00369.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9179326296, "token_count": 721, "score": 3.09375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Leideanna maidir le Cosc a chur ar stróc teasa ó na Veitiriúnaigh i Apple Valley i Plantsville\nIs féidir le stróc teasa a bheith marfach do do pheata, mar sin tá sé ríthábhachtach an staid a thuiscint agus cad is féidir leat a dhéanamh má tharlaíonn sé i do chait, do mhadra nó i peataí eile. Ár tréidliachta, Dr. Rothstein agus Freiman i Southington déileáil le stróc te mar éigeandáil peataí, ag teastáil cúram tréidliachta láithreach.\nCad é Heatstroke?\nIs éard atá i stróc teasa ná teocht choirp ard a thosaíonn ag cur i bhfeidhm ar chorp do pheataí, rud a fhágann go ndéantar damáiste tromchúiseach d'orgán. Is cineál hyperthermia neamh-teochta é stróc teasa, a tharlaíonn nuair a bhíonn teocht agus taise an chomhshaoil ag comhcheangal chun cosc a chur ar do pheata (a mhadra de ghnáth) fuarú síos. Fiú amháin i gclimaí níos socair, d'fhéadfadh stróc te a bheith ann má fhágtar peata i gcarr te nó má dhéanann sé ró-fheidhmiú.\nNí haon ionadh, go bhfuil na madraí is mó a bhfuil seans acu hyperthermia i measc na mbraiseanna fada-fhéartha, chomh maith leis na madraí a bhfuil snouts níos giorra acu. Is féidir le cait stróc teasa a fhorbairt freisin, cé nach bhfuil sé chomh coitianta. Is féidir le aois a bheith ina fhachtóir i stróc teasa, le hainmhithe an-óg agus an-aois araon i mbaol níos mó, agus is féidir é a bheith réamhchinnte freisin trí éagothroime hormónach, ionfhabhtú an upper respiratory, agus murtall. Is minic a bhíonn tionchar ag an gcalaigíní ar ainmhithe peataí a bhfuil galar croí nó fadhbanna imshruthaithe acu. I measc na ngnéithe eile a chuireann i gcontúirt go dtarlóidh stróc teasa ná díhiodráitiú, pócaíocht, agus frithghníomhartha ar anaistéiséis ghinearálta.\nTuairimí go bhfuil do pheata ag fulaingt ó stróc teasa\nBí ag faire amach na comharthaí go leor a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag stróc teasa peataí, go háirithe le linn aimsir te agus tar éis do pheata a bheith ag feidhmiú. Tabhair cuairt nó déan teagmháil láithreach le do veitéaraí Contae Hartford i Southington, CT le haghaidh cúraimí tréidliachta a shábháil má thugann tú faoi deara:\n- Breathnú, atá ar cheann de na bealaí amháin peataí is féidir cool iad féin, chomh maith le paws sweaty\n- ráta croí tapa agus buille neamhrialta\n- Teochta coirp níos airde ná mar is gnáth, os cionn 103° F\n- Gúm agus/nó súile dearga\n- Ní féidir le peataí mioc a dhéanamh, nó ní dhéanann siad ach méid beag\n- fadhbanna a bhaineann le haeráil, de réir mar a thiomnaíonn leacht sna scamhóga\n- Briseadh suas, lena n-áirítear briseadh suas le fuil\n- Stoil fhuilteach nó dorcha\n- Meabhrúchán meabhrach\n- Bealach neamhchomhtháthaithe, neamhchomhordaithe\nConas do Pheata a Chill agus Stróc Teasa a Sheachaint\nNá húsáid uisce fuar i iarracht do pheata a fhuaraithe go tapa. Ní dhéanfaidh shivering ach teocht an choirp inmheánach a mhéadú agus strus a chur ar an gcóras imshruthaithe. Iarracht a dhéanamh ar fhuaraithe de réir a chéile. Chun do pheata a fhuaraigh:\n- Spray cóta do pheataí le huisce fuar\n- Cuir do mhadra i uisce fuar (ach ní i uisce fuar)\n- Wrap do pheata i tuáillí fliuch\n- Úsáid lucht leanúna\n- Teicneolaíochtaí fuaraithe díothaitheacha a úsáid, mar shampla alcól rubbing a chur i bhfeidhm ar pads paw agus ar chraiceann nochta\n- Déan teochta an choirp a sheiceáil le teirmiméadar ríthe agus déan na modhanna fuaraithe a d' fhéadfadh tú a bheith ag úsáid ag teochta gnáth thart ar 103 céim a tharraingt siar.\n- Lig do pheata teacht ar go leor uisce fuar, ach ná bí ag éalú air nó uirthi.\nTar éis do thimpeachtra peataí filleadh ar ghnáth, a bheith air nó uirthi scrúdaithe ag an Dr. Freiman nó an Dr. Rothstein i Plantsville. Is féidir linn tástálacha a dhéanamh chun feidhmiú duáin, croí agus orgáin eile do pheata a sheiceáil chun damáiste ar bith a eisiamh.\nFaigh Cúram Éigeandála Peataí le haghaidh Heatstroke in Plantsville, CT\nMá léiríonn do pheata comharthaí stróc teasa, déan teagmháil le do Apple Valley Veterinarians, do vet i Southington, láithreach. Déan teagmháil linn ag (860) 628-9635."} {"text": "The Greathouse surname comes from the Low German words \"grot(h),\" meaning \"large,\" or \"great,\" and \"haus,\" meaning \"house;\" thus the name may have been topographic, for someone who lived in or by a large house or farmstead,\n, where the name came from humble beginnings but gained a significant reputation for its contribution to the emerging mediaeval society. It later became more prominent as numerous branches of the same house acquired distant estates, some of which were located in other countries. Through the acquisition of these estates as well as their important contributions to society, the family successfully elevated their social status. They were originally seated in Courland and Livonia in the 13th century.\nThis web page shows only a small excerpt of our Greathouse research.Another 81 words (6 lines of text) covering the years 1627 and 1715 are included under the topic Early Greathouse History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.\nof this family name include: Groethausen, Groithausen, Grothusen, Grothaus, Gothuss and many more.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "url": "https://www.houseofnames.com/greathouse-family-crest", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743351.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20181117082141-20181117104141-00276.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.975386858, "token_count": 228, "score": 2.96875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tagann an sloinne Greathouse ó na focail íseal-Ghaeilge \"grot ((h), \" a chiallaíonn \"mhór\", nó \"mhór\", agus \"haus\", a chiallaíonn \"tithe\"; dá bhrí sin d'fhéadfadh an t-ainm a bheith topagrafach, do dhuine a bhí ina chónaí i dteach mór nó i bhfeirm mór nó in aice leis,\n, áit a tháinig an t-ainm ó thús íseal ach a fuair cáil suntasach as a chuid a chuir leis an tsochaí mheánlaigh atá ag teacht chun cinn. Níos déanaí tháinig sé níos suntasaí de réir mar a fuair brainsí iomadúla den teach céanna eastátanna i bhfad i gcéin, cuid acu lonnaithe i dtíortha eile. Trí na heastáit seo a fháil chomh maith lena gcuid ranníocaíochtaí tábhachtacha leis an tsochaí, d'ardaigh an teaghlach a stádas sóisialta go rathúil. Bhí siad ina suí ar dtús i gCúirt agus i Liobáin sa 13ú haois.\nNí léiríonn an leathanach gréasáin seo ach sliocht beag dár dtaighde ar Greathouse. Tá 81 focal eile (6 líne téacs) a chlúdaíonn na blianta 1627 agus 1715 san áireamh faoin ábhar Early Greathouse History in ár dtáirgí PDF Extended History agus i dtáirgí clóite i gcás ina bhfuil sé indéanta.\nIs iad na hainmneacha is mó a bhaineann leis an sloinne seo: Groethausen, Groithausen, Grothusen, Grothaus, Gothuss agus go leor eile."} {"text": "- cerium (n.)\n- element, first isolated in pure form in 1875, named for ceria, the name of the earth from which it was taken, which was discovered in 1803 and named by Berzelius and Hissinger for Ceres, the minor planet, which had been discovered in 1801 and named for the Roman goddess Ceres.\n- 1. Lanthanum praseodymium - cerium rare earth ( LPC ) was a patent composition.\n- 镧镨铈混合稀土 ( LPC ) 是新型专利成分的混合稀土.\n- 2. A method for direct determination of cerium dioxide content is studied.\n- 3. The cerium oxide preferably has a fluorite type superlattice structure.\n- 4. Cerium showed more effective than lanthanum for vanadium tolerance of FCC catalysts.\n- 5. The technology for the preparation of ammonium cerium nitrate is studied.\n[ cerium 造句 ]", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-39", "url": "https://www.youdict.com/ciyuan/s/journalese", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057973.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20210926205414-20210926235414-00686.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.6700643301, "token_count": 240, "score": 3.171875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "- céiriam (n.)\n- eilimint, a leithligh ar dtús i bhfoirm íon i 1875, ainmnithe ar Ceria, ainm na talún as a tógadh é, a fuarthas amach i 1803 agus a thug Berzelius agus Hissinger ainm air ar Ceres, an pláinéad beag, a fuarthas amach i 1801 agus a ainmníodh ar an dia Rómhánach Ceres.\n- Ceann. Ba é Lanthanum praseodymium - cerium rare earth (LPC) comhdhéanamh paitinne.\n- Is éard atá i dTír Íseal Amháin (LPC) ná Tír Íseal Amháin le Comhábhar Patentáilte Nua.\n- Dhá. Tá staidéar á dhéanamh ar mhodh chun cion dé-ocsaíd céiriam a chinneadh go díreach.\n- Trí. Is fearr go bhfuil struchtúr superlattice den chineál fluairíte ag an ocsaíd céiriam.\n- Ceathrar. Léirigh ceiriam go raibh sé níos éifeachtaí ná lanthanum maidir le dtoilíocht vanadium na gcatalóirí FCC.\n- Cúig. Tá staidéar á dhéanamh ar theicneolaíocht chun níotráit céiriam amóiniam a ullmhú.\n[ cerium 造句 ]"} {"text": "by Ray Bradbury\nExplanation: Social rules define normalcy. Normalcy and conformity may not always be healthy. If society tells you to abide by certain rules and to stay within the lines, consider writing the other way.\nThis was used as the epigram for Bradbury's book to denote the moral imperative of the citizens of Montag's society to contemplate and disobey the mores of their time. The obligation here is both moral and pragmatic, since acceding to their society's conventions would be both individually and socially destructive.\nExplanation: People use texts selectively to support their points. The same books that can be used to support one point of view can also be used to refute that point of view. Famous examples are such sacred texts as the Bible or Koran, which are used by adherents to prove the existence of a merciful God and sophisticated religion. Their critics, meanwhile, use this same literature to combat these arguments.\n...Sign up to continue reading Significant Quotations >", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07", "url": "http://www.studymode.com/fahrenheit-451-notes/significant-quotations/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701145751.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193905-00057-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9449211955, "token_count": 205, "score": 3.40625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "ag Ray Bradbury\nMíniú: Sainmhíníonn rialacha sóisialta gnáth. Ní fhéadfadh gnáth-ghnáth agus comhréireacht a bheith sláintiúil i gcónaí. Má deir an tsochaí leat rialacha áirithe a chomhlíonadh agus fanacht laistigh de na línte, smaoinigh ar scríobh ar an mbealach eile.\nBaineadh úsáid as seo mar epigram do leabhar Bradbury chun an riachtanas morálta a léiriú do shaoránaigh shochaí Montag chun machnamh a dhéanamh ar mhoras a gcuid ama agus é a dhiúltú. Tá an oibleagáid anseo morálta agus praigmatic araon, ós rud é go mbeadh aontú le coinbhinsiúin a sochaí díothúchánach go pearsanta agus go sochaí.\nMíniú: Úsáideann daoine téacsanna roghnach chun tacú lena gcuid pointí. Is féidir na leabhair céanna a úsáidtear chun tacú le dearcadh amháin a úsáid freisin chun an dearcadh sin a chúlghairm. Is samplaí cáiliúla iad téacsanna naofa mar an Bíobla nó an Koran, a úsáideann lucht leanúna chun a chruthú go bhfuil Dia trócaireach agus reiligiún sofaisticiúil ann. Ina theannta sin, úsáideann a gcrititheoirí an litríocht chéanna chun na argóintí seo a chomhrac.\n...Sínigh suas chun leanúint de léamh Citations Significant >"} {"text": "Dementia is one of the fastest growing diseases in Australia. General practitioners (GPs) are at the forefront of dementia diagnosis and management. However, the disease is complex and this can prevent timely diagnosis. A recent initiative in the Grampians region, Victoria, is addressing some of these challenges through a comprehensive, intuitive, online tool.\nThe aim of this article is to describe the process of developing and reasons for implementing the Dementia Pathways Tool, in the Grampians region, Victoria.\nDesigned in collaboration with GPs and practice nurses, the Dementia Pathways Tool promotes awareness of the first signs of dementia. It offers an informed approach to diagnosis, referral and ongoing management of people with the symptoms of dementia. This Tool provides practitioners – irrespective of their practice location – with access to an intuitive, online web-based repository of information. The Tool is publicly available and therefore accessible to all practitioners and the general public. Initial indications from statistics of the website are positive, but an evaluation will help inform the potential for broader applications of this Tool in the future.\nThe issue: dementia in Australia\nDementia is one of the fastest growing diseases in Australia. In 2013, 322,000 Australians were diagnosed with a dementia-related disease. The prevalence is expected to increase fourfold by 2050.1 Dementia has recently been listed as a national health priority area and a National Framework for Action on Dementia 2014–2018 is currently in development.2 The anticipated impact of the disease will have significant ramifications for Australia’s future health systems.3\nGeneral practitioners integral to dementia care\nDementia care in Australia is largely delivered by primary healthcare practitioners and general practitioners (GPs) have an essential role in the early identification of symptoms, of diagnosis in association with specialist support and in ongoing management. However, detecting and diagnosing dementia is complicated, as it does not have a unique set of presenting symptoms; this can lead to delays in prompt diagnosis.4–6 Other factors reported by GPs, including uncertainty of diagnosis, limited consultation times, denial of symptoms and distress by patients and families, may also reduce detection of the disease,7 leading to a significant time lag between symptom onset and diagnosis.6\nIn rural areas, where access to specialist dementia services is limited, primary health practitioners are integral to dementia diagnosis, ongoing patient support and management.8 However, GPs may experience difficulties with diagnosing dementia and in understanding the referral pathways for treatment and support. Currently, a ‘case-finding’ approach to diagnosis and ongoing care of patients with dementia ‘which involves assessing only those with symptoms or signs such as lost prescriptions and missed appointments, or other behaviours mentioned by family members…and others’9 resides with GPs through access to current information about the disease and use of suitable tools and assessments.9–11\nThe Australian Government’s Living Longer. Living Better initiative4 advocates that GPs and other health professionals should have greater access to training and education programs, to assist them with timely diagnosis of dementia.\nAn online resource is one method by which GPs can access current information about diseases, treatment and diagnosis. Knowledge-based repositories are easily updated and provide wide access to vast sources of information. Despite a dearth of research examining GPs’ usage of online resources, the limited international research indicates that the internet is increasingly used by physicians to access health information (including online medical information searches, use of electronic healthcare records and electronic transfer of patient records)12 and has broad appeal for sourcing reliable and relevant documents to assist with day-to-day medical practice.13 However, caution is required when using online resources – and for the online developers – in considering e-health communications that are interoperable, easy to use, engaging, accessible and accurate.14\nThe Dementia Pathways Project in the Grampians\nIn 2012, extensive consultation with GPs and practice nurses across the Grampians region identified that there was an incomplete understanding of available dementia services in the region. There were no localised pathways to assist primary health practitioners with diagnosis, timely referral to specialist services for further investigation of dementia or local support options pre/post-diagnosis.\nThese outcomes prompted the Dementia Pathways project, aimed at providing primary health practitioners (primarily GPs and practice nurses) with access to online information to assist with diagnosis, referral and ongoing management of patients with dementia (or presenting with the symptoms of dementia) in accordance with evidence-based guidelines to local support services.\nDeveloping the online knowledge repository about dementia for the Grampians\nThe Grampians is an area of 48,000 km2 that is largely rural but incorporates the larger regional service centres of Ballarat, Ararat, Stawell and Horsham. The population is approximately 223,000 and 14% are aged 65–84 years (compared with the state average of 12.1%).15 Approximately 354 GPs work within the region.16\nAn online repository for information and knowledge management was chosen above other ‘traditional’ methods of information as it enables large amounts of information, from multiple, reputable sources to be accessed via the internet. Online information is also available for GPs (who have internet access) across a diverse geographic region.\nAnother advantage of presenting information via an online repository is the capacity to quickly and efficiently update information. This is especially important given the dynamic nature of information now available and the increasing involvement of private, philanthropic and voluntary providers within the health service system. A similar tool for GP mental health care support has previously been implemented in the Grampians region and was found to be an important resource for accessing mental health information for GPs and allied health professionals.17 Some of the features of this earlier project helped inform the Dementia Pathways Tool, although the Dementia Pathways Tool was enhanced by the support and contributions of stakeholders during the design and development and content of the Tool.\nStaged development of the Dementia Pathways Tool\nPartner organisations for the Dementia Pathways project included:\n- Department of Health (Grampians) and project funder\n- Grampians Medicare Local\n- Federation University Australia’s Centre for eResearch and Digital Innovation (CeRDI).\nThe regional dementia project officer guided the project and adopted an inclusive management approach involving wide consultation with stakeholders. Subsequent development of the Dementia Pathways Tool comprised five stages, each building on the previous stage, requiring commitment to input in the development to successfully achieve the required outcomes. These stages are outlined in Table 1.\nTable 1. The stages comprising the development of the Dementia Pathways Tool\nStaged development of website\nStage and focus\nStage 1: Identifying the barriers to dementia diagnosis for GPs in the Grampians.\nExtensive consultation of health service providers in the region was achieved through a survey that was developed in consultation with GPs, practice nurses and other health service providers.\nThe barriers in the Grampians to dementia diagnosis and management were identified as: incomplete understanding of available dementia services in the region; no localised pathways to assist primary health practitioners with diagnosis, timely referral to specialist services for further investigation of dementia, and local support options pre/post-diagnosis.\nStage 2: Steering the project.\nA steering group (n = 12) was established comprising ‘stakeholders’; GPs and practice nurses.\nThe steering group met regularly and identified their preferences for visual display and presentation; navigational/pathway flow (and ease of use of online resource); website features, and content (prioritising what information was required about dementia, diagnosis, management, relevance of content, amount of information).\nDiscussion about the content of the Pathways Tool with the steering group was prompted by a series of scenarios and associated questions about doctor-patient consultations for dementia. Examples of other web-based dementia navigation tools from Australia and overseas were also presented to stakeholders to identify particular preferences for the display and content.\nStakeholders prioritised the content to be included in the Tool: clinical and management knowledge-base and tools; evidence-based guidelines and consultation checklists; screening tools, links to local dementia resources and services and referral options.\nStage 3: Provision of expert advice on the content of the Tool\nExpert advice on the content for the Dementia Pathways Tool was provided by a Consultant Physician in Geriatric Medicine. Essential content, including national and international resources, was sourced.\nContent for the Tool included: pathways for local referrals and supports; local resources; recommended assessments; investigation and review of cognitive decline (including key decision points for specialist referral or continued assessment/support); contact details about local support services for patients and carers; information about advance care plans.\nStage 4: Developing the Tool:\nAn interactive web-based tool was designed and developed following input at Stages 1–3.\nKey features of the Tool:\n- A split-screen and toggle menu to facilitate navigation of the Tool and enable access to relevant information via five key menu options (Awareness and recognition of significant symptoms; Diagnosis; Ongoing management and care; Palliative and end-of-life care; Family support). Users can access the menu items (located on the left of the split screen) through a pathway that branches out into successive, secondary menu items (See Figure 1 for example).\n- A comprehensive keyword search and expandable information layers to provide additional options to search and retrieve specific content. Users can navigate quickly through the pathway using the menu items as a logical guide.\n- Additional features of the website include: an interactive pathways map; a support tool and service directory of local contacts; referral pathways; links to other resources and websites; embedded assessment tools; and resource pages (includes MBS items).\nStage 5: Trial and launch of the Tool\nSteering group members were invited to review the online Dementia Pathways Tool and provide feedback on all components of the Tool, including the visual display, pathway flow (consistency, ease of navigation), and content (relevance, language, sufficiency of information).\nFeedback during the trial period enabled further changes and improvements to the Tool prior to its official launch in August 2013.\nInformal, anecdotal feedback from steering group members during the trialling of the pathways was positive (‘The pathway software and information are absolutely brilliant’; ‘It is excellent’).\nThe Tool is available on the Grampians Medicare Local website: http://www.grampiansml.com.au/dpp/\n|Figure 1. Dementia Pathways Tool menu, ‘Diagnosis’ page\nLocal uptake of the Dementia Pathways Tool\nPreliminary feedback and visitor statistics to the website in the 9 months since the launch of the Dementia Pathways Tool have been positive. The number of page views has been constant, averaging approximately 500 page views per month since its launch in August 2013. The average time visitors spent on each page was 2 minutes and 6 seconds, and just under half of the recorded page views (1900) were of the main Dementia Pathway Tool content pages.\nOther frequently visited pages included how to use the tool, assessment tools, project background, useful links, Medicare Benefits Schedule items and types of dementia.\nBroader practice benefits\nAlthough the Dementia Pathways Tool was designed and developed specifically for practitioners in the Grampians region and contains a host of local resources, the website has much broader appeal. As a publically accessible resource it offers all GPs and health professionals a web-based repository of dementia-related information, tools and resources to guide and enhance current assessment and referral practices.\nThis resource now enables dementia diagnosis to be made over a number of months, allowing the process to be broken into steps that are manageable within the primary care setting. The Tool facilitates informed management of the complexities and identified barriers to dementia diagnosis.\nFurthermore, the quality of content, presentation and style has value for a range of other audiences (patients and carers), while the functionality of the Tool has the potential to be adapted for use in other areas of health, such as for cancer or diabetes, or with other mental health initiatives.\nThe provision of online information to support health providers within the practice setting should complement rather than supersede the knowledge of qualified and experienced health professionals about disease diagnosis and management.\nThe literature suggests that for many practitioners, including GPs in rural settings, barriers exist that limit timely diagnosis and affect ongoing management of dementia.5,7 The challenge of this project was to develop a tool that could address some of these identified barriers by consolidating knowledge through an internet tool that aids professionals’ development and practice.\nOnline support tools offer a means of gaining disease-specific and localised referral pathways that meet the needs of health professionals, irrespective of geographic location, and may overcome some of the barriers in dementia diagnosis for GPs in rural and regional areas.7,10,13 The Dementia Pathways Tool provides information about region-specific, specialist dementia services and supports, together with current, accurate and relevant information about dementia to assist GPs in their practice, providing information to aid in assessment and diagnosis, referral, management and ongoing care. Access to an intuitive, online resource may also address the time restraints that some rural practitioners have identified as limiting their capacity to detect dementia.7\nThe next stage in the continued development of this Tool is to conduct a formal evaluation. This is now being planned using qualitative and quantitative data collection methods that will provide insights into the use of the Tool within the rural and regional practice setting and to identify how GPs and practice nurses access and use this online repository.\nAlison Ollerenshaw MAppSc, DipPM, Grad Dip AppSc (Prof Psychology), BA, Research Fellow, Centre for eResearch and Digital Innovation, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC. email@example.com\nCompeting interests: None.\nProvenance and peer review: Not commissioned, externally peer reviewed.\nThe author wishes to acknowledge the support received from staff at each of the partner organisations collaborating on this project. Particular thanks are extended to Carolyn Gargiulo (Department of Health, Grampians), Associate Professor Mark Yates (Deakin University and CDAMS, Ballarat Health Services), Heather Campbell (Grampians Medicare Local) and Dr Helen Thompson (Centre for eResearch and Digital Innovation, Federation University Australia) for ongoing support throughout this project and in providing valuable feedback on the development of this manuscript.\n- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Dementia. Canberra: AIHW, 2015. Available at www.aihw.gov.au/dementia/ [Accessed 14 January 2014].\n- Australian Government, Department of Social Services. Ageing and Aged Care. Dementia. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2015. Available at www.dss.gov.au/our-responsibilities/ageing-and-aged-care/older-people-their-families-and-carers/dementia [Accessed 7 May 2015].\n- Access Economics. Keeping dementia front of mind: incidence and prevalence 2009–2050. Available at www.fightdementia.org.au/common/files/NAT/20090800_Nat__AE_FullKeepDemFrontMind.pdf [Accessed 5 February 2014].\n- Australian Government. Living Longer. Living Better. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2012. Available at www.flexiliving.org.au/files/2012/07/D0769-Living-Longer-Living-Better-SCREEN-070512.pdf [Accessed 7 May 2015].\n- Alzheimer’s Australia. Early diagnosis of dementia. Canberra: Alzheimer’s Australia, 2010. Available at www.fightdementia.org.au/understanding-dementia/early-diagnosis-of-dementia.aspx [Accessed 8 January 2014].\n- Phillips J, Pond D, Goode SM. Timely diagnosis of dementia. Can we do better? A Report for Alzheimer’s Australia. Paper 24. Canberra: Alzheimer’s Australia, 2011. Available at www.fightdementia.org.au/common/files/NAT/Timely_Diagnosis_Can_we_do_better.pdf [Accessed 8 May 2014].\n- Greenway-Crombie A, Snow P, Disler P, Davis S, Pond D. Influence of rurality on diagnosing dementia in Australian general practice. Aust J Prim Health 2012;18:178–84.\n- Szymczynsk P, Innes A, Mason A, Stark C. A review of diagnostic process and diagnostic support for people with dementia in rural areas. J Prim Care Community Health 2011;2:262–76.\n- Pond D. Dementia – an update on management. Aust Fam Physician 2012;41:936–39.\n- Parliament of Australia. House of Representatives Committee. Thinking Ahead. Report on the Inquiry into dementia: early diagnosis and intervention. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2013. Available at www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/House_of_Representatives_Committees?url=haa/dementia/report.htm [Accessed 8 May 2014].\n- Yates M, Pond D. The dementia pathways. Australian Doctor 2012 14 September;31–33.\n- Ortega Egea JM, Gonzále MV, Menéndez MR. eHealth usage patterns of European general practitioners: a five-year (2002–2007) comparative study. Int J Med Inform 2010;79:539–53.\n- Bernard E, Arnould M, Saint-Lary O, Duhot D, Hebbrecht G. Internet use for information seeking in clinical practice: A cross-sectional survey among French general practitioners. Int J Med Inform 2012;81:493–99.\n- Kreps GL, Neuhauser L. New directions in eHealth communication: opportunities and challenges. Patient Educ Couns 2010;78:329–36.\n- Victoria Government Department of Health. 2012 Regional Health Status Profile Grampians Region. Melbourne: State of Victoria, 2013. Available at docs.health.vic.gov.au/docs/doc/2012-Regional-Health-Status-Profile-Grampians-Region [Accessed 7 May 2015].\n- Grampians Medicare Local. Community needs analysis report 2013. Available at www.grampiansml.com.au/cb_pages/files/needsanalysissummary.pdf [27 April 2015].\n- Ollerenshaw A. Internet tool box for rural GPs to access mental health services information. Rural Remote Health 2009;9:1094.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "url": "https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2015/july/online-pathways-for-dementia-care/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376831715.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20181219065932-20181219091932-00477.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.899148047, "token_count": 3919, "score": 2.71875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá an díomhaoin ar cheann de na galair is mó a fhásann san Astráil. Tá cógairí ginearálta (GPs) ar thús cadhnaíochta i ndiagnosis agus i mbainistíocht na díomhaoin. Mar sin féin, tá an galar casta agus d'fhéadfadh sé seo diagnóis tráthúil a chosc. Tá tionscnamh le déanaí i réigiún Grampians, Victoria, ag tabhairt aghaidh ar chuid de na dúshláin seo trí uirlis chuimsitheach, intuitive, ar líne.\nIs é is aidhm don alt seo cur síos a dhéanamh ar an bpróiseas chun an uirlis um Chonair Dementia a fhorbairt agus na cúiseanna leis an uirlis a chur i bhfeidhm, i réigiún Grampians, Victoria.\nDearadh i gcomhar le GPs agus altraí cleachtais, cuireann an uirlis 'Conair Dementia' feasacht ar na chéad chomharthaí de dhéimnithe. Cuireann sé cur chuige eolasach ar fáil maidir le diagnóis, atreorú agus bainistíocht leanúnach daoine a bhfuil comharthaí na néaltrú orthu. Soláthraíonn an uirlis seo rochtain do chleachtóirí gan beann ar a suíomh cleachtais ar stór faisnéise intuitive, ar líne bunaithe ar an ngréasán. Tá an uirlis ar fáil go poiblí agus dá bhrí sin tá sé inrochtana ag gach cleachtóir agus ag an bpobal i gcoitinne. Tá na táscairí tosaigh ó staitisticí an láithreáin ghréasáin dearfach, ach cabhróidh meastóireacht le faisnéis a fháil maidir le féidearthacht le haghaidh iarratais níos leithne ar an Uirlis seo sa todhchaí.\nAn cheist: an díomhaoin san Astráil\nTá an díomhaoin ar cheann de na galair is mó a fhásann san Astráil. In 2013, rinneadh 322,000 Astrálach a dhiagnóisiú le galar a bhaineann le díomhaoin. Táthar ag súil go méadóidh an forleithne ceithre huaire faoi 2050.1 Tá an díomhaoin liostaithe le déanaí mar réimse tosaíochta sláinte náisiúnta agus tá Creat Náisiúnta um Gníomhaíocht maidir le Díomhaoin 2014-2018 á fhorbairt faoi láthair.2 Beidh iarmhairtí suntasacha ag tionchar réamh-mheasta na galair ar chórais sláinte na hAstráile sa todhchaí.3\nDochtúirí ginearálta mar chuid lárnach de chúram na dímheolachta\nTá cúram na meabhair-chúis san Astráil á chur ar fáil go mór ag cleachtóirí cúraim sláinte bunscoile agus tá ról ríthábhachtach ag na lianna ginearálta i bhfiosrú luath na hairíonna, i gidiagnóis i gcomhar le tacaíocht speisialtóra agus i mbainistíocht leanúnach. Tá sé deacair, áfach, tinneas na meabhair-chinne a bhrath agus a dhiagnóisiú, toisc nach bhfuil sraith uathúil comharthaí aige; d'fhéadfadh sé seo moill a chur ar dhiagnóisiú luath.46 D'fhéadfadh fachtóirí eile a thuairiscigh GPs, lena n-áirítear éiginnteacht an dhiagnóis, amanna comhairliúcháin teoranta, diúltú na hairíonna agus géarchéim ag othair agus teaghlaigh, cur le bhrath na galair,7 rud a fhágann go bhfuil moill suntasach ama idir thús na hairíonna agus an diagnóis.6\nI gceantair thuaithe, áit a bhfuil rochtain teoranta ar sheirbhísí speisialaithe dímaint, tá cleachtóirí sláinte bunscoile mar chuid lárnach de dhiagnóisíocht dímaint, tacaíocht leanúnach do othair agus bainistíocht.8 Mar sin féin, d'fhéadfadh deacrachtaí a bheith ag na gcleachtóirí ginearálta le diagnóisíocht dímaint agus le tuiscint a fháil ar na bealaí atreoraithe le haghaidh cóireála agus tacaíochta. Faoi láthair, tá cur chuige \"cás-aimsiú\" le diagnóis agus cúram leanúnach othair le tinneas na meabhair-chinne a bhaineann le measúnú a dhéanamh ar dhaoine a bhfuil comharthaí nó comharthaí acu, amhail oideas caillte agus coinneálacha caillte, nó iompar eile a luaigh baill teaghlaigh...agus daoine eile 9 ag na gPleighis Ghinearálta trí rochtain a fháil ar fhaisnéis reatha faoin ngalar agus úsáid a bhaint as uirlisí agus measúnuithe oiriúnacha.911\nTá an Rialtas Astrálach ag maireachtáil níos faide. Tá an tionscnamh Living Better4 ag moladh go mbeadh rochtain níos fearr ag GPs agus gairmithe sláinte eile ar chláir oiliúna agus oideachais, chun cabhrú leo diagnóisíocht tráthúil a dhéanamh ar dhímheas.\nIs bealach amháin é acmhainn ar líne trína bhféadann GPs rochtain a fháil ar fhaisnéis reatha faoi ghalair, cóireáil agus diagnóis. Tá stórálacha eolais-bhunaithe in ann iad a nuashonrú go héasca agus cuireann siad rochtain leathan ar fhoinsí ollmhóra faisnéise ar fáil. In ainneoin easpa taighde a dhéanann scrúdú ar úsáid GPs ar acmhainní ar líne, léiríonn an taighde idirnáisiúnta teoranta go n-úsáideann lianna an Idirlíon go méadaithe chun rochtain a fháil ar fhaisnéis sláinte (lena n-áirítear cuardach faisnéise leighis ar líne, úsáid taifid leictreonacha cúraim sláinte agus aistrithe leictreonacha taifid othair) 12 agus tá achomharc leathan ann chun doiciméid iontaofa agus ábhartha a fháil chun cuidiú le cleachtas leighis laethúil.13 Mar sin féin, is gá a bheith cúramach agus acmhainní ar líne á n-úsáid agus do na forbróirí ar líne agus cumarsáidí e-shláinte atá idir-inoibritheach, éasca le húsáid, tarraingteach, inrochtana agus cruinn á n-athrú.14\nTionscadal na Bealaí um Dhímheas sna Grampians\nI 2012, baineadh amach i gcomhairliúchán fairsing le GPs agus le hoibritheacha cleachtais ar fud réigiún Grampians nach raibh tuiscint iomlán ann ar sheirbhísí díomhaoin atá ar fáil sa réigiún. Ní raibh aon bhealaí áitiúla ann chun cuidiú le cleachtóirí sláinte bunscoile le diagnóis, atreorú tráthúil chuig seirbhísí speisialaithe chun tuilleadh imscrúdaithe a dhéanamh ar dhéimncití nó roghanna tacaíochta áitiúla roimh/tar éis an diagnóis.\nBa é an toradh sin a spreag an tionscadal Dementia Pathways, a bhí dírithe ar rochtain ar fhaisnéis ar líne a chur ar fáil do chleachtóirí sláinte bunscoile (le dochtúirí ginearálta agus altraí cleachtais go príomha) chun cuidiú le diagnóis, atreorú agus bainistiú leanúnach othair a bhfuil díomhaoin orthu (nó a bhfuil comharthaí díomhaoin orthu) de réir treoirlínte bunaithe ar fhianaise do sheirbhísí tacaíochta áitiúla.\nAn stór eolais ar líne maidir le tinneas na meabhair-chinne a fhorbairt do na Grampians\nIs limistéar 48,000 km2 é na Grampians atá go mór i gceantar tuaithe ach ina bhfuil na hionaid seirbhíse réigiúnacha níos mó de Ballarat, Ararat, Stawell agus Horsham. Tá thart ar 223,000 duine ina gcónaí sa réigiún agus tá 14% 65-84 bliain d'aois (i gcomparáid le meán na stáit de 12.1%).15 Tá thart ar 354 GPs ag obair sa réigiún.16\nRoghnaíodh stór ar líne le haghaidh bainistíochta faisnéise agus eolais thar mhodhanna eile traditúrtha faisnéise toisc go gcuireann sé ar chumas méideanna móra faisnéise, ó fhoinsí ilbhliantúla, measúla, a rochtain tríd an idirlíon. Tá faisnéis ar líne ar fáil freisin do GPs (a bhfuil rochtain acu ar an idirlíon) ar fud réigiún geografach éagsúil.\nIs buntáiste eile é faisnéis a chur i láthair trí stór ar líne ná an cumas faisnéis a nuashonrú go tapa agus go héifeachtach. Tá sé seo tábhachtach go háirithe i bhfianaise nádúr dinimiciúil na faisnéise atá ar fáil anois agus rannpháirtíocht mhéadaithe soláthraithe príobháideacha, filantrópacha agus deonacha laistigh den chóras seirbhíse sláinte. Cuireadh uirlis den chineál céanna chun tacú le cúram sláinte meabhrach do GCannaisigh Ginearálta i bhfeidhm roimhe sin i réigiún na Grampians agus fuarthas gur acmhainn thábhachtach é chun rochtain a fháil ar fhaisnéis shláinte mheabhrach do GCannaisigh Ginearálta agus do ghairmithe sláinte comhghuaillíochta.17 Cabhraigh cuid de ghnéithe an tionscadail roimhe seo le hIonstraim Bealaí an Duineas a chur ar fáil, cé gur feabhsaíodh an Ionstraim Bealaí an Duineas trí thacaíocht agus ranníocaíochtaí na bpáirtithe leasmhara le linn dearadh agus forbairt agus ábhar an Ionstraime.\nForbairt chéimithe ar an uirlis um Chonair Diminsaíochta\nI measc na n-eagraíochtaí comhpháirtíochta don tionscadal 'Sligheanna Dementia' bhí:\n- Roinn Sláinte (Grampians) agus maoinitheoir tionscadail\n- Grampians Medicare Áitiúil\n- Ionad um E-Taighde agus Nuálaíocht Dhigiteach (CeRDI) Ollscoil na hAstráile.\nBhí an t-oifigeach tionscadail réigiúnach um dhímheas ag treorú an tionscadail agus ghlac sé cur chuige bainistíochta cuimsitheach a raibh comhairliúchán leathan le páirtithe leasmhara ann. Bhí cúig chéim ag forbairt an uirlis um Chonair Dementia ina dhiaidh sin, agus bhí gach céim ag tógáil ar an gcéim roimhe sin, rud a éilíonn tiomantas a thabhairt don fhorbairt chun na torthaí riachtanacha a bhaint amach go rathúil. Tá na céimeanna seo leagtha amach i dTábla 1.\nTábla 1. Na céimeanna a chuimsíonn forbairt an uirlis um Chonair Dementia\nForbairt chéimithe ar shuíomh gréasáin\nCéim agus fócas\nCéim 1: Na bacainní a shainaithint chun diagnóis dhímheasa a dhéanamh do GPs sna Grampians.\nRinneadh comhairliúchán fairsing le soláthraithe seirbhísí sláinte sa réigiún trí shuirbhé a forbraíodh i gcomhairle le GPs, altraí cleachtais agus soláthraithe seirbhísí sláinte eile.\nAithníodh na bacainní sna Grampians maidir le diagnóis agus bainistíocht díomhaoin mar: tuiscint neamhiomlán ar sheirbhísí díomhaoin atá ar fáil sa réigiún; gan bealaí áitiúla chun cuidiú le cleachtóirí sláinte bunscoile le diagnóis, atreorú tráthúil chuig seirbhísí speisialtóireachta chun tuilleadh imscrúdaithe a dhéanamh ar díomhaoin, agus roghanna tacaíochta áitiúla roimh/tar éis an diagnóis.\nCéim 2: Stiúradh an tionscadail.\nBunaíodh grúpa stiúrtha (n = 12) ina raibh \"pháirtithe leasmhara\"; GPs agus altraí cleachtais.\nTháinig an grúpa stiúrtha le chéile go rialta agus shainaithin siad a gcuid roghanna maidir le taispeáint agus cur i láthair amhairc; sreabhadh na loingseoireachta/chonair (agus éascaíocht úsáide acmhainne ar líne); gnéithe láithreán gréasáin, agus ábhar (a chur ar thús cén fhaisnéis a bhí ag teastáil faoi dhímheas, diagnóis, bainistíocht, ábharthacht an ábhair, méid na faisnéise).\nBhí roinnt cásanna agus ceisteanna gaolmhara faoi chomhairliúcháin idir dochtúir agus othar le haghaidh díomhaoin mar thús le plé leis an ngrúpa stiúrtha maidir le hábhar an uirlis Pathways. Cuireadh samplaí d'uirlisí nascleanúna dhímheasa eile ar an ngréasán ó Astráil agus thar lear i láthair do pháirtithe leasmhara chun roghanna ar leith a aithint don taispeáint agus don ábhar.\nD'aistrigh páirtithe leasmhara an t-ábhar a bheidh le cur san Uirlis ar thús cadhnaíochta: bonn eolais agus uirlisí cliniciúla agus bainistíochta; treoirlínte bunaithe ar fhianaise agus seiceálacha comhairliúcháin; uirlisí scagála, naisc le hacmhainní agus seirbhísí díomhaoin áitiúla agus roghanna atreoraithe.\nCéim 3: Treoir a sholáthar maidir le hábhar an Uirlis\nThug Dochtúir Comhairleach i Leigheas Geriatric comhairle saineolach ar ábhar an Dlí-Scrúdaithe Dementia. Baineadh ábhar riachtanach, lena n-áirítear acmhainní náisiúnta agus idirnáisiúnta, as.\nÁirítear ar ábhar an uirlis: cosáin le haghaidh atreoruithe agus tacaíochtaí áitiúla; acmhainní áitiúla; measúnuithe molta; imscrúdú agus athbhreithniú ar laghdú cognaíoch (lena n-áirítear príomhphointí cinnidh le haghaidh atreoruithe speisialtóra nó measúnú/tacaíocht leanúnach); sonraí teagmhála faoi sheirbhísí tacaíochta áitiúla d'othair agus do chúramóirí; faisnéis faoi phleananna cúraim réamhbhunaithe.\nCéim 4: An uirlis a fhorbairt:\nDearadh agus forbraíodh uirlis idirghníomhach ar líne tar éis a d'aontaíodh ag Céimeanna 13.\nPríomhghnéithe an Uirlis:\n- Roghchlár scáileáin roinnte agus toghla chun nascleanúint an Uirlis a éascú agus rochtain a thabhairt ar fhaisnéis ábhartha trí chúig phríomhroghchlár rogha (Féachaint agus aitheantas comharthaí suntasacha; Diagnosis; Bainistíocht agus cúram leanúnach; Cúram pailiatúil agus deireadh saoil; Tacaíocht do theaghlaigh). Is féidir le húsáideoirí rochtain a fháil ar na míreanna roghchlár (a bhfuil suite ar chlé den scáileán scoilte) trí shlí a bhrainseann amach i míreanna roghchlár iarmhartacha, tánaisteach (Féach Fíor 1 mar shampla).\n- Cuardach cuimsitheach focal-riachtanach agus sraitheanna faisnéise in-leathnaithe chun roghanna breise a sholáthar chun ábhar ar leith a chuardach agus a aisghabháil. Is féidir le húsáideoirí dul go tapa tríd an mbealach ag baint úsáide as míreanna an roghchlár mar threoir loighciúil.\n- Áirítear le gnéithe breise an láithreáin ghréasáin: léarscáil idirghníomhach bealaí; uirlis tacaíochta agus clár seirbhíse teagmhálacha áitiúla; bealaí atreoraithe; naisc le hacmhainní agus le suíomhanna gréasáin eile; uirlisí measúnaithe luite; agus leathanaigh acmhainní (lena n-áirítear míreanna MBS).\nCéim 5: Triail agus seoladh na hIonstraime\nTugadh cuireadh do bhaill an ghrúpa stiúrtha athbhreithniú a dhéanamh ar an uirlis ar líne um Chonair Dementia agus aiseolas a thabhairt ar chomhpháirteanna uile an uirlis, lena n-áirítear an taispeáint amhairc, sreabhadh an chonair (comhleanúnacht, éascaíocht na loingseoireachta), agus ábhar (ábharthacht, teanga, leordhóthanacht na faisnéise).\nBa cheart an t-údarás inniúil a bheith in ann an t-eolas a fháil a bhaineann le hionstraimí a chur ar fáil don phobal agus a chur ar fáil don phobal i gcomhréir le hAirteagal 5 de Rialachán (AE) Uimh.\nBhí aiseolas neamhfhoirmiúil, an-scríobh ó bhaill an ghrúpa stiúrtha le linn thrialaithe na mbealaí dearfach (Tá bogearraí agus faisnéis na bealaí iontach iontach; Tá sé den scoth).\nTá an uirlis ar fáil ar shuíomh gréasáin Grampians Medicare Local: http://www.grampiansml.com.au/dpp/\nFíor 1. Bealaí na dímheolais Menu uirlisí, leathanach Diagnóis\nAn t-Ionad um Chonair Dementia a Fheidhmiú go hIonadach\nTá na réamh-aiseolas agus staitisticí cuairteoirí ar an suíomh gréasáin i rith na 9 mhí ó seoladh an uirlis um Chonair Dementia dearfach. Tá líon na bhfeictear leathanaigh seasmhach, ar an meán thart ar 500 leathanach amharc in aghaidh na míosa ó seoladh é i mí Lúnasa 2013. Ba é an meán-am a chaith cuairteoirí ar gach leathanach 2 nóiméad agus 6 soicind, agus bhí beagán faoi leath na n-amharc leathanaigh taifeadta (1900) ar na príomh-leathanaigh ábhar Dímheas Pathway Tool.\nI measc na leathanaigh eile a thugtar cuairt orthu go minic bhí conas an uirlis a úsáid, uirlisí measúnaithe, cúlra tionscadail, naisc úsáideacha, míreanna Scéim Sochair Medicare agus cineálacha dementia.\nBuntáistí praiticiúla níos leithne\nCé gur dearadh agus gur forbraíodh an Fhoirm um Chonair Dementia go sonrach do chleachtóirí i réigiún na Grampians agus go bhfuil go leor acmhainní áitiúla ann, tá tarraingt i bhfad níos leithne ag an suíomh Gréasáin. Mar acmhainn atá inrochtana go poiblí, cuireann sé stór ar líne de fhaisnéis, uirlisí agus acmhainní a bhaineann le damáiste ciallmhar ar fáil do gach GC agus do ghairmithe sláinte chun treoir a thabhairt do chleachtais reatha measúnaithe agus atreoraithe agus chun iad a fheabhsú.\nIs féidir leis an acmhainn seo diagnóis dhímheasa a dhéanamh thar roinnt míonna, rud a ligeann don phróiseas a bhriseadh ina chéimeanna is féidir a bhainistiú laistigh de shuíomh na cúraim bhunúsach. Éascaíonn an uirlis bainistiú eolasach ar na castachtaí agus na bacainní a shainaithnítear maidir le diagnóis dhímheasa.\nIna theannta sin, tá luach ag cáilíocht an ábhair, an chur i láthair agus an stíl do raon lucht féachana eile (othair agus cúramóirí), agus tá acmhainn ag feidhmiúlacht an uirlis a oiriúnú le húsáid i réimsí eile sláinte, amhail le haghaidh ailse nó diaibéiteas, nó le tionscnaimh eile meabhairshláinte.\nBa cheart go gcuirfeadh soláthar faisnéise ar líne chun tacú le soláthraithe sláinte laistigh den chreat cleachtais eolais ghairmiúil oilte agus taithíithe sláinte maidir le diagnóis agus bainistíocht galar i gcomharc le chéile seachas a chur ina ionad.\nTugann an litríocht le fios go bhfuil bacainní ann do go leor cleachtóirí, lena n-áirítear GPs i suíomhanna tuaithe, a chuireann teorainn le diagnóis tráthúil agus a dhéanann difear do bhainistiú leanúnach na himníochta.5,7 Ba é dúshlán an tionscadail seo uirlis a fhorbairt a d'fhéadfadh aghaidh a thabhairt ar chuid de na bacainní sainaitheanta seo trí eolas a chomhdhlúthú trí uirlis idirlín a chabhraíonn le forbairt agus cleachtas na gairmithe.\nCuireann uirlisí tacaíochta ar líne bealach ar fáil chun bealaí atreoraithe a fháil a bhaineann go sonrach le galar agus a bhaineann go háitiúil agus a chomhlíonann riachtanais ghairmithe sláinte, is cuma cén áit geografach a bhfuil siad, agus d'fhéadfadh siad roinnt de na bacainní a shárú maidir le diagnóis dementia a dhéanamh ar GPs i gceantair thuaithe agus réigiúnacha.7,10,13 Soláthraíonn an uirlis Bealaí Dementia faisnéis faoi sheirbhísí agus tacaíochtaí dementia speisialtóireachta a bhaineann go sonrach le réigiún, mar aon le faisnéis reatha, cruinn agus ábhartha faoi dhímheas chun cabhrú le GPs ina ngníomhaíocht, ag soláthar faisnéise chun cuidiú le diagnóis agus measúnú, atreorú, bainistíocht agus cúram leanúnach. D'fhéadfadh rochtain ar acmhainn intuitive, ar líne dul i ngleic leis na srianta ama a d'aithin roinnt cleachtóirí tuaithe mar theorannú ar a gcumas chun damáiste a bhrath.7\nIs é an chéad chéim eile i bhforbairt leanúnach an Uirlis seo meastóireacht fhoirmiúil a dhéanamh. Tá sé beartaithe anois é sin a dhéanamh trí mhodhanna bailíochta agus cainníochtúla a bhailiú a thabharfaidh léargas ar úsáid an uirlis i gcomhthéacs na cleachtais tuaithe agus réigiúnacha agus a shainaithneoidh conas a rachaidh do gcleachtóirí ginearálta agus do na hoibrithe altraí cleachtais ar an stór ar líne seo agus a úsáidfidh siad é.\nAlison Ollerenshaw MAppSc, DipPM, Grad Dip AppSc (Prof Psychology), BA, Comhalta Taighde, Ionad um E-Taighde agus Nuálaíocht Dhigiteach, Ollscoil na hAstráile, Ballarat, VIC. email@example.com\nÚinéirí:\nProvenance and peer review: Ní dhéantar é a choimisiúnú, déantar athbhreithniú seachtrach ar an ábhar.\nBa mhaith leis an údar an tacaíocht a fuair sé ó fhoireann gach ceann de na heagraíochtaí comhpháirtíochta a d'oibrigh sa tionscadal seo a aithint. Go háirithe, ba mhaith liom buíochas a ghabháil le Carolyn Gargiulo (Roinne Sláinte, Grampians), an tOllamh Comhlach Mark Yates (Ollscoil Deakin agus CDAMS, Seirbhísí Sláinte Ballarat), Heather Campbell (Grampians Medicare Local) agus an Dr Helen Thompson (Ionad um E-Taighde agus Nuálaíocht Dhigiteach, Ollscoil Chónaidhm na hAstráile) as a dtacaíocht leanúnach ar feadh an tionscadail agus as aiseolas luachmhar a chur ar fáil maidir le forbairt an lámhscríbhinní seo.\n- Institiúid Sláinte agus Leasa na hAstráile. Dímheas. Canberra: AIHW, 2015. Ar fáil ag www.aihw.gov.au/dementia/ [Ar fáil 14 Eanáir 2014].\n- Rialtas na hAstráile, Roinn na Seirbhísí Sóisialta. Ag dul in aois agus cúram aosach. Dímheas. Canberra: Comh-Rialtas na hAstráile, 2015. Ar fáil ag www.dss.gov.au/our-responsibilities/ageing-and-aged-care/older-people-their-families-and-carers/dementia [Accessed 7 May 2015].\n- Geilleagar Rochtain. Ag coinneáil díomhaoin i gcuimhne: minicíocht agus forleithne 20092050. Ar fáil ag www.fightdementia.org.au/common/files/NAT/20090800_Nat__AE_FullKeepDemFrontMind.pdf [Ar fáil 5 Feabhra 2014].\n- Rialtas na hAstráile. Ag maireachtáil níos faide. Beo níos fearr. Canberra: Comh-Rialtas na hAstráile, 2012. Tá sé ar fáil ag www.flexiliving.org.au/files/2012/07/D0769-Living-Longer-Living-Better-SCREEN-070512.pdf [Ar fáil an 7 Bealtaine 2015].\n- Alzheimer's an Astráil. Dearadh luath ar dhéimhniú. Canberra: Alzheimer's Australia, 2010. Tá sé ar fáil ag www.fightdementia.org.au/understanding-dementia/early-diagnosis-of-dementia.aspx [Ar fáil ar 8 Eanáir 2014].\n- Phillips J, Pond D, Goode SM. Diagnóis tráthúil ar dhéimhniú. An féidir linn níos fearr a dhéanamh? Tuarascáil do Alzheimer's Australia. Páipéar 24. Canberra: Alzheimer's Australia, 2011. Tá sé ar fáil ag www.fightdementia.org.au/common/files/NAT/Timely_Diagnosis_Can_we_do_better.pdf [Ar fáil 8 Bealtaine 2014].\n- Greenway-Crombie A, Snow P, Disler P, Davis S, Pond D. Tionchar na tuaithe ar dhiagnóisiú na meabhair-chinnteachta i gcleachtas ginearálta na hAstráile. Aust J Prim Health 2012;18:17884.\n- Szymczynsk P, Innes A, Mason A, Stark C. Athbhreithniú ar phróiseas diagnóiseachta agus tacaíocht diagnóiseachta do dhaoine le tinneas díomhaoin i gceantair thuaithe. J Prim Care Community Health 2011;2:26276.\n- Pond D. Dementia nuashonrú ar bhainistiú. Aust Fam Physician 2012;41:93639.\n- Parlaimint na hAstráile. Coiste na dTeach Ionadaithe. Ag Smaoineamh Go Roimh-Aois. Tuarascáil ar an Suirbhé ar Dhímheas: diagnóis luath agus idirghabháil. Canberra: Comh-Rialtas na hAstráile, 2013. Ar fáil ag www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/House_of_Representatives_Committees?url=haa/dementia/report.htm [Ar fáil 8 Bealtaine 2014].\n- Yates M, Pond D. Na cosáin dhimmens. Dochtúir na hAstráile 2012 14 Meán Fómhair;3133.\n- Ortega Egea JM, Gonzále MV, Menéndez MR. Patrúin úsáide eHealth i measc lianna ginearálta Eorpacha: staidéar comparáideach cúig bliana (20022007). Int J Med Inform 2010;79:53953.\n- Bernard E, Arnould M, Saint-Lary O, Duhot D, Hebbrecht G. Úsáid Idirlín chun faisnéis a lorg i gcleachtas cliniciúil: Suirbhé tras-chroí i measc lianna ginearálta na Fraince. Int J Med Inform 2012;81:49399.\n- Kreps GL, Neuhauser L. Treochtaí nua i gcumarsáid eHealth: deiseanna agus dúshláin. Counsel Oideachas Othar 2010;78:32936.\n- Roinn Sláinte Rialtais Victoria. Próifíl Staidse Sláinte Réigiúnach 2012 Réigiún Grampians. Melbourne: Stát Victoria, 2013. Tá sé ar fáil ag docs.health.vic.gov.au/docs/doc/2012-Regional-Health-Status-Profile-Grampians-Region [Ar fáil an 7 Bealtaine 2015].\n- Grampians Medicare Áitiúil. Tuarascáil ar Anailís Ar riachtanais an Chomhphobail 2013. Ar fáil ag www.grampiansml.com.au/cb_pages/files/needsanalysissummary.pdf [27 Aibreán 2015].\n- Ollerenshaw A. Ciste uirlisí idirlín do GPs tuaithe chun rochtain a fháil ar fhaisnéis faoi sheirbhísí meabhairshláinte. Sláinte Iardheisceart na Tuaithe 2009;9:1094."} {"text": "This post begins a short series about child-led weaning. What is it? Who does it? What are the common concerns and myths? The process of weaning — whether led by the child, the mother, a doctor, or society’s expectations — is an emotional, personal, and rather fascinating one.\nLet’s start off with a discussion about these questions:\n- Can a child self-wean under the age of one?\n- What events are commonly misinterpreted as a desire to wean?\n- Should a child be weaned under the age of one?\nYes, infants do wean before their first birthdays… all the time! In some countries (such as Norway), it’s not considered practical to continue breastfeeding after one year because that’s when parents return to work full-time, and so it’s virtually unheard of to breastfeed after this age. But in situations wherein children have more flexibility for self-weaning (child-led weaning), such as with a stay-at-home mother, will they do so at their own behest before the age of one? If they have stopped nursing, was it truly permanent self-weaning or was the refusal to breastfeed due to a nursing strike or other situational circumstance?\nChild-led weaning means a child nurses until there’s no longer a nutritive or emotional need, as indicated by the child. An infant under the age of one should get virtually all of his nutrition from milk (human ideally, or formula), so he wouldn’t self-wean for nutritional reasons unless solids have become prioritized in his diet over milk (human milk does supply a valuable amount of nutrition after one year, however–please visit the “Medicine in Human Milk” section for more information.).\nI highly recommend all articles by Katherine A. Dettwyler, PhD, who provides thoroughly researched insight into “The Natural Age of Weaning” from an anthropological standpoint. From this view, the natural weaning age for humans is biologically expected to be between 2.5-7 years old.\nImagine this: the minimum natural weaning age according to this range is actually considered slightly above the Western culture’s norm for a maximum! But biological evolution hasn’t caught up with our historically immature child-rearing routines yet. This is evidenced by the typical development and loss of milk teeth (baby teeth) and the timeline for maxillofacial muscle and jaw development, which may be abnormally compromised from the start by bottle-feeding. I do not mean to suggest deformity as a result of bottle-feeding; however, the link between bottle-feeding or being breastfed less than one year and the risk of needing braces is convincing (researchers at Johns Hopkins School of Public Health conducted a large study that showed the longer a child breastfeeds, the less likely the child will have misaligned teeth later on).\nPriscilla Young Colletto discusses “nature’s norm” in “Beyond Toddlerhood: The Breastfeeding Relationship Continues”:\n“[M]any primates wean their offspring when they are erupting their first permanent molars. First permanent molar eruption occurs around 5.5 to 6.0 years in modern humans. It is interesting to note that achievement of adult immune competence in humans also occurs at approximately six years of age, suggesting that throughout our recent evolutionary past, the active immunities provided by breast milk were normally available to the child until about this age…\nOur evolutionary past has produced an organism that relies on breastfeeding to provide the context for physical, cognitive and emotional development. The non-human primate data suggest that human children are designed to receive all of the benefits of breast milk and breastfeeding for an absolute minimum of two and a half years, and an apparent upper limit of around seven years. Natural selection has favored those infants with a strong, genetically coded blueprint that programs them to expect nursing to continue for a number of years after birth and results in the urge to suckle remaining strong for this entire period.”\nOften, it’s a decreased amount of time with the mother, the mother’s disinterest in continuing to breastfeed and possibly the projection of her feelings upon the child, a plan to quit for her own reasons, early prioritizing of solid foods, or most commonly a temporary nursing strike that is to blame for early cessation of nursing.\n- Baby is easily distracted\n- Decreased milk supply\n- Eruption of teeth\n- Increased focus on milestones/developmental periods\n- Medications (maternal or child)\n- Nursing strikes (see below for many examples)\n- Overuse of pacifiers/bottles\n- Premature or forceful introduction of solids\n- Restricting nursing by over-scheduling\n- Restricting nursing after returning to work\nHow long will you nurse your child? It’s totally up to you! Click here to find out the benefits your child has received if breastfed for a few days; 4-6 weeks; 3-6 months; 6 months; 9 months; a year or more.\nThough a typical child won’t naturally self-wean under the age of one, that doesn’t mean you should force yourself to breastfeed for longer than you want if it conflicts with what’s truly best for you. It’s your body -– do what you are comfortable with. A child is better off with a mother who’s content with her decisions than one who’s outright miserable. There’s nothing to be ashamed about if you really want or need to wean. Any breast milk is better than no breast milk. Do what you can to provide the most breast milk you for the longest duration that you can. Babies need sane mamas, not crazies (for many mamas, breastfeeding keeps the crazies at bay -– for others, breastfeeding just simply IS crazy).\nTo make things easier, you can try taking advantage of a nursing strike (more on that below), or try the “don’t offer, don’t refuse” method. If you intend to mother-led wean, read this to learn how to do it with love. Weaning should always be done slowly (hence the word “wean” by definition), not abruptly–no matter the age of the child. Remember that mothers also benefit from following a natural weaning timeline, or at least a gradual one. Too-sudden weaning can contribute to maternal depression. If you must wean abruptly such as for medical reasons, you can find helpful advice here for coping with the often confusing, emotionally conflicting adjustment period that often occurs for both mother and child.\nLinks by Kelly Bonyata, BS, IBCLC of KellyMom:\nThere’s more useful information here than I could possibly paraphrase and give proper justice, so click around and explore them all.\nClick here for more weaning resources on my page, including myths, tips, stories, and books.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "url": "https://mamasmilknochaser.com/2015/04/02/child-led-weaning-awareness-series-pt-1-weaning-before-age-one/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587799.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026042101-20211026072101-00161.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9539904594, "token_count": 1477, "score": 2.703125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tosaíonn an post seo le sraith ghearr faoi dhíbhreathnú faoi stiúir leanaí. Cad é? Cé a dhéanann é? Cad iad na hábhair imní agus na miotais is coitianta? Is próiseas mothúchánach, pearsanta, agus suimiúil é an próiseas díghníomhaithe - cibé acu an leanbh, an mháthair, dochtúir nó ionchais an tsochaí a stiúrann é.\nTosaímid ag plé leis na ceisteanna seo:\n- An féidir le leanbh féin-wean faoi aois a haon?\n- Cad iad na himeachtaí a mheastar go minic mar mhian le díghlasáil?\n- An chóir leanbh a weaned faoi aois a bliana?\nSea, déantar leanaí a fhéachaint roimh a gcéad lá breithe... an t-am ar fad! I roinnt tíortha (mar an Iorua), ní mheastar go bhfuil sé praiticiúil leanúint le beathú cíche tar éis bliana toisc go bhfuil sé sin nuair a fhilleann tuismitheoirí ar ais go dtí obair lánaimseartha, agus mar sin tá sé beagnach gan éisteacht le beathú cíche tar éis an aois seo. Ach i gcásanna ina bhfuil níos mó solúbthachta ag leanaí maidir le féin-fhiacha (fhiacha faoi stiúir an linbh), mar shampla le máthair a fhanann sa bhaile, an ndéanfaidh siad é sin de réir a n-eis féin roimh aois a bliana? Má stop siad le cothabháil, an raibh sé i ndáiríre mar gheall ar fhéin-fhuascailt buan nó an raibh an diúltú cothabháil a dhéanamh mar gheall ar stailc cothaitheora nó ar imthosca eile?\nCiallaíonn díghlasáil faoi stiúir an linbh go ndéantar leanbh a chothabháil go dtí nach bhfuil gá cothaitheach nó mothúchánach ann a thuilleadh, de réir mar a léiríonn an leanbh é. Ba chóir go bhfaigheadh leanbh faoi bhun bliana d'aois a chothú go léir ó bhainne (daonna go hidéalach, nó foirmle), mar sin ní dhéanfadh sé féin-fhuascailt ar chúiseanna cothaithe mura bhfuil tosaíocht tugtha do shoiléir ina réim bia thar bainne (tá bainne daonna ag soláthar méid luachmhar cothaithe tar éis bliana, áfach, tabhair cuairt ar an alt Medicine in Human Milk le haghaidh tuilleadh faisnéise. )\nMolaim go mór gach alt a scríobh Katherine A. Dettwyler, PhD, a thugann léargas cuimsitheach ar an \"The Natural Age of Weaning\" ó thaobh anantrópaolaíochta de. Ón tuairim seo, táthar ag súil go mbeidh an aois nádúrtha fionnuar do dhaoine idir 2.5-7 bliana d'aois go bitheolaíoch.\nSmaoinigh ar seo: meastar go bhfuil an aois íosta nádúrtha fhrithghínithe de réir an raon seo i ndáiríre beagán os cionn an uasteorainn atá ag an gcultúr Thiar! Ach ní raibh an éabhlóid bitheolaíoch tar éis teacht suas le ár gnáthamh leanaí a thógáil atá neamh-aosta go stairiúil go fóill. Léirítear é seo trí fhorbairt agus caillteanas tipiciúil fiacla bainne (fiacla na mban) agus an t-amlíne d'fhorbairt muscle maxillofacial agus an fhál, a d'fhéadfadh a bheith faoi chois neamhghnácha ón tús le bialann-tithíochta. Nílim ag iarraidh a rá go bhfuil míchruinn mar thoradh ar bhotella-feed; áfach, tá an nasc idir bhotella-feed nó a bheith ag seinm níos lú ná bliain amháin agus an baol go mbeidh braces ag teastáil ina luí (d'oibrigh taighdeoirí in Ollscoil Sláinte Poiblí Johns Hopkins staidéar mór a léirigh cé chomh fada agus a bheas leanbh ag seinm, is lú seans go mbeidh fiacla míshlíne ag an leanbh níos déanaí).\nPhrísteann Priscilla Young Colletto \"normaíocht an nádúr\" i \"Beyond Toddlerhood: The Breastfeeding Relationship Continues\":\n[M]athann go leor primates a gcuid sliocht nuair a bhíonn a gcéad molars buan á dtarraingt acu. Tarlaíonn an chéad éirí amach buan molar thart ar 5.5 go 6.0 bliain i ndaoine nua-aimseartha. Tá sé suimiúil a thabhairt faoi deara go dtarlaíonn cumas imdhíonachta aosach i ndaoine freisin ag thart ar sé bliana d'aois, rud a thugann le tuiscint go raibh na haimirceacha gníomhacha a sholáthraíonn bainne cíche ar fáil go gnáth don leanbh go dtí thart ar an aois seo ...\nTá ár n-am atá caite éabhlóideach tar éis orgánach a tháirgeadh a thacaíonn le beathú cíche chun an comhthéacs a sholáthar d'fhorbairt fhisiceach, cognaíoch agus mhothúchánach. Tugann na sonraí maidir le primates neamhdhaonna le tuiscint go bhfuil leanaí daonna deartha chun na buntáistí go léir a bhaineann le bainne cíche agus le beathú cíche a fháil ar feadh íosmhéid iomlán dhá bhliain go leith, agus teorainn uachtarach le feiceáil thart ar seacht mbliana. Tá rogha nádúrtha ag fabhraí na leanaí sin le bpleanphriont láidir, códaithe géiniteach a chláraíonn iad a bheith ag súil go leanfaidh an altranas ar feadh roinnt blianta tar éis an bhreith agus mar thoradh air sin fanann an t-éileamh ar chothú láidir don tréimhse iomlán seo.\nIs minic a bhíonn sé mar gheall ar laghdú ar an am a chaitear leis an máthair, ar neamhshuim na máthair chun leanúint ar aghaidh ag cothú cíche agus b'fhéidir go bhfuil sí ag cur a mothúchán ar an leanbh, ar phlean chun stop a chur leis ar a cúiseanna féin, ar thosaíocht luath a thabhairt do bhia soladach, nó ar stailc sealadach na n-iníonacha is coitianta a bhíonn an chúis leis an scoirín a scor go luath.\n- Tá an leanbh distracted go héasca\n- Laghdú ar an soláthar bainne\n- Éirthíocht fiacla\n- Díriú níos mó ar chéimeanna/réimsí forbartha\n- Leigheasanna (máthair nó leanbh)\n- Stailc na n-iníon (féach thíos le haghaidh go leor samplaí)\n- Tréimhseáil iomarcach\n- Tógadh soladach roimh am nó le feabhas\n- Srian a chur ar altranas trí ró-chlárú\n- Teorann ar altranas tar éis dul ar ais go dtí an obair\nCé chomh fada is féidir leat do leanbh a chothú? Tá sé go hiomlán suas leat! Cliceáil anseo chun na buntáistí a fuair do leanbh má tá sé ag tabhairt cíche ar feadh cúpla lá; 4-6 seachtaine; 3-6 mhí; 6 mhí; 9 mhí; bliain nó níos mó a fháil amach.\nCé nach ndéanfaidh leanbh tipiciúil féin-fhuíogadh faoi bhun bliana d'aois, ní chiallaíonn sé sin gur chóir duit tú féin a chur iallach ar mháithreacht níos faide ná mar a theastaíonn uait más i gcontúirt é leis an rud is fearr duitse i ndáiríre. Is é do chorp - déan an rud is compordach leat. Tá leanbh níos fearr le máthair atá sásta lena chinntí ná le duine atá míshásta go hiomlán. Níl aon ní le náire a bheith ort má tá tú ag iarraidh nó ag teastáil go mór ó dheochanna a dhíol. Tá bainne cíche ar bith níos fearr ná gan bainne cíche ar bith. Déan an méid is féidir leat chun an bainne cíche is mó a sholáthar duit ar feadh an tréimhse is faide is féidir leat. Ní gá do na páistí máithreacha ciallmhar, ní máithreacha craiceáilte (do go leor máithreacha, coinníonn beathú cíche na mairteacha ar shiúl - do dhaoine eile, is é an beathú cíche go simplí craiceáilte).\nChun rudaí a dhéanamh níos éasca, is féidir leat triail a bhaint as stailc na n-iníon (níos mó faoi sin thíos), nó triail a bhaint as an modh \"ná tabhair, ná diúltaigh\". Má tá sé ar intinn agat an t-imreoir a bheith ag tabhairt na breithe, léigh an t-alt seo chun foghlaim conas é a dhéanamh le grá. Ba cheart an t-easnamh a dhéanamh go mall i gcónaí (mar sin an focal \"easnamh\" de réir sainmhíniú), ní go tobann, is cuma cén aois atá ag an leanbh. Cuimhnigh go mbainfidh máithreacha leas freisin as a bheith ag leanúint amlíne nádúrtha na fíochta, nó ar a laghad amlíne céim ar chéim. D'fhéadfadh an t-easnamh ró-thráthúil cur le dúlagar na máthar. Má tá tú ag teastáil ó weaning go tobann mar shampla ar chúiseanna leighis, is féidir leat a fháil anseo comhairle cabhrach chun déileáil leis an tréimhse oiriúnaithe is minic mearbhall, mothúchánach a thitim go minic do mháthair agus leanbh araon.\nNascanna ag Kelly Bonyata, BS, IBCLC de KellyMom:\nTá níos mó faisnéise úsáideach anseo ná mar a d'fhéadfainn a athfhocail agus a thabhairt ceartas cuí, mar sin cliceáil timpeall agus iniúchadh a dhéanamh orthu go léir.\nCliceáil anseo le haghaidh níos mó acmhainní díghníomhaithe ar mo leathanach, lena n-áirítear miotais, leideanna, scéalta, agus leabhair."} {"text": "Access to classified information is\n|“||[t]he ability and opportunity to obtain knowledge of classified information. Persons have access to classified information if they are permitted to gain knowledge of the information or if they are in a place where they would be expected to gain such knowledge. Persons do not have access to classified information by being in a place where classified information is kept if security measures prevent them from gaining knowledge of the information.||”|\n- A favorable determination of eligibility for access has been made by an agency head or the agency head's designee (i.e., the person has been granted an appropriate security clearance);\n- The person has signed an approved non-disclosure agreement; and\n- The person has a need-to-know the information.\n- \"Overview\" section: U.S. National Intelligence: An Overview 2011, at 62.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "url": "https://itlaw.wikia.org/wiki/Access_to_classified_information?veaction=edit", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585671.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023095849-20211023125849-00380.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9290233254, "token_count": 179, "score": 2.71875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá rochtain ar fhaisnéis rúnaicmithe\n Tá rochtain ag daoine ar fhaisnéis rúnaicmithe má cheadaítear dóibh eolas a fháil ar an bhfaisnéis nó má bhíonn siad in áit ina mbeifear ag súil go bhfaigheadh siad eolas den sórt sin. Ní féidir le daoine rochtain a fháil ar fhaisnéis rúnaicmithe trí bheith in áit ina gcoimeádtar faisnéis rúnaicmithe má chuireann bearta slándála cosc orthu eolas a fháil ar an bhfaisnéis.\n- Tá cinneadh fabhrach déanta ag ceann gníomhaireachta nó ag duine a ainmníonn ceann na gníomhaireachta maidir le incháilitheacht le haghaidh rochtana (i.e. go bhfuil cead slándála iomchuí tugtha don duine);\n- Tá comhaontú neamhfhoilsiú formheasta sínithe ag an duine; agus\n- Tá gá ag an duine an fhaisnéis a fháil.\n- Rannán \"Tuairim: Fógraíocht Náisiúnta na Stát Aontaithe: Tuairim 2011, ag 62."} {"text": "static syntax analysis\nrefers to debugging\nthat can be done via inspection of the code for a program, without actually running the program.\nSee Also edit\n- static analyzers\n- another list by Cameron Laird\n- Brace-level pretty printer\n- Statically verifying arithmetic and regular expressions\n- AM 2007-08-18: an idea to check such various Tcl \"sublanguages\" as the arithmetic and regular expressions\n- Source Code Comprehension Tools\n- an older list\n- Comparison of Static Tcl Code Validity Testers\n- an comparison done circa 1997 by the developer of TclTutor.\nDescription editStatic syntax analysis\nis the process of looking at a text file and attempting to identify errors, warnings, etc. from the text without executing the code. This is tricky to do in-depth because in an interpretive environment, programmers often make use of dynamic techniques for code generation, etc. These dynamic code fragments typically won't be evaluated during a static syntax sweep. Another short-coming, at least as far as procheck and frink go, is that they operate only on the source code specified on the command line. This means that calls to autoload\ned or source\nd commands are treated as unknowns, unless the file in which they are defined was specified before\nprogrammer will be familar with a program called lint\n; this program provides static syntax analysis for C.\nAnalysing C edit\n- open-source GUI frontent to source-code searching tools. Primarily designed to work with cscope, but also works with cs.\n- logiscope c rulechecker\n- a proprietary product that allows users to define and verify coding rules in Tcl\n- is a new Constraint-Based Testing tool for verifying safety-critical C programs. By using a mixture of symbolic and numerical analyses (namely static single assignment form, constraint propagation, integer linear relaxation and search-based test data generation), it addresses three distinct applications in a single framework: structural test data generation, counter-example generation and partial program proving.\nEuclide is written in Prolog\nwith a Tcl interface and a Tk GUI.\nAnalyzing Tcl edit\n- source code formatter with syntax and style checking\n- reads one or more Tcl scripts and checks them for correctness, conflicts and even a little style.\n- reads one Tcl script and fixes indentation. Simplistic and open source.\n- includes a syntax checker for Tcl and XOTcl code\n- has a program called tclchecker that does static syntax\n- a component of TclPro\n- a macro system that can be used as a programmable SSA tool.\n- appears to do at least some sorts of SSA [Does SoftGuard deserve its own page in the Wiki? I think so. Anyone familar with it? The web page mentions sgxCP profiling, sgxCT tracing, sgxDbg procedure debugging, sgxRSM resource standard metrics, and sgxTVC variable consistency testing]\n- Source Navigator\n- code-analysis and comprehention tool that provides a graphic framework for understanding and re-engineering large or complex software projects\n- bracecheck, by Andreas Leitgeb\n- a \"mostly heuristic script ... which compares bracing with indentation ...\"\n- tclCheck, by Lindsay Marshall\n- A very simple C program that carries out a sanity check for brackets and their nesting.\n- advanced syntax checker for Tcl, TclOO, XOTcl, ITcl code with html generation.\n- Count lines, find mismatched braces/quotes.\n- A static analysis tool for Tcl 7.6 and Tk 4.2 programs.\n- tcl_cruncher (download)\n- transforms nice Tcl 7.x/TclX/Itcl sources into an ugly but faster standard output: it removes all unneeded white spaces, ; , all comments, etc... the result is unreadable, but can be twice as fast & as small than original. It can also be used to check syntax of your programs.\n- [Rust] program that scans tcl for command injection.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-18", "url": "http://wiki.tcl.tk/3162", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860121561.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161521-00206-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8638596535, "token_count": 883, "score": 2.875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "anailís sintéise chobhsaitheach\ntagraíonn sé do dhearbhuáil\nIs féidir é sin a dhéanamh trí iniúchadh a dhéanamh ar chód clár, gan an clár a rith i ndáiríre.\nFéach freisin Edit\n- anailíséirí statacha\n- liosta eile ag Cameron Laird\n- Clódóir álainn ar leibhéal brace\n- Fíorú staitistiúil arithmetic agus focail rialta\n- AM 2007-08-18: smaoineamh chun seiceáil ar \"fo-theangacha\" Tcl éagsúla mar na hidirmheán agus na hidirfhocail rialta\n- Uirlisí Tuiscint Cód Foinse\n- liosta níos sine\n- Comparáid le tástálaithe bailíochtaithe cód Tcl statach\n- comparáid a rinne forbróir TclTutor timpeall 1997.\nCur síos editAnailís sintéise chobhsaí\nIs é an próiseas chun breathnú ar chomhad téacs agus iarracht a dhéanamh earráidí, rabhaidh, srl. a aithint. ón téacs gan an cód a chur i gcrích. Tá sé seo deacair a dhéanamh go domhain toisc go mbíonn cláraitheoirí i dtimpeallacht léirmhínithe go minic ag baint úsáide as teicnící dinimiciúla chun cód a ghiniúint, etc. Ní dhéanfar na codanna dinimiciúla seo a mheas de ghnáth le linn scuab sintéise statach. Is é an t-easpa eile, ar a laghad chomh fada agus a théann procheck agus frink, nach n-oibríonn siad ach ar an gcód foinse a shonraítear ar an líne ordaithe. Ciallaíonn sé seo go glaonna chun autoload\nfoinse\nd déileáiltear le horduithe mar neamhfhoirmeacha, mura sonraíodh an comhad ina ndéantar iad a shainiú roimhe sin\nBeidh cláróir a bheith familiar le clár ar a dtugtar lint\n; soláthraíonn an clár seo anailís sintéise statach do C.\nAnailís a dhéanamh ar C edit\n- GUI foinse oscailte a thabharfaidh aghaidh ar uirlisí cuardaigh cód foinse. Dearadh go príomha chun oibriú le cscope, ach oibríonn sé le cs freisin.\n- logiscóp agus seiceálaí rialacha\n- táirge dílseánaigh a ligeann d'úsáideoirí rialacha códaithe a shainiú agus a fhíorú i Tcl\n- is uirlis nua tástála bunaithe ar shrian é chun cláir C atá criticiúil maidir le sábháilteacht a fhíorú. Trí mheascadh anailíseacha siombalacha agus uimhriúla a úsáid (ar a dtugtar foirm sannta aonair statach, leathnú srianta, scíth líneach iomlánach agus giniúint sonraí tástála bunaithe ar chuardach), déileálann sé le trí fheidhmchlár ar leith i gcreat amháin: giniúint sonraí tástála struchtúrtha, giniúint frithshampla agus dearadh clár páirteach.\nScríobhadh Euclid i Prolog\nle comhéadan Tcl agus le GUI Tk.\nAnailís a dhéanamh ar Tcl edit\n- formáidóir cód foinse le seiceáil sintéise agus stíl\n- léann sé scripte Tcl amháin nó níos mó agus seiceálann sé iad ar cheartas, ar choimhlintí agus fiú ar stíl bheag.\n- léann sé scripte Tcl amháin agus socraíonn sé indentation. Simplistic agus foinse oscailte.\n- cuimsíonn sé seiceálaí sintéise do chód Tcl agus XOTcl\n- Tá clár ar a dtugtar tclchecker a dhéanann sintéise statach\n- comhpháirt de TclPro\n- córas macró a d'fhéadfaí a úsáid mar uirlis SSA in-chláraithe.\n- is cosúil go ndéanann sé ar a laghad roinnt cineálacha SSA [An bhfuil SoftGuard i dteideal a leathanach féin sa Wiki? Sílim go bhfuil. An bhfuil aon duine ar eolas leis? Luaitear ar an leathanach gréasáin próifílú sgxCP, rianú sgxCT, debugging nós imeachta sgxDbg, tomhaisí caighdeánacha acmhainne sgxRSM, agus tástáil chomhsheasmhachta athromaitheach sgxTVC]\n- Fhoinse Navigator\n- uirlis anailíse cód agus tuiscint a sholáthraíonn creat grafach chun tionscadail bhrabhsálaí móra nó casta a thuiscint agus a ath-innealtóireacht\n- bracecheck, ag Andreas Leitgeb\n- \"scripte heuristic den chuid is mó ... a dhéanann comparáid idir bracing agus indentation ... \"\n- tclCheck, ag Lindsay Marshall\n- Clár C an-simplí a dhéanann seiceáil sanity do braicéid agus a n-inneall.\n- seiceálaí sintéise chun cinn do chód Tcl, TclOO, XOTcl, ITcl le gineadh html.\n- Líonanna a chomhaireamh, braces/cuótaí neamhthiománacha a aimsiú.\n- uirlis anailíse statach do chláir Tcl 7.6 agus Tk 4.2.\n- tcl_cruncher (luchtaigh)\n- déanann sé foinsí Tcl 7.x/TclX/Itcl áille a athrú go toradh caighdeánach uafásach ach níos tapúla: baineann sé na spásanna bána gan gá, , , gach trácht, etc ... níl an toradh inléite, ach is féidir é a bheith dhá uair níos tapúla agus níos lú ná an bunaidh. Is féidir é a úsáid freisin chun sintéacs do chláir a sheiceáil.\n- [Rust] clár a scanadh TCL le haghaidh instealladh ordaithe."} {"text": "More horrendous news for the beleaguered elephant: Forest elephants, a sub-species of elephant living in an area that had been considered a sanctuary in the Central African country of Gabon, are rapidly being picked off by illegal poachers, who are primarily coming from the bordering country of Cameroon. More than 80 percent have been taken in a decade–a loss of about 25,000 elephants– researchers report in the February 20 issue of Current Biology.\n“Because Gabon is thought to hold the largest remaining population of forest elephants, the implication is that forest elephants are in even more trouble than previously believed,” says John Poulsen of Duke University and the Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux in Gabon. “With less than 100,000 elephants across all of Central Africa, the subspecies is in danger of extinction if governments and conservation agencies do not act fast,” the assistant professor of tropical ecology at Duke’s Nicholas School of the Environment warned in a news release about the finding.\n“We can no longer assume that apparently large and remote protected areas will conserve species–poachers will go anywhere that a profit can be made.” — John Poulsen of Duke University\n“We can no longer assume that apparently large and remote protected areas will conserve species–poachers will go anywhere that a profit can be made,” Poulsen said. “A corollary of this is that cross-border poaching is a major threat to species protection, and bilateral and multilateral efforts are essential for conservation. Species cross borders, and so do poachers.”\nAccording to the news statement:\nThe researchers estimated the number of elephants in the forest in 2014 using established methods based on surveys of elephant dung. They then compared population size estimates for the year 2014 to estimates that had been calculated in the same way in 2004.\nPoulsen says they were not surprised to find that forest elephants had declined in recent years. But they were surprised to see that the forest elephants had suffered so much in just ten years’ time.\nThe researchers say the most important step to saving forest elephants is to reduce the demand for ivory.\n“China’s recently announced ban of domestic ivory trade will help enormously, if it is effectively implemented,” he says. “The international community needs to put pressure on all remaining nations that allow the trade so that all legal trade is stopped. We need conservation funds and political will to put a stop to the slaughter.”\nRecognizing Forest Elephants as a Distinct Species\nThe researchers also advocate for recognizing forest elephants as a distinct species, separate from African savanna elephants. Such a distinction is supported by genetic and morphological evidence and would help to draw attention to the forgotten forest elephants.\nDespite the findings, Poulsen says he is optimistic that forest elephants will survive, although they will most likely exist only in restricted areas within well-protected national parks. Their decline will surely be felt throughout the forest and beyond.\n“Elephants are ecosystem engineers that play major roles in seed dispersal, nutrient cycling, and browsing and damage to vegetation,” Poulsen says. “We have very little idea about how the removal of elephants from large extents of Central African forest is going to alter forest composition and structure, and thus the ecosystem services that the forests provide.”\nResearchers from the National Parks Agency of Gabon, the University of South Florida, the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, the World Wildlife Fund Central Africa Regional Program Office, Gabon’s Institute for Tropical Ecology Research, and the University of Stirling conducted the study with Poulsen. Duke-affiliated co-authors were Connie Clark, Amelia Meier, Cooper Rosin, Sarah Moore, Sally Koerner and Vincent Medjibe.\nThe 2004 and 2014 surveys used in the new study were funded by four agencies: the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the World Wildlife Fund, the Wildlife Conservation Society, and the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora’s Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants program.\nCITATION: ”Poaching Empties Central African Wilderness of Forest Elephants,” John R. Poulsen, Sally E. Koerner, Sarah Moore, Vincent P. Medjibe, Stephen Blake, Connie J. Clark, Mark Ella Akou, Michael Fay, Amelia Meier, Joseph Okouyi, Cooper Rosen and Lee J.T. White; Current Biology; Feb. 20, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.023\nCurrent Biology (@CurrentBiology, published by Cell Press, is a bimonthly journal that features papers across all areas of biology. Current Biology strives to foster communication across fields of biology, both by publishing important findings of general interest and through highly accessible front matter for non-specialists.\nBlog post based on news materials provided by Current Biology and Duke University.\nRelated post: 11,000 Elephants Slaughtered in African Forest (by J. Michael Fay, 2013)", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "url": "https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2017/02/21/more-than-80-percent-of-gabons-rare-forest-elephant-species-taken-by-poachers/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825112.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213215347-20181214000847-00590.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9293751717, "token_count": 1066, "score": 3.109375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá níos mó nuacht uafásach don eilifint atá faoi bhagairt: Tá eilifintí foraoise, fo-chineál eilifint a chónaíonn i gceantar a measadh a bheith ina ionad coiscthe i dtír na hAfraice Láir Gabon, á dtáirgeadh go tapa ag sealgairí neamhdhleathacha, a thagann go príomha ó thír theoranta na Camaróin. Tá níos mó ná 80 faoin gcéad tógtha le deich mbliana - caillteanas de thart ar 25,000 fíon - a thuairiscigh taighdeoirí i dtionól Feabhra 20 de Current Biology.\n\"Toisc go meastar go bhfuil an daonra is mó de na fíl foraoise fágtha ag Gabon, is é an tuiscint go bhfuil fíl foraoise i bhfadhb níos mó ná mar a chreidtear roimhe seo\", a deir John Poulsen ó Ollscoil Duke agus an Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux i Gabon. \"Le níos lú ná 100,000 elephant ar fud na hAfraice Láir, tá an fho-chineál i mbaol a extinction más rud é go rialtais agus gníomhaireachtaí caomhnaithe nach gníomhú go tapa\",An t-aidhmeannach ollamh na heicil thrópaiceach ag Duke Nicholas Scoil na Comhshaoil rabhadh i nuachtlitir faoi an teacht.\nNí féidir linn a thuilleadh a mheas go mbeidh limistéir chosanta mór agus iargúlta cosanta speicis a chaomhnú rachaidh bracairí in áit ar bith is féidir brabús a dhéanamh. John Poulsen ó Ollscoil Duke\nNí féidir linn a thuilleadh a mheas go mbeidh limistéir chosanta atá mór agus iargúlta go soiléir a chaomhnóidh speicis rachaidh bracairí áit ar bith is féidir brabús a dhéanamh, dúirt Poulsen. Is é an corollair seo ná go bhfuil an bracaíocht trasteorann ina bhagairt mhór ar chosaint speicis, agus tá iarrachtaí déthaobhacha agus iltaobhacha ríthábhachtach chun iad a chaomhnú. Tá speicis ag trasnú teorainneacha, agus tá an oiread sin ag sealgairí.\nDe réir na ráiteas nuachta:\nRinne na taighdeoirí meastachán ar líon na n-eilifint sa choille in 2014 ag baint úsáide as modhanna bunaithe ar suirbhéanna ar dhroim na n-eilifint. Tá an méid sin i gcomhréir le prionsabal na hIarratas a rinneadh i dtaca le hIarscríbhinn II a ghabhann leis an Rialachán seo.\nDeir Poulsen nach raibh ionadh orthu a fháil amach go raibh laghdú tagtha ar eilifintí foraoise le blianta beaga anuas. Ach bhí iontas orthu a fheiceáil go raibh an oiread sin fulaingt tagtha ar na fíl foraoise i gceann deich mbliana amháin.\nDeir na taighdeoirí gurb é an chéim is tábhachtaí chun elephants foraoise a shábháil ná an t-éileamh ar iora a laghdú.\n\"Cuideoidh toirmeasc a d'fhógair an tSín ar thrádáil intíre na fíonchaora go mór, má chuirtear i bhfeidhm go héifeachtach é\", a deir sé. Caithfear brú a chur ar an bpobal idirnáisiúnta ar na náisiúin eile go léir a cheadaíonn an trádáil ionas go stopfar gach trádáil dhlíthiúil. Tá cistí caomhnaithe agus toil pholaitiúil ag teastáil uainn chun deireadh a chur leis an mbás.\nAithint na n-eilifintí foraoise mar speiceas ar leith\nTacaíonn na taighdeoirí freisin le heilifintí foraoise a aithint mar speiceas ar leith, ar leithligh ó eilifintí savanna na hAfraice. Tacaíonn fianaise géiniteach agus mhorfolaíochta le difríocht den sórt sin agus cabhródh sé le aird a tharraingt ar na fílíní foraoise dearmadta.\nIn ainneoin na bhforais, deir Poulsen go bhfuil sé dóchasach go mairfidh elephants foraoise, cé go mbeidh siad ann is dóichí ach amháin i limistéir srianta laistigh de pháirceanna náisiúnta dea-chosaithe. Beidh a n-ionsaí cinnte a bhraitheann ar fud an fhoraois agus níos faide.\nIs innealtóirí éiceachórais iad na fílíní a bhfuil ról mór acu i scaipeadh síolta, i rothlú cothaithigh, agus i mbrógáil agus i damáiste do fhéithíocht, a deir Poulsen. Tá an-bheag tuairim againn faoi conas a dhéanfaidh an t-eilifint a bhaint as foraoisí móra na hAfraice Láir comhdhéanamh agus struchtúr na foraoisí a athrú, agus dá bhrí sin na seirbhísí éiceachórais a sholáthraíonn na foraoisí.\nRinne taighdeoirí ó Ghníomhaireacht Páirceanna Náisiúnta Gabon, Ollscoil Florida Theas, Institiúid Max Planck le haghaidh Ornithology, Oifig Clár Réigiúnach na hAfraice Lárnach an Chiste Domhnálaíochta Domhanda, Institiúid Taighde Éiceolaíochta Trópaiceach Gabon, agus Ollscoil Stirling an staidéar le Poulsen. Bhí Connie Clark, Amelia Meier, Cooper Rosin, Sarah Moore, Sally Koerner agus Vincent Medjibe mar chomh-údair atá cleamhnaithe le Duke.\nBhí ceithre ghníomhaireacht ag maoiniú na suirbhéanna 2004 agus 2014 a úsáideadh sa staidéar nua: Seirbhís Iascaigh agus Fiadhúlra, an Ciste Fiadhúlra Domhanda, an Cumann um Chaomhnú Fiadhúlra, agus an Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Trádáil Idirnáisiúnta i Speicis i mbaol Fiadhúlra agus Floraí ag Monatóireacht ar an gclár marú mídhleathach na n-eilifint.\nTITLE: Poaching Emties Central African Wilderness of Forest Elephants, John R. Poulsen, Sally E. Koerner, Sarah Moore, Vincent P. Medjibe, Stephen Blake, Connie J. Clark, Mark Ella Akou, Michael Fay, Amelia Meier, Joseph Okouyi, Cooper Rosen agus Lee J.T. Bán; Bithíocht reatha; Feabhra 20, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.023\nIs iris dhá mhíle é Current Biology (@CurrentBiology, a fhoilsíonn Cell Press, a léiríonn páipéir ar fud gach réimse bitheolaíochta. Déanann Bithíocht reatha iarracht cumarsáid a chothú ar fud réimsí na bitheolaíochta, trí thorthaí tábhachtacha leasa ghinearálta a fhoilsiú agus trí ábhar tosaigh atá inrochtana go han-leathan do neamh-eolaithe.\nPost blog bunaithe ar ábhair nuachta a sholáthraíonn Current Biology agus Ollscoil Duke.\nPost gaolmhar: 11,000 Elephant Slaughtered in African Forest (de J. Michael Fay, 2013)"} {"text": "Tips from Other Journals\nAssessing the Risk of Rupture with Intracranial Aneurysms\nAm Fam Physician. 1999 Apr 15;59(8):2311-2312.\nIntracranial aneurysms are relatively common in the United States, with a reported incidence of 0.2 to 10 percent of the population, or 10 million to 15 million persons. Most intracranial aneurysms do not rupture; therefore, the need for surgical management is controversial, because little is known about the natural history of these lesions and the risks associated with their repair. Investigators for the International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms evaluated the risks associated with repair of unruptured aneurysms and also explained the natural history of this condition.\nThe study consisted of retrospective and prospective components. The purpose of the retrospective component was to describe the natural history of unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Inclusion criteria for this group encompassed patients who had at least one intracranial aneurysm, regardless of symptoms. Patients were also eligible if they had had a previous aneurysm at another site that spontaneously ruptured or was treated surgically. Patients with a traumatic or mycotic aneurysm or one that measured less than 2 mm were excluded from the study.\nThe purpose of the prospective component was to assess treatment-related morbidity and mortality in patients with newly diagnosed unruptured intracranial aneurysm. Inclusion criteria for this group were similar to those of the retrospective group, except that investigators decided whether to include patients with or without planned surgical or endovascular intervention in this component of the study.\nAll patients underwent cerebral angiography to identify the size, presence and location of the aneurysms. Follow-up was conducted with a variety of methods, including annual questionnaires, telephone interviews and chart reviews. End points of the study included the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage, stroke and death. In addition, evidence of surgery-related complications, such as neurologic deficits and mortality, was recorded for patients in the prospective group.\nA total of 1,449 patients from centers in the United States, Canada and Europe made up the retrospective group. Mean patient age was 52 years, and approximately 75 percent of the patients were women. In this group, 1,085 patients had single aneurysms, and 364 had multiple lesions. Signs and symptoms that led to the diagnosis were, in order of frequency, headaches, ischemic cerebrovascular disease, cranial nerve deficits, aneurysmal mass effect, ill-defined spells, seizures, and subdural or intracerebral hemorrhage. Principal risk factors in this group included a history of hypertension and its treatment, and smoking. Thirty-two patients experienced confirmed ruptures during the 10-year follow-up. The two significant predictors of rupture were a lesion size greater than 10 mm and a location at the basilar tip or in the posterior cerebral distribution. In addition, patients with a history of rupture were about 11 times more likely to experience subsequent rupture than patients who had not had a previous rupture.\nA total of 1,172 patients were enrolled in the prospective group. The clinical presentations that resulted in the diagnosis of aneurysms in these patients were similar to those in the retrospective group, as were the principal risk factors. Intracranial surgery was performed on 996 of these patients. Overall surgical morbidity and mortality were approximately 16 percent at 30 days and 15 percent at one year after surgery. These figures included a total of 34 deaths, of which 30 were related to the surgery. Age was the only independent predictor of a poor surgical outcome, with patients over 64 years of age having the worst outcome.\nThe authors conclude that for patients with no history of subarachnoid hemorrhage, the likelihood of rupture of a cerebral aneurysm less than 10 mm in size is extremely small. Patients with a history of subarachnoid hemorrhage were 11 times more likely to experience a rupture. Moreover, the risks of morbidity and mortality from surgical intervention exceed the risk of rupture in patients with small aneurysms even 7.5 years after diagnosis, with or without planned surgical or endovascular intervention.\nThe International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Investigators. Unruptured intracranial aneurysms—risk of rupture and risks of surgical intervention. N Engl J Med. December 10, 1998;339:1725–33.\nCopyright © 1999 by the American Academy of Family Physicians.\nThis content is owned by the AAFP. A person viewing it online may make one printout of the material and may use that printout only for his or her personal, non-commercial reference. This material may not otherwise be downloaded, copied, printed, stored, transmitted or reproduced in any medium, whether now known or later invented, except as authorized in writing by the AAFP. Contact email@example.com for copyright questions and/or permission requests.\nWant to use this article elsewhere? Get Permissions", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "url": "https://www.aafp.org/afp/1999/0415/p2311.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823785.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212065445-20181212090945-00628.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9641785026, "token_count": 1073, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Leideanna ó Irisí Eile\nMeasúnú ar an mbaol a bhaineann le briseadh le aneurysms intracranialacha\nTá mé i mo chónaí i gCathair na mBan. 1999 Apr 15;59(8):2311-2312.\nTá aneurysms intracranialacha coitianta go leor sna Stáit Aontaithe, agus tuairiscíodh go bhfuil 0.2 go 10 faoin gcéad den daonra, nó 10 milliún go 15 milliún duine, i gceist leo. Ní bhriseann an chuid is mó de na aneurysms intracranialacha; dá bhrí sin, tá an gá le bainistiú máinliachta conspóideach, toisc nach bhfuil mórán ar eolas faoi stair nádúrtha na léasaí seo agus na rioscaí a bhaineann lena n-athchóiriú. Rinne imscrúdaitheoirí don Staidéar Idirnáisiúnta ar Aneurysms Intracranial Unruptured meastóireacht ar na rioscaí a bhaineann le haisiú aneurysms unruptured agus mhínigh siad stair nádúrtha an choinníoll seo freisin.\nBhí comhpháirteanna aisghabhálacha agus ionchais sa staidéar. Ba é cuspóir an chomhpháirt athsheachadta stair nádúrtha aneurysms intracranialacha neamh-scríofa a thuairisciú. Cuimsíodh critéir chuimsiú don ghrúpa seo othair a raibh aneurysm intracranialach amháin ar a laghad acu, beag beann ar na hairíonna. Bhí othair incháilithe freisin má bhí aneurysm acu roimhe sin ag suíomh eile a bhris go spontáineach nó a ndearnadh cóireáil máinliachta orthu. Níor cuireadh othair a raibh aneurysm traumatic nó mycotic acu nó a bhí níos lú ná 2 mm ar a mhéid as an staidéar.\nBa é cuspóir an chomhpháirte ionchasach morbidity agus mortality a bhaineann le cóireáil a mheas i gcás othair a ndearnadh aneurysm intracranialach neamh- phlé a dhiagnóisiú le déanaí. Bhí critéir chuimsiú don ghrúpa seo cosúil leis na critéir a bhí ag an ngrúpa athsheachtrach, ach amháin gur chinn taighdeoirí cibé acu a chuimsiú othair le nó gan idirghabháil máinliachta nó endovascular pleanáilte sa chomhpháirt seo den staidéar.\nRinneadh angiografaíocht inchinn a dhéanamh ar gach othar chun méid, láithreacht agus suíomh na aneurysms a aithint. Rinneadh an t-athbhreithniú trí mhodhanna éagsúla, lena n-áirítear ceistneoirí bliantúla, agallaimh teileafóin agus athbhreithnithe ar chairt. I measc na pointí deiridh den staidéar bhí an t- imeacht de fhuil aistrithe intracranialach, stróc agus bás. Ina theannta sin, taifeadadh fianaise ar choimhlintí a bhaineann le máinliacht, mar shampla easnamh néarlógach agus básmhaireacht, do othair sa ghrúpa ionchais.\nBhí 1,449 othar san iomlán ó ionaid sna Stáit Aontaithe, i gCeanada agus san Eoraip sa ghrúpa athsheachtrach. Ba é 52 bliain d' aois an othair an meán, agus ba mhná thart ar 75 faoin gcéad de na hothair. Sa ghrúpa seo, bhí aneurysms aonair ag 1,085 othar, agus bhí léasaí ilbhliantúla ag 364. Ba iad na comharthaí agus na hairíonna a thug an diagnóis, in ord minicíochta, tinneas ceirbreacha iscaimiceach, easnamh néaróg cranial, éifeacht mais aneurysmal, spells neamhshainithe, coisithe, agus hemorrhage subdural nó intracerebral. I measc na bpríomhfhachtóirí riosca sa ghrúpa seo bhí hipertine sa stair agus a chóireáil, agus caitheamh tobac. Bhí sé dearbhaithe go raibh briseadh ag tríocha is dhá othar le linn na leanta 10- bliain. Ba iad an dá réamhaisnéisí suntasacha maidir le briseadh méid léasaí níos mó ná 10 mm agus suíomh ag an gcroílár basilar nó sa dáileadh inchinn iarmharach. Ina theannta sin, bhí seans 11 uair níos mó ag othair a raibh rothar acu i stair go mbeadh rothar ina dhiaidh sin acu ná othair nach raibh rothar acu roimhe sin.\nCuireadh 1, 172 othar san áireamh sa ghrúpa ionchais. Bhí na cur i láthair cliniciúil a d'fhág go ndearnadh diagnóis aneurysms sna hothair seo cosúil leis na cinn sa ghrúpa athsheiceáil, mar a bhí na príomhfhachtóirí riosca. Rinneadh máinliacht intracranialach ar 996 d' othair seo. Bhí an morbidity agus an mortality máinliachta i gcoitinne thart ar 16 faoin gcéad ag 30 lá agus 15 faoin gcéad ag bliain amháin tar éis an máinliachta. Áirítear leis na figiúirí seo 34 bhás ar fad, agus bhí 30 díobh bainteach leis an bpróiseas máinliachta. Ba é an aois an t-aon réamh- thuarthóir neamhspleách ar thoradh droch- máinliachta, agus ba é an toradh is measa ag othair os cionn 64 bliana d'aois.\nTugann na húdair i gcrích nach bhfuil an dóchúlacht go dtarlóidh rupture aneurysm ceiribileach de mhéid níos lú ná 10 mm an-bheag i gcás othair nach bhfuil aon hemorrhage subarachnoid acu. Bhí 11 uair níos mó seans ann go mbeadh rothar ag othair a raibh fuil subarachnoid acu roimhe seo. Ina theannta sin, tá na rioscaí maidir le morgáiste agus bás ó idirghabháil máinliachta níos mó ná an riosca le titim i gcás othair a bhfuil aneurysms beaga acu fiú 7. 5 bliana tar éis an diagnóis, le nó gan idirghabháil máinliachta nó endovascular pleanáilte.\nAn Staidéar Idirnáisiúnta ar Imscrúdaitheoirí Aneurysms Intracranial Unruptured. Aneurysms intracranialacha neamh-scraptha riosca scraptha agus rioscaí idirghabhála máinliachta. N Ing J Med. 10 Nollaig, 1998;339:172533.\nCopyright © 1999 ag Acadamh Mheiriceá na Dochtúirí Teaghlaigh.\nIs é an AAFP úinéir an ábhair seo. Féadfaidh duine a fheiceann é ar líne priontáil amháin den ábhar a dhéanamh agus ní fhéadfaidh sé an priontáil sin a úsáid ach amháin lena thagairt phearsanta, neamhthráchtála. Ní fhéadfar an t-ábhar seo a íoslódáil, a chóipeáil, a phriontáil, a stóráil, a tharchur nó a atáirgeadh ar aon mheán, cibé acu a bhfuil aithne air anois nó a cheapadh ina dhiaidh sin, ach amháin má tá údarú i scríbhinn ag an AAFP. Déan teagmháil le email@example.com le haghaidh ceisteanna faoi chóipcheart agus/nó iarratais ar chead.\nAr mhaith leat an t-alt seo a úsáid in áit eile? Cead a fháil"} {"text": "April 05, 2012\nIn 2010, there were 10.5 million individuals classified as \"working poor\" (persons who spent at least 27 weeks in the labor force—that is, working or looking for work—but whose incomes still fell below the official poverty level); the number of working poor was little changed from 2009.\nThe working-poor rate—the ratio of the working poor to all individuals in the labor force for at least 27 weeks—was 7.2 percent, also little different from the previous year's figure (7.0 percent).\nAmong those who were in the labor force for 27 weeks or more in 2010, about the same number of men (5.3 million) and women (5.2 million) were classified as working poor. The working-poor rate, however, continued to be higher for women (7.6 percent) than for men (6.7 percent) in 2010.\nThere were 4.8 million workers who lived below the poverty threshold and usually worked full time in 2010. Full-time workers were less likely to be among the working poor than were part-time workers. Among persons in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, 4.2 percent of those usually employed full time were classified as working poor, compared with 15.1 percent of part-time workers.\nThe likelihood of being classified as working poor greatly diminishes as workers attain higher levels of education. Only about 1.0 million college graduates were classified as working poor in 2010, compared with 2.9 million workers with less than a high school diploma and 3.9 million workers who were high school graduates with no college. Among college graduates, 2.1 percent of those who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks were classified as working poor, compared with 21.4 percent of those with less than a high school diploma and 9.2 percent of those workers who were high school graduates with no college.\nThese data are from the Current Population Survey. To learn more, see \"A Profile of the Working Poor, 2010\" (PDF). These data were collected in the 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the Current Population Survey.\nBureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, The Economics Daily, Working poor rate 7.2 percent in 2010 at https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2012/ted_20120405.htm (visited October 25, 2021).", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "url": "https://blsmon1.bls.gov/opub/ted/2012/ted_20120405.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587655.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025061300-20211025091300-00656.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.986846149, "token_count": 500, "score": 3.140625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "An 5 Aibreán, 2012\nI 2010, bhí 10.5 milliún duine aonair aicmithe mar \"pobail bhochta oibre\" (daoine a chaith 27 seachtaine ar a laghad sa lucht saothair - is é sin, ag obair nó ag lorg oibre - ach a raibh a n-ioncam fós faoi bhun an leibhéal bochtaineachta oifigiúil); ní raibh mórán athraithe ar líon na ndaoine bochta oibre ó 2009.\nBa é an ráta bochta oibre - an cóimheas idir bochta oibre agus gach duine sa lucht saothair ar feadh 27 seachtaine ar a laghad - 7.2 faoin gcéad, rud nach raibh mórán difriúil leis an bhfigiúr den bhliain roimhe sin (7.0 faoin gcéad).\nI measc na ndaoine a bhí i bhfórsa saothair ar feadh 27 seachtaine nó níos mó in 2010, bhí thart ar an líon céanna fir (5.3 milliún) agus mná (5.2 milliún) aicmithe mar lucht saothair bochta. Bhí an ráta d'oibrithe bochta, áfach, níos airde i measc na mban (7.6 faoin gcéad) ná i measc na bhfear (6.7 faoin gcéad) in 2010.\nBhí 4.8 milliún oibrí ann a bhí ina gcónaí faoi bhun an tairseach bochtaineachta agus a bhí ag obair go lánaimseartha de ghnáth in 2010. Bhí an seans go mbeadh oibrithe lánaimseartha i measc na ndaoine bochta oibre níos lú ná oibrithe páirtaimseartha. I measc na ndaoine a bhí ag obair ar feadh 27 seachtaine nó níos mó, bhí 4.2 faoin gcéad de na daoine a bhí fostaithe go lánaimseartha de ghnáth aicmithe mar dhaoine bochta a bhí ag obair, i gcomparáid le 15.1 faoin gcéad de na hoibrithe páirtaimseartha.\nLaghdaíonn an dóchúlacht go ndéanfar iad a aicmiú mar oibrithe bochta go mór de réir mar a shroich oibrithe leibhéil níos airde oideachais. Ní raibh ach thart ar 1.0 milliún céimí coláiste aicmithe mar shaothair bhochta in 2010, i gcomparáid le 2.9 milliún oibrí a raibh níos lú ná dioplóma ardscoile acu agus 3.9 milliún oibrí a bhí céimithe ardscoile gan coláiste. I measc céimithe coláiste, bhí 2.1 faoin gcéad de na daoine a bhí sa lucht saothair ar feadh 27 seachtaine ar a laghad aicmithe mar phobail bhochta oibre, i gcomparáid le 21.4 faoin gcéad de na daoine a raibh níos lú ná dioplóma ardscoile acu agus 9.2 faoin gcéad de na hoibrithe sin a bhí céimithe ardscoile gan coláiste.\nTá na sonraí seo ó Fhiosrúchán ar an Daonra reatha. Chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil, féach \"A Profile of the Working Poor, 2010\" (PDF). Bailíodh na sonraí seo sa Leasú Bliantúil Sóisialta agus Eacnamaíoch do Thoscadh Daonra reatha 2011.\nBa é an Bainistíocht Staidrimh Oibre, Roinn Oibre na Stát Aontaithe, The Economics Daily, ráta bochtaineachta oibre 7.2 faoin gcéad in 2010 ag https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2012/ted_20120405.htm (a ndearnadh cuairt air an 25 Deireadh Fómhair, 2021)."} {"text": "On television’s countless medical dramas, it looks so simple. A patient who can’t breathe is saved when a paramedic places a tube down their throat and squeezes life-saving oxygen into their lungs.\nMedical studies across the nation reveal that this procedure in the field ends with the tube going down the wrong path toward the stomach and not the lungs one of every four times, often without the medical crew realizing it, or in enough time to prevent damage or death to the patient.\nWLKY investigates the very real concerns about these procedures going wrong.\n\"THANK GOD HE'S A DUMMY\"\nAt Louisville Metro Emergency Medical Services headquarters in the top floor of the old jail, WLKY asked paramedics majors Jenny Cravens, Chris Lokits and Michael Will to demonstrate the dangerous mistake.\nThe patient is a dummy, which breathes, coughs, exhales and talks. He’s laid out on a stretcher with cords and lines attached to the high-tech computer that monitors his vital signs.\n“Could you show me putting in the tube wrong?” WLKY Investigative reporter Duane Pohlman asked, knowing this runs counter to every paramedic's training.\nThe crew hesitated, then inserted a small blue tube down the dummy’s esophagus that leads to the stomach, instead of the trachea, where the oxygen is needed.\n\"Thank God he's a dummy,\" Pohlman remarked. They shake their heads in agreement.\n1 IN 4\nIn real life, this would be a catastrophic mistake if not caught right away.\nWhile there are subtle signs, like the dummy’s stomach beginning to grow, that indicate the tube has gone down the wrong path, according to national studies, this mistake in the real world is made a stunning number of times.\nLouisville Metro EMS Director Dr. Neal Richmond noted paramedics make the critical mistake 25 percent of the time.\n\"Not only one in four times is it not only misplaced,\" Richmond said, \"but the person who misplaced it is unaware that it's in the wrong place until the patient actually shows up in the emergency department.\"\nTo make sure his crews get this procedure right, Richmond has invested in high-tech software to monitor something very simple: Carbon dioxide.\nAs the monitor beeps with readings of oxygen and blood pressure, the crew, now working with a tube placed correctly in the dummy, can look at a new row to make sure they got their intubation procedure right.\n\"This line down here is the patient's end-title CO2. It's the carbon dioxide they're breathing out,\" Cravens said, revealing blue numbers appearing that measure the real-time exhaled breaths from the tube.\n\"So, every time they take a breath, it measures how much carbon dioxide they're breathing out. It makes this little waveform here,\" Cravens said, pointing to the peaks and valleys of a blue line moving across the screen.\nIt’s called quantitative waveform capnography. Here, paramedics call it \"the dashboard.\"\nWithout it, crews said their attempts to make sure they’ve inserted the tube correctly from visual cues and uses of stethoscopes are just guesses.\n\"This is the definitive gold standard to say the tube is in the right place,\" Lokits said, as he continued to squeeze the bag that was forcing oxygen into a tube, watching as the dummy patient exhaled carbon dioxide.\n\"We know this a direct impact on a patient's outcome and survival,\" Richmond said, noting the new software should ensure the tube is placed correctly in 100 percent of the patients who are still alive.\nLokits continued squeezing the bag, Cravens joined him in studying the monitor saying, \"It lets you know immediately. There's no question.\"\nEven though the American Heart Association has recommended quantitative waveform capnography since 2010, its use has been slow to be installed in many departments across the country.\nIn Kentucky, the Board of Emergency Medical Services does not mandate its use yet, something Richmond said should be mandated, but conceded the cost of the software may be causing the delay in adopting it in a new state protocol.\nIt cost Richmond as much as $5,000 per monitor to install the carbon dioxide measuring software and it can cost hundreds more to provide the necessary peripheral equipment.\nStill, Richmond and other medical experts said the cost is small in comparison to the price of saving countless lives.\n\"This should be, if not the No. 1 priority, about as close to No. 1 as you can get,\" Richmond said. \"It's time that we had the ability to monitor our airway management. You got to get the tube in the right hole. It is life or death.\"", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-22", "url": "http://www.wlky.com/news/local-news/wlky-investigates/wlky-investigates-down-the-wrong-tube/20127404", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049277286.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002117-00038-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9525937438, "token_count": 991, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ar an teilifís drámaí leighis gan áireamh, tá sé chomh simplí. Sábháltar othar nach féidir leis anáil nuair a chuireann páiste páiste píolótach feadán isteach ina throat agus a chuireann ocsaigin a shábhálann a shaol isteach ina scamhóga.\nLéiríonn staidéir leighis ar fud na tíre go gcríochnaíonn an nós imeachta seo sa réimse leis an tube ag dul síos an bealach mícheart i dtreo an bholg agus ní na scamhóga uair amháin as gach ceithre huaire, go minic gan an fhoireann leighis a thuiscint é, nó go leor ama chun damáiste nó bás a sheachaint don othar.\nDéanann WLKY imscrúdú ar na imní fíor faoi na nósanna imeachta seo a bheith mícheart.\n\"Thank God He's a DUMMY\"\nAg ceanncheathrú Seirbhísí Leighis Éigeandála Louisville Metro san urlár is airde den sean-phrionsail, d'iarr WLKY ar mhéaraithe páiramis Jenny Cravens, Chris Lokits agus Michael Will an botún contúirteach a thaispeáint.\nIs bréagán é an t-othar, a bhfuil sé ag anailís, ag cougháil, ag easpa agus ag caint. Tá sé suite ar chnámh le cords agus línte ceangailte leis an ríomhaire ardteicneolaíochta a monatóireacht a chuid comharthaí ríthábhachtacha.\n\"An féidir leat a thaispeáint dom go bhfuil an feadán á chur isteach mícheart?\" a d'fhiafraigh Duane Pohlman, iriseoir imscrúdaithe WLKY, agus é ar an eolas go bhfuil sé seo contrártha le hoiliúint gach páiste.\nD'athraigh an criú, ansin chuir siad feadán gorm beag isteach i mbéal an múnlaí a théann chuig an bolg, in ionad an trachea, áit a bhfuil an ocsaigin ag teastáil.\n\"Go raibh maith agat Dia go bhfuil sé dummy\", Pohlman faoi deara. Glacann siad a gcinn i gcomhaontú.\n1 I 4\nSa saol fíor, bheadh sé seo ina botún tubaisteach mura bhfaightear é láithreach.\nCé go bhfuil comharthaí subtle ann, cosúil le bolg an múnla ag tosú ag fás, a léiríonn go bhfuil an feadán imithe ar an mbóthar mícheart, de réir staidéir náisiúnta, déantar an botún seo sa saol fíor líon suntasach uaireanta.\nThug Stiúrthóir EMS Metro Louisville an Dr. Neal Richmond faoi deara go ndéanann páistí paramedics an botún criticiúil 25 faoin gcéad den am.\n\"Ní amháin go bhfuil sé mí-áitithe i gceann amháin as gach ceithre huaire\", a dúirt Richmond, \"ach ní bhíonn an duine a chuir sé mí-áitithe ar an eolas go bhfuil sé san áit mhícheart go dtí go léiríonn an t-othar i ndáiríre sa roinn éigeandála\".\nChun a chinntiú go bhfaigheann a chuid foirne an nós imeachta seo i gceart, tá Richmond infheistithe i mbogearraí ardteicneolaíochta chun monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar rud an-simplí: Dé-ocsaíd charbóin.\nDe réir mar a léiríonn an monatóireacht léitheoireacht ocsaigine agus brú fola, is féidir leis an bhfoireann, atá ag obair anois le feadán a cuireadh i gceart sa múnla, breathnú ar shraith nua chun a chinntiú go raibh a bpróiseas intubaíochta ceart acu.\n\"Is é an líne seo thíos CO2 deireadh-teideal an othair. Is é an dé-ocsaíd charbóin atá á n-éaladh amach acu, \"a dúirt Cravens, ag nochtadh uimhreacha gorma a thaispeánann gur tomhais na n-éalacha a bhí ag an tiúb i bhfíor-am.\n\"Mar sin, gach uair a thógann siad anáil, déanann sé tomhas ar an méid dé-ocsaíd charbóin atá á n-anamú acu. \"Tá sé ag déanamh an tonnfhoirm bheag seo anseo\", a dúirt Cravens, ag tabhairt le rá ar na buaicphointí agus na gleannanna de líne gorm ag bogadh ar fud an scáileáin.\nTugtar capnagrafaíocht tonnfhoirme cainníochtúil air. Anseo, glaonn paramedics é \"an dashboard\".\nGan é, dúirt foirne nach bhfuil ach tuairimí ag a gcuid iarrachtaí a chinntiú go bhfuil an tiúb curtha isteach go ceart acu ó threoirlínte amhairc agus úsáidí stethoscopes.\n\"Is é seo an caighdeán ór cinnte a rá go bhfuil an feadán sa áit cheart\", a dúirt Lokits, agus é ag leanúint ar aghaidh ag brú an mála a bhí ag brú ocsaigine isteach i feadán, ag féachaint ar an othar dummy ag éalú dé-ocsaíd charbóin.\n\"Tá a fhios againn go bhfuil tionchar díreach ag an mbrabhsálaí seo ar thoradh agus ar mhaireachtáil an othair\", a dúirt Richmond, ag tabhairt faoi deara go gcaithfidh an bogearraí nua a chinntiú go gcuirtear an tiúb i gceart i 100 faoin gcéad de na hothair atá fós beo.\nLean Lokits ag brú an mála, chuaigh Cravens leis ag staidéar ar an monatóireacht ag rá, \"Ligeann sé duit a fháil amach láithreach. Níl aon cheist. \"\nCé gur mhol Cumann an Chroí Mheiriceá capnagrafaíocht tonnfhoirme cainníochtúil ó 2010, bhí a úsáid mall a shuiteáil i go leor ranna ar fud na tíre.\nI Kentucky, ní chuireann an Bord Seirbhísí Leighis Éigeandála a úsáid de cheangal go fóill, rud a dúirt Richmond gur chóir é a fhorordú, ach d'admhaigh sé go bhféadfadh costas na bogearraí a bheith ag cúis leis an moill a bhaineann leis a ghlacadh i bprótacal stáit nua.\nCosnaíonn sé $5,000 an monatóireacht amháin do Richmond chun an bogearraí tomhais dé-ocsaíd charbóin a shuiteáil agus is féidir go gcosnódh sé na céadta níos mó chun an trealamh forimeallach riachtanach a sholáthar.\nMar sin féin, dúirt Richmond agus saineolaithe leighis eile go bhfuil an costas beag i gcomparáid leis an bpraghas a bhaineann le saol gan áireamh a shábháil.\n\"Ba chóir go mbeadh sé seo, más rud é nach bhfuil an Níl. 1 tosaíocht, thart ar chomh gar le Uimh. \"Tá an t-am ar fad ag an Aire, a dúirt sé, chun an t-am a fháil\". \"Tá sé in am go mbeadh an cumas againn monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar ár mbainistíocht aerach. Caithfidh tú an tiúb a chur sa pholl ceart. Is é an saol nó an bás. \""} {"text": "Writing in the National Post, the authors of a recently-released MLI report on government-funded biofuel support programs say there’s no evidence that they have been successful in achieving social and environmental benefits.\nDouglas Auld and Ross McKitrick, the authors of \"Money to Burn: Assessing the costs and benefits of Canada’s strategy for vehicle biofuels\", say the evidence shows that federal and provincial governments should phase out the major components of biofuel programs.\nDouglas Auld and Ross McKitrick, June 25, 2014\nSince the turn of the century, biofuels production in the U.S. and Canada has soared more than eight-fold, driven by extremely favourable government support programs. In 2006, the new Conservative government announced its intention to accelerate and broaden the existing ethanol support system, beginning a major intrusion into the transportation fuel market. Through a combination of direct subsidies and blending mandates, the business of turning corn and other plants into a gasoline substitute called ethanol took off in North America.\nThe government’s stated goal was to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). In a new report for the Macdonald-Laurier Institute, we have examined the costs and benefits of Canadian biofuels policy, as well as the technical debates over whether their production and use even reduces GHG.\nEthanol displaces some fossil fuel use when it is blended in with regular gasoline. However, a litre of ethanol has less energy in it than a litre of gasoline, so you have to burn a larger volume of the blend to go as far as the equivalent amount of pure gasoline would have taken you. Determining whether use of biofuels reduces overall GHG emissions is difficult because of this factor, and also because the ethanol production process is very energy-intensive. Once researchers count up all the GHG emissions associated with the production and use of a litre of ethanol, they often find that there were more GHG’s emitted than during the production and use of a litre of gasoline.\nFor the purpose of cost-benefit analysis, even if the policy is cheap, if there are no GHG reductions, the cost per tonne of reductions is effectively infinite. So throughout our analysis we make assumptions that are maximally favourable to the possibility that biofuels do yield net GHG reduction in order that we can estimate the most optimistic possible benefit-cost ratio.\nIn economic terms, for a policy to be socially beneficial, the cost per tonne of greenhouse gas reduction policies should be at or below the conventional estimates of the “social cost of carbon.” By that measure, Canada’s biofuel support programs have been a clear failure.\nNotwithstanding the fact that since 2008, there have been significant improvements in the technology to manufacture ethanol, therefore improving its GHG effectiveness, any reduction in GHG achieved by blending ethanol and gasoline continues to yield negative net social benefits. On a per-tonne basis, we estimate that the cost per tonne of CO2 equivalent reduction from production and use of corn ethanol ranges from $400 to $3,300 per tonne, and that from cellulosic ethanol is about $142 per tonne. This far exceeds the conventionally-estimated benefits of CO2 reduction of between $0 and $50 per tonne.\nPut another way, over the 2008-2012 interval, allowing for very optimistic assumptions about the efficacy of reducing GHG from ethanol blending, we estimate that federal government biofuel initiatives cost Canadians between $3.00 and $3.50 for every dollar of social and environmental benefits achieved. Consequently the policy has failed to deliver value to Canadian taxpayers.\nThe most obvious recommendation to emerge from this analysis is the need to phase out the major components of current transportation biofuel policy on the grounds that the costs far exceed the social benefits and there are no realistic prospects for this situation to change.\nIf the government’s goal is to support the development of renewable fuels that have at least a theoretical potential to replace gasoline on a cost-competitive basis, a case can be made for limiting public research and development funds to cellulosic ethanol, namely the biofuel made from stem material of plants. But otherwise, our current biofuels policy yields only dubious environmental benefits and clear economic harm.\nDouglas Auld and Ross McKitrick are economics professors at the University of Guelph and co-authors of the Macdonald-Laurier Institute report “Money to Burn: Assessing the costs and benefits of Canada’s strategy for vehicle biofuels.”", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04", "url": "https://www.macdonaldlaurier.ca/auld-and-mckitrick-in-the-post-time-to-phase-out-biofuel-programs/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583822341.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121233709-20190122015709-00329.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9422979951, "token_count": 946, "score": 2.734375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ag scríobh sa National Post, deir údar na tuarascála MLI a scaoileadh le déanaí ar chláir thacaíochta bithbhreoslaí a mhaoinítear ag an rialtas nach bhfuil aon fhianaise ann go bhfuil siad rathúil i dtaithí a bhaint amach ar shochair shóisialta agus comhshaoil.\nDeir Douglas Auld agus Ross McKitrick, údar na leabhar \"Money to Burn: Assessing the costs and benefits of Canada's strategy for vehicle biofuels\", gur léirigh an fhianaise gur cheart do rialtais cónaidhme agus réigiúnacha na príomh-chomhpháirteanna de chláir bithbhreosla a dhiúscairt.\nDouglas Auld agus Ross McKitrick, 25 Meitheamh, 2014\nÓ thús na haoise, tá táirgeadh bithbhreoslaí sna Stáit Aontaithe agus i gCeanada tar éis méadú níos mó ná ocht n-uaire, mar gheall ar chláir thacaíochta an-fabhrach rialtais. Sa bhliain 2006, d'fhógair an rialtas Coimeádach nua a intinn an córas tacaíochta atá ann cheana féin maidir le heitánól a luasghéarú agus a leathnú, ag tosú ar iontráil mhór i margadh breosla iompair. Trí chomhcheangal de thacaíochtaí díreacha agus sainordúí measctha, tháinig an gnó chun arbhar agus plandaí eile a thiontú i ionad gásailín ar a dtugtar ethanol i Meiriceá Thuaidh.\nBa é cuspóir an rialtais a lua ná astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa (GCE) a laghdú. I dtuarascáil nua don Institiúid Macdonald-Laurier, rinneamar scrúdú ar chostais agus buntáistí bheartas bithbhreoslaí Cheanada, chomh maith leis na díospóireachtaí teicniúla maidir le cibé an laghdaíonn a dtáirgeadh agus a n-úsáid GHGanna fiú.\nDéantar cuid de úsáid breosla iontaise a dhíshuiteáil ag eitánól nuair a dhéantar é a mheascadh le ginsín rialta. Mar sin féin, tá níos lú fuinnimh i lítear ethanol ná i lítear gásailín, mar sin ní mór duit méid níos mó den mheascadh a dhó chun dul chomh fada agus a thógfadh méid coibhéiseach gásailín íon tú. Tá sé deacair a chinneadh an laghdaíonn úsáid bithbhreoslaí astaíochtaí GCE foriomlán mar gheall ar an ngné seo, agus mar gheall go bhfuil an próiseas táirgthe éitanoil an-dhlúth fuinnimh. Nuair a bhíonn na taighdeoirí ag comhaireamh na n-astaíochtaí GHG go léir a bhaineann le táirgeadh agus úsáid lítear ethanol, is minic a fhaigheann siad go raibh níos mó GHGanna a astaíodh ná le linn táirgeadh agus úsáid lítear binsíne.\nChun críocha anailíse costas-sochair, fiú má tá an beartas saor, mura bhfuil aon laghdúanna GCE ann, tá an costas in aghaidh an tonna de na laghduithe go héifeachtach gan teorainn. Mar sin, le linn ár anailíse, déanaimid toimhdeanna atá an-fabhrach don fhéidearthacht go dtabharfaidh bithbhreoslaí laghdú glan GHG ionas gur féidir linn an cóimheas is mó dóchúla is féidir a mheas.\nÓ thaobh na heacnamaíochta de, chun go mbeadh beartas tairbheach go sóisialta, ba cheart go mbeadh an costas in aghaidh an tonna de bheartais laghdaithe gás ceaptha teasa ag nó faoi bhun na meastacháin choinbhinsiúnacha ar \"cosgais shóisialta an charbóin\".\nD'ainneoin an bhfíric go bhfuil feabhsuithe suntasacha tagtha ar an teicneolaíocht chun eitánól a mhonarú ó 2008, rud a chuir feabhas ar a éifeachtacht GCE, leanann aon laghdú ar GCE a baintear amach trí eitánól agus gáslóin a mheascadh ag tabhairt sochair shóisialta dhiúltacha glan. Ar bhonn in aghaidh an tonna, meastar go bhfuil an costas in aghaidh an tonna CO2 a laghdú coibhéiseach ó tháirgeadh agus úsáid ethanol arbhar idir $ 400 agus $ 3,300 in aghaidh an tonna, agus go bhfuil ó ethanol cellulosic thart ar $ 142 in aghaidh an tonna. Tá sé seo i bhfad níos mó ná na buntáistí a mheastar go traidisiúnta a bhaineann le laghdú CO2 idir $ 0 agus $ 50 in aghaidh an tonna.\nAr bhealach eile, thar an earra 2008-2012, ag ligean do bharúlacha an-dearfach faoi éifeachtúlacht GHG a laghdú ó mheascán ethanol, meastar go gcosnaíonn tionscnaimh bithbhreosla an rialtais cónaidhme idir $ 3.00 agus $ 3.50 do Chanadaigh ar gach dollar de shochair shóisialta agus comhshaoil a baintear amach. Dá bhrí sin, níor éirigh leis an mbeartas luach a sholáthar do cháiníocóirí Cheanada.\nIs é an moladh is soiléire a thagann amach as an anailís seo ná go gcaithfear na príomhchomhpháirteanna den bheartas reatha maidir le bithbhreoslaí iompair a dhiúltú de réir a chéile ar an mbonn go bhfuil na costais i bhfad níos mó ná na tairbhí sóisialta agus nach bhfuil aon ionchais réalaíocha ann go n-athróidh an staid seo.\nMá tá sé mar aidhm ag an rialtas tacú le forbairt breoslaí in-athnuaite a bhfuil acmhainn teoiriciúil acu ar a laghad chun gásailín a athsholáthar ar bhonn iomaíoch ó thaobh costais de, is féidir cás a dhéanamh chun cistí taighde agus forbartha poiblí a theorannú ar eitánól cellulósach, is é sin an bithbhreosla a dhéantar as ábhar bunfhillte plandaí. Ach ar shlí eile, ní thugann ár mbeartas reatha maidir le bithbhreoslaí ach sochair chomhshaoil amhrasacha agus damáiste eacnamaíoch soiléir.\nDouglas Auld agus Ross McKitrick is ollamh eacnamaíochta iad in Ollscoil Guelph agus comh-údar tuarascáil Institiúid Macdonald-Laurier Money to Burn: Assessing the costs and benefits of Canada's strategy for vehicle biofuels."} {"text": "There are two silent killer diseases that lie within the body- high blood pressure and diabetes. Hypoglycaemia is another word for diabetes and this metabolic disorder is a result of improper glucose metabolism in the body. Hunger is satiated with food and whatever we eat is converted to calories and sugar in the body. This glucose is carried via the blood stream to different organs and acts as an energy booster for them, prompting them to perform their functions but what happens if the sugar lies in the blood in excess?\nThe body cells absorb glucose and use it for production of energy. This glucose in the blood can be used only if there is insulin hormone in the body. Insulin is produced by the pancreas and if it is not produced or is available in improper quantities, then the unused sugar in blood starts to increase and damage the organs. Heart and kidney are especially vulnerable to glucose and can work properly only if the insulin is processed properly by organs of body. Don’t let the glucose levels rise in the body; get a timely diagnosis so that you can start taking conventional or diabetes ayurvedic cure by Patanjali on time. Your body is precious and can get destroyed by high glucose levels, protect it now!\nSometimes the insulin cannot be processed properly by the body. This also causes the sugar levels to rise. Daily routine and lifestyle changes are compulsory for the diabetics to be able to process insulin properly. The immune system may get compromised and other illnesses may take over if the glucose levels of the body keep rising. Proper exercise and shedding of calories become a must for proper organ functioning of a diabetic. The calorie count has to be kept under control at all times. A proper exercise regime helps in adequate absorption of medicines and appropriate functioning of organs.\nMany people end up eating too much and too heavy if they are stressed out. This causes an upheaval in the sugar levels of the body. Encourage the person with increased glucose levels to eat more green leafy vegetables and reduce the intake of carbohydrates and fats. Guava, jamun, papaya, musk melon, citric fruits and apple are better than the rest of the fruits because they contain less of sugar. Bitter gourd, gourd, fenugreek are very good for diabetic people.\nA diabetic needs to be very careful about the diet and must always carry a sugar sweet in the pocket to eat whenever the sugar falls low. Regular sleep is imperative to keep the body functioning properly. Get your sugar tests done if you are urinating frequently. Getting very thirsty and feeling excessive fatigue needs to be checked at the earliest. Diabetes also leads to skin itching and unhealed wounds.\nAyurvedic treatments like diabetes ayurvedic cure by Patanjali offer Divya Madhunashini vati and Divya Shilajeet Sat that is helpful in controlling Diabetes by taking care of the blood sugar levels.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "url": "https://www.articlecede.com/diabetes-ayurvedic-cure-by-patanjali/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588282.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028065732-20211028095732-00380.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.942705512, "token_count": 596, "score": 3.0625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá dhá ghalair mharbhála ciúin ann atá suite sa chorp - brú fola ard agus diaibéiteas. Is focal eile é hypoglycaemia le haghaidh diaibéiteas agus is é an neamhord meitibileach seo toradh meitibileacht neamhchuí glúcóis sa chorp. Tá ocras satiated le bia agus cibé rud a itheann muid a thiontú go calories agus siúcra sa chorp. Déantar an glúcóis seo a iompar tríd an sruth fola chuig orgáin éagsúla agus oibríonn sé mar bhrú fuinnimh dóibh, ag spreagadh iad a gcuid feidhmeanna a dhéanamh ach cad a tharlaíonn má bhíonn an siúcra sa fhuil i bhfad níos mó?\nGlacann cealla an chomhlachta glúcóis agus úsáideann siad é chun fuinneamh a tháirgeadh. Ní féidir an glúcóis seo sa fhuil a úsáid ach amháin má tá an hormón inslin sa chorp. Déantar inslin a tháirgeadh ag an bpancreas agus mura ndéantar é nó má tá sé ar fáil i gcainníochtaí míchuí, ansin tosaíonn an siúcra neamhúsáidte san fhuil ag méadú agus ag damáiste a dhéanamh do na horgáin. Tá croí agus duáin an- so- íogair do ghlúcóis agus ní féidir leo oibriú i gceart ach amháin má phróiseálann orgáin an choirp an ininsulin i gceart. Ná lig do leibhéil glúcóis a ardú sa chorp; faigh diagnóis tráthúil ionas gur féidir leat tosú ag cur leigheas traidisiúnta nó ayurvedic diaibéiteas ag Patanjali in am. Tá do chorp luachmhar agus is féidir é a scriosadh le leibhéil ard glúcóis, é a chosaint anois!\nUaireanta ní féidir leis an gcomhlacht an inislín a phróiseáil i gceart. Mar thoradh air seo, ardóidh leibhéil siúcra freisin. Tá athruithe ar ghnáthamh laethúil agus ar stíl mhaireachtála éigeantacha do dhaoine diaibéiteas a bheith in ann inslin a phróiseáil i gceart. D'fhéadfadh an córas imdhíonachta a bheith faoi chois agus d'fhéadfadh galair eile dul i ngleic má leanann leibhéil glúcóis an chomhlachta ag ardú. Tá sé riachtanach go ndéanfaidh duine diaibéiteas aclaíocht cheart agus go scaoilfidh sé calraí chun go bhfeidhmeoidh orgáin go cuí. Caithfear an líon calraí a choinneáil faoi smacht i gcónaí. Cabhraíonn córas ceart aclaíochta le haisceadh leordhóthanach cógais agus le feidhmiú cuí orgáin.\nIs minic a bhíonn daoine ag ithe ró-thapa agus ró-throm má bhíonn strus orthu. Tá sé seo ina chúis le hathrú ar leibhéil siúcra an choirp. Spreag an duine a bhfuil leibhéil mhéadaithe glúcóis aige níos mó glasraí duilleacha glasa a ithe agus an t-iontógáil carbaihiodráití agus saill a laghdú. Tá guava, jamun, papaya, melon musc, torthaí citris agus úll níos fearr ná an chuid eile den toradh toisc go bhfuil níos lú siúcra iontu. Tá gourd bitter, gourd, fenugreek an-mhaith do dhaoine diaibéiteas.\nNí mór do dhuine diaibéiteas a bheith an-chúramach faoin aiste bia agus ní mór dó siúcra siúcra a iompar i gcónaí ina phóca chun é a ithe aon uair a thiteann an siúcra. Tá codladh rialta ríthábhachtach chun go mbeidh an corp ag feidhmiú go cuí. Déan do thástálacha siúcra má tá tú ag urinating go minic. Ní mór seiceáil a dhéanamh ar an dtriomach mór agus ar an tuirse iomarcach a bheith agat go luath. Mar thoradh ar diaibéiteas bíonn itching craiceann agus gorta neamh-fhiacha ann freisin.\nCuireann cóireálacha ayurvedic cosúil le leigheas ayurvedic diaibéiteas ag Patanjali Divya Madhunashini vati agus Divya Shilajeet Sat ar fáil atá cabhrach chun Diaibéiteas a rialú trí chúram a dhéanamh ar leibhéil siúcra fola."} {"text": "Before, After, and Between Numbers\nWhat number comes before 25? In this worksheet your child will need to look at the different numbers and complete the order. Number counting is an important math skill that will help your child's early reasoning. What numbers come before and after 55? By the time he finishes this worksheet your child will have practiced his counting skills.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-22", "url": "http://www.education.com/worksheet/article/before-after-between/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049275328.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002115-00002-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9522892833, "token_count": 74, "score": 4.03125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Roimh, Tar éis, agus Idir Uimhreacha\nCén uimhir a thagann roimh 25? Sa leathanach oibre seo beidh ar do leanbh féachaint ar na huimhreacha éagsúla agus an t-ord a chomhlánú. Is scileanna ríthábhachtacha matamaitice iad uimhreacha a chomhaireamh a chabhróidh le réasúnaíocht luath do pháiste. Cé na huimhreacha a thagann roimh agus tar éis 55? Nuair a bheidh an leathanach oibre seo críochnaithe aige, beidh do leanbh tar éis a chuid scileanna comhaireamh a chleachtadh."} {"text": "| Fecal Coliform (E. coli) Test for coli bacilli\nSludge -- Biosolids -- Food -- Water\nPuts Public Health at Risk\nJim Bynum, VP, & Gail M. Bynum, Ph.D Revised 6/4/2009\nHelp for Sewage Victims\nNeither the fecal coliform test nor any laws (Solid Waste, Hazardous Waste, Clean Water)\nprotect farmers and the public who are not being told the truth about sludge contaminated with\npathogenic microorganisms. Sludge is: 1) a solid waste; 2) a hazardous waste because of E.\ncoli and other pathogens; and 3) a point source pollutant. The current use of the fecal colifom\ntest itself is designed to inhibit the bacterial growth so as to reduce the number of viable but\nculturable E. coli to less than one percent of the total. It eliminates most indicator E. coli in the\nsludge sample by making them viable but nonculturable by standard culture methods. This\nallows unknown amounts of anitbiotic resistant pathogenic superbugs to be spread on farms,\nparks, school grounds and even home lawns. This practice violates any government regulation\nfor work place safety, especially laboratory safety rules.\nIn June 2006, EPA released the laboratory protocol , Method 1681: Fecal Coliforms in Sewage\nSludge (Biosolids) by Multiple-Tube Fermentation using A-1 medium. EPA listed the following\nlaboratory biosafety level 2 practices which must be followed to protect the workers handling\nand spreading sludge:\nMethod 1681 is a 51 page document full of charts, graphs and mathematical formulas used to\nestimate the probable number of heat inhibited E. coli that could be found if the sludge was\nactually completely dry. The test generates no useful information concerning the infectious\nnature of sludge, unless you know fecal coliform is E. coli, a pathogen. Moreover, the test\nignores all other pathogenic microorganisms as well as many inorganic chemicals, synthetic\norganic chemicals and volatile organic chemicals which are covered elsewhere. The results of\nusing the fecal coliform test can be seen in the increased disease levels and serious illnesses\ncaused by bacteria, viruses, helminths, protozoa, and fungus disposed of on agricultural crops.\nThis is also reflect in the number of foodborne illnesses which exploded from 2 million in 1986 to\n81 million case in 1997. In 1998 CDC estimated there were 360 million cases of acute diarrhea,\nmost from unknown sources of exposure. CDC's estimate for foodborne illness was dropped to\n76 million in 1999 after the Monterey Regional Water Pollution Control Agency (MRWPCA) and\nthe Monterey County Water Resources Agency (MCWR partnership completed a $78 million\nproject to irrigate 12,000 acres of California's best spinach and lettuce crop land in the Salinas\nValley with \"reclaimed\" sewage water. No new numbers for foodborne illnesses have been\nreleased for the past 10 years. However, the publicized outbreaks of foodborne illnesses\nattributed to contaminated Salinas Valley vegetables have increased.\nMany of the foodborne illnesses are caused by coliform bacteria. According to Saunders\nComprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 3 ed. © 2007 , coliform is defined as: \"pertaining to\nfermentative gram-negative enteric bacilli, [rod-shaped bacterium] sometimes restricted to those\nfermenting lactose, i.e. Escherichia [coli], Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Citrobacter. A wider\nrange is also used and includes Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pasteurella spp., and Aerobacter\naerogenes.\" The wastewater industry claims these coliform are not pathogens.\nThe Coliform test is actually restricted to the Enterobacteriaceae family of bacteria incubated at\n35-37°C (95-99°F) for 24-48 hours, which also includes Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia and\nothers. However, this test would reveal too many pathogens. Therefore, the elevated\ntemperature fecal coliform test for E. coli is used to indicate sludge (biosolids) is safe, while\nindicating possible fecal contamination in food and water.\nThe Fecal coliform Test\nThe safety of sewage sludge and reclaimed water used on farms, parks, school grounds, home\nlawns and gardens is based on a 105 year old elevated temperature test to detect\nthermotolerant forms of E. coli in food and water, presumed to be of human fecal origin.\nThe fecal coliform fermentation test requires wastewater treatment plants to incubate the sludge\nsample at 44.5° C. (112.1° F) for 24 hours. According to EPA. \"These [test] methods (1681) use\nculture-specific media and elevated temperature to isolate and enumerate fecal coliform\norganisms.\" Furthermore, \"The predominant fecal coliform is E. coli.\"\nTo put that in context, like bacteria your body responds well biologically at an internal\ntemperature of 98.6°F. However, as the internal body temperature rises you and the bacteria\nbecome heat stressed. As the temperature approaches 105°F the brain and body cells start to\nshut down. Unlike the gram negative bacteria E. coli, before your body temperature reaches the\nthermotolerant test temperature of 112.1°F, your are dead. Furthermore, unlike you, when the\ntemperature drops and it finds moisture, the bacteria will repair its heat damage and move on\nwith its life.\nIn his 1904 elevated temperature test for detection of fecal contamination in food and water,\nChristiaan Eijkman found that elevated temperatures did not kill coli bacilli (Escherichia coli).\nHowever, he found the elevated temperature did either reduce or eliminate growth in similar\ntypes of coli. He assumed therefore thermotolerant E. coli was from warm blooded animals only\nand all other coli like bacteria (Enterobacteriaceae) were from cold blooded animals.\nOne hundred and five years later scientists have established that E. coli is the lead pathogen of\nthe Enterobacteriaceae (coliform) family of human, animal, soil and water bacteria of which\nmany are pathogens. Human pathogens grow best at the optimum temperature of 35-37°C (95-\n99°F). At this optimum temperature, with proper nutrients, E. coli doubles every 20 minutes.\nTherefore, in 3 hours and 20 minutes, one (1) E. coli colony forming bacteria doubling every 20\nminutes would exceed the Class A requirements of 1,000 E. coli per gram by 24 bacteria. Four\nhours and 40 minutes later the Class B requirements of 2 million E. coli per gram would also be\nexceeded. At the end of 10 hours, that one bacteria would have multiplied into 1 billion, 073\nmillion, 741 thousand, 824 bacteria. By the end of hour 11, the number would increase to 8\nbillion, 589 million, 934 thousand, 592 bacteria. However, in the magical world of sludge we only\nhave one Colony Forming Unit (CFU). The rest of the bacteria don't count.\nAccording to preamble to part 503, \"EPA concluded that the use of fecal coliform is sufficient to\nindicate the presence of pathogenic organisms in sewage sludge.\" \"Fecal coliform was selected\nfor the final part 503 regulation because an analytical method exists for fecal coliform and\nbecause treatment works conduct fecal coliform analysis routinely.\" (FR, 58, vol. 32, p. 9348)\nIn 2007 email, EPA's Mark Meckes states that \"The fecal coliform group is a subset of the total\ncoliform and it is also defined by the method used for detection. These are facultative\nanaerobic, gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria that ferment lactose\n(specifically EC medium) with gas and acid formation within 24 hour at 44.5 degrees C.\"\nThe key words are EC medium. EC specifically refers to a culture medium used to detect E.\ncoli. According to Perry and Hajna's study Further Evaluation of EC Medium for the Isolation of\nColiform Bacteria and Eschericbia coli, (1944), EC medium was developed for the isolation of\ncoliform bacteria at 37°C and of Escherichia coli at 45.5°C. They say, \"EC medium was found\nhighly specific for Escherichia coli at this temperature.\"\nHowever, for type II E. coli, the test was only specific for 21.8% of the cultures. In the 1958 study\nThe Coliform Group II. Reactions in EC Medium at 45° C Geldreich, et al., said, \"There were\n5794 cultures of coliform bacteria from untreated surface water supplies of 14 treatment plants\nexamined. Of the 1358 E. coli included, 83.7 per cent showed positive EC reactions. When the\nE. coli strains are subdivided into varieties I and II (see table 1), the percentage of positive\nresults were 92.7 and 21.8, respectively. The remaining 10 IMViC types yielded 7.8 per cent\npositive tests for 4436 cultures.\" The coliform bacteria are typed by the name of the tests IMViC:\nIndole, Methyl red, Voges Proskauer, and Citrate. There are more than two types of E. coli.\nE. coli 0157:H7 does not show a positive reaction in the test, yet produces a deadly shiga toxin\ngene (STEC ) which first appeared in a Central America Shigella outbreak. In a retroactive\nstudy, Importation of Shiga Bacillus Dysentery Into California, researchers S. BENSON\nWERNER, M.D., RONALD R. ROBERTO, M.D., AND JAMES CHIN, M.D., Berkeley, identified 20\ncases of this unique strain of Shigella that occurred during the 1969/70 outbreak.\nThe first E. coli 0157:H7 case (a Naval Officer) documented with samples at CDC was in\nOakland, California in 1975. The next appearance was when it was determined that E. coli 0157:\nH7 shiga toxin contaminated the Jack in the Box hamburgers. The Jack in the Box hamburgers\nthat sickened several hundred people in 1982, causing the death of four children. The Shigella\nlike toxin (a known neurotoxin that produces delayed limb paralysis and death) was sequenced\nin 1986. It was noted that Escherichia coli of various serotypes, Salmonella typhimurium, and\nVibrio choterae also produce the toxin. Researchers at Walter Reed Hospital had cloned the\ntoxin producing gene by 1987.\nEarly scientists first acknowledged the problem with the fecal coliform test in a 1963 Public\nHealth Service Report, SANITARY SIGNIFICANCE OF COLIFORM AND FECAL COLIFORM\nORGANISMS IN SURFACE WATER, \"Because no satisfactory method is currently available for\ndifferentiating fecal coliform organisms from human and other animal origin, it is necessary to\nconsider all fecal coliform organisms as indicative of dangerous contamination.\" Yet, Knowing\nthat the test temperature inhibits E. coli growth, in 2002, FDA's Bacteriological Analytical Manual\nOnline shows an increased temperature analysis from 35-37°C (95-99°F) to 45.5°C (113.9°F)\nfor food testing and 44.5°C.\" (112.1°F) for water, shellfish and shellfish harvest water analyses\nThis test was re-designated fecal coliform.\nAccording to Ron et al, in there study Growth Rate of Escherichia coli at Elevated\nTemperatures: Reversible Inhibition of Homoserine Trans-Succinylase (1971), \"The preceding\npaper [Ron, et al.1970] showed that the growth of Escherichia coli is slowed, without killing, at\n40 to 45 C, and that in the several strains tested the cause is a decrease in the activity of\nhomoserine trans-succinylase. These temperatures are now shown to inhibit the enzyme\ndirectly, in crude extracts and after partial purification. The effect is rapid and is immediately\nreversible, unlike the progressive and slowly reversible changes of conventional denaturation.\"\nIn 1974 when Gerald Berg, Chief, Biological Methods Branch of the EPA's National\nEnvironmental Research Center in Cincinnati, Ohio warned of the inadequacy of the fecal\ncoliform test, even though he implied pathogenic strains of E. coli were not part of fecal coliform\n. He stated:\nindicators for viruses and that neither fecal coliforms nor other bacteria are\ninviolate indicators of fecal pollution. To be sure, fecal coliforms indicate a sanitary\nhazard, but certain other bacteria may seem to be fecal coliforms in the standard\nmembrane filter test. Moreover, fecal coliform may multiply in waters where\npathogenic bacteria and certainly viruses cannot. And fecal coliforms may be\ndestroyed in waters polluted with certain industrial wastes -- wastes that do not\nseem to affect fecal streptococci and may not affect viruses either. Clearly, it is a\nmatter of some importance to develop a bacterial indicator system that can\ndefinitively differentiate fecal organisms from free-living forms. (p. xii)\nAccording to Merck's Fact Sheet, \"Lactose-positive bacteria produce yellow-orange colonies\nand under the membrane yellow halos. The count of these typical colonies is considered to be\npresumptive coliform bacteria count.\" \"Colonies that are oxidase negative are considered to be\ncoliform bacteria. Coliform bacteria that form indole [gas] from tryptophan at 44 ± 0,5 °C within\n21 ± 3 hours are considered to be E.coli.\"\nE. coli does not die quickly or easily. It may not die at all but be in a dormant state as in\nstationary phase death and heat-shock response. According to A. Eisenstark, et al, Cancer\nResearch Center, Columbia, MO, (1992) \"When Escherichia coli cells reach stationary phase of\ngrowth, specific gene products are synthesized that protect cells while dormant. \"Aged\" cells\nmay remain viable in cultures for years. For example, agar cultures stored for 38 years still had\nmore than10(5) [100,000] viable cells/ml. However, when specific mutants were cultured, the\npopulation of these mutants dropped sharply after 4-10 days. This defect is termed \"Stationary-\nPhase-Death\". Each mutant strain was hypersensitive to near-ultraviolet radiation and other\noxidative agents. Bovine catalase rescued many of the mutants from death in dormancy,\nsuggesting that specific gene products protect \"aged\" cells against oxidative damage.\"\nAccording to Fritz Schöffl, et al, Universität Tübingen, (1999), \"The heat-shock response is a\nconserved reaction of cells and organisms to elevated temperatures (heat shock or heat\nstress). Whereas severe heat stress leads to cellular damage and cell death, sublethal doses of\nheat stress induce a cellular response, the heat-shock response, which (a) protects cells and\norganisms from severe damage, (b) allows resumption of normal cellular and physiological\nactivities, and (c) leads to a higher level of thermotolerance.\"\nIn the paper, Viable but non-culturable bacteria: their impact on public health, (2005)\nYogita N. Sardessai,Goa College of Pharmacy, states the problem:\nassessments because many pathogenic bacteria like Vibrio cholerae, Mycobacterium\ntuberculosis, Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pylori, Vibrio vulnificus and Escherichia\ncoli have been reported to enter a VBNC state from which they are able to return to the\ninfectious state after passaging in animal hosts. Reports indicate that many potentially\nharmful bacteria survive treatment and persist in processed food, pasteurized milk,\npotable water and in the environment.\"\n\"The implications of bacteria to lie in a dormant undetected state are far reaching. For\ninstance, antibiotic resistant chronic otitis medium was earlier considered a sterile\ninflammatory process. But it is now known that there are antibiotic-resistant bacteria in\nbiofilms which are in VBNC state, causing chronic infection10. The sudden recurrence of\ntuberculosis years after a person was presumed cured has also been attributed to\nresuscitation of VBNC Mycobacterium cells7.\"\nJames D. Oliver, Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 2005, said, \"It\nhad long been assumed that a bacterial cell was dead when it was no longer able to grow on\nroutine culture media.\" However, \"Since the original 1982 paper from the laboratory of Rita\nColwell (Xu et al., 1982), over 400 papers have appeared which describe various aspects of the\nphenomenon most commonly referred to as the \" but nonculturable (VBNC) state\" A great many\npathogens, as well as nonpathogens, are now known to enter this dormancy state, and its\nsignificance in medicine, bioremediation, the use of bacteria as fecal indicators, and indeed in\nmost microbiological studies where culturability is employed as the (often sole) indicator of\nviability, is becoming increasingly evident.\" Moreover, \"a number of studies have found that\nprocesses which are normally assumed to be bactericidal for bacteria may instead result in cells\nwhich reside in the VBNC state. These include such treatments as pasteurization of milk (e.g.\nGunasekera et al., 2002) and chlorination of wastewater (Oliver et al., 2005).\" Furthermore,\n\"The number of species described to enter the VBNC state constantly increases, with\napproximately 60 now reported to demonstrate this physiological response. Included are a large\nnumber of human pathogens, including Campylobacter spp., E. coli (including EHEC strains),\nFrancisella tularensis, Helicobacter pylori, Legionella pneumophila, Listeria monocytogenes,\nMycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, several Salmonella and Shigella spp.\nand Vibrio cholerae, V. Parahaemolyticus, and V. Vulnificus.\"\nEven EPA documents confirm that while heat and chemicals will cause the bacteria to be\ninactivated, it is a temporary condition. EPA states in (Part 403.5(b)(5)) that \"Heat above 40 °C\n(104 °F) and disinfectants will slow or eliminate biological activity causing some bacteria to\nbecome viable, but nonculturable by standard culture methods\" In effect, the test itself slows the\ngrowth of E. coli and eliminates the growth of the other Enterobacterriaceae family causing them\nto become viable but nondetectable.\nAt the same time the fecal coliform test excludes the following pathogenic families: 1) Aerobic\nGram-Positive Cocci; 2) Aerobic Gram-Negative Cocci; 3) Aerobic Gram-Positive Bacilli; 4)\nAerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli: Nonenterobacteriaceae—Fermentative; 5) Aerobic Gram-\nNegative Bacilli: Nonenterobacteriaceae—Nonfermentative; 6) Aerobic Gram-Negative\nFastidious Coccobacilli; 7) Mycoplasma (Pleuropneumonia-Like Organisms [PPLO]); and 8)\nTreponemataceae (Spiral Organisms).\nthese are the Invasive group A streptococcal, Staphylococcus, MRSA, Clostridium, most\nNecrotizing (flesh eating) bacteria, and E. coli 0157 which have become epidemic. It also\nignores the deadly community acquired viruses such as swine flu, Adenoviruses, arenaviruses,\nHerpes viruses, paramyxoviruses, papovaviruses such as Polyoma virus and Papillomasvirus,\npicornaviruses such as enteroviruses, Poliovirus, Coxsackievirus, Echovirus, and hepatitis A\nIn a February 2009, e-mail EPA's Richard Reding, Chief, Engineering and Analytical Support\nBranch, pointed out that the heat inactivation of most E. coli and reduction or eliminating other\nsimilar bacteria from the test was by design when he wrote that fecal coliform \"are distinguished\nfrom the coliform group by their ability to grow at the elevated temperature of 44.5°C. Thus,\n\"inactivation\" is by design so as to eliminate those bacteria that are unable to grow at 44.5°C\nAccording to a July 2007 study, the fecal coliform test would specifically reveal, with the\nexception of 0157, some heat inhibited thermotolerant E. coli strains. Strains growing in drinking\nwater systems at elevated temperature were, 1) 04 Uropathogenic E. coli,UPEC); 2) 025\nEnterotoxigenic E. coli, ETEC); 3) 086 (Enteropathogenic E. coli, EPEC); 4) 0103 (Shiga-toxin\nproducing E. coli, STEC); 5) 0157 Shiga-toxin producing E. coli, STEC); 6) 08 Enterotoxigenic E.\ncoli, ETEC); and 7) 0113 Shiga-toxin producing E. coli, STEC).\nCDC documents indicate the infective dose for E. coli is estimated to be only 10-100 non-heat\nstressed organisms. E. coli doubles every 20 minutes, which means that if you are infected with\nonly one bacteria, in 2 hours you are well past the infection stage.\nOther non-0157 serotypes of E coli –eg O29, O39, O145 produce shiga-like toxins, causing\nbloody inflammatory diarrhea, evoking Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). According to the\nOklahoma Department of Health, enterohemorrhagic Campylobacter, Shigella, Salmonella, and\nYersinia may cause Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) , a disease that destroys red blood cells\nand causes kidney failure, primarily affecting children. Furthermore, according to the\nDepartment of Health, \"Not all cases of HUS are caused by shiga toxin; while uncommon, a\nvariety of viral and bacterial infections, as well as some cancers, can cause HUS\" Hospital cost\nfor a HUS victim is about $100,000.00. Between 8% of HUS victims treated without antibiotics\nand 50% treated with antibiotics die.\nAccording to Meridian Bioscience, STEC infections are very serious because: 1) Antibiotics\nincrease Shiga toxin release and production and should be avoided: 2) HUS [Hemolytic uremic\nsyndrome] develops in 56% of STEC patients treated with antibiotics; 3) HUS develops in only\n8% of STEC patients not receiving antibiotics; 4) 38%-61% of patients with STEC infection will\ndevelop Hemorrhagic Colitis; 5) 5%-10% of patients with STEC infection will develop HUS; 6)\nApproximately 10% of those with HUS will die or have permanent renal failure; 7) 30%-50% of\nall STEC infections are caused by E. coli non-O157; 8) 50% of HUS cases are caused by non-\nO157 strains of E. coli; 9) SMAC culture misses as much as half of all O157:H7 and all non-\nO157 strains of E. coli; and 10) Hospital cost of care for one HUS is approximately $100.000.\nThe reality is that the only thing the fecal coliform test proves is that there are an unknown\nquantity of viable pathogens in sludge. While there may be some non-pathogenic strains, the\nInternational Escherichia and Klebsiella Centre (WHO) has a collection of approximately 60,000\nE. coli strains, most of which are clinical isolates. No one has any idea how many or what type of\nunknown and viable but nonculturable pathogens are in sludge and reclaimed water when the\ntest sample is drawn, much less after the test is completed due to the elevated temperature of\nThe number of these thermotolerant E. coli strains that survive the heat and react to EC\nmedium (two million CFU per gram (0.035273 oz) Most Probable Number (MPN) dry weight -\nClass B and 1,000 CFU per gram - Class A) allowed in sludge are mathematical assumptions\nbased on charts and graphs of heat inhibited growth of E. coli bacteria in sludge and the density\nof the sludge being converted from liquid to total solids. The CFU refers to the number of\nbacterial colonies technicians are able to count after 24 hours. The Most Probable Number used\nfor classifying sludge is the assumed number of original bacteria spiked in the test 24 hours\nearlier. Meaning that each colony is counted as one bacteria at the start of the test. That does\nnot included bacteria tightly bound in biofilms. For Class B sludge that is 56,000,000 E. coli\ncolonies of bacteria per ounce of sludge or 9,072,000,000 E. coli colonies of bacteria per\npound of sludge. After undergoing further treatment to reduce pathogens with chemical or heat\ntreatment for Class A sludge that is 28,350 heat inhibited E. coli Colonies of bacteria per ounce\nof sludge or 453,600 heat inhibited E. coli colonies of bacteria per pound of sludge biosolids.\nContrast that with the two to 10 most probable number of E. coli Colonies per gram (0.035273\noz) allowed in swimming water. There is no provision to protect water from receiving bacterial\ncontaminated runoff from sludge sites since they are considered by the enforcers of the Clean\nWater Act to be unregulated non-point sources of pollution.\nUsing this outdated test proponents of sludge use claim it proves sewage sludge is safe for use\nas a fertilizer on food crops, school grounds and your lawn if only a few bacteria are found. The\nproblem is that the elevated temperature test itself inhibits or stops the growth of bacteria in the\nsample, while the pathogens in the original material continue to thrive at normal temperatures.\nThis test does not offer any protection from contamination of our air, food supply, drinking\nwater, or health as part 503 only discusses pathogen reduction, not elimination. This is\naccomplished by the test itself as we discovered when our farm was contaminated by sludge\nrunoff. This was mentioned in the article Sludge Magic at EPA). Lewis checked with the\nlaboratory to confirm the fecal coliform levels were low but Salmonella and E. coli levels were\nhigh. While several tests were done for fecal coliform, the two tests specifically for E. coli and\nSalmonella are the most important. However, at the time we did not realize fecal coliform is E.\ncoli whose growth is inhibited by the elevated test temperature.\nBacteria do not die just because sludge has been treated. In the study Occurrence of\nPathogens in Distribution and Marketing Municipal Sludges (1988) William A. Yanko, County\nSanitation Districts of Los Angeles County, tested seven municipal sewage sludge compost\nproducts. They were sampled weekly for one year. He found \"significant increases in bacterial\npopulations, including salmonellae, occurred during subsequent production of commercial soil\nTreatment causes some of the pathogenic disease organisms to be absorbed or enclosed in\nfecal particles during the treatment process. These are biofilms holding the particles together.\nFor this reason, In the study \"Survival of pathogenic micro-organisms and parasite in extreta,\nmanure and sewage sludge\" (1991) D. Strauch, Institute of Animal Medicine and Hygiene,\nUniversity of Hohenhiem, warned, \"the agricultural utilization of hygienically dubious sewage\nsludge poses a risk for the whole national economy.\"\nAfter reviewing the sludge rule and laboratory reports from our farm, EPA's own David Lewis\nwarned about the danger to public health from bacterial survival on farms in the article Sludge\nMagic at the EPA (1999). He said, \"the Sludge Rule on land application of municipal wastes (40\nCFR Part 503) promulgated in 1993 may be the most scientifically unsound action ever taken by\nthe agency. Rather than being protective, the rule actually threatens public health and the\nLewis et al, documented the danger to public health from microorganisms in the study,\nInteractions of pathogens and irritant chemicals in land-applied sewage sludges (biosolids)\n(2002). David L Lewis, David K Gattie , Marc E Novak , Susan Sanchez and Charles\nPumphrey. They found, \"Affected residents lived within approximately 1 km of land application\nsites and generally complained of irritation (e.g., skin rashes and burning of the eyes, throat,\nand lungs) after exposure to winds blowing from treated fields. A prevalence of Staphylococcus\naureus infections of the skin and respiratory tract was found. Approximately 1 in 4 of 54\nindividuals were infected, including 2 mortalities (septicaemia, pneumonia).\"\nA 2007 epidemiologic self reporting survey of neighbors near an Ohio biosolids (sludge) site by\nresearchers from the University of Toledo revealed excessive health problems. The Health\nSurvey of Residents Living Near Farm Fields Permitted to Receive Biosolids (2007), Sadik\nKhuder, PhD; Sheryl A. Milz, PhD; Michael Bisesi, PhD; Robert Vincent, PhD; Wendy McNulty,\nMS; Kevin Czajkowski, PhD, found that the, \"Results revealed that some reported health-related\nsymptoms were statistically significantly elevated among the exposed residents, including\nexcessive secretion of tears, abdominal bloating, jaundice, skin ulcer, dehydration, weight loss,\nand general weakness. The frequency of reported occurrence of bronchitis, upper respiratory\ninfection, and giardiasis were also statistically significantly elevated. The findings suggest an\nincreased risk for certain respiratory, gastrointestinal, and other diseases among residents\nliving near farm fields on which the use of biosolids was permitted.\" The permitting is all based\non a fecal coliform test going back to 1904\nThe fecal coliform test that is used as an indicator for fecal contamination of food and water\ndoes not protect the farmers and the general public from deadly bacteria, viruses, worms,\nprotozoa or fungus found in sludge, a fecal material. Fecal coliform refers to one member of the\ncoliform (Enterobacteriaceae) family -- thermotolerant types of E. coli, but does not include\nE. coli 0157:H7 . This test offers no protection for public health based on the following facts: 1)\nmost pathogens grow well at normal temperatures: 2) thermotolerant fecal coliform includes\nmany pathogenic strains of E. coli and similar bacteria while excluding all other viable but\nnonculturable aerobic and facultative bacteria that thrive at normal temperatures; 3) E. coli is\nthe primary coliform resistant to heat inactivation and the test doesn't indicate heat resistant\ntoxins; 4) biofilms tightly bind pathogens together in sludge particles causing them to be\ninvisable; 5) heat, chemicals or drugs stresses may damage some E. coli DNA causing it to\nbecome dormant (be nonculturable-nondetectablle) by standard cultural methods -- only to be\nrevived by its SOS Response genes; 6) dormant, but viable E. coli cells have survived in\nstorage for 38 years; 7) the test does not indicate viruses and parasites; and 8) bacteria and\nviruses exchanges genes during the sewage treatment process creating more powerful\nantibiotic resistant strains of pathogens.\nPublic health is compromised, farms and associated business are damaged or destroyed,\nsurface and ground water are contaminated, animals and people are sick, dead and/or dying\nbased on a 105 year old fecal coliform test that proves pathogen contaminated sewage sludge\nis being disposed of as a fertilizer or soil amendment. Based on twenty years of research, there\nis currently no scientific or management method which would safely allow the use of sludge or\nreclaimed water on legitimate farming operations for any reason or for any other public purpose.\n|HELP FOR SEWAGE VICTIMS\nA Washington State Non-profit", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-26", "url": "http://www.thewatchers.us/papers/fecal-coliform.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397428.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00033-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9054244161, "token_count": 7118, "score": 2.90625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "☐ Coliform Fecal (E. coli) Tástáil ar bhacilli coli\nSlándáil -- Biosaid -- Bia -- Uisce\nCuireann Sláinte Phoiblí i mbaol\nJim Bynum, VP, & Gail M. Bynum, Ph.D. Athbhreithnithe 6/4/2009\nCabhair do Dhaoine a Bhuaigh an Seamáil\nNí dhéantar tástáil coilíneach fecal ná aon dhlí (Dramhaíola soladacha, dramhaíola contúirteacha, uisce glan)\nfeirmeoirí agus an pobal nach bhfuil ag insint an fhírinne faoi sliog atá truaillithe le\nmicreorganismí paiteogainí. Is éard atá sa chliam: 1) dramhaíl soladach; 2) dramhaíl guaiseach mar gheall ar E.\ncoli agus pathogens eile; agus 3) truailleoir foinse pointe. An úsáid atá ag an colifom fecal faoi láthair\nTá an tástáil féin deartha chun cosc a chur ar fhás baictéarach ionas go laghdófar líon na baictéir atá inmharthana ach\nE. coli cultúrtha go níos lú ná aon faoin gcéad den iomlán. Cuirtear an chuid is mó de E. coli a léiríonn an\nTá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an próiseas a dhéanamh, agus tá an próiseas a úsáidtear chun an próiseas a dhéanamh, i gcomhréir le hAirteagal 15 (2) (a) de Rialachán (AE) Uimh. Seo\ngo bhféadfar méideanna anaithnid de shúbair phaitogineacha atá frithsheasmhach in aghaidh na mbithbhia, a scaipeadh ar fheirmeacha,\npáirceanna, páirceanna scoileanna agus fiú gairdíní baile. Tá an cleachtas seo ag sárú aon rialachán rialtais\nmaidir le sábháilteacht san ionad oibre, go háirithe rialacha sábháilteachta sa saotharlann.\nI mí an Mheithimh 2006, d'eisigh EPA an prótacal saotharlainne, Modh 1681: Coliforms Fecal i dTíolachán\nTá an t-ábhar seo leagtha amach i bpointe (a) de mhír 1 de mhír 2 de mhír 3 de mhír 4. Liostáil EPA na nithe seo a leanas\ncleachtais bithshlándála saotharlainne leibhéal 2 a chaithfear a leanúint chun na hoibrithe a láimhseálann an\nagus salainn scaipeadh:\nIs é modh 1681 doiciméad 51 leathanach lán de chairteacha, grafaí agus foirmlí matamaiticiúla a úsáidtear chun\nMeasfar an líon is dócha E. coli atá coscáilte ag teas a d'fhéadfaí a fháil dá mbeadh an salainn\ngo hiomlán tirim i ndáiríre. Ní ghineann an tástáil aon fhaisnéis úsáideach maidir leis an\ncineál an salaigh, mura bhfuil a fhios agat go bhfuil coliform fecal E. coli, paiteogain. Ina theannta sin, tá an tástáil\nNí dhéanann sé aird ar na miocrorgánaigh pataigineacha eile agus ar go leor ceimiceán neamhorgánach, ceimiceán sintéiseach agus ceimiceán\nCeimiceáin orgánacha agus ceimiceáin orgánacha éadránacha a chumhdaítear in áiteanna eile. Na torthaí\nIs féidir an tástáil coilifime fecal a úsáid chun na leibhéil mhéadaithe galar agus galair thromchúiseacha a fheiceáil\nBaineann an t-ábhar le baictéir, víris, helminths, prótosaoi, agus fungais a chuirtear ar thráth na n-uasghrádú.\nLéirítear é seo freisin sa líon galair a dtarchuirtear trí bhia a thit ó 2 mhilliún i 1986 go dtí\n81 milliún cás i 1997. I 1998 Measann CDC go raibh 360 milliún cás de diarrhea géar,\nan chuid is mó ó fhoinsí nochta anaithnid. Bhí meastachán CDC le haghaidh galar bia-tharraingthe titim go\n76 milliún i 1999 tar éis don Ghníomhaireacht Réigiúnach Monterey um Rialú ar Thruailliú Uisce (MRWPCA) agus\nTá an t-ionad i gContae Monterey, California, ag obair le comhlachas MCWR, ar mhaithe le soláthar $78 milliún\ntionscadal chun 12,000 acra de thalamh is fearr California spinach agus salainn chothaithe i Salinas\nGleann le huisce salainn \"athshlánaithe\". Ní raibh aon líon nua le haghaidh galair a dtarchuirtear trí bhia curtha i láthair\nscaoileadh le 10 mbliana anuas. Mar sin féin, tá na ráigí a bhfuil fógra tugtha acu maidir le galair a dtarlaíonn ó bhia\nTá méadú tagtha ar an líon na n-earraí a d'eascair ó glasraí truaillithe i ghleann Salinas.\nIs baictéir coilifform a bhíonn i gceist le go leor de na galair a dtarlaíonn ó bhia. De réir Saunders\nFhoras Comhlánta Veterinary, 3 ed. © 2007 , sainmhínítear coilifime mar: \" a bhaineann le\nbacilli enteric gram-dónamhacha fermentative, [baictéir i bhfoirm slat] a chuirtear teorainn leo uaireanta\nLactose a fhéimnítear, i.e. Tá an t-ábhar seo leagtha amach i bpointe (a) de mhír 1 de Threoir 2008/98/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle [2] agus i bpointe (b) de mhír 2 de Threoir 2008/98/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle [3]. Leibhéal níos leithne\nÚsáidtear an raon freisin agus áirítear air Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pasteurella spp., agus Aerobacter\naerogenes. Éilíonn tionscal na dramhaíola nach paiteogain iad na coliformí seo.\nTá an tástáil Coliform teoranta i ndáiríre do theaghlach Enterobacteriaceae na baictéir a chuirtear in éag ag\n35-37°C (95-99°F) ar feadh 24-48 uair an chloig, lena n-áirítear Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia agus\ndaoine eile. Mar sin féin, nochtfadh an tástáil seo ró-chuid pathogens. Dá bhrí sin, tá an\nÚsáidtear tástáil coilíneach fecal teochta le haghaidh E. coli chun a léiriú go bhfuil salachar (bithsheasmhach) sábháilte, agus\na léiríonn truailliú féicéiseach féideartha i mbia agus in uisce.\nAn Tástáil Coiliform Fecal\nTá sé tábhachtach go mbeadh na rialacha maidir le sléibhte fuíolluisce agus uisce athshlánaithe a úsáidtear i bhfeirmeacha, páirceanna, i gcúlraí scoileanna, i dtithe agus i gcúlraí eile a bheith ar fáil go sábháilte.\nTá an tástáil seo bunaithe ar thástáil ardteochta 105 bliain d'aois chun\nfoirmeacha E. coli atá inbhuanaithe ó thermotolerant i mbia agus i uisce, a mheastar a bheith de thionscnamh fecal daonna.\nNí mór do phlandaí cóireála fuíolluisce an salainn a ionchorprú chun tástáil féacála cóirliformí a dhéanamh\nTá an t-amhrán seo le feiceáil i bpictiúrlann an t-amhrán. De réir EPA. \"Baineann na modhanna [tástála] seo (1681) úsáid as\nMeán speisiúil cultúir agus teocht ard chun coliform fecal a leithdháileadh agus a liostú\norgánaigh\". Ina theannta sin, \"Is é E. coliform an coilíneach fecal is mó. coli.\nChun é sin a chur i gcomhthéacs, cosúil le baictéir do chorp freagróidh go maith go bitheolaíoch ag inmheánach\nTeochta 98.6°F. Mar sin féin, mar a ardú an teocht an choirp inmheánach tú agus na baictéir\na bheith faoi strus teasa. De réir mar a théann an teocht in aice le 105°F tosaíonn na cealla inchinne agus an choirp\nDúnadh. Murab ionann agus na baictéir gram diúltach E. coli, sula sroichfidh do theochla comhlacht an\nTeochta tástála thermotolerant de 112.1 ° F, tá tú marbh. Ina theannta sin, murab ionann agus tú, nuair a bhíonn an\ntitim teocht agus faigheann sé taise, beidh an baictéir a dheisiú a damáiste teas agus bogadh ar aghaidh\nlena shaol.\nI 1904 tástáil ardteochta a dhéanamh chun éilliú fecal i mbia agus uisce a bhrath,\nFuair Christiaan Eijkman nach raibh bacilli coli (Escherichia coli) marú ag teochtaí ardaithe.\nMar sin féin, fuair sé an teocht ard a rinne a laghdú nó a dhíchur fás i\ncineálacha coli. D'aontaigh sé dá bhrí sin go raibh E. coli thermotolerant ó ainmhithe fola te amháin\nagus baictéir eile cosúil le coli (Enterobacteriaceae) a bhí ó ainmhithe fuara-fhuara.\nTá sé de phribhléid ag an bpríomh-eagrán seo go bhfuil an E. coli ina phríomh-pathogen de\nan Enterobacteriaceae (coliform) teaghlach baictéir an duine, ainmhithe, ithreach agus uisce de\ntá go leor pathogens. Tá an teocht is fearr le paiteogainí daonna a fhás ag 35-37°C (95\n99°F). Ag an teocht is fearr, le cothaithigh chuí, déanann E. coli dúbailt gach 20 nóiméad.\nDá bhrí sin, i 3 uair an chloig agus 20 nóiméad, déanann colún amháin (1) de E. coli a chruthaíonn baictéir dúbailt gach 20 uair an chloig.\nBa cheart go mbeadh an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a chur ar fáil ar an mbord, a bheith ar fáil i gceart, agus a bheith ar fáil go hiomlán ar an mbord. Ceithre\nuair an chloig agus 40 nóiméad ina dhiaidh sin, bheadh na ceanglais Chlas B de 2 mhilliún E. coli in aghaidh an ghram\nthar a bheith. Ag deireadh 10 uair an chloig, go mbeadh baictéir amháin a mhéadú go 1 billiún, 073\nmilliún, 741 míle, 824 baictéir. Faoi dheireadh an uair an chloig 11, d'fhéadfadh an líon méadú go dtí 8\nbilliún, 589 milliún, 934 míle, 592 baictéir. Mar sin féin, sa domhan draíochta de sliog ní féidir linn ach\naonad amháin a bhfuil bunú coilíneachta (CFU) aige. Ní chomhaireamh an chuid eile de na baictéir.\nDe réir réamhrá de chuid 503, \"thuig an EPA go bhfuil úsáid coliform fecal leordhóthanach chun\na léiríonn go bhfuil orgánaigh pataigineacha i sliocht na dramhaíola.' \"Coliform Fecal roghnaíodh\n503 de chuid dheireanach an rialacháin toisc go bhfuil modh anailíse ann do choliform fecal agus\ntoisc go ndéantar anailís coiliform fecal go rialta ag oibríochtaí cóireála\". (FR, 58, vol. 32, l. 9348)\nI ríomhphost 2007, deir Mark Meckes ó EPA go bhfuil \"an grúpa coiliform fecal ina fho-thacar den iomlán\nTá an galar seo chomh maith leis an modh a úsáidtear chun é a bhrath. Tá na cinn seo roghnach\nBaictéir anaeróbach, gram-diúltach, neamh-sporing, slatchruthach a fhéadaíonn lachtós\n(meán EC go sonrach) le gás agus aigéad a bheith déanta laistigh de 24 uair ag 44.5°C\".\nIs é meán an AE an focal lárnach. Tagraíonn EC go sonrach do mheán cultúir a úsáidtear chun E a bhrath.\ncoli. De réir staidéir Perry agus Hajna, Further Evaluation of EC Medium for the Isolation of\nBa Bacteria Coliform agus Eschericbia coli, (1944), forbraíodh meán CE chun\nBaictéir coliform ag 37°C agus Escherichia coli ag 45.5°C. Deir siad, \"EC mheán a fuarthas\ngo bhfuil sé an-sonrach do Escherichia coli ag an teocht seo\".\nNí raibh an tástáil sonrach ach do 21,8% de na cultúir, áfach, maidir le E. coli cineál II. Sa staidéar 1958\nAn Grúpa Coliform II. Dúirt Geldreich, et al., \"Bhí\n5794 cultúr baictéir coiliform ó sholáthar uisce dromchla neamhchóireáilte de 14 gléasra cóireála\nscrúdaithe. As na 1358 E. coli a chuimsigh, léirigh 83. 7% d' imoibrithe dearfacha EC. Nuair a\nTá strains E. coli roinnte ina gcineálacha I agus II (féach tábla 1), tá céatadán na n-easnamh dearfach\nBhí na torthaí 92. 7 agus 21. 8 faoi seach. Bhí toradh 7.8% ag na 10 chineál IMViC eile\ntástálacha dearfacha do 4436 cultúr\". Tá na baictéir coliformí a chineálú ag ainm na dtástálacha IMViC:\nIndol, Methyl dearg, Voges Proskauer, agus Citrate. Tá níos mó ná dhá chineál E. coli ann.\nNí léiríonn E. coli 0157:H7 imoibriú dearfach sa tástáil, ach déanann sé tocsain shica marfach a tháirgeadh\nGné (STEC) a d'fhéach ar dtús i ráig Shigella i Meiriceá Láir. I dtrialach siar\nstaidéar, Iompórtáil Shiga Bacillus Dysentery isteach i California, taighdeoirí S. BENSON\nWERNER, M.D., RONALD R. ROBERTO, M.D., AGUS JAMES CHIN, M.D., Berkeley, a aithníodh 20\ncásanna den strain Shigella uathúil seo a tharla le linn ráig 1969/70.\nBhí an chéad chás E. coli 0157: H7 (oifigeach Cabhlaigh) a doiciméadaíodh le samplaí ag CDC i\nOakland, California i 1975. Bhí an chéad chuma eile nuair a chinntear go raibh E. coli 0157:\nD'ith tocsain H7 shiga na hamburgers Jack in the Box. Na hamburgers Jack in the Box\ngur thit roinnt céad duine tinn sa bhliain 1982, agus gur maraíodh ceathrar páistí. An Shigella\nBhí sé de dhíth ar an gcóras a bhí ag an ollscoil a scrúdú agus a mheasúnú.\ni 1986. Tugadh faoi deara go raibh Escherichia coli de sheroitíopaí éagsúla, Salmonella typhimurium, agus\nTáirgeann Vibrio choterae an tocsain freisin. Bhí taighdeoirí ag Walter Reed Ospidéal clónú an\ngéin a tháirgeann tocsain faoi 1987.\nD'admhaigh eolaithe luath an fhadhb leis an tástáil coliform fecal i 1963\nTuairisc ó na Seirbhísí Sláinte, TÍOMHÁIN SÁINNÍLÁIN COLIFORM agus COLIFORM FECAL\nORGANISMÍ I NÍOSUIR TÚRACH, \"Toisc nach bhfuil aon mhodh sásúil ar fáil faoi láthair le haghaidh\nchun orgánaigh coiliformí fecal a idirdhealú ó orgánaigh de bhunadh daonna agus ainmhithe eile, tá sé riachtanach\nmeasfar go léiríonn truailliú contúirteach gach orgánach coiliform fecal\". Ach, a fhios\ngo gcuireann an teocht tástála cosc ar fhás E. coli, in 2002, Baictéarúla Manual Anailíseach FDA\nLéiríonn anailís ar líne méadú ar theochlaíocht ó 35-37 ° C (95-99 ° F) go 45.5 ° C (113.9 ° F)\nle haghaidh tástála bia agus 44.5°C\". (i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna)\nAth-ainmníodh an tástáil seo mar coliform fecal.\nDe réir Ron et al, sa staidéar sin, Tá ráta fáis Escherichia coli ag\nTeochtaí: Cosc in-athraitheach ar Trans-Succinylase Homoserine (1971), \"The preceding\nLéirigh an t-ábhar seo go bhfuil an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a chur ar fáil, agus go bhfuil an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a chur ar fáil, ag an bpointe seo.\n40 go 45 C, agus i roinnt de na strains a ndearnadh tástáil orthu is é an chúis laghdú ar ghníomhaíocht na\ntras-succinylase homo-seirín. Tá sé léirithe anois go gcuireann na teochtaí seo cosc ar an einsím\ngo díreach, i n-eisceacht amh agus tar éis í a íonú go páirteach. Tá an éifeacht tapa agus tá sé láithreach\nathfhillteach, murab ionann agus athruithe forásacha agus mall-athfhillteacha denaturation traidisiúnta\".\nI 1974 nuair Gerald Berg, Ceann, Biological Methods Brainse de EPA's Náisiúnta\nChuir Ionad Taighde Comhshaoil i Cincinnati, Ohio rabhadh ar neamhleor an fecal\ntástáil coliform, cé go raibh sé ag ciallú go raibh strains pataigineacha E. coli nach raibh mar chuid de coliform fecal\n. . go deo . Dúirt sé:\nIs féidir le baictéir a bheith ag feictear i gclár na n-eipidéimí agus ní féidir le baictéir a bheith ag feictear i gclár na n-eipidéimí.\nTáscairí neamhbhríonna truaillithe fecal. Chun a bheith cinnte, léiríonn coliformí fecal sláinteachas\nIs féidir go bhfuil baictéir eile cosúil le coliformí fecal sa chaighdeán\ntástáil scagaire membrane. Ina theannta sin, d'fhéadfadh coliformí fécacha a mhéadú in uiscí ina bhfuil:\nBaictéir pataigineach agus is cinnte nach féidir víris. Agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh coliformí fecal\nscriosadh in uiscí atá truaillithe le dramhaíola tionsclaíocha áirithe - dramhaíola nach bhfuil\nIs cosúil go mbíonn tionchar ag an druga ar streptococci fecal agus b'fhéidir nach mbíonn tionchar aige ar víris freisin. Is léir go bhfuil sé ina\nTá sé tábhachtach córas táscaire baictéarach a fhorbairt a d'fhéadfadh a bheith in ann\ngo bhfuil difríocht chríochnaitheach idir orgánaigh féicleacha agus foirmeacha saoil shaor. (p. xii)\nDe réir Sheacht Físe Merck, \"tá baictéir atá dearfach le lactose ag táirgeadh coilíneachtaí buí-oráiste\nagus faoi na haloí buí membrane. Meastar go bhfuil líon na gcolún tipiciúil seo\nlíon baictéir coiliform a mheastar a bheith ann\". \"Meastar go bhfuil colúin atá diúltach óicsideasa\nbaictéir coilifhoirmeacha. Baictéir Coliform a chruthaíonn indól [gáis] ó thriptofan ag 44 ± 0,5 °C laistigh de\nMeastar go bhfuil 21 ± 3 uair an chloig E. coli\".\nNí fhaigheann E. coli bás go tapa ná go héasca. B'fhéidir nach bhfaigheann sé bás ar chor ar bith ach go bhfuil sé i stát codlata mar atá i\nbás chéim seasta agus freagairt ar shó teasa. De réir A. Eisenstark, et al, Cancer\nResearch Center, Columbia, MO, (1992) \"Nuair a shroicheann cealla Escherichia coli céim sheasmhach\nTá an t-ábhar seo ag cur le feithidí agus le feithidí eile. Cealla \"aosta\"\nd'fhéadfadh sé a bheith inmharthana i gcultúir ar feadh blianta. Mar shampla, bhí cultúir agar a stóráiltear ar feadh 38 bliain fós\nníos mó ná 10 ((5) [100,000] cealla inmharthana/ml. Mar sin féin, nuair a bhí mutants sonracha cultúrtha,\nThit líon na mutants seo go géar tar éis 4-10 lá. Tugtar \"Stáisiúnach-\nCéim-Death. \" Bhí gach strain mutant hipersensitive do radaíocht gar-ultraivialait agus do shraith eile\ngníomhairí ocsaídiúcháin. Catalase bovine shábháil go leor de na mutants ó bhás i dormancy,\n\"Tá sé le fios go bhfuil táirgí géineacha ar leith ag cosaint cealla\" aosta \"ag aghaidh damáiste ocsaídiúcháin\".\nDe réir Fritz Schöffl, et al, Universität Tübingen, (1999), \"Is é an fhreagra ar shó teasa\nathghníomh coimeádta cealla agus orgánaigh le teochtaí ard (scaoileadh teasa nó teas\n(féach an treoir). Cé go mbíonn damáiste ceallach agus bás cealla mar thoradh ar strus teasa tromchúiseach, déantar dáileoga sublethal de\ndéantar freagra ceallacha a spreagadh ag strus teasa, freagra an chróite-shog, a chosnaíonn cealla agus\n(b) a ligeann don ghinearóg a athbhunú go gnáth agus fisiceolaíoch\n\"Tá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear i measc na n-earraí a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a chur ar fáil, agus tá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a chur ar fáil, i measc na n-earraí a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a chur ar fáil\".\nSa pháipéar, Baictéir inmharthana ach neamh-chultúrtha: a dtionchar ar shláinte phoiblí, (2005)\nDeir Yogita N. Sardessai, Coláiste na Cógaisíochta Goa, an fhadhb:\nmeasúnuithe toisc go bhfuil go leor baictéir phaiteogain cosúil le Vibrio cholerae, Mycobacterium\nTá an t-ábhar seo a leanas in úsáid chun an táirge a tháirgeadh:\ntuairiscíodh go bhfuil coli ag dul isteach i stát VBNC as a bhfuil siad in ann filleadh ar an staid VBNC.\nstaid ionfhabhtaithe tar éis dó dul i mbainisteoirí ainmhithe. Léiríonn tuairiscí go bhfuil go leor daoine a d'fhéadfadh a bheith\nmaireachtáil baictéir díobhálach i gcóireáil agus maireachtáil i mbia phróiseáilte, bainne pasteurized,\nuisce óil agus san chomhshaol\".\n\"Tá na himpleachtaí a bhaineann le baictéir a bheith i riocht codlata gan a bheith le feiceáil i bhfad i gcéin. Chun\nMar shampla, measadh go raibh otitis mheán-chronúil resistant in aghaidh antaibheathach mar stéaróid steirile roimhe seo.\npróiseas athlastach. Ach tá a fhios anois go bhfuil baictéir atá frithsheasmhach in aghaidh antaibheathaigh i\nTá an t-ábhar seo ag cur le VEID agus le VEID-GHAOINNÍ. An athchóirithe tobann\nTá an t-easpa de thrioblóid i measc na ndaoine a bhfuil an t-easpa de thrioblóid acu.\nathbheochan cealla Mycobacterium VBNC7. \"\nDúirt James D. Oliver, Roinn Bithéolaíochta, Ollscoil Carolina Thuaidh ag Charlotte, 2005, \"Tá sé\nBhí glacadh le fada go raibh cealla baictéire marbh nuair nach raibh sé in ann fás ar\nmeáin chultúir ghnáthamh\". Mar sin féin, \"Ós rud é go bhfuil an páipéar bunaidh 1982 ó saotharlann Rita\nColwell (Xu et al., 1982) tá níos mó ná 400 páipéar le feiceáil a chuireann síos ar ghnéithe éagsúla den\nIs é an fhéiniúnaim is coitianta a dtugtar \" ach neamhchultúrtha (VBNC) stádas\"\nTá a fhios anois go dtéann pathogens, chomh maith le neamhpathogens, isteach sa stát codlata seo, agus tá a chuid\nTá sé tábhachtach go mbeadh baictéir i bhfeidhm i gcógas, i mbia-shlíniú, i dtáirgeadh fecal, agus i\nIs é an t-aon rud a bhaineann le héifeachtúlacht na n-earraí a úsáidtear chun an t-eagrán a scriosadh ná an t-eagrán a scriosadh.\nTá an t-athrú ar an gcineál is mó de na meáin shóisialta, mar a thugtar faoi deara, ag éirí níos soiléire. Ina theannta sin, \"tá roinnt staidéir tar éis a fháil amach go bhfuil\nIs féidir le próisis a mheastar go bhfuil siad baictéarithe i gnáth-thréimhse a bheith ina gcillíní\na bhfuil cónaí orthu i stát VBNC. Áirítear orthu sin cóireálacha mar phaisteoireacht bainne (m.sh.\nGunasekera et al., 2002) agus clóiríocht uisce sgudail (Oliver et al., 2005).' Ina theannta sin,\n\"Tá méadú leanúnach ar líon na speiceas a thuairiscítear a théann isteach i stát VBNC, le\nTá tuairisc déanta anois go bhfuil thart ar 60 duine ag léiriú an fhreagra fiseolaíoch seo. Áirítear go mór\nlíon na bpatógáin daonna, lena n-áirítear Campylobacter spp., E. coli (lena n-áirítear strains EHEC),\nFrancisella tularensis, Helicobacter pylori, Legionella pneumophila, Listeria monocytogenes,\nBacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, roinnt Salmonella agus Shigella spp.\nagus Vibrio cholerae, V. Parahaemolyticus, agus V. Vulnificus. \"\nFiú doiciméid EPA a dheimhniú go cé go mbeidh teas agus ceimiceáin a chur ar na baictéir a bheith\ninactivated, is staid shealadach é. Deir EPA i (Cuid 403.5 (b) (b)) go \"Teas os cionn 40 °C\n(104 °F) agus dé-infectaithe, cuirfidh siad moill ar ghníomhaíocht bhitheolaíoch nó cuirfidh siad deireadh léi, rud a fhágann go bhfuil baictéir áirithe ag\nTá an tástáil féin ag moill ar an gcúrsa, agus tá sé ag cur leis an gcúrsa a bheith inmharthana, ach ní féidir é a chothú trí mhodhanna caighdeánacha chothúcháin.\nfás E. coli agus cuireann sé deireadh le fás na dteaghlach Enterobacterriaceae eile a chuireann orthu\nchun a bheith inmharthana ach indetectable.\nAg an am céanna, ní ghlacfar leis an tástáil coilifime fecal na teaghlaigh paiteogain seo a leanas:\nCocsaí Gram-Dháthacha; 2) Cocsaí Aeróbach Gram-Dháthacha; 3) Baicli Aeróbach Gram-Dháthacha; 4)\nBacilí aeróbach gram-dónamhacha: Nonenterobacteriaceae Fermentative; 5) Bacilí aeróbach gram-dónamhacha\nBaicilli diúltach: Nonenterobacteriaceae Nonfermentative; 6) Aerobic Gram-Díúltach\nCoccobacilli Fastidiosa; 7) Mycoplasma (Organais cosúil le Pleuropneumonia [PPLO]); agus 8)\nTreponemataceae (Oigríonna Spíreálacha).\nIs iad seo an grúpa A streptococcal ionrach, Staphylococcus, MRSA, Clostridium, an chuid is mó de na\nBaictéir necrósacha (a itheann feoil), agus E. coli 0157 a tháinig chun bheith ina eipidéim. Tá sé chomh maith\nneamhaird a dhéanamh ar na víris mharfacha a fhaightear sa phobal mar ghrianghraif muc, adenoviruses, arenaviruses,\nVíreasí Herpes, víreasí paramyxov, víreasí papova cosúil le víreas Polyoma agus víreas Papillomas,\npicornavíris mar enteroviruses, Poliovirus, Coxsackievirus, Echovirus, agus heipitíteas A\nI mí Feabhra 2009, r-phost Richard Reding, EPA, Ceann, Innealtóireacht agus Tacaíocht Anailíseach\nBhí sé tábhachtach a thabhairt faoi deara go raibh an chuid is mó de E. coli inactivated trí theas agus go raibh laghdú nó deireadh curtha le baictéir eile de E. coli ag baint le baictéir eile.\nBaictéir den chineál céanna ón tástáil a bhí ag dearadh nuair a scríobh sé go bhfuil coliform fecal \"difríocht\nTá an-chuid de na táirgí atá ar fáil i dtír, go háirithe i dtír, a bhfuil an-chuid acu ar fáil i dtír eile. Dá bhrí sin,\n\"Níosghníomhaithe\" de réir dearaidh chun na baictéir sin nach féidir leo fás ag 44,5°C a dhíchur\nDe réir staidéir a rinneadh i mí Iúil 2007, léirítear go sonrach le tástáil coilifime fecal, leis an\nE. coli a chuireann cosc ar theochlaíocht teasa, ach amháin 0157. Strainsí ag fás i n-ól\nBhí, 1) 04 E. coli Uropathogenic, UPEC); 2) 025\nE. coli enterotoxigenic, ETEC); 3) 086 (E. coli enteropathogenic, EPEC); 4) 0103 (Shiga-toxin\nE. coli, STEC); 5) 0157 Shiga-toxin producing E. coli, STEC); 6) 08 Enterotoxigenic E.\nE. coli, ETEC); agus 7) 0113 Shiga-toxin producing E. coli, STEC).\nLéiríonn doiciméid CDC go bhfuil an dáileog ionfhabhtaithe le haghaidh E. coli measta go bhfuil ach 10-100 neamh-teas\nainmhithe a bhfuil strus orthu. Tá E. coli ag dúbailt gach 20 nóiméad, rud a chiallaíonn má tá tú ionfhabhtaithe le\nNí gá duit a bheith ag súil le haon bhaictéir amháin, i gceann 2 uair an chloig tá tú thar an gcéim ionfhabhtaithe.\nTá sé seo an-tábhachtach chun a chinntiú go bhfuil an t-ábhar a úsáidtear i gcóras E. coli a bhfuil an-tógsaineach agus go bhfuil sé in ann a bheith ina chóras cóireála.\ndiarrhea athlastaitheach folach, ag spreagadh siondróm uremic hemolytic (HUS). De réir na\nRoinn Sláinte Oklahoma, Campylobacter enterohemorrhagic, Shigella, Salmonella, agus\nD'fhéadfadh Yersinia siondróm uremic hemolytic (HUS) a chur faoi deara, galar a scriosann cealla dearga fola\nTá an galar seo ag cur le héifeachtúlacht na n-easpaí duáin, a théann i bhfeidhm go príomha ar leanaí. Ina theannta sin, de réir\n\"Ní bhíonn gach cás de HUS mar thoradh ar shiaka toxin; cé nach bhfuil sé coitianta, is\nIs féidir le roinnt ionfhabhtuithe víreasacha agus baictéaracha, chomh maith le roinnt ailse, HUS a chur ar bun\"\nle haghaidh íospartach HUS tá thart ar $ 100,000.00. Idir 8% de dhaoine a bhfuil HUS orthu a ndearnadh cóireáil orthu gan antaibheathaigh\nagus 50% a chóireáiltear le antaibheathaigh bás.\nDe réir Meridian Bioscience, tá ionfhabhtuithe STEC an-tromchúiseach toisc: 1) Antibiotics\nNí mór an t- oidis seo a leanas a úsáid:\n[syndrome] a fhorbairt i 56% de othair STEC a chóireáiltear le antaibheathaigh; 3) Ní fhorbraíonn HUS ach i\nNí bheidh 8% de othair STEC ag fáil antaibheathaigh; 4) 38% - 61% de othair le h-ionfhabhtú STEC ag fáil\n5), 5% - 10% de othair a bhfuil ionfhabhtú STEC acu a fhorbairt HUS; 6)\nFaigheann thart ar 10% de na daoine a bhfuil HUS orthu bás nó faill chothaitheach duáin; 7) 30% - 50% de na daoine a bhfuil HUS orthu, faill chothaitheach duáin.\nTá E. coli neamh-O157 mar chúis le gach ionfhabhtú STEC; 8) 50% de chásanna HUS mar thoradh ar neamh-O157\nO157 strains E. coli; 9) Ní fhaigheann cultúr SMAC leath de gach O157: H7 agus gach strain neamh-\nO157 strains of E. coli; agus 10) Is é costas cúraim ospidéil le haghaidh HUS amháin thart ar $ 100,000.\nIs é an réaltacht go bhfuil an rud amháin a chruthaíonn an tástáil coliform fecal go bhfuil a fhios nach bhfuil\nméid pathogens inmharthana i sliocht. Cé go bhféadfadh roinnt strains neamh-pathogenic a bheith ann, is é an\nTá bailiúchán de thart ar 60,000\nStrains E. coli, is iad na hiontrálacha cliniciúla an chuid is mó díobh. Níl aon smaoineamh ag aon duine cé mhéad nó cén cineál\nTá pathogens anaithnid agus inmharthana ach neamh-chultúrtha i slam agus in uisce athshlánaithe nuair a bhíonn an\nTá an t-am ar fad le haghaidh an tástála a dhéanamh ar an gcineál a bhfuil an t-am ar fad ag an gcineál a bhfuil an t-am ar fad ag an gcineál a bhfuil an t-am ar fad ag an gcineál.\nAn líon de na strains E. coli teas-fhulaingthe seo a mhaireann an teas agus a imoibríonn le CE\nMeánmhéid (ceathrú milliún CFU in aghaidh an gclár)\nIs éard atá i gceist le 1000 CFU in aghaidh an ghram - Classe A) a cheadaítear i mbotún ná toimhde matamaiticeacha\nbunaithe ar chairteanna agus grafaí de fhás bac le teas baictéir E. coli i sliocht agus an dlús\nan salainn a á n-athrú ó leacht go soladach iomlán. Tagraíonn an CFU do líon na\nTá baictéirí in ann a bheith i gclóiní baictéirí tar éis 24 uair an chloig. An Uimhir is Dóchúla a Úsáidtear\nIs é an líon a mheastar de bhaictéir bhunaidh a chuirtear sa tástáil 24 uair an chloig chun salainn a aicmiú\nníos luaithe. Ciallaíonn sé sin go ndéantar gach coilíneacht a chomhaireamh mar bhaictéir amháin ag tús an tástála. Tá sé sin\nBaineann an t-ábhar le baictéir atá ceangailte go daingean i bpíofilm. I gcás salainn Chlas B atá 56,000,000 E. coli\ncóilíneachtaí baictéir in aghaidh an uinse de dhramha nó 9,072,000,000 E. coli cóilíneachtaí baictéir in aghaidh an uinse de dhramha\npunt de sliog. Tar éis di a bheith faoi réir tuilleadh cóireála chun pathogens a laghdú le ceimiceach nó teas\ncóireáil le haghaidh salainn Chlas A atá 28,350 E. coli a chosc teas Colúin baictéir in aghaidh an ounce\n453,600 coilíneacht baictéir E. coli atá coscáilte ag teas in aghaidh an phunt de bithshlaghdaí salainn.\nI gcomparáid leis an líon is dóchúla de dhá go 10 Colúin E. coli in aghaidh an ghram (0.035273\noz) a cheadaítear in uisce snámha. Níl aon fhoráil ann chun uisce a chosaint ó bhaictéar a fháil\nTá an t-ábhar seo ag cur isteach ar an gcineál is mó de na fuíoll a thagann ó shuíomhanna salainn mar go bhfuil siad á mheas ag lucht forfheidhmithe an Chláir Glan\nNí féidir leis an Acht Uisce a bheith ina fhoinsí neamhphointe neamhrialta truaillithe.\nAg baint úsáide as an tástáil seo atá as dáta, déanann lucht tacaíochta úsáid na salainn a éileamh go léiríonn sé go bhfuil salainn na salainn salainn sábháilte le húsáid\nmar leasachán ar chothracha bia, ar thairseacha scoile agus ar do ghruaim má fhaightear ach cúpla baictéir. An\nIs é an fhadhb ná go gcuireann an tástáil teocht ard féin cosc nó stad ar fhás baictéir sa\nTá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a thástáil ag teochtaí gnáth, agus na paiteogain sa t-ábhar bunaidh ag fás go maith.\nNí thairgeann an tástáil seo aon chosaint ar thruailliú ár n-aer, soláthar bia, ól\nuisce, nó sláinte mar nach ndéileálann páirt 503 ach le laghdú paiteogain, ní le deireadh a chur leis. Is é seo\né a bhaint amach ag an tástáil féin mar a fuair muid amach nuair a bhí truaillithe ár bhfeirm le slam\nrunoff. Cuireadh é seo san alt Sludge Magic ag EPA). Lewis seiceáil leis an\nBhí na leibhéil coilíneach fecal íseal ach bhí leibhéil Salmonella agus E. coli íseal.\nard. Cé gur rinneadh roinnt tástálacha le haghaidh coliformí fecal, rinneadh an dá thástáil go sonrach le haghaidh E. coli agus\nIs iad na salmonella an ceann is tábhachtaí. Mar sin féin, ag an am ní raibh a thuiscint againn coliform fecal E.\nCoilí a bhfuil a fhás cosc ar a bhfuil an teocht tástála ard.\nNí fhaigheann baictéir bás ach toisc go ndearnadh cóireáil ar an sliog. Sa staidéar, tharla\nPathogens in Distribution and Marketing Municipal Sludges (1988) William A. Yanko, Contae\nTá sé de phribhléid ag an Aire Stáit, an tUachtarán, an tUachtarán, an tUachtarán, an tUachtarán, an tUachtarán, an tUachtarán, an tUachtarán, an tUachtarán, an tUachtarán, an tUachtarán.\ntáirgí. Rinneadh samplaí a ghlacadh uathu gach seachtain ar feadh bliana. Fuair sé \"méaduithe suntasacha i baictéir\nna pobail, lena n-áirítear salmóna, a tharla le linn táirgeadh iarbhír ithreach tráchtála\nTá an chóireáil ag cur le roinnt de na heintitis- ghalair a ionsú nó a chur isteach i\ncáithníní fecal le linn an phróisis chóireála. Is biofilms iad seo a choinníonn na cáithníní le chéile.\nAr an gcúis seo, sa staidéar \"Survival of pathogenic microorganisms and parasite in extreta,\n\"Tá an t-ábhar i gceist le haghaidh an chothaithe agus le haghaidh an chothaithe\" (1991) D. Strauch, Institiúid Leigheas agus Sláinte ainmhithe,\n\"Tá sé tábhachtach go mbeadh an t-ábhar a úsáidtear i dtráchtáil agus i dtráchtáil a bheith ar fáil go saor in aisce\".\nIs é an t-easpa sin ná go bhfuil an t-easpa sin ina riosca don gheilleagar náisiúnta ar fad\".\nTar éis athbhreithniú a dhéanamh ar an riail sliog agus tuarascálacha saotharlainne ón bhfeirm, ár n-EPA féin David Lewis\na thug rabhadh faoi na contúirtí do shláinte phoiblí ó mhaireachtáil baictéarach ar fheirmeacha san alt Sludge\nMaighdiúireacht ag an EPA (1999). Dúirt sé, \"an Riail Sludge maidir le dramhaíl chathrach a chur ar thalamh (40\nCFR Páirt 503) a foilsíodh i 1993 b'fhéidir gurb é an gníomh is neamhshláintiúla ó thaobh eolaíochta a rinne an tAontas Eorpach riamh\nan ghníomhaireacht. Ní gá go mbeadh an riail sin cosanta, ach i ndáiríre tá sé ina bhagairt ar shláinte phoiblí agus ar an\nLewis et al, a d'fhoilsigh an baol do shláinte phoiblí ó mhicrea-orgánaigh sa staidéar,\nDéantar an t-athrú seo a chur i bhfeidhm ar an gcóras um measúnú a dhéantar ar an gcóras um measúnú a dhéantar ar an gcóras um measúnú a dhéantar ar an gcóras um measúnú a dhéantar ar an gcóras um measúnú a dhéantar ar an gcóras um measúnú a dhéantar ar an gcóras.\n(2002) a chur i bhfeidhm. David L Lewis, David K Gattie, Marc E Novak, Susan Sanchez agus Charles\nPumphrey. Fuair siad, \"Bhí cónaitheoirí a raibh tionchar acu ina gcónaí laistigh de thart ar 1 km de iarratas talún\nna suíomhanna agus go ginearálta gearán faoi irritation (e. g. rashes craiceann agus dóiteán na súl,\nagus scamhóga) tar éis dóibh a bheith nochtaithe do ghaoithe a bhí ag bualadh ó chúrsaí cóireála. Tá an Staphylococcus i réim\nBhí ionfhabhtuithe craiceann agus na gcosna haeráide ag an gcineál seo. Beagnach 1 as 4 as 54\nBhí daoine ionfhabhtaithe, lena n-áirítear 2 bhás (septicemia, nimhiú).\nSuirbhé féin-aithris eitleolaíoch 2007 ar chomharsana in aice le suíomh biosaidí Ohio (sladha) ag\nnocht taighdeoirí ó Ollscoil Toledo fadhbanna sláinte iomarcacha. An Sláinte\nSuirbhé ar Thithis a Dhéanann cónaí in aice le Feirmeacha a Cheadaítear a fháil Biosolids (2007), Sadik\nKhuder, PhD; Sheryl A. Milz, PhD; Michael Bisesi, PhD; Robert Vincent, PhD; Wendy McNulty,\nMS; Kevin Czajkowski, PhD, fuair sé amach go raibh, \"Réitigh na torthaí go raibh roinnt\nBhí na comharthaí ard go suntasach go staidrimh i measc na cónaitheoirí nochtaithe, lena n-áirítear\nséalaithe ró-mhór de na deora, bloating boilg, jaundice, ulcer craiceann, díhiodráitiú, meáchain caillteanas,\nagus lagú ginearálta. Is minic a thuairiscítear go bhfuil bronchitis,\nBhí méadú suntasach staidrimh ar ionfhabhtuithe, ar ionfhabhtuithe agus ar giardiasis freisin. Tugann na torthaí le fios go bhfuil\nriosca méadaithe do ghalair riospráide, gastrointestinal agus galair eile i measc cónaitheoirí\nag maireachtáil in aice le páirceanna feirmeacha ar a gceadaíodh úsáid biosaidlí a úsáid\". Tá an ceadú go léir bunaithe\nar thástáil coilifime fecal ag dul ar ais go 1904\nTá an tástáil coiliform fecal a úsáidtear mar tháscaire le haghaidh truailliú fecal bia agus uisce\nní chosnaíonn sé feirmeoirí agus an pobal i gcoitinne ó bhaictéir mharfacha, víris, féaráin,\nprotozoa nó feongal a fhaightear i slam, ábhar fecal. Tagraíonn coliform fecal do chomhalta amháin den\nteaghlach coliform (Enterobacteriaceae) -- cineálacha tearma-fhulaingthe de E. coli, ach ní áirítear leis sin\nE. coli 0157: H7 . Ní thugann an tástáil seo aon chosaint ar shláinte an phobail bunaithe ar na fíricí seo a leanas: 1)\n2) Cuimsíonn coliform fecal thermotolerant\ngo leor strains pataigineacha de E. coli agus baictéir den chineál céanna agus gach strain eile inmharthana ach\nBaictéir aeróbach agus roghacha neamhchultúrtha a thriomann ag teocht gnáth; 3) tá E. coli\nan coliform bunscoile atá resistant in aghaidh neamhghníomhaithe teasa agus nach léiríonn an tástáil go bhfuil resistant teasa\n4) déanann biofilms pathogens a cheangal go daingean le chéile i gcáithníní salainn ag cur go bhfuil siad\n5) d'fhéadfadh teas, ceimiceáin nó drugaí damáiste a dhéanamh do chuid de DNA E. coli ag cur leis\nbheith neamhghníomhach (be nonculturable-nondetectable) trí mhodhanna cultúrtha caighdeánacha - ach a bheith\n6) tá cealla codlata, ach inmharthana E. coli tar éis maireachtáil i\nstóráil ar feadh 38 bliain; 7) ní léiríonn an tástáil víris agus paraisítí; agus 8) baictéir agus\nDéanann víris géiní a mhalartú le linn an phróisis chóireála fuíolluisce ag cruthú níos cumhachtaí\nstrains pathogens atá frithsheasmhach in aghaidh antaibheathaigh.\nTá sláinte an phobail faoi bhagairt, tá feirmeacha agus gnóthaí gaolmhara damáiste nó scriosadh,\ntá uisce dromchla agus talamh-uisce truaillithe, tá ainmhithe agus daoine tinn, marbh agus/nó ag fáil bháis\nbunaithe ar thástáil coilíneach fecal 105 bliain d'aois a léiríonn go bhfuil salainn dramhaíola truaillithe le paiteogain\nTá an t-ábhar seo á chur ar fáil mar leasachán nó mar fheabhsú talún. Bunaithe ar dhá bhliain fiche de thaighde, tá\nNíl aon mhodh eolaíoch nó bainistíochta ann faoi láthair a ligfeadh úsáid salainn nó\nuisce athshlánaithe ar oibríochtaí feirmeoireachta dlisteanacha ar chúis ar bith nó ar mhaithe le haon chuspóir phoiblí eile.\nCabhair do MISÍONTÍ SEABAÍ\nNeamhbhrabúis Stáit Washington"} {"text": "Tasks to “Kill a mocking bird” The novel “To kill a mockingbird“­ shows issues like prejudice and racism against black people. The lawyer Atticus has to advocate Tom Robinson, who is accused of raping a white woman. Although he is innocent, Tom Robinson is found guilty. Then\nto analyse a newspaper article Introduction: What is the title of the article? What kind of article is it? Who wrote it and where was it published? What kind of newspaper is that? What is the topic of the article? What is the article about? (summary of important aspects – concentrate on the aspects\nCommentary A Family Supper by Kazuo Ishiguro A Family Supper, by Kazuo Ishiguro, is a short story that begins with the son of a Japanese family returning to Japan to meet his family. After hearing about his mother and dad’s business partner’s death, his sister and him talk and catch up, and they have\nThe Bird by Patrick Lane\nIn The Bird by Patrick Lane, someone has caged a bird in their hands so they can learn its ability to fly.\nHowever, the bird has died from being held in captivity. At first glance, the poem seems like a protest against animal cruelty. However, through clever symbolism, metaphors, structure and diction, Lane expresses the urgent need to end all cages.\nThe poem’s main message is that only words can give you freedom the same way that feathers give birds freedom of flight.\nThere is no restriction on what you write or say; anything in your mind can become free through your words. Patrick Lane cleverly represents this message by the way he wrote his poem: free verse. In free verse, there are no rules to follow: you can make up your own words, create your own rhythm, throw away any knowledge about grammar, and choose words that won't necessarily make sense in normal speech or prose.\nFor example, experts handle birds of prey to hunt, to teach, to care for the injured and many more. By using three words with varying degrees of cruelty, the poet shows us that taking away someone's freedom can occur by any action, even if it is peaceful. To enforce this idea, Patrick Lane uses the harsh sounds of cacophony and the peaceful sounds of euphony to represent the amount of violence.\nIn “captured” and “cage”, the hard “c” sound is very harsh and gives the impression of killing. On the other hand, “handle” .....", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04", "url": "https://swopdoc.com/a-commentary-on-the-bird-by-patrick-lane.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583657867.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20190116195543-20190116221543-00309.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9744059443, "token_count": 529, "score": 3.625, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Tasks to Kill a mockingbird Léiríonn an úrscéal To kill a mockingbird saincheisteanna cosúil le claontacht agus ciníochas i gcoinne daoine dubha. Tá an t-aighneoir Atticus chun Tom Robinson a abhcóide, a bhfuil cúisithe ag éalú bean bán. Cé go bhfuil sé neamhchiontach, faightear Tom Robinson ciontach. Ansin\nchun alt nuachtáin a anailísiú Réamhrá: Cad é teideal an ailt? Cén cineál alt é? Cé a scríobh é agus cá foilsíodh é? Cén cineál nuachtán é sin? Cad é ábhar an ailt? Cad é ábhar an ailt? (sgealltacht na ngnéithe tábhachtacha díriú ar na gnéithe\nComharsáid A Dinner Family, de Kazuo Ishiguro A Dinner Family, de Kazuo Ishiguro, is scéal gearr é a thosaíonn le mac teaghlaigh Seapánach ag filleadh ar an tSeapáin chun freastal ar a theaghlach. Tar éis dó a chloisteáil faoi a mháthair agus a athair's comhpháirtí gnó's bás, a deirfiúr agus dó labhairt agus teacht suas, agus tá siad\nAn Éan ag Patrick Lane\nI The Bird le Patrick Lane, tá éan cageithe ag duine éigin ina lámha ionas gur féidir leo a chumas eitilt a fhoghlaim.\nMar sin féin, tá an éan marbh ó bheith i bpríosún. Ar an gcéad amharc, is cosúil go bhfuil an dán agóid i gcoinne cruálacht ainmhithe. Ach, trí shiombalachas cliste, maitéaracha, struchtúr agus díoc, léiríonn Lane an gá práinneach le deireadh a chur le gach cage.\nIs é príomhtheachtaireacht an dán ná nach féidir ach le focail saoirse a thabhairt duit ar an mbealach céanna a thugann plúir saoirse eitilte do éan.\nNíl aon srianta ar an méid a scríobhann tú nó a deir tú; is féidir le haon rud atá i do cheann a bheith saor trí do chuid focal. Léiríonn Patrick Lane an teachtaireacht seo go cliste leis an mbealach a scríobh sé a chuid filíochta: véarsa saor. Sa vers saor, níl aon rialacha le leanúint: is féidir leat do chuid focal féin a dhéanamh, do rithim féin a chruthú, aon eolas faoi ghramadach a chaitheamh amach, agus focail a roghnú nach mbeidh ciall acu i gcaint nó próis ghnáth.\nMar shampla, déanann saineolaithe teagmháil le héin féar chun fiach a fháil, chun teagasc a thabhairt, chun aire a thabhairt do na daoine gortaithe agus go leor eile. Trí thrí fhocal a úsáid a bhfuil céimeanna éagsúla cruálachta acu, léiríonn an filí dúinn gur féidir saoirse duine a bhaint as aon ghníomh, fiú má tá sé síochánta. Chun an smaoineamh seo a fhorfheidhmiú, úsáideann Patrick Lane fuaimeanna garbh cacophony agus fuaimeanna síochánta euphony chun an méid foréigin a léiriú.\nI captured agus cage, tá an fhuaim c an-chrua agus tugann sé an tuiscint go bhfuil sé ag marú. Ar an láimh eile, handle ....."} {"text": "When we talk about agriculture, the first thing that comes to mind is growing crops or raising livestock on land to cover our basic needs. However, there is another category of agriculture that deals with the rearing of aquatic animals or the cultivation of aquatic plants for food: aquaculture.\nFor those who want to try their luck out in farming in the waters by dabbling in aquaculture, here are a few articles on the topic to get you inspired or informed about how it works:\nTo start, an engineer set up a spirulina farm to share its health benefits which he enjoyed himself.\nThere have been several concerns in the tilapia industry that bothered. Both the government and private shareholders have taken steps to create a more sustainable production system.\nOne trick that tilapia farmers discovered is how to produce more tilapia spawn. This simple method is developed to help increase the supply of fingerlings and meet the increasing demands of the tilapia industry.\nApart from relying on fishing as their only means of income, several fishing communities also craft fishing traps to for a more sustainable approach on fishing.\nDespite the contributions of local fisheries, stakeholders are calling upon the government for the establishment of an agency that focuses on the conservation and development of the country’s marine resources.\nThese are only some of the articles published on the site that are related to fisheries and aquaculture. For more articles stories related to agriculture, stay tuned to agriculture.com.ph", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "url": "https://www.agriculture.com.ph/2020/01/08/2020-guide-to-fishing-and-agriculture/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363216.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20211205191620-20211205221620-00461.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9598333836, "token_count": 301, "score": 2.8125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Nuair a labhraímid faoi fheirmeoireacht, is é an chéad rud a thagann chun cuimhne ná barra a fhás nó feirmeoireacht a chothú ar an talamh chun ár riachtanais bhunúsacha a chlúdach. Mar sin féin, tá catagóir eile talmhaíochta ann a bhaineann le hainmhithe uisceacha a chothú nó plandaí uisceacha a chothú le haghaidh bia: uisceachas.\nI gcás na ndaoine sin ar mian leo a gcuid luck a thriail amach i feirmeoireacht in uisce trí dabbling i dobharshaothraithe, anseo tá cúpla alt ar an ábhar a fháil tú spreagtha nó ar an eolas faoi conas a oibríonn sé:\nChun tús a chur leis, bhunaigh innealtóir feirm spirulina chun a chuid buntáistí sláinte a roinnt a raibh taitneamh aige féin.\nBhí roinnt imní ann i dtionscal tilapia a chuir isteach. Tá bearta déanta ag an rialtas agus ag scairshealbhóirí príobháideacha araon chun córas táirgthe níos inbhuanaithe a chruthú.\nTá cleas amháin a fuair feirmeoirí tilapia amach conas níos mó spawn tilapia a tháirgeadh. Forbraíodh an modh simplí seo chun cuidiú leis an soláthar fingerlings a mhéadú agus freastal ar éilimh mhéadaithe an tionscail tilapia.\nChomh maith le bheith ag brath ar iascaireacht mar a n-aon bhealach ioncaim, déanann roinnt pobail iascaireachta gaistí iascaireachta a dhéanamh le cur chuige níos inbhuanaithe maidir le iascaireacht.\nIn ainneoin na ranníocaíochtaí a dhéanann iascaigh áitiúla, tá geallsealbhóirí ag iarraidh ar an rialtas gníomhaireacht a bhunú a dhíríonn ar chaomhnú agus forbairt acmhainní muirí na tíre.\nNíl anseo ach cuid de na hailt a foilsítear ar an suíomh a bhaineann le hiascaireacht agus dobharshaothraithe. Le haghaidh níos mó alt agus scéalta a bhaineann leis an talmhaíocht, fan ag faire ar agriculture.com.ph"} {"text": "U.S. activists have worked tirelessly to ensure that the endangered sea turtles have places to live, eat and breed, and now there’s good news – all of that effort has indeed helped the turtles. A new study shows that green sea turtles are using and thriving in ocean habitats that have been specifically protected for their use.\nResearchers at the U.S. Geological Survey attached satellite tags to sea turtles while they nested in Dry Tortugas National Park in order to monitor their activity in the ocean. By mapping their subsequent locations, the experts were able to confirm that the green turtles were spending significant amounts of time in preserved areas.\nSince sea turtles migrate in the open ocean, there has always been concern over whether the turtles even utilize the protected areas environmental groups have fought to maintain. Considering the amount of time and resources devoted to these projects, it is important to know that the sea turtles are actually benefiting from these preserved areas. The new study finally confirms that the efforts of wildlife groups have not been in vain.\n“We are thrilled to find that these turtles used some areas already under ‘protected’ status,” said Kristen Hart, lead researcher. “Given that worldwide declines in seagrass – one of the most important habitats they rely on for food – has already been documented, this type of data is critical.”\nIn addition to protected sea grass areas, the monitoring devices show that sea turtles also spend time around eroding coral reefs. This knowledge will help organizations to know which types of areas to protect on behalf of the green sea turtle in the future.\nSome of these areas earned their protected status in court. In 2011, the National Wildlife Federation and Florida Wildlife Federation fought against new development in areas that sea turtles frequent. As a result, an environmental assessment must be performed before permitting a business starts construction on the Florida coast.\nIt’s not only the ocean habitats that have been crucial to the sea turtle’s survival. Two years ago, research also demonstrated that protecting endangered sea turtles’ nesting areas was also responsible for population growth.\nWith 90 percent of the country’s sea turtle population residing around Florida, the efforts to protect these turtles will be concentrated in this region. Hopefully, with the positive findings from this latest study, additional areas will be protected to bring back green sea turtles from their endangered status.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-26", "url": "http://www.care2.com/causes/if-you-build-turtles-a-home-will-they-live-in-it.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00162-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9551330209, "token_count": 483, "score": 3.546875, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Tá gníomhaithe sna Stáit Aontaithe ag obair gan staonadh chun a chinntiú go bhfuil áiteanna ag na turtar farraigeacha chun maireachtáil, ithe agus breeding, agus anois tá dea-scéal ann - tá an iarracht sin go léir tar éis cabhrú leis na turtar. Léiríonn staidéar nua go bhfuil turtar glas na farraige ag úsáid agus ag rathú i gnáthóga farraige a bhí cosanta go sonrach dá n-úsáid.\nChuir taighdeoirí ag Suirbhéireacht Geolaíochta na Stát Aontaithe lipéid satailíte ar thorthaí farraige agus iad ag neadaíocht i bPáirc Náisiúnta Dry Tortugas chun faireachán a dhéanamh ar a ngníomhaíocht san aigéan. Trí léarscáileanna a dhéanamh ar a n-áitritheoirí ina dhiaidh sin, bhí na saineolaithe in ann a dhearbhú go raibh na turtar glas ag caitheamh cuid mhaith ama i limistéir chaomhnaithe.\nÓs rud é go n-imíonn turtar farraige san aigéan oscailte, bhí imní ann i gcónaí an úsáideann na turtar fiú na limistéir chosanta a throid grúpaí comhshaoil chun a choimeád. Ag féachaint don mhéid ama agus acmhainní a chuirtear ar fáil do na tionscadail seo, tá sé tábhachtach a fhios a bheith agat go bhfuil na turtar farraige ag baint tairbhe i ndáiríre as na limistéir chaomhnaithe seo. Deimhníonn an staidéar nua go deireanach nach raibh iarrachtaí grúpaí fiadhúlra ar neamh.\n\"Táimid thar a bheith sásta go ndearna na clóis seo úsáid as roinnt limistéir atá faoi stádas caomhnaithe cheana féin\", a dúirt Kristen Hart, an taighdeoir ceannaire. De réir mar a dhéantar laghdú ar fud an domhain ar an nglasra ar cheann de na háitritheoirí is tábhachtaí a mbraitheann siad orthu mar bhia a dhoiciméadú cheana féin, tá an cineál sonraí seo ríthábhachtach.\nChomh maith le limistéir ghrása farraige cosanta, léiríonn na feistí faireacháin go gcaitheann na cnámha farraige am freisin timpeall ar chraobhanna corail atá ag creimeadh. Cabhróidh an t-eolas seo le heagraíochtaí a fháil amach cén cineál limistéar atá le cosaint thar ceann na turtar farraige glas sa todhchaí.\nFuair cuid de na ceantair seo a stádas cosanta sa chúirt. Sa bhliain 2011, throid an Chónaidhm Náisiúnta Fiadhúlra agus Chónaidhm Fiadhúlra Florida i gcoinne forbairt nua i gceantair a mbíonn turtar farraige go minic. Mar thoradh air sin, ní mór measúnú comhshaoil a dhéanamh sula gceadaítear gnó a thosú ar thósta Florida.\nNí hamháin na háitritheoirí aigéin a bhí ríthábhachtach d'fhanas na turtar farraige. D'fhiafraigh an tAire de go raibh an t-ionsaí seo ag cur leis an ngéarchéim a bhaineann le héisc agus le heacnamaíocht na tíre.\nLe 90 faoin gcéad de phobal turtar farraige na tíre ina gcónaí timpeall Florida, beidh na hiarrachtaí chun na turtar seo a chosaint dírithe ar an réigiún seo. Tá súil againn, leis na torthaí dearfacha ón staidéar is déanaí seo, go ndéanfar limistéir bhreise a chosaint chun na turtaí mara glas a thabhairt ar ais óna stádas i mbaol."} {"text": "The regional capital and Sicily's largest city\nOn the north coast of Sicily, Palermo is set in the fertile valley of Conca d’Oro and surrounded by the surrounded by steep limestone mountain of Monte Pellegrino, with houses climbing up the hillsides.\nThe old city retains its medieval street plan with narrow streets and alley ways with gently mouldering Palazzi. The city was badly bombed in the Second World War and was a hot bed of organised crime (the Mafia) in the C20th. It is slow to recover from lack of investment.\nThe area has been settled for 3000 years and the different waves of settlers have all left their mark. It started as a Phoenician port coming under the control of Carthage and then the Romans. It was taken by the Arabs in 831AD. The city flourished, becoming a centre for Islamic culture with the Christian basilicas becoming mosques. The red domes now seen on many churches are typical of Arab architecture.\nThe Normans invaded in 1072 and Palermo became the capital of the Kingdom of Sicily and their seat of power. The Norman rulers encouraged the Arabs and other residents to remain and Sicily rapidly became one of the wealthiest states in Europe. It was famed for the wealth of its court and also its learning. The Palazzo dei Normanni, the Cappella Palatina and the Cathedral date from these times. Norman rule came to an end after the death of William II in 1189 and there was a long period of political struggles with the island passing through a series of different hands, eventually coming under Spanish control. Most of the buildings in the city date from a major rebuilding in the C16th and C17th. It has traditionally been a city of rich churches, endowed by the island’s ruling families and wealthy monastic orders.\nThe population declined during the C19th and Palermo lost its importance. it eventually became part of Italy in 1861 under Garibaldi. Palermo flourished for a while with the building of Art Nouveau villas round the old city.\nMuch of the harbour and surrounding area was heavily bombed by the Allies in 1943. Over 70 churches were destroyed and much of the medieval town was left in ruins. Money to rebuild has been slow to arrive and much was siphoned off by the Mafia or dubious business men. After a series of high profile assassinations in the 1990s the city authorities have taken action to ‘clean up’ the city. Many leading members of the Mafia have been arrested and contracts are no longer given to companies with links to organised crime. The city is slowly recovering and old buildings being renovated. Some of the old facades have been kept with modern buildings behind.\nPalermo is a city to be explored on foot. Quattro Canti dates from the C17th reconstruction of the city and is the major road junction in the centre of the old city and surrounded by once splendid Baroque buildings. The statues on the buildings were commissioned in 1611 and depict the seasons, patron saints of the old town and Spanish Kings\nThe four main streets running off divide the city into quarters. Originally there was little contact between the quarters and the inhabitants had their own dialects, trades, and markets. A maze of narrow streets and alleyways run off these to make up the old town.\nClose to Quattro Canti is the Piazza Pretoria with its Pretoria fountain. Dating from the C16th, this was originally made for the garden of a Florentine villa before being sold to the city of Palermo. It was reassembled in front of the City Hall. With its sixteen nude statues of nymphs, tritons and river gods, mermaids and satyrs, it has been nicknamed the Fountain of Shame.\nWe spent a morning in Palermo on an eight day trip to Sicily with Riveira Travel, which hardly gave me time to scratch the surface. Knowing that the Palazzo dei Normanni (now the seat of the Regional Government) and the Cappella Palatina with its beautiful gold mosaics tend to be busy with very long queues, I decided to give these a miss and concentrate of the cathedral\nand some of the many churches scattered round the old city.\nThe CHURCH of LA MARTORANA (Santa Maria dell’ Ammiraglio), on Piazza Bellini is a stunning church and well worth the €3 entry. It was built as a Greek Orthodox church in the early C12th. It is one of the finest surviving medieval buildings in the city with the inside covered with stunning mosaics of the highest quality which glow golden in the light. In the C15th the church passed to an order of Benedictine Nuns who were responsible for adding the C16th Baroque frontage and removed many of the mosaics, replacing them with frescoes. The chancel area is pure Baroque with walls covered with white sculpted plaster. The tabernacle is resplendent with deep blue lapis luzuli inlay.\nThe CHURCH OF ST MARY OF GESU is one of the most important Baroque churches in Palermo. Tucked away in the network of narrow streets and alleyways between Via Vittorio Emanuele and Via Maqueda, it is well worth finding. It was the first church to be built in Sicily by the Jesuits and dates from the late C16th. The glorious C17th Baroque interior has been magnificently restored after bomb damage in the Second World War, which destroyed the dome, surrounding walls and the paintings in the chancel and transepts. Every surface of the inside is covered with marble, stucco reliefs and paintings.\nThe ORATORIO DEL ROSARIO DI SAN DOMINICO tucked away behind the larger (and rather uninspiring church of St Domenico) was founded at the end of the C16th by the Knights of Malta and is still maintained by them. The outside is very uninspiring but the inside contains some of the best Baroque work in Palermo. The white and gold painted walls are covered with stucco, paintings and statues of the Christian virtues modelled on fashionable society ladies. Don’t miss the van Dyke painting above the altar.\nThere are lots more pictures here.\nThis review is solely based on the opinion of a Silver Travel Advisor member and not of Silver Travel Advisor Ltd.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09", "url": "https://www.silvertraveladvisor.com/review/place/193487", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247486480.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20190218114622-20190218140622-00637.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9710291028, "token_count": 1351, "score": 2.859375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "An príomhchathair réigiúnach agus an chathair is mó sa tSicil\nAr chósta thuaidh na Sicíle, tá Palermo suite i ghleann torthúil Conca d'Oro agus timpeallaithe ag sliabh carraigí cnámh ar Monte Pellegrino, le tithe ag dul suas ar na cnoic.\nCoinníonn an sean-chathair a phlean sráide meánaoiseach le sráideanna caol agus bealaí alley le Palazzi a bhfuil moulding éadrom orthu. Bhí an chathair buamáilte go dona sa Dara Cogadh Domhanda agus bhí sé ina leaba te d'fhéile eagraithe (an Mafia) sa 20ú haois. Tá sé mall a ghnóthú ó easpa infheistíochta.\nTá an limistéar socraithe le 3000 bliain agus tá a gcuid marc fágtha ag na tonnta éagsúla socraitheoirí. Thosaigh sé mar chalafort Phoenician ag teacht faoi rialú Carthage agus ansin na Rómhánaigh. Thóg na hÁrabaigh é i 831AD. Bhí rath ar an gcathair, agus tháinig sí ina lárionad don chultúr Ioslamach agus na basilicas Críostaí ina moscaí. Tá na doms dearga a fheictear anois ar go leor eaglaisí tipiciúil d'ailtireacht Arabach.\nTháinig na Normannach isteach i 1072 agus tháinig Palermo ina phríomhchathair ar Ríocht na Sicile agus ina suíochán cumhachta. Spreag na ceannairí Normannach na hArábánaigh agus cónaitheoirí eile chun fanacht agus tháinig an tSicil go tapa ar cheann de na stáit is saibhre san Eoraip. Bhí cáil air mar gheall ar shaibhreas a chúirte agus ar a chuid eolais freisin. Is as na hamanna seo a thagann Palazzo dei Normanni, an Cappella Palatina agus an Ardeaglais. Tháinig deireadh le rialú Normannach tar éis bháis Uilleam II i 1189 agus bhí tréimhse fhada de streachailtí polaitiúla ann leis an oileán ag dul trí shraith lámha éagsúla, ag teacht faoi smacht na Spáinne sa deireadh. Tá an chuid is mó de na foirgnimh sa chathair ó atógáil mhór sa 16ú agus sa 17ú haois. Go traidisiúnta, is cathair é seo de eaglaisí saibhre, a thug teaghlaigh rialaithe an oileáin agus orduithe monacha saibhre dó.\nThit an daonra le linn an 19ú haois agus chaill Palermo a thábhacht. Tháinig sé mar chuid d'Iodáil sa deireadh i 1861 faoi Garibaldi. Bhí rath ar Palermo ar feadh tamaill le foirgneamh na Villas Art Nouveau timpeall an chathracha.\nBhí an chuid is mó den chalafort agus an limistéar timpeall air buamáil go mór ag na Comhghuaillithe i 1943. D'fhulaing níos mó ná 70 eaglais agus d'fhág cuid mhór den bhaile meánaoiseach ina bhróga. Bhí sé mall an t-airgead a chur ar fáil chun an teach a atógáil agus bhí an chuid is mó de na hairgead sin curtha ar ceal ag an Mafia nó ag lucht gnó amhrasach. Tar éis sraith dúnmharaithe ardphróifíle sna 1990idí, rinne údaráis na cathrach gníomh chun an chathair a \"glanadh\". Tá go leor de na príomh-airí an Mafia gabhadh agus ní thugtar conarthaí a thuilleadh do chuideachtaí a bhfuil naisc acu le coireacht eagraithe. Tá an chathair ag teacht ar ais go mall agus tá sean-fhoirgnimh á n-athchóiriú. Tá cuid de na sean-chomhchomhchomhartha á gcur i gcéin le foirgnimh nua-aimseartha ina dhiaidh.\nIs cathair í Palermo a bhfuil sé le iniúchadh ar shiúl. Tá Quattro Canti ó athchóiriú an 17ú haois an bhaile agus is é an príomh-chruinniú bóthair i lár na cathrach d'aois agus timpeallaithe ag foirgnimh barócacha a bhí iontach uair amháin. Coimisiúnaíodh na deilbh ar na foirgnimh i 1611 agus léiríonn siad na séasúir, na naoimh chaomhnóra an chathracha d'aois agus Rí na Spáinne\nRoinneann na ceithre phríomhshráid a ritheann amach an chathair ina gceathrú. Ar dtús ní raibh mórán teagmhála idir na ceathracha agus bhí a gcuid diailéic féin, ceirdeanna agus margaí ag na háitritheoirí. Tá labyrinth de shráideanna caol agus sráideanna ag rith amach as seo chun an seanbhaile a dhéanamh suas.\nIn aice le Quattro Canti tá an Piazza Pretoria lena bhuntáiste Pretoria. Ag dul siar ón 16ú haois, rinneadh é seo ar dtús le haghaidh gairdín villa Florentine sula ndíoladh é chuig cathair Palermo. Bhí sé athchruinnithe os comhair Halla na Cathrach. Le sé de naoi gcúig deilbh nude de nymphs, tritons agus déithe abhainn, mermaids agus satyrs, tá sé ar a dtugtar an Fountain of Shame.\nChaith muid maidin i Palermo ar thuras ocht lá go Sicilia le Riveira Travel, rud a thug go leor ama dom an dromchla a scratchadh. Agus a fhios agam go mbíonn Palazzo dei Normanni (an t-áit ina bhfuil an Rialtas Réigiúnach anois) agus an Cappella Palatina lena mósaicí órga álainn gnách go mbíonn siad gnóthach le línte an-fhada, shocraigh mé na cinn seo a chailleadh agus díriú ar an gcathedral\nagus roinnt de na heaglaisí go leor scaipthe timpeall an chathair d'aois.\nIS IS Eaglais iontach í Eaglais La Martorana (Santa Maria dell'Ammiraglio), ar Piazza Bellini agus is fiú an €3 a gheobhaidh tú isteach ann. Tógadh é mar eaglais Cheartach Gréagach go luath sa 12ú haois. Tá sé ar cheann de na foirgnimh mheánaoise is fearr a maireann sa chathair agus tá an taobh istigh clúdaithe le mósaicí iontach den chaighdeán is airde a bhfuil gleo óir sa solas. Sa 15ú haois, chuaigh an séipéal ar aghaidh chuig ordú de Nunna Benediktineacha a bhí freagrach as an bhfrontacht Baróca C16 a chur leis agus a chuir cuid mhaith de na mósaicí as, ag maisiú frescaí ina n-áit. Tá an limistéar chancel barócach íon le ballaí clúdaithe le pláta sculpted bán. Tá an tabernacle gleoite le inlaid lapis luzuli gorm dorcha.\nTá Eaglais Naomh Muire de GESU ar cheann de na heaglaisí Barócacha is tábhachtaí i Palermo. Tá sé i bhfolach i líonra na sráideanna caol agus na gcosáin idir Via Vittorio Emanuele agus Via Maqueda, agus is fiú é a aimsiú. Ba é an chéad eaglais a thóg na hIasaigh sa tSicil agus tá sé ó dheireadh an 16ú haois. Tá an taobh istigh Barócach glorious C17th athchóirithe go hiontach tar éis damáiste buama sa Dara Cogadh Domhanda, a scrios an dom, ballaí timpeall agus na pictiúir sa chancel agus na trasna. Tá gach dromchla an taobh istigh clúdaithe le marmair, le hairíonna stuca agus le péinteálacha.\nBunaíodh an ORATORIO DEL ROSARIO DI SAN DOMINICO atá i gcúl eaglais St Domenico níos mó (agus rud nach bhfuil spreagúil go leor) ag deireadh an 16ú haois ag Cairde na Málta agus tá siad á chothabháil fós. Tá an taobh amuigh an-inspioráideach ach tá cuid de na saothair Bairócacha is fearr i Palermo sa taobh istigh. Tá na ballaí péinteáilte bán agus ór clúdaithe le stucco, péinteálacha agus deilbh na ngnéithe Críostaí arna mhodhnú ar mhná sóisialaíochta faiseanta. Ná caill an pictiúr van Dyke os cionn an altóra.\nTá go leor pictiúir eile anseo.\nTá an t-athbhreithniú seo bunaithe go heisiach ar thuairim chomhalta Silver Travel Advisor agus ní ar thuairim Silver Travel Advisor Ltd."} {"text": "By Roxanne J Carini,\nMarine Mammal Commission\nIn graduate school, I would quip that I studied everything about the ocean, except what lived there! So, imagine my surprise when I wound up at the Marine Mammal Commission for my year-long Knauss Marine Policy Fellowship.\nFalling in love with the world of marine mammals didn’t take long! But, not for the reasons you may think. Even though I can’t deny that whales are the ultimate charismatic megafauna, sea otters are irresistible when they float on their backs holding hands, and polar bears are awe-inspiring Arctic hunters, what I am most excited about is breaking out of my academic science silo and approaching my work like any marine mammal would—with the understanding that everything is connected.\nThe use of waves by killer whales for (A) reducing ice floe size, (B) clearing the ice around the floe, (C) moving the target floe into open water, and (D) wave washing the prey into the ocean. Figure credit: Visser et al. 2007 (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00163.x)\nFor instance, did you know that Antarctic killer whales will use their bodies to generate waves strong enough to knock a seal off a chunk of ice and right into their mouths? I spent seven years studying the physics of breaking waves for my Masters and PhD and never had a killer whale for a professor... until now! Marine mammals (and marine wildlife, in general) are natural physical oceanographers, and I am learning more about my own area of expertise by diving into their world at the Marine Mammal Commission.\nMe (third from left) with my classmates\nat our PhD graduation ceremony from\nthe University of Washington.\nWhat is the Marine Mammal Commission…and how does a physical oceanographer fit in?\nMarine Mammal Commission logo\nThe Marine Mammal Commission was created by Congress, as part of the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, to provide independent, science-based oversight of domestic and international policies and actions of federal agencies addressing human impacts on marine mammals and their ecosystems.\nThough it is a mouthful, this mission statement motivates a wide range of work integral to the protection of marine mammals. I’ll give just a few examples.\nThe Marine Mammal Commission is small, but mighty. It consists of thirteen staff, nine scientific advisors, and three Commissioners. Much of the staff and all of the scientific advisors and Commissioners have expertise in marine ecology and resource management, with specialties ranging from veterinary medicine, statistics, marine acoustics, and biology, to international affairs and co-management.\nTo fulfill the Commission’s oversight duty, staff consult with the Committee of Scientific Advisors and the Commissioners to write letters to the federal agencies tasked with permitting activities and making new rules that impact marine mammals (e.g., research permits, wind farm siting, oil and gas exploration, and Navy sonar testing). Importantly, these letters become part of the public record.\nReading my first Commission Letter felt like my first Shakespeare play. Photo: modified from original by Robin Miller\nReading my first Commission letter was like attending my first Shakespeare play-- I knew the actors were speaking English, but the vocabulary and cadence were so foreign to me that I couldn’t understand the players or the plot. Over time and with some added background from the playbill, my ear adjusted and the story became clear.\nWith regards to a letter about Navy sonar exercises, I was able to apply my physical oceanography training, which taught me how the frequency band of sonar determines how its sound travels through water, to understand how certain frequency bands of sonar can interfere with the hearing and vocalization of different whales and dolphins and therefore negatively impact their ability to feed and communicate.\nThe Marine Mammal Commission also serves a resource for Congress. I often trade in my jeans and Chacos for a full suit and accompany our Executive Director, Peter Thomas, and our Communications Officer, Brady O’Donnell, on trips to the Hill.\nSometimes our goal is to share science about marine mammals and ocean health as they relate to a given state or district. Other times we consult about what types of legislation would be beneficial for a vulnerable marine mammal population.\nMe (far right) and other Knauss Fellows outside the Longworth House Office Building\nafter attending a hearing of the Water, Oceans, and Wildlife Subcommittee.\nDuring my first several briefings, I listened, observed, learned, and did not speak… because I’m still rather new to this marine mammal world. But recently, I’ve been able to contribute to the conversation!\nAnd while Hill meetings are efficient and focused, they aren’t as intimidating as you might think. Congress-people and their staffers appreciate when we take the time to translate science and provide real-world examples.\nFor instance, after the Marine Mammal Commission’s annual meeting (held in Kona, Hawaii this year— lucky me!), we scheduled briefings with Representatives and Senators from Hawaii.\nIn those meetings, I told my story about visiting three rehabilitated monk seals that were about to be released to the sandy shores of the Northwest Hawaiian Islands. This is one of many successes of the Ke Kai Ola monk seal hospital, since its opening in 2014.\nHowever, I was also responsible for putting on my physical oceanographer hat and explaining how sea level rise is swallowing critical habitat for monk seals and how ocean warming and changing ocean circulation patterns are impacting their prey species.\nIn the end, we celebrated conservation victories while motivating dedication to sustaining conservation efforts.\nMe and Executive Director, Peter Thomas, being goofy\nat Ke Kai Ola, the monk seal hospital, in Kona, HI.\nAdvancing Marine Mammal Science\nThe Commission maintains a modest research grants program, and its staff, Commissioners, and Scientific Advisors help organize marine mammal science conferences, participate in working groups, and serve on steering committees.\nGOOS Biology and Ecosystems Panel logo\nAs a Knauss Fellow, I help the Commission’s Scientific Program Director, Sam Simmons, with her role and responsibilities on the Biology and Ecosystem Panel of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). GOOS has a well-established, standardized observation network for ocean physical properties and climate metrics, but the same does not yet exist for marine mammals.\nWhy not? Well, you can stick a thermometer anywhere in the water and measure its temperature continuously-- temperature can’t swim away from you! But marine mammals can, and that makes taking measurements much trickier. For a given species, you’d want to know how many there, how they are distributed over a given region, what range of ages exist in each population group, and you’d want to know how all of this changes over time.\nAll of these observations require a lot of time, energy, and money. And there are incredible observation efforts taking place all around the world. However, those data are stored in a million different places (some publicly available online, some kept private) and a million different formats (self-made surveys, imagery, biological samples, etc.).\nThe goal of the marine mammals working group is to help unify these efforts to build a data network and a human network that can answer the big questions: What is the current status of life in the ocean? How is it changing? And how do those changes affect ecosystem function, health, and services?\nAfter my year at the Marine Mammal Commission, I will proudly tell anyone who asks that I studied the physics of the ocean and helped protect what lived there!\nThis year has given me a taste for working in the in-betweens: in between physical oceanography and ecology and biology, in between science and policy, and in between the federal government and a suite of diverse stakeholders. It has changed the way I imagine my future and I am incredibly grateful for my Knauss Fellowship with the Marine Mammal Commission.\nThe Marine Mammal Commission at its 2019 Annual Meeting in Kona, Hawaii.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "url": "https://seagrant.noaa.gov/knauss-blog/ArtMID/2805/ArticleID/2751/Learning-to-Swim-with-the-Big-Fish-Marine-Mammals", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360803.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201113241-20211201143241-00622.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9395599961, "token_count": 1722, "score": 2.640625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Le Roxanne J Carini,\nCoiste na Mamálaigh Mhuirí\nSa scoil iarchéime, déarfainn go raibh mé ag staidéar gach rud faoin aigéan, ach ní raibh aon rud ann! Mar sin, samhlaigh mo iontas nuair a bhí mé ag an gCoimisiún Mamálaigh Mara le haghaidh mo Choláiste um Bheartas Mara Knauss ar feadh bliana.\nNí thóg sé fada orm titim i ngrá le saol na n-imdhíonairí mara! Ach, ní ar na cúiseanna a cheapann tú. Cé nach féidir liom a shéanadh go bhfuil na baillín ar an megafauna carismach is fearr, go bhfuil otters farraige irresistible nuair a bhíonn siad ag snámh ar a gcúl ag gabháil lámha, agus go bhfuil bears polacha ina sealgairí Artach a spreagann ama, is é an rud is mó a bhfuil mé ag gabháil ná mo shilo eolaíochta acadúil a bhriseadh amach agus dul i ngleic le mo chuid oibre mar a dhéanfadh aon mamaílach mara leis an tuiscint go bhfuil gach rud nasctha.\nÚsáid tonnta ag whales killer le haghaidh (A) méid an fhléigh oighir a laghdú, (B) an oighir a ghlanadh timpeall an fhléigh, (C) an fhléigh sprioc a bhogadh isteach in uisce oscailte, agus (D) tonn a bhacann an dílse isteach san aigéan. Creidmheas figiúirí: Visser et al. 2007 (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00163.x)\nMar shampla, an raibh a fhios agat go n-úsáidfidh na baillín killer Antartach a gcorp chun tonnta a ghiniúint atá láidir go leor chun síol a bhualadh as píosa oighir agus go díreach ina mbéal? Chaith mé seacht mbliana ag staidéar ar fhisice na tonnta a bhriseadh do mo Máistreacht agus PhD agus ní raibh riamh baile killer do ollamh ... go dtí anois! Is oceanógrafaithe fisiceacha nádúrtha iad mamaigh mhuirí (agus fiadhúlra muirí, go ginearálta), agus tá mé ag foghlaim níos mó faoi mo réimse saineolais féin trí thús a chur ina saol ag an gCoimisiún Mamaigh Mhuirí.\nMise (an tríú duine ó chlé) agus mo chomhghleacaithe\nag ár searmanas céim PhD ó\nOllscoil Washington.\nCad é an Coimisiún Mamálaigh Mhuirí...agus conas a oireann océanagrafaí fisiceach isteach?\nLogo an Choimisiúin um Mamálaigh Mhuirí\nChruthaigh an Comhdháil an Coimisiún Mamálaigh Mhuirí, mar chuid den Acht um Chosaint Mamálaigh Mhuirí 1972, chun maoirseacht neamhspleách, eolaíoch a sholáthar ar bheartais agus gníomhaíochtaí intíre agus idirnáisiúnta gníomhaireachtaí cónaidhme a bhaineann le tionchair an duine ar mhamaill mhuirí agus a n-éiceachórais.\nCé go bhfuil sé beag, spreagann an ráiteas misean seo réimse leathan oibre atá mar chuid lárnach de chosaint na mamaigh mhuirí. Tabharfaidh mé cúpla sampla.\nTá an Coimisiún Mamálaigh Mhuirí beag, ach cumhachtach. Tá trí fhoireann déag, naoi gcomhairleoir eolaíochta agus triúr Coimisinéirí ann. Tá saineolas ag cuid mhór den fhoireann agus ag na comhairleoirí eolaíocha agus na Coimisinéirí go léir i néiceolaíocht mhuirí agus bainistíocht acmhainní, le speisialtóireachtaí a théann ó leigheas tréidliachta, staitisticí, fuaime mhuirí agus bitheolaíocht, go gnóthaí idirnáisiúnta agus comhbhainistíocht.\nChun dualgas maoirseachta an Choimisiúin a chomhlíonadh, déanann foireann comhairliúcháin le Coiste na gCeannairí Eolaíocha agus leis na Coimisinéirí chun litreacha a scríobh chuig na gníomhaireachtaí cónaidhme a bhfuil sé de chúram orthu gníomhaíochtaí ceadúnaithe a cheadú agus rialacha nua a dhéanamh a théann i bhfeidhm ar mhamaigh mhuirí (m.sh., ceadanna taighde, suíomh feirme gaoithe, taiscéalaíocht ola agus gáis, agus tástáil sonáraigh an Navy). Tá sé tábhachtach go dtógfar na litreacha seo mar chuid den taifead poiblí.\nLéitheoireacht mo chéad litir Choimisiún bhraith mé mar mo chéad Shakespeare dráma. Grianghraf: arna mhodhnú ó bhunús ag Robin Miller\nBhí an chéad litir ón gCoimisiún a léigh mé cosúil le bheith i láthair ar mo chéad dráma Shakespeare - bhí a fhios agam go raibh na haisteoirí ag labhairt Béarla, ach bhí an foclóir agus an cadans chomh coigríche dom nach raibh mé in ann na haisteoirí ná an plota a thuiscint. Le himeacht ama agus le roinnt cúlra breise ón bpíolla, choigeartaigh mo chluas agus tháinig an scéal soiléir.\nMaidir le litir faoi chleachtaí sonar an Navy, bhí mé in ann mo oiliúint ocsaeanaigréime fhisiceach a chur i bhfeidhm, a mhúin dom conas a chinneann banda minicíochta sonar an chaoi a dtéann a fuaim tríd an uisce, chun tuiscint a fháil ar conas a d'fhéadfadh bannaí minicíochta sonar áirithe cur isteach ar éisteacht agus guthú na n-imithe agus na ndalfíní éagsúla agus dá bhrí sin tionchar diúltach a bheith acu ar a gcumas ithe agus cumarsáid a dhéanamh.\nTá an Coimisiún um Mamálaigh Mhuirí ina acmhainn don Choimisiún freisin. Is minic a dhéanaim mo bhéans agus Chacos a mhalartú le haghaidh cód iomlán agus gabhaim lenár Stiúrthóir Feidhmiúcháin, Peter Thomas, agus lenár n-Oifigeach Cumarsáide, Brady O'Donnell, ar thurais go dtí an Chnoc.\nUaireanta is é ár gcuspóir eolaíocht a roinnt faoi mhamaigh mara agus sláinte na farraige mar a bhaineann siad le stát nó ceantar áirithe. Uaireanta eile déanaimid comhairliúchán faoi na cineálacha reachtaíochta a bheadh tairbheach do phobal mamaigh mhuirí leochaileacha.\nMise (an taobh dheis) agus Comhaltaí eile Knauss taobh amuigh de Thogadh Oifigí Tithe Longworth\ntar éis éisteacht a bheith aige leis an bhfo-choiste Uisce, Aigéin agus Fiadhúlra.\nLe linn mo chéad roinnt breifílí, d'éist mé, breathnaigh mé, d'fhoghlaim mé, agus níor labhair mé... toisc go bhfuil mé fós go leor nua don domhan mamaigh mhuirí seo. Ach le déanaí, bhí mé in ann cur leis an gcomhrá!\nAgus cé go bhfuil cruinnithe Hill éifeachtach agus dírithe, níl siad chomh scanrúil agus a cheapfá. Cuireann daoine den Choinidigh agus a bhfoireann luach ar an am a chaithimid chun an eolaíocht a aistriú agus samplaí fíor-domhanda a sholáthar.\nMar shampla, tar éis chruinniú bliantúil Choimisiún na Mamálaigh Mara (a tionóladh i Kona, Hawaii i mbliana) ), shocraíomar breifílí le Ionadaithe agus Seanadóirí ó Haváí.\nSna cruinnithe sin, d'inis mé mo scéal faoi chuairte a dhéanamh ar thrí shéile monk athshlánú a bhí ar tí a scaoileadh chuig cóstaí gaineamh na hOileáin Haváí Thuaisceart. Tá sé seo ar cheann de na rathanna go leor atá ag ospidéal an phoill mhonc Ke Kai Ola, ó osclaíodh é in 2014.\nMar sin féin, bhí mé freagrach freisin as mo hata aigéin-eagraí fisiceach a chur ar mo cheann agus a mhíniú conas a bhfuil ardú leibhéal na farraige ag dul i ngleic le háit chónaithe ríthábhachtach do shéile moncaí agus conas a bhíonn an téamh farraige agus patrúin imshruthaithe farraige ag athrú a n-earraí dílse.\nSa deireadh, cheiliúradh linn buaiteacha caomhnaithe agus muid ag spreagadh tiomantas chun iarrachtaí caomhnaithe a choimeád ar bun.\nMise agus an Stiúrthóir Feidhmiúcháin, Peter Thomas, ag a bheith goofy\nag Ke Kai Ola, an t-ospidéal seal monk, i Kona, HI.\nAn Eolaíocht ar Mhamáltaí Mara a Chur Chun Cinn\nTá clár measartha deontais taighde á chothabháil ag an gCoimisiún, agus cuireann a fhoireann, Coimisinéirí, agus Comhairleoirí Eolaíochta le comhdhálacha eolaíochta mamaigh mhuirí a eagrú, páirt a ghlacadh i ngrúpaí oibre, agus freastal ar choistí stiúrtha.\nLogo Painéal Bithéolaíochta agus Éiceachórais GOOS\nMar Chomhalta Knauss, cuirim le Stiúrthóir Clár Eolaíochta an Choimisiúin, Sam Simmons, lena ról agus a fhreagrachtaí ar Phainéal Bithéolaíochta agus Éiceachórais an Chórais Oireachtais Domhanda (GOOS). Tá líonra breathnóireachta caighdeánaithe dea-bhunaithe ag GOOS maidir le hairíonna fisiciúla na farraige agus tomhais aeráide, ach níl an rud céanna ann fós maidir le mamaigh mhuirí.\nCén fáth nach bhfuil? Bhuel, is féidir leat a stick teochomhaire áit ar bith san uisce agus a thomhas a teocht go leanúnach - Teochta ní féidir swim away ó tú! Ach is féidir le mamaigh mhuirí, agus déanann sé sin tomhas a dhéanamh i bhfad níos tricky. Maidir le speiceas áirithe, ba mhaith leat a fháil amach cé mhéad atá ann, conas a dháileadh iad thar réigiún áirithe, cén raon aois atá ann i ngach grúpa daonra, agus ba mhaith leat a fháil amach conas a athraíonn sé seo go léir le himeacht ama.\nÉilíonn na breathnithe seo go léir go leor ama, fuinnimh agus airgid. Agus tá iarrachtaí breathnóireachta dochreidte á ndéanamh ar fud an domhain. Mar sin féin, stóráiltear na sonraí sin in milliún áit éagsúla (tá cuid acu ar fáil go poiblí ar líne, cuid acu faoi phríobháideacht) agus i milliún formáid éagsúla (suirbhéanna féin-dhéanta, íomhánna, samplaí bitheolaíocha, srl. )\nIs é sprioc an ghrúpa oibre le haghaidh mamaigh mhuirí cabhrú leis na hiarrachtaí seo a chomhthiomsú chun líonra sonraí agus líonra daonna a thógáil a d'fhéadfadh freagraí a thabhairt ar na ceisteanna móra: Cad é stádas reatha na beatha san aigéan? Conas atá sé ag athrú? Agus conas a théann na hathruithe sin i bhfeidhm ar fheidhm, ar shláinte agus ar sheirbhísí éiceachórais?\nTar éis mo bhliain ag an gCoimisiún Mammal Mara, beidh mé bródúil a insint do dhuine ar bith a iarrann go ndearna mé staidéar ar an fisice an aigéin agus chabhraigh sé a chosaint ar a bhí ina gcónaí ann!\nThug an bhliain seo dom an blas a bheith ag obair sa lár: idir aigéan-eolaíocht fhisiceach agus éiceolaíocht agus bitheolaíocht, idir eolaíocht agus beartas, agus idir an rialtas cónaidhme agus sraith de pháirtithe leasmhara éagsúla. D'athraigh sé an bealach a shamhlaím mo thodhchaí agus táim thar a bheith buíoch as mo Choláiste Knauss leis an gCoimisiún Mamálaigh Mara.\nAn Coimisiún Mamálaigh Mhuirí ag a Cruinniú Bhliantúil 2019 i Kona, Hawaii."} {"text": "The use of digital devices is a normal part of our daily life, and most people don’t think twice about it. In fact, you are likely reading this on a screen right now. But, unfortunately, our reliance on screens has a downside.\nStudies have shown that people who use screens more often are at risk of developing age-related eye conditions. The concern has to do with increased exposure to a potentially damaging type of light emitted from your device — blue light.\nFortunately, certain nutrients that you can get from your diet and supplements may help reduce the impact of this exposure. Since screens don’t seem to be going away anytime soon, taking steps to protect your eyes now is a wise choice.\nBlue light is a type of light generated by computer screens, smartphones, and other digital devices. It’s high-energy light that is part of the visible light spectrum. The sun is also a significant source of blue light, but because of the increased reliance on screens, our exposure to blue light has risen dramatically in the last few decades.\nSome blue light exposure, primarily from the sun, is good for us. It helps regulate our circadian rhythms (sleep and wake cycle), keeps us alert, and supports a healthy cognitive function. But, when you spend too much time in front of a screen, the blue light adds up quickly and can be harmful to your eyes.\nBlue light can also interrupt our sleep cycle as it suppresses melatonin production. While this is desirable first thing in the morning when you greet the sun, late-night screen use can also increase alertness, leaving you wide awake when you should be sleeping.\nEye strain and fatigue are increasingly common complaints as more time is spent looking at screens or digital devices that emit blue light. Long-term exposure to blue light has also been found to significantly impair vision. Over time, blue light is associated with retinal cell damage and vision issues.\nExcess screen use, especially on phones, has exponentially increased our exposure. Blue light can penetrate deeper into your eye, and nearly all visible blue light reaches the retina.1 This can cause eye strain, dryness, and even retinal damage.\nResearch has found that excessive use of screens nearly doubles the risk of certain conditions affecting eyesight in teenagers. Blue light exposure can also lead to increases in inflammation that exacerbate oxidative damage to your eyes.\nLutein and zeaxanthin are two carotenoids that may help protect your eyes from oxidative stress because they are powerful antioxidants. These nutrients are found in food, but they also accumulate in the eye.\nOne measurement of eye health is macular pigment optical density (MPOD). This measures the amount of lutein and zeaxanthin in your eyes. Macular pigment can act as a filter for damaging light and an antioxidant to protect eyes against free radical byproducts.\nPeople with lower MPODs have an increased risk for eye conditions, especially as they age. Oppositely, those with increased optical density have a much lower incidence of eye-related disease and improved vision.7 Further, studies show that those who consume higher amounts of lutein and zeaxanthin maintain better levels of macular pigments and, therefore, have healthier eyes. \nSupplementation with lutein and zeaxanthin is associated with many eye health benefits related specifically to blue light exposure. As these carotenoids are potent antioxidants, they may help reduce oxidative damage in the eye caused by blue light exposure.\nLutein and zeaxanthin supplementation can also help support eye health by reducing blue light oxidative damage on the outer layer of the eye. They also support increases in MPOD and may interrupt the inflammatory process triggered by blue light damage, reducing the risk of associated eye conditions.\nIt also appears that the amount of lutein and zeaxanthin you have in your diet is correlated with increased amounts of carotenoids in your eyes. Research suggests that when found in the eye, carotenoids can help absorb and filter blue light and therefore add even more protection against potential damage from digital device exposure.\nStudies have also found that lutein and zeaxanthin intake can support reductions in side effects like headaches, strained and tired eyes, or other symptoms related to screen time.\nThe body can’t make these carotenoids, so you have to obtain them through diet. However, most people don’t eat enough carotenoid-rich foods, so supplements are often needed for benefits.\nFoods considered good sources of lutein and zeaxanthin include9:\nVitamin A is a group of nutrients known as either preformed vitamin A (found in animal products) or provitamin A (found in fruits or vegetables). While rare in many developed countries, vitamin A deficiency is one of the leading causes of impaired vision. It’s an essential nutrient responsible for maintaining healthy eye tissue and fluid. It also helps preserve night vision, increases visual acuity, and plays a vital role in the prevention of age-related declines in vision.\nAs mentioned, blue light is a high-energy type of radiation. As a result, it can pass through the cornea to the retina and cause damage. While more studies specifically on blue light and vitamin A are needed, as an antioxidant vitamin A may add protection by supporting the reduction of oxidative damage to the retina.\nThe screens we use every day emit blue light that can damage our eyes and cause age-related vision impairment. Given how prevalent screens are in our everyday lives, it’s essential to take steps to protect your vision in the future.\nBoosting your intake of lutein, zeaxanthin, and vitamin A-rich foods or supplements can be an important way to help reduce the impact of screen-use and support healthy eyes.\nDisclaimer: The information is for general education purposes only. These therapies are not substitutions for standard medical care and are not meant to be used by a patient alone. The Company assumes no liability for the author’s information, whether conveyed verbally or in these materials. All presentations represent the opinions of the author and do not represent the position or the opinion of the Company. Reference by the author to any specific product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, or manufacturer does not constitute or imply endorsement or recommendation by the Company.\n Sheppard AL, Wolffsohn JSDigital eye strain: prevalence, measurement and ameliorationBMJ Open Ophthalmology\n2018;3:e000146. doi: 10.1136/bmjophth-2018-000146.\n Zhao, Zhi-Chun, Ying Zhou, Gang Tan, and Juan Li. “Research Progress about the Effect and Prevention of Blue Light on Eyes.” International Journal of Ophthalmology 11, no. 12 (December 18, 2018): 1999–2003. https://doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2018.12.20.\n Chang, Anne-Marie, Daniel Aeschbach, Jeanne F. Duffy, and Charles A. Czeisler. “Evening Use of Light-Emitting EReaders Negatively Affects Sleep, Circadian Timing, and next-Morning Alertness.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112, no. 4 (January 27, 2015): 1232–37. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1418490112.\n Vicente-Tejedor, Javier, Miguel Marchena, Laura Ramírez, Diego García-Ayuso, Violeta Gómez-Vicente, Celia Sánchez-Ramos, Pedro de la Villa, and Francisco Germain. “Removal of the Blue Component of Light Significantly Decreases Retinal Damage after High Intensity Exposure.” PLoS ONE 13, no. 3 (March 15, 2018). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194218.\n Hansen, Mathias Hvidtfelt, Poul Pedersen Laigaard, Else Marie Olsen, Anne Mette Skovgaard, Michael Larsen, Line Kessel, and Inger Christine Munch. Acta Ophthalmologica 98, no. 3 (May 2020): 315–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.14242.\n Bian, Qingning, Shasha Gao, Jilin Zhou, Jian Qin, Allen Taylor, Elizabeth J. Johnson, Guangwen Tang, Janet R. Sparrow, Dennis Gierhart, and Fu Shang. “Lutein and Zeaxanthin Supplementation Reduces Photooxidative Damage and Modulates the Expression of Inflammation-Related Genes in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells.” Free Radical Biology & Medicine 53, no. 6 (September 15, 2012): 1298–1307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.06.024.\n Bernstein, Paul S., Binxing Li, Preejith P. Vachali, Aruna Gorusupudi, Rajalekshmy Shyam, Bradley S. Henriksen, and John M. Nolan. “Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and Meso-Zeaxanthin: The Basic and Clinical Science Underlying Carotenoid-Based Nutritional Interventions against Ocular Disease.” Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 50 (January 2016): 34–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.10.003.\n Christaras, Dimitrios, Harilaos Ginis, Alexandros Pennos, Juan Mompean, and Pablo Artal. “Objective Method for Measuring the Macular Pigment Optical Density in the Eye.” Biomedical Optics Express 10, no. 7 (June 24, 2019): 3572–83. https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.10.003572.\n Abdel-Aal, El-Sayed M., Humayoun Akhtar, Khalid Zaheer, and Rashida Ali. “Dietary Sources of Lutein and Zeaxanthin Carotenoids and Their Role in Eye Health.” Nutrients 5, no. 4 (April 9, 2013): 1169–85. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5041169.\n Wenzel, Adam J., Catherine Gerweck, Damian Barbato, Robert J. Nicolosi, Garry J. Handelman, and Joanne Curran-Celentano. “A 12-Wk Egg Intervention Increases Serum Zeaxanthin and Macular Pigment Optical Density in Women.” The Journal of Nutrition 136, no. 10 (October 2006): 2568–73. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.10.2568.\n Junghans, A., H. Sies, and W. Stahl. “Macular Pigments Lutein and Zeaxanthin as Blue Light Filters Studied in Liposomes.” Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 391, no. 2 (July 15, 2001): 160–64. https://doi.org/10.1006/abbi.2001.2411.\n Stringham, James M., Nicole T. Stringham, and Kevin J. O’Brien. “Macular Carotenoid Supplementation Improves Visual Performance, Sleep Quality, and Adverse Physical Symptoms in Those with High Screen Time Exposure.” Foods 6, no. 7 (July 2017): 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods6070047.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "url": "https://www.pureencapsulations.hk/2021/07/01/nutrition-and-blue-light-protection-nutrients-to-support-healthy-eyes/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964359037.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20211130141247-20211130171247-00287.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8898025155, "token_count": 2547, "score": 3.453125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá úsáid gléasanna digiteacha mar chuid gnáth dár saol laethúil, agus ní smaoiníonn an chuid is mó daoine air dhá uair. Go deimhin, is dócha go bhfuil tú ag léamh seo ar scáileán anois. Ach, ar an drochuair, tá drochthionchar ag ár n-iontaobhas ar scáileáin.\nLéirigh staidéir go bhfuil daoine a úsáideann scáileáin níos minice i mbaol galair súl a fhorbairt a bhaineann le haois. Tá an imní a bhaineann le nochtadh méadaithe do chineál solas a d'fhéadfadh a bheith díobhálach a scaoiltear ó do ghléas solas gorm.\nAr an dea-uair, d'fhéadfadh cothaithigh áirithe a fhaigheann tú ó do aiste bia agus forlíontaí cabhrú le tionchar an nochta seo a laghdú. Ós rud é nach bhfuil an chuma ar bith go bhfuil scáileáin ag dul ar shiúl go luath, is rogha ciallmhar é céimeanna a ghlacadh anois chun do shúile a chosaint.\nIs cineál solais é solas gorm a ghineann scáileáin ríomhaire, fón cliste, agus feistí digiteacha eile. Is é solas ardfhuinnimh atá mar chuid den speictream solais infheicthe. Is foinse suntasach é an ghrian freisin de sholas gorm, ach mar gheall ar an nglacadh níos mó le scáileáin, tá ár nochtadh do sholas gorm tar éis méadú go suntasach le cúpla bliain anuas.\nTá roinnt solas gorm, go príomha ón ngrian, go maith dúinn. Cabhraíonn sé lenár rithimí circadáin (timthriall codlata agus dúisithe), cuireann sé ar ár gcroí, agus tacaíonn sé le feidhm chognaíoch sláintiúil. Ach, nuair a chaitheann tú an iomarca ama os comhair scáileáin, cuirtear an solas gorm le chéile go tapa agus d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith díobhálach do do shúile.\nIs féidir le solas gorm ár timthriall codlata a bhriseadh freisin toisc go gcuireann sé cosc ar tháirgeadh melatonin. Cé gur rud inmhianaithe é seo ar maidin nuair a thugann tú fáilte roimh an ghrian, is féidir le húsáid scáileáin go déanach san oíche feabhas a chur ar do chuid faireachais freisin, rud a fhágann go bhfuil tú ag fanacht ar an airdeall nuair ba cheart duit a bheith ag codladh.\nTá an t-uimhir agus an tuirse súl ina ghearán níos coitianta de réir mar a chaitear níos mó ama ag breathnú ar scáileáin nó ar ghléasanna digiteacha a thugann solas gorm. Tá sé le feiceáil freisin go ndéanann nochtadh fadtéarmach do sholas gorm dochar suntasach do fís. Le himeacht ama, tá solas gorm bainteach le damáiste do chealla retinal agus le fadhbanna fís.\nTá an iomarca úsáid scáileáin, go háirithe ar fhóin, tar éis ár nochtadh a mhéadú go heisceachtúil. Is féidir leis an solas gorm dul isteach níos doimhne i do shúil, agus go dtiocfaidh beagnach gach solas gorm le feiceáil go dtí an retina.1 Is féidir leis seo a bheith ina chúis le straen súl, triomú, agus damáiste fiú do retina.\nFuair taighde amach go bhfuil an riosca go mbeidh galair áirithe ag baint le radharc i measc déagóirí beagnach dúbailte ag baint úsáide iomarcach as scáileáin. Is féidir le nochtadh solas gorm a bheith ina chúis le méadú ar athlasadh a chuireann dochar ocsaídiúcháin ar do shúile.\nIs é an luitéin agus an seaxanthin dhá carotenoid a d'fhéadfadh cabhrú le do shúile a chosaint ar strus ocsaídiúcháin toisc go bhfuil siad ina n-ionsaídáirí cumhachtach. Tá na cothaithigh seo le fáil i mbia, ach tiocfaidh siad le chéile san tsúil freisin.\nIs é tiús optúil píogam macular (MPOD) tomhas amháin de shláinte na súl. Déanann sé seo méid lutein agus zeaxanthin i do shúile a thomhas. Is féidir le pigment macúil feidhmiú mar scagaire ar sholas díobhálach agus mar antioxidant chun na súile a chosaint ar fho-tháirgí radacail saor in aisce.\nTá riosca méadaithe ann do dhálaí súl ag daoine a bhfuil MPODanna níos ísle acu, go háirithe de réir mar a théann siad in aois. Ar a mhalairt, is lú a tharlaíonn galair a bhaineann leis an tsúil agus is feabhas a fheictear ar dhaoine a bhfuil dlús optúil níos mó acu.7 Ina theannta sin, léiríonn staidéir go gcoinníonn daoine a itheann méideanna níos airde lutein agus zeaxanthin leibhéil níos fearr de phigmeanna macúla agus, dá bhrí sin, go bhfuil súile níos sláintiúla acu.\nTá baint ag forlíonadh le lutein agus zeaxanthin le go leor buntáistí sláinte súl a bhaineann go sonrach le nochtadh solas gorm. Toisc go bhfuil na carotenoids seo ina n-ionsaídeoirí cumhachtach, d'fhéadfadh siad cabhrú le damáiste ocsaídiúcháin a laghdú san tsúil a tharlaíonn de bharr nochtadh do sholas gorm.\nIs féidir le forlíonadh lutein agus zeaxanthin cabhrú le sláinte na súl a chothú trí damáiste ocsaídiúcháin solais gorm a laghdú ar shraith sheachtrach na súl. Tacaíonn siad freisin le méaduithe ar MPOD agus d'fhéadfadh siad cur isteach ar an bpróiseas athlastacha a spreagann damáiste solas gorm, ag laghdú an riosca do dhálaí súl a bhaineann leis.\nIs cosúil freisin go bhfuil an méid lutein agus zeaxanthin atá agat i do réim bia córeáilte le méaduithe carotenoids i do shúile. Tugann taighde le fios go bhféadfadh carotenoids, nuair a fhaightear iad san tsúil, cabhrú le solas gorm a ionsú agus a scagadh agus dá bhrí sin cosaint níos mó a chur leis i gcoinne damáiste féideartha ó nochtadh gléas digiteach.\nFuair staidéir freisin gur féidir le hiontráil lutein agus zeaxanthin tacú le laghdú ar fo-iarsmaí cosúil le tinneas cinn, súile strus agus tuirseach, nó comharthaí eile a bhaineann le ham scáileáin.\nNí féidir leis an gcomhlacht na carotenoids seo a dhéanamh, mar sin ní mór duit iad a fháil trí aiste bia. Mar sin féin, ní itheann an chuid is mó daoine bianna saibhre carotenoid go leor, agus mar sin is minic a theastaíonn forlíontaí chun sochair a fháil.\nI measc na mbia a mheastar a bheith ina bhfoinsí maithe lutein agus zeaxanthin tá 9:\nIs grúpa cothaithigh é vitimín A ar a dtugtar vitimín A réamhchruthaithe (a fhaightear i dtáirgí ainmhithe) nó pró-vitimín A (a fhaightear i dtorthaí nó i nglasraí). Cé nach bhfuil sé annamh i go leor tíortha forbartha, tá easnamh vitimín A ar cheann de na príomhchúiseanna le doill ar radharc. Tá sé ina chothaitheach riachtanach atá freagrach as fíochán agus leacht súl sláintiúil a chothabháil. Cuidíonn sé freisin le radharc oíche a chaomhnú, le géarchéim amhairc a mhéadú, agus tá ról ríthábhachtach aige i gcúlra a sheachaint le titim amhairc a bhaineann le dul in aois.\nMar a luadh, is cineál radaíochta ard-fhuinnimh é solas gorm. Mar thoradh air sin, is féidir leis dul tríd an gcórnán go dtí an retina agus damáiste a dhéanamh. Cé go bhfuil gá le tuilleadh staidéir go sonrach ar an solas gorm agus vitimín A, mar antioxidant, d'fhéadfadh vitimín A cosaint a chur leis trí thacú le laghdú ar damáiste ocsaídiúcháin don retina.\nTá solas gorm ag na scáileáin a úsáideann muid gach lá a d'fhéadfadh damáiste a dhéanamh dár súile agus lagú fís a bhaineann le dul in aois a chur ar bun. Ós rud é go bhfuil scáileáin chomh forleathan inár saol laethúil, tá sé riachtanach céimeanna a ghlacadh chun do radharc a chosaint sa todhchaí.\nIs bealach tábhachtach é do chuid bia nó forlíonta saibhir i lutein, zeaxanthin agus vitimín A a mhéadú chun cabhrú le tionchar an scáileáin a úsáid a laghdú agus chun súil shláintiúil a chothú.\nDíreach chun críocha oideachais ghinearálta amháin. Ní ionann na teiripeanna seo agus malartuithe ar chúram leighis chaighdeánach agus ní i gceist iad a úsáid ag othar ina n-aonar. Ní ghlacann an Chuideachta aon dliteanas as faisnéis an údair, cibé acu a chuirtear in iúl go béil nó sna hábhair seo. Léiríonn gach cur i láthair tuairimí an údair agus ní léiríonn siad seasamh nó tuairim na Cuideachta. Ní chiallaíonn tagairt an údair do tháirge, do phróiseas nó do sheirbhís ar bith ar ainm trádála, trádmharc nó monaróir é a fhormheas nó a mholadh ag an gCuideachta.\nSheppard AL, Wolffsohn JSDSéim shúil dhigiteach: forleithne, tomhas agus feabhsúBMJ Oftalmology Oscailte\n2018;3:e000146. doi: 10.1136/bmjophth-2018-000146.\nZhao, Zhi-Chun, Ying Zhou, Gang Tan, agus Juan Li. Forbairt taighde maidir le héifeacht agus cosc an tsolais ghlas ar na súile. International Journal of Ophthalmology 11, no. 12 (18 Nollaig 2018): 19992003. https://doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2018.12.20.\nChang, Anne-Marie, Daniel Aeschbach, Jeanne F. Duffy, agus Charles A. Czeisler. Tá tionchar diúltach ag baint le húsáid EReaders a scaoileann solas san oíche ar chodladh, ar amú ciorcadán, agus ar aireachas an mhaidin dár gcionn. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112, no. 4 (27 Eanáir 2015): 123237. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1418490112.\nVicente-Tejedor, Javier, Miguel Marchena, Laura Ramírez, Diego García-Ayuso, Violeta Gómez-Vicente, Celia Sánchez-Ramos, Pedro de la Villa, agus Francisco Germain. Laghdaíonn an Coimisinéir Glan na Solas Damáiste Retinal go suntasach tar éis nochtadh ard-neart. PLoS ONE 13, no. 3 (15 Márta, 2018). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194218.\nHansen, Mathias Hvidtfelt, Poul Pedersen Laigaard, Else Marie Olsen, Anne Mette Skovgaard, Michael Larsen, Line Kessel, agus Inger Christine Munch. Acta Ophthalmologica 98, gan aon. 3 (Bealtaine 2020): 31521. https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.14242.\nBian, Qingning, Shasha Gao, Jilin Zhou, Jian Qin, Allen Taylor, Elizabeth J. Johnson, Guangwen Tang, Janet R. Sparrow, Dennis Gierhart, agus Fu Shang. Laghdaíonn Forlíonadh Lutein agus Zeaxanthin Damáiste Photooxidative agus Modulates an Léiriú ar Géin a bhaineann le Inflammation i Réitín Pigment Epithelial Cill. Saoirse Radical Bithcheolaíochta & Leigheas 53, no. 6 (15 Meán Fómhair, 2012): 12981307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.06.024.\nBernstein, Paul S., Binxing Li, Preejith P. Vachali, Aruna Gorusupudi, Rajalekshmy Shyam, Bradley S. Henriksen, agus John M. Nolan. Lutein, Zeaxanthin, agus Meso-Zeaxanthin: An Eolaíocht Bhunúsach agus Cliniciúil atá faoi bhun Iomsaithe cothaitheacha Carotenoid-Base i gcoinne Galar Ocular. Dul chun cinn i dTuairisceán agus Taighde Súil 50 (Eanáir 2016): 3466. Tá an t-údarás inniúil i mbun na hoibre a bhaineann le cur i bhfeidhm an Rialacháin seo.\nChristaras, Dimitrios, Harilaos Ginis, Alexandros Pennos, Juan Mompean, agus Pablo Artal. modh oibiachtúil chun dlús optúil an phigme macular sa tsúil a thomhas. Biomedical Optics Express 10, no. 7 (24 Meitheamh, 2019): 357283. https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.10.003572.\nAbdel-Aal, El-Sayed M., Humayoun Akhtar, Khalid Zaheer, agus Rashida Ali. Foinsí aiste bia de Lutein agus Zeaxanthin Carotenoids agus a ról i Sláinte na Súl. cothaithigh 5, no. 4 (Aibreán 9, 2013): 116985. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5041169.\nWenzel, Adam J., Catherine Gerweck, Damian Barbato, Robert J. Nicolosi, Garry J. Handelman, agus Joanne Curran-Celentano. Méadaíonn Idirghabháil Uibhe 12-Wk Dlúthchaighdeán Óptach Zeaxanthin agus Pigment Macular i mBan. The Journal of Nutrition 136, no. 10 (Deireadh Fómhair 2006): 256873. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.10.2568.\nJunghans, A., H. Sies, agus W. Stahl. Pigmentí Macúlacha Lutein agus Zeaxanthin mar Sceallraí Solas Gorm a Staidéaradh i Liposomes. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 391, no. 2 (15 Iúil, 2001): 16064. https://doi.org/10.1006/abbi.2001.2411.\nStringham, James M., Nicole T. Stringham, agus Kevin J. OBrien. Leathnaíonn Forlíonadh Carotenoid Macular Feidhmíocht Am Amhairc, Cáilíocht Codlata, agus Comharthaí Neamhfhoighneach Fisiceacha i ndaoine a bhfuil nochtadh am ard scáileáin acu. Bia 6, no. 7 (Iúil 2017): 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods6070047."} {"text": "The Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca, literally meaning \"cat-foot black-and-white\") is a bear native to central-western and south western China. It is easily recognized by its large, distinctive black patches around the eyes, over the ears, and across its round body. Though it belongs to the order Carnivora, the Giant Panda's diet is 99% bamboo. Other parts of its diet include honey, eggs, fish, yams, shrub leaves, oranges, and bananas when available.\nThe Giant Panda lives in a few mountain ranges in central China, mainly in Sichuan province, but also in the Shaanxi and Gansu provinces. Due to farming, deforestation, and other development, the Giant Panda has been driven out of the lowland areas where it once lived.\nThe Giant Panda is a conservation reliant endangered species. A 2007 report shows 239 Giant Pandas living in captivity inside China and another 27 outside the country. Wild population estimates vary; one estimate shows that there are about 1,590 individuals living in the wild, while a 2006 study via DNA analysis estimated that this figure could be as high as 2,000 to 3,000. Some reports also show that the number of Giant Pandas in the wild is on the rise. However, the IUCN does not believe there is enough certainty yet to reclassify the species from Endangered to Vulnerable.\nWhile the dragon has historically served as China's national emblem, in recent decades the Giant Panda has also served as an emblem for the country. Its image appears on a large number of modern Chinese commemorative silver, gold, and platinum coins. Though the Giant Panda is often assumed to be docile, it has been known to attack humans, presumably out of irritation rather than predation.\nThe Giant Panda has a black-and-white coat. Adults measure around 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) long and around 75 centimeters (2.5 ft) tall at the shoulder. Males are 10–20% larger than females. Males can weigh up to 150 kilograms (330 lb). Females are generally smaller than males, and can occasionally weigh up to 125 kg (275 pounds). The Giant Panda lives in mountainous regions, such as Sichuan, Gansu and Shaanxi.\nThe Giant Panda has a body shape typical of bears. It has black fur on its ears, eye patches, muzzle, legs, arms and shoulders. The rest of the animal's coat is white. Although scientists do not know why these unusual bears are black and white, some speculate that the bold coloring provides effective camouflage into its shade-dappled snowy and rocky surroundings. The Giant Panda's thick, wooly coat keeps it warm in the cool forests of its habitat. The Giant Panda has large molar teeth and strong jaw muscles for crushing tough bamboo.\nThe Giant Panda's paw has a \"thumb\" and five fingers; the \"thumb\" is actually a modified sesamoid bone, which helps the Giant Panda to hold bamboo while eating. Stephen Jay Gould used this example in his book of essays concerned with evolution and biology, The Panda's Thumb.\nThe Giant Panda can usually live to be 25–30 years old in captivity.\nIn the wild, the Giant Panda is a terrestrial animal and primarily spends its life roaming and feeding in the bamboo forests of the Qinling Mountains and in the hilly Sichuan Province. Though generally alone, each adult has a defined territory and females are not tolerant of other females in their range. Pandas communicate through vocalization and scent marking such as clawing trees or spraying urine. The Giant Panda is able to climb and take shelter in hollow trees or rock crevices but does not establish permanent dens. For this reason, pandas do not hibernate, which is similar to other subtropical mammals, and will instead move to elevations with warmer temperatures. Pandas rely primarily on spatial memory rather than visual memory.\nSocial encounters occur primarily during the brief breeding season in which pandas in proximity to one another will gather. After mating, the male leaves the female alone to raise the cub.\nDespite its taxonomic classification as a carnivore, the Giant Panda has a diet that is primarily herbivorous, which consists almost exclusively of bamboo. However, the Giant Panda still has the digestive system of a carnivore, as well as carnivore-specific genes, and thus derives little energy and little protein from consumption of bamboo. Its ability to digest cellulose is ascribed to the microbes in its gut. The average Giant Panda eats as much as 9 to 14 kg (20 to 30 pounds) of bamboo shoots a day. Because the Giant Panda consumes a diet low in nutrition, it is important for it to keep its digestive tract full. The limited energy input imposed on it by its diet has affected the panda's behavior. The Giant Panda tends to limit its social interactions and avoids steeply sloping terrain in order to limit its energy expenditures.\nTwo of the panda's most distinctive features, its large size and its round face, are adaptations to its bamboo diet. Panda researcher Russell Ciochon observed that: “[much] like the vegetarian gorilla, the low body surface area to body volume [of the giant panda] is indicative of a lower metabolic rate. This lower metabolic rate and a more sedentary lifestyle allow the giant panda to subsist on nutrient poor resources such as bamboo.” Similarly, the Giant Panda's round face is the result of powerful jaw muscles, which attach from the top of the head to the jaw. Large molars crush and grind fibrous plant material.\nTwenty-five species of bamboo are eaten by pandas in the wild, such as Fargesia dracocephala and Fargesia rufa. Only a few bamboo species are widespread at the high altitudes pandas now inhabit. Bamboo leaves contain the highest protein levels; stems have less.\nBecause of the synchronous flowering, death, and regeneration of all bamboo within a species, the Giant Panda must have at least two different species available in its range to avoid starvation. While primarily herbivorous, the Giant Panda still retains decidedly ursine teeth, and will eat meat, fish, and eggs when available. In captivity, zoos typically maintain the Giant Panda's bamboo diet, though some will provide specially formulated biscuits or other dietary supplements. \nFor many decades the precise taxonomic classification of the Giant Panda was under debate because it shares characteristics of both bears and raccoons. However, molecular studies suggest that the Giant Panda is a true bear and part of the Ursidae family, though it differentiated early in history from the main ursine stock. The Giant Panda's closest ursine relative is the Spectacled Bear of South America. The Giant Panda has been referred to as a living fossil.\nDespite the shared name, habitat type, and diet, as well as a unique enlarged bone called the pseudo thumb (which helps them grip the bamboo shoots they eat), the Giant Panda and Red Panda are only distantly related. Molecular studies have placed the Red Panda in its own family Ailuridae, and not under Ursidae.\nTwo subspecies of Giant Panda have been recognized on the basis of distinct cranial measurements, color patterns, and population genetics (Wan et al., 2005).\n- The nominate subspecies Ailuropoda melanoleuca melanoleuca consists of most extant populations of panda. These animals are principally found in Sichuan and display the typical stark black and white contrasting colors.\n- The Qinling Panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis is restricted to the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi at elevations of 1300–3000 m. The typical black and white pattern of Sichuan Giant Pandas is replaced with a dark brown versus light brown pattern. The skull of A. m. qinlingensis is smaller than its relatives, and it has larger molars.\nUses and human interaction\nIn the past, pandas were thought to be rare and noble creatures – the mother of Emperor Wen of Han was buried with a panda skull in her vault. The grandson of Emperor Taizong of Tang is said to have given Japan two pandas and a sheet of panda skin as a sign of goodwill. Unlike many other animals in Ancient China, pandas were rarely thought to have medical uses. The few known uses include the Sichuan tribal peoples' use of panda urine to melt accidentally swallowed needles, and the use of panda pelts to control menses as described in the Qin Dynasty encyclopedia Erya.\nThe creature named mo (貘) mentioned in some ancient books has been interpreted as giant panda. The dictionary Shuowen Jiezi (Eastern Han Dynasty) says that the mo, from Shu (Sichuan), is bear-like, but yellow-and-black, although the older Erya describes mo simply as a \"white leopard\". The interpretation of the legendary fierce creature pixiu (貔貅) as referring to the giant panda are also common.\nThe comparative obscurity of the giant panda throughout most of China's history is illustrated by the fact that, despite there being a number of depictions of bears in Chinese art starting from its most ancient times, and the bamboo being one of the favorite subjects for Chinese painters, there are no known pre-20th-century artistic representations of giant pandas.\nThe Giant Panda was first made known to the West in 1869 by the French missionary, Armand David, who received a skin from a hunter on March 11, 1869. The first Westerner known to have seen a living Giant Panda is the German zoologist Hugo Weigold, who purchased a cub in 1916. Kermit and Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., became the first foreigners to shoot a panda, on an expedition funded by the Field Museum of Natural History in the 1920s. In 1936, Ruth Harkness became the first Westerner to bring back a live Giant Panda, a cub named Su-Lin who went to live at the Brookfield Zoo in Chicago. In 1938 five Giant Pandas were sent to London; these activities were later halted because of wars and for the next half of the century, the West knew little of pandas.\nLoans of Giant Pandas to American and Japanese zoos formed an important part of the diplomacy of the People's Republic of China in the 1970s, as it marked some of the first cultural exchanges between the People's Republic and the West. This practice has been termed \"Panda Diplomacy\".\nBy 1984, however, pandas were no longer used as agents of diplomacy. Instead, China began to offer pandas to other nations only on 10-year loans. The standard loan terms include a fee of up to US$1,000,000 per year and a provision that any cubs born during the loan are the property of the People's Republic of China. Since 1998, due to a WWF lawsuit, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service only allows a U.S. zoo to import a panda if the zoo can ensure that China will channel more than half of its loan fee into conservation efforts for the Giant Panda and its habitat.\nIn May 2005, China offered a breeding pair to Taiwan. The issue became embroiled in cross-Strait relations—both over the underlying symbolism, and over technical issues such as whether the transfer would be considered \"domestic\" or \"international,\" or whether any true conservation purpose would be served by the exchange. China's offer was initially rejected by President Chen of Taiwan. However when the presidency changed hands China's offer was accepted at the beginning of Ma Ying-jeou's presidency in 2008, and the pandas themselves arrived in December of that year. A contest to name the pandas was held in China, resulting in the politically charged names \"Tuan Tuan\" and \"Yuan Yuan\" (from tuanyuan, meaning \"reunion\", i.e. \"reunification\").\nThe Giant Panda has been a target for poaching by locals since ancient times, and by foreigners since it was introduced to the West. Starting in the 1930s, foreigners were unable to poach Giant Pandas in China because of the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War, but pandas remained a source of soft furs for the locals. The population boom in China after 1949 created stress on the pandas' habitat, and the subsequent famines led to the increased hunting of wildlife, including pandas. During the Cultural Revolution, all studies and conservation activities on the pandas were stopped. After the Chinese economic reform, demand for panda skins from Hong Kong and Japan led to illegal poaching for the black market, acts generally ignored by the local officials at the time.\nThough the Wolong National Nature Reserve was set up by the PRC government in 1958 to save the declining panda population, few advances in the conservation of pandas were made, due to inexperience and insufficient knowledge of ecology. Many believed that the best way to save the pandas was to cage them. As a result, pandas were caged at any sign of decline, and suffered from terrible conditions. Because of pollution and destruction of their natural habitat, along with segregation due to caging, reproduction of wild pandas was severely limited. In the 1990s, however, several laws (including gun control and the removal of resident humans from the reserves) helped the chances of survival for pandas. With these renewed efforts and improved conservation methods, wild pandas have started to increase in numbers in some areas, even though they still are classified as a rare species.\nIn 2006, scientists reported that the number of pandas living in the wild may have been underestimated at about 1,000. Previous population surveys had used conventional methods to estimate the size of the wild panda population, but using a new method that analyzes DNA from panda droppings, scientists believe that the wild panda population may be as large as 3,000. Although the species is still endangered, it is thought that the conservation efforts are working. As of 2006, there were 40 panda reserves in China, compared to just 13 reserves two decades ago.\nThe Giant Panda is among the world's most adored and protected rare animals, and is one of the few in the world whose natural inhabitant status was able to gain a UNESCO World Heritage Site designation. The Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries, located in the southwest Sichuan province and covering seven natural reserves, were inscribed onto the World Heritage List in 2009.\nNot all conservationists agree that the money spent on conserving pandas is money well spent. Chris Packham has argued that breeding pandas in captivity is \"pointless\" because \"there is not enough habitat left to sustain them\". Packham argues that the money spent on pandas would be better spent elsewhere, and has said that he would \"eat the last panda if I could have all the money we have spent on panda conservation put back on the table for me to do more sensible things with,\" though he has apologized for upsetting people who like pandas. He points out that \"The panda is possibly one of the grossest wastes of conservation money in the last half century.\"\nInitially the primary method of breeding Giant Pandas in captivity was by artificial insemination, as they seemed to lose their interest in mating once they were captured. This led some scientists to try extreme methods such as showing them videos of giant Pandas mating and giving the males Viagra. Only recently have researchers started having success with captive breeding programs, and they have now determined that Giant Pandas have comparable breeding to some populations of the American Black Bear, a thriving bear family. The current reproductive rate is considered one young every two years.\nGiant Pandas reach sexual maturity between the ages of four and eight, and may be reproductive until age 20. The mating season is between March and May, when a female goes into her estrous cycle which lasts for two or three days and only occurs once a year. When mating, the female is in a crouching, head-down position as the male mounts her from behind. Copulation time is short, ranging from thirty seconds to five minutes, but the male may mount her repeatedly to ensure successful fertilization. The gestation period ranges from 95 to 160 days. Cubs weigh only 90 to 130 grams (3.2 to 4.6 ounces), which is about 1/900 of the mother's weight. Usually, the female gives birth to one or two cubs. Since cubs are born very small and helpless, they need the mother's undivided attention, so she is able to care for only one of her cubs[dubious ]. She usually abandons one of her cubs, and it dies soon after birth. At this time, scientists do not know how the female chooses which cub to raise, and this is a topic of ongoing research. The father has no part in helping raise the cub.\nWhen the cub is first born, it is pink, furless, and blind. A Giant Panda cub is also extremely small, and it is difficult for the mother to protect it because of the baby's size. It nurses from its mother's breast 6 to 14 times a day for up to 30 minutes at a time. For three to four hours, the mother may leave the den to feed, which leaves the cub defenseless. One to two weeks after birth, the cub's skin turns gray where its hair will eventually become black. A slight pink color may appear on cub's fur, as a result of a chemical reaction between the fur and its mother's saliva. A month after birth, the color pattern of the cub's fur is fully developed. A cub's fur is very soft and coarsens with age. The cub begins to crawl at 75 to 90 days; mothers play with their cubs by rolling and wrestling with them. The cubs are able to eat small quantities of bamboo after six months, though mother's milk remains the primary food source for most of the first year. Giant Panda cubs weigh 45 kg (99.2 pounds) at one year, and live with their mothers until they are 18 months to two years old. The interval between births in the wild is generally two years.\nIn July 2009, Chinese scientists confirmed the birth of the first cub to be successfully conceived through artificial insemination using frozen sperm. The cub was born at 07:41 on 23 July that year in Sichuan as the third child of You You, an 11-year-old. The technique for freezing the sperm in liquid nitrogen was first developed in 1980 and the first birth was hailed as a solution to the problem of lessening Giant Panda semen availability which had led to in-breeding. It has been suggested that panda semen, which can be frozen for decades, could be shared between different zoos to save the species. It is expected that zoos in destinations such as San Diego in the United States and Mexico City will now be able to provide their own semen to inseminate more Giant Pandas.\nThere is no conclusive source for the origin of the Anglicized name \"panda.\" The closest candidate that has been accepted as the source originates in the Nepali word ponya, possibly referring to the adapted wrist bone. The Western world originally applied this name to the Red Panda. Until 1901, when it was erroneously stated that it was related to the Red Panda, the Giant Panda was known as \"mottled bear\" (Ailuropus melanoleucus) or \"particolored bear.\"\nIn most encyclopedic sources, the name \"panda\" or \"common panda\" originally referred to the lesser-known Red Panda, thus necessitated the inclusion of \"giant\" and \"lesser/red\" prefixes in front of the names. Even now, Encyclopaedia Britannica still uses \"giant panda\" or \"panda bear\" for the bear and simply \"panda\" for the Ailuridae, despite the popular usage of the word \"panda\" today.\nSince the earliest collection of Chinese writings, the Chinese language has given the bear 20 different names, such as 花熊 (hua xiong) \"spotted bear\" and 竹熊 (zhu xiong) \"bamboo bear.\" The most popular names in China today are 大熊貓 (dà xióng māo), literally \"large bear cat,\" or just 熊貓 (xióng māo), \"bear cat.\" The name may have been inspired by the Giant Panda's eyes which have pupils that are cat-like vertical slits unlike other bear species with round pupils.\nIn Taiwan, the popular name for panda is the inverted 貓熊 (māo xióng) \"cat bear,\" even though many encyclopedia and dictionaries in Taiwan still use \"bear cat\" as the correct name. Some linguists argue that, in this construction, \"bear\" instead of \"cat\" is the base noun, making this name more grammatically and logically correct, which may have led to the popular choice despite official writings.\nPandas in zoos\nPandas have been kept in zoos as early as the Western Han Dynasty in China, where the writer Sima Xiangru notes that the panda was the most treasured animal in the emperor's garden of exotic animals in Xi'an. Not until the 1950s were pandas again recorded to have been exhibited in China's zoos.\nA 2006 New York Times article outlined the economics of keeping pandas, which costs five times more than that of the next most expensive animal, an elephant. American zoos generally pay the Chinese government $1 million a year in fees, as part of a typical ten-year contract. San Diego's contract with China was to expire in 2008 but got a five-year extension at about half of the previous yearly cost. The last contract, with the Memphis Zoo in Memphis, Tennessee, ends in 2013.\nMany zoos and breeding centers in China house giant pandas. These include:\n- Beijing Zoo, home of the internationally notorious Gu Gu.\n- Bifengxia Panda Base, Ya'an, Sichuan – home to U.S. born giant pandas Mei Sheng(M) and Hua Mei (F), and soon to be home for Tai Shan (M).\n- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan – Twelve cubs were born here in 2006.. It is home to a number of other captive Giant Pandas, including the Japanese-born Xiong Bang (M). It will be home for the U.S.-born Mei Lan (F).\n- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda at the Wolong National Nature Reserve, Sichuan – Seventeen cubs were born here in 2006.\n- Ocean Park, Hong Kong – home to Jia Jia (F) and An An (M) since 1999. Two new pandas, Le Le (M) and Ying Ying (F), were added to Ocean Park on April 26, 2007.\n- Other places in Asia", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30", "url": "http://www.eol.org/data_objects/5111937", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469258948335.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723072908-00113-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9592970014, "token_count": 4820, "score": 3.5625, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Is é an Panda Giant (Ailuropoda melanoleuca, a chiallaíonn go litriúil \"cat-foot dubh-agus-geal\") a bear dúchasach go lár-iarthair agus i ndeisceart an tSín. Is furasta é a aithint trína spotaí móra, sainiúla dubh timpeall na súl, os cionn na gcluasa, agus ar fud a chorp cruinn. Cé go mbaineann sé leis an ord Carnivora, tá bia an Panda Giant 99% bambú. I measc na gcodanna eile dá réim bia tá mil, uibheacha, iasc, yams, duilleoga crann, oráiste, agus bananaí nuair a bhíonn siad ar fáil.\nTá an Panda Giant ina chónaí i roinnt slabhraí sléibhe i lár na Síne, go príomha i gcathair Sichuan, ach freisin i gcathair Shaanxi agus Gansu. Mar gheall ar fheirmeoireacht, dífhoraoisiú, agus forbairt eile, tá an Panda Giant dífhostaithe as na ceantair ísealleathanna ina raibh cónaí air uair amháin.\nIs speiceas atá i mbaol a bhfuil spleáchas ar chaomhnú air. Léiríonn tuarascáil 2007 go bhfuil 239 Panda Giant ina gcónaí i ngéibheann laistigh den tSín agus 27 eile lasmuigh den tír. Tá meastacháin ar líon na ndaoine fiáine éagsúil; léiríonn meastachán amháin go bhfuil thart ar 1,590 duine ina gcónaí san fhiáine, agus meastar i staidéar 2006 trí anailís DNA go bhféadfadh an figiúr seo a bheith chomh hard le 2,000 go 3,000. Léiríonn roinnt tuairiscí freisin go bhfuil líon na Pandaí Móra i bhfásach ag méadú. Mar sin féin, ní chreideann an IUCN go bhfuil cinnteacht go leor ann fós chun an speiceas a ath-aicmiú ó Threataithe go Vulnerable.\nCé gur bhain an drámach úsáid as siombail náisiúnta na Síne ó shin, le blianta beaga anuas, tá an Panda Giant mar siombail don tír freisin. Tá a íomhá ar líon mór de mhiníní comórtha nua-aimseartha na Síne óir, airgid agus platanam. Cé go meastar go minic go bhfuil an Panda Giant docile, tá a fhios go ndéanann sé ionsaí ar dhaoine, is dócha as a bheith irritated seachas predation.\nTá cóta dubh-agus-béar ag an Panda Giant. Tá na daoine fásta thart ar 1.5 méadar (4.9 ft) ar fhad agus thart ar 75 ceintiméadar (2.5 ft) ar airde ag an ghualainn. Tá na fir 1020% níos mó ná na mná. D'fhéadfadh fir suas le 150 cileagram a mheá. De ghnáth tá mná níos lú ná fir, agus is féidir leo suas le 125 kg a mheá uaireanta. Tá an Panda Giant ina chónaí i réigiúin bheannta, mar shampla Sichuan, Gansu agus Shaanxi.\nTá cruth comhlacht an Panda Giant tipiciúil ar bhéar. Tá gruaig dhian ar a chluasa, ar a chuid súl, ar a shrón, ar a chosa, ar a lámha agus ar a ghualainn. Tá an chuid eile den chúntas ainmhí bán. Cé nach bhfuil a fhios ag eolaithe cén fáth go bhfuil na béar neamhghnácha seo dubh agus bán, meastar go dtugann an dath láidir cumais éifeachtach dá timpeallacht sneachta agus carraig a bhfuil scáthanna ann. Coinníonn an panda ollmhór a chún cóta tiubh, uachtar te i bhforaoisí fionnuar a áit chónaithe. Tá fiacla móra móra ag an Panda Giant agus matáin mhála láidir chun bambú crua a phrósadh.\nTá \"domhnach\" agus cúig mhéar ag an mbánta Giant Panda; is cnámh sesamoid modhnaithe é an \"domhnach\" i ndáiríre, a chabhraíonn leis an Panda Giant bambú a shealbhú agus é ag ithe. D'úsáid Stephen Jay Gould an sampla seo ina leabhar de aisteanna a bhaineann le héabhlóid agus bitheolaíocht, The Panda's Thumb.\nIs féidir leis an Panda Giant maireachtáil go 25-30 bliain d'aois i ngéibheann.\nSa fhiáin, is ainmhí talún é an Panda Giant agus caitheann sé a shaol ag siúl agus ag ithe go príomha i bhforaoisí bambú na Sléibhte Qinling agus i gCúige Sichuan cnocach. Cé go bhfuil gach duine fásta ina n-aonar de ghnáth, tá críoch sainithe aige agus ní bhíonn mná inbhuanaithe i leith mná eile ina raon. Cumarsáideann pandaí trí ghuth agus marcáil boladh mar crainn a cló nó miotal a spraeáil. Is féidir leis an Panda Giant dul suas agus tearmann a fháil i gcrann lom nó i gcroí carraige ach ní bhunaíonn sé dúnanna buan. Ar an gcúis seo, ní hibernachann pandas, rud atá cosúil le mamaigh fho-thrópaiceacha eile, agus bogfaidh siad ina ionad sin go dtí airde le teochtaí níos teo. Tá pandaí ag brath go príomha ar chuimhne spásúil seachas ar chuimhne amhairc.\nTarlaíonn bualadh sóisialta go príomha le linn na séasúr breithe gearr ina ndéanann pandaí atá in aice lena chéile a bhailiú. Tar éis a chéile, fágann an fear an baineann ina n-aonar chun an cailín a ardú.\nIn ainneoin a aicmiú tacsainómach mar carníbhir, tá aiste bia ag an Panda Giant atá go príomha féithíoch, atá comhdhéanta beagnach go heisiach de bambú. Mar sin féin, tá córas díleá carnivore ag an Panda Giant fós, chomh maith le géiní sonracha carnivore, agus dá bhrí sin faigheann sé beagán fuinnimh agus beagán próitéine ó ithe bambú. Tá a chumas cellulose a díleá á chur i leith na micreabí ina intestines. Bíonn an panda ollmhór ag ithe 9 go 14 kg (20 go 30 punt) de shoots bambú in aghaidh an lae. Toisc go n-itheann an Panda Giant aiste bia íseal-chothaithe, tá sé tábhachtach dó a thrácht díleá a choinneáil lán. Tá tionchar ag an gcothabháil fuinnimh teoranta a fhorchuirtear air ag a réim bia ar iompar an panda. Tá claonadh ag an Panda Giant a idirghníomhaíochtaí sóisialta a theorannú agus seachnaíonn sé tírdhreach go géar-sléibhe chun a chaiteachas fuinnimh a theorannú.\nDhá cheann de na gnéithe is sainiúla atá ag an panda, a mhéid mór agus a aghaidh cruinn, oiriúnaithe lena réim bia bambú. Dúirt taighdeoir panda Russell Ciochon: [Is cosúil go mór] leis an ghorilla glasraí, is é an limistéar beag dromchla an choirp i gcomparáid le toirte an choirp [an panda ollmhór] léargas ar ráta meitibileach níos ísle. Ligeann an ráta meitibileach níos ísle seo agus stíl mhaireachtála níos suíche le panda ollmhór maireachtáil ar acmhainní bochta cothaithigh mar bambú. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, is é an aghaidh cruinn an panda ollmhór toradh na matáin mhála cumhachtach, a cheanglaíonn ó bharr na cinn go dtí an mhála. Cruachann agus miondealaíonn molars móra ábhar plandaí snáithín.\nTá cúig speiceas agus fiche bambú ag pandas san fhiáin, mar shampla Fargesia dracocephala agus Fargesia rufa. Níl ach cúpla speiceas bambú forleathan sna háiteanna ardleibhéil ina bhfuil pandaí anois. Tá na leibhéil próitéine is airde i duilleoga bambú; tá níos lú ag na stiallacha.\nToisc go bhfuil bláthú, bás agus athghiniúint gach bambú laistigh de speiceas comhthreomhar, ní mór go mbeadh dhá speiceas éagsúla ar a laghad ar fáil ag an Panda Giant ina raon chun ocras a sheachaint. Cé go bhfuil an panda ollmhór go príomha féithíoch, coinníonn sé fiacla ursine go cinnte, agus itheann sé feoil, iasc agus uibheacha nuair a bhíonn siad ar fáil. I ngábhas, coinníonn seoltaí ainmhithe de ghnáth aiste bia bambú an Panda Giant, cé go soláthróidh cuid acu biscuití foirmlithe go speisialta nó forlíontaí aiste bia eile.\nAr feadh go leor blianta bhí díospóireacht ar rangú tacsainómach beacht an Panda Giant toisc go bhfuil tréithe ag an mbeirt acu ar bhéar agus ar racaon. Mar sin féin, léiríonn staidéir mhóilíneacha gur fíor-bhéar é an Panda Giant agus go bhfuil sé mar chuid den teaghlach Ursidae, cé gur difríodh go luath sa stair é ón bpríomhstoc ursine. Is é an Bear Spectacled de Mheiriceá Theas an gaol ursine is gaire don Panda Giant. Tagraítear don Panda Giant mar fhosil bheo.\nIn ainneoin an ainm, an cineál áit chónaithe, agus an aiste bia a chomhroinntear, chomh maith le cnámh uathúil méadaithe ar a dtugtar an pseudo thumb (a chabhraíonn leo greim a fháil ar na bríomhanna bambú a itheann siad), níl an Panda Giant agus an Panda Dearg ach gaolmhar ar shiúl. Chuir staidéir mhóilíneacha an Panda Dearg ina theaghlach féin Ailuridae, agus ní faoi Ursidae.\nAithníodh dhá fho-ghné de Panda Giant ar bhonn tomhais cranial ar leith, patrúin dathanna, agus géineolaíocht daonra (Wan et al., 2005).\n- Is é an fho-chineál ainmnithe Ailuropoda melanoleuca melanoleuca an chuid is mó de phobail atá ann faoi láthair de pandaí. Tá na hainmhithe seo le fáil go príomha i Sichuan agus taispeánann siad na dathanna comhréireacha dubh agus bán tipiciúla.\n- Tá an Panda Qinling, Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis teoranta do Sléibhte Qinling i Shaanxi ag airde 13003000 m. Cuirtear patrún dorcha donn in ionad patrún dubh agus bán tipiciúil Pandas Giant Sichuan le patrún donn solais. Tá crápa A. m. qinlingensis níos lú ná a ghaolta, agus tá molars níos mó aige.\nÚsáid agus idirghníomhaíocht daonna\nSan am atá caite, meastar go raibh pandaí ina gcrutháin neamhchoitianta agus uasal adhlacadh máthair an Impire Wen de Han le crann panda ina seolta. Deirtear gur thug an buachaill de Impire Taizong de Tang dhá panda agus leathán de chraiceann panda don tSeapáin mar chomhartha dea-thoil. Murab ionann agus go leor ainmhithe eile san Ailtín, ní raibh sé de mheon ann go raibh úsáidí leighis ag pandaí. I measc na n-úsáideanna beag ar a dtugtar tá úsáid na ndaoine treibhe Sichuan ar bhéal panda chun snáthaigh a shléitear go neamhchinnte, agus úsáid peileanna panda chun rialuithe míosta a rialú mar a thuairiscítear i encyclopedia Qin Dynasty Erya.\nLéirítear gur panda ollmhór é an créatúr ar a dtugtar mo () a luaitear i roinnt leabhar ársa. Deir an foclóir Shuowen Jiezi (Dínastóireacht Han an Oirthir) go bhfuil an mo, ó Shu (Sichuan), cosúil le béar, ach buí-agus-dubh, cé go ndéanann an Erya níos sine cur síos ar mo ach mar \"leopard bán\". Tá léirmhíniú an créatúir ferocious legendary pixiu () mar a bhaineann leis an panda ollmhór coitianta freisin.\nLéirítear an dorchadas coibhéiseach a bhí ag an panda ollmhór i rith an chuid is mó de stair na Síne leis an bhfíric, in ainneoin go raibh roinnt léaráidí ar bhéar i ealaín na Síne ag tosú óna laethanta is ársa, agus gur ceann de na hábhair is fearr le péinteoirí na Síne é an bambú, níl aon léiriú ealaíne ar pandas ollmhór roimh an 20ú haois ar eolas.\nBa é an misinéir Fraincis, Armand David, a thug an leathar ó dhiagnóir ar an 11 Márta, 1869, a thug aithne ar an Panda Giant don Iarthar den chéad uair i 1869. Is é an chéad Iarthar a bhfuil a fhios aige gur chonaic sé Panda Giant beo ná an seolaí Gearmánach Hugo Weigold, a cheannaigh buachaill i 1916. Ba iad Kermit agus Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., na chéad eachtrannaigh a lámhaigh panda, ar thuras a mhaoinigh an Field Museum of Natural History sna 1920idí. Sa bhliain 1936, ba é Ruth Harkness an chéad Thiar a thug Panda Giant beo ar ais, buachaill darbh ainm Su-Lin a chuaigh chun cónaí ag Seomra Seolta Brookfield i Chicago. Sa bhliain 1938, seoladh cúig Panda Giant go Londain; chuir na gníomhaíochtaí seo stad orthu níos déanaí mar gheall ar chogaí agus don leathchéad bliain ina dhiaidh sin, ní raibh mórán eolais ag an Iarthar ar pandaí.\nBhí iasachtaí Pandas Giant do ghairdín ainmhithe Mheiriceá agus na Seapáine mar chuid thábhachtach de dhaonlathas Phoblacht na Síne sna 1970idí, mar a bhí sé ar cheann de na chéad mhalartuithe cultúrtha idir Phoblacht na Síne agus an Iarthar. Tugtar \"Diplomacy Panda\" ar an gcleachtas seo.\nFaoi 1984, áfach, níor úsáideadh pandaí mar ghníomhairí taidhleoireachta a thuilleadh. Ina áit sin, thosaigh an tSín ag tairiscint pandas do náisiúin eile ach ar iasachtaí 10 mbliana. I measc na gcoinníollacha iasachta caighdeánacha tá táille suas le US $ 1,000,000 in aghaidh na bliana agus foráil go bhfuil aon luibheanna a rugadh le linn an iasachta ar mhaoin Phoblacht na nDaoine na Síne. Ó 1998, mar gheall ar chás WWF, ní cheadaíonn Seirbhís Iascaigh agus Fiadhúlra na Stát Aontaithe le seó sna Stáit Aontaithe panda a allmhairiú ach amháin má fhéadann an seó a chinntiú go gcuirfidh an tSín níos mó ná leath dá táille iasachta i ngníomhaíochtaí caomhnaithe don Panda Giant agus a ghnáthshaol.\nI mí na Bealtaine 2005, thairg an tSín péire breeding do Taiwan. Tháinig an cheist i dteagmháil le caidreamh tras-Strait - an dá cheann ar an siombalachas bunúsach, agus ar shaincheisteanna teicniúla mar an gcaithfí an t-aistriú a mheas mar \"intleánach\" nó \"idirnáisiúnta\", nó an mbeadh aon chuspóir caomhnaithe fíor ag an malartú. Dhiúltaigh Uachtarán Chen de Taiwan d'ofríocht na Síne ar dtús. Mar sin féin nuair a d'athraigh an uachtaránacht lámha, glacadh le tairiscint na Síne ag tús uachtaránacht Ma Ying-jeou i 2008, agus tháinig na pandaí féin i mí na Nollag den bhliain sin. Reáchtáladh comórtas chun na pandas a ainmniú sa tSín, agus mar thoradh air sin tháinig na hainmneacha polaitiúla \"Tuan Tuan\" agus \"Yuan Yuan\" (ó tuanyuan, rud a chiallaíonn \"athcheangal\", i.e. \"ath-aontú\").\nTá an Panda Giant ina sprioc le haghaidh poaching ag muintir na háite ó am ársa, agus ag eachtrannaigh ó tugadh isteach é san Iarthar. Ag tosú sna 1930idí, ní raibh eachtrannaigh in ann pandaí ollmhóra a dhíol sa tSín mar gheall ar an Dara Cogadh Síneach-Seapánach agus an Cogadh Cathartha na Síne, ach d'fhan pandaí mar fhoinse feirme bog do na háitritheoirí áitiúla. Chuir an borradh daonra sa tSín tar éis 1949 strus ar chónaí na pandas, agus mar thoradh ar na haigneacha ina dhiaidh sin tháinig méadú ar fhiadhóireacht fiadhúlra, lena n-áirítear pandas. Le linn an Réabhlóid Chultúrtha, cuireadh deireadh leis na staidéir agus na gníomhaíochtaí caomhnaithe ar na pandas. Tar éis athchóiriú eacnamaíoch na Síne, mar thoradh ar éileamh ar chraiceann panda ó Hong Cong agus ón tSeapáin, rinneadh poillíocht neamhdhleathach don mhargadh dubh, gníomhartha a ndearna na hoifigigh áitiúla neamhaird orthu ag an am.\nCé gur bhunaigh rialtas na Síne Cúlchiste Náisiúnta Wolong i 1958 chun an daonra panda atá ag titim a shábháil, níor rinneadh mórán dul chun cinn i gcosanta pandaí, mar gheall ar easpa taithí agus eolas neamhleor ar éiceolaíocht. Chreid go leor gurbh é an bealach is fearr chun na pandaí a shábháil iad a chur i gcathair. Mar thoradh air sin, cuireadh pandaí i gcage ar aon chomhartha de laghdú, agus d'fhulaing siad ó choinníollacha uafásacha. Mar gheall ar thruailliú agus ar scrios a gnátháit nádúrtha, mar aon le scaradh mar gheall ar cageáil, bhí an t-athrú pandaí fiáine teoranta go mór. Sna 1990idí, áfach, chabhraigh roinnt dlíthe (lena n-áirítear rialú gunna agus daoine cónaitheacha a bhaint as na cúlchistí) le seansanna maireachtála do pandaí. Leis na hiarrachtaí athnuaite seo agus modhanna caomhnaithe feabhsaithe, tá méadú tagtha ar líon na bpandaí fiáine i roinnt ceantair, cé go bhfuil siad fós aicmithe mar speiceas annamh.\nI 2006, thuairiscigh eolaithe go bhféadfadh go raibh an líon pandaí a bhí ina gcónaí sa fhiáin á mheas faoi bhun ag thart ar 1,000. Bhí modhanna traidisiúnta á n-úsáid ag suirbhéanna daonra roimhe seo chun méid daonra panda fiáine a mheas, ach ag baint úsáide as modh nua a dhéanann anailís ar DNA ó dhroim panda, creideann eolaithe go bhféadfadh an daonra panda fiáine a bheith chomh mór le 3,000. Cé go bhfuil an speiceas i mbaol fós, meastar go bhfuil na hiarrachtaí chun é a chaomhnú ag obair. Faoi 2006, bhí 40 cúlchiste panda sa tSín, i gcomparáid le 13 cúlchiste dhá scór bliain ó shin.\nTá an Panda Giant i measc na n-ainmhithe neamhchoitianta is mó a adhradh agus a chosaint ar domhan, agus tá sé ar cheann de na cúpla duine ar domhan a raibh a stádas cónaitheora nádúrtha in ann ainmniúchán Saoráid Oidhreachta Domhanda UNESCO a fháil. Cuireadh Na hIonadchomhnaithe Panda Giant Sichuan, atá suite i gcathair dheas-thiarthar Sichuan agus a chlúdaíonn seacht gcúlchiste nádúrtha, ar Liosta Oidhreachta Domhanda i 2009.\nNí aontaíonn gach coimirceoir go bhfuil an t-airgead a chaitear ar chaomhnú pandaí ina airgead a chaitear go maith. Dúirt Chris Packham go bhfuil sé \"neamhbhéasach\" pandaí a chothú i ngábháil toisc \"nach bhfuil go leor gnáthóg fágtha chun iad a chothú\". Deir Packham go mbeadh an t-airgead a chaitear ar pandaí caite níos fearr in áit eile, agus dúirt sé go \"ithfeadh sé an panda deireanach dá bhféadfainn an t-airgead go léir a chaitear ar chaomhnú panda a chur ar ais ar an mbord dom rudaí níos ciallúla a dhéanamh leis\", cé gur iarr sé leithscéal as daoine a bhfuil grá acu do pandaí a chur ar a gcroí. Tugann sé le fios go bhfuil \"an panda ar cheann de na dramhaíola is mó ar airgead caomhnaithe sa leathchéad bliain anuas\".\nAr dtús ba é an príomh-mhodh chun pandaí ollmhóra a chothú i bpríosún ná trí insemination saorga, mar is cosúil go gcaillfeadh siad a n-ainneoin a gcuid spéise i gcáistiú nuair a gabhadh iad. Thug sé seo le roinnt eolaithe modhanna iomarcacha a thriail amhail físeáin a thaispeáint dóibh de Pandas ollmhór ag páirteach agus Viagra a thabhairt do na fir. Ní raibh ach le déanaí ag taighdeoirí a bheith ag éirí go rathúil le cláir chothú i ngábh, agus tá siad anois chinn go bhfuil Pandas Giant chothú inchomparáide le roinnt daonra de na Meiriceánach Black Bear, teaghlach bear rathúil. Meastar go bhfuil ráta atáirgthe reatha ag duine óg gach dhá bhliain.\nFaigheann pandaí ollmhóra aibíocht ghnéasach idir aois ceithre agus ocht mbliana d'aois, agus d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith atáirgthe go dtí aois 20. Tá séasúr na páirte idir Márta agus Bealtaine, nuair a théann bean isteach ina timthriall estrous a mhaireann ar feadh dhá nó trí lá agus a tharlaíonn ach uair sa bhliain. Nuair a bhíonn sé ag páirteach, bíonn an baineann i seasamh crouching, ceann síos agus an fear ag marcaíocht uirthi ó chúl. Tá am cóipeála gearr, idir tríocha soicind agus cúig nóiméad, ach d'fhéadfadh an fear a bheith ag teacht suas léi arís agus arís eile chun a chinntiú go n-éiríonn le feithil. Tá an tréimhse toirchis idir 95 agus 160 lá. Ní mheáann na páistí ach 90 go 130 gram (3.2 go 4.6 ounce), rud atá thart ar 1/900 de mheáchan na máthar. De ghnáth, tugann an baineann breith do leanbh amháin nó dhó. Ós rud é go bhfuil na hógáin an-bheag agus gan chúnamh, ní mór aird iomlán a thabhairt don mháthair orthu, mar sin ní féidir léi ach ceann amháin dá ghogáin a chúram [dubious ]. De ghnáth, is é a cuid cailín a fhágann ar an taobh, agus básann sí go luath tar éis a breithe. Ag an am seo, níl a fhios ag eolaithe conas a roghnaíonn an baineann an leanbh a ardú, agus is ábhar taighde leanúnach é seo. Níl aon ról ag an athair sa chabhair chun an liathróid a ardú.\nNuair a rugadh an buachaill den chéad uair, tá sé bándearg, gan gruaig, agus dall. Tá an-bheagán Panda Giant freisin, agus tá sé deacair ar an máthair é a chosaint mar gheall ar mhéid an linbh. Bíonn sé ag cothú ó chíche a mháthar 6 go 14 uair sa lá ar feadh suas le 30 nóiméad ag an am. Ar feadh trí nó ceithre uair an chloig, d'fhéadfadh an mháthair an t-eagla a fhágáil chun bia a fháil, rud a fhágann an buachaill gan chosaint. Seachtain nó dhó tar éis a bhreith, bíonn craiceann an chiúin ag dul go liath, ach sa deireadh bíonn a chuid gruaige dubh. D'fhéadfadh dath rósaigh a bheith ar chraiceann an chuile, mar thoradh ar imoibriú ceimiceach idir an chraiceann agus saill a mháthar. Mí tar éis a bhreith, tá patrún datha gruaige an chiúin go hiomlán forbartha. Tá gruaig an-éadrom ag an mbóg agus bíonn sé ag dul i ngrá leis an aois. Tosaíonn an buachaill ag crawling ag 75 go 90 lá; imríonn máithreacha lena gcuid buachaillí trí rollaíocht agus troid leo. Tá na páistí in ann cainníochtaí beaga bambú a ithe tar éis sé mhí, cé go bhfanann bainne na máthar mar phríomhfhoinse bia don chuid is mó den chéad bhliain. Meáchan na páistí Panda Giant 45 kg (99.2 punt) ag bliain amháin, agus maireann siad lena máithreacha go dtí go bhfuil siad 18 mí go dhá bhliain d'aois. Is é an t-eachtra idir na breitheanna san fhiáin de ghnáth dhá bhliain.\nI mí Iúil 2009, dhearbhaigh eolaithe na Síne go raibh an chéad leanbh a rugadh go rathúil trí insamhlánú saorga trí sperm reoite a úsáid. Rugadh an t-óg ag 07:41 ar 23 Iúil na bliana sin i Sichuan mar an tríú leanbh de You You, 11 bliana d'aois. Forbraíodh an teicníc chun an sperm a reo i nítrigin leachtacha den chéad uair i 1980 agus tugadh moladh don chéad bhreith mar réiteach ar an bhfadhb maidir le fáilte a chur ar fáil sperm Panda Giant a bhí mar thoradh ar inbreeding. Tagraíodh go bhféadfaí an séipéal panda, ar féidir é a reo le blianta fada, a roinnt idir zó éagsúla chun an speiceas a shábháil. Táthar ag súil go mbeidh sé ar chumas seó i gceann scríbe mar San Diego sna Stáit Aontaithe agus i gCathair Mheicsiceo a gcuid síolta féin a sholáthar anois chun níos mó Pandas Giant a insamhlú.\nNíl aon fhoinse chinnte ann maidir le bunús an ainm \"panda\" Anglicized. Is é an t-iarrthóir is gaire a glacadh mar fhoinse ná an focal Nepali ponya, agus is féidir go bhfuil sé ag tagairt do chnámh an láimhe oiriúnaithe. Ba é an domhan Thiar an t-ainm seo a thugtar ar an Panda Dearg ar dtús. Go dtí 1901, nuair a luaitear go mícheart go raibh baint aige leis an Panda Dearg, bhí an Panda Giant ar a dtugtar \"mottled bear\" (Ailuropus melanoleucus) nó \"particolored bear\".\nI bhformhór na bhfoinsí encyclopedic, ba é an t-ainm \"panda\" nó \"panda coiteann\" a bhí i gceist leis an Panda Dearg nach raibh chomh mór sin, agus mar sin bhí gá le réamhchomharthaí \"giant\" agus \"less/red\" a chur os comhair na n-ainmneacha. Fiú anois, úsáideann Encyclopaedia Britannica \"panda ollmhór\" nó \"panda bear\" don bhéar agus \"panda\" go simplí don Ailuridae, in ainneoin úsáid coitianta an fhocail \"panda\" inniu.\nÓn gclúdach is luaithe de scríbhinní na Síne, thug an teanga Síne 20 ainm éagsúil don bhéar, mar shampla 花熊 (hua xiong) \"bhéar spoite\" agus 竹熊 (zhu xiong) \"bhéar bambú\". Is iad na hainmneacha is coitianta sa tSín inniu 大熊貓 (dà xióng māo), go litriúil \"cat mór béar\", nó díreach 熊貓 (xióng māo), \"cat béar\". D'fhéadfadh go raibh an t-ainm spreagtha ag súile an Panda Giant a bhfuil daltaí acu atá cosúil le cat slits ingearach murab ionann agus speicis eile béar le daltaí babhta.\nI Taiwan, is é an t-ainm tóir ar panda an 貓熊 (māo xióng) \"bear cat\" a thiontú, cé go n-úsáideann go leor encyclopedia agus foclóirí i Taiwan \"bear cat\" fós mar an t-ainm ceart. Deir roinnt teangacha gur \"bear\" an t-ainm bunús sa chumadh seo in ionad \"cat\", rud a fhágann go bhfuil an t-ainm seo níos grammatically agus logically ceart, rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith mar thoradh ar an rogha tóir in ainneoin scríbhinní oifigiúla.\nPandaí i zún\nBhí pandaí á gcoimeád i zóanna chomh luath le Ríshliocht Han an Iarthair sa tSín, áit a ndeir an scríbhneoir Sima Xiangru gurb é an panda an t-ainmhí is luachmhara i ngairdín na n-ainmhithe coimhthíocha an impire i Xi'an. Ní raibh pandas ar taispeáint i zúnanna na Síne go dtí na 1950idí.\nLéirigh alt 2006 de The New York Times an t-airgeadas a bhaineann le pandaí a choinneáil, a chosnaíonn cúig huaire níos mó ná an t-ainmhí is daor eile, an t-eilifint. De ghnáth íocann seoltaí seolta Mheiriceá $ 1 milliún in aghaidh na bliana do rialtas na Síne mar phíosaí, mar chuid de chonradh tipiciúil deich mbliana. Bhí conradh San Diego leis an tSín le dul in éag i 2008 ach fuair sí síneadh cúig bliana ag thart ar leath an chostais bhliantúil roimhe sin. Críochnaíonn an conradh deireanach, le Seomra Ealaíne Memphis i Memphis, Tennessee, in 2013.\nTá pandaí ollmhóra i go leor zú agus ionaid chothúcháin sa tSín. I measc na n-ábhar sin tá:\n- Beijing Zoo, baile an Gu Gu mór-cháil idirnáisiúnta.\n- Bonn Panda Bifengxia, Ya'an, Sichuan baile do pandaí ollmhóra a rugadh sna Stáit Aontaithe Mei Sheng (M) agus Hua Mei (F), agus go luath beidh sé ina bhaile do Tai Shan (M).\n- Bunús Taighde Chengdu d'Achtú Panda Giant, Chengdu, Sichuan Rugadh dhá mhalán déag anseo i 2006.. Tá roinnt Pandas Giant eile gaolta ann, lena n-áirítear an Xiong Bang (M) a rugadh sa tSeapáin. Beidh sé ina bhaile don Mei Lan (F) a rugadh sna Stáit Aontaithe.\n- Ionad Coimirce agus Taighde na Síne don Panda Giant ag Cúlchiste Náisiúnta Náisiúnta Wolong, Sichuan Rugadh seacht déagán anseo in 2006.\n- Ocean Park, Hong Kong baile do Jia Jia (F) agus An An (M) ó 1999. Cuireadh dhá panda nua, Le Le (M) agus Ying Ying (F), leis an bPáirc Aigéin ar an 26 Aibreán, 2007.\n- Áiteanna eile san Áise"} {"text": "Why do you have painted pictures of the saints on the walls of the church? Isn't that idolatry?\nThe painted pictures in the church are called icons, a Greek word meaning image. Icons represent Jesus, various saints, or scenes from scripture.\nHistory indicates that they were part of early Christian practice dating back to the first century. According to The Catholic Encyclopedia, \"The idea that the Church of the first centuries was in any way prejudiced against pictures and statues is the most impossible fiction.\"\nIcons were primarily used for two purposes: to teach and to honor. St. Gregory, the Dialogist, (Pope of Rome ca. 590-604, during the time of the unified Church) spoke of icons as being scripture to the illiterate.\nHe wrote, \"For what writing presents to readers, this picture presents to the unlearned who behold, since in it even the ignorant see what they ought to follow; in it the illiterate read\" (Epistle to Bishop Serenus of Marseilles, NPNF 2, Vol. XIII, p. 53).\nIcons were quite ornate and intricate, drawing the viewer into contemplation and reflection. In fact, each of the colors used in icons are representative of different Biblical themes (i.e. heaven, glory, etc). The early Christians, who lived amidst pagan practices, were cautious not to allow such customs into Christian devotion.\nThe Catholic Encyclopedia notes that early Christians' \"monotheism, their insistence on the fact that they serve only one almighty unseen God, their horror of the idolatry of their neighbors, the torture and death that their martyrs suffered rather than lay a grain of incense before the statue of the emperor's numen are enough to convince us that they were not setting up rows of idols of their own.\nOn the other hand, the place of honor they give to their symbols and pictures, the care with which they decorate them argue that they treated representations of their most sacred beliefs with at least decent reverence.\"\nThe honor and instruction of these images later gave rise to devotional practices, especially among cultures in the East. The images were venerated, paid respect, with a kiss or bowing. These practices, among others, led some Western Christians to interpret such actions as worshipping of carved images. The issue was discussed in the final Ecumenical Council who held that the practice of veneration was different than that of worship.\nOne analogy that may help in the understanding of veneration by our Eastern brothers and sisters is that of our saluting a flag. They venerate or hold in esteem what is represented by the icon, just as we hold in esteem what the American flag represents.\nIt is not about the wood and paint any more than it would be about the cloth and dye in a flag. Rather, it is the recognition and acknowledgment of what is represented. In Anglicanism, the custom has been maintained as a devotional practice from the earliest days of the Christian faith. Some find icons helpful as a part of their devotion.\nAs St. John of Damascus wrote, \"we are led by perceptible Icons to the contemplation of the divine and spiritual\" (PG 94:1261a). The use of icons in the Church serve to encourage us to live in holiness and faithfulness as the saints who have gone before us.\nRobin Cormack, Byzantine Art (Oxford History of Art).\nJim Forest, Praying with Icons\n\"Veneration of Images.\" The Catholic Encyclopedia.\n\"Icon.\" Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd ed. (Oxford UP, 1997), p. 815.\nhttp://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/nicea2.html (on the Seventh Ecumenical Council)", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09", "url": "http://www.stbarnabas.us/vicars-corner/archives/08-2014", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247484020.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20190218013525-20190218035525-00353.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9630993605, "token_count": 785, "score": 3.03125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cén fáth a bhfuil pictiúir na naoimh péinteáilte agat ar bhallaí na heaglaise? Nach í an íodálaíocht sin?\nTugtar íocáin, focal Gréagach a chiallaíonn íomhá, ar na pictiúir péinteáilte san eaglais. Léiríonn íomhánna Íosa, naoimh éagsúla, nó radharcanna ó scrioptúr.\nLéiríonn an stair go raibh siad mar chuid de chleachtas na Críostaithe luatha a bhí ag teacht siar go dtí an chéad chéid. De réir The Catholic Encyclopedia, \"Is é an smaoineamh go raibh claontacht ar bith ag an Eaglais sna chéad céadta bliain i gcoinne pictiúir agus deilbh an ficsean is dodhéanta\".\nBaineadh úsáid as íomhánna go príomha chun dhá chuspóir: chun teagasc a thabhairt agus chun onóir a thabhairt. Naomh Gregory, an Dialógóir, (Pápa na Róimhe ca. 590-604, le linn na hIgliceach aontaithe) labhair sé faoi íomhánna mar scripture do na daoine gan litearthacht.\nScríobh sé, \"Mar a chuireann an scríbhneoireacht i láthair na léitheoirí, tugann an pictiúr seo don neamhfhoghlaimí a fheiceann, ós rud é go bhfeiceann fiú na daoine aineolacha an rud ba chóir dóibh a leanúint; léann na daoine gan léitheoireacht ann\" (Epistle to Bishop Serenus of Marseilles, NPNF 2, Vol. XIII, lch 53).\nBhí na híomhánna go leor ornáide agus casta, ag tarraingt an lucht féachana isteach i machnamh agus machnamh. Go deimhin, tá gach ceann de na dathanna a úsáidtear in íomhaigh ionadaíoch do théamaí éagsúla Bíobla (i.e. neamh, glóir, etc). Bhí na chéad Chríostaithe, a bhí ina gcónaí i measc cleachtais phéagain, cúramach gan ligean do na cleachtais sin dul isteach sa dílseacht Críostaí.\nTugann an t-Encyclopedia Catholicaí faoi deara go raibh \"aon-theitheachas na gCríostaithe luatha, a n-insistíocht ar an bhfíric go raibh siad ag freastal ar Dhia uilechumhachtach amháin nach bhfeictear, a n-inbhualadh ar ídholachas a gcomharsana, an tortúr agus an bás a d'fhulaing a mairtirí seachas grán incense a chur os comhair dealbh numen an impire, go leor chun a chur ina luí orainn nach raibh siad ag cur sraitheanna ídholacha acu féin ar bun.\nAr an láimh eile, an áit onóra a thugann siad dá siombailí agus dá phictiúir, an cúram a thugann siad dóibh a mhaisiú go ndearna siad ionadaíocht ar a gcreideamh is naofa le reverence measartha ar a laghad\".\nThug an onóir agus an t-eolas a thugtar do na hiontaois seo tús le cleachtais devotional níos déanaí, go háirithe i measc cultúir san Oirthir. Bhí meas, meas, á tabhairt ar na híomhánna le póg nó le bowing. Thug na cleachtais seo, i measc cleachtais eile, le cuid de na Críostaithe san Iarthar gníomhartha den sórt sin a léiriú mar adhradh do íomhánna deartha. Pléadh an cheist sa Chomhairle Eacnamaíoch deiridh a choinnigh go raibh an cleachtas urraim difriúil ó chleachtas an adhradh.\nIs é an t-amhrán a thugann ár gcairde san Oirthear dúinn a thuiscint ná an salúnta a dhéanaimid ar an bhratach. Tá siad ag tabhairt urraim nó ag cur meas ar an méid a léiríonn an íocán, díreach mar a léiríonn muid meas ar an méid a léiríonn bratach Mheiriceá.\nNí bhaineann sé leis an adhmad agus an péint níos mó ná mar a bheadh sé leis an éadach agus an dath i mbratach. Is é an rud is tábhachtaí ná go n-aithnítear agus go n-aithnítear an rud a léirítear. Sa t-Aingilís, coinníodh an nós mar chleachtas díograiseach ó laethanta is luaithe an chreidimh Chríostaí. Faigheann cuid acu go bhfuil íomhánna cabhrach mar chuid dá bhróga.\nMar a scríobh Naomh Eoin de Damascus, \"tá Iacóin inláimhsithe á dtreorú againn chun an diaga agus an spioradálta a mheas\" (PG 94:1261a). Tá úsáid na n-icónna san Eaglais ag spreagadh dúinn maireachtáil i naofacht agus i nguthúnacht mar na naoimh a chuaigh roimh dúinn.\nRobin Cormack, Ealaín Byzantine (Ealaín Stair Oxford).\nJim Forest, Ag guí le hIocáin\n\"Ríomhaith na nIomhánna\". An t-Einscríbhinn Caitliceach.\n\"Icon\". Fuaimín Oxford na hEaglaise Críostaí, 3ú heagrán. (Oxford UP, 1997), lch. 815.\nhttp://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/nicea2.html (ar an Seachtú Comhairle Eacnamaíoch)"} {"text": "Did you know that today is the first day of the rest of your life? Carpe Diem! As we wake to each new day opportunities, challenges, and wonders await. Our habit this week is Be Open to Continuous Learning. Teaching our children to live each day with this perspective makes them more resilient and open to the freshness of life. I think that this is an area that adults need to practice more than children. Children seem to be much more open to new ideas and learning than adults.\nKnowledge is doubling every 18 months. It is essential that our children learn how to sift through the nonsense knowledge and seek what is true and valuable. Being open to ideas and new knowledge is what has made our country the leader in innovation and invention. Take the time to ask your child that age old dinner table question, “what did you learn in school today?”. Help them to realize that everyday is a unique opportunity to grow into a better version of ourselves. Here are a few ideas to stretch this habit:\n- Heart – play with someone new.\n- Mind – ask to learn a different way of doing something that you already know how to do.\n- Body – practice juggling.\n- Soul – ask you parents about why they chose their career.\n“Arriving at one goal is the starting point to another.” – John Dewey\n“There will come a time when you believe everything is finished. That will be the beginning.” – Louis L’Amour\n“There is no finish line.” – Nike Corporation\nDo you know the proverb, “Feed someone a fish and you feed them for a day, teach them how to fish and you feed them for a lifetime”? The author may be unknown, but the message is clear. Learning is something we do, not something that happens to us. Whether children are learning to ride a bike or writing complex sentences, parents and teachers can’t do it for them. They need to do it on their own if they are to truly learn. Our habit of the week is an essential principle to great growing great kids. Consider all of the thinking involved when you allow your child to solve a problem on their own. You may have a good answer you would like to share, but allowing a child to question and problem solve on their own nurtures neurons and helps grow intelligence. Use the 80:20 question:answer rule. Ask questions 80% of the time and give answers 20%. I believe this is a healthy ratio for most children. As children develop confidence with their ability to resolve problems, more questions and fewer answers is appropriate. Avoid questions that provide a simple answer such as, “yes” or “no”. Use questions that lead to creativity and problem solving. Ask “how, why, what if, help me understand, have you considered ..” . Jonas Saulk once said, “the answer to any problem pre exists. We need to ask the right question to reveal the answer”.\nThe question a child typically asks first is drawn from his/her personal temperament. There is a desire to seek answers that satisfy our inner curiosity. For example, a child with a strong blue kite has a dominant interpersonal intelligence and will likely be drawn to the who question. A green kite thinks more intra-personally and asks why. The red thinker wants to know where and how because he/she is more hands-on and visually smart. The yellow kite considers logistics of a question and asks what and when. If we follow the natural questioning path that a child travels, we are likely to lead him/her straight to the correct answers.\nImagine the difference between giving your child a toy model car versus giving your child a toy model to build a car. Answering versus questioning has the same effect. When our children build a model they go through the process of discovery that is essential to deep understanding, innovation, and joy. If we are always providing the answers to questions, we get to show them how smart we are. Unfortunately, that does little for their own brain. Thinking power comes from asking questions and posing problems. In our brain we do the work to resolve those questions and problems and build neural pathways that become tools for the next time the question or problem arises.\n“If I had an hour to solve a problem and my life depended on the solution, I would spend the first 55 minutes determining the proper question to ask, for once I know the proper question, I could solve the problem in less than five minutes.” – Albert Einstein\n“Quality questions create a quality life. Successful people ask better questions, and as a result, they get better answers.” – Anthony Robbins\nMany hands make light work, especially when you are in your 50’s. Words such as community, harmony, teamwork, family, and synergy express the outcomes of people working and living together cooperatively. It is nice to know that we live with others who are willing and able to help us be a better version of ourselves.\nThinking interdependently is one of the habits that uses many of the habits we have already practiced: flexibility, listening with understanding, thinking win-win, sacrifice, communicating with clarity, and so on. Thinking interdependently recognizes that our lives are happier and more successful when we work together.\nOur effort between school and home to raise healthy and intelligent young people may be our most important interdependent relationship. When we share the same philosophy about educating children and teach meaningful habits, we more than double the influence on their minds.\nIt is clear to neuroscientist’s that the link between interdependence and learning is profound. When children believe that they are not alone and they have help from teachers and peers, the level of stress to learn diminishes dramatically. Knowing that we are never alone is a powerful defense against fear and boost for success.\n- Heart – purposely help a friend struggling with a problem.\n- Mind – read a story with someone and individually speak the parts of the characters.\n- Body – work together to complete a set of chores instead of working alone.\n- Soul – share how your personal smarts help others.\n“Many hands make light work” – English poet John Heywood, 1546\n“It is good to rub and polish our brain against that of others.” – Michael De Montaigne\nHelp Children Get Along\nParents’ Guide to Student Success (by grade level)\nUsing Positive Interdependence\nSacrifice: something given up or lost. Yet, when we sacrifice, we seem to gain something! The satisfaction and joy of watching our children become wonderful citizens and happy people is wonder and awe. It’s the common good that is the reward. Seeing others enjoy life more fully as a result of our sacrifice makes it all worth it. Giving up of our time, talents, and treasures is not something to be done in vain or for the sake of being nice. The ultimate goal is to gain something greater than that which was sacrificed. We don’t sacrifice for selfish reasons. It’s the greater good we can find satisfaction in. It’s our saying “no” to self that provides a bigger “yes” to others. When I give of my time to help one of my children I gain greater respect as a father and discover a deeper love between us.\nHelping our kids to understand this deeper level of sacrifice can help them to do things, not because we said that they ought to, but because they will gain happiness in their relationships with others and greater success in their lives. Goodness should be the goal of sacrifice – not affliction. True sacrifice is never pointless. A sacrificial person should expect to gain in the end at the expense of self to the wealth of all.\nAppropriately, this week is Teacher Appreciation Week and this Sunday is Mother’s Day–two of the most sacrificial people in our lives! I think it should be a week of celebration for both of these people!\n“In this world it is not what we take up, but what we give up, that makes us rich.” – Henry Ward Beecher\nHere are a few ways we can sacrifice and win:\n- Heart – let someone go first.\n- Mind – give up some play time to practice an academic skill.\n- Body – help a family member with a chore that isn’t your own.\n- Soul – consider how your personal talents make you special to our community.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05", "url": "https://www.almondacres.com/2018/05/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304217.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123081226-20220123111226-00568.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9570053816, "token_count": 1789, "score": 3.046875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "An raibh a fhios agat go bhfuil an lá atá inniu ann an chéad lá den chuid eile de do shaol? Carpe Diem! De réir mar a dhúisímid le gach lá nua, tá deiseanna, dúshláin agus iontais ag fanacht linn. Is é ár ngnáthamh an tseachtain seo Bí Oscailte ar Fhoghlaim Leanúnach. Má múineann muid ár gcuid páistí chun maireachtáil gach lá leis an dearcadh seo déanann sé níos mó athléimneacha agus oscailte do úrnuacht na beatha. Sílim gur réimse é seo a bhfuil gá le daoine fásta cleachtadh a dhéanamh níos mó ná leanaí. Is cosúil go bhfuil leanaí i bhfad níos oscailte do smaointe nua agus do fhoghlaim ná daoine fásta.\nTá an t-eolas ag dúbailt gach 18 mí. Tá sé riachtanach go bhfoghlaimfeadh ár gcuid páistí conas an t-eolas gan chiall a scagadh agus an rud atá fíor agus luachmhar a lorg. Is é a bheith oscailte d'ailt agus d'eolas nua an rud a rinne ár dtír ina cheannaire i nuálaíocht agus i ndearadh. Tóg an t-am chun an cheist sean-aois a chur ar do pháiste ag an mbord dinnéir, \"cad a d'fhoghlaim tú ar scoil inniu?\" Cabhair leo a thuiscint go bhfuil gach lá ina deis uathúil chun fás isteach i leagan níos fearr de dúinn féin. Seo cúpla smaoineamh chun an cleachtadh seo a shíneadh:\n- Heart imirt le duine éigin nua.\n- Mind iarr ar bhealach difriúil a dhéanamh ar rud a bhfuil a fhios agat cheana féin conas é a dhéanamh a fhoghlaim.\n- Body cleachtadh juggling.\n- Soul a iarraidh ar do thuismitheoirí faoi cén fáth a roghnaigh siad a gcuid gairme.\nIs é an sprioc amháin a bhaint amach an pointe tosaigh ar cheann eile. John Dewey\nTiocfaidh am nuair a chreideann tú go bhfuil gach rud críochnaithe. Beidh sé sin a bheith ar an tús. Louis LAmour\nNíl aon líne chríochnaithe. Nike Corporation\nAn bhfuil an seanfhocal ar eolas agat, \"Bíodh iasc ag duine agus beidh bia aige ar feadh lá, múin dó conas iasc a ghabháil agus beidh bia aige ar feadh a shaoil\"? B'fhéidir nach bhfuil an t-údar ar eolas, ach tá an teachtaireacht soiléir. Is rud é a fhoghlaim a dhéanaimid, ní rud a tharlaíonn dúinn. Cibé an bhfuil leanaí ag foghlaim rothaíocht a dhéanamh nó seantanna casta a scríobh, ní féidir le tuismitheoirí ná le múinteoirí é a dhéanamh dóibh. Ní mór dóibh é a dhéanamh ar a gcuid féin más mian leo foghlaim go fírinneach. Is é ár n-oideas na seachtaine prionsabal riachtanach chun leanaí móra móra a fhás. Smaoinigh ar na smaointeoireacht go léir a bhaineann le ligean do leanbh fadhb a réiteach ina n-aonar. B'fhéidir go bhfuil freagra maith agat ar mhaith leat a roinnt, ach má ligeann tú do leanbh ceisteanna a chur agus fadhbanna a réiteach ina n-aonar, cuireann sé sin cothaithe ar néaróin agus cabhraíonn sé le heolas a fhorbairt. Úsáid an riail 80:20 ceist:freagra. Ceisteanna a chur 80% den am agus freagraí a thabhairt 20%. Creidim gur cóimheas sláintiúil é seo do chuid is mó leanaí. De réir mar a fhásann muinín leanaí as a gcumas fadhbanna a réiteach, tá níos mó ceisteanna agus níos lú freagraí oiriúnach. Seachain ceisteanna a thugann freagra simplí mar, yes nó no. Úsáid ceisteanna a spreagann cruthaitheacht agus réiteach fadhbanna. Iarr ar conas, cén fáth, cad má, cabhrú liom a thuiscint, tá tú mheas .. . Dúirt Jonas Saulk uair amháin, \"Tá an freagra ar aon fhadhb ann cheana féin. Ní mór dúinn an cheist cheart a chur chun an freagra a nochtadh.\nIs é an cheist a chuireann leanbh ar dtús ná a temperament pearsanta. Tá sé de dhíth orainn freagraí a fháil ar na ceisteanna a bhíonn againn. Mar shampla, tá cliste idirphearsanta den scoth ag leanbh a bhfuil dromchla gorm láidir aige agus is dócha go dtiocfaidh sé chuig an cheist cé. Smaoiníonn an dromchla glas níos mó go intrah-phearsanta agus iarrann sé cén fáth. Ba mhaith leis an smaointeoir dearg a fháil amach cá háit agus conas toisc go bhfuil sé/sí níos láidre agus níos cliste go amhairc. Measann an dromchla buí logistíocht ceist agus iarrann sé cad agus cathain. Má leanann muid an bealach ceisteála nádúrtha a thaistealaíonn leanbh, is dócha go dtógfaimid go díreach na freagraí cearta air/uirthi.\nSmaoinigh ar an difríocht idir carr samhail bréagán a thabhairt do do leanbh i gcomparáid le samhail bréagán a thabhairt do do leanbh chun carr a thógáil. Tá an éifeacht chéanna ag freagairt i gcoinne ceistiú. Nuair a thógann ár gcuid páistí samhail, téann siad tríd an bpróiseas fionnachtana atá riachtanach chun tuiscint dhomhain, nuálaíocht, agus áthas a fháil. Má tá muid i gcónaí ag soláthar na bhfreagraí ar cheisteanna, faighimid a thaispeáint dóibh cé chomh cliste atá muid. Ar an drochuair, ní dhéanann sé sin mórán dá n-inchinn féin. Tagann cumhacht smaointeoireachta ó cheisteanna a chur agus fadhbanna a chur i láthair. I ár n-inchinn déanaimid an obair chun na ceisteanna agus na fadhbanna sin a réiteach agus cosáin néarócha a thógáil a thiocfaidh chun bheith ina n-uirlisí don chéad uair eile a thagann an cheist nó an fhadhb chun cinn.\n Dá mbeadh uair an chloig agam fadhb a réiteach agus go mbeadh mo shaol ag brath ar an réiteach, chaithfeadh mé na chéad 55 nóiméad ag cinneadh an cheist cheart a chur, mar nuair a bhíonn a fhios agam an cheist cheart, d'fhéadfainn an fhadhb a réiteach i níos lú ná cúig nóiméad. Albert Einstein\nIs ceisteanna cáilíochta a chruthaíonn saol cáilíochta. Cuireann daoine rathúla ceisteanna níos fearr, agus mar thoradh air sin, faigheann siad freagraí níos fearr. Anthony Robbins\nTá go leor lámha ag obair go héasca, go háirithe nuair a bhíonn tú sna 50idí. Léiríonn focail mar phobal, comhchuibhiú, obair ar fhoireann, teaghlach, agus sineirgíocht torthaí daoine a oibríonn agus a chónaíonn le chéile go comhoibritheach. Tá sé deas a fhios go bhfuil muid ag maireachtáil le daoine eile atá toilteanach agus in ann cabhrú linn a bheith ina leagan níos fearr de féin.\nIs é smaoineamh ar idirspleáchas ceann de na nósanna a úsáideann go leor de na nósanna a rinneamar cheana féin: solúbthacht, éisteacht le tuiscint, smaoineamh ar gach duine a bhuachan, íobairt, cumarsáid a dhéanamh le soiléireacht, agus mar sin de. Tuigeann smaointeoireacht idirspleách go bhfuil ár saol níos sona agus níos rathúla nuair a oibrímid le chéile.\nIs féidir go bhfuil ár n-iarracht idir an scoil agus an teach chun daoine óga sláintiúla agus cliste a thógáil ar an gcaidreamh is tábhachtaí atá againn lena chéile. Nuair a roinnimid an fealsúnacht chéanna maidir le hoideachas leanaí agus nósanna bríomhar a mhúineadh, déanaimid níos mó ná dúbailt den tionchar ar a gcuid intinn.\nTá sé soiléir do na neiro-eolaithe go bhfuil nasc domhain idir idirspleáchas agus foghlaim. Nuair a chreideann leanaí nach bhfuil siad ina n-aonar agus go bhfuil cabhair acu ó mhúinteoirí agus ó chomhghleacaithe, laghdaíonn an leibhéal strus chun foghlaim go suntasach. Tá a fhios againn nach bhfuil muid féin riamh ina chosaint chumhachtach i gcoinne eagla agus spreagadh chun rath.\n- Heart cuidiú go ciallmhar le cara ag streachailt le fadhb.\n- Mind scéal a léamh le duine agus cuid de na carachtair a labhairt go hidirnáisiúnta.\n- Corp obair le chéile chun sraith tascanna a chur i gcrích in ionad obair ina n-aonar.\n- Soul roinn conas a chuidíonn do chuid intleachtaí pearsanta le daoine eile.\nMás lámha a dhéanann obair éadrom An file Sasanach John Heywood, 1546\nIs maith a bheith ag scuabadh agus ag póladh ár n-inchinn i gcoinne cinn daoine eile. Michael De Montaigne\nCabhair do Leanaí a Fháil amach\nTreoir do Thuismitheoirí maidir le Sásamh na Mac Léinn (de réir leibhéal grád)\nAg baint úsáide as an Idirbhinseacht Dhearfach\nSacrifice: rud a thugtar suas nó a chailltear. Ach, nuair a dhéanaimid íobairt, is cosúil go bhfaighimid rud éigin! Is ionadh agus uafásach an sásamh agus an lúcháir a bhíonn againn nuair a fheiceann muid ár gcuid leanaí ag éirí ina saoránaigh iontach agus ina ndaoine sona. Is é an leas coiteann an luach saothair. Nuair a fheiceann muid daoine ag baint taitneamh as an saol níos láidre mar thoradh ar ár n-íobairt, is fiú an méid sin go léir. Ní rud é a dhéanfar ar son a bheith deas ná ar son a bheith bocht, ná ní rud é a dhéanfar ar son ár n-am, ár n-ailt agus ár gcuid airgid a thabhairt. Is é an sprioc deiridh rud éigin níos mó a fháil ná an rud a íoctar. Ní dhéanaimid íobairt ar chúiseanna féinbhunaithe. Is é an leas níos mó is féidir linn a fháil ar sásamh i. Is é ár rá \"ní\" féin a sholáthraíonn \"tá\" níos mó do dhaoine eile. Nuair a thugann mé mo chuid ama chun cabhrú le ceann de mo chlann, faigheann mé níos mó meas mar athair agus faighim grá níos doimhne idir sinn.\nAgus ár gcuid páistí a chabhrú chun an leibhéal níos doimhne íobairt seo a thuiscint, is féidir leo rudaí a dhéanamh, ní mar gheall ar a dúirt muid gur chóir dóibh, ach toisc go bhfaighidh siad sonas ina gcaidrimh le daoine eile agus rath níos mó ina saol. Ba chóir go mbeadh an dea-ghníomh mar aidhm na íobairt ní an t-aigne. Ní bhíonn fíor-íobairt gan chiall riamh. Ba chóir go mbeadh súil ag duine íobairt a fháil sa deireadh ar chostas féin do shaibhreas gach duine.\nGo cuí, is é an tseachtain seo an Seachtain Measúnaithe Múinteoirí agus an Domhnach seo Lá na Máthar - beirt de na daoine is íobairt inár saol! Sílim gur chóir go mbeadh seachtain ceiliúradh ann do na daoine seo araon!\n Sa saol seo ní hé an méid a ghlacann muid, ach an méid a thugann muid suas, a dhéanann muid saibhir. Henry Ward Beecher\nSeo cúpla bealach ar féidir linn íobairt a dhéanamh agus bualadh:\n- Heart lig duine éigin dul ar dtús.\n- Mind roinnt ama a thabhairt suas chun cleachtadh a dhéanamh ar scileanna acadúla.\n- Cuid cuidiú le ball teaghlaigh le cúram nach é do chuid féin é.\n- Soul smaoineamh ar conas a dhéanann do chuid buanna pearsanta speisialta a dhéanamh duit dár bpobal."} {"text": "A minibook that teaches students the names of the continents and oceans.\nThis minibook gives students information about continents, oceans, and lines of latitude and longitude. It includes writing the names of the continents and oceans in order by size and writing which continent the student lives on and which ocean is closest.\nIncludes: one 2-page PDF (one color and one black/white)\nInstructions: Cut along the solid lines around the paper and in the middle. Fold in half longways along the dotted line. Open and fold in half the other way along the dotted line. Open and fold the edges up along the dotted lines to meet the crease in the middle (folds should be the opposite way of the middle fold). Then fold back in half longways and push the sides in towards the middle. Fold so that the name page is the front of the book.\nPart of the Continents and Oceans bundle\nFiles are designed for printing on A4 or A3 paper, so there may be very minor differences if printing on letter paper. Due to this being a digital download, refunds are not issued. Please contact me if you have any questions before purchasing.\nDesigned for individual use. You may make as many copies as needed, but please use only in your own home or classroom. All files copyrighted by Little River English 2020.\nIf you like my work, please leave a review and follow my store. I hope you enjoy this resource. Thank you for downloading!\nFiles will have a download link after purchase. Please email Little River English if your files do not download correctly.\nAll resources available in print within mainland China. Please email us at [email protected] for details.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05", "url": "https://www.littleriverenglish.com/shop/continents-and-oceans-minibook/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305420.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220128043801-20220128073801-00333.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9245966077, "token_count": 359, "score": 3.34375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Leabhar beag a mhúineann ainmneacha na mór-roinn agus na n-aigéan do mhic léinn.\nTugann an leabhar beag seo faisnéis do mhic léinn faoi mhór-roinn, muirí, agus línte leitheadaigh agus fhadta. Áirítear leis ainmneacha na mór-roinn agus na n-aigéan a scríobh in ord de réir a mhéid agus a scríobh cén mór-roinn a bhfuil an mac léinn ina chónaí air agus cén aigéan is gaire.\nÁirítear: PDF amháin 2 leathanach (dath amháin agus ceann dubh/geal)\nTreoracha: Gearr ar feadh na línte soladacha timpeall an pháipéir agus sa lár. Clúdaigh go leath ar feadh an líne dotted. Oscail agus fill ar an leath ar an mbealach eile ar feadh an líne dotted. Oscail agus cas na imeall suas de réir na línte poncáilte chun teacht ar an gcreap sa lár (ba chóir go mbeadh na pleananna i gcoinne an pleananna lár). Ansin fill ar ais i leath ar feadh na hoíche agus brúigh na taobhanna isteach i dtreo na meánaoise. Clúdaigh an leabhar ionas go mbeidh an leathanach ainmneacha ar aghaidh an leabhair.\nCuid den chnapán mór-roinn agus aigéin\nTá comhaid deartha le priontáil ar pháipéar A4 nó A3, mar sin d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh difríochtaí an-bheag má phriontáiltear ar pháipéar litreacha. Toisc gur íoslódáil dhigiteach é seo, ní eisítear aisíocaíochtaí. Cuir le do thoil teagmháil liom má tá aon cheist agat sula gceannaíonn tú.\nCeaptha le húsáid aonair. Is féidir leat a lán cóipeanna a dhéanamh de réir mar is gá, ach le do thoil é a úsáid ach amháin i do theach féin nó i seomra ranga. Tá cóipcheart na gcomhad go léir ag Little River English 2020.\nMá thaitníonn mo chuid oibre leat, fág athbhreithniú agus lean mo stór. Tá súil agam go mbainfidh tú taitneamh as an acmhainn seo. Go raibh maith agat as an íoslódáil!\nBeidh nasc íoslódála ag comhaid tar éis iad a cheannach. Seol ríomhphost chuig Little River English má tá do chuid comhad gan íoslódáil i gceart.\nGach acmhainn atá ar fáil i gcló laistigh den tSín mórthír. Cuir ríomhphost chugainn ar [email protected] le haghaidh sonraí."} {"text": "In the Lesson Bank...\nThe Lesson Bank is a user-supported clearinghouse for on-line lesson plans. Over 2900 lessons have been submitted by teachers around the world. Contribute your favorite lesson ideas and help support teachers everywhere!\nFun with Food: Hola Jalapeno\nby Aixa B. Rodriguez\nThe following plan is a home visit lesson plan that contains components that address Adult Education/ESOL, and age appropriate activities for Toddler, Preschool and School aged children. This is suitable for EVEN START, EARLY HEADSTART and other home visiting programs. It is also suitable for families who wish to expose their children to a second language early in their childhood.\nLesson Plan: Fun with food: Paper Tacos\nAim/Objective: Adult will participate in measuring, writing out a recipe and putting the steps of a recipe into sequence. Adult will read book to children, help children with matching (concentration) game, and reinforce steps to prepare tacos in English and Spanish. All children will participate in pretending to cook tacos, preparing the tacos and creating the recipe.\nNYS Standards: Health & nutrition, Math, English, Languages other than English, Art and Social Studies\nPrior Knowledge/Motivation: Food, Mexican Culture, Spanish language, Tacos.\n- Book: Hola Jalapeno by Amy Wilson Sanger\n- Aluminum foil\n- Origami paper and construction paper\n- Glue, double sided tape\n- Child scissors, different kinds of edged scissors\n- Crayons and markers\n- Matching cards for concentration labeled in English and Spanish\n- Old taco box from Old El Paso\n- Toy pots and spoons, and measuring cups\n- Precut yellow or white paper circles, old manila folders\n- Templates for food\n- Pictures to create recipe with, large piece of paper to write the recipe on\n- Parent will read Hola Jalapeno with the children with assistance if necessary\n- Teacher will review the book to address vocabulary words.\n- Teacher will review the matching game cards in Spanish and English\n- Family will play matching game using both Spanish and English.\n- Creating Tacos: all paper materials needed are in the taco box from Old El Paso\n- Elicit the activity from the children \"What do you think we are going to do?\"\n- Draw two burners on the back of the box, to pretend to cook the \"meat\"\n- Children will rip up brown paper to make \"meat\" and place in toy pot\n- Children will pretend to stir and cook it, taking turns and putting in pretend \"seasoning.\"\n- While the \"meat\" is cooking (toddler can continue to stir) children will crumble and then cut green paper to make lettuce, yellow paper to make cheese, and red paper for tomatoes using the edged scissors. Place the cut paper in toy bowls.\n- Children and parent will use markers and crayons to color the taco shells and the tortillas (yellow and white circles)\n- Children will paste yellow circles on old manila folders and parent will assist in shaping it and cutting it out to look like a taco shell\n- Children will fill the tacos discussing what goes in \"first\" \"primero\" \"second\" \"segundo\"\n- Children will wrap their tacos with aluminum foil\n- Parent and children will put the pictures of the taco making process in order, using tape to affix them to the large paper. School aged child and parent will work together to write out recipe in simple directions, using English, Spanish or both.\nPractice: The matching game, art project, and recipe component allow all participants to practice the vocabulary through active involvement.\nPerformance based assessment of student learning: Questions for the teacher/facilitator: Were all the participants interested and engaged? Did the toddler stir and help rip and cut paper with adult assistance? Did the toddler say any of the target words? Did the children have an opportunity to show their knowledge? Was the preschooler able to follow directions? Was the preschooler able to sequence the steps involved in making a taco? Was the preschooler able to participate actively? Did the school-aged child actively assist his/her siblings? Was the school-aged child able to write the words for the recipe with assistance?\nSelf Evaluation: Did I allow the parent and children opportunities to assist each other and fully participate? Were the tasks scaffolded for different developmental levels and language ability? Were the tasks appropriate and well received by the parent and children? Did the children enjoy the activity? Did the children have an opportunity to complete the tasks and gain confidence in their abilities?\nExtension/Follow up: Book and materials can be left in the home to make other recipes mentioned in the book. Other titles by the same author are The first book of sushi, Yum Yum Dim Sum and Let's Nosh, which teach about Japanese, Chinese and Jewish foods with the same interesting collages. And these books can be used to talk about other cultures and introduce new foods and words.\nRecent Lesson Plans Submitted...\nDown By The Bay Theme (Pre-School,Literature)\nIs This A Real Word? (Elementary,Reading/Writing)\nWhat Caused This? (Elementary,Reading/Writing)\n\"It's Okay to be Different\" (Pre-School,Social Studies)\nWhat Makes Me Angry (Middle,Reading/Writing)\n\"Cinderella part 1 (unit 17)\" (Middle,Reading/Writing)\nA Famous Speech (Middle,Reading/Writing)\nKeeping verb tense consistent (Middle,Reading/Writing)\nIntro. to Pre-Algebra (Elementary,Mathematics)\nRocket Day (all,other)\nWriting About a Kiss (Elementary,Reading/Writing)\nClass Books (Elementary,Literature)\nMoney Activities (Pre-School,Mathematics)\nDoctor Clown Health & Safety for Kids (Elementary,Health)\nFun with Food: Hola Jalapeno (other,other)\nB.E.A.R. Books (Pre-School,other)\nCrickets in the Classroom (all,)\nHomonym Matching (Elementary,Language)\nfrench for beginners (first lesson) (Elementary,Language)\nTable of Contents - Novel Studies (Middle,Reading/Writing)\nLetter Of The Week (Pre-School,Reading/Writing)\n3D american art (Elementary,Art)\nConnect 4 (all,Mathematics)\nMonths of the year to the Macarena (Kindergarten,Music)\nClassroom Photos (all,)\nFiltering Air (Middle,Science)\nMore Lesson Plans...", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-36", "url": "http://www.teachers.net/gazette/AUG03/lessons.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982291592.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195811-00129-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9031930566, "token_count": 1397, "score": 3.703125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Sa Bhainc Léachta...\nIs ionad imréitigh é an Banc Ceachtanna a thacaíonn úsáideoirí leis le haghaidh pleananna ceachtanna ar líne. Chuir múinteoirí ar fud an domhain os cionn 2900 ceacht isteach. Cuir do chuid smaointe is fearr leat le ceacht isteach agus cuidiú le múinteoirí a thacú i ngach áit!\nSásamh le Bia: Hola Jalapeno\nle Aixa B. Rodriguez\nIs plean ceachtanna cuairte baile é an plean seo a leanas ina bhfuil comhpháirteanna a bhaineann le hOideachas do Dhaoine Fásta/ESOL, agus gníomhaíochtaí atá oiriúnach d'aois do leanaí Óige, Réamhscoile agus Scoile. Tá sé seo oiriúnach do chláir EVEN START, EARLY HEADSTART agus cláir eile cuairteanna baile. Tá sé oiriúnach freisin do theaghlaigh ar mian leo a gcuid leanaí a chur i láthair don dara teanga go luath ina gcuid óige.\nPlean Ceachta: Amharc le Bia: Tacos Páipéir\nCuspóir/Cuspóir: Rannpháirtíonn an fásta i tomhas, i scríbhneoireacht oideas agus i seicmiú céimeanna an oideas. Léann daoine fásta leabhar do leanaí, cabhraíonn siad le páistí le cluiche comhoiriúnaithe (cuimsiú), agus cuireann siad céimeanna chun tacos a ullmhú i mBéarla agus i Spáinnis. Glacfaidh na páistí go léir páirt i mhalairt a dhéanamh go bhfuil tacos á cócaireacht, ag ullmhú na tacos agus ag cruthú an oidis.\nCaighdeáin NYS: Sláinte & cothú, Matamaitic, Béarla, Teangacha seachas Béarla, Ealaín agus Staidéar Sóisialta\nEolas/Mothuithe Roimhe: Bia, Cultúr Mheicsiceo, teanga na Spáinne, Tacos.\n- Leabhar: Hola Jalapeno ag Amy Wilson Sanger\n- Foil alúmanaim\n- Páipéar origami agus páipéar tógála\n- Glú, téip dhúbailte\n- Scáileán do leanaí, cineálacha éagsúla scáileán gearradh\n- Craicigh agus marcóirí\n- Cártaí comhoiriúnaithe le haghaidh tiúchan le lipéadú i mBéarla agus i Spáinnis\n- Sean bosca taco ó Old El Paso\n- Potaí agus spúnóg bréagáin, agus cupáin tomhais\n- ciorcail páipéir buí nó bán réamhchroite, sean-chlárna manila\n- Teimpléid do bhia\n- Pictiúir chun an t-oideas a chruthú leo, píosa mór páipéir chun an t-oideas a scríobh air\n- Léann tuismitheoirí Hola Jalapeno leis na páistí le cúnamh más gá\n- Athbhreithneoidh an múinteoir an leabhar chun focail fhocail a chur in iúl.\n- Athbhreithneoidh an múinteoir na cártaí cluiche comhoiriúnacha i Spáinnis agus i mBéarla\n- Beidh an teaghlach ag imirt cluiche comhoiriúnaithe ag baint úsáide as an Spáinnis agus Béarla araon.\n- Tá na hábhair páipéir go léir a theastaíonn i mbosca taco ó Old El Paso\n- An ghníomhaíocht a spreagadh ó na páistí \"Cad a cheapann tú go ndéanaimid?\"\n- Dhéan dhá dóiteáin a tharraingt ar chúl an bhosca, chun a dhéanamh cosúil go bhfuil an \"feoil\" á chócaráil\n- Beidh leanaí a rip suas páipéar donn a dhéanamh \"feoil\" agus a chur i bpóca bréagán\n- Beidh na páistí ag déanamh cosúil go bhfuil siad ag cur isteach agus ag cócaireacht é, ag dul ar a chéile agus ag cur \"seasoning\" bréagach isteach.\n- Cé go bhfuil an \"feoil\" ag cócaireacht (is féidir leis an leanbh beag leanúint ag mealladh) beidh leanaí ag crumble agus ansin páipéar glas a ghearradh chun salainn a dhéanamh, páipéar buí chun cáis a dhéanamh, agus páipéar dearg le haghaidh trátaí ag baint úsáide as an sciar gearr. Cuir an páipéar gearr i mboscaí bréagán.\n- Úsáidfidh leanaí agus tuismitheoirí marcóirí agus criostail chun na craiceann taco agus na tortillas a dathú (ciorcail bhlaoda agus bán)\n- Cuirfidh leanaí ciorcail buí ar sheanfhillteán manila agus cabhróidh tuismitheoir leis an bhfoirm a chur air agus é a ghearradh amach chun breathnú cosúil le craiceann taco\n- Beidh na páistí a líonadh na tacos plé a dhéanamh ar cad a théann i \"an chéad\" \"primero\" \"second\" \"segundo\"\n- Beidh leanaí a wrap a tacos le fóil alúmanaim\n- Cuirfidh tuismitheoirí agus leanaí na pictiúir den phróiseas taco a dhéanamh in ord, ag baint úsáide as téip chun iad a chur ar an bpáipéar mór. Oibreoidh leanbh atá in aois scoile agus tuismitheoir le chéile chun an t-oideas a scríobh amach i dtreoracha simplí, ag úsáid Béarla, Spáinnis nó an dá cheann.\nCleachtadh: Ligeann an cluiche comhoiriúnaithe, an tionscadal ealaíne, agus an chomhpháirt oideas do gach rannpháirtí an foclóir a chleachtadh trí rannpháirtíocht ghníomhach.\nMeasúnú bunaithe ar fheidhmíocht ar fhoghlaim na mac léinn: Ceisteanna don mhúinteoir/do chúntóir: An raibh suim agus rannpháirtíocht ag na rannpháirtithe go léir? An raibh an leanbh beag ag cur páipéar i bhfeidhm agus ag cabhrú leis an páipéar a scriosadh agus a ghearradh le cúnamh ó dhuine fásta? An d'inis an páiste aon cheann de na focail sprioc? An raibh deis ag na páistí a gcuid eolais a thaispeáint? An raibh an leanbh réamhscoile in ann treoracha a leanúint? An raibh an leanbh réamhscoile in ann na céimeanna a bhaineann le taco a dhéanamh a ordú? An raibh an leanbh réamhscoile in ann páirt ghníomhach a ghlacadh? An raibh an leanbh in aois scoile ag cabhrú lena dheartháireacha/a deirfiúracha go gníomhach? An raibh an leanbh in aois na scoile in ann na focail don oideas a scríobh le cabhair?\nFéinmheasúnú: An ndearna mé deis don thuismitheoir agus do na páistí cuidiú lena chéile agus páirt iomlán a ghlacadh? An raibh na tascanna scaffolded do leibhéil éagsúla forbartha agus cumas teanga? An raibh na tascanna oiriúnach agus an raibh fáilte roimh an tuismitheoir agus na páistí? An raibh an ghníomhaíocht á taitneamh ag na páistí? An raibh deis ag na páistí na tascanna a chur i gcrích agus muinín a fháil dá gcumas?\nLeathnú/Leathnú: Is féidir an leabhar agus na hábhair a fhágáil sa bhaile chun oidis eile a dhéanamh a luaitear sa leabhar. Teideal eile ag an údar céanna is ea An chéad leabhar sushi, Yum Yum Dim Sum agus Let's Nosh, a mhúineann faoi bhia na Seapáine, na Síne agus na Giúdacha leis na collages suimiúla céanna. Agus is féidir na leabhair seo a úsáid chun labhairt faoi chultúir eile agus bia agus focail nua a thabhairt isteach.\nPleananna Ceachtanna Le déanaí a Chuirtear isteach...\nTéama Down By The Bay (Pre-School,Literature)\nAn bhfuil an Focal Seo Fíor? (Bunúsach, Léitheoireacht/Scríobh)\nCad a Chúisigh Seo? (Bunúsach, Léitheoireacht/Scríobh)\n\"Tá sé ceart go leor a bheith difriúil\" (Pre-School, Social Studies)\nCad a dhéanann mé feargach (Meán, Léitheoireacht/Scríobh)\n\"Cinderella part 1 (unity 17) \" (Meán, Léitheoireacht/Scríobh)\nA Famous Speech (Meán, Léitheoireacht/Scríobh)\nCoimeádann sé an t-am briathar comhsheasmhach (Meán, Léitheoireacht/Scríobh)\nIntro. go Ré-Algaibre (Eillimintéir, Matamaitice)\nLá na Roicéad (go léir, eile)\nScríobh faoi phóg (Bunúsach, Léitheoireacht/Scríobh)\nLeabhair Chlas (Eolaíoch, Litríocht)\nGníomhaíochtaí Airgeadaíochta (Pre-Scoile, Matamaitice)\nSláinte agus Sábháilteacht do Leanaí (Eolaíoch, Sláinte)\nFun le Bia: Hola Jalapeno (ceachtar eile,ceachtar eile)\nB.E.A.R. Leabhair (Pre-School, eile)\nCrickets sa Chlas (go léir)\nComhoiriúnú Homónim (Eolaíoch, Teanga)\nFraincis do thosaitheoirí (an chéad chéim) (Elementary,Language)\nTábla na n-ábhar - Staidéar ar an Nuacht (Meán, Léitheoireacht/Scríobh)\nLitir na Seachtaine (Pre-School,Reading/Writing)\nEalaín Mheiriceá 3D (Elementary,Art)\nCeangal 4 (go léir, Matamaitice)\nMíonna na bliana go dtí an Macarena (Ghaeilge, Ceol)\nGrianghraf ó Chlas (go léir)\nFiltráil Aeir (Meán, Eolaíocht)\nPleananna Múinte Níos Mó..."} {"text": "This is an agreement between two parties, usually institutions, to exchange cash flows according to a predefined calculation at specified periodic intervals in the future. The calculation may be based on the future value of interest rates, foreign exchange rates or some other market variable. Like forward and futures contracts both parties to the contract are obligated to perform their end of the deal. Also like forward and futures contracts swaps are priced to have a value of zero at inception.\nInterest Rate Swap\nIn a standard (plain vanilla) IRS, the buyer of the contract, usually a company, pays a predetermined fixed rate (F) payment leg and receives a floating rate(R) payment leg which is usually linked to some index (such as LIBOR).\nBoth payments are based on the same notional amount (Q) and period of time. The principal amount is not exchanged in an IRS. Usually there is a difference check at each payment point and the party that is obligated to pay more will make the payment of the difference between the two cash flows.\nThe payment on the fixed rate leg is easy to calculate, assuming same basis, the notional value is Q, and the F is the fixed swap rate:\nThe floating side, with R as the floating rate is\nThe net cash flow for the buyer of the contract at each payment date is:\nNet Cash flowt=Q×(Rt-1-F)× days,\nwhere t-1 is the payment date on which the floating rate interest was observed and is one payment date prior to the payment date on which the net cash flow is paid. “days” are the period of time in the interest rate period (in years) based on the appropriate day count convention.\nThe fixed rate in the IRS that makes the value of the IRS zero at inception is known as the swap rate.\nA currency swap exchanges the principal and interest payments in one currency with the principal and interest payment in another currency. The principals will be exchanged at commencement and expiration of the contract. At the initial stage the principals are usually equivalent based on the prevailing exchange rates at that point in time. However at the expiration date even though the principal amounts will not change, their actual values could be significantly different based on how the two currencies have moved in relation to each other.\nOnline Finance Course – Pricing Interest Rate Swaps – What is swap – End Session Three", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13", "url": "https://financetrainingcourse.com/education/2010/05/online-finance-course-pricing-interest-rate-swaps-what-is-a-swap/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203842.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325072024-20190325094024-00519.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9569299221, "token_count": 485, "score": 2.640625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is comhaontú é seo idir dhá pháirtí, de ghnáth institiúidí, chun sreabha airgid a mhalartú de réir ríomhleithle réamhshainithe ag eatraimh chuimsitheacha sonraithe sa todhchaí. Féadfaidh an ríomh a bheith bunaithe ar luach todhchaí rátaí úis, rátaí malairte eachtraí nó ar athróg margaíochta eile. Cosúil le conarthaí réamhthaobhacha agus todhchaí, tá dualgas ar an dá pháirtí sa chonradh a gcuid deireadh den chomhaontú a chomhlíonadh. Chomh maith leis sin, cosúil le conarthaí forásacha agus fúthair, tá praghas ag na malartuithe go bhfuil luach nialasa acu ag tús.\nRátaí úis a mhalartú\nI gconradh IRS caighdeánach (plain vanilla), íocann ceannaitheoir an chonartha, cuideachta de ghnáth, rannán íocaíochta ráta seasta réamhchinnte (F) agus faigheann sé rannán íocaíochta ráta seasta (R) a bhíonn ceangailte de ghnáth le hinnéacsa éigin (mar shampla LIBOR).\nTá an dá íocaíocht bunaithe ar an méid nochtasach céanna (Q) agus ar an tréimhse ama céanna. Ní dhéantar an príomh-mhéid a mhalartú i IRS. De ghnáth déantar seiceáil ar an difríocht ag gach pointe íocaíochta agus déanfaidh an páirtí a bhfuil oibleagáid níos mó air íoc an difríocht idir an dá shreabhadh airgid a íoc.\nIs furasta an íocaíocht ar an rannán ráta seasta a ríomh, ag glacadh leis an mbonn céanna, is é an luach nochtasach Q, agus is é an F an ráta malartaithe seasta:\nIs é an taobh shoiléir, le R mar an ráta shoiléir\nIs é an t-airgeadra glan a thagann chun sochair do cheannaitheoir an chonartha ag gach dáta íocaíochta ná:\nNí mór an t-airgeadra a bheith ar fáil ar an margadh.\nI gcás ina bhfuil an t-1 an dáta íocaíochta ar a ndearnadh an ráta úis a athrú a urramú agus tá sé ina dháta íocaíochta amháin roimh an dáta íocaíochta ar a n-íocfar an t-airgeadra glan. Is éard atá i lá an tréimhse ama sa tréimhse rátaí úis (in blianta) bunaithe ar an gconradh cóimheasa lá iomchuí.\nIs é an ráta seasta sa IRS a dhéanann luach an IRS nialasach ag tús ar a dtugtar an ráta malartaithe.\nIs éard atá i gceist le malartú airgeadra ná íocaíochtaí an phríomh-chiste agus an úis i airgeadra amháin a mhalartú le íocaíochtaí an phríomh-chiste agus an úis i airgeadra eile. Déanfar na príomhoidí a mhalartú ag tús agus ag deireadh an chonartha. Sa chéim tosaigh, is gnách go bhfuil na príomh-chomhpháirtithe comhionann bunaithe ar na rátaí malairte atá i réim ag an bpointe sin. Mar sin féin, ar dháta éaga, cé nach n-athróidh na méideanna príomhchistí, d'fhéadfadh a gcuid luachanna iarbhír a bheith difriúil go suntasach bunaithe ar an gcaoi a ndeachaigh an dá airgeadra i gcomparáid lena chéile.\nCúrsa Airgeadais Ar Líne Príomhú Leideanna Rátaí Úis Suasanna Cad é an t-aistriú Seisiún a Trí a chríochnú"} {"text": "In this unit students explore the different situation types to which multiplication can be applied. Particularly, they engage with rate, comparison and array problems.\n- Pose different types of word problems.\n- Explain their mathematical thinking in solving problems.\n- Use a variety of equipment to model their solutions.\nThe basic concept of multiplication is an important one because of its practicality (How much do 4 ice creams cost at $2 each) and efficiency (It is quicker to determine 4 x 2 than to calculate 2 + 2 + 2 + 2). Multiplication is used in many different situations. Here students think about multiplication as a short way to find the result of repeated addition of equal sets. They do so by solving rate problems, comparison problems and array problems.\nA rate problem involves a statement of ‘so many of one quantity for so many of another quantity.’ All multiplication situations contain some form of rate but at this level, the problems are usually about equal sets or measurement. Take this example:\n“Lena buys six bags of biscuits. Each bag contains four biscuits. How many biscuits does she buy altogether?”\nThis is an equal sets problem that contains the rate ‘four biscuits for every bag.’ A measurement rate problem is usually something like this:\n“Hone’s kumara plant grows five centimetres each week after it sprouts. How long will his plant be after six weeks?”\nThe rate in Hone’s problem is “five centimetres for every week.” Comparison problems involve the relationship between two quantities. For example:\n“Min’s apartment block has three floors. Anshul’s block has 12 floors. How much taller is Anshul’s block than Min’s?”\nAn additive answer is 12 – 3 = 9 floors. A multiplicative answer is 4 x 3 =12 so Anshul’s block is four times higher than Min’s. An array is a structure of rows and columns. For example, this chocolate block has two rows of five pieces (2 x 5 or 5 x 2).\nAn array is a structure of rows and columns. For example, this chocolate block has two rows of five pieces (2 x 5 or 5 x 2).\nArray problems can help students to see the commutative property of multiplication, for example, that 5 x 2 = 2 x 5. In other words, the order of the factors does not affect the product (answer) in multiplication.\nAs well as thinking about multiplication in a variety of situations, students are encouraged to use a variety of materials to solve the problems. Using a variety of materials can help students see the multiplicative structure that is common to a variety of problems and assist them to transfer their understanding to situations which are new to them.\nThis unit can be differentiated by varying the scaffolding provided to make the learning opportunities accessible to a range of learners. For example:\n- accept students’ use of counting strategies to solve multiplicative problems, as needed\n- have students use materials or diagrams to support their thinking, as needed\n- work in small groups with students who need additional support, solving problems together.\nFocus on familiar contexts which include multiplicative situations to appeal to students’ interests and experiences and encourage engagement. Examples may include:\n- lines of students in kapa haka groups\n- collecting bags of pipi or other shellfish\n- crews of students racing in waka ama\n- loaves of bread for a school or community event\n- groups of people travelling in vans, cars or buses\n- preparing bundles of harakeke for weaving.\n- Introduce the session by asking the students to work through several equal group [set] problems first and then ask them to pose their own problems. For example:\n- There are 8 cars. Each one has 2 people in it. How many people are there altogether?\n- There are 6 fish bowls. Each bowl contains 4 goldfish. How many goldfish are there altogether?\n- There are 7 tables. Each table has 3 legs. How many legs altogether?\n- The students can represent these and similar ‘equal sets’ problems with:\n- towers of interlocking cubes\n- threading beads\n- jumps on the number line\n- interlocking cubes on a number track\n- drawing a picture to show the number of tables and the corresponding number of legs.\n- Note: It is important to link the examples (where possible) to the structure of repeated addition of equivalent sets as multiplication. For example: 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 28 or 7 x 4 = 28. Discuss what the numbers 4, 7, and 28 refer to and what the operations symbols + and x refer to. The multiplication symbols can be thought of as meaning ‘of’. For example, 7 x 4 = 20 means seven sets of four.\n- Now ask the students to make up word problems using the problem structure above with different answers. For example, “Write a multiplication problem with an answer of 24”.\n- Use several sets of ice-cream containers (all with the same number of items in them) with the contents of each covered except for one. Ask the students to write story problems for each example.\n- What strategy do the students use to solve the problems?\n- Do they try to count the contents of each ice-cream container by ones; that is those that are visible and those that are concealed?\n- Do they use skip counting, e.g. 3, 6, 9, …, or repeated addition, e.g. 3 + 3 = 6, 6 + 3 = 9, …?\n- Do they apply multiplication facts, e.g. 5 x 3 = 15 so 6 x 3 = 18 (3 more)?\n- Be aware that students’ choice of strategy depends on the connection between the conditions of each problem and the number resources that they have available. Expect that strategies of individual students will be variable.\nOver the next three days the students are exposed to a variety of different types of story problems. They are encouraged to model the problems using different equipment and explain their answers to others. They think about the most efficient ways of solving the problems. It is important that students are provided with opportunities to build up multiplication facts to 10 and then to 20. Some students may solve these problems without equipment, using the number knowledge they have available.\n- On the first day work through several measurement rate problems. It is good if students notice that the situations are structurally similar to the ‘equal sets’ problems from the previous session. Measurement quantities, especially time, are more intangible than ‘bags of’ or ‘packets of’ in equal sets situations. Acting out problems can support students to see the common structure.\n- Use these measurement rate situations:\n[Name] can write her name in 10 seconds. How long does he/she take to write his/her name four times?\nYou might select a student to role play writing their name and use an analogue clock (less battery) and/or stacks of cubes to track the time in seconds\n[Name] drinks four cups of water each day. How many cups does he/she drink in one week?\nUse plastic cups to build up the equal sets of four cups that are involved in this problem. Use another material to track the number of days.\n[Name] sews five buttons on every shirt. How many buttons does he/she need for eight shirts?\n[Name] puts three spoons of Milo in each cup. How many spoons of Milo does he/she need for 10 cups?\nThese problems are more accessible than the time related tasks. Shirts can be cut out of paper and buttons represented by counters. Cups and plastic spoons can be used to model the Milo problem. Both quantities in each rate are tangible.\n- Copymaster One has some rate problems for students to solve. The problems contain a mixture of tangible and intangible units.\nThe students can create similar types of problems with pictures and pose the problems to each other. Encourage them to explain their strategies to each other.\n- After time solving the problems, gather the class.\nDiscuss what is the same about all the problems you have just worked on.\nDo students express the idea of a rate as being a “for every” relationship?\nNow ask the students to make up similar word problems and to pose their problems to each other. Encourage them to explain their answers to each other.\n- On the second day of exploration use PowerPoint One to expose your students to comparison situations. The first preference of students may be to look for additive relationships. For example, here is a correct additive response to the question on Slide One.\nHow much taller is Jill’s apartment block than Jack’s apartment block?\nS: Jill’s apartment block has 12 floors and Jack’s has four floors. Jill’s block is eight floors higher.\nStudents may not offer a ‘times as many’ multiplicative answer. If that occurs pose this problem:\nJill says that her apartment block is three time higher than Jack’s block. I wonder what she means?\n- Slides Two and Three shows the additive and multiplicative comparisons that can be made.\nLook for students to note the inverse relationships:\nS: Jack’s apartment block is eight floors less (shorter) than Jill’s.\nS: Jack’s apartment block is one third of the height of Jill’s.\n- Work through the other slides of PowerPoint One looking to see if students identify the common structure of finding difference (additive) and finding the scale factor (multiplicative).\n- Copymaster Two contains many multiplicative comparison problems. Some problems are in the form where the relationship is required while others require application of a given scale factor. Students are also encouraged to write equations to represent the situations. Let the students solve the problems, with the support of materials like counters if they need it. After a suitable time share the answers as a class.\n- Do your students:\n- Recognise the meaning of “times as many.”?\n- Represent the situations correctly with materials?\n- Identify the scale factor and the set to be scaled?\n- Record the equations correctly?\n- On the third day of exploration work through several array problems based on situations in which there are equal groups. When modelling arrays, it may be helpful to talk about the lines across as ‘rows’ and the lines up and down as ‘columns’. Teams with the same number of members in each are often used during the school day.\nPose problems such as:\nThe students are lined up in 3 teams for sport. Each team has 6 members. How many students are there altogether?\nEncourage the students to draw representations of problems like this using three rows (one for each team) and six columns (one for each team member). Alternatively, use the students as the objects in the problem. If students draw the situation as three columns of six it opens discussion of the commutative property since 6 x 3 = 3 x 6.\n- Other problems you might use include:\n- A tray of eggs has five rows and six columns.How many eggs are in the tray altogether?\n- The carpark has four rows. Ten cars park in each row. How many cars can be parked altogether?\n- A chocolate block has six columns, with four pieces in each column. How many pieces are in the whole block?\n- A ‘Connect Four’ board has seven columns, with six holes in each column. How many counters can fit on the whole array?\n- The students can model these and other array problems with\n- pegboards: pegs on a pegboard can be used to illustrate arrays in multiplication.\nFor the problem above this could be talked about as 3 rows of 6 pegs or 3 sixes,\nor 3 rows of 6, or 3 x 6 = 18\nBy turning the pegboard a quarter turn, the array still has a total of 18 pegs.\nThis could be talked about as 6 columns of 3 pegs or 3 rows of 6 pegs or 6 threes\nor 6 columns of 3 or 6 X 3 + 18.\n- interlocking cubes\n- colouring grid paper\n- pegboards: pegs on a pegboard can be used to illustrate arrays in multiplication.\n- Copymaster Three contains some problems related to arrays. Encourage your students to record an equation for each array, to show how they found the total number of objects.\nOn the final day of the unit we play a game called Array Trap in which the students use graph paper to plot arrays.\nFor this activity you will need\n- a sheet of graph paper for each player (At least 30 x 20 squares);\n- 3 x ten-sided dice - each side has a different digit on it (You can use 3 x standard 1-6 dice, but the facts are limited)\n- different coloured felt pens\nPlayers take turns to:\n- Roll the dice and choose two, for example 8 and 2;\n- Mark out a rectangle of that size, for example 8 rows of 2, or 2 columns of 8; or a different pair of factors with the same area, for example, four columns of four.\n- Write the multiplication basic fact in the rectangle, for example 8 x 2 = 16 or 2 x 8 = 16;\n- Players take turns until one player is trapped. That is, they are unable to find space for the array they have rolled.\nDiscuss strategies for the game such as:\n- Placing large arrays near the edge to maximise the space available for more arrays.\n- Renaming the factors so the array fits a given space", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05", "url": "https://nzmaths.co.nz/resource/multiplication-stories", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320306346.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220128212503-20220129002503-00333.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9410693049, "token_count": 2923, "score": 4.65625, "int_score": 5, "irish_text": "Sa aonaid seo, scrúdaíonn mic léinn na cineálacha éagsúla cásanna ar féidir moltaí a chur i bhfeidhm orthu. Go háirithe, déileálann siad le fadhbanna ráta, comparáide agus sraithe.\n- Glacann sé le cineálacha éagsúla fadhbanna focail.\n- Mínigh a gcuid smaointeoireachta matamaitice i réitigh fhadhbanna.\n- Úsáid trealamh éagsúla chun a gcuid réitigh a mhodhnú.\nTá an bunchoincheap maidir le héileamh tábhachtach mar gheall ar a phraiticiúlacht (Cé mhéad a chosnaíonn 4 uachtar reoite ag $ 2 an ceann) agus éifeachtúlacht (Tá sé níos gasta 4 x 2 a chinneadh ná 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 a ríomh). Úsáidtear iolrú i go leor cásanna éagsúla. Anseo smaoiníonn mic léinn ar iolrú mar bhealach gearr chun toradh na haisithe athfhillte de shraith chomhionann a fháil. Déantar é sin trí fhadhbanna ráta, fadhbanna comparáide agus fadhbanna sraithe a réiteach.\nI gceist le fadhb ráta ráiteas de an oiread sin de mhéid amháin le haghaidh an oiread sin de mhéid eile. Tá roinnt cineál ráta i ngach cás iolrú ach ag an leibhéal seo, is gnách go mbíonn na fadhbanna faoi shraith chomhionann nó tomhas. Tóg an sampla seo:\nTá Lena ag ceannach sé mála biscuit. Tá ceithre bhricfeasta i ngach mála. Cé mhéad brioscaí a cheannaíonn sí ar fad?\nIs fadhb tacar comhionann é seo ina bhfuil an ráta ceithre bhrispéid do gach mála. Is gnách go bhfuil fadhb ráta tomhais mar seo:\nFásann plandaí cumara mil cúig ceintiméadar gach seachtain tar éis dóibh a bheith ag fás. Cé chomh fada a bheidh a phlanda tar éis sé seachtaine? \nIs é an ráta i bhfadhb Hone cúig sheantiméadar gach seachtain. Baineann fadhbanna comparáide leis an gcaidreamh idir dhá mhéid. Mar shampla:\nTá trí urlár ag bloc árasán an Aire. Tá 12 urlár ag bloc Anshul. Cé mhéad níos airde is é bloc Anshul ná Min?\nIs é freagra breise ná 12 3 = 9 urlár. Is é freagra iolraitheach 4 x 3 = 12 mar sin tá bloc Anshuls ceithre huaire níos airde ná Mins. Is struchtúr de shraith agus de cholún é sraith. Mar shampla, tá dhá shraith de chúig phíosa (2 x 5 nó 5 x 2) ag an mbloc seacláide seo.\nIs struchtúr de shraith agus de cholún é sraith. Mar shampla, tá dhá shraith de chúig phíosa (2 x 5 nó 5 x 2) ag an mbloc seacláide seo.\nIs féidir le fadhbanna sraithe cabhrú le mic léinn an t-earraí commutative a fheiceáil i ndlúthchuid, mar shampla, go bhfuil 5 x 2 = 2 x 5. I bhfocail eile, ní dhéanann ord na ngnéithe difear don táirge (freagra) i gcúpla.\nChomh maith le smaoineamh ar mhéadú i gcúinsí éagsúla, spreagtar daltaí ábhair éagsúla a úsáid chun na fadhbanna a réiteach. Is féidir le húsáid ábhair éagsúla cabhrú le mic léinn an struchtúr iolraitheach a fheiceáil atá coitianta do fhadhbanna éagsúla agus cabhrú leo a dtuiscint a aistriú go cásanna atá nua dóibh.\nIs féidir an t-aonad seo a idirdhealú trí na scaffolding a chuirtear ar fáil a athrú chun na deiseanna foghlama a chur ar fáil do raon foghlaimeoirí. Mar shampla:\n- glacadh le húsáid straitéisí comhaireamh ag mic léinn chun fadhbanna iolraitheacha a réiteach, de réir mar is gá\n- a bheith ag na daltaí ábhair nó léaráidí a úsáid chun tacú lena gcuid smaointeoireachta, de réir mar is gá\n- obair i ngrúpaí beaga le mic léinn a bhfuil tacaíocht bhreise de dhíth orthu, ag réiteach fadhbanna le chéile.\nDíriú ar chomhthéacsanna eolacha lena n-áirítear cásanna iolraitheacha chun achomharc a dhéanamh ar leasanna agus ar thaithí na scoláirí agus rannpháirtíocht a spreagadh. Is féidir le samplaí a bheith ina measc:\n- línte de dhaltaí i ngrúpaí kapa haka\n- málaí bailiúcháin pipi nó muiceolaí eile\n- foirne de mhic léinn ag rás i waka ama\n- arán arán le haghaidh imeacht scoile nó pobail\n- grúpaí daoine ag taisteal i mbánna, i gcarranna nó i mbusanna\n- pacáistí harakeke a ullmhú le fíodáil.\n- Cuir isteach an seisiún trí iarraidh ar na daltaí oibriú trí roinnt fadhbanna grúpa comhionanna ar dtús agus ansin iarr orthu a gcuid fadhbanna féin a chur i láthair. Mar shampla:\n- Tá 8 charr ann. Tá 2 dhuine i ngach ceann acu. Cé mhéad duine atá ann go léir?\n- Tá 6 bowl iasc. Tá 4 iasc órga in gach bowl. Cé mhéad iasc órga atá ann go léir?\n- Tá 7 tábla ann. Tá 3 chos ag gach tábla. Cé mhéad cosa go léir?\n- Is féidir leis na mic léinn na fadhbanna seo agus fadhbanna \"sets comhionann\" eile a léiriú le:\n- túir de chubhanna idir-cheangail\n- beanna fíneáil\n- léim ar an líne uimhir\n- ciúbanna a cheangail ar shraith uimhreacha\n- pictiúr a tharraingt chun líon na mbord agus líon na gcosa a thaispeáint.\n- Nóta: Tá sé tábhachtach na samplaí a nascadh (más féidir) leis an struchtúr a bhaineann le haiscthe arís agus arís eile de shraith chomhionann mar mhéadú. Mar shampla: 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 28 nó 7 x 4 = 28. Déan plé ar na huimhreacha 4, 7 agus 28 agus ar na siombailí + agus x a bhaineann leo. Is féidir na siombailí iolrú a shamhlú mar chiall de . Mar shampla, ciallaíonn 7 x 4 = 20 seacht sraith de cheithre.\n- Iarr ar na daltaí anois fadhbanna focal a dhéanamh ag baint úsáide as struchtúr na bhfreagraí thuas le freagraí éagsúla. Mar shampla, Scríobh fadhb iolrú le freagra 24.\n- Úsáid roinnt sraitheanna de choimeádáin uachtar reoite (agus an líon céanna earraí iontu) agus an t-ábhar i ngach ceann acu clúdaithe ach amháin ceann amháin. Iarr ar na daltaí fadhbanna scéalta a scríobh do gach sampla.\n- Cén straitéis a úsáideann na mic léinn chun na fadhbanna a réiteach?\n- An ndéanann siad iarracht ábhar gach coimeádán uachtar reoite a chomhaireamh de réir aonad; is é sin iad siúd atá le feiceáil agus iad siúd atá i bhfolach?\n- An úsáideann siad scipeáil a chomhaireamh, e.g. 3, 6, 9, ..., nó breiseán arís agus arís eile, e.g. 3 + 3 = 6, 6 + 3 = 9, ...?\n- An gcuireann siad fíricí i bhfeidhm maidir le héaduithe, e.g. 5 x 3 = 15 mar sin 6 x 3 = 18 (3 níos mó)?\n- Bíodh a fhios agat go bhfuil rogha na straitéise ag na daltaí ag brath ar an nasc idir coinníollacha gach fhadhb agus na hacmhainní uimhreacha atá ar fáil dóibh. Táthar ag súil go mbeidh straitéisí na mac léinn aonair éagsúil.\nLe trí lá eile, bíonn na mic léinn faoi lé go leor cineálacha éagsúla fadhbanna scéalta. Spreagtar iad chun na fadhbanna a múnlú ag baint úsáide as trealamh éagsúil agus a gcuid freagraí a mhíniú do dhaoine eile. Smaoiníonn siad ar na bealaí is éifeachtaí chun na fadhbanna a réiteach. Tá sé tábhachtach go gcuirfear deiseanna ar fáil do dhaltaí chun fíricí iolrú a thógáil go 10 agus ansin go 20. D'fhéadfadh roinnt daltaí na fadhbanna seo a réiteach gan trealamh, ag baint úsáide as an eolas uimhreacha atá ar fáil acu.\n- Ar an gcéad lá oibre trí roinnt fadhbanna ráta tomhais. Is maith má thugann na daltaí faoi deara go bhfuil na cásanna cosúil go struchtúrach leis na fadhbanna \"sets comhionann\" ón seisiún roimhe seo. Tá méideanna tomhais, go háirithe am, níos neamhthaithne ná baganna nó pacáistí i gcásanna sraitheanna comhionanna. Is féidir le fadhbanna a léiriú a bheith ina gcúnamh do dhaltaí an struchtúr coiteann a fheiceáil.\n- Úsáid na cásanna seo maidir le ráta tomhais:\nIs féidir le [ainm] a ainm a scríobh i 10 soicind. Cé chomh fada a thógann sé/sí a ainm a scríobh ceithre huaire?\nD'fhéadfá mac léinn a roghnú chun ról a imirt ag scríobh a n-ainm agus ag baint úsáide as clog analógach (batterí níos lú) agus / nó stailc de chubhanna chun an t-am a rianú i soicind\nÓlann [ainm] ceithre chupan uisce gach lá. Cé mhéad cupán a ólann sé/sí i gceann seachtaine?\nÚsáid cupáin plaisteacha chun na sraitheanna comhionanna de cheithre cupán a thógáil a bhfuil baint acu leis an bhfadhb seo. Úsáid ábhar eile chun líon na laethanta a rianú.\n[ainm] sews cúig cnaipí ar gach léine. Cé mhéad cnaipí a theastaíonn do ocht léine?\nCuireann [ainm] trí spúnóg Milo i ngach cupán. Cé mhéad spúnóg Milo a theastaíonn le haghaidh 10 cupán?\nTá na fadhbanna seo níos inrochtana ná na tascanna a bhaineann leis an am. Is féidir léinte a ghearradh as páipéar agus cnaipí a léiriú le cuntais. Is féidir cupáin agus spúnóg plaisteach a úsáid chun an fhadhb Milo a mhodhnú. Tá an dá mhéid i ngach ráta inláimhsithe.\n- Copymaster Tá roinnt fadhbanna ráta do mhic léinn a réiteach. Tá meascán de aonaid inláimhsithe agus inláimhsithe sna fadhbanna.\nIs féidir leis na mic léinn cineálacha fadhbanna den chineál céanna a chruthú le pictiúir agus na fadhbanna a chur i láthair dá chéile. Spreag iad a gcuid straitéisí a mhíniú dá chéile.\n- Tar éis am a réiteach na fadhbanna, a bhailiú an rang.\nDéan plé ar na rudaí a bhfuil an rud céanna acu maidir leis na fadhbanna go léir a d'oibrigh tú orthu.\nAn léiríonn daltaí an smaoineamh ar ráta mar do gach caidreamh?\nAnois iarr ar na mic léinn fadhbanna focal den chineál céanna a dhéanamh suas agus a gcuid fadhbanna a chur i láthair dá chéile. Spreag iad a gcuid freagraí a mhíniú dá chéile.\n- Ar an dara lá den iniúchadh úsáid PowerPoint One chun do mhic léinn a nochtadh do chásanna comparáide. B'fhéidir gurb é an chéad rogha atá ag mic léinn ná caidreamh breiseán a lorg. Mar shampla, seo freagra ceart breise ar an gceist ar an gcéad sleamhnán.\nCé mhéad níos airde is é bloc árasán Jill ná bloc árasán Jack?\nS: Tá 12 urlár ag bloc árasán Jill agus ceithre urlár ag Jack. Tá bloc Jill ocht urlár níos airde.\nNí fhéadfaidh daltaí freagra iolraitheach a thabhairt \"i bhfad níos mó\". Má tharlaíonn sé sin, tá an fhadhb seo ann:\nDeir Jill go bhfuil a bloc árasán trí huaire níos airde ná bloc Jack. N'fheadar cad a chiallaíonn sí?\n- Léiríonn sleamhnáin a dó agus a trí na comparáidí breiseúla agus iolraitheacha is féidir a dhéanamh.\nFéach ar na daltaí na caidrimh inverse a thabhairt faoi deara:\nS: Tá bloc árasán Jack's ocht urlár níos lú (is gearr) ná Jill's.\nS: Tá bloc árasán Jack's ar an tríú cuid de airde Jill's.\n- Déan obair trí na sleamhnáin eile de PowerPoint One ag féachaint an aithníonn daltaí an struchtúr coitianta maidir le difríocht a aimsiú (cuimsiú) agus an fachtóir scála a aimsiú (iomadaíocht).\n- Tá go leor fadhbanna comparáide iolraitheach i Copymaster Two. Tá roinnt fadhbanna sa fhoirm ina n-éilítear an gaol agus éilíonn daoine eile feidhmíocht fachtóir scála áirithe. Spreagtar mic léinn freisin chun ecuais a scríobh chun na cásanna a léiriú. Lig do na mic léinn na fadhbanna a réiteach, le tacaíocht ó ábhair cosúil le cuntóirí más gá dóibh é. Tar éis ama oiriúnach, roinn na freagraí mar chlas.\n- An bhfuil do mhic léinn:\n- Aithníonn an bhrí de times mar go leor.?\n- Na cásanna a léiriú go ceart le hábhair?\n- Aithint an fhachtóir scála agus an tacar a scálaítear?\n- An bhfuil na hoiriúnacha taifeadta i gceart?\n- Ar an tríú lá den iniúchadh obair trí roinnt fadhbanna array bunaithe ar chásanna ina bhfuil grúpaí comhionanna. Agus sraitheanna á mhodhnú, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith cabhrach labhairt faoi na línte trasna mar sraitheanna agus na línte suas agus síos mar cúlraí. Is minic a úsáidtear foirne leis an líon céanna comhaltaí i ngach ceann acu le linn an lae scoile.\nTá fadhbanna mar seo a leanas ann:\nTá na mic léinn suite i 3 fhoireann le haghaidh spóirt. Tá 6 chomhalta ag gach foireann. Cé mhéad mac léinn atá ann go léir?\nSpreag na mic léinn chun léiriúcháin fadhbanna mar seo a tharraingt ag baint úsáide as trí shraith (aon cheann do gach foireann) agus sé cholún (aon cheann do gach ball foirne). Ina ionad sin, bain úsáid as na mic léinn mar na réada sa fhadhb. Má tharraingíonn mic léinn an staid mar thrí cholún de shé, osclaíonn sé plé ar an maoin choimhthíoch ós rud é go bhfuil 6 x 3 = 3 x 6.\n- I measc na gcúinsí eile a d'fhéadfadh tú a úsáid tá:\n- Tá cúig shraith agus sé cholún ag tráidire uibheacha. Cé mhéad uibheacha atá sa tráidire ar fad?\n- Tá ceithre shraith sa pháircáil. Déag carr páirceáil i ngach sraith. Cé mhéad carr is féidir a phárú ar fad?\n- Tá sé cholún ag bloic seacláide, le ceithre phíosa i ngach colún. Cé mhéad píosaí atá sa bhloc iomlán?\n- Tá seacht colún ag bord 'Connect Four', le sé pholl i ngach colún. Cé mhéad cuntóir is féidir a chur ar an array iomlán?\n- Is féidir leis na mic léinn na fadhbanna seo agus fadhbanna eile a mhodhnú le\n- pegboards: is féidir pegs ar pegboard a úsáid chun sraitheanna a léiriú i moltaí.\nMaidir leis an fhadhb thuas d'fhéadfaí labhairt faoi seo mar 3 shraith de 6 phéaga nó 3 shéaga,\nnó 3 shraith de 6, nó 3 x 6 = 18\nTrí an tábla peg a thiontú ar chúig an chlog, tá 18 pegs san iomlán fós sa tsraith.\nD'fhéadfaí é seo a labhairt mar 6 colún de 3 pingin nó 3 shraith de 6 pingin nó 6 triúr\nnó 6 cholún de 3 nó 6 X 3 + 18.\n- ciúbanna a cheangail\n- páipéar griolla datha\n- pegboards: is féidir pegs ar pegboard a úsáid chun sraitheanna a léiriú i moltaí.\n- Tá roinnt fadhbanna ag Copymaster Three a bhaineann le sraitheanna. Spreag do dhaltaí chun ecuacion do gach sraith a thaifeadadh, chun a thaispeáint conas a fuair siad líon iomlán na n-ábhar.\nAr an lá deiridh den aonad a imirt muid cluiche ar a dtugtar Array Trap ina bhfuil na mic léinn úsáid páipéar grafaí a phláta arrays.\nChun an ghníomhaíocht seo beidh ort\n- bileog páipéir grafaí do gach imreoir (Ar a laghad 30 x 20 cearnóg);\n- 3 x dé-taobh dáis - tá gach taobh digit difriúil air (Is féidir leat 3 x dáis chaighdeánach 1-6 a úsáid, ach tá na fíricí teoranta)\n- píolóid feilte éagsúla\nBíonn imreoirí ag casadh ar:\n- Rolla an dáis agus roghnaigh dhá, mar shampla 8 agus 2;\n- Déan ríchill den mhéid sin a mharcáil, mar shampla 8 shraith de 2, nó 2 cholún de 8; nó péire fachtóirí éagsúla leis an limistéar céanna, mar shampla, ceithre cholún de cheithre.\n- Scríobh an fhíric bhunúsach i gceathrú ceathrú, mar shampla 8 x 2 = 16 nó 2 x 8 = 16;\n- Tá imreoirí ag casadh go dtí go bhfuil imreoir amháin gafa. Is é sin, nach bhfuil siad in ann a fháil ar an spás do an sraith a bhfuil siad rolladh.\nDéan plé ar straitéisí don chluiche mar shampla:\n- Réimsí móra a chur in aice leis an imeall chun an spás atá ar fáil do níos mó réimsí a uasmhéadú.\n- Athainmniú na tosca ionas go n-oireann an t-earráid spás ar leith"} {"text": "Gospel of Mark Chapter 11:12-26 Summary\nDay One in the Big City\n- The next day, Jesus is hungry as they commute from the suburbs back to Jerusalem.\n- In the distance he sees a fig tree all in bloom, and his tummy growls. Yummy.\n- Coming closer, Jesus realizes the tree has leaves, but no figs. Sorry, Jesus, this restaurant is closed.\n- Jesus curses the tree, whose fruit no one will eat ever again. Harsh.\n- In Jerusalem, they enter the temple, where Jesus drives out the merchants and their customers, overturns the tables of those exchanging money and the seats of those selling doves.\n- Jesus teaches everyone that in scripture, the temple is supposed to be a place for both Jews and non-Jews to pray (quoting Isaiah 56:7), not a place to steal everyone's money. They've turned the temple into a racket (quoting Jeremiah 7:11).\n- The chief priests and the scribes overhear and begin to devise a plan to wipe this pesky Jesus out once and for all.\n- In the evening, Jesus returns to Jerusalem's suburbs with his disciples, who notice that the fig tree Jesus cursed earlier that morning has withered.\n- Jesus takes the opportunity to instruct the disciples how to pray.\n- Faith is the key ingredient. With it, your prayers can move mountains, and what you ask for you will receive.\n- While you pray, you should forgive people's offenses against you, and then God will forgive your own mistakes.\n- The KJV reads 11:26 with the inverse: if you don't forgive others, God will not forgive you. But the NRSV omits this verse. Why? The translators are following different manuscripts of Mark, some of the very earliest of which do not include these words.\nPeople who Shmooped this also Shmooped...", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-36", "url": "http://www.shmoop.com/mark-gospel/chapter-11-verses-12-26-summary.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982292607.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195812-00171-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.946082592, "token_count": 397, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Soiscéal Mharca Caibidil 11:12-26 achoimre\nAn Chéad Lá sa Chathair Mhór\n- An lá dar gcionn, tá ocras ar Íosa agus iad ag taisteal ó na bruachbhailte ar ais go Iarúsailéim.\n- Sa chiall feiceann sé crann fígín go léir i bláthanna, agus a bolg grumble. Yummy.\n- Ag teacht níos gaire, tuigeann Íosa go bhfuil duilleoga ag an gcrann, ach gan fíonchaora. Tá brón orm, Íosa, tá an bialann seo dúnta.\n- Jesus curses an crann, a bhfuil torthaí aon duine a ithe riamh arís. Dúr.\n- I Iarúsailéim, téann siad isteach sa teampall, áit a bhfuil Íosa ag cur amach na ceannaitheoirí agus a gcustaiméirí, casann sé táblaí na n-airgead-aistriú agus suíocháin na ndíoltóirí colm.\n- Múineann Íosa gach duine go bhfuil sa scrioptúr, tá an teampall ceaptha a bheith ina áit do Giúdaigh agus neamh-Giúdaigh a guí (ag lua Isaiah 56: 7), ní áit a ghoid airgead gach duine. Tá siad tar éis an teampall a thiontú ina raicéad (ag lua Iarmáia 7:11).\n- An príomh-sagairt agus na scríobhaithe overhear agus tús a chur le plean a dhéanamh chun a scriosadh an t-Is Íosa annoying amach uair amháin agus go léir.\n- Sa tráthnóna, téann Íosa ar ais go bruachbhaile Iarúsailéim lena dheisceabail, a thugann faoi deara go bhfuil an fígín a rinne Íosa mallacht air níos luaithe an mhaidin sin triomaithe.\n- Jesus a thógann an deis chun a chur ar an múinteoirí conas a guí.\n- Is é an creideamh an príomh-chomhábhar. Leis, is féidir le do chuid guí sléibhte a bhogadh, agus gheobhaidh tú an rud a iarrann tú.\n- Cé go bhfuil tú ag guí, ba chóir duit a ghabháil le daoine offenses i do choinne, agus ansin Dia a ghabháil do chuid earráidí féin.\n- Léann an KJV 11:26 leis an mhalairt: mura gcaithfidh tú daoine eile, ní thabharfaidh Dia duit. Ach ní chuirtear an véarsa seo san áireamh sa NRSV. Cén fáth? Tá na haistriúcháin ag leanúint lámhscríbhinní éagsúla de Mhárc, agus níl na focail seo ar roinnt de na cinn is sine.\nDaoine a Shmooped seo freisin Shmooped..."} {"text": "After receiving a confidential report about a pair of large cats that were spotted in Cameron County, Fox 2 news decided to explore a new trend invading many South Texas homes. It is a world where you can apply Charles Darwin’s theory on survival of the fittest. For centuries, animals have competed with people for food and space, but our intelligence has allowed us to become the dominant species, and that powerful trait has spurred people to remove all other creatures from their natural habitats to domesticate them.\nFor some, having the typical fish tank is not enough, so they seek bigger and better trophies like wild cats and poisonous snakes.\n“Big cats are a symbol of power since ancient times. People that have the means to acquire tigers and lions, and it is not illegal to have them as pets.”\nThey can cost up to 10 thousand dollars, says biologist Jaime Pena from the Gladys’s Porter Zoo in Brownsville, Texas. The problem is once they get too big or aggressive people either give them away or release them out in the county.\n“They will compete for prey with other local animals like the indigo snake or bull snake. Once there is an imbalance in the ecosystem it’s a chain reaction. Everything will be affected by it.”\nBut can those animals be blamed for disrupting the ecosystem? Refuges have been set aside as a safe place for many species.\n“Only certain locations are protected by the federal government. Here at Laguna Atascosa National Park in Cameron County there are three varieties of wild cats. The last encounter with a jaguar in South Texas was in the 1950s in the San Benito area.”\nWild animals prefer to live far away from civilization. When they are captured they can become a huge responsibility. Barbara Hoffmann, are tired circus performer, owns tigers, leopards, and other exotic animals, but she says it’s her 20 years of experience that has allowed her to care for her pets safely.\n“What I have here is an educational facility. Most likely unless I take the big show out into the community these cats would not leave their cages, which I’m getting permission to construct right here in Hidalgo County.”\nWe paid animal control in Brownsville a visit to see if a license is required to own exotic pets, and officer Arturo Martinez says one is not needed, however you must pay close attention to city and county ordinances. For example, an order in Hidalgo County bans ownership of ‘dangerous wild animals’. If these animals raise a concern for safety, where are people getting them from?\n“We found the Asian gypsy moth. We also discovered birds that people were trying to smuggle in, and we turned them over to fish and wildlife.”\nCustoms and border protection spokesperson, Eddie Perez, adds that the agency’s officers are highly trained, but smugglers are always trying to find creative ways to cross animals.\n“Just this year we received six tiger cubs. They were seized from the lady that was trying to sell them. Our lions in our collection are part of a DEA drug bust. In the past when we had jaguars they were confiscated at the International Bridge, people were trying to cross them from Mexico.” Statistics show that several species are on the brink of extinction yet people continue to remove them from their natural habitats. Most only live up to two years in captivity. Tomorrow, during part two of my investigation, find out if the cost to raise an exotic animal makes it all worthwhile.\nThe cost to feed an exotic animal is only part of the owner's liability. Like we said before, you don't need a license to own one, but there are many more laws that can get you in the long run. Their natural beauty, grace, and mystery are reasons why people are drawn to exotic animals, and there are those that get so intrigued by these creatures that they want one as a pet.\nIn Florida, several residents started releasing their pet boas into the wild, and now they are competing with alligators.\n\"With the boas, they are preying on populations that are generally not doing well, because of habitat loss already.\"\nCloser to south Texas, in Matamoros, Tamaulipas Mexico it has been confirmed that there is a black market for exotic animals. Usually members of the elite class purchase them, because they are priced in the thousand-dollar range. In the U.S. it is perfectly legal to own exotic pets like tigers, lions, water dragons, and venomous snakes, but you cannot exhibit or sell them.\nBarbara Hoffmann, who ran a traveling circus act for twenty years, is trying to convince Hidalgo County to allow her to show off her animals as part of an educational show for kids.\n\"It's only a restriction if the county or state decides to put a restriction on it or prohibit it. I don't blame them for not wanting them as pets. They are not pet quality animals. They never have been and shouldn't be.\"\nHoffmann left Cameron County a few weeks ago since she could not find a property big enough for her pets.\n\"Recently, the city of San Benito told her that we are trying to develop that land and we were told that she has to relocate and she did, and as far as having problems with her none at all.\"\nAside from finding the right place to house large exotic animals, the cost to feed them can be hectic.\n\"Big cats, they can consume from a thousand to two thousand dollars worth of meat every week.\"\nThat's why some owners set them free creating room for an unwanted encounter with one of these beasts\n\"Certainly not to disturb it, especially if it's in the vein of a large cat or an alligator that is in an area that they may not want it to be in, because there are trained people that can go out and handle the situation.\"\nUltimately, is it possible to domesticate an exotic animal?\n\"These are wild animals and will forever be wild animals. Once you release them into the wild their instinct will kick back in, and they will fend for themselves.\"\nBiologist Jaime Peña agrees that the natural beauty of an exotic animal draws the attention of almost anyone, but unless you're a professional it is highly suggested that you don't keep one in your home.\nFor the cats,\nCarole Baskin, CEO of Big Cat Rescue\nan Educational Sanctuary home\nto more than 100 big cats\n12802 Easy Street Tampa, FL 33625\n813.493.4564 fax 885.4457\nSign our petition to protect tigers from being farmed here:\nThis message contains information from Big Cat Rescue that may be\nconfidential or privileged. The information contained herein is intended\nonly for the eyes of the individual or entity named above. You are hereby\nnotified that any dissemination, distribution, disclosure, and/or copying of\nthe information contained in this communication is strictly prohibited. The\nrecipient should check this e-mail and any attachments for the presence of\nviruses. Big Cat Rescue accepts no liability for any damage or loss caused\nby any virus transmitted by this e-mail.\nShow Comments (2)", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13", "url": "https://bigcatrescue.org/forever-wild-in-texas/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203755.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325051359-20190325073359-00497.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9668740034, "token_count": 1515, "score": 2.640625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tar éis tuarascáil rúnda a fháil faoi péire cait mhóra a fheictear i gContae Cameron, shocraigh nuacht Fox 2 treocht nua a iniúchadh a ionsaí go leor tí i ndeisceart Texas. Is domhan é ina bhféadfá teoiric Charles Darwin a chur i bhfeidhm ar mhaireachtáil an duine is oiriúnaí. Le blianta fada, bhí ainmhithe san iomaíocht le daoine le haghaidh bia agus spáis, ach d'fhág ár n-intleacht dúinn a bheith ar an speiceas ceannasach, agus gur spreag an tréith cumhachtach sin daoine chun na créatúir eile go léir a bhaint as a gnáthóga nádúrtha chun iad a chothú.\nI gcás cuid acu, ní leor an t-iasc tídeach a bheith acu, mar sin déanann siad trofaí níos mó agus níos fearr a lorg mar chait fiáine agus nathair cheadúla.\nTá cat mór ina siombail cumhachta ó am ársa. Daoine a bhfuil na hacmhainní acu tiogair agus lionsaí a fháil, agus níl sé mídhleathach iad a bheith acu mar pheataí.\nD'fhéadfadh siad a bheith suas le 10 míle dollar, a deir an bithéiste Jaime Pena ó Ghléasán Ealaíne Gladys's Porter i Brownsville, Texas. Is é an fhadhb nuair a bhíonn siad ró-mhór nó ionsaitheach daoine a thabhairt iad ar shiúl nó scaoileadh iad amach sa chontae.\nBeidh siad ag dul san iomaíocht le haghaidh díon le hainmhithe áitiúla eile cosúil leis an nathair indigo nó nathair bull. Nuair a bhíonn míchothromú ann san éiceachóras bíonn frithghníomh slabhraí ann. Beidh tionchar aige ar gach rud.\nAch an féidir na hainmhithe sin a chur ar ceal as an éiceachóras a chur i gcontúirt? Tá tearmann curtha ar leataobh mar áit shábháilte do go leor speiceas.\nNíl ach áiteanna áirithe faoi chosaint ag an rialtas cónaidhme. Anseo ag Páirc Náisiúnta Laguna Atascosa i gContae Cameron tá trí chineál cat fiáine ann. Bhí an bualadh deireanach le jaguar i ndeisceart Texas sna 1950idí i gceantar San Benito.\nIs fearr le hainmhithe fiáine maireachtáil i bhfad ó shibhialtacht. Nuair a bhíonn siad gabhadh is féidir leo a bheith ina fhreagracht ollmhór. Tá Barbara Hoffmann, a bhfuil a cuid oibre ag cur i gcrích ag circus, ina úinéir tíogair, léopárd, agus ainmhithe coimhthíocha eile, ach deir sí gurbh é a 20 bliain taithí a lig di aire a thabhairt dá peataí go sábháilte.\nIs é an rud atá agam anseo ná saoráid oideachais. Is dócha mura ndéanfaidh mé an seó mór amach sa phobal ní fhágfadh na cait seo a gcliatháin, a bhfuil cead á fháil agam a thógáil anseo i gContae Hidalgo.\nD'íocamar cuairt ar rialú ainmhithe i Brownsville chun a fheiceáil an bhfuil ceadúnas ag teastáil chun peataí coimhthíocha a bheith agat, agus deir an t-oifigeach Arturo Martinez nach bhfuil aon cheann ag teastáil, áfach ní mór duit aird chúramach a thabhairt ar ordúcháin na cathrach agus na contae. Mar shampla, toirmeascann ordú i gContae Hidalgo úinéireacht ainmhithe fiáine contúirteacha . Má tá imní faoi shábháilteacht na n-ainmhithe seo, cá as a bhfaigheann daoine iad?\nFuair muid an mothú gipsy na hÁise. Fuair muid amach freisin éin a bhí daoine ag iarraidh a smughlú isteach, agus d'fhágamar iad ar ais chuig iasc agus fiadhúlra.\nDúirt Eddie Perez, urlabhraí na Custaim agus Cosanta Teorainneacha, go bhfuil hoifigigh na gníomhaireachta an-oilte, ach go bhfuil na smuglaitheoirí i gcónaí ag iarraidh bealaí cruthaitheacha a aimsiú chun ainmhithe a thrasnú.\nAn bhliain seo chugainn amháin fuair muid sé leanbh tíogair. Glacadh iad ón bhean a bhí ag iarraidh iad a dhíol. Tá ár lions inár mbailiúchán mar chuid de bust drugaí DEA. San am atá caite nuair a bhí jaguars againn, tógadh iad sa Droichead Idirnáisiúnta, bhí daoine ag iarraidh iad a thrasnú ó Mheicsiceo. Léiríonn staitisticí go bhfuil roinnt speiceas ar an mbruach a bheith imithe as an mbeatha ach leanann daoine ag cur as a gnáthóga nádúrtha iad. Ní mhaireann an chuid is mó ach suas le dhá bhliain i ngábhas. Amárach, le linn an dara cuid de mo imscrúdú, a fháil amach má tá an costas a ardú ainmhí coimhthíocha a dhéanann sé go léir fiú.\nNíl an costas a bhaineann le hainmhí coimhthíoch a chothú ach cuid de dhliteanas an úinéara. Mar a dúirt muid roimhe seo, ní gá ceadúnas a bheith agat chun ceann a bheith agat, ach tá go leor dlíthe eile ann a d'fhéadfadh tú a fháil san fhadtréimhse. Is iad a n-áilleacht nádúrtha, a ngrá, agus a mistéireach cúiseanna a bhfuil daoine tarraingthe chuig ainmhithe coimhthíocha, agus tá daoine ann a mbíonn an oiread sin spéise acu sna créatúir seo go dteastaíonn uathu mar pheataí.\nI Florida, thosaigh roinnt cónaitheoirí ag scaoileadh a gcuid boas peataí isteach sa tsaoirse, agus anois tá siad ag dul san iomaíocht le alligators.\n\"Le boas, tá siad ag preying ar phobail nach bhfuil ag déanamh go maith de ghnáth, mar gheall ar chailliúint gnáthóg cheana féin\".\nNíos gaire go dtí an Texas theas, i Matamoros, Tamaulipas Mheicsiceo deimhníodh go bhfuil margadh dubh ann d'ainmhithe coimhthíocha. De ghnáth ceannaíonn baill den aicme éalaigh iad, toisc go bhfuil a bpraghas i raon na mílte dollar. Sna Stáit Aontaithe tá sé go hiomlán dlíthiúil peataí coimhthíocha a bheith agat mar thíogair, leon, dragan uisce, agus nathracha nimhe, ach ní féidir leat iad a thaispeáint nó a dhíol.\nTá Barbara Hoffmann, a bhí ag rith gníomh siorcas taistil ar feadh fiche bliain, ag iarraidh Contae Hidalgo a chur ina luí uirthi a hainmhithe a thaispeáint mar chuid de thaispeántas oideachasúil do leanaí.\n\"Ní bheidh sé ina shrian ach amháin má chinneann an contae nó an stát srian a chur air nó é a thoirmeasc. Ní chiontaím dóibh nach mian leo mar pheataí. Níl siad ainmhithe peataí cáilíochta. Ní raibh siad riamh agus níor chóir go mbeadh. \"\nD'fhág Hoffmann Contae Cameron cúpla seachtain ó shin ós rud é nach raibh sí in ann maoin a fháil atá mór go leor dá peataí.\n\"Le déanaí, dúirt cathair San Benito léi go bhfuil muid ag iarraidh an talamh sin a fhorbairt agus dúradh linn go gcaithfidh sí athlonnú agus rinne sí é, agus chomh fada agus nach raibh aon fhadhbanna aici ar chor ar bith\".\nSeachas an áit cheart a aimsiú chun ainmhithe móra coimhthíocha a chur i dtithe, is féidir go mbeadh an costas a bhaineann le beatha a thabhairt dóibh go heacnamaíoch.\n\"Is féidir le cait mhóra feoil a ithe ar luach idir míle agus dhá mhíle dollar gach seachtain\".\nSin é an fáth go bhfuil roinnt úinéirí a chur ar an saor in aisce a chruthú seomra do ag teacht i dteagmháil gan iarraidh le ceann de na beasts\n\"Cinnte gan cur isteach air, go háirithe má tá sé i vein cat mór nó alligator atá i limistéar nach bhféadfadh siad a bheith ann, toisc go bhfuil daoine oilte ann a d'fhéadfadh dul amach agus déileáil leis an staid\".\nSa deireadh, an féidir ainmhí coimhthíoch a chothú?\n\"Tá na ainmhithe fiáine agus beidh siad i gcónaí ainmhithe fiáine. Nuair a scaoiltear iad sa fhiáin, tiocfaidh a n-instinct ar ais, agus déanfaidh siad iad féin a chosaint\".\nAontaíonn an bitheolaí Jaime Peña go dtógann áilleacht nádúrtha ainmhí coimhthíocha aird beagnach duine ar bith, ach mura bhfuil tú ina ghairmí moltar go mór nach gcoinníonn tú ceann i do theach.\nDo na cait,\nCarole Baskin, POF na Cabhrach Mór\nteach Tearmann Oideachais\nle breis agus 100 cat mór\n12802 Easy Street Tampa, FL 33625\n813.493.4564 fhas 885.4457\nSínigh ár n-éileamh chun tíogair a chosaint ó bheith á bhfeirmeáil anseo:\nTá faisnéis ó Big Cat Rescue sa teachtaireacht seo a d'fhéadfadh a bheith\nrúnda nó príobháideach. Tá an fhaisnéis atá ann anseo beartaithe\nNí bheidh an t-údar nó an t-eintiteas a ainmnítear thuas ag an duine nó ag an eintiteas sin ach amháin. Tá tú ag\nfógraíodh go bhfuil aon scaipeadh, dáileadh, nochtadh agus/nó cóipeáil\nTá sé go hiomlán toirmiscthe an fhaisnéis atá sa chumarsáid seo a úsáid. An\nBa cheart don fhaighteoir an ríomhphost seo agus aon naisc a sheiceáil le haghaidh láithreacht\nvíris. Ní ghlacann Big Cat Rescue aon dliteanas as aon damáiste nó caillteanas a tharla\nag aon víreas a tharchur tríd an ríomhphost seo.\nTaispeáin na tuairimí (2)"} {"text": "The series of mitotic cell divisions that a zygote undergoes while passing from the fallopian tubes into the uterus is called as cleavage.\nThe cleavage is holoblastic because the complete zygote divides.\nIt takes place as follows:\n1st Cleavage: The plane of first mitotic division is vertical and passes through the center of the zygote. It divides the zygote into 2 equal sized cells called blastomeres, each containing equal cytoplasmic volume and chromosome number. First cleavage is prolonged and takes place 30 hours after fertilization.\n2nd Cleavage: The plane of cleavage passes at right angle to the first one, thus forming 4 blastomeres. After the cleavage, sometimes one of the blastomeres divides earlier than the second one forming the 3-cell stage. Then, the second blastomere divides forming the 4-celled stage.\n3rd Cleavage: The four blastomeres divide to form 8 blastomeres.\n4th Cleavage: The 8 blastomeres again divide to form 16 blastomeres. The 16-cell stage is spherical and resembles a mulberry in structure. Hence, it is called as morula.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05", "url": "http://www.biology.lifeeasy.org/50/explain-the-processes-of-cleavage", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301670.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220120005715-20220120035715-00080.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.909576118, "token_count": 261, "score": 3.8125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Tugtar cleavage ar an tsraith de roinnteacht cealla mitótach a bhíonn ag zigot agus é ag dul ó na feadáin fallopian isteach sa uterus.\nTá an cleavage holoblastic toisc go roinntear an zygote iomlán.\nIs mar seo a leanas a dhéantar é:\n1ú Sceith: Tá pláinéad an chéad roinn mitótach ingearach agus téann sé trí lár an zygote. Roinneann sé an zygote ina 2 chill chomhionann ar a dtugtar blastomers, agus tá an toirteach citéiplasmach agus an líon crómasóim comhionann ag gach ceann acu. Tá an chéad scáileán fada agus tarlaíonn sé 30 uair an chloig tar éis an fhéithithithín a fhéithín.\n2ú Sceith: Téann pláinéad an scaithimh ag uillinn cheart leis an gcéad cheann, agus mar sin cruthaítear 4 blastóiméir. Tar éis an cleachtaithe, uaireanta roinntear ceann de na blastomers níos luaithe ná an dara ceann ag cruthú na céime 3-chill. Ansin, roinntear an dara blastóiméir agus foirmítear an chéim 4-chill.\n3ú Sceá: Roinneann na ceithre blastóiméir 8 blastóiméir.\n4ú Sceitheadh: Déantar na 8 blastóiméir a roinnt arís chun 16 blastóiméir a chruthú. Tá an chéim 16-chill spherical agus is cosúil le mulberry i struchtúr. Dá bhrí sin, tugtar morula air."} {"text": "POSTGRESQL was originally developed at the University of California at Berkeley. In 1996, a group began development of the database on the Internet. They use email to share ideas and file servers to share code. POSTGRESQL is now comparable to commercial databases in terms of features, performance, and reliability. It has transactions, views, stored procedures, and referential integrity constraints. It supports a large number of programming interfaces, including ODBC, Java (JDBC), TCL/TK, PHP, Perl, and Python. POSTGRESQL continues to improve at a tremendous pace thanks to a talented pool of Internet developers.\nThere are two aspects of database performance tuning. One is improving the database's use of the CPU, memory, and disk drives in the computer. The second is optimizing the queries sent to the database. This article talks about the hardware aspects of performance tuning. The optimization of queries is done using SQL commands like CREATE INDEX, VACUUM, VACUUM FULL, ANALYZE, CLUSTER, and EXPLAIN. These are discussed in my book, PostgreSQL: Introduction and Concepts at http://momjian.us/main/writings/pgsql/aw_pgsql_book/.\nTo understand hardware performance issues, it is important to understand what is happening inside the computer. For simplicity, a computer can be thought of as a central processing unit (CPU) surrounded by storage. On the same chip with the CPU are several CPU registers which store intermediate results and various pointers and counters. Surrounding this is the CPU cache which holds the most recently accessed information. Beyond the CPU cache is a large amount of random-access main memory (RAM) which holds executing programs and data. Beyond this main memory are disk drives, which store even larger amounts of information. Disk drives are the only permanent storage area, so anything to be kept when the computer is turned off must be placed there. In summary, here are the storage areas surrounding the CPU:\n|Storage Area||Measured in|\nYou can see that storage areas increase in size as they get farther from the CPU. Ideally, a huge amount of permanent memory could be placed right next to the CPU, but this would be too slow and expensive. In practice, the most frequently used information is stored next to the CPU, and less frequently accessed information is stored farther away and brought to the CPU as needed.\nMoving information between various storage areas happens automatically. Compilers determine which information should be stored in registers. CPU chip logic keeps recently used information in the CPU cache. The operating system controls which information is stored in RAM and shuttles it back and forth from the disk drive.\nCPU registers and the CPU cache cannot be effectively tuned by the database administrator. Effective database tuning involves increasing the amount of useful information in RAM, thus preventing disk access where possible.\nYou might think this is easy to do, but it is not. A computer's RAM contains many things:\nPOSTGRESQL does not directly change information on disk. Instead, it requests data be read into the POSTGRESQL shared buffer cache. POSTGRESQL backends then read/write these blocks, and finally flush them back to disk.\nBackends that need to access tables first look for needed blocks in this cache. If they are already there, they can continue processing right away. If not, an operating system request is made to load the blocks. The blocks are loaded either from the kernel disk buffer cache, or from disk. These can be expensive operations.\nThe default POSTGRESQL configuration allocates 1000 shared buffers. Each buffer is 8 kilobytes. Increasing the number of buffers makes it more likely backends will find the information they need in the cache, thus avoiding an expensive operating system request. The change can be made with a postmaster command-line flag or by changing the value of shared_buffers in postgresql.conf.\nYou may think, ``I will just give all my RAM to the POSTGRESQL shared buffer cache.'' However, if you do that, there will be no room for the kernel or for any programs to run. The proper size for the POSTGRESQL shared buffer cache is the largest useful size that does not adversely affect other activity.\nTo understand adverse activity, you need to understand how UNIX operating systems manage memory. If there is enough memory to hold all programs and data, little memory management is required. However, if everything doesn't fit in RAM, the kernel starts forcing memory pages to a disk area called swap. It moves pages that have not been used recently. This operation is called a swap pageout. Pageouts are not a problem because they happen during periods of inactivity. What is bad is when these pages have to be brought back in from swap, meaning an old page that was moved out to swap has to be moved back into RAM. This is called a swap pagein. This is bad because while the page is moved from swap, the program is suspended until the pagein completes.\nPagein activity is shown by system analysis tools like vmstat and sar and indicates there is not enough memory available to function efficiently. Do not confuse swap pageins with ordinary pageins, which may include pages read from the filesystem as part of normal system operation. If you can't find swap pageins, many pageouts is a good indicator you are are also doing swap pageins.\nYou may wonder why cache size is so important. First, imagine the POSTGRESQL shared buffer cache is large enough to hold an entire table. Repeated sequential scans of the table will require no disk access because all the data is already in the cache. Now imagine the cache is one block smaller than the table. A sequential scan of the table will load all table blocks into the cache until the last one. When that block is needed, the oldest block is removed, which in this case is the first block of the table. When another sequential scan happens, the first block is no longer in the cache, and to load it in, the oldest block is removed, which in this case is now the second block in the table. This pushing out of the next needed block continues to the end of the table. This is an extreme example, but you can see that a decrease of one block can change the efficiency of the cache from 100% to 0%. It shows that finding the right cache size can dramatically affect performance.\nIdeally, the POSTGRESQL shared buffer cache will be:\nAnother tuning parameter is the amount of memory used for sort batches. When sorting large tables or results, POSTGRESQL will sort them in parts, placing intermediate results in temporary files. These files are then merged and resorted until all rows are sorted. Increasing the batch size creates fewer temporary files and often allows faster sorting. However, if the sort batches are too large, they cause pageins because parts of the sort batch get paged out to swap during sorting. In these cases, it is much faster to use smaller sort batches and more temporary files, so again, swap pageins determine when too much memory has been allocated. Keep in mind this parameter is used for every backend performing a sort, either for ORDER BY, CREATE INDEX, or for a merge join. Several simultaneous sorts will use several times this amount of memory.\nThis value can be changed using a postmaster command-line flag or by changing the value of sort_mem in postgresql.conf.\nBoth cache size and sort size affect memory usage, so you cannot maximize one without affecting the other. Keep in mind that cache size is allocated on postmaster startup, while sort size varies depending on the number of sorts being performed. Generally, cache size is more significant than sort size. However, certain queries that use ORDER BY, CREATE INDEX, or merge joins may see speedups with larger sort batch sizes.\nAlso, many operating systems limit how much shared memory can be allocated. Increasing this limit requires operating system-specific knowledge to either recompile or reconfigure the kernel. More information can be found in the POSTGRESQL administrators guide, http://developer.postgresql.org/docs/postgres/kernel-resources.html.\nAs a start for tuning, use 15% of RAM for cache size, and 2-4% for sort size if you have just a few big sessions, and much smaller if you have lots of small sessions. You can try increasing it to see if performance improves and if no swapping occurs. If the shared buffers are oversized, you waste overhead maintaining too many buffers, and it takes RAM that could be used by other processes and as additional kernel disk buffer cache.\nA valuable server parameter is effective_cache_size. This parameter is used by the optimizer to estimate the size of the kernel's disk buffer cache. In kernels with a unified buffer cache, this value should be set to the average amount of unused RAM in the kernel because such kernels use unused RAM to cache recently accessed disk pages. On kernels with a fixed-sized disk buffer cache, this should be set to the size of your kernel buffer cache, typically 10% of RAM.\nThe physical nature of disk drives makes their performance characteristics different from the other storage areas mentioned in this article. The other storage areas can access any byte with equal speed. Disk drives, with their spinning platters and moving heads, access data near the head's current position much faster than data farther away.\nMoving the disk head to another cylinder on the platter takes quite a bit of time. Unix kernel developers know this. When storing a large file on disk, they try to place the pieces of the file near each other. For example, suppose a file requires ten blocks on disk. The operating system may place blocks 1-5 on one cylinder and blocks 6-10 on another cylinder. If the file is read from beginning to end, only two head movements are required -- one to get to the cylinder holding blocks 1-5, and another to get to blocks 6-10. However, if the file is read non-sequentially, e.g. blocks 1,6,2,7,3,8,4,9,5,10; ten head movements are required. As you can see, with disks, sequential access is much faster than random access. This is why POSTGRESQL prefers sequential scans to index scans if a significant portion of the table needs to be read. This also highlights the value of the cache.\nThe disk head moves around quite a bit during database activity. If too many read/write requests are made, the drive can become saturated, causing poor performance. (Vmstat and sar can provide information on the amount of activity on each disk drive.)\nOne solution to disk saturation is to move some of the POSTGRESQL data files to other disks. Remember, moving the files to other filesystems on the same disk drive does not help. All filesystems on a drive use the same disk heads.\nDatabase access can be spread across disk drives in several ways:\nModern disk drives have both a read and write cache. The read cache keeps recently requested disk blocks available in disk memory. The write cache holds write requests until they can efficiently be stored on the disk platters. You might relialize this could be a problem -- what if the drive loses power while it is holding write data that hasn't yet been written to the disk platters? Some disk drives, and RAID controllers, have a battery-backed write cache that keeps the data safe and writes it to the disk platters when full power is restored. However, most drives do not have this feature, and are therefore unreliable.\nFortunately, you can turn off the write cache in most drives. SCSI drives typically have the write cache turned off. IDE drives usually have the write cache turned on, but can be turne off with an operating system command link hdparm -W0, sysctl hw.ata.wc = 0, or scsicmd. However, some IDE drives will report that their write cache is turned off, but still use it and remain unreliable. It is difficult to fine out which drives are lying without extensive testing.\nBecause PostgreSQL writes the write-ahead log to disk on every transaction commit using fsync(), and waits for that write to complete, users will see a huge performance boost if a write cache is used. Therefore, for performance and reliability, it is ideal if PostgreSQL can use a battery-backed write cache.\nSCSI drives are usually significantly more expensive than IDE drives. SCSI drives have a protocol that is used to communicate with the controller and operating system, while IDE drives are much simpler and can accept only a single request at a time. SCSI drives with tagged queueing can accept multiple requests and can reorder them to improve efficiency. This is why SCSI and IDE disks have similar performance characteristics for single-user or single-file I/O operations, but scsi performance is much better than IDE when the requests are generated by multiple users or processes. For this reason, SCSI is preferred for heavily-used database servers.\nIn fact, SCSI or IDE is only one way to generally distinguish between the two major types of drives -- enterprise drives, which are designed for high performance and reliability, and personal computer drives, which are designed to minimize cost. This paper, http://www.seagate.com/content/docs/pdf/whitepaper/D2c_More_than_Interface_ATA_vs_SCSI_042003.pdf, does an excellent job of describing the tradeoffs in producing drives based on performance/reliability or reduced cost. It is an excellent guide in choosing drives based on their features.\nSome operating systems support multiple disk file systems. In such cases, it can be difficult to know which file system performs best. POSTGRESQL usually performs best on traditional Unix file systems like the BSD UFS/FFS filesystems, which many operating systems support. The default 8K block size of UFS is the same as POSTGRESQL's page size. You can run on journal and log-based file systems, but these cause extra overhead during fsync's of the write-ahead log. Older SvR3-based file systems become too fragmented to yield good performance.\nFile system choice is particularly difficult on Linux because there are so many file system choices, and none of them are optimal: ext2 is not entirely crash-safe, ext3, XFS, and JFS are journal-based, and Reiser is optimized for small files and does journalling. The journalling file systems can be significantly slower than ext2 but when crash recovery is required, ext2 isn't an option. If ext2 must be used, mount it with sync enabled. Some people recommend an ext3 filesystem mounted with data=writeback.\nNFS and other remote file systems are not recommended for use by POSTGRESQL. NFS does not have the same file system semantics as a local file system, and these inconsistencies can cause data reliability or crash recovery problems.\nPOSTGRESQL uses a multi-process model, meaning each database connection has its own Unix process. Because of this, all multi-cpu operating systems can spread multiple database connections among the available CPUs. However, if only a single database connection is active, it can only use one CPU. POSTGRESQL does not use multi-threading to allow a single process to use multiple CPUs.\nWhen write-ahead log files fill up, a checkpoint is performed to force all dirty buffers to disk so the log file can be recycled Checkpoints are also performed automatically at certain intervals, usually every 5 minutes. If there is a lot of database write activity, the write-ahead log segments can fill too quickly, causing excessive slowness as all dirty disk buffers are flushed to disk.\nCheckpoints should happen every few minutes. If they happen several times a minute, performance will suffer. To determine if you are checkpointing too frequently, look in your server logs for a message emitted by checkpoint_warning. This message is emitted if you checkpoint more than once in a 30 second period.\nReducing checkpoint frequency involves increasing the number of write-ahead log files created in data/pg_xlog. Each file is 16 megabytes, so this does affect disk usage. The default setup uses a minimum number of log files. To decrease checkpoint frequency, you need to increase this parameter:\nFortunately, POSTGRESQL doesn't require much tuning. Most parameters are automatically adjusted to maintain optimum performance. Cache size and sort size are two parameters administrators can control to make better user of available memory. Disk access can also be spread across drives. Other parameters may be set in share/postgresql.conf.sample. You can copy this file to data/postgresql.conf to experiment with some of POSTGRESQL's even more exotic parameters.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40", "url": "http://momjian.us/main/writings/pgsql/hw_performance/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660871.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00123-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9272994995, "token_count": 3488, "score": 3.40625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Forbraíodh POSTGRESQL ar dtús in Ollscoil California i Berkeley. I 1996, thosaigh grúpa ag forbairt an bhunachar sonraí ar an Idirlíon. Úsáideann siad ríomhphost chun smaointe a roinnt agus freastalaithe comhad chun cód a roinnt. Tá POSTGRESQL anois inchomparáide le bunachair sonraí tráchtála ó thaobh gnéithe, feidhmíochta agus iontaofachta de. Tá idirbhearta, radharcanna, nósanna imeachta stóráilte, agus srianta sláine tagarthacha aige. Tacaíonn sé le líon mór comhéadan cláir, lena n-áirítear ODBC, Java (JDBC), TCL / TK, PHP, Perl, agus Python. Tá an t-eagarthóir ar an idirlíon, POSTGRESQL, ag feabhsú go tapa, a bhuíochas le grúpa de shaineolaithe Internet a bhfuil cumas acu.\nTá dhá ghné de fheidhmíocht bunachar sonraí a chur in oiriúint. Tá ceann acu ag feabhsú úsáid an bhunachar sonraí as an CPU, an chuimhne agus na tiománaí diosca sa ríomhaire. Is é an dara ceann na ceisteanna a sheoltar chuig an mbunachar sonraí a bharrfheabhsú. Labhraíonn an t-alt seo faoi ghnéithe crua-earraí an t-uasghrádú feidhmíochta. Déantar an barrfheabhsú ar cheisteanna trí orduithe SQL a úsáid mar CREATE INDEX, VACUUM, VACUUM FULL, ANALYZE, CLUSTER, agus EXPLAIN. Pléitear iad seo i mo leabhar, PostgreSQL: Tús agus Coinníoll ag http://momjian.us/main/writings/pgsql/aw_pgsql_book/.\nChun saincheisteanna feidhmíochta crua-earraí a thuiscint, tá sé tábhachtach a thuiscint cad atá ag tarlú taobh istigh den ríomhaire. Chun a shimpliú, is féidir ríomhaire a shamhlú mar aonad próiseála lárnach (CPU) atá timpeallaithe ag stóráil. Ar an bpíosa céanna leis an bpróiseálaí tá roinnt cláraitheoirí próiseála a stórálann torthaí idirmheánacha agus pointeoirí agus cuntadóirí éagsúla. Tá an cache CPU timpeall air a shealbhaíonn an fhaisnéis is déanaí a rochtain. Taobh amuigh den chách CPU tá méid mór de phríomhchuimhne rochtana randamach (RAM) a shealbhaíonn cláir agus sonraí a fheidhmíonn. Taobh amuigh den phríomhchuimhne seo tá tiománaí diosca, a stórálann méideanna níos mó faisnéise. Is iad tiománaí diosca an t-aon spás stórála buan, mar sin ní mór aon rud a choimeád nuair a bhíonn an ríomhaire as a bheith, a chur ann. Go hachomair, seo na limistéir stórála a bhaineann leis an bpróiseas:\nTá an limistéar stórála measartha i\nIs féidir leat a fheiceáil go méadaíonn limistéir stórála i méid mar a fhaigheann siad níos faide ón CPU. Go hidéalach, d'fhéadfaí méid ollmhór cuimhne buan a chur díreach in aice leis an CPU, ach bheadh sé seo ró-mhall agus ró-chostasach. I gcleachtas, stóráiltear an fhaisnéis is minice a úsáidtear in aice leis an CPU, agus stóráiltear faisnéis a bhfuil rochtain níos lú orthu i bhfad níos faide agus tugtar chuig an CPU é de réir mar is gá.\nTarlaíonn faisnéis a bhogadh idir limistéir stórála éagsúla go huathoibríoch. Cinntíonn comhlánaithe cén fhaisnéis ba cheart a stóráil i gclár. Coinníonn loighic sliseanna CPU faisnéis a úsáideadh le déanaí i gcáche CPU. Déanann an córas oibriúcháin rialú ar an bhfaisnéis a stóráiltear sa RAM agus a aistriú ar ais agus ar aghaidh ón tiomáint diosca.\nNí féidir le riarthóir an bhunachar sonraí clárú go héifeachtach ar chlárúcháin CPU agus ar chách CPU. Baineann sé le tuning bunachar sonraí éifeachtach méid na faisnéise úsáideach i RAM a mhéadú, rud a chosnaíonn rochtain ar an diosca nuair is féidir.\nB'fhéidir go gceapann tú go bhfuil sé éasca é seo a dhéanamh, ach ní hé. Tá go leor rudaí i RAM ríomhaire:\nNí athraíonn POSTGRESQL faisnéis ar chlé go díreach. Ina áit sin, iarrann sé go léitear sonraí isteach i gcách buiféir roinnte POSTGRESQL. Ansin léann / scríobhann cúlchistí POSTGRESQL na bloic seo, agus ar deireadh cuireann siad ar ais iad ar an diosca.\nBa chóir do chúlchríochna a bhfuil gá acu le táblaí a rochtain a lorg ar dtús chun na bloic is gá a fháil sa chách. Má tá siad ann cheana féin, is féidir leo leanúint ar aghaidh ag próiseáil láithreach. Mura bhfuil, déantar iarraidh ar an gcóras oibriúcháin chun na bloic a uaslódáil. Luchtaítear na bloic ó chách clúdach an chléir nó ó chléir. Is féidir go mbeadh na hoibríochtaí seo daor.\nDéanann an chumraíocht réamhshocraithe POSTGRESQL 1000 buiféar roinnte a leithdháileadh. Tá 8 kilobytes ag gach buffer. Má méadaítear líon na mbúiféirí, is dóichí go bhfaighidh cúlchláir an fhaisnéis a theastaíonn uathu sa chách, agus go seachnófar d'iarratas costasach ar chóras oibriúcháin. Is féidir an t-athrú a dhéanamh le bratach líne ordaithe postmaster nó trí luach shared_buffers a athrú in postgresql.conf.\nB'fhéidir go gceapann tú, 'Ní dhéanfaidh mé ach mo RAM go léir a thabhairt do chách buffer roinnte POSTGRESQL.' Mar sin féin, má dhéanann tú sin, ní bheidh aon spás ann don chernel ná do chlár ar bith a reáchtáil. Is é an méid is fearr le haghaidh an cháis buiféir roinnte POSTGRESQL an méid úsáideach is mó nach ndéanann difear do ghníomhaíocht eile.\nChun tuiscint a fháil ar ghníomhaíocht dhiúltacha, ní mór duit tuiscint a fháil ar an gcaoi a bhainistiú córais oibriúcháin UNIX cuimhne. Má tá go leor cuimhne ann chun na cláir agus na sonraí go léir a choinneáil, ní gá go leor bainistíochta cuimhne. Mar sin féin, mura bhfuil gach rud oiriúnach sa RAM, tosaíonn an núicléach leathanaigh chuimhne a fhorchur chuig limistéar diosca ar a dtugtar malartú. Bogann sé leathanaigh nach ndearnadh úsáid orthu le déanaí. Tugtar páipéar amach a mhalartú ar an oibríocht seo. Ní fadhb iad na páig-outs toisc go dtarlaíonn siad le linn tréimhsí neamhghníomhaíochta. Is é an rud atá dona ná nuair a chaithfear na leathanaigh seo a thabhairt ar ais ó mhalartú, rud a chiallaíonn go gcaithfear leathanach sean a aistríodh amach go malartú a aistriú ar ais go RAM. Tugtar páipéar malairte air seo. Tá sé seo dona toisc go bhfuil an clár ar fionraí go dtí go mbeidh an leathanachin críochnaithe nuair a bhogfar an leathanach ó swap.\nTaispeánann uirlisí anailíse córais mar vmstat agus sar gníomhaíocht leathanach agus léiríonn sé nach bhfuil go leor cuimhne ar fáil chun feidhmiú go héifeachtach. Ná déan mícheart idir leathanaigh mhalartú agus leathanaigh ghinearálta, a d'fhéadfadh leathanaigh a léamh ón gcóras comhaid a bheith mar chuid d'oibriú gnáthchórais. Mura féidir leat leathanachanna malartacha a aimsiú, is táscaire maith é go bhfuil go leor leathanachanna malartacha á dhéanamh agat freisin.\nB'fhéidir go n-imreoidh tú cén fáth go bhfuil méid an cháis chomh tábhachtach. Ar dtús, samhlaigh go bhfuil an cache buiféir roinnte POSTGRESQL mór go leor chun tábla iomlán a shealbhú. Ní gá rochtain diosca a bheith ag scanadh athfhillteach na tábla mar go bhfuil na sonraí go léir sa chách cheana féin. Anois samhlaigh go bhfuil an clúdach beag níos lú ná an tábla. Cuirfidh scanadh seicheamhúil an tábla gach bloc tábla isteach sa chách go dtí an ceann deireanach. Nuair a bhíonn gá leis an mbloc sin, baintear an bloc is sine as, ar an gcéad bhloc den tábla é sa chás seo. Nuair a tharlaíonn scanadh seicheamh eile, níl an chéad bhloc sa chách níos mó, agus chun é a luí isteach, baintear an bloc is sine as, atá sa chás seo anois mar an dara bloc sa tábla. Leanann an brú amach as an chéad bhloc eile a theastaíonn go dtí deireadh an tábla. Is sampla iomarcach é seo, ach is féidir leat a fheiceáil go bhféadfadh laghdú amháin de bhloc éifeachtúlacht an cháis a athrú ó 100% go 0%. Léiríonn sé gur féidir le méid ceart an cháis a aimsiú tionchar suntasach a imirt ar fheidhmíocht.\nGo hidéalach, beidh an POSTGRESQL comhroinnte buffer cache a bheith:\nIs é paraméadar cothaithe eile an méid cuimhne a úsáidtear le haghaidh baisc sortaithe. Nuair a bhíonn táblaí móra nó torthaí á rangú, déanfaidh POSTGRESQL iad a rangú i gcodanna, ag cur torthaí eatramhacha i gcomhaid shealadacha. Déantar na comhaid seo a chomhcheangal agus a úsáid go dtí go ndéantar na línte go léir a sheiceáil. Trí mhéid an bhaisc a mhéadú, cruthaítear níos lú comhaid shealadacha agus is minic a chuirtear in ann iad a rangú níos tapúla. Mar sin féin, má tá na baisc de chineál ró-mhór, bíonn siad ina gcúis le pageins toisc go bhfaigheann codanna den bhaisc de chineál páipéireacht chun malartú le linn an tsortála. Sna cásanna seo, tá sé i bhfad níos tapúla baisc sortaithe níos lú agus níos mó comhaid shealadacha a úsáid, mar sin arís, socraíonn leathanachí malairte nuair a leithdháiltear an iomarca cuimhne. Coinnigh i gcuimhne go n-úsáidtear an paraiméadar seo le haghaidh gach cúlchríoch a dhéanann cineál, cibé acu le haghaidh ORDER BY, CREATE INDEX, nó le haghaidh a chur le chéile. Úsáidfidh roinnt cineálacha comhuaineacha roinnt uaireanta an méid cuimhne seo.\nIs féidir an luach seo a athrú trí phlainc líne ordaithe postmaster a úsáid nó trí luach sort_mem a athrú in postgresql.conf.\nBíonn tionchar ag méid an cháis agus méid an tsortú araon ar úsáid chuimhne, mar sin ní féidir leat ceann a uasmhéadú gan tionchar a bheith ag an gceann eile. Coinnigh i gcuimhne go ndéantar méid an cháis a leithdháileadh ar thosú postmháistir, agus go n-athraíonn méid an tsórtála ag brath ar líon na tsórtála atá á dhéanamh. Go ginearálta, tá méid an cháis níos suntasaí ná méid an tsórtála. Mar sin féin, d'fhéadfadh go bhfeicfeadh iarratais áirithe a úsáideann ORDER BY, CREATE INDEX, nó comhcheangail luasghéarú le méideanna baisc sortaithe níos mó.\nChomh maith leis sin, tá teorainn le go leor córais oibriúcháin ar an méid cuimhne a fhéadfar a leithdháileadh. Chun an teorainn seo a mhéadú, teastaíonn eolas sonrach ó chóras oibriúcháin chun an núicléas a athchomhdhéanamh nó a athchomhshocrú. Is féidir tuilleadh faisnéise a fháil sa treoirleabhar riarthóirí POSTGRESQL, http://developer.postgresql.org/docs/postgres/kernel-resources.html.\nMar thús le haghaidh tuning, bain úsáid as 15% de RAM le haghaidh méid an cháis, agus 2-4% le haghaidh méid an tsórtála má tá cúpla seisiún mór agat, agus i bhfad níos lú má tá go leor seisiún beag agat. Is féidir leat é a mhéadú chun a fheiceáil an bhfeabhsaíonn feidhmíocht agus an tharlaíonn aon mhalartú. Má tá na buiféirí roinnte ró-mhéide, caillfidh tú ró-chostas ag cothabháil ró-chuid buiféirí, agus glacann sé RAM a d'fhéadfadh próisis eile a úsáid agus mar chách buiféir breise diosca núicléach.\nIs é paraméadar freastalaí luachmhar effective_cache_size. Baineann an t-uasfheisteoir úsáid as an paraiméadar seo chun meáchan cache buffer diosca an chernel a mheas. I gcúiseanna le clúdach buffer aontaithe, ba cheart an luach seo a shocrú ar mheánmhéid RAM neamhúsáidte sa chúis toisc go n-úsáideann na cúiseanna sin RAM neamhúsáidte chun leathanaigh diosca a bhfuil rochtain orthu le déanaí a chlúdach. Ar chernels le cache buffer diosca de mhéid seasta, ba cheart é seo a shocrú go méid do cache buffer chernel, de ghnáth 10% de RAM.\nTá na tréithe feidhmíochta atá ag tiománaí diosca difriúil ó na háiteanna stórála eile a luaitear san alt seo de bharr nádúr fisiciúil na n-earraí tiomána diosca. Is féidir leis na limistéir stórála eile rochtain a fháil ar aon bhait le luas comhionann. Tá tiománaí diosca, lena n-plátaí rothlacha agus a gcinníní ag gluaiseacht, ag rochtain ar shonraí in aice le suíomh reatha an chinn i bhfad níos gasta ná sonraí níos faide i gcéin.\nTógann sé tamall go leor chun ceann an diosca a aistriú chuig sorcóir eile ar an pláta. Tá a fhios ag forbróirí núicléis Unix é seo. Nuair a stóráil comhad mór ar diosca, iarracht siad a chur ar na píosaí den chomhad in aice le chéile. Mar shampla, má tá gá le comhad deich mbloc ar an diosca. Féadfaidh an córas oibriúcháin bloic 1-5 a chur ar chillindéar amháin agus bloic 6-10 ar chillindéar eile. Má léitear an comhad ó thús go deireadh, ní gá ach dhá ghluaiseacht cheann - ceann chun teacht ar an sorcóir a shealbhaíonn bloic 1-5, agus ceann eile chun teacht ar bloic 6-10. Mar sin féin, má léitear an comhad go neamh-iarsmaí, e.g. Bloic 1,6,2,7,3,8,4,9,5,10; ní mór deich gluaiseacht ceann a dhéanamh. Mar a fheiceann tú, le dioscaí, rochtain seicniúil i bhfad níos tapúla ná rochtain randamach. Sin é an fáth go dtugann POSTGRESQL tosaíocht do scanadh seicheamhnach ná do scanadh innéacs má theastaíonn cuid shuntasach den tábla a léamh. Cuireann sé seo béim freisin ar luach an chárta.\nBogann ceann an diosca timpeall go leor le linn gníomhaíochta bunachar sonraí. Má dhéantar an iomarca iarratais léitheoireachta / scríbhneoireachta, d'fhéadfadh an tiomáint a bheith líonta, rud a d'fhéadfadh drochfheidhmíocht a chur faoi deara. (Is féidir le VMstat agus SAR faisnéis a sholáthar maidir le méid na gníomhaíochta ar gach tiomáint diosca.)\nIs é réiteach amháin ar shásamh diosca cuid de na comhaid sonraí POSTGRESQL a bhogadh go dioscaí eile. Cuimhnigh, ní chabhraíonn sé na comhaid a aistriú chuig córais comhaid eile ar an tiomáint diosca céanna. Úsáideann gach córas comhaid ar thiomáint na cinn diosca céanna.\nIs féidir rochtain ar bhunachar sonraí a scaipeadh ar feadh tiománaí diosca ar roinnt bealaí:\nTá clúdach léitheoireachta agus scríbhneoireachta araon ag tiománaí diosca nua-aimseartha. Coinníonn an clúdach léitheoireachta bloic diosca a iarradh le déanaí ar fáil i gcuimhne diosca. Coinníonn an clúdach scríbhneoireachta iarratais scríbhneoireachta go dtí go bhféadfar iad a stóráil go héifeachtach ar na plátaí diosca. D'fhéadfadh tú a realised d'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith ina fhadhb - cad a tharlaíonn má chailleann an tiomáint chumhacht cé go bhfuil sé ag coinneáil sonraí scríbhneoireachta nach bhfuil scríofa go fóill ar na plátaí diosca? Tá clúdach scríbhneoireachta cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cúltaca cónc Mar sin féin, níl an ghné seo ag formhór na drifte, agus dá bhrí sin níl siad iontaofa.\nAr an dea-uair, is féidir leat an cache scríbhneoireachta a mhúchadh i bhformhór na n-earraí. De ghnáth bíonn an cache scríbhneoireachta as feidhm ag tiománaí SCSI. De ghnáth bíonn an cache scríbhneoireachta ar thiomáint IDE, ach is féidir é a thiontú le nasc ordaithe córas oibriúcháin hdparm -W0, sysctl hw.ata.wc = 0, nó scsicmd. Mar sin féin, tuairiscíonn roinnt tiománaithe IDE go bhfuil a gcáche scríbhneoireachta as a bheith, ach úsáideann siad é fós agus fanann siad neamh-iontaofa. Tá sé deacair a fháil amach cé na tiománaithe atá bréagach gan tástáil chuimsitheach.\nToisc go scríobhann PostgreSQL an log scríbhneoireachta ar aghaidh chuig diosca ar gach comhlíonadh idirbhirt ag baint úsáide as fsync (), agus go mbíonn sé ag fanacht go gcuirfear an scríbhneoireacht sin i gcrích, feicfidh úsáideoirí borradh mór feidhmíochta má úsáidtear clúdach scríbhneoireachta. Dá bhrí sin, le haghaidh feidhmíochta agus iontaofachta, is iontach má fhéadann PostgreSQL cache scríbhneoireachta cúltaca cadhnraí a úsáid.\nDe ghnáth bíonn tiománaí SCSI i bhfad níos costasaí ná tiománaí IDE. Tá prótacal ag tiománaithe SCSI a úsáidtear chun cumarsáid a dhéanamh leis an rialaitheoir agus leis an gcóras oibriúcháin, agus tá tiománaithe IDE i bhfad níos simplí agus ní féidir leo ach iarratas amháin a ghlacadh ag an am. Is féidir le tiománaí SCSI le cuí tagáilte glacadh le hiarratais iolracha agus is féidir iad a athordú chun éifeachtúlacht a fheabhsú. Sin an fáth go bhfuil tréithe feidhmíochta den chineál céanna ag dioscaí SCSI agus IDE le haghaidh oibríochtaí I/O aon-úsáideora nó aon-chlár, ach tá feidhmíocht scsi i bhfad níos fearr ná IDE nuair a ghineann na hiarrataí trí ilúsáideoirí nó próisis. Ar an gcúis seo, is fearr SCSI le haghaidh freastalaithe bunachar sonraí a úsáidtear go mór.\nGo deimhin, níl i SCSI ná IDE ach bealach amháin chun idirdhealú a dhéanamh idir an dá phríomhchineál tiománaí - tiománaí fiontraíochta, atá deartha le haghaidh ardfheidhmíochta agus iontaofachta, agus tiománaí ríomhaire pearsanta, atá deartha chun costas a íoslaghdú. Déanann an páipéar seo, http://www.seagate.com/content/docs/pdf/whitepaper/D2c_More_than_Interface_ATA_vs_SCSI_042003.pdf, post den scoth chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar na comhréiteachanna i dtáirgeadh tiománaí bunaithe ar fheidhmíocht/iontaofacht nó ar chostas laghdaithe. Is treoir iontach é chun tiománaí a roghnú bunaithe ar a gcuid gnéithe.\nTacaíonn roinnt córais oibriúcháin le córais comhaid diosca il. I gcásanna den sórt sin, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith deacair a fháil amach cén córas comhaid a fheidhmíonn is fearr. De ghnáth, is fearr feidhmíocht POSTGRESQL ar chórais comhaid Unix traidisiúnta cosúil le córais comhaid BSD UFS / FFS, a thacaíonn go leor córais oibriúcháin leo. Is é an méid bloc 8K réamhshocraithe de UFS an méid leathanach POSTGRESQL céanna. Is féidir leat rith ar chórais comhaid atá bunaithe ar iris agus ar log, ach bíonn ró-uaire breise ag na córais seo le linn fsync an log scríbhneoireachta. Tá na córais fhaidhle atá bunaithe ar an SvR3 níos sine ró-chraobháilte chun feidhmíocht mhaith a thabhairt.\nTá rogha córais comhaid deacair go háirithe ar Linux toisc go bhfuil an oiread sin roghanna córais comhaid ann, agus níl aon cheann acu is fearr: níl ext2 go hiomlán sábháilte ó chraos, tá ext3, XFS, agus JFS bunaithe ar iris, agus tá Reiser oiriúnach do chomhaid bheaga agus déanann sé iris. Is féidir leis na córais comhaid leabharlainne a bheith i bhfad níos moille ná ext2 ach nuair a theastaíonn aisghabháil timpiste, níl ext2 ina rogha. Más gá ext2 a úsáid, é a chur le chéile le sioncróiriú cumasaithe. Molann daoine áirithe córas comhaid ext3 a bheith suiteáilte le data=writeback.\nNí mholtar NFS agus córais chomhad iargúlta eile a úsáid ag POSTGRESQL. Níl an séamantachta córais comhaid chéanna ag NFS le córas comhaid áitiúil, agus d'fhéadfadh fadhbanna iontaofachta sonraí nó aisghabhála timpiste a bheith mar thoradh ar na neamhréireachtaí seo.\nÚsáideann POSTGRESQL samhail ilphróiseas, rud a chiallaíonn go bhfuil a phróiseas Unix féin ag gach nasc bunachar sonraí. Mar gheall air seo, is féidir le gach córas oibriúcháin il-CPU nasc bunachar sonraí iolra a scaipeadh i measc na n-CPUanna atá ar fáil. Mar sin féin, má tá nasc bunachar sonraí amháin gníomhach, ní féidir leis ach CPU amháin a úsáid. Ní úsáideann POSTGRESQL il-threading chun ligean do phróiseas aonair úsáid a bhaint as il-CPUanna.\nNuair a líonadh comhaid lógó scríbhneoireachta ar aghaidh, déantar seiceáil chun na buiféirí salacha go léir a chur ar an diosca ionas gur féidir an comhad lógó a athchúrsáil Déantar seiceálacha go huathoibríoch ag eatraimh áirithe, de ghnáth gach 5 nóiméad. Má tá go leor gníomhaíochta scríbhneoireachta bunachar sonraí ann, is féidir leis na codanna lógó scríbhneoireachta ar aghaidh a líonadh ró-tapa, rud a fhágann go bhfuil moill iomarcach mar go ndéantar gach buffer diosca salach a shlánú chuig diosca.\nBa chóir go mbeadh seiceálacha ar siúl gach cúpla nóiméad. Má tharlaíonn siad go minic in aghaidh an nóiméid, beidh pian ar an fheidhmíocht. Chun a chinneadh an bhfuil tú ag seiceáil ró-mhinicíochta, féach i do chuid loganna freastalaí ar feadh teachtaireacht a eisíodh ag checkpoint_warning. Seoltar an teachtaireacht seo má dhéanann tú an t-ábhar seiceála níos mó ná uair amháin i dtréimhse 30 soicind.\nIs éard atá i gceist le minicíocht na bpointí seiceála a laghdú ná líon na gcomhad lógó scríbhneoireachta a cruthaítear i data/pg_xlog a mhéadú. Tá 16 meigabait ag gach comhad, mar sin bíonn tionchar ag an méid a úsáidtear ar an diosca. Úsáidtear líon íosta comhaid lógó sa shuiteáil réamhshocraithe. Chun minicíocht na bpointí seiceála a laghdú, ní mór duit an paraiméadar seo a mhéadú:\nAr an dea-uair, ní gá go leor tuning a dhéanamh ar POSTGRESQL. Déantar an chuid is mó de na paraiméadair a choigeartú go huathoibríoch chun feidhmíocht is fearr a choinneáil. Tá méid an cháis agus méid an tsórtála dhá pharaiméadar is féidir le riarthóirí a rialú chun úsáideoir níos fearr a dhéanamh den chuimhne atá ar fáil. Is féidir rochtain ar an diosca a scaipeadh ar fud tiománaí freisin. Is féidir paraiméadair eile a shocrú i share/postgresql.conf.sample. Is féidir leat an comhad seo a chóipeáil chuig data/postgresql.conf chun triail a bhaint as cuid de na paraiméadair níos exotic fós de POSTGRESQL."} {"text": "Chapter 1.3 Bitcoin\nWe’ve talked about cryptocurrencies and we’ve talked about blockchain. It’s impossible to talk about both technologies without referencing bitcoin. In this chapter, however, we’re specifically focusing on bitcoin.\nBitcoin’s network was launched in January 2009 by Satoshi Nakamoto. Satoshi is a programmer or a group of programmers who chose to use an anonymous pseudonym.\nBitcoin was the world’s first blockchain-based cryptocurrency. We could argue that previous efforts – like Nick Szabos and his BitGold project – were the world’s first theorized cryptocurrency. BitGold, however, never launched. Bitcoin was the world’s first cryptocurrency to not only launch – but become the world’s largest cryptocurrency.\nToday, bitcoin’s market cap is larger than the entire GDPs of certain countries. It hasn’t always been that way, however. Keep reading to discover where bitcoin came from, why it’s a big deal, and what the future may hold for bitcoin.\nBitcoins are digital assets located on the bitcoin blockchain. These digital assets have no inherent value: they’re not connected to gold reserves or any other physical assets. Instead, the entire value of each bitcoin comes from its underlying technology. The blockchain can facilitate transactions between two trustless parties anywhere in the world. You can transfer $0.01 or $10 million without the need for a centralized intermediary. That’s where the value of bitcoin is derived.\nHow Are Bitcoins Created? Where Do Bitcoins Come From?\nThere’s a maximum number of 21 million bitcoins in circulation. As of May 2018, we’ve mined just over 17 million bitcoins. As we get closer to the maximum total supply of bitcoin, the mining rewards will gradually decrease.\nMiners – also known as nodes – receive rewards for securing the bitcoin network. These miners process transactions on the blockchain, then receive a reward – in the form of bitcoin – when they successfully process a transaction. These bitcoins are locked into the bitcoin network and only released through mining.\nIn the early days of bitcoin, mining rewards were set at 50 bitcoins apiece. That means the bitcoin network released 50 bitcoins to a miner every 10 minutes. Over time, the mining reward decreased. Today, the reward is set at 12.5 bitcoins. That reward gets cut in half approximately every 4 years.\nUltimately, this means that as we get closer to 21 million bitcoins, it will become progressively harder to mine bitcoins. When bitcoin was first released, the difficulty was rated at 1.0. “Difficulty” refers to how much power it takes to solve a hash encrypted by the SHA256 algorithm. In the last few years, difficulty has risen as high as 4.4 billion. That’s why hobbyist miners struggle to compete with larger mining bitcoin conglomerates. Today, individual miners need to join a mining pool to have any chance of sharing the reward of 12.5 BTC.\nThe Pros and Cons of Bitcoin\nUltimately, we could write a book about how bitcoin works. Let’s boil it all down into a series of pros and cons.\nFast Payments and Low Fees: The bitcoin network lets you transfer money easily and cheaply around the world. You can transfer $0.01 as easily as you can transfer $10 million. You don’t need to pay costly exchange rate fees or transaction fees.\nEasy to Use: Download a bitcoin wallet to your phone and you can start using bitcoin. You can transfer bitcoin to someone over your phone. You can easily send money overseas, act as your own bank, and perform other advanced functions even with limited technical knowledge.\nSecure: Bitcoin is the ultimate secure currency. As long as you remain in control of your private keys, nobody can access your bitcoin holdings. Bitcoins cannot be counterfeited, and all transactions can be immediately verified by checking the blockchain.\nYou’re in Charge of Security: One of bitcoin’s biggest advantages is also one of its biggest cons. You act as your own bitcoin bank. You’re in charge of your own bitcoin funds. If something goes wrong – say, if you send bitcoin to an incorrect address or lose access to your private keys – then your bitcoin may be lost forever. There’s no bank helpline you can call when you mess up. Approximately 2 to 4 million bitcoins of the 21 million total supply have been lost through various issues.\nGovernment Regulations: Bitcoin is decentralized and can operate without the jurisdiction of a bank or government. However, you’re a human being who lives within a country. As a citizen of that country, you need to abide by the rules of that country. Governments don’t have control of the bitcoin network but they do have control in other ways. If you earned $1 million through bitcoin, for example, then you’re required to pay taxes when you sell that bitcoin for a profit.\nIt Facilitates Illegal Activities: Bitcoin can be used for illegal activities, money laundering, and other nefarious acts. Bitcoin has been used to finance terrorism, for example, and to prop up dictatorships like North Korea. Bitcoin has been used to pay for assassinations, child prostitution, and other illegal activities. This is one of the downsides of having a decentralized, pseudonymous currency outside of centralized control.\nBitcoin Versus Bitcoin Cash: The Scaling Debate Continues\nBitcoin launched in 2009. For nearly a decade, the community worked on bitcoin with no major disputes. There were always disagreements between developers in the open source community, but those disagreements would work themselves out, and the entire project steadily grew and moved forward.\nThings all changed in 2017, which was the largest year in bitcoin’s history. More people were using bitcoin. More people were buying bitcoin. More people had heard about bitcoin and wanted to get a part of it. This was great for the price of bitcoin, which skyrocketed from $1,000 to $20,000 by the end of 2017. However, it also led to a huge problem: the bitcoin network couldn’t scale with demand.\nThe problem with bitcoin came down to its blocksize limit. Basically, each bitcoin block was limited to a size of 1MB. This was the original size proposed by Satoshi Nakamoto. With a block size of 1MB, the bitcoin network can process about 2,000 transactions every 10 minutes. Each “block” can hold approximately 2,020 transactions.\nA blocksize of 1MB simply wasn’t enough to handle the number of transactions. In mid-2017, bitcoin fees were skyrocketing. Transactions were taking days or even weeks to be completed.\nA group of developers proposed a simple change: increase the blocksize limit to 2MB, 4MB, 8MB, or higher. Allow for more transactions to be contained within a single block. Network congestion will clear up.\nUnfortunately, that group’s proposed changes were rejected by the bitcoin community. That group of developers announced a hard fork: on August 1, 2017, their version of bitcoin would “fork” away from the main bitcoin blockchain.\nThe end result was that on August 1, 2017, we had two versions of bitcoin for the first time in history, including bitcoin (BTC) and Bitcoin Cash (BCH). Both versions of bitcoin share the same history. Both versions of bitcoin date all the way back to 2009. Bitcoin Cash is supported by some major, influential figures within the community – including Craig Wright (a man some believe to be Satoshi Nakamoto). Bitcoin, or BTC, continues to have the majority of community support.\nThe scaling debate rages on within the bitcoin community. It’s unclear what the solution will be.\nThe Future of Bitcoin\nBitcoin is digital gold. Nobody knows what the future holds for bitcoin. Another cryptocurrency could topple bitcoin in months. There are cryptocurrencies that are faster and more secure than bitcoin. There are cryptocurrencies with better scaling than bitcoin or cheaper fees. Nobody, however, can claim the title of the world’s first cryptocurrency like bitcoin – and that’s one of many reasons why bitcoin is valuable.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18", "url": "https://www.mybitcoin.com/what-is-bitcoin/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578533774.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422015736-20190422041736-00412.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9533230662, "token_count": 1683, "score": 3.375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Caibidil 1.3 Bitcoin\nLabhair muid faoi cryptocurrencies agus labhair muid faoi blockchain. Tá sé dodhéanta labhairt faoi an dá theicneolaíocht gan tagairt a dhéanamh do Bitcoin. Sa chaibidil seo, áfach, táimid ag díriú go sonrach ar Bitcoin.\nSeoladh líonra Bitcoin i mí Eanáir 2009 ag Satoshi Nakamoto. Is cláróir é Satoshi nó grúpa cláróirí a roghnaigh pseudonym gan ainm a úsáid.\nBa é Bitcoin an chéad cryptocurrency blockchain-bhunaithe ar domhan. D'fhéadfaimis a argóint go raibh iarrachtaí roimhe seo - cosúil le Nick Szabos agus a thionscadal BitGold - ar an gcéad cryptocurrency teoiriciúil ar domhan. BitGold, áfach, níor seoladh riamh é. Ba é Bitcoin an chéad cryptocurrency ar domhan a chuir i bhfeidhm ach a tháinig chun bheith ar an cryptocurrency is mó ar domhan.\nSa lá atá inniu ann, is mó an caipitil mhargaidh Bitcoin ná OTIanna iomlán tíortha áirithe. Ní raibh sé mar sin i gcónaí, áfach. Coinnigh ag léamh chun a fháil amach cá as a tháinig bitcoin, cén fáth go bhfuil sé ina mhórdhíol, agus cad a d'fhéadfadh an todhchaí a bheith ag Bitcoin.\nIs sócmhainní digiteacha iad Bitcoins atá suite ar an blockchain bitcoin. Níl aon luach intíre ag na sócmhainní digiteacha seo: níl siad nasctha le cúlchistí óir ná le haon sócmhainní fisiciúla eile. Ina áit sin, tagann luach iomlán gach bitcóin óna teicneolaíocht bhunúsach. Is féidir leis an blockchain idirbhearta a éascú idir dhá pháirtí neamh-iontaofa áit ar bith ar domhan. Is féidir leat $ 0.01 nó $ 10 milliún a aistriú gan an gá le idirghabhálaí lárnach. Is é sin an áit a bhfuil an luach de Bitcoin díorthaithe.\nConas a Chruthaítear Bitcoins? Cá as a dtagann Bitcoins?\nTá líon uasta de 21 milliún bitcoins i gcúrsaíocht. I mí na Bealtaine 2018, bhí níos mó ná 17 milliún bitcoins báite againn. De réir mar a théann muid níos gaire don soláthar iomlán uasta de bitcoin, laghdóidh na luach saothair mianadóireachta de réir a chéile.\nFaigheann mianadóirí ar a dtugtar nóid freisin luach saothair as líonra bitcoin a slándáil. Déileálann na mianadóirí seo le hidirbhearta ar an blockchain, ansin faigheann siad luach saothair i bhfoirm bitcoin nuair a dhéileálann siad le hidirbheart go rathúil. Tá na bitcoins seo faoi ghlas i líonra bitcoin agus ní scaoiltear ach trí mianadóireacht.\nI laethanta tosaigh Bitcoin, bhí luach saothair mianadóireachta socraithe ag 50 bitcoins gach ceann. Ciallaíonn sé sin go scaoiltear 50 bitcoins chuig mianadóir gach 10 nóiméad. Le himeacht ama, laghdaigh an luach saothair mianadóireachta. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá an luach saothair a shocraíodh ag 12.5 bitcoins. Laghdaítear an luach saothair sin go leath thart ar gach 4 bliana.\nSa deireadh, ciallaíonn sé seo go mar a fhaighimid níos gaire do 21 milliún bitcoins, beidh sé a bheith níos deacra go forleathan chun mianraí bitcoins. Nuair a scaoileadh bitcoin den chéad uair, bhí an deacracht rátáilte ag 1.0. Tagraíonn Difficiency do an méid cumhachta a thógann sé chun hash a réiteach atá criptithe ag algartam SHA256. Le cúpla bliain anuas, tá an deacracht ardú chomh hard le 4.4 billiún. Sin an fáth a bhfuil mianadóirí hobbists streachailt chun dul san iomaíocht le conglomerates Bitcoin mianadóireachta níos mó. Sa lá atá inniu ann, ní mór do mhianach aonair a bheith páirteach i linn báidíochta chun aon seans a bheith acu an duais de 12.5 BTC a roinnt.\nNa buntáistí agus na míbhuntáistí a bhaineann le Bitcoin\nSa deireadh, d'fhéadfaimis leabhar a scríobh faoi conas a oibríonn Bitcoin. Déanaimis é a boil síos go léir i sraith de leasanna agus míbhuntáistí.\nÍocaíochtaí tapa agus táillí íseal: Ligeann líonra bitcoin duit airgead a aistriú go héasca agus go saor ar fud an domhain. Is féidir leat a aistriú $ 0.01 chomh héasca is is féidir leat a aistriú $ 10 milliún. Ní gá duit táillí costasacha ráta malairte ná táillí idirbhirt a íoc.\nÉasca le húsáid: Íoslódáil sparán Bitcoin chuig do ghuthán agus is féidir leat tosú ag úsáid Bitcoin. Is féidir leat Bitcoin a aistriú chuig duine éigin trí do ghuthán. Is féidir leat airgead a sheoladh go héasca thar lear, gníomhú mar do bhanc féin, agus feidhmeanna ardteicneolaíochta eile a dhéanamh fiú le eolas theicniúil teoranta.\nSábháilte: Is é Bitcoin an t-airgeadra slán deiridh. Chomh fada agus a fhanann tú i rialú do eochair phríobháideacha, ní féidir le duine ar bith rochtain a fháil ar do shealbhú Bitcoin. Ní féidir Bitcoin a fhalsú, agus is féidir gach idirbheart a fhíorú láithreach trí sheiceáil a dhéanamh ar an blockchain.\nTá tú i gceannas ar Slándáil: Ceann de na buntáistí is mó a bhaineann le Bitcoin tá sé ar cheann dá míbhuntáistí is mó freisin. Gníomhú tú mar do chuid féin Bitcoin bainc. Tá tú i gceannas ar do chistí Bitcoin féin. Má théann rud éigin mícheart - má sheolann tú Bitcoin chuig seoladh mícheart nó má chailleann tú rochtain ar do phríomh-eochair - d'fhéadfadh do Bitcoin a bheith caillte go deo. Níl aon líne chabhrach bainc ann ar féidir leat glaoch nuair a dhéanann tú botún. Cailleadh thart ar 2 go 4 mhilliún bitcoins den soláthar iomlán 21 milliún trí shaincheisteanna éagsúla.\nRialacháin Rialtais: Tá Bitcoin díláraithe agus is féidir é a oibriú gan dlínse bainc nó rialtais. Mar sin féin, is duine tú a chónaíonn laistigh den tír. Mar shaoránach den tír sin, ní mór duit cloí le rialacha na tíre sin. Ní dhéanann rialtais rialú ar an líonra Bitcoin ach tá siad rialú ar bhealaí eile. Má thuill tú $ 1 milliún trí Bitcoin, mar shampla, ansin tá tú ag teastáil chun cánacha a íoc nuair a dhíolann tú go Bitcoin le haghaidh brabús.\nÉascaíonn sé Gníomhaíochtaí Neamhláithre: Is féidir Bitcoin a úsáid le haghaidh gníomhaíochtaí neamhdhleathacha, sciúradh airgid, agus gníomhartha mícheart eile. Úsáidtear Bitcoin chun sceimhlitheoireacht a mhaoiniú, mar shampla, agus chun smachtbhannaí mar Chóiré Thuaidh a thacú. Úsáidtear Bitcoin chun íoc as dúnmharú, le prostitutes leanaí, agus le gníomhaíochtaí mídhleathacha eile. Is é seo ceann de na downsides a bheith díláraithe, airgeadra pseudonymous lasmuigh de rialú láir.\nBitcoin i gcoinne Bitcoin Cash: Leanann an díospóireacht scálaithe\nSeoladh Bitcoin i 2009. Le beagnach deich mbliana, d'oibrigh an pobal ar Bitcoin gan aon díospóidí móra. Bhí míchompord i gcónaí idir forbróirí sa phobal foinse oscailte, ach d'oibrigh na míchompord féin, agus d'fhás an tionscadal ar fad go seasta agus chuaigh sé ar aghaidh.\nD'athraigh gach rud in 2017, a bhí ar an mbliain is mó i stair Bitcoin. Bhí níos mó daoine ag úsáid bitcoin. Bhí níos mó daoine ag ceannach bitcoin. Bhí níos mó daoine tar éis éisteacht faoi Bitcoin agus theastaigh uathu cuid de a fháil. Bhí sé seo iontach do phraghas bitcoin, a d'ardaigh ó $ 1,000 go $ 20,000 faoi dheireadh 2017. Mar sin féin, ba chúis le fadhb mhór í freisin: ní raibh an líonra Bitcoin in ann scála a dhéanamh leis an éileamh.\nTháinig an fhadhb le Bitcoin síos go dtí a teorainn bloc-leibhéal. Go bunúsach, bhí gach bloc Bitcoin teoranta do mhéid 1MB. Ba é seo an méid bunaidh a mhol Satoshi Nakamoto. Le méid bloc 1MB, is féidir leis an líonra Bitcoin thart ar 2,000 idirbheart a phróiseáil gach 10 nóiméad. Is féidir le gach bloc thart ar 2,020 idirbheart a shealbhú.\nNí raibh méid bloc 1MB go leor chun líon na n-idirbheart a láimhseáil. I lár 2017, bhí muirir Bitcoin ag ardú go hiontach. Bhí lá nó seachtain ag teastáil chun idirbhearta a chur i gcrích.\nMhol grúpa forbróirí athrú simplí: an teorainn méid bloc a mhéadú go 2MB, 4MB, 8MB, nó níos airde. Ceadaigh go mbeidh níos mó idirbhearta laistigh de bhloc amháin. Beidh an cló líonra soiléire.\nAr an drochuair, gur dhiúltaigh an pobal Bitcoin athruithe a mhol an grúpa sin. D'fhógair an grúpa forbróirí sin forc crua: ar 1 Lúnasa, 2017, bheadh a leagan de bitcoin ag \"forcáil\" ar shiúl ó phríomh-bhlocchain bitcoin.\nBa é an toradh deiridh go raibh dhá leagan de bitcoin againn ar an 1 Lúnasa, 2017, den chéad uair sa stair, lena n-áirítear bitcoin (BTC) agus Bitcoin Cash (BCH). Tá an dá leagan de Bitcoin ag roinnt an stair chéanna. Tá an dá leagan de Bitcoin ag dul ar ais go dtí 2009. Tacaíonn roinnt figiúirí móra, tionchar laistigh den phobal le Bitcoin Cash lena n-áirítear Craig Wright (fear a chreideann cuid gur Satoshi Nakamoto é). Leanann Bitcoin, nó BTC, le formhór na dtacaíochta pobail a bheith aige.\nTá an díospóireacht scálaithe ar siúl laistigh de phobal Bitcoin. Níl sé soiléir cad é an réiteach.\nAn Todhchaí Bitcoin\nIs é Bitcoin an t-ór digiteach. Níl a fhios ag aon duine cad a bheidh i ndán don bitcoin sa todhchaí. D'fhéadfadh cryptocurrency eile Bitcoin a chur faoi deara i míonna. Tá cryptocurrencies atá níos tapúla agus níos sábháilte ná Bitcoin. Tá cryptocurrencies le scálaithe níos fearr ná Bitcoin nó táillí níos saoire. Ní féidir le duine ar bith, áfach, teideal an chéad cryptocurrency ar domhan a éileamh cosúil le bitcoin agus sin ceann de na cúiseanna go leor a bhfuil bitcoin luachmhar."} {"text": "Industries of all stripes typically look to technologyto improve safety and cost efficiency. With both global food prices and concerns about food safety on the rise, technology is playing a more important role in the economics of the world’s food supply.\nAgricultural biotechnology is gaining traction worldwide as a method for improving crop yields. And thanks to new federal regulations dealing with food safety, information technology is becoming an increasingly important part of the equation.\nTraits for Sustainability\nAmid a rising global population, increasing the availability and sustainability of crops is a challenge for the farming industry.\n“In 1960, on average one farmer fed 26 people per year. Now, a farmer feeds about 155 people per year,” says Jack Boyne, aspokesman for Bayer's CropScience unit. “The fact that the farming industry has risen to this challenge gives us room for optimism. But we know there will be 3 billion more people on this planet by 2050, and it’s no sure thing that that trend will continue.”\nThat’s why governments are embracing agricultural biotechnology, particularly insect-resistance traits and herbicide tolerance for crops, to help farmers improve their crop yields while keeping costs low.\n“On average, about 35 percent of the global crop production is reduced by diseases and pests,” says Sharon Bomer Lauritsen, executive vice president, food and agriculture, at the Biotechnology Industry Organization. “Through the adoption of insect resistance, you reduce that damage caused to the crops. Through herbicide tolerance being incorporated into the plant, farmers can kill weeds more easily and still have a healthy crop.”\nA new development involves incorporating drought tolerance into plants, a crucial issue for many regions in the world where water is in short supply. Drought-tolerant corn developed by Monsanto in collaboration with Germany’s BASF is awaiting approval from the U.S. Department of Agriculture.\n“The analogy is that instead of the corn gulping water it takes sips of water, and it still produces at the same yield potential as corn that has the normal amount of water that’s needed conventionally,” Lauritsen says.\nAlong with industry giants such as Monsanto, Bayer CropScience, and Syngenta, some smaller companies are leading the way in new agricultural biotechnology methods.\nArcadia Biosciences has been working technology that helps plants use nitrogen more efficiently, enabling farmers to use less nitrogen fertilizer — cutting costs and reducing the environmental impact — while generating the same yield.\nLauritsen notes that as of 2007, biotechnology has improved soybean yields by 30 percent per acre worldwide, while corn and canola yields increased 7.6 percent and 8.5 percent per acre, respectively. From 1996 to 2008, biotech crops have produced $52 billion of farm-level economic benefits, according to PG Economics, an agricultural industry consultant.\nMuch of the concern regarding the world’s food supply involves developing nations. While biotechnology has largely been adopted by developed Western countries, albeit with a fair amount of controversy, it is beginning to gain traction in the rest of the world.\nLauritsen points to golden rice as an example, which is being touted as a solution to some childhood health problems in developing regions. Beta carotene, which the body converts into vitamin A, is created naturally in the stalks and leaves of the rice plant, but not in the grain. With so-called golden rice, the beta carotene is expressed in the grain itself. It’s expected to be introduced in the Philippines in 2013.\n“There’s a lot of optimism that this will do a lot to help prevent blindness,” Lauritsen says. “It’s estimated that there are 6,000 deaths per day globally due to vitamin A deficiency, so that is really looked upon as a real potential.”\nBuilding a Smarter Supply Chain\nWhile agricultural biotechnology is an obvious means for attempting to improve the world’s food supply, information technology is less so. But recent high-profile product recalls, along with new legislation, has put IT at the forefront.\nIn January, President Obama signed into law the Food Safety Modernization Act. Along with granting mandatory food recall powers to the Food and Drug Administration, the law requires the FDA to establish “a product tracing system to receive information that improves the capacity to effectively and rapidly track and trace food that is in the United States or offered for import into the United States.”\nTrack and trace technology involves barcodes, RFID tags, and condition sensors placed on produce to record supply chain data, which is collected and analyzed by traceability software. In the context of the food supply, traceability allows everyone within the supply chain to discover in near real time where a product originated, where it’s been, what other food it’s been in contact with, and what temperature it’s been exposed to.\nIn 2008, the FDA initially identified U.S.-grown tomatoes as the source of a salmonella outbreak. Later, it named jalapeño and serrano peppers from Mexico as the culprits. A thorough traceability solution would have prevented such confusion, not to mention the waste and cost associated with the initial tomato warning, says Steve Beier, IBM development director for traceability software (the episode cost the tomato industry an estimated $100 million).\nAn end-to-end traceability solution would allow for faster and more targeted recalls. It could determine, for example, if most of the contaminated food is still in a distribution center, allowing a company to pull the product before it reaches consumers. It could also narrow down the contamination to specific lots, eliminating the need to pull every product off the shelf.\n“If your IT systems are able to know exactly who has it, it opens up lots of opportunities that you couldn’t do before,” Beier says.\nTraceability also assists in cold chain management—tracking the temperature a particular product has been exposed to as it’s moved through the supply chain.\n“We’ve been implementing systems with customers that provide instant alert notification based on predefined business thresholds that let supervisors at a warehouse know what’s going on with that product and try to prevent the spoilage from happening,” Beier says.\nBeier notes that it will be another five to 10 years before end-to-end traceability solutions become ubiquitous. But eventually all links on the supply chain, large and small, will play a role.\n“You’re not going to have a small farm in a shack in the middle of a field worrying about trying to instrument his automation line, because he doesn’t have such a thing,” Beier says. “But he does have the ability to use small handheld devices to scan his crates, cartons, containers, and so on. So he can be part of that in providing information to the supply chain at large in order to make it more efficient and responsive.”", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18", "url": "https://www.cnbc.com/id/42572371", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527566.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419101239-20190419123239-00486.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9451512694, "token_count": 1473, "score": 3.140625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá tionscail de gach cineál ag lorg teicneolaíochta de ghnáth chun sábháilteacht agus éifeachtúlacht chostais a fheabhsú. De réir mar a bhíonn praghsanna bia domhanda agus imní faoi shábháilteacht bia ag ardú, tá ról níos tábhachtaí ag an teicneolaíocht i ngeilleagar soláthair bia an domhain.\nTá an bithteicneolaíocht talmhaíochta ag éirí níos mó tóir air ar fud an domhain mar mhodh chun toradh na dtorthaí a fheabhsú. Agus a bhuíochas le rialacháin cónaidhme nua a bhaineann le sábháilteacht bia, tá teicneolaíocht faisnéise ag éirí níos tábhachtaí sa chothromóid.\nGnéithe le haghaidh Inbhuanaitheacht\nI measc daonra domhanda atá ag ardú, is dúshlán don tionscal feirmeoireachta fáil agus inbhuanaitheacht na dtorthaí a mhéadú.\nSa bhliain 1960, d'fhiach feirmeoir amháin 26 duine in aghaidh na bliana ar an meán. Anois, tá feirmeoir ag beatha thart ar 155 duine in aghaidh na bliana, a deir Jack Boyne, ina labhraí le haonaid CropScience Bayer. An rud go bhfuil an tionscal feirme ag teacht leis an dúshlán seo, tugann sé deis dúinn bheith dóchasach. Ach tá a fhios againn go mbeidh 3 billiún duine eile ar an bpláinéad seo faoi 2050, agus níl sé cinnte go leanfaidh an treocht sin.\nSin é an fáth go bhfuil rialtais ag glacadh le bithteicneolaíocht talmhaíochta, go háirithe tréithe frithsheasmhachta insteicte agus fhulaingt inbhéacsanna le haghaidh barra, chun cabhrú le feirmeoirí a dtorthaí barra a fheabhsú agus costais íseal a choinneáil.\nAr an meán, laghdaíonn galair agus lotnaidí thart ar 35 faoin gcéad den táirgeadh talmhaíochta domhanda, a deir Sharon Bomer Lauritsen, leas-uachtarán feidhmiúcháin, bia agus talmhaíocht, ag an Eagraíocht Tionscail Bithteicneolaíochta. Trí ghlacadh friotaíocht insect, a laghdú tú go bhfuil damáiste a tharla do na barra. Trí thurais a bhfuil toilteanas le fíordhiomsaíd ionchorpraithe sa phlanda, is féidir le feirmeoirí an weeds a mharú níos éasca agus go mbeidh barra sláintiúil acu fós.\nBaineann forbairt nua le hiompar a dhéanamh ar tholacht triomachta i bplandaí, rud atá ríthábhachtach do go leor réigiún ar domhan ina bhfuil ganntanas uisce. Tá arbhar in aghaidh triomachta a d'fhorbair Monsanto i gcomhar le BASF na Gearmáine ag fanacht le ceadú ó Roinn Talmhaíochta na Stát Aontaithe.\nIs é an analóga ná go nglacann an arbhar sips uisce in ionad uisce a ghluí, agus go dtáirgeann sé fós ag an acmhainn toraidh céanna le arbhar a bhfuil an méid uisce gnáth atá ag teastáil go traidisiúnta aige, a deir Lauritsen.\nChomh maith le géarghnóthais tionscail mar Monsanto, Bayer CropScience, agus Syngenta, tá roinnt cuideachtaí níos lú ag tabhairt an bealach i modhanna nua bithteicneolaíochta talmhaíochta.\nTá Arcadia Biosciences ag obair ar theicneolaíocht a chabhraíonn le plandaí nítrigin a úsáid níos éifeachtaí, rud a chuireann ar chumas feirmeoirí níos lú leasacháin nítrigine a úsáid - costais a ghearradh agus an tionchar ar an gcomhshaol a laghdú - agus an toradh céanna a ghiniúint.\nDeir Lauritsen go bhfuil an bithteicneolaíocht tar éis feabhas a chur ar thorthaí na soibhianna de 30 faoin gcéad in aghaidh an achra ar fud an domhain ó 2007, agus tá an toradh ar an arbhar agus ar an canola méadaithe 7.6 faoin gcéad agus 8.5 faoin gcéad in aghaidh an achra, faoi seach. Ó 1996 go 2008, tá $52 billiún de thairbhí eacnamaíocha ag leibhéal feirme déanta ag barraithe bithteicneolaíochta, de réir PG Economics, comhairleoir tionscail talmhaíochta.\nBaineann cuid mhór den imní maidir le soláthar bia an domhain leis na tíortha atá ag forbairt. Cé go bhfuil an bithteicneolaíocht glactha go mór ag tíortha forleasacha an Iarthair, cé go bhfuil go leor conspóide ann, tá sé ag tosú ag tarraingt ar an gcuid eile den domhan.\nTugann Lauritsen an rís órga mar shampla, a bhfuil sé á rá mar réiteach ar roinnt fadhbanna sláinte leanaí i réigiúin atá ag forbairt. Déantar béite-carotéin, a athraíonn an corp ina vitimín A, a chruthú go nádúrtha i gcroí agus i duilleoga an phlanda ríse, ach ní i ngráin. I gcás na rís órga mar a thugtar air, léirítear an béite-carotéin sa ghrán féin. Táthar ag súil go gcuirfear isteach é sna hOileáin Fhilipíneacha in 2013.\nTá go leor dóchais ann go ndéanfaidh sé seo go leor chun cabhrú le dallú a chosc, a deir Lauritsen. Meastar go bhfuil 6,000 bás in aghaidh an lae ar fud an domhain mar gheall ar easpa vitimín A, mar sin tá sé seo i ndáiríre le feiceáil mar fhéidearthacht fíor.\nSlí soláthair níos cliste a thógáil\nCé go bhfuil bithteicneolaíocht talmhaíochta ina mhodh soiléir chun iarracht a dhéanamh soláthar bia an domhain a fheabhsú, níl an teicneolaíocht faisnéise chomh soiléir sin. Ach tá athghairm tháirgí ardphróifíle le déanaí, mar aon le reachtaíocht nua, tar éis an t-IT a chur ar thús cadhnaíochta.\nI mí Eanáir, shínigh an tUachtarán Obama an tAcht um Nuachóiriú Sábháilteachta Bia. Chomh maith le cumhachtaí éigeantacha athghairm bia a dheonú don Riarachán Bia agus Drugaí, éilíonn an dlí ar an FDA córas rianaithe táirgí a bhunú chun faisnéis a fháil a fheabhsaíonn an cumas chun bia atá sna Stáit Aontaithe nó a thairgtear le haistriú isteach sna Stáit Aontaithe a rianú agus a rianú go héifeachtach agus go tapa.\nBaineann teicneolaíocht rianú agus rianú le barchódanna, lipéid RFID, agus braiteoirí coinníollach a chuirtear ar tháirgí chun sonraí slabhra soláthair a thaifeadadh, a bhailítear agus a anailísítear le bogearraí rianúlachta. I gcomhthéacs an tsoláthair bia, cuireann inrianaitheacht ar chumas gach duine sa slabhra soláthair a fháil amach i bhfíor-am beagnach cá as a tháinig táirge, cá raibh sé, cén bia eile a bhí i dteagmháil leis, agus cén teocht a bhí sé nochtaithe dó.\nSa bhliain 2008, d'aithin an FDA go bunaidh tomátaí a d'fhás sna Stáit Aontaithe mar fhoinse ráig salmonella. Níos déanaí, d'ainmnigh sé jalapeño agus piobar serrano ó Mheicsiceo mar na ciontóirí. D'eascraigh réiteach cuimsitheach inrianaitheachta ó chaidreamh den sórt sin, gan trácht ar an dramhaíl agus an costas a bhaineann leis an rabhadh tosaíochta maidir le tomato, a deir Steve Beier, stiúrthóir forbartha IBM do bogearraí inrianaitheachta (chostas an t-eagrán $ 100 milliún measta ar thionscal na tomato).\nBa cheart an fhaisnéis a chur ar fáil do na Ballstáit agus do na Ballstáit eile a bhfuil gá leo chun an fhaisnéis a chur ar fáil. D'fhéadfadh sé a chinneadh, mar shampla, má tá an chuid is mó den bhia truaillithe fós i lár dáileacháin, rud a ligeann do chuideachta an táirge a tharraingt sula sroicheann sé tomhaltóirí. D'fhéadfadh sé an truailliú a shrianadh go mórchuid ar leith freisin, gan an gá gach táirge a tharraingt as an seilf.\nMá tá do chórais TF in ann a fháil amach go díreach cé a bhfuil sé aige, osclaíonn sé go leor deiseanna nach bhféadfá a dhéanamh roimhe seo, a deir Beier.\nCuidíonn an inrianaitheacht freisin le bainistíocht an slabhra fuar, ag rianú an teocht a bhí ar tháirge áirithe agus é á aistriú tríd an slabhra soláthair.\n\"Tá muid ag cur i bhfeidhm córais le custaiméirí a sholáthraíonn fógra rabhaidh láithreach bunaithe ar thrialacha gnó réamhshainithe a ligfidh do mhaoirseoirí i stóras a fhios cad atá ag tarlú leis an táirge sin agus iarracht a dhéanamh cosc a chur ar an spoilage ó tharlaíonn\", a deir Beier.\nTugann Beier faoi deara go mbeidh sé cúig go deich mbliana eile sula mbeidh réitigh inrianaitheachta deireadh go deireadh uileláithreach. Ach sa deireadh beidh ról ag gach nasc sa slabhra soláthair, mór agus beag.\n\"Ní bheidh feirm bheag agat i mballa i lár na bhfeirme ag déanamh imní faoi iarracht a líne uathoibrithe a ionstraimú, mar níl aon rud mar sin aige\", a deir Beier. Ach tá sé in ann feistí beaga láimhe a úsáid chun a chisteanna, a chartúin, a choimeádáin, agus mar sin de a scanadh. Mar sin, is féidir leis a bheith mar chuid de sin trí fhaisnéis a sholáthar don slabhra soláthair ar fad d'fhonn é a dhéanamh níos éifeachtaí agus níos freagartha."} {"text": "The difference Between Activation Energy and Threshold Energy is that Activation Energy is the minimum amount of energy absorbed by the reactant molecules so that their energy becomes equal to the threshold value while Threshold Energy is the minimum energy that a pair of particles must have in order to undergo a successful collision.\n- It is the amount of energy required for reactant molecules to convert into a product.\n- It is the difference between threshold energy and the average internal energy of reactant molecules.\n- It is the amount of energy at which reactant molecules are converted into products.\n- It is the sum of activation energy and average internal energy of the reactant molecules.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21", "url": "https://examplespedia.com/activation-energy-vs-threshold-energy/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662519037.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517162558-20220517192558-00497.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9288127422, "token_count": 143, "score": 3.234375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is é an difríocht idir Fuinneamh Gníomhaithe agus Fuinneamh Tréimhseach ná go bhfuil Fuinneamh Gníomhaithe an méid íosta fuinnimh a ionsú ag na móilíní imoibrithe ionas go mbeidh a n-fuinneamh comhionann leis an luach trédhearcach agus is é Fuinneamh Trédhearcach an t-uasfhuinneamh a chaithfidh péire de pharaí a bheith acu chun bualadh rathúil a dhéanamh orthu.\n- Is é an méid fuinnimh a theastaíonn chun go n-athróidh móilíní imoibritheach go táirge.\n- Is é an difríocht idir an t-eagrúis fuinnimh agus meán-eagrúis inmheánach na móilíní imoibrithe.\n- Is é an méid fuinnimh a thiocfaidh as modúl na n-imreoraithe a thiontú i dtáirgí.\n- Is é sin suim an fhuinnimh ghníomhaithe agus meánfuinneamh inmheánach na móilíní imoibrithe."} {"text": "Aug 3, 2012 ... Nepal is a small country located in South Asia. It is a multi-cultural country and\nthe 2011 census indicates that it has a total of 102 ethnic groups ...\nSep 3, 2014 ... In Nepal, despite the adoption of policies designed to promote universal access\nto ... childhood education (ECE – what we in the U.S. would call preschool and\nkindergarten) is very important for children's ... South Asia.\nJul 17, 2014 ... While the internationally acclaimed Montessori education system has ... Ganga\nLama, founding member of the Montessori Association Nepal (MAN), said the ....\nIndian goodwill a must for statute implementation: PM Sep 18, ...\nPrinted in Kathmandu, Nepal ... Thus the interventions reviewed include those in\nSouth Asia ...... According to a smaller-scale comparative study of preschool.\nDepartment of Education (Nepal). ECCD. Early Childhood Care and ... UNICEF\nROSA UNICEF Regional Office for South Asia. WHO. World Health Organization\nNepal. Peace and stability remain fragile in Nepal. We are helping to lay the\nfoundations for a ... Tackling South Asia's Water Crisis: Can Civil Society Help?\nAfghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri\nLanka ... in South Asia consider water supply, sanitation and hygiene as basic\nNov 2, 2015 ... In South Asia, 44-50% preschool-age children have severe vitamin A ... the\ncountries Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, ...\nSecretariat for South Asia, and Dr. Susan Durston, Regional Education Advisor,\nUNICEF ... Kathmandu, Nepal on: “Equity, Gender and Quality in Education in\nAsia and the Pacific”. ...... preschool education, but only 34 per cent for primary.\nEfficacy of vitamin A in reducing preschool child mortality in Nepal. ... carried out\nin rural Nepal, an area representative of the Gangetic flood plain of South Asia.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40", "url": "http://www.ask.com/web?q=preschools+South+Asian%2C+Nepal", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661155.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00190-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8493227959, "token_count": 431, "score": 2.953125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Aug 3, 2012 ... Is tír bheag í an Neapál atá suite i dTuaisceart na hÁise. Is tír ilchultúrtha í agus tá\nléiríonn daonáireamh 2011 go bhfuil 102 grúpa eitneach aige ...\n3 Meán Fómhair, 2014 ... I Neapál, in ainneoin go bhfuil beartais á nglacadh chun rochtain uilíoch a chur chun cinn\ngo ... oideachas óige (ECE cad a bheadh againn sna Stáit Aontaithe glaoch réamhscoile agus\n(Gaeilge) Tá an-tábhachtach do leanaí ... an Áise Theas.\n17 Iúil, 2014 ... Cé go bhfuil an córas oideachais Montessori a bhfuil cáil idirnáisiúnta air ...\nDúirt Lama, ball bunaitheach de Chomhlachas Montessori Nepal (MAN), an ....\nTá an dea-thoil Indiach riachtanach chun an reacht a chur i bhfeidhm: PM Sep 18, ...\nClóite i Kathmandu, Neapál ... Dá bhrí sin, áirítear leis na hidirghabhálacha a athbhreithníodh iad siúd i\nAn Áise Theas ...... De réir staidéar comparáideach níos lú ar réamhscoile.\nRoinn Oideachais (Nepal). ECCD. Cúram Luathóige agus ... UNICEF\nROSA Oifig Réigiúnach UNICEF don Áise Theas. WHO. Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Sláinte\nAn Neapáil. Tá síocháin agus cobhsaíocht fós frithsheasmhach sa Neapál. Tá muid ag cabhrú le leagan síos an\n... Ag dul i ngleic le géarchéim uisce na hÁise Theas: An féidir leis an tsochaí shibhialta cabhrú?\nAn Afganastáin, an Bhanglaidéis, an Bhutan, an India, na Maoldíve, an Neapál, an Phacastáin agus Srí Lanka\nI Lánca ... i dTuaisceart na hÁise, is bunriachtanais iad soláthar uisce, sláintíocht agus sláintíocht\n2 Samhain, 2015 ... I ndeisceart na hÁise, tá 44-50% de leanaí réamhscoile ag fáil go dona vitimín A ...\ntíortha Afganastáin, Bainglaise, Bhutan, an India, na Maoldíve, an Neapál, ...\nRúnaíocht na hÁise Theas, agus an Dr. Susan Durston, Comhairleoir Oideachais Réigiúnach,\nUNICEF ... Kathmandu, Nepal ar: Cothroime, inscne agus cáilíocht san oideachas i\nÁise agus an Aigéan Ciúin. ...... oideachas réamhscoile, ach ní raibh ach 34 faoin gcéad ann don bhun-oideachas.\nÉifeachtúlacht vitimín A i laghdú ar bháis leanaí réamhscoile sa Neapál. ... a rinneadh\ni dtuaisceart na hIaráice, limistéar a léiríonn an gléas tuilte Gangetic i dTuaisceart na hÁise."} {"text": "G. deV. Klein, 1991. \"Basin Sedimentology and Stratigraphy-The Basin Fill\", Sedimentary and Diagenetic Mineral Deposits: A Basin Analysis Approach to Exploration, Eric R. Force, J. James Eidel, J. Barry Maynard\nDownload citation file:\nThis chapter explores the changing concepts relevant to the sediment fills that accumulated in sedimentary basins. The goal is to explore the role of both intrinsic, mantle- driven, and extrinsic, solar-driven processes that influence the depositional history and preservation of the sedimentary rock record and to correlate these processes to the distribution of sediment-hosted ore deposits. The discussion starts with a review of paleogeography, followed by a review of clastic depositional systems and the origin of black shales. This is followed by a discussion of newer developments of stratigraphic organization, particularly of sequence stratigraphy, and closes with a section on global sedimentary cycles. Although the emphasis is on process, it must be remembered that these processes are critical to understanding the host environment and depositional controls on sedimentary-hosted ore deposits. Certain mineral deposits such as phosphates, evaporites, and coals can be correlated also to climatic change, and tectonic influences in their occurrences.\nPaleogeography has undergone much change as a field of research over the past decade. In the past, it was considered more of an art and eventually paleogeography fell into disrepute. The original goals were to map ancient shorelines and contrast land areas from marine areas through geological time. Such past studies demonstrated that many ancient shorelines were oriented oblique to the boundaries of present-day continents rather than paralleling the margins of present continents. This finding was resolved later from plate tectonic reconstructions. Unfortunately, early geoscientists failed to correlate this important paleogeographic clue to its tectonic implications.\nFigures & Tables\nSedimentary and Diagenetic Mineral Deposits: A Basin Analysis Approach to Exploration\nMajor oil companies have been utilizing techniques of quantitative basin analysis in exploration for a decade or more. Ore-forming processes in stratiform, sediment-hosted ore deposits commonly involve sedimentary processes, diagenesis, basinal brines, and paleohydrology. Like the maturation and migration of hydrocarbons, their formation is an integral part of basin history. Consequently, applying comprehensive basin analysis to mineral exploration is a logical and helpful approach to understanding sediment- hosted ore deposits and predicting their occurrence, location, and origin.\nWhen the Society of Economic Geologists' Short Course Committee contacted the writer in 1985 to develop a short course on sedimentary processes of ore formation, ft seemed to me that such a course would provide an excellent opportunity to introduce the concept of comprehensive basin analysis as an exploration tool for sediment-hosted mineral deposits. As Sawkins pointed out (1990, p. 333), “Meaningful exploration in extensional tectonic paleo-environments will increasingly require the integration of surface, subsurface, and geophysical data, and enlightened programs of basin analysis similar to those practiced by the petroleum industry will be increasingly needed.”\nSediment-hosted ore deposits include sedimentary gold and other heavy mineral accumulations; evaporites; syngenetic to late diagenetic base metal and barite deposits in clastic and carbonate rocks, including epiclastic volcanic rocks; banded iron formations; Clinton-minette-type iron and manganese ores; unconformity-related and sandstonetype uranium deposits; and Mississippi Valley-type leadzinc deposits. Some sediment -hosted ore deposits were formed at various stages of basin history and are multistage. This short course focuses on (1) the types of basins in which major sediment - hosted ore deposits occur, and (2) the controls of basin types on ore-hosting sedimentary environments and ore-forming processes.\nThe precise role of sedimentary processes in the formation of ore deposits has been debated by geologists around the world; this debate has affected the manner and success of exploration program s . Skinner (1979, 1987) traced the origins of the polarization of thought on the genesis of ore deposits to Agricola, who expounded on lateral secretion and precipitation of metals from circulating ground waters, and to Descartes, who perceived the earth as an outgassing star and believed that metals were not derived from host rocks. The neptunist theories of Werner (1750-1817) may have evolved from Agricola and the plutonist theories of Hutton (1726-1797) from Descartes. L. C. Graton, whom the Graton-Sales volume Ore Deposits in the United States 1933-1967", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18", "url": "https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/1218/chapter/107020384/Basin-Sedimentology-and-StratigraphyThe-Basin-Fill", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578770163.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426113513-20190426135513-00283.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9261918664, "token_count": 990, "score": 2.75, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "G. deV. Klein, 1991. \"Basin Sedimentology and Stratigraphy-The Basin Fill\", Suímh Mionraí Suímh agus Diagenetic: Cur chuige Anailíse Suímh chun Taiscéalaíochta, Eric R. Force, J. James Eidel, J. Barry Maynard\nÍoslódáil comhad luaite:\nTá an t-ábhar seo leagtha amach i gCaibidil I. Is é an aidhm ná ról na bpróiseas inmheánach, a thiománaítear ag an mánta, agus na bpróiseas seachtracha, a thiománaítear ag an ngrian a dhéanann tionchar ar stair na taisce agus ar chaomhnú taifead carraige agus na próisis seo a chomhghabháil le dáileadh taiscí mianraí a óstáiltear le taiscéala. Tosaíonn an plé le hathbhreithniú ar phailéi-eagraíocht, agus ina dhiaidh sin athbhreithniú ar chórais taisce clastic agus ar thionscnamh na sceileanna dubh. Ina dhiaidh sin, pléítear forbairtí níos nuaí ar eagraíocht stratigrafach, go háirithe stratigrafach seicheamh, agus dúntar le rannán ar timthriallta sedimentary domhanda. Cé go bhfuil an béim ar phróiseas, ní mór a mheabhrú go bhfuil na próisis seo ríthábhachtach chun tuiscint a fháil ar an timpeallacht óstach agus ar rialuithe taisce ar thaisceanna mianraí a óstáiltear le sedimentary. Is féidir taiscí mianraí áirithe mar fhosfaidí, evaporites, agus guail a chomhghaolú freisin le hathrú aeráide, agus tionchair teicteonacha ina n-imeachtaí.\nTá athrú mór tagtha ar phléigeagrafaíocht mar réimse taighde le deich mbliana anuas. San am atá caite, measadh go raibh sé níos mó ná ealaín agus sa deireadh thit paleogeography i míchlú. Ba é an sprioc bunaidh léarscáileanna cósta ársa a mhapáil agus limistéir talún a chur i gcodarsnacht le limistéir mhuirí trí am gheolaíoch. Léirigh staidéir roimhe seo go raibh go leor cóstaí ársa dírithe ar shlí shlí ar theorainneacha na mór-roinn lá atá inniu ann seachas a bheith comhthreomhar le imeall na mór-roinn reatha. Rinneadh an teacht seo a réiteach níos déanaí ó athdhéanamh teicteonach plátaí. Ar an drochuair, níor éirigh le geoscientists luath an clue paleogeographic tábhachtach seo a chomhcheangal lena impleachtaí teictonacha.\nFíoráidí agus Táblaí\nSaothar Mionraí Séidimeantacha agus Diagineiteach: Cur chuige Anailíse Básanna le haghaidh Taiscéalaíochta\nTá na cuideachtaí móra ola ag baint úsáide as teicnící anailíse baisc chainníochtúil i dtaighde ar feadh deich mbliana nó níos mó. I bpróisis foirmiú mianaigh i taiscí mianaigh stratiform, ina bhfuil taiscéalaithe, bíonn próisis taiscéalacha, diaigineis, brinsí basinal, agus paileo-hiodrálaíocht i gceist go coitianta. Cosúil le aibíocht agus imirce hidreacarbóin, tá a bhfoirmiú mar chuid dhílis de stair an bhéasaín. Dá bhrí sin, is cur chuige loighciúil agus cabhrach é anailís cuimsitheach an locha a chur i bhfeidhm ar thaighde mianraí chun taiscí úir a bhfuil sediment ina hóstach a thuiscint agus a n-éacht, a suíomh agus a thionscnamh a thuar.\nNuair a chuir Coiste an Chúrsa Gearrta de chuid an Chumann na nGeolaithe Eacnamaíochta i dteagmháil leis an scríbhneoir i 1985 chun cúrsa gearr ar phróisis sedimentary na foirmiú úire a fhorbairt, is cosúil liom go mbeadh an cúrsa sin ina deis iontach chun an coincheap anailíse cuan cuimsitheach a thabhairt isteach mar uirlis taiscéalaíochta do thaisceanna mianraí a bhfuil sediment ag gabháil leo. Mar a thug Sawkins le fios (1990, p. 333), \"Beidh gá níos mó agus níos mó le hiontráil sonraí dromchla, fothram agus geofisic a dhéanamh ar thaighde chiallmhar i paleo-chomharthaí teictonic leathnaithe, agus beidh gá níos mó agus níos mó le cláir anailíse clóis atá cosúil leis na cláir a chleachtann tionscal na peitriliam. \"\nI measc na ndaoine a bhfuil séasúr ag gabháil leo tá ola sedimentary agus carnadh mianraí trom eile; evaporites; taiscí miotail bhunúsacha agus barit syngenetic go diagenetic déanach i carraigeacha clastic agus carbónáit, lena n-áirítear carraigeacha bolcánacha epiclastic; foirmiúí iarann bandaithe; miotail iarann agus mangainéis de chineál Clinton-minette; neamhchomhréireacht a bhaineann le taiscí úráiniam agus taiscí leadzinc de chineál sandstone; agus taiscí leadzinc de chineál Gleann Mississippi. Forbraíodh roinnt taiscí úir a óstáil le taiscéalacha ag céimeanna éagsúla de stair an bhéasaín agus tá siad ilchéim. Tá an cúrsa gearr seo dírithe ar (1) na cineálacha cuisneacha ina dtarlaíonn taiscí móra úll-óstach, agus (2) na rialuithe ar chineálacha cuisneacha ar thimpeallachtaí úll-óstach agus ar phróisis foirmiú úll.\nTá díospóireacht déanta ag geolaithe ar fud an domhain ar an ról beacht a bhí ag próisis sedimentary i bhfoirmiú taiscí úra; tá tionchar ag an díospóireacht seo ar an mbealach agus ar rath na gclár taiscéalaíochta . Rinne Skinner (1979, 1987) na bunús a bhaineann le polairseacht smaointe ar ghineas na n-ionsíolaí miotal a rianú go Agricola, a mhínigh secretion taobh agus titim miotail ó uisce talún a bhí ag scaipeadh, agus go Descartes, a d'fhéach an talamh mar réalta outgassing agus a chreid nach raibh miotail díorthaithe ó charraigí ósta. D'fhéadfadh go raibh teoiricí neptúnista Werner (1750-1817) tagtha chun cinn ó Agricola agus teoiricí plutonist Hutton (1726-1797) ó Descartes. L. C. Graton, a bhfuil an Grátain-Sales tomhas Ionaid Mianaigh sna Stáit Aontaithe 1933-1967"} {"text": "According to the World Health Organization (WHO), unhealthy eating patterns and lack of physical activity are the main global health risk factors. Increased production of processed foods, the rapid urbanization and unhealthy lifestyles make you vulnerable to various types of health problems, such as diabetes, heart disease and cancer. Starting a healthy lifestyle can keep you from these health risks.\nA healthy lifestyle is a long-term commitment with overall health benefits for your body and life. Increased health of the body, mental and emotional will also improve the quality of your life and have a positive influence on the people around you.\nImplementation of a Healthy Lifestyle\nLinking a healthy lifestyle needs to be adjusted for age, sex, level of physical activity, health conditions, even your eating habits. The results will also vary, you cannot run or expect the same lifestyle changes as someone whose physical condition or health is different from yours, for example following an idol model or actor.\nHere are some ways to start a healthy lifestyle that you can immediately apply and make new habits or routines.\n- Know the health status of the body and make an appointment for care if needed.Perform annual checks that you may or have never done or rarely do and also check the list of vaccinations that must be obtained. Some types of vaccinations are given more than once with a specific schedule. Immediately make an appointment with a doctor if the results of routine health checks indicate abnormalities or vaccinations that must be done.\nKnow your body mass index (BMI) and size of your waist circumference to check whether there are risk factors for disease, such as obesity. You can do this together with a routine check. Also identify the level of your physical activity, for example how much activity is done in a week and what the intensity is. By knowing the physical and health conditions of your body, you can determine the next steps of a healthy lifestyle change that is appropriate to do. Discuss with your doctor about the type of activity or diet that is recommended for your condition.\n- Fix your diet or diet and stop bad habits.Start making a diary listing what foods you consume every day. Yes, that includes the link you consume while waiting for the train schedule, for example. Make it without any judgment. Remember, you do this to find out what needs to be changed from the old diet. You can't move to a healthy lifestyle if you don't know what old habits need to be eliminated or maintained. Discuss with your doctor and a nutritionist about the type, amount of food intake, and other dietary tips that you need.\n- Expand physical activity and manage stress.Adults are encouraged to set aside at least two and a half hours per week to do aerobic activities (eg walking and running) with moderate intensity. Or you can set aside one hour and 15 minutes a week to do high intensity aerobic activity, plus muscle strengthening activities, such as push-ups and sit-ups, at least two days a week. Make weekly physical and target activity calendars flexible, realistic and fun.\nLinking mental health is also included in a healthy lifestyle. Slip yoga and meditation activities to deal with stress. Determine ways or activities that you can do when stress and emotions attack, for example by running up and down stairs or silence for a moment in the toilet to refocus. Breathing exercises not only remind you to be grateful but also re-evaluate perspectives and decisions that need to be taken. Remember the positive things that happen in life and you will realize how many things you have achieved or have.\n- Fix sleep time.Make a fixed sleep schedule. Try to have your device, computer or television die at least two hours before the specified bedtime. Heavy exercise before going to bed is also not recommended. You can a hot shower and drink a cup of tea to make your body and mind relax, helping you get to sleep quickly. Do not underestimate sleep disorders, immediately see a doctor to get appropriate treatment, if you have trouble sleeping.\n- Improve relationships with people around you.Lifestyle changes are not just diet and exercise, social interaction with people around you also contributes to your mental and emotional health. You do not need to have to equate all aspects of your life with your neighbors or friends, but you still need to take the time to socialize, both virtually and face to face. Improving relationships with others will provide a sense of comfort for each party. However, if you find it difficult to socialize, or if you are in an unhealthy relationship, then you need to seek help immediately. The doctor will help you find out the source of the problem and how to overcome it.\nExpand also do activities that stimulate brain creativity with those around you. The good thing is that this activity starts as a child accompanied by formal education that supports each other. According to neurologists, doing activities like this will have more influence on the health of the brain and the body as a whole than on computer games played individually.\nEven though it's hard to turn away from old habits, you need to realize that by making a healthy lifestyle a new habit, the risk of developing various types of diseases will also decrease. Physical appearance improves, mental health is maintained, and your energy increases.\nA healthy lifestyle also increases your chances of living longer. A study shows that the habit of walking for at least 30 minutes every day can significantly reduce the risk of dying at an early age. So what are you waiting for? Don't delay continuing to change your old lifestyle to a healthy lifestyle.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18", "url": "https://www.ampanablog.net/2018/08/you-can-start-healthy-lifestyle-now.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578643556.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20190424134457-20190424160457-00341.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9547948837, "token_count": 1116, "score": 3.53125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "De réir Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Sláinte (WHO), is iad na príomhfhachtóirí riosca sláinte domhanda ná na patrúin itheacháin neamhshláintiúla agus an easpa gníomhaíochta fisiceacha. Tá an táirgeadh méadaithe bia próiseáilte, an uirbhinithe tapa agus stíl mhaireachtála neamhshláintiúil ag déanamh tú leochaileach do chineálacha éagsúla fadhbanna sláinte, amhail diaibéiteas, galar croí agus ailse. Is féidir le stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúil a thosú tú a choinneáil ó na rioscaí sláinte seo.\nIs tiomantas fadtéarmach é stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúil a bhfuil buntáistí sláinte foriomlán aige do do chorp agus do shaol. Feabhsóidh sláinte níos fearr an choirp, na meabhairshláinte agus na mothúchán do cháilíocht na beatha agus beidh tionchar dearfach aige ar na daoine timpeall ort.\nBealach maireachtála sláintiúil a chur i bhfeidhm\nNí mór an nasc idir stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúil a choigeartú do aois, do ghnéas, do leibhéal gníomhaíochta fisiceach, do riochtaí sláinte, fiú do nósanna ithe. Beidh na torthaí éagsúil freisin, ní féidir leat a bheith ag rith nó ag súil leis na hathruithe céanna ar do stíl mhaireachtála le duine a bhfuil a riocht nó a shláinte fhisiciúil difriúil ó do chuid féin, mar shampla ag leanúint samhail nó aisteoir idéal.\nSeo roinnt bealaí chun stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúil a thosú ar féidir leat a chur i bhfeidhm láithreach agus nósanna nó gnáthamh nua a dhéanamh.\n- Bí ar an eolas faoi stádas sláinte an chomhlachta agus déan coinneáil le haghaidh cúraim más gá. Tugtar roinnt cineálacha vacsaínithe níos mó ná uair amháin le sceideal ar leith. Déan coinneáil láithreach le dochtúir má léiríonn torthaí na gnáth- scrúduithe sláinte neamhghnácha nó má chaithfear vacsaínithe a dhéanamh.\nBíodh a fhios agat do innéacs mais coirp (BMI) agus méid do chuaird waist chun a sheiceáil an bhfuil fachtóirí riosca ann do ghalair, mar shampla murtall. Is féidir leat é seo a dhéanamh in éineacht le seiceáil ghnáthamh. Déan cur síos freisin ar do leibhéal gníomhaíochta fisice, mar shampla cé mhéad gníomhaíochta a dhéantar i seachtain agus cén déine atá air. Trí bheith ar an eolas faoi do chorp agus faoi do shláinte, is féidir leat na chéad chéimeanna eile a chinneadh maidir le hathrú stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúil atá oiriúnach a dhéanamh. Déan plé le do dhochtúir faoin gcineál gníomhaíochta nó aiste bia a mholtar do do riocht.\n- Déan do aiste bia nó do aiste bia a shocrú agus stop le droch- nósanna. Sea, tá an nasc a úsáideann tú san áireamh agus tú ag fanacht ar an sceideal traenach, mar shampla. Déan é gan aon bhreithiúnas. Cuimhnigh, déanann tú seo chun a fháil amach cad is gá a athrú ón sean-aiste bia. Ní féidir leat dul chuig stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúil mura bhfuil a fhios agat cad iad na sean-nósanna a chaithfidh a bheith curtha ar ceal nó a chaomhnú. Labhair le do dhochtúir agus le cothaitheoir faoi na cineálacha bia, an méid bia a thógann tú, agus le leideanna eile maidir le haiste bia a theastaíonn uait.\n- Iompar níos mó gníomhaíochta fisice agus déileáil le strus. Moltar do dhaoine fásta dhá uair go leith sa tseachtain ar a laghad a chur ar leataobh chun gníomhaíochtaí aeróbach (e.g. siúl agus rith) a dhéanamh le déine meánach. Nó is féidir leat uair an chloig agus 15 nóiméad a chur ar leataobh in aghaidh na seachtaine chun gníomhaíocht aeróbach ard-dhlúth a dhéanamh, chomh maith le gníomhaíochtaí a neartóidh na matáin, amhail push-ups agus sit-ups, dhá lá ar a laghad sa tseachtain. Déan féilireanna gníomhaíochta fisiceach agus spriocghníomhaíochta seachtainiúla solúbtha, réalaíoch agus spraoi.\nTá sláinte mheabhrach a nascadh san áireamh freisin i stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúil. Seachain gníomhaíochtaí ioga agus machnaimh chun déileáil le strus. Déan cinneadh ar bhealaí nó ar ghníomhaíochtaí is féidir leat a dhéanamh nuair a thagann strus agus mothúcháin i bhfeidhm ort, mar shampla ag rith suas agus síos staighre nó ag fanacht ciúin ar feadh nóiméad sa seomra folctha chun díriú ar ais. Ní hamháin go gcuimhneoidh cleachtaí anála ort a bheith buíoch ach déanfaidh siad freisin athmheasú ar na dearcadh agus na cinntí a chaithfidh a bheith déanta. Cuimhnigh ar na rudaí dearfacha a tharlaíonn sa saol agus tuigfidh tú cé mhéad rud a bhfuil bainte amach agat nó a bhfuil agat.\n- Seol am codlata. Déan sceideal codlata seasta. Déan iarracht do ghléas, do ríomhaire nó do theilifís a dhíghlasáil dhá uair an chloig ar a laghad roimh an am codlata a leagtar síos. Ní mholtar freisin a bheith ag déanamh aclaíochta trom roimh dul a chodladh. Is féidir leat cith te a ól agus cupán tae a ól chun do chorp agus d'intinn a scíth a ligean, rud a chabhróidh leat dul a chodladh go tapa. Ná déan neamhoird codlata a mhí-mheas, téigh chuig dochtúir láithreach chun cóireáil chuí a fháil, má tá deacracht agat codlata.\n- Feabhas a chur ar chaidrimh le daoine timpeall ort.Ní hé amháin an aiste bia agus an cleachtadh a athraíonn stíl mhaireachtála, cuireann idirghníomhaíocht shóisialta le daoine timpeall ort le do shláinte mheabhrach agus mhothúchánach freisin. Ní gá duit gach gné de do shaol a chur ar aon dul le do chomharsana nó le do chairde, ach ní mór duit an t-am a thógáil fós chun caidreamh a dhéanamh, go fíorúil agus go pearsanta. Cuirfidh feabhas a chur ar chaidrimh le daoine eile mothú comhghairdeachta ar fáil do gach páirtí. Mar sin féin, má tá sé deacair duit a bheith ag caidreamh sóisialta, nó má tá tú i gcaidreamh neamhshláintiúil, ansin ní mór duit cabhair a lorg láithreach. Cabhróidh an dochtúir leat bunús an fhadhb a fháil amach agus conas é a shárú.\nDéan gníomhaíochtaí a spreagann cruthaitheacht na hinchinne le daoine timpeall ort. Is é an rud maith ná go dtosaíonn an ghníomhaíocht seo mar leanbh agus go bhfuil oideachas foirmiúil ag gabháil léi a thacaíonn lena chéile. De réir na néar-eolaithe, beidh tionchar níos mó ag gníomhaíochtaí mar seo a dhéanamh ar shláinte an inchinn agus an chomhlachta ina iomláine ná ar chluichí ríomhaire a imrítear go aonair.\nCé go bhfuil sé deacair dul ar shiúl ó shean-nósanna, ní mór duit a thuiscint go laghdófar an baol go bhforbrófar cineálacha éagsúla galair freisin trí stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúil a dhéanamh ina nósanna nua. Feabhsaíonn d'fhéachtas fisiceach, coinnítear do shláinte mheabhrach, agus méadaíonn do chuid fuinnimh.\nMá tá stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúil agat, is féidir leat maireachtáil níos faide freisin. Léiríonn staidéar go bhféadfadh an cleachtadh a bheith ag siúl ar feadh 30 nóiméad ar a laghad gach lá an baol a bheith ag laghdú go suntasach go bhfaighidh tú bás go luath. Mar sin, cad atá tú ag fanacht? Ná bíodh moill ort leanúint ar aghaidh ag athrú do shean-stíl mhaireachtála go stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúil."} {"text": "This article contains Amazon affiliate links. This means that if you make a purchase by clicking on these links we earn a small commission to help keep the blog running.\nThe first thing you should know about chemical free lawn care, is that it doesn’t come with any guarantees. You can use all the best, eco-friendly products and treat your lawn like a living organism, but if you don’t feed it properly or water it enough, there will be no improvement in growth.\nBut don’t worry; this article will help!\nWhat is Chemical Free Lawn Care & Why is it a Better Alternative?\nOrganic lawn care is basically a movement that started against pesticides and other chemicals which are used to fertilize the soil. They contain harsh, toxic chemicals that kill living beings from molds and viruses all the way to microscopic bacteria.\nWhat’s even worse, these harmful elements quickly leach into our water supply and cause irreparable damage to the environment.\nIn order to avoid all of this, many people have turned to organic methods in hopes for a clean, chemical free yard that has a healthy lawn and is well taken care of and safe for kids and pets. Besides trying to reduce pollution and protect the environment, going green can also save you a lot of money in the long run.\nThe Basics of Organic Lawn Care\nBefore you can get started on your journey, there are some basic things that you will need to learn about organic soil management. If you’re curious about the different aspects of it, keep reading.\nWhat is Your Lawn Made Of?\nYour lawn is made of two types of components: turf grass and underground roots. While both of these are alive, they require different nutrients in order to stay healthy and strong.\nTurf grass is the living surface of your lawn that you see when you look down. It’s made up out of a variety of species and each one requires a unique type of care to keep it in optimal health. On the other hand, the roots are made of organic compounds and they hold your lawn together. They create a complex structure filled with microscopic tunnels and chambers that allow the roots to absorb both nutrients and water from the soil.\nWhile chemical/synthetic fertilizers only nourish the turf grass, organic fertilizers will feed both components equally. This is why it’s always recommended to go with an organic fertilizer instead of a conventional one.\nBy fertilizing the soil with natural elements, like compost and manure, and using organic grass seed you help your roots grow strong and deep which results in less weed growth. Also, turf grass has a much easier time drinking up water because there are no chemicals that block the passage way. You’ll have a lot less dead grass as well because the lawn will become a living organism again with healthy soil.\nIt’s a good idea to run a soil test on your existing lawn to see what you’re working with and what types of nutrients you’ll need to add in. Things like bone meal and other nutrients can add in what your soil is lacking.\nOrganic Lawn Fertilizers\nThere are two types of organic fertilizer that you can use in your lawn: compost and manure.\nCompost is a stable form of organic matter that you can create for yourself or purchase from local farms. It’s basically an excellent soil conditioner because it will add all kinds of nutrients to your lawn. It usually contains grass clippings and other organic materials that help organic lawns thrive. This can also be made into compost tea which contains beneficial organisms and organic matter which convetional fertilizers and chemical herbicides do not.\nOn the other hand, manure is made of decomposed animal excrements that you can get from stables or farms for free. You’ll only want to use manure from animals who are herbivores. This organic matter will also contain grass clippings, hay leavings, and beneficial organisms from the biome of the animal. It’s like pre-steeped compost tea with extra benefits. This will lead to a healthier lawn, healthy turf, and encourage strong grass roots and root growth.\nWhen looking for environmentally friendly fertilizer find one that’s rich in nitrogen and phosphorous because these are the two key elements that your soil is lacking. Luckily, most compost fertilizers will have them both which makes them a very cost effective solution. Watch out for weed seeds in your compost though as they can cause headaches later.\nCheck out our list of some of the best organic fertilizers here.\nOrganic Lawn Weed Control\nA lot of people think that going with chemical weed control is the only way to keep your lawn free from weeds and that organic ways are not as efficient. However, there are some natural solutions out there which you can use for organic weed control, like vinegar and plant-based oil sprays.\nThese two are very easy to make at home, but it’s important to keep in mind that you will need to apply them regularly. The only problem with using vinegar is the fact that weeds will soon build up immunity if you use it too often.\nOn the other hand, plant-based oil sprays will probably be much more effective in the long run, but they are usually not as easy to use. These solutions can also have negative effects on your turf grass if you don’t apply them carefully.\nOrganic Lawn Diseases and Insects\nChemical pesticides control bugs by poisoning them which means that these harmful elements will also get inside your body when you touch them.\nIf you want to protect your family and pets, it’s best to try organic ways of pest control like using mothballs, diatomaceous earth (food grade), or garlic spray. These solutions are safe enough for everyone in the house, but they can be pretty ineffective unless you use them regularly.\nThe only thing that you need to keep in mind is that most organic pest control solutions are very smelly, so they’re not the best solution for your regimen.\nTips for Transitioning Your Yard from Chemicals to Non-Chemical Methods of Weed Control\nSo, all of that is well and good but what if you have been using chemicals on your lawn up until now? How do you transition from chemical to chemical free practices?\nThe best way is to slowly introduce the new, non-chemical treatments. For example, if you have been using a weed killer from a store for your lawn, start by mixing vinegar with water and spraying the weeds instead of buying a chemical spray bottle. This will allow you to get used to organic means of weed control as well as eliminate some of the risk associated with it.\nYou can also choose to apply organic fertilizers and see how your lawn responds. Once you’ve noticed a positive change, switch to natural insect and disease control as well and let your lawn get used to them gradually.\nThe Dos and Don’ts of Organic Lawn Maintenance\nSo, now that we’ve covered the main advantages and disadvantages of organic lawn care and what you can do to transition from chemicals to organic treatments, let’s talk about dos and don’ts.\nThe first thing that you should do is stop using weed killers as soon as possible. This might be a tough decision because weed killers are one of the most popular lawn care products out there. However, if you want to go organic, this is a no-brainer.\nSecondly, you should start watering your lawn regularly and not depend on chemicals to do it for you. In order for your grass to grow properly and have a good root system, it needs water.\nYou should also find an alternative to pesticides, which is good for your lawn as well as the environment.\nAnother thing that you might want to do is invest in sod instead of seed. Sod will help you grow a new grass patch much faster than seeds.\nEven though organic means might seem expensive at first, they are a lot cheaper in the long run and you can easily save a bunch by using them.\nYou should also invest in a good lawn mower if you want to go organic because it will help you get rid of dead or dying grass which is inevitable when getting rid of chemicals from your yard.\nIn addition to that, don’t try to fertilize too much because this will damage your lawn and make it more susceptible to diseases.\nThe Best Tools for Maintaining a Chemical-Free Lawn or Garden – A Quick Buyer’s Guide\nThis section contains Amazon affiliate links. This means that if you make a purchase by clicking on these links we earn a small commission to help keep the blog running.\nNow that you’re familiar with organic lawn care and what it entails, let’s talk about the tools that you need in order to successfully maintain a chemical-free garden or yard.\nIf you have been using pesticides on your lawn for years, it might be time to move on.\nThis is why we recommend this 2 gallon 180 psi garden sprayer for you. It’s a very affordable product that does what it says and is the perfect tool to transition from chemicals to organic means of weed control.\nThe next thing that you will need is a lawn aerator, also known as a dethatcher, which helps your grass breathe and grow healthier roots.\nThis one by Greenworks is a very reliable product that does the job well. It’s far from fancy but it gets the job done and you can’t beat its price.\nThe next tool that you will need is a good electric lawn mower, such as this one by SunJoe.\nIt has great blades and will help you cut your grass without damaging it.\nOnce your lawn is nice and green, you will need a good way to water it properly and a sprinkler is the best option for that.\nThis one by Melnor is very easy to use and can cover up to 4400 square feet of space.\nIn addition to that, it comes with 5 different spray patterns to choose from.\nNow that you know what tools you will need, make sure to use them properly and take your time transitioning to organic lawn care.\nChemical Free, Organic Lawn Care is the Lawn Care of the Future\nAs you can see, going organic is a lot easier than you might think and while there are some risks associated with going against the grain, they are not as bad as you would initially expect them to be. So get rid of your chemical-based lawn care products and start using organic ones.\nIf you’re new to this, it might take some time for your grass to get used to them but in the end, it will be well worth it.\nInterested in other ways to make your organic lawn thrive? Check out this article here.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21", "url": "https://lawnlandtree.com/guide-to-chemical-free-lawn-care/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662530066.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519204127-20220519234127-00045.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9575462341, "token_count": 2239, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá naisc cleamhnaithe Amazon san alt seo. Ciallaíonn sé seo má dhéanann tú ceannach trí chliceáil ar na naisc seo gheobhaidh muid coimisiún beag chun cabhrú leis an mblag a choinneáil ag rith.\nIs é an chéad rud ba chóir duit a bheith ar an eolas faoi chúram plandaí saor ó cheimiceáin ná nach bhfuil aon ráthaíochtaí ann. Is féidir leat na táirgí is fearr, atá neamhdhíobhálach don chomhshaol a úsáid agus do ghruaim a chóireáil mar orgánach beo, ach mura gcuireann tú bia ceart air nó mura gcuireann tú uisce go leor air, ní bheidh aon fheabhas ar fhás.\nAch ná bíodh imní ort; cabhróidh an t-alt seo leat!\nCad é Cúram Lawn saor ó Cheimiceáin & Cén fáth go bhfuil sé ina mhalairt níos fearr?\nIs gluaiseacht é cúram plandaí orgánacha a thosaigh i gcoinne lotnaidicídí agus ceimiceáin eile a úsáidtear chun an ithir a fháithint. Tá ceimiceáin thirim, tocsaineacha iontu a mharaíonn créatúir bheo ó múnlaí agus víris go dtí baictéir mhicreascópacha.\nNíos measa fós, léiríonn na heilimintí díobhálacha seo go tapa go bhfuil siad ag dul isteach inár soláthar uisce agus go bhfuil damáiste dochreidte déanta acu don chomhshaol.\nD'fhonn an t-ábhar seo go léir a sheachaint, tá go leor daoine tar éis dul i dtreo modhanna orgánacha ag súil le gairdín glan, saor ó cheimiceáin a bhfuil gairdín sláintiúil aige agus a bhfuil cúram maith air agus atá sábháilte do leanaí agus do pheataí. Chomh maith le iarracht a dhéanamh truailliú a laghdú agus an timpeallacht a chosaint, is féidir le dul glas a shábháil go leor airgid duit san fhadtréimhse.\nBunriachtanais Chúram Lawn orgánach\nSula bhféadfaidh tú tosú ar do thuras, tá roinnt rudaí bunúsacha ann a chaithfidh tú a fhoghlaim faoi bhainistiú orgánach ithreach. Má tá suim agat sna gnéithe éagsúla de, lean ort ag léamh.\nCad é a Déantar do Lawn as?\nTá dhá chineál comhpháirteanna ag do ghruaim: féar grass agus fréamhacha faoi thalamh. Cé go bhfuil an dá cheann acu beo, ní mór dóibh cothaithigh éagsúla chun fanacht sláintiúil agus láidir.\nIs é an fheirm atá beo ar do ghruaim a fheiceann tú nuair a fhéachann tú síos. Tá sé déanta suas as speiceas éagsúla agus éilíonn gach ceann acu cineál cúraim uathúil chun a sláinte a choinneáil ar a bharrfheabhsú. Ar an láimh eile, tá na fréamhacha déanta as comhdhúile orgánacha agus coinníonn siad do ghruaig le chéile. Cruthaíonn siad struchtúr casta atá líonta le tolláin agus seomraí microscopic a ligeann do na fréamhacha cothaithigh agus uisce a ionsú ón ithir.\nNí chuireann breoslaí ceimiceacha/sintéiseacha ach cothú ar an nglasraí, ach soláthraíonn breoslaí orgánacha an dá chomhpháirt go cothrom. Sin é an fáth go moltar go leanfaidh tú le leasachán orgánach in ionad leasachán traidisiúnta.\nTrí na heilimintí nádúrtha, cosúil le compost agus le huisce, a fhóirdhealú leis an ithir agus trí shíolta féir orgánacha a úsáid, cabhróidh tú le do chuid fréamhacha a fhás láidir agus domhain agus mar thoradh air sin ní bheidh níos lú fíonchaora ag fás. Chomh maith leis sin, tá an-éasca ag an ngrás grass uisce a ól toisc nach bhfuil aon cheimiceáin ann a chuireann bac ar an mbealach a théann sé. Beidh níos lú féar marbh agat freisin toisc go mbeidh an féar ina orgánach beo arís le ithir shláintiúil.\nIs maith smaoineamh é tástáil ithreach a dhéanamh ar do ghruaim atá ann cheana féin chun a fheiceáil cad atá á oibriú agat leis agus cén cineál cothaithigh a chaithfidh tú a chur isteach. Is féidir le rudaí cosúil le mionn cnámh agus cothaithigh eile a chur leis an méid a bhfuil ag teastáil ó do thalamh.\nTá an méid seo a leanas le cur san áireamh:\nTá dhá chineál leasacháin orgánacha ann is féidir leat a úsáid i do ghruaim: compost agus feoil.\nIs cineál cobhsaí ábhar orgánach é an compost ar féidir leat é a chruthú duit féin nó a cheannach ó fheirmeacha áitiúla. Go bunúsach is comhdhéanamh talún den scoth é toisc go gcuirfidh sé gach cineál cothaithigh le do ghruaig. De ghnáth bíonn gearrthóga féirín agus ábhair orgánacha eile ann a chabhraíonn le féiríní orgánacha a bheith rathúil. Is féidir é seo a dhéanamh freisin i dtá compósta a bhfuil orgánaigh tairbheacha agus ábhar orgánach ann nach bhfuil saibhris conventional agus fíordhiomsaithe ceimiceacha ann.\nAr an láimh eile, déantar boilg as easpa ainmhithe atá imithe i gcodladh a fhaightear ó stailc nó ó fheirmeacha saor in aisce. Ní bheidh tú ag iarraidh ach boilg a úsáid ó ainmhithe atá ina bhfithisithe. Beidh sa ábhar orgánach seo freisin gearrthóga féir, fánaí féir, agus orgánaigh tairbheacha ó bithchrutha an ainmhí. Tá sé cosúil le tae compost réamh-steeped le buntáistí breise. Beidh an gairdín níos sláintiúla, an turf sláintiúil, agus fréamhacha féirnéasacha agus fás fréamhacha láidir.\nNuair a bhíonn tú ag lorg leasacháin atá neamhdhíobhálach don chomhshaol, bíodh sé ar do intinn é a bheith saibhir i nítrigin agus i fosfar mar is iad seo an dá phríomhghné nach bhfuil i do thalamh. Ar an dea-uair, beidh an dá cheann acu ag formhór na luibheanna compósta, rud a fhágann go bhfuil siad an-éifeachtach ó thaobh costais de. Bí cúramach le síolta féirín i do choimhlint mar is féidir leo tinneas cinn a chur ort níos déanaí.\nSeiceáil amach ár liosta de chuid de na leasacháin orgánacha is fearr anseo.\nCúntóir Fógráin Ghlas orgánach\nMeasann a lán daoine gurb é an t-aon bhealach chun do ghruaim a choinneáil saor ó weeds agus nach bhfuil modhanna orgánacha chomh héifeachtach. Mar sin féin, tá roinnt réitigh nádúrtha amuigh ansin ar féidir leat a úsáid chun smacht a fháil ar an bhfómhar orgánach, cosúil le fíon-uisce agus spraeanna ola plandaí.\nTá an dá cheann seo an-éasca a dhéanamh sa bhaile, ach tá sé tábhachtach a choinneáil i gcuimhne go mbeidh ort iad a chur i bhfeidhm go rialta. Is é an t-aon fhadhb le fíonchaor a úsáid ná go dtógfaidh fíonchaora imdhíonacht go luath má úsáideann tú é ró-mhinicí.\nAr an láimh eile, is dócha go mbeidh spraeanna ola plandaí i bhfad níos éifeachtaí san fhadtréimhse, ach de ghnáth ní bhíonn siad chomh furasta a úsáid. Féadfaidh na réitigh seo éifeachtaí diúltacha a bheith acu ar do ghruaig má tá tú ag cur isteach orthu go cúramach.\nGalar agus Insectí Orgánacha\nDéantar cosc ar inscneacha le pléasgairí ceimiceacha trí iad a phéinteáil rud a chiallaíonn go bhfaighidh na heilimintí díobhálacha seo isteach i do chorp freisin nuair a dhéanfaidh tú teagmháil leo.\nMás mian leat do theaghlach agus do pheataí a chosaint, is fearr modhanna orgánacha rialaithe plóistí a thriail mar úsáid mothballs, talún diatomaceous (leibhéal bia), nó sprae ailge. Tá na réitigh seo sábháilte go leor do gach duine sa teach, ach d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith an-neamhéifeachtach mura n-úsáideann tú iad go rialta.\nIs é an rud amháin a chaithfidh tú a choinneáil i gcuimhne ná go bhfuil an chuid is mó de na réitigh orgánacha rialaithe plóiste an-smelly, mar sin ní hé an réiteach is fearr iad do do chóras.\nLeideanna chun do Chéimic a Aistriú go Modhanna Neamhcheimiceacha um Chóireáil Weed\nMar sin, tá gach rud sin go maith agus go maith ach cad a tharlaíonn má tá tú ag baint úsáide as ceimiceáin ar do ghruaim suas go dtí seo? Conas a dhéantar an t-aistriú ó chleachtais cheimiceacha go cleachtais saor ó cheimiceáin?\nIs é an bealach is fearr ná na cóireálacha nua neamhchimiceacha a thabhairt isteach go mall. Mar shampla, má tá tú ag úsáid marú talún ó siopa le haghaidh do ghruaig, tosaigh ag meascán fíonchaora le huisce agus ag spraeáil na féar seachas buidéal spraeála ceimiceach a cheannach. Cuirfidh sé seo ar do chumas dul i dtaithí ar mhodhanna orgánacha rialaithe weed chomh maith le cuid den riosca a bhaineann leis a dhíchur.\nIs féidir leat freisin a roghnú le hithithíocht orgánach a chur i bhfeidhm agus a fheiceáil conas a fhreagraíonn do ghruaig. Nuair a bheidh athrú dearfach tugtha faoi deara agat, téigh ar aghaidh chuig rialú nádúrtha ar insctí agus ar ghalair chomh maith agus lig do ghruaim dul i dtaithí orthu de réir a chéile.\nNa Dos agus Don't of Organic Lawn Cothabháil\nMar sin, anois go bhfuil na príomh-buntáistí agus na míbhuntáistí a bhaineann le cúram plandaí orgánacha á gcur againn agus cad is féidir leat a dhéanamh chun aistriú ó cheimiceáin go cóireálacha orgánacha, déanaimis labhairt faoi na rudaí a dhéantar agus nach ndéantar.\nIs é an chéad rud ba chóir duit a dhéanamh ná stop a chur le húsáid marúcháin féirín a luaithe is féidir. D'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith ina chinneadh deacair toisc go bhfuil na maraitheoirí féirín ar cheann de na táirgí cúraim féirín is mó tóir amach ann. Mar sin féin, más mian leat dul orgánach, tá sé seo gan brainer.\nAr an dara dul síos, ba cheart duit tosú ag uisce do ghruaim go rialta agus gan brath ar cheimiceáin é a dhéanamh ar do shon. Chun go bhfásfaidh do ghlas go cuí agus go mbeidh córas fhréamh maith aige, tá uisce de dhíth air.\nBa cheart duit rogha eile a fháil freisin seachas lotnaidicídí, rud atá maith do do ghruaim chomh maith leis an gcomhshaol.\nRud eile gur mhaith leat a dhéanamh ná infheistíocht a dhéanamh i sod in ionad síolta. Cabhróidh sod leat a fhás pacáiste féar nua i bhfad níos tapúla ná síolta.\nCé go bhféadfadh sé go mbeadh na modhanna orgánacha costasach ar dtús, tá siad i bhfad níos saoire san fhadtréimhse agus is féidir leat go héasca a lán a shábháil trína úsáid.\nBa cheart duit infheistíocht a dhéanamh i bhfearas gearrthóg maith freisin más mian leat dul orgánach toisc go gcabhróidh sé leat fáil réidh le féar marbh nó atá ag fáil bháis a bhfuil sé dosheachanta nuair a bhíonn ceimiceáin á fáil réidh ó do ghairdín.\nIna theannta sin, ná déan iarracht an iomarca a fhóirdhealú mar go ndéanfaidh sé seo do ghruaim a mhilleadh agus go mbeidh sé níos so-ghabhálach do ghalair.\nNa huirlisí is fearr chun gairdín nó féar gan cheimiceáin a chothabháil Treoirleabhar Ceannaitheora\nTá nascanna cleamhnaithe Amazon sa chuid seo. Ciallaíonn sé seo má dhéanann tú ceannach trí chliceáil ar na naisc seo gheobhaidh muid coimisiún beag chun cabhrú leis an mblag a choinneáil ag rith.\nAnois go bhfuil tú eolach ar chúram plandaí orgánacha agus ar a bhfuil i gceist leis, déanaimis labhairt faoi na huirlisí a theastaíonn uait chun gairdín nó cíos saor ó cheimiceáin a chothabháil go rathúil.\nMá tá tú ag úsáid lotnaidicídí ar do ghruaim ar feadh blianta, b'fhéidir go bhfuil sé in am dul ar aghaidh.\nSin é an fáth a mholfaimid an 2 gallon 180 psi spraeálaí gairdín duit. Is táirge an-áisiúil é a dhéanann an méid a deir sé agus is uirlis iontach é chun aistriú ó cheimiceáin go modhanna orgánacha um rialú féir.\nIs é an chéad rud eile a theastaíonn uait ná aerator gaineamh, ar a dtugtar freisin dethatcher, a chabhraíonn le do ghlas a anailís agus fréamhacha níos sláintiúla a fhás.\nIs táirge an-iontaofa é seo ó Greenworks a dhéanann an obair go maith. Tá sé i bhfad ó shaibhreas ach déanann sé an obair agus ní féidir leat a phraghas a bhuachan.\nIs é an chéad uirlis eile a bheidh uait ná feadán maith leictreach, mar an ceann seo de chuid SunJoe.\nTá sciatháin mhóra aige agus cabhróidh sé leat do ghruaig a ghearradh gan damáiste a dhéanamh di.\nNuair a bheidh do ghruaim deas agus glas, beidh ort bealach maith a bheith agat chun í a uisciú go cuí agus is é sprinkler an rogha is fearr chun é sin a dhéanamh.\nTá an ceann seo ag Melnor an-éasca le húsáid agus is féidir leis suas le 4400 troigh cearnach de spás a chlúdach.\nIna theannta sin, tagann sé le 5 patrún spraeála éagsúla a roghnú as.\nAnois go bhfuil a fhios agat cad iad na huirlisí a bheidh uait, déan cinnte iad a úsáid i gceart agus tabhair do chuid ama chun aistriú go cúram plandaí orgánacha.\nIs é Cúram Grian orgánach, Gan Cheimiceáin, Cúram Grian an Todhchaí\nMar a fheiceann tú, tá sé i bhfad níos éasca dul orgánach ná mar a cheapfá agus cé go bhfuil roinnt rioscaí ag gabháil leis an dul i gcoinne an ghráin, níl siad chomh dona agus a bheadh súil agat go mbeadh siad. Mar sin, cuir deireadh le do tháirgí cúraim féirín atá bunaithe ar cheimiceáin agus tosaigh ag úsáid táirgí orgánacha.\nMá tá tú nua leis seo, d'fhéadfadh sé go dtógfaidh sé tamall do do ghlasra dul i dtaithí orthu ach sa deireadh, beidh sé fiú an iarracht.\nAr mhaith leat modhanna eile a fháil chun do ghruaim orgánach a chur chun cinn? Féach ar an alt seo anseo."} {"text": "Swathes of northwest India will be reduced to heaps of body bags if an earthquake a tad stronger than the 7.8-magnitude Kangra Valley earthquake of 1905, identical in intensity to Saturday’s Nepal monster, occurs now, say scientists.\nSimilarly, close to a million people in the Northeast will be entombed by hills of rubble if a quake similar to the one that struck Shillong in 1897 strikes again.\nBut first, the disclaimer: these are not forecasts but hypothetical scenarios published in National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) reports based on separate simulations of the Kangra and Shillong quakes that collectively killed more than 21,000 people over a century ago.\nSecond, a repeat disclaimer: science has yet to give humanity a technology to predict an earthquake in advance. NDMA and other agencies depend on science-based scenarios, however alarming they may look or sound, to assess risk factors.\nThe July 2014 report says about a million people in Himachal Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab will perish if an 8-magnitude earthquake epicentred at Mandi strikes at midnight when most people are sleeping indoors. And nearly 5 million will suffer injuries, serious or slight.\nThe catastrophe will wipe out 2.35% of Himachal’s population, says the nearly two-year study conducted in 2012-2013 by IIT-Bombay and IIT-Kanpur professors. It was part of a presentation by the country’s top disaster-management agency that the Prime Minister chairs.\n“We replicated the 1905 Kangra earthquake and superimposed it to current times. We studied factors like the intensity of vibrations, building structures such as mud, timber or brick, and collected in detail data on the number of houses, people, etc. to arrive at conclusions with a reasonable amount of accuracy,” said research team leader Ravi Sinha, who teaches civil engineering at IIT-Bombay and is also a top earthquake expert.\nConsidered one of the six most seismically active regions in the world, the Northeast has seen some of the biggest quakes in history — Shillong in 1897 and Assam in 1950.\nThe NDMA report prepared by the Jorhat-based CSIR-Northeast Institute of Science and Technology says Assam will top the casualty list with 6 lakh deaths while Arunachal Pradesh will suffer the least, mostly because of its low density of population.\nRanju Duarah, chief scientist at CSIR-NEIST’s geo-science unit, said the findings were based on a scientific assessment of the region’s vulnerability to any 1897-class earthquake. “Our focal areas of interest in simulating the scenario are populations, housing structures and local geology.”\nRead: Indian landmass slid under Nepal by several feet during monster quake\nRead: Here's all you need to know about earthquakes", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44", "url": "http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/scientists-do-quake-mock-ups-warn-of-a-million-deaths-in-northwest-india/story-G2LKTfraCo3rHhkRqECvuL.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721606.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00173-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9443562031, "token_count": 604, "score": 3.171875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Beidh sráideanna de thuaidh na hIndia a laghdú go dtí heapáin de málaí comhlacht má tharlaíonn crith talún a bhfuil a tad níos láidre ná an 7.8-magnitude Kangra Valley crith talún 1905, comhionann i dhlúthúlacht le Saturday's Neapáil monster, a rá na heolaithe.\nAr an gcaoi chéanna, beidh beagnach milliún duine san Oirthear Thuaidh curtha faoi chnocanna d'fhuil má bhuaileann crith talún cosúil leis an gceann a bhuail Shillong i 1897 arís.\nAch ar dtús, an díchealú: ní réamhaisnéisí iad seo ach cásanna hipitéiseacha a foilsíodh i dtuarascálacha Údarás Náisiúnta Bainistíochta tubaistí (NDMA) bunaithe ar shamhlaíochtaí ar leithligh de na crith talún Kangra agus Shillong a maraíodh níos mó ná 21,000 duine le chéile níos mó ná céad bliain ó shin.\nAr an dara dul síos, athdhíoltóir athdhíola: ní thug an eolaíocht teicneolaíocht don chine daonna fós chun crith talún a thuar roimh ré. Tá NDMA agus gníomhaireachtaí eile ag brath ar chásanna eolaíochta, cé chomh scanrúil is a d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith nó a bhfuaim, chun fachtóirí riosca a mheas.\nDeir an tuarascáil Iúil 2014 go bhfaighidh thart ar milliún duine i Himachal Pradesh, Haryana agus Punjab bás má bhuaileann crith talún 8 magnitude a bhfuil an t-eipicentrum aige i Mandi ag meán oíche nuair a bhíonn an chuid is mó de na daoine ag codladh laistigh. Agus beidh beagnach 5 mhilliún díobháil, tromchúiseach nó éadrom.\nBeidh an tubaiste a scriosadh 2.35% de Himachal's daonra, deir an staidéar beagnach dhá bhliain a rinneadh i 2012-2013 ag IIT-Bombay agus IIT-Kanpur ollamh. Bhí sé mar chuid de chur i láthair ag an gclár bainistíochta tubaistí is fearr sa tír a bhfuil an Príomh-Aire ina chathaoirleach air.\n Rinneamar athdhéanamh ar threascar Kangra 1905 agus chuir muid é ar na hamanna reatha. Rinneamar staidéar ar fhachtóirí cosúil le déine na ngratha, struchtúir tógála cosúil le muid, adhmad nó bríce, agus bailiú sonraí mionsonraithe ar líon na dtithe, daoine, srl. \"Tá sé deacair a fháil amach cé chomh fada agus a bhí an t-am a bhí an t-am ar an gcúrsa\", a dúirt Ravi Sinha, a mhúineadh innealtóireacht shibhialta ag IIT-Bombay agus a bhfuil ina shaineolaí mór-earthquake.\nMeastar go bhfuil sé ar cheann de na sé réigiún is gníomhaí seismically ar domhan, tá an Oirthuaisceart tar éis roinnt de na crith talún is mó sa stair a fheiceáil Shillong i 1897 agus Assam i 1950.\nDeir tuarascáil NDMA a d'ullmhaigh Institiúid Eolaíochta agus Teicneolaíochta CSIR-Northeast atá lonnaithe i Jorhat go mbeidh Assam ar bharr an liosta díobhálaithe le 6 lakh bás agus go mbeidh Arunachal Pradesh ag fulaingt an oiread is lú, den chuid is mó mar gheall ar a dlús daonra íseal.\nDúirt Ranju Duarah, príomh-eolaí ag aonad geo-eolaíochta CSIR-NEIST, go raibh na torthaí bunaithe ar mheasúnú eolaíoch ar leochaileacht an réigiúin do threascar talún de chineál 1897. Is iad na pobail, struchtúir tithíochta agus geolaíocht áitiúil na réimsí fócais a bhfuil spéis againn sa chás a shamhlú.\nLéigh: Slis an talamh Indiach faoi Nepal trí roinnt troigh le linn crith talún ollmhór\nLéigh: Seo gach rud a theastaíonn uait a bheith ar an eolas faoi threascaile"} {"text": "The Shakespeare Conference: SHK 16.0477 Tuesday, 15 March 2005\nDate: Monday, 14 Mar 2005 14:35:37 -0800 (PST)\nI'm wondering if anyone knows of a good Shakespeare dictionary. I am\ncurious about the actually meaning of the many words at the time\nShakespeare wrote them. For example, in Hamlet when he says, \"How\nabsolute the knave is\", I can look the word knave up in a modern\ndictionary, and get the following definitions:\na. a man of humble birth\nb. a male servant\nc. an unprincipled, crafty man\nNow which is the correct definition for what Hamlet really means? Is he\ncalling him a male servant? a man of humble birth? a crafty man? or is\nit none of the above? How does one know exactly? I was thinking an\nElizabethan or Shakespeare dictionary would be more accurate.\nThis is but one example of probably hundreds and hundreds. Any insight\non this problem would be greatly appreciated.\nS H A K S P E R: The Global Shakespeare Discussion List\nThe S H A K S P E R Web Site \nDISCLAIMER: Although SHAKSPER is a moderated discussion list, the\nopinions expressed on it are the sole property of the poster, and the\neditor assumes no responsibility for them.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44", "url": "http://shaksper.net/archive/2005/225-march/22506-dictionary", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719646.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00540-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8840849996, "token_count": 304, "score": 2.78125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "An Chomhdháil Shakespeare: SHK 16.0477 Dé Máirt, 15 Márta 2005\nDáta: Dé Luain, 14 Márta 2005 14:35:37 -0800 (PST)\nTá mé ag smaoineamh an bhfuil duine ar bith a fhios de dea-Fhealsúna Shakespeare. Tá mé\naisteach faoi an bhrí i ndáiríre na focail go leor ag an am\nScríobh Shakespeare iad. Mar shampla, i Hamlet nuair a deir sé, \"Conas\ngo hiomlán an t-snáithín is\", is féidir liom breathnú ar an bhfocal snáithín suas i ré nua-aimseartha\nfoclóir, agus na sainmhínithe seo a leanas a fháil:\na. fear de bhunadh íseal\nb. seirbhíseach fireann\nc. fear neamhphrionsabail, cleite\nAnois, cad é an sainmhíniú ceart ar an méid a chiallaíonn Hamlet i ndáiríre? An bhfuil sé\nag glaoch air seirbhíseach fireann? fear a rugadh go humble? fear cleite? nó tá\naon cheann de na rudaí thuasluaite? Conas a fhios ag duine go díreach? Bhí mé ag smaoineamh ar\nD'fhéadfadh foclóir Elizabethan nó Shakespeare a bheith níos cruinne.\nIs sampla amháin é seo de na céadta agus na céadta eile a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann. Aon léargas\nBa mhaith liom a rá go bhfuil an t-ábhar seo á chur i láthair ag an gCoimisiún.\nS H A K S P E R: An Liosta Díospóireachta Shakespeare Domhanda\nAn Suíomh Gréasáin SHAKSPER \nDISCLAIMER: Cé go bhfuil SHAKSPER liosta plé modraithe,\nis é an t-aon úinéireacht atá ag an bhfógraí na tuairimí a léirítear air, agus\nNí ghlacann an t-eagarthóir aon fhreagracht as."} {"text": "Have you ever had a burning sensation in your throat/chest or a feeling that your meal hasn’t “gone all the way down” after you’ve eaten? This very\ncommon occurence is referred to as acid reflux or the more chronic gastroesophageal disease (GERD). The National Institutes of Health (NIH) defines GERD as a relaxation of the esophageal sphincter resulting in a backflow of the acidic contents of the stomach. Nearly 40 million Americans suffer in some degree from this condition and over 13 billion dollars is spent on reflux medications each year.\nAccording to a study involving radioactive tracing, gastric (stomach) emptying occurs 4-5 hours after meal consumption (Camilleri et al, Am Jrnl Physiology 257:284,1989)- however, as one grows older this time increases and the more fatty the meal – the more time needed for digestion.\nSymptoms of GERD include:\nDifficulty swallowing/lump in throat\nand in more severe cases: vomiting\nWebMD suggests limiting and/or avoiding the following foods for those who suffer from Acid Reflux/GERD\nCitrus Fruits: (oranges, grapefruit, kiwi etc.)\nHigh Fat Foods\nProcessed Foods/Fast Foods\nThere are a number of OTC (over the counter) medications available known as proton pump inhibitors that help reduce the amount of stomach acid. This alone cannot cure the condition; it is also a combination of lifestyle and dietary changes.\nRemember, everyone is different, you may be able to have a glass of wine and steak with no symptoms, but a glass of orange juice may give you excruciating reflux. Keep a food diary to determine your particular triggers and make the necessary adjustments to your diet and eating schedule. Try to notice WHEN you feel heartburn and record the time, type and size of the meal which preceded it.\nHowever, according to an article by Dr. Jamie Koufman (New York Times 11/14) one of the best ways to avoid reflux is to simply avoid eating within three (3) hours of bedtime. Americans typically overeat particularly late into the evening and this exacerbates the GERD considerably. By reducing the amount of fat, sugar and processed foods eaten late night will help alleviate your reflux. If you are in a situation where you absolutely need to eat late at night, perhaps an event – try to consume small portions and stay up for at least 3-4 hours before retiring to bed.\nSo in short – No late night eating!!\nBe sure to watch Sharon’s Full Body and Fitness Workout on Comcast Channel’s 3, 5 and 22; Verizon Channels 24, 26 and 28 on Mondays at 10a.m. and Tuesdays at 6:30p.m.\nRemember to take care of yourself and…", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22", "url": "https://thesomervillenewsweekly.blog/2014/11/24/heartburn-and-reflux-in-seniors-by-our-senior-advisor-sharon-fillyaw/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257939.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20190525084658-20190525110658-00437.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9256279469, "token_count": 598, "score": 3.0, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "An raibh brón ort riamh i do throat/chest nó an mhothú go bhfuil do bhia nach bhfuil imithe go hiomlán síos tar éis duit a ithe? An-\nIs minic a thugtar reflux aigéadach nó galar gastroesophageal níos ainsealaí (GERD) ar an imeacht coitianta. Sainmhíníonn na hInstitiúidí Náisiúnta Sláinte (NIH) GERD mar relaxation an sphincter esophageal a fhágann go bhfuil ais-shruth na n-ábhar aigéadach sa bholg. Tá beagnach 40 milliún Meiriceánach ag fulaingt go pointe éigin den riocht seo agus caitear os cionn 13 billiún dollar ar chógais athshrutha gach bliain.\nDe réir staidéir a bhaineann le rianú radaighníomhach, tarlaíonn fualú gastric (bolg) 4-5 uair tar éis ithe béile (Camilleri et al, Am Jrnl Physiology 257:284, 1989) - áfach, de réir mar a théann duine in aois méadaíonn an t-am seo agus is é an níos saille an béile an níos mó ama a theastaíonn le haghaidh díleá.\nI measc na hairíonna atá ag GERD tá:\nTruailliú deacair/bump sa throat\nagus i gcásanna níos déine: vómáil\nMolann WebMD na bianna seo a leanas a theorannú agus/nó a sheachaint dóibh siúd a bhfuil Reflux Aigéad/GERD orthu\ntorthaí citris: (oráiste, greipfrút, kiwi etc.)\nBianna ard-saille\nBianna próiseáilte/Bianna tapa\nTá roinnt cógais OTC (faoi an gcuntar) ar fáil ar a dtugtar coscairí caidéil prótain a chabhraíonn le méid aigéad an bholg a laghdú. Ní féidir leis seo ina n-aonar an staid a leigheas; is meascán de stíl mhaireachtála agus athruithe aiste bia é freisin.\nCuimhnigh, tá gach duine difriúil, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tú in ann gloine fíona agus steak a bheith agat gan aon chomharthaí, ach d'fhéadfadh gloine sú oráiste a bheith agat reflux inspioráideach. Coinnigh leabhar aiste bia chun do thrigthí ar leith a aithint agus na coigeartuithe is gá a dhéanamh ar do aiste bia agus do sceideal ithe. Déan iarracht a thabhairt faoi deara NÁ MÓR a bhraitheann tú go bhfuil tine croí agat agus déan taifead ar an am, ar an gcineál agus ar mhéid na béile a bhí roimh an béile.\nMar sin féin, de réir alt a scríobh an Dr. Jamie Koufman (New York Times 11/14) is é ceann de na bealaí is fearr chun reflux a sheachaint ná gan ithe laistigh de thrí (3) uair an chloig roimh am codlata. De ghnáth itheann Meiriceánaigh ró-ithe go háirithe go déanach san oíche agus déanann sé seo GERD a mhéadú go suntasach. Trí laghdú a dhéanamh ar an méid saille, siúcra agus bia próiseáilte a itheann tú go déanach san oíche, cabhróidh sé le do reflux a mhaolú. Má tá tú i staid ina bhfuil gá go mór duit a ithe go déanach san oíche, b'fhéidir ócáid déan iarracht a ithe codanna beaga agus fanacht suas ar feadh 3-4 uair an chloig ar a laghad sula dtéann tú a chodladh.\nMar sin, go hachomair Gan ithe go déanach san oíche! Tá sé!\nBí cinnte féachaint Sharon's Coirp iomlán agus Workout Fitness ar Comcast Cainéil 3, 5 agus 22; Verizon Cainéil 24, 26 agus 28 ar Dé Luain ag 10am agus Dé Máirt ag 6:30 p.m.\nCuimhnigh aire a thabhairt duit féin agus..."} {"text": "What is artificial intelligence? That is a question that high school students from Greenville, South Carolina wanted to find out the answer to. Inspired by a prompt provided by PBS NewsHour Student Reporting Labs, they began their research. They read books and conducted video interviews with their classmates on the common misconceptions about artificial intelligence. It seemed as though people were worried that artificial intelligence systems could get so advanced that they would be just as intelligent, if not more intelligent, than humans. The Student Reporting Labs students wondered, is that possible?\nWith a desire to learn more about artificial intelligence systems, these students from Legacy Charter High School sought to interview a professional about the matter. With the help of PBS NewsHour Student Reporting Labs' Coordinating Producer, they were put in contact with with Dr. Ashley Llorens, the Chief of Artificial Intelligence Systems at John Hopkins University. This week, the Legacy Charter students sat around a large monitor that allowed them to see and speak with Dr. Ashley Llorens. He used popular movie examples, like Big Hero Six and Age of Ultron to relate to the students and explain to them the positive and negative effects of artificial intelligence. The students asked him questions about science, and the myths and fears associated with artificial intelligence. One student was surprised to learn that artificial intelligence “is anything from Google home to Siri, to the programmable thermostat and robotic prosthetics.”\nThe PBS NewsHour Student Reporting Labs program connects middle and high school students to local PBS stations and news professionals in their community to produce original, student-generated video reports. PBS NewsHour Student Reporting Labs are located all around the country, with four located in the Carolinas.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "url": "https://www.scetv.org/stories/2017/pbs-newshour-student-reporting-labs-interview-artificial-intelligence-expert", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103036176.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625220543-20220626010543-00611.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9718617201, "token_count": 339, "score": 3.453125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cad é intleacht shaorga? Is ceist í sin a theastaigh ó mhic léinn ardscoile ó Greenville, Carolina Theas an freagra a fháil air. Spreagtha ag prompt a thug PBS NewsHour Student Reporting Labs, thosaigh siad ar a gcuid taighde. Léigh siad leabhair agus rinne siad agallaimh físe le a gcomhghleacaithe ar na míthuiscintí coitianta faoi intleacht shaorga. Bhí an chuma air go raibh imní ar dhaoine go bhféadfadh córais intleacht shaorga a bheith chomh forleathan go mbeadh siad chomh cliste, más rud é nach mbeadh siad níos cliste, ná daoine. Bhí na mic léinn i mBlaglann na dTuairiscithe Ollscoile ag fiafraí, an féidir é sin?\nAgus siad ag iarraidh níos mó a fhoghlaim faoi chórais intleacht shaorga, d'iarr na mic léinn seo ó Legacy Charter High School agallamh a dhéanamh le gairmiúil faoin ábhar. Le cabhair ó PBS NewsHour Student Reporting Labs' Coordinating Producer, cuireadh iad i dteagmháil leis an Dr. Ashley Llorens, Ceann na Córais Intleacht Chumasach in Ollscoil John Hopkins. An tseachtain seo, shuigh mic léinn Charta Oidhreachta timpeall monatóireacht mhór a lig dóibh Dr. Ashley Llorens a fheiceáil agus labhairt leis. D'úsáid sé samplaí scannáin tóir, mar Big Hero Six agus Age of Ultron chun a bheith bainteach leis na mic léinn agus a mhíniú dóibh na héifeachtaí dearfacha agus diúltacha atá ag faisnéis shaorga. Chuir na mic léinn ceisteanna air faoi eolaíocht, agus na miotais agus na eagla a bhaineann le hintleacht shaorga. Bhí iontas ar dhuine amháin nuair a d'fhoghlaim sé go bhfuil intleacht shaorga \"ag baint le gach rud ó theach Google go Siri, go dtí an teirmostat cláraithe agus próitéis róbatach\".\nCeanglaíonn clár PBS NewsHour Student Reporting Labs mic léinn meána agus ardscoile le stáisiúin áitiúla PBS agus gairmithe nuachta ina bpobal chun tuairiscí físe bunaidh, a ghineann mic léinn a tháirgeadh. Tá Labs Tuairiscithe Mac Léinn PBS NewsHour suite ar fud na tíre, agus ceathrar suite i Carolinas."} {"text": "Just when you thought you were getting somewhere with your green goals, new levels that will push the industry even further emerge as tempting targets. I'm referring in this case to an increasing push for zero-net energy homes, a trend we're seeing in a raft of projects coming online coast-to-coast in the coming months.\nThe focus of a zero-energy home is squarely on energy performance, and places more emphasis on alternative energy systems like photovoltaics than typically presented with broader green building strategies. Of course, zero-energy homes must still incorporate green building materials and details, and address green building concepts, but their focus on energy combines more aggressive efficiencies to minimize load requirements, with PV systems that work with utility-supplied power to meet the reduced loads. The goal: \"net-\" or \"zero-\"out fossil fuel energy consumption on an annual basis.\nThe concept isn't new; innovative architects and builders have been chasing zero since the early 1970s, but mostly as stand-alone, off-the-grid fringe homes that didn't inspire many in the mainstream. But many of today's zero-energy homes are grid-connected subdivision production units that, aside from the PV panels on the roof, look just like the houses down the street. We're excited by this movement and will be following a number of zero-energy homes through their design and construction in the coming months on our Web site.\nGreat Britain calls these homes \"zero-carbon\" and actually will require new homes to reach this goal--they call it Code 6--by 2016. The reference to carbon is strictly related to energy supply and consumption and not to the carbon footprint of the construction or building materials. That's a much different \"zero,\" so watch carefully for anyone claiming zero-carbon homes--it could bring a new twist to greenwashing.\nCarbon emissions, though, will likely be the next target on the horizon. It would be impossible to build a true zero-carbon home, even if you did zero-out the carbon emissions from its energy consumption, because of the tons of carbon emitted into the atmosphere through the production and transportation of a home's materials, transportation of its construction workers, and even excavation of the site. Still, as zero-energy homes decrease the carbon emissions generated from operating houses, attention naturally will turn to the building process itself. Emissions-reducing methods already awarded points in green building programs, such as sourcing local materials, will gain momentum, and other solutions also will be sought.\nFor those of you searching for new horizons beyond green, even beyond zero-energy, learning about and incorporating carbon-reducing measures into your green building strategies will help you get closer to zero.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44", "url": "http://www.ecobuildingpulse.com/news/as-zero-energy-homes-become-more-popular-a-focus-on-carbon-cant-be-far-behind_o", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719286.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00294-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9497921467, "token_count": 553, "score": 2.921875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Díreach nuair a cheap tú go raibh tú ag dul áit éigin le do spriocanna glas, tagann leibhéil nua a chuirfidh an tionscal níos faide chun cinn mar spriocanna tarraingtí. Táim ag tagairt sa chás seo do bhrú méadaitheach ar tíolachtaí fuinnimh líonta, treocht atá á fheiceáil againn i racht de thionscadail a bheidh ar líne ó chósta go cósta sna míonna amach romhainn.\nTá díriú tí saor ó fhuinneamh go díreach ar fheidhmíocht fuinnimh, agus cuirtear níos mó béime ar chórais fuinnimh malartacha cosúil le fothaoltaic ná mar a chuirtear i láthair go hiondúil le straitéisí tógála glasa níos leithne. Ar ndóigh, ní mór do theachanna saor ó fhuinneamh ábhair agus sonraí tógála glas a ionchorprú fós, agus coincheapa tógála glas a chur i ngleic, ach déanann a ndíriú ar fhuinneamh éifeachtúlachtaí níos ionsaithe a chomhcheangal chun riachtanais ualaigh a íoslaghdú, le córais PV a oibríonn le cumhacht a sholáthraítear ag fóntais chun freastal ar na hualach laghdaithe. An sprioc: tomhaltas fuinnimh \"líon-\" nó \"null-\" as breoslaí iontaise ar bhonn bliantúil.\nNí haon smaoineamh nua é; tá ailtire agus tógálaithe nuálach ag lorg an núl ó thús na 1970idí, ach den chuid is mó mar thithe neamhspleácha, lasmuigh den ghréasán nach raibh spreagúil go leor sa phríomhshruth. Ach tá go leor de na tithe saor ó fhuinneamh inniu ina n-aonad táirgthe fo-roinn ceangailte leis an ngréasán, a bhreathnaíonn, seachas na painéil photovoltaic ar an díon, díreach mar na tithe ar an tsráid. Táimid ar bís leis an gcur chun cinn seo agus beidh muid ag leanúint roinnt tithe saor ó fhuinneamh trína ndearadh agus a thógáil sna míonna atá romhainn ar ár suíomh Gréasáin.\nAn Bhreatain Mór glaonn na tithe seo \"níl-charbóin\" agus i ndáiríre beidh gá le tithe nua chun an sprioc seo a bhaint amach - glaonn siad air Cód 6 - faoi 2016. Tá an tagairt do charbóin bainteach go docht le soláthar agus le tomhaltas fuinnimh agus ní le hiompar carbóin an tógála nó na n-ábhar tógála. Is é sin \"null\" i bhfad difriúil, mar sin féach go cúramach le haghaidh aon duine a éilíonn tí neamh-charbóin - d'fhéadfadh sé casadh nua a thabhairt do ghlasú glas.\nIs dócha gurb é astaíochtaí carbóin an chéad sprioc eile atá ar an bhfód. Bheadh sé dodhéanta teach fíor-ghlascharbóin a thógáil, fiú dá ndéanfá na astaíochtaí carbóin a bhaineann lena thomhaltas fuinnimh a dhíchur, mar gheall ar na tonna carbóin a scaoiltear isteach san atmaisféar trí tháirgeadh agus iompar ábhair tí, iompar a oibrithe tógála, agus fiú tochailt ar an láithreán. Mar sin féin, de réir mar a laghdaíonn tithe saor ó fhuinneamh an astaíochtaí carbóin a ghineann tithe oibriúcháin, tabharfar aird go nádúrtha ar an bpróiseas tógála féin. Beidh modhanna chun astaíochtaí a laghdú a bhfuil pointí tugtha dóibh cheana féin i gcláir tógála glasa, amhail ábhair áitiúla a fháil, ag teacht chun cinn, agus lorgfar réitigh eile freisin.\nI gcás na ndaoine agaibh a bhfuil súil acu le réaltaí nua thar an ngréasán, fiú thar an ngréasán fuinnimh nialasach, beidh foghlaim faoi bhearta laghdaithe carbóin agus iad a ionchorprú i do straitéisí tógála glasa ag cabhrú leat dul níos gaire don nialasach."} {"text": "HUẒAL (or Huzal of Benjamin; Meg. 5b), Babylonian town between Nehardea and Sura, but nearer the latter. There was a Jewish settlement in Huẓal from early times and it was famous for its ancient synagogue, which according to tradition was built by the first exiles from Judah and \"the Divine Presence dwelt within it\" (Meg. 29a; Iggeret Rav Sherira Ga'on, ed. by B.M. Levin (1921), 72f.). Two great scholars from Huẓal are already known in the middle of the second century C.E.: Josiah, who studied under *Ishmael in Ereẓ Israel (Men. 57b), and Joseph of Huẓal, who studied under *Yose b. Ḥalafta in Sepphoris (Yoma 52b; Ned. 81a). The inhabitants of Huẓal were known for their fastidiousness with regard to food (Ned. 49b). Huẓal came under the spiritual influence of Sura, such scholars as *Ḥisda and *Ashi sending their decisions there (Ḥul. 107a, 132b). Among the amoraim originating from Huẓal were Assi of Huẓal, who was active in the first half of the third century (Ḥul. 26b), and Aḥa of Huẓal of the fourth or the beginning of the fifth century (Ker. 13b).\nNeubauer, Géogr, 350; A. Berliner, Beitraege zur Geographie und Ethnographie Babyloniens im Talmud und Midrasch (1883), 32; J. Obermeyer, Die Landschaft Babylonien im Zeitalter des Talmuds und des Gaonats (1929), 299–301; Neusner, Babylonia, 2 (1966), 126, 145, 234. ADD. BIBLIOGRAPHY: B. Eshel, Jewish Settlements in Babylonia during Talmudic Times (1979), 105–107.\nSource: Encyclopaedia Judaica. © 2008 The Gale Group. All Rights Reserved.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50", "url": "http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0009_0_09351.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542693.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00173-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8849133849, "token_count": 484, "score": 2.859375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "HUẒAL (nó Huzal de Benjamin; Meg. 5b), baile na Bablóine idir Nehardea agus Sura, ach níos gaire don dara ceann. Bhí lonnaíocht Giúdach i Huẓal ó amanna ársa agus bhí sé cáiliúil as a shínagóg ársa, a thóg na chéad dídeanaithe ó Iúdá de réir traidisiún agus \"chuaigh an Gháinneacht Dhiaga ina chónaí\" (Meg. 29a; Iggeret Rav Sherira Ga'on, ed. le B.M. Levin (1921), 72f.). Bhí dá scoláirí móra ó Huẓal ar eolas cheana féin i lár an dara haois C.E. : Josiah, a d'fhoghlaim le * Ishmael in Ereẓ Israel (Men. 57b), agus Iósaef ó Huẓal, a d'fhoghlaim faoi *Yose b. Ḥalafta i Sepphoris (Yoma 52b; Ned. 81a). Bhí aithne ar mhuintir Huẓal as a n-eagla maidir le bia (Ned. 49b). Tháinig Huẓal faoi thionchar spioradálta Sura, a chuir scoláirí mar * Ḥisda agus * Ashi a gcuid cinntí ann (Ḥul. 107a, 132b). I measc na n-amoraim a tháinig ó Huẓal bhí Assi of Huẓal, a bhí gníomhach sa chéad leath den tríú haois (Ḥul. 26b), agus Aḥa de Huẓal den cheathrú haois nó tús an chúigiú haois (Ker. 13b).\nNeubauer, Géogr, 350; A. Berliner, Beitraege zur Geographie und Ethnographie Babyloniens im Talmud und Midrasch (1883), 32; J. Obermeyer, Die Landschaft Babylonien im Zeitalter des Talmuds und des Gaonats (1929), 299301; Neusner, Babylonia, 2 (1966), 126, 145, 234. ADD. BIBLIOGRAFÍ: B. Eshel, Jewish Settlements in Babylonia during Talmudic Times (1979), 105107.\nFoinse: Encyclopaedia Judaica. © 2008 Grúpa Gale. Gach Ceart Coimeádta."} {"text": "« The historical debate on secularisation between F. Antun and M. Abduh. God’s absolutism and Islam’s irrationality as cornerstones of orientalist islamic-christian dispute during the Nahda »\nABSTRACT: In 1945, Hamilton A.R. Gibb delivered the Haskell Lectures at the University of Chicago, supporting a classical Orientalist attitude concerning, first of all, the Arab incapacity to throw off its intense feeling for the separateness and individuality of concrete events, and secondly, encouraging a degree of methodological generalization, arguing for the existence of a Muslim aversion directed towards the thought-processes of rationalism. This was a point of view which was deeply rooted within classical Orientalist authors, from Silvestre de Sacy, to Ernest Renan and Ignac Goldziher to David B. MacDonald. However, this analysis is not going to reconsider issues already widely covered by academic research, but will instead investigate the debates between Faraḥ Antun, and Muhammad ‘Abduh on Secularization, and the dispute on the specific topics related to the Kalam argument within the inter-religious context of the Nahḍa. In the Odyssey of F. Antun, A Syrian Christian’s quest on Secularism, Donald M. Reid reports Antun’s viewpoint that Islamic Theology was mainly rooted on two assertions: God’s omnipotence and the rejection of every secondary cause capable of limiting the creator’s power. Allah’s qadar discourages scientific and philosophical research because every worldly event is directly and uniquely related to God’s behaviour. Muhammad ‘Abduh’s refutation promoted a new- Mu‘tazilite and Philosophical analysis which was able to show how human reason, secondary causes and logic were, on the contrary, not rejected by Islām, but were deeply ingrained within Islamic and religious thought. The founder of al-Jami‘ah al-‘Uthmaniyah produced an attack not only geared towards an attack against Islam, but also against all Semitic religions, with the intention to highlight the opportunity to create a secular State in which Muslims and Christians could participate on a footing of complete equality. ‘Abduh’s position, although not so far away, was strictly connected to the need to have law based on relevant principles of equality that could be argued for through a reformist Islamic approach, because within Islam, state and religions could not be separated, but could be reformed together. This paper seeks to deepen the analysis concerning the Kalam cornerstones which were re-discovered to support ‘Abduh’s standpoint in this open debate, and also to examine an Orientalist Arab-Christian thought which, through Faraḥ Antun, would further encourage a confrontation within Arab society which is still unresolved today.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22", "url": "https://pluriel.fuce.eu/article/the-historical-debate-on-secularisation-between-f-antun-and-m-abduh-gods-absolutism-and-islams-irrationality-as-cornerstones-of-orientalist-islamic-christian-dispute-during-the-nahda/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256184.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521002106-20190521024106-00133.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9528058767, "token_count": 604, "score": 2.671875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": " An díospóireacht stairiúil ar an seicleoireacht idir F. Antun agus M. Abduh. Dé's absolutism agus Islam's irrationality mar chúlchláir de easlánacha Ioslamach-Críostaí díospóid le linn an Nahda \nI 1945, Hamilton A.R. Thug Gibb na Léachtaí Haskell in Ollscoil Chicago, ag tacú le dearcadh clasaiceach Orientalist a bhaineann, ar dtús, leis an éagumas Arabach a mhothú a mhothú dian do thrí-eagla agus do phearsantacht imeachtaí coincréite, agus sa dara háit, ag spreagadh céim de ghinearálaíocht mhodheolaíoch, ag argóint ar mhaithe le bheith ann do thrioblóid Moslamach a dhírigh i dtreo próisis smaointe na réasúnachta. Ba é seo an dearcadh a bhí ró-fhionnta laistigh d'údar clasaiceach Orientalist, ó Silvestre de Sacy, go Ernest Renan agus Ignac Goldziher go David B. MacDonald. Mar sin féin, ní bheidh an anailís seo ag athbheiceáil saincheisteanna a bhfuil taighde acadúil clúdaithe go forleathan orthu cheana féin, ach ina ionad sin déanfaidh sé imscrúdú ar na díospóireachtaí idir Faraḥ Antun, agus Muhammad Abduh ar Secularisation, agus an díospóid ar na hábhair shonracha a bhaineann le huimhreadh Kalam laistigh de chomhthéacs idir-reiligiúnach na Nahḍa. I Odyssey of F. Antun, A Syrian Christian's quest on Secularism, tuairiscíonn Donald M. Reid dearcadh Antun go raibh Theolaíocht Ioslamach bunaithe go príomha ar dhá dhearbhú: uilechumhacht Dé agus diúltú do gach cúis dara leibhéal atá in ann cumhacht an chruthaitheora a theorannú. Allah's qadar discourages taighde eolaíoch agus fealsúnachta toisc go bhfuil gach imeacht sa domhan go díreach agus go hiontach a bhaineann le God's iompar. Chuir sé seo chun cinn anailís nua Mutazilite agus Fhilseolaíochta a bhí in ann a thaispeáint conas nach raibh réasún daonna, cúiseanna tánaisteach agus loighic, ar a mhalairt, diúltaithe ag an Ioslam, ach bhí siad domhain-sroichte laistigh den smaointeoireacht Ioslamach agus reiligiúnach. Rinne bunaitheoir al-Jamiah al-Uthmaniyah ionsaí a bhí dírithe ní amháin ar ionsaí i gcoinne an Ioslam, ach freisin i gcoinne na reiligiúin Seimiciúla go léir, leis an gcuspóir aird a tharraingt ar an deis Stát seiclaí a chruthú inar féidir le Moslamaigh agus Críostaithe páirt a ghlacadh ar bhonn comhionannais iomlán. Bhí seasamh Abduh, cé nach raibh sé chomh fada ó shin, nasctha go docht leis an ngá atá le dlí a bheith bunaithe ar phrionsabail ábhartha comhionannais a d'fhéadfaí a argóint trí chur chuige Ioslamach athchóiritheach, toisc nach bhféadfaí an stát agus na reiligiúin a scaradh laistigh den Ioslam, ach d'fhéadfaí iad a athchóiriú le chéile. Tá sé mar aidhm ag an bpáipéar seo anailís a dhéanamh ar na clocha chorn Kalam a athdhearbhaíodh arís chun tacú le seasamh Abduh sa díospóireacht oscailte seo, agus freisin smaoineamh Arabach-Críostaí Orientalist a scrúdú a chuirfeadh, trí Faraḥ Antun, tuilleadh spreagadh ar aghaidh laistigh den tsochaí Arabach nach bhfuil réitithe fós inniu."} {"text": "Our move to Mexico, and my first real job as an anthropologist, began with Cajun blackened fish and Louisiana mud pie at an upscale restaurant in downtown Manhattan. Debra and I were guests of the Rockefeller Foundation and their program to bring PhD graduates of the social sciences into the highly technical world of plant breeding and agronomy in developing countries.\nThe Foundation, working with the Mexican government, was the early architect of the Green Revolution, a period between 1950 and the late 1960s when new crop varieties dramatically increased wheat and rice production worldwide. The successes eventually prompted the establishment of crop-based agricultural research centres in various parts of the world: maize and wheat in Mexico, rice in the Philippines, potatoes in Peru and dryland crops like sorghum and millet in India and Syria. The United Nations, The World Bank, and many national government, including Canada, funded the research. At its height in the early 1990s, the global network included 18 centres, each with a mandate for a specific crop, a major ecosystem or a strategic food and agriculture issue.\nThe productivity gains that launched the Green Revolution were based on a novel research paradigm from the Midwest of the United States, for which Norman Borlaug in 1970 received the Nobel Peace Prize for his contributions to global food supply. The paradigm involved a wholesale rejection of traditional agriculture’s reliance on animal traction, human labour, and crop biodiversity. These inputs were replaced with artificial fertilizers, chemical pesticides, machinery, and crop varieties selected to perform well in a highly modified field environment. Instead of working with nature, as farmers had for millennia, the Green Revolution technologies invited farmers to remake their fields into a radically different landscape where a single variety of a single plant could thrive. Monocultures produced a dramatic bump in harvested grain, and were appealing to scientists, governments and farmers alike. If Dorothy from the Wizard of Oz had been involved, she might have said of the new landscapes, “We're not in Kansas anymore.”\nBy the mid 1970s, problems began to emerge with trying to remake diverse developing country landscapes into versions of Kansas and Iowa. The cost of the package of technologies, and who was able to make use of it, was one problem but environmental harm from chemicals and impacts on the overall biological diversity of farming systems had also become apparent. Founders of the Green Revolution such as the Rockefeller Foundation responded by broadening the base of science involved to include agricultural economists, sociologists, and people trained in the emerging field of ecology to work alongside the plant breeders and soil scientists. Interdisciplinary and more socially oriented research, they thought, might be able to correct course.\nOne of these initiatives was a program of post-doctoral fellowships to identify talented, young and adventurous graduates in the social sciences and bring them into settings where new agricultural technology was being developed. Joyce Moock, the Associate Vice President at the Rockefeller Foundation, oversaw the program and chaired my interview in New York with a three-person selection committee.\nMy wife Debra participated in the interview and received almost as much attention as I did. She was impressive, dressed in a bright red suit and sitting calmly at my side. Wisely, Joyce knew that for most North Americans the success of an assignment to a developing country where most of the research centres were located depended a lot on the happiness of the people involved, including any spouses. She later turned the program away from its focus on North American graduates to scholars emerging from African universities and centres based in Africa, but retained the practice of including spouses in interviews whenever possible.\nThe success of the post-doctoral fellowship also depended on an offer of an assignment from one of the research centres. I turned down a position based in The Netherlands because the centre wanted me to live near Amsterdam and work with partners in South America. I calculated the hours in an airplane and determined that my body would drown in the feeling of being somewhere in the mid-Atlantic.\nInstead, I went for an interview at the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) in Cali, Colombia, where I was offered a position with their tropical pastures program. They needed a social scientist to work with ranchers in Brazil to study how a novel pasture variety might work in their farming systems, and assess its impact on rates of deforestation. My PhD research on cattle, corn and conflict in Veracruz, Mexico, seemed like a good fit.\nI remember one of the Rockefeller Foundation committee members asking me in New York if I was “willing to take the bull by the horns.” This turned out to be a prescient question I only recognized as I stepped off the airplane in Cali and was greeted by two young CIAT researchers with a warning that the proposed research was not exactly as it seemed. “You won’t get the full story from the pastures program,” they said. At some risk to their careers for snitching, they wanted to be sure that I was informed of early evidence they had collected showing strongly negative environmental and social impacts from the new pasture technology.\nI appreciated their concern and candour, but remember being more unsettled by the apparent dispute within the organization than anything else. I also had doubts about life in Cali. By 1989, the “Cali Cartel” had successfully broken away from Pablo Escobar and the Medellín group to establish a second Colombian pole of drug-related crime. While CIAT staff assured me that their campus was safe and that there had only been a few incidents affecting staff and families, the prospect of leaving my pregnant wife in Colombia while I travelled for long periods of time to the Brazilian Amazon was worrisome.\nOn my way back to Ottawa from Cali I made a side trip to Mexico and arrived unannounced at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (known as CIMMYT, the Spanish acronym). It was located a few kilometres from Chapingo, Mexico’s premier agricultural university outside of Mexico City.\nThe organization is the direct outcome of Norman Borlaug’s work towards the Green Revolution, and arguably the most storied of all the international centres. With no other offer in hand, and Cali looking dicey, I needed to take my life into my own hands if I was to make something of the good fortune I had been given. I made my way to the CIMMYT Economics Program offices and, according to the head of the program, Derek Byerlee, introduced myself and boldly asked, “Why haven’t you hired me?”\nMuch later he told me the audacity got his attention. I don’t recall the interview, but he and his colleague Rob Tripp offered me a job. Accepting it turned out to be the most consequential decision of my working life. It drew me deeply into a fascinating world of agricultural science, helping establish my reputation for rigorous and engaged research practice. Mostly, however, I was relieved to be able to return home from Colombia and Mexico with a job offer my new wife might find appealing.\nA year or so after I became a “Rocky post-Doc” working at CIMMYT in Mexico, I found myself sitting on an airplane beside a US Army Engineer trying to explain what I was doing there. After a few attempts, his face brightened and he said, “Ah, you are a human factors engineer.” This seemed apt enough, although I later described my work at CIMMYT as that of a translator between technical scientists and farmers, each with a deep understanding of their own world but confused by the complexity of the other.\nThe experience changed my world too. I became both a strong critic of the industrial agriculture paradigm underlying the Green Revolution and a proponent of a participatory and action-oriented approach to the creation of new technology and new knowledge. I learned to listen deeply to farmers and scientists, creating in me both respect for the values of science and great admiration for the power of farmer discovery.\nImage: Honduran boy pointing his machete to a field of fertilizer bean.\nTeodoro Reyes and the Fertilizer Bean\nWhile Cajun blackened fish and Louisiana mud pie marked the culinary beginning of my journey as an anthropologist, Honduran farmers and an obscure bean became my primary teachers.\nTeodoro Reyes, a farmer I met on a hillside near La Danta on the Caribbean coast of Honduras, was one of the first. He told me when I interviewed him on a steep slope overlooking a series of broken hillsides that, “With the fertilizer bean, cowardly land become brave again.” He was referring to Mucuna pruriens var. utilis (a.k.a. The Fertilizer Bean, or Velvetbean), an audacious plant with the humble purpose of protecting and improving the soil.\nThe farming practice is a simple crop rotation, locally called an abonera. It starts with clearing a field and planting it every metre or so with the bean using a dibble stick. After seven to eight months the plant develops into a thick tangle of soft, broad leaves, vines and seeds. The plant withers when slashed with a machete and forms a layer of decomposing leaves and vines. Maize is then planted directly into the mulch.\nThe brilliance of the technology soon revealed itself to me and others I worked with, culminating in several books and stimulating two decades of research by dozens of agronomists and social scientists spanning the tropical regions of Mexico, Central America and West Africa.\nThe aggressive vining plant easily smothers all other vegetation in the field, leaving the space virtually weed-free. There is no need to burn the field to control weeds and debris, as in the traditional slash and burn systems of Central America. By the time the maize crop is established, the bean has set its own seed. The pods burst open when dry, ejecting seeds over the field fairly evenly, and eventually sprouting on their own to start another cycle of growth and take over the field once the maize crop is harvested. Weeds are suppressed throughout the cycle.\nBecause of these features of the rotation, labour costs are very low compared to the alternative slash, burn, and weeding operations of a traditional woody fallow field. The caution, farmers pointed out, is that the abundant, leafy growth provides excellent habitat for rats, and consequently for poisonous snakes. Care is needed with the hooked stick and machete used to move through and cut down the soft vines.\nThe thick mat of decomposing plants provides another advantage specific to the environment of northern Honduras. Like the Miskito Coast that extends into Honduras from Nicaragua, Atlántida and the neighbouring province of Colón are wet almost all the time. Rainfall exceeds 3,000 mm a year, with daily downpours of 100-200 mm. The distribution of rainfall, the key factor in any rain-fed agricultural system, is bimodal, with peaks in March and six months later from October to December. This pattern is driven not only by exposure to storms from the Caribbean Sea but also the sudden rise from sea level to 2400 metres at the peak of the Nombre de Dios mountain range. Running parallel to the coastline for over 200 kilometres, the mountains interrupt moisture laden prevailing winds, producing some rain virtually every week of the year. For farmers, this creates two growing seasons, and the possibility of harvesting winter maize when prices are at their annual peak.\nImage: Milton Flores, an Honduran agronomist and activist, examining mucuna residue.\nA colleague at CIMMYT, a Colombian agronomist, said the best way to visualize the topography of Honduras is to crumple a piece of paper into a ball and then lightly stretch it out. The jumble of peaks, valleys and slopes of the paper could easily stand as a topographic map of the country.\nThe topography can also be a guide to the distribution of wealth in agricultural land. The valleys are owned by a relatively small number of wealthy ranching families and plantation owners, leaving the hillsides to everyone else. This upside-down-world places pastures in the valleys where crops should be grown and crops on the hillsides where pastures would do better at holding soil in place. The result in most parts of the country was and remains an ecological and socio-economic disaster, choking the rivers with precious soil and pushing the poor higher and higher up the hill until no forested peaks remain. Even in 1990, much of Honduras was deforested, vulnerable to severe land degradation, landslides and drought.\nImage: Extreme sloping hillside cleared for maize.\nThe northern coast was an exception. Hillside land was still available, but vulnerable to soil erosion. The abonera rotation with Mucuna solved this problem by keeping the soil covered year round, conserving water in the soil profile and protecting it from direct exposure to high velocity rainfall. There are limits, however. On slopes greater than 45 degrees, the soft and weedless soil underneath an abonera field can slump suddenly, causing localized landslides.\nA third advantage, reflected in the name “Fertilizer Bean” by which it is best known in Honduras, is perhaps the most striking. As a legume, Mucuna spp. have the capacity for nitrogen fixation, a chemical process by which molecular nitrogen in the air is converted into ammonia and “fixed” in the soil. The roots develop nodules that feed the leaves and vines of the plant with significant quantities of nitrogen (more than 100 kg/ha) and other nutrients made available to support any succeeding crop.\nMaize is a nitrogen hog compared to most grains, and makes effective use of the abonera, doubling yields by the second year. The yield bump comes literally from the air, at no direct cost to the farmer. It also allows for the continuous cultivation of the same field, year after year, without the need to extend fallow periods or add external fertilizer. This ability to make cowardly land become brave again was unheard of in any agricultural system in the humid tropics, anywhere in the world.\nImage: Maize in a think mulch of mucuna.\nMy first encounter with Mucuna pruriens and the farmers growing it was in October, 1990, two months before Debra’s date to deliver a child. I had negotiated an arrangement with CIMMYT that allowed us to live in Jalapa, Veracruz, for the duration of her pregnancy and until we could return to CIMMYT headquarters outside of Mexico City with our baby. Luisa Paré, who was living in Jalapa and managing the IDRC funded Sierra de Santa Marta Project by then, had kindly arranged for us to rent a tiny apartment on the outskirts of the state capital, overlooking a small forest. It met our needs, which were to have a secure, clean and beautiful place for a home birth, far from the polluted air of Mexico City. We knew that if we had stayed at CIMMYT our child’s first breath would include unhealthy amounts of carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, ozone and both course and ultra fine particulates. Jalapa was familiar territory for me, and we had a kind and skilled midwife on hand to care for Debra while I was away.\nI was gone for two and a half weeks, meeting Honduran researchers at the Regional University Centre of the Atlantic Coast (CURLA) located in La Ceiba, a small, picturesque coastal city with a large Garifuna population. A national park, Pico Bonito, covered in an old growth, humid tropical rainforest, protects the city from flooding by raging rivers descending to the sea.\nThe islands of Roatan, famous for snorkelling, are offshore, adding to the tropical paradise vibe of La Ceiba. The third largest city in Honduras, La Ceiba had a reputation among Hondurans as distinct from the other main cities. Whereas Tegucigalpa (the capital) was where “people decide” and San Pedro Sula (the economic centre) where “people earn money,” La Ceiba was where “people dance.”\nThe university faculty rarely received visits from international scientists, who were drawn to the bigger national school, Zamorano, located near Tegucigalpa. Jorge Salgado, a young professor in charge of the agronomy program at CURLA, was open to working with me, a Canadian anthropologist who spoke Spanish fluently and came from CIMMYT, the best known and one of the most prestigious agricultural research organizations in the world. We hit it off, and within days were implementing an exploratory survey to find out who, where, and why farmers were planting their hillside maize crops in a layer of dead leaves and vines. At night, I danced with his friends in a local bar.\nOn that trip, and during many subsequent visits to Atlantic Honduras, I established a working relationship with partners new to me and to CIMMYT, planning and executing large surveys of farmers along the coast. I also developed an innovative approach to assessing farmer priorities, bringing out the detailed reasoning of mainly non-literate farmers by using coloured drawings of the advantages and disadvantages of the system. The survey crew laid the laminated cards in front of farmers and asked, “Of these advantages, which is the most important to you?” They then removed the selected card and asked, “Of those that remain, which is the most important to you?” This method of questioning produced a hierarchy of priorities, an approachI integrated into many participatory tools that became the focus for my research contributions decades later.\nThe hierarchy, and statistical analysis that followed, showed that adopters of the abonera system valued specific combinations of benefits. Differences in farmer circumstances showed a statistically significant connection between reasons for using the system and the land and labour resources available in each household. In short, the land-poor prioritized land productivity criteria and the labor-poor prioritized labour productivity criteria.\nImage: Farmer showing his priorities. Card showing erosion control.\nThe concept of “farmer circumstances” is one of many research innovations developed and championed by CIMMYT throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s. It refers to the constraints new technology encounters in a given situation that would need to be addressed or modified to create conditions for technology adoption. Don Winkelman, an economist and the first non-technical scientist to lead CIMMYT, pioneered the perspective and its corollary, the “recommendation domain.” This referred to the unique combination of the features of an agricultural technology and the specific circumstances of farmers. The strength of the two concepts was that they provided a pathway to scale out new crop technologies systematically or incrementally.\nWhen I returned from my first field visit to Honduras in the fall of 1990, I thought I had encountered an ideal cropping practice for hillside farming, suitable for a wide range of farmer circumstances. My boss, Derek, told me he appreciated my ability to get to the bottom of things, a curiosity he felt was needed to be a good researcher. It was a good start to my post-doc.\nDebra was happy too, but for a different reason. I had left her pregnant and alone to go to Honduras but stayed home analyzing the survey data and writing the first report in Spanish while she and our midwife prepared to give birth to our son. To this day, I associate the launch of my professional life as an anthropologist with Ryan’s birth in Jalapa on December 26, 1990, one of the happiest days in my life. A favourite family joke (at least a favourite of mine) is to say that Ryan was born in Jalapa (the namesake for the hot Jalapeño chile pepper) but doesn’t burn your mouth. He is “Jalapeño, pero no pica.” For me, it meant that he was sweet, good-natured and bright, like the fertilizer bean.\nThe study of Mucuna, a plant virtually unknown to all but remote farmers, a handful of agronomists, and a few development NGOs in Central America, offered me a unique opportunity to do a kind of anthropology well suited to my character: curiosity, attention to detail, an ability to think laterally. This was one of the reasons CIMMYT managers kept me on for another three years after my two-year Rocky Doc fellowship was over. The additional time allowed me to go deeper into the topic.\nWhile not apparent to me or others in CIMMYT at the time, the Honduran experience with the abonera technology was fundamentally different from anything else the organization had worked with. Not only did it not rely on any purchased external inputs, it had been developed without the direct help of researcher science. It was a modern era act of “farmer discovery” and had spread among thousands of poor farmers without the aid of professional communication strategies known in the agricultural sciences as “extension.” From a few early adopters between 1970 and 1980, by 1992, the date of our largest survey, it had reached the vast majority of hillside farmers in the region, spread farmer-to-farmer.\nIt was a revolution in hillside farming practice, one I ironically called “the Green Manure Revolution” in several articles I published in international agriculture fora. While I was not the first to notice the invention, that credit probably goes to Milton Flores and Roland Bunch, two men based in Honduras,1for a time I was at the centre of the excitement. A year or two after starting to document the Honduran experience, a scientist at CIMMYT told me Mucuna would make me famous.\nThe Mucuna story quickly became an attention grabber in international agriculture circles. The Executive Director of CIMMYT, Don Winkelmann, decided to make the slide show I had created on the subject a preferred presentation for guests and dignitaries visiting to learn about CIMMYT’s work. The story was interesting and showed that CIMMYT was more than a plant breeding centre and capable of engaging in research on emerging trends in “sustainable agriculture.” While at times I felt like the dog and pony show for an organization heavily invested in the old paradigm, I was hooked on making poor or degraded land productive once again.\nWithout hesitation, I went down a rabbit hole to learn everything I could about this audacious plant.\nWhat I discovered was a world in a grain of sand. The mucuna genus includes about 100 species of annual and perennial legumes, a dozen or so cultivated species and numerous crosses and hybrids. Some of the wild types, called “cow itch” in English, have abundant, long stinging hairs on the pod and can cause intensely itchy dermatitis in humans. In southern Veracruz where I completed my PhD research without once coming across the plant, the wild type is known as “Pica Pica Brava” (Sting - sting - ferocious) while the cultivated type is called “Pica Pica Mansa” (Sting - sting - tame). The Brava type was used to keep people from wandering into fields where they were not welcome. In Nigeria, the itchy type is known as the “Devils Bean.”\nThe cultivated species, Mucuna pruriens var. utilis , probably originated in southern China or northeastern India where reports from the 18th and 19th century indicate that the bean was eaten as a vegetable. Raw velvetbean seeds contain about 27% protein and are rich in minerals and medicinal properties. The bean also contains chemical compounds that, in high concentrations, produce nausea and vomiting. An incident of acute psychosis in Mozambique in the 1980s was attributed to velvetbean consumption during a drought when water was not discarded as part of the food preparation process.\nA year after I joined CIMMYT I came across mucuna in a backyard garden near Kumasi in Ghana, West Africa while visiting with researchers in Benin and Nigeria. The elderly Ghanaian woman tending the garden showed me her harvest and explained that she boils the seed twice and discards the water each time before grinding the seed into paste and adding it to soups as a thickener. Farmers in Mexico and Guatemala told me they mucuna grown and roasted to make a coffee substitute, a use reflected in another local name for the plant: Nescafé.\nImage: Ghanan grandmother with mucuna seeds and pods.\nA decade later I was able to confirm Asian food uses first hand when I came across mucuna in a backyard garden in Nagaland, a remote corner of northeast India. The Naga woman growing mucuna in her yard explained to me that the seed was boiled, crushed, boiled again then eaten like any other vegetable. In another chapter I share details from their story, and my encounter on a jungle road with a squad of the National Socialist Council of Nagaland fighting for independence from India.\nThe English common name for the cultivated species is velvetbean. It was used historically as an aphrodisiac and in Ayurvedic Indian medicine to treat nervous disorders and arthritis. One of the chemical compounds, levodopa, is extracted commercially from raw velvetbean seed and combined with another compound, carbidopa, to make a safe and effective drug for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. The Parkinson’s Foundation considers development of the drug in the 1960s one of the most important breakthroughs in the history of medicine. While a self-interested assessment, the claim has some merit. Levodopa is closely associated with the study and use of dopamine, a compound essential to the normal functioning of the central nervous system.\nReconstructing the story of how velvetbean got from China and India to the Honduran hillside, and converted from a minor vegetable to a major agronomic crop, turned me into a plant detective. I combined archival research with hunting trips to remote jungle rivers in Guatemala and Indigenous fields in southern Veracruz, as well as West Africa. Even my father pitched in. When I learned that velvetbean was at one time a prominent crop in the southern United States, he sought out professors at universities in Florida where he was spending his winters in retirement, and copied articles for me from the archives of small research stations across the state.\nAccording to the files, velvetbean arrived in Florida during the 1870s from islands in the Caribbean, where it was probably grown as a vegetable by South Asian indentured workers. Today’s Indo-Caribbeans in Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, Martinique and other countries of the Caribbean basin are descendants of the colonial system of servitude expanded by the British, French and Dutch after “abolition” of slavery in the mid 1800s. They may have carried mucuna with them from India when they were pressed into Caribbean service.\nBy 1897 some 300 Florida orange producers were growing velvetbean as a “cover crop” to control weeds and improve soil fertility. Farmers in Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi then picked it up as a forage crop. Livestock, including pigs and cows, grazed directly in fields of velvetbean and the pods were taken to mills and crushed or ground with the hull to provide feed for cattle, horses and mules, largely replacing cottonseed meal as the protein component in animal feed.\nIt was also very popular in the cotton belt as a “green manure,” and according to many it had no equal as a soil improver. One American researcher, publishing in 1902, said that, “velvet beans are a cheaper source of nitrogen than is any nitrogenous material which may be bought as commercial fertilizer.” Another noted in 1919 that “the story of the velvet bean might be called an agricultural romance” and the “saviour of southern agriculture.” From about 1915 to the early 1940s it covered more than a hundred thousand hectares in Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and South Carolina and was grown in parts of Louisiana, Arkansas, North Carolina and Florida.\nImage: Figure from my Economic Botany article.\nThen something changed. By 1965 velvetbean had disappeared altogether from the agricultural statistics of the United States. No one was growing it. My hypothesis for this apparent mystery, hinted at in the archives of Florida research stations, was confirmed by statistics I acquired tracking the dramatic drop in the price of commercial fertilizers immediately following the Second World War. As petro-chemical sources of nitrogen became cheaper, supplying the nutrient by fallowing land with velvetbean presented farmers with an opportunity cost. They couldn’t grow a paying crop while the velvetbean was building up the soil and controlling the weeds.\nSoybeans, introduced to southern farmers following the Great Depression, proved to be a more versatile solution to agricultural problems, with high value as a cash food crop and some of the same agronomic benefits of velvetbean. Livestock production also changed focus at this time, shifting from grazing open fields in the American south to feedlots in the American mid-west and new pastures in the Latin American tropics. This sealed the fate of velvetbean in America.\nRetracing the mucuna journey across the globe took on a distinctly Hollywood turn a year or so after I arrived at CIMMYT when I decided to follow up on reports from Honduras that two Guatemalan brothers had in the 1970s carried the fertilizer bean with them from Guatemala to the Atlantic coast of Honduras.\nI went first to Puerto Barrios, Guatemala’s port on the Caribbean, and then took a ferry to Livingston at the mouth of the Rio Dulce, today a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. Livingston is one of the largest of the Garifuna villages dotting the coast from Belize through Guatemala and Honduras to Nicaragua.\nThe Garifuna are a mixed African and Indigenous people descended from “Black Caribs” of the islands of St. Vincent. They have a distinct language, food tradition based on yucca (a root crop), and a musical form called punta with a unique rhythm that moves the whole body. This cultural profile, and the thick tropical rainforest surrounding the community, made Livingston the perfect backdrop for the 1935 film The New Adventures of Tarzan with Herman Brix in the starring role. While not as famous a Tarzan as Johnny Weismueller, Brix was also a star athlete, winning a silver medal in shot put at the Olympic Games held in Amsterdam in 1928.\nScenes of Herman Brix going into the jungle were filmed at the mouth of the Rio Dulce next to Livingston, a route I took in a motorized canoe searching for signs of mucuna. I found it intercropped with maize in the fields of several Indigenous farmers along the river.\nWhile in Guatemala, I also interviewed elderly residents in the valley of Polochic on the shores of Lago Izabal, and former banana plantation workers in Morales and Puerto Barrios. They told me that mules grazed fields of velvetbean planted by the United Fruit Company, until the animals were replaced by tractors to transport bananas to the railhead. This reflected the use of velvetbean as a forage crop in Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi.\nA reference my father had found of an anthropological study published in 1969 by the University of Florida provided the final piece of the puzzle. In it, the anthropologist describes quenk mula (mule bean) used by the Ketchi Indians of Guatemala as a crop rotation with maize. When I read the name they used for the plant, the penny dropped. I imagined that Ketchi workers had seen mucuna used on banana plantations as a forage crop for mules and noticed that the soil underneath the residue was weed-free and moist even at the height of the dry season. From there they invented the rotation with hillside maize, a technology passed on to Honduran farmers by two brothers migrating from Guatemala.\nI published the account in Economic Botany, a prestigious journal for the New York Botanical Garden “devoted to Past, Present, and Future Use of Plants by People.” The article, called Velvetbean: A “New” Plant with a History, is my most-cited sole-authored paper, and is still used as an authoritative source on mucuna. I started it with the cliché “Everything old is new again” but fortunately, for my own self-respect as a writer, the editor of the journal rejected the line and published the rest.\nThe linkages traced across time and space illustrate something important about the nature of scientific discovery. First, they show the social qualities of innovation and knowledge generation, whether it be by means of scientific methods or mindful observation and the application of logic and creativity in a problem-solving mode. The various uses of mucuna, including at least five distinct agricultural technologies (food crop, cover crop, forage crop, rotation crop, intercrop), are the result of experimentation by numerous farmers and scientists spanning several centuries and at least six countries.\nThe lesson that innovation is a collective, transpersonal act, has been demonstrated time and time again by formal histories of discovery, even though the misleading image of the lone scientist-inventor persists. The mucuna story smashes this mindset and also reminds us of humanity’s debt to women. At the base of all the mucuna inventions was the act of taming the wild velvetbean in the first place, and learning to make it food through the technology of cooking. It was undoubtedly women that did this, like the Naga in crimson red pressed into service with her family as an indentured worker bound for British Trinidad and Tobago and the Ghanaian grandmother dressed in sapphire blue straining the soaked seed to make her grandchildren soup. Observing and transforming the gifts of nature into food from one generation to the next is truly the mother of invention.\nSecond, the journey of mucuna from India to Mesoamerica shows that creativity and invention don’t operate in a vacuum, with something appearing out of nothing as it were. Each new use of mucuna emerged from some quality observed in its present use: food, forage, cover, fertilizer. Steven Johnson, who studies the natural history of innovation, calls this creative space “the adjacent possible,” that is, the realm of possibilities available at any given moment. He describes the moment as “a kind of shadow future, hovering on the edges of the present state of things, a map of all the ways in which the present can reinvent itself.”\nI find this thought encouraging, even reassuring in this age of grave threats to human existence. What is required of us to survive and thrive is not some rare scientific genius or mystical intervention but rather the most common of human capabilities: the collective call to be attentive and mindful of all of our senses and faculties interacting in the present moment. From the possibility of what is, the magic of what could be emerges as an image of maize plants growing in a thick mat of mucuna residue. This is the science of the concrete.\nThe linkages across time and space can also be found in the process of telling the mucuna story. In the early 1990s, the Honduran experience with mucuna acquired an almost mythical status among non-governmental organizations and research groups at agricultural universities and centres in North America, Central America, Europe and West Africa.\nMy approach to research publications helped. I always wrote up the initial results in Spanish, creating co-authored, publishable papers in short periods of time and circulating these widely in the region. This practice, modelled by Yvan Breton in my earlier training on Mexican fisheries, became a routine for me, and was appreciated by Latin American researchers and activists alike. Jeffrey Bentley, an American anthropologist based at the time in Honduras, remarked that the Spanish language publication Tierra Cobarde Se Vuelve Valiente, the study from this period I am most proud of, was the best example he knew of a survey-based publication. This praise meant a lot to me because Jeffrey disliked the pretentious nature of much survey work. He also avoided romantic and anecdotal presentations of farmer experience.\nAbsurdly, an earlier report I prepared on the topic was republished a couple of years later, word for word, by a university professor that had nothing to do with the research. He had plagiarized the report, making himself the sole author and publishing in a regional journal. This was my second experience of plagiarism, the ultimate form of flattery.\nWhile publishing was good for my academic career, the mucuna story underlines collective impact over individual achievement. Roland Bunch, the World Neighbours Executive Director in the early 1990s, and Milton Flores, an Honduran who set up and ran the International Centre for Documentation and Information on Cover Crops in Tegucigalpa, worked hard to promote cover crop rotations and intercropping practices in a wide range of settings in Central America and Mexico. Milton, a young man at the time with tight Afro-hair, gentle demeanour and warm smile, produced a remarkable video compilation of farmer testimony on mucuna called “What the Fertilizer Bean Has Taught Us.” Other internationally acclaimed scientists also picked up the thread, as did researchers in West Africa.\nBernard Triomphe, a coauthor with me and Gustavo Sain of the most frequently cited book on the topic, recently said to me that Milton’s video was a stellar translation of practical experience into a story that farmers could relate to directly, without the need for technical knowledge. By contrast, his own research on the agro-ecology of the abonera system provided what university-based researchers needed to know about how the technology worked, in a language and form they could recognize: quantified measures of long-term changes in soil properties and crop productivity, painstakingly collected in the field over a period of two years for his PhD dissertation in agronomy.\nBernard’s healthy skepticism of technology, delivered sardonically with a gentle French accent, helped convey the message credibly to other scientists. Gustavo Sain, an Argentinian economist at CIMMYT responsible for training researchers in Central America, worked with me on the economics of the abonera system. We adapted quantitative methods to capture the unique features of the farming system, giving weight to key observations about why a rotation crop made economic sense from both farmer and market points of view. The three of us worked well together, aided by Gustavo’s constant stream of jokes about Argentines, the Pope, and the American President sitting together on an airplane (Unfortunately, I’ve forgotten all the punch lines).\nThe work we did together contributed to the internationalization of the Central American experience with cover crops. The origins of the technology in farmer discovery established a credible link between the living practices of the farmer world and a growing body of evidence on ecological and regenerative agriculture emerging from the scientist world. It helped inform new research agendas and called into question research practices that promote exclusionary, hierarchical, and patriarchal practices of scientific discovery. As would become clear to me later in my professional life, reconciling the worlds of scientists and farmers means striking the right balance between what scientists have to offer and what farmers know, and don’t know. What made the mucuna story we told meaningful is that it gave us the courage to listen to both.\nUse of mucuna in coastal Honduras declined sharply in the 2000s, under pressure from cattle ranching and the arrival of itchgrass (rottboellia cochinchinensis), an invasive weed it could not handle without more attention than farmers were willing to give to managing the cover crop.2 Currently, the region is under pressure from many forces, including drug cartels growing coca on remote hillsides and transforming the paste into cocaine for illegal export. While the abonera system remains a remarkable technology, unbeatable as a system for growing maize on hillsides, it simply cannot compete in this wider and vastly more complex social context.\nIn West Africa, mucuna cover crops were strongly promoted by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, CIMMYT’s sister organization, and the non-governmental organization Sasakawa Global 2000. The rotation was an effective control for spear grass (Imperata cylindrical), a highly invasive weed plaguing intensively managed lands in the region. I was in Benin in 1995 at the height of the campaign, to observe and provide advice. What I didn’t realize at the time is that the incentives provided through the campaign had distorted farmer assessment of the technology. Once the incentives were dropped, use by farmers fell away too. It was simply too difficult for farmers to dedicate time and resources to growing it for agronomic purposes alone.\nLater, when I worked at the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), I organized a successful workshop to share the West African experience.3 I also funded the development of an information clearing house on cover crops in West Africa, and laboratory research on the variability of Levodopa and other anti-nutritional factors in mucuna seed. By then other researchers had wisely turned their attention to reviving historical forage and food uses of mucuna, hoping that combined benefits would be enough to support sustained adoption. Marjatta Eilieta, a Finnish agronomist I met in the last year of my tenure at CIMMYT, coordinated a major research effort on this topic. Recently she told me that the results, while promising, were not actively promoted and failed to gain traction in national and international development circles.\nImage: Farmer (left) and extension worker standing in a mucuna demonstration plot in Benin, 1992.\nIn retrospect, all of these efforts have been worthwhile, even though none have been “the solution” to key farming problems. Cooperation between scientists and farmers remains important as the world struggles to redirect agriculture from its destructive path towards a mode of production that can feed the world without costing the earth. I take pride in having contributed to this process, although the promised fame from Mucuna still eludes me.\nMilton Flores ran a small non-governmental organization focused on documenting cover crop use in Central America. Roland Bunch, the author of an immensely popular book on developing country agriculture called “Two Ears of Corn: A Guide to People-Centered Agricultural Improvement,” worked at the time as the Honduras director of World Neighbours, an Oklahoma based organization that operates in some of the poorest countries of Latin America, Asia and Africa. ↩︎\nNeil, S. and D. Lee. 1999. “Explaining the Adoption and Disadoption of Sustainable Agriculture: The Case of Cover Crops in Northern Honduras,” unpublished paper, Cornell University. ↩︎\nBuckles, D., A. Etèka, O. Osiname, M. Galiba, and N. Galiano, 1998. Cover Crops in West Africa: Contributing to sustainable agriculture. IDRC/IITA/Sasakawa Globel 2000. ↩︎", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "url": "https://www.artivismcan.net/post/chapter-6-cowardly-land-becomes-brave-again", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103619185.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628233925-20220629023925-00748.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9622277617, "token_count": 8956, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ár bogadh go dtí an Mheicsiceo, agus mo chéad obair fíor mar antropoloige, thosaigh le Cajun iasc blackened agus Louisiana páistí muice i mbialann ard i lár Manhattan. Bhí Debra agus mé ina n-aíonna ar an Rockefeller Foundation agus a gclár chun céimithe PhD sna heolaíochtaí sóisialta a thabhairt isteach i saol an-theicniúil na plandaí a chothú agus na talmhaíochta i dtíortha i mbéal forbartha.\nBa é an Fondúireacht, ag obair le rialtas Mheicsiceo, an t-ailtire luath ar an Réabhlóid Glas, tréimhse idir 1950 agus deireadh na 1960idí nuair a mhéadaigh cineálacha nua barra go suntasach táirgeadh cruithneachta agus rís ar fud an domhain. Chuir na rathanna seo le bunú ionaid taighde talmhaíochta bunaithe ar chothú i gcodanna éagsúla den domhan: arbhar agus cruithneacht sa Mheicsiceo, rís sna hOileáin Fhilipíneacha, prátaí sa Phéire agus barraí tiubh mar sorghum agus milse san India agus sa tSiria. Chuir na Náisiúin Aontaithe, An Banc Domhanda, agus go leor rialtais náisiúnta, lena n-áirítear Ceanada, maoiniú ar an taighde. Ag a airde go luath sna 1990idí, bhí 18 ionad san áireamh sa líonra domhanda, gach ceann acu le sainordú maidir le barra sonrach, éiceachóras mór nó saincheist straitéiseach bia agus talmhaíochta.\nBhí na gnóthachain táirgiúlachta a chuir tús leis an Réabhlóid Ghlas bunaithe ar pharadigim taighde nua ó Mheán-iarthair na Stát Aontaithe, ar a bhfuair Norman Borlaug i 1970 Duais Nobel na Síochána as a chuid ranníocaíochtaí le soláthar bia domhanda. Ba é an paraidím ná diúltú iomlán do thalmhaíocht thraidisiúnta - an spleáchas atá aici ar thréimhse ainmhithe, ar shaothar an duine agus ar bithéagsúlacht na mbarr. Cuireadh leasacháin artificiúla, lotnaidicídí ceimiceacha, meaisíní, agus cineálacha barra a roghnaíodh chun feidhmiú go maith i dtimpeallacht réimse an-athraithe na n-ionchur sin. In ionad oibriú leis an dúlra, mar a bhí ag feirmeoirí ar feadh na mílte bliain, d'iarr na teicneolaíochtaí Réabhlóid Ghlas ar fheirmeoirí a gcuid páirceanna a athdhéanamh ina tírdhreach atá go bunúsach difriúil áit ar féidir le cineálacha aonair plandaí aonair rath a chur orthu. Bhí méadú suntasach ar thráth na ngrás a bhaintear as aon-chultúr, agus bhí an-tóir ar eolaithe, ar rialtais agus ar fheirmeoirí araon. Dá mbeadh Dorothy ó The Wizard of Oz i gceist, b'fhéidir go mbeifíodh sí ag rá faoi na tírdhreacha nua, \"Níl muid i Kansas a thuilleadh\".\nFaoi lár na 1970idí, thosaigh fadhbanna ag teacht chun cinn le iarracht a dhéanamh tírdhreacha éagsúla tíortha i mbéal forbartha a athdhéanamh i leaganacha de Kansas agus Iowa. Bhí costas an phacáiste teicneolaíochtaí, agus cé a bhí in ann é a úsáid, ina fhadhb amháin ach bhí an damáiste don chomhshaol ó cheimiceáin agus tionchair ar éagsúlacht bitheolaíoch iomlán na gcóras feirmeoireachta le feiceáil freisin. D'fhreagair bunaitheoirí an Réabhlóide Glas mar an Rockefeller Foundation trí bhunús na heolaíochta a bhí i gceist a leathnú chun eacnamaithe talmhaíochta, socheolaithe, agus daoine a oiliúint sa réimse atá ag teacht chun cinn den éiceolaíocht a chur san áireamh chun oibriú in éineacht leis na breeders plandaí agus eolaithe ithreach. Bhí siad ag smaoineamh go bhféadfadh taighde idirdhisciplíneach agus níos dírithe go sóisialta a bheith in ann an cúrsa a cheartú.\nCeann de na tionscnaimh sin ba é clár de chomaoiní iar-dochtúireachta chun céimithe cumasacha, óga agus eachtrannach sna heolaíochtaí sóisialta a aithint agus iad a thabhairt isteach i suíomhanna ina raibh teicneolaíocht talmhaíochta nua á fhorbairt. D'fhéach Joyce Moock, Leas-Uachtarán Comhpháirtí ag an gCiste Rockefeller, ar an gclár agus bhí sí i gceannas ar mo agallamh i Nua Eabhrac le coiste roghnúcháin trí dhuine.\nBhí mo bhean chéile Debra páirteach sa agallamh agus fuair sí beagnach an oiread aird agus a fuair mé. Bhí sí iontach, ag caitheamh gúna dearg geal agus ina suí go socair in aice liom. Bhí a fhios ag Joyce go ciallmhar go raibh rath na n-aistriúchán chuig tír atá ag forbairt ina raibh an chuid is mó de na hionaid taighde ag brath go mór ar shásamh na ndaoine a raibh baint acu, lena n-áirítear céilí ar bith. Ina dhiaidh sin, d'athraigh sí an clár ó díriú ar chéimithe Mheiriceá Thuaidh go scoláirí a tháinig amach ó ollscoileanna agus ó ionaid na hAfraice atá lonnaithe san Afraic, ach d'fhág sí an cleachtas a bhí ann céile a chur san áireamh i agallaimh nuair is féidir.\nBhí rath na scoláireachta iar-dochtúireachta ag brath freisin ar thairiscint ar thuras ó cheann de na hionaid taighde. Dhiúltaigh mé do phost san Ísiltír toisc gur theastaigh ón ionad dom cónaí in aice le Amstardam agus oibriú le comhpháirtithe i Meiriceá Theas. Rinne mé an t-am a bhí mé ar eitleán a ríomh agus chinn mé go mbeadh mo chorp ag dul i mbun uisce ag mothú go raibh mé i lár an Atlantaigh.\nIna áit sin, chuaigh mé ar agallamh ag an Ionad Idirnáisiúnta um Talmhaíocht Trópaiceach (CIAT) i Cali, an Cholóim, áit ar cuireadh post ar fáil dom ina gclár féaraí trópaiceacha. Bhí eolaí sóisialta ag teastáil acu chun oibriú le feirmeoirí sa Bhrasaíl chun staidéar a dhéanamh ar an gcaoi a bhféadfadh cineálacha nua féarais a bheith ag obair ina gcórais feirmeoireachta, agus a thionchar ar rátaí dífhoraoisiú a mheas. Bhí mo thaighde PhD ar bhaoil, arbhar agus coimhlint i Veracruz, Meicsiceo, cosúil le hiompar maith.\nIs cuimhin liom go raibh duine de chomhaltaí an choiste de chuid Fondúireacht Rockefeller ag fiafraí díom i Nua-Eabhrac an raibh mé \"ag iarraidh an t-eireaball a ghlacadh ag na corna\". Bhí sé seo ina cheist réamhtheachtach nár aithin mé ach nuair a shín mé as an eitleán i Cali agus chuir dhá thaighdeoir óg CIAT fáilte romham le rabhadh nach raibh an taighde a bhí beartaithe go díreach mar a bhí sé. \"Ní bhfaighidh tú an scéal iomlán ó chlár na n-eadar-theacha\", a dúirt siad. Ag riosca éigin dá ngairmeacha mar gheall ar snitching, bhí siad ag iarraidh a bheith cinnte go raibh mé ar an eolas faoi fhianaise luath a bhailíodh siad a thaispeánann tionchar suntasach diúltach comhshaoil agus sóisialta ón teicneolaíocht féaraigh nua.\nBhí meas agam ar a n-imní agus a n-íogaireacht, ach cuimhin liom gur chuir an díospóid a bhí le feiceáil laistigh den eagraíocht níos mó imní orm ná aon rud eile. Bhí amhras agam freisin faoi shaol i Cali. Faoi 1989, bhí an \"Cartel Cali\" tar éis briseadh amach ó Pablo Escobar agus ó ghrúpa Medellín chun an dara póil Colómbia a bhunú de choireacht a bhaineann le drugaí. Cé gur dhearbhaigh foireann CIAT dom go raibh a gcampas sábháilte agus nach raibh ach cúpla eachtra a raibh tionchar acu ar fhoireann agus ar theaghlaigh, bhí an t-ionchas go bhfágfaí mo bhean chéile torracha sa Cholóim agus mé ag taisteal ar feadh tréimhsí fada san Amazon na Brasaíle imníoch.\nAr mo bhealach ar ais go Ottawa ó Cali rinne mé turas taobh go Meicsiceo agus tháinig mé gan fógra ag an Lárionad Idirnáisiúnta um Fheabhsú Corn agus Gruaige (ar a dtugtar CIMMYT, an t-acrainm Spáinnis). Bhí sé suite cúpla ciliméadar ó Chapingo, príomh-ollscoil talmhaíochta Mheicsiceo lasmuigh de Chathair Mheicsiceo.\nIs toradh díreach é an eagraíocht ar obair Norman Borlaug i dtreo an Réabhlóid Glas, agus is dócha gurb é an t-ionad is mó a bhfuil an-scéal aige de na hionaid idirnáisiúnta go léir. Gan aon tairiscint eile i láimh, agus Cali ag breathnú risky, bhí mé a ghlacadh mo shaol i mo lámha féin más rud é go raibh mé a dhéanamh rud éigin de na dea-fortune a bhí tugtha dom. Chuaigh mé go dtí oifigí Chlár Eacnamaíochta CIMMYT agus, de réir cheann an chláir, Derek Byerlee, chuir mé mé féin i láthair agus d'fhiafraigh mé go cróga, \"Cén fáth nár fhostaigh tú mé?\"\nNíos déanaí dúirt sé liom an audacity fuair a aird. Ní cuimhin liom an t-agallamh, ach thairg sé féin agus a chomhghleacaí Rob Tripp post dom. Is é glacadh leis an gcinneadh is mó a bhí i gceist i mo shaol oibre. Chuir sé go mór isteach mé i saol suimiúil na heolaíochta talmhaíochta, ag cuidiú liom mo cháil a bhunú mar chleachtas taighde déine agus tiomanta. Go príomha, áfach, bhí suaimhneas orm a bheith in ann filleadh abhaile ó Cholóim agus ó Mheicsiceo le tairiscint oibre a d'fhéadfadh a bheith tarraingteach do mo bhean chéile nua.\nBliain nó mar sin tar éis dom a bheith ina \"post-Doc Rocky\" ag obair ag CIMMYT sa Mheicsiceo, fuair mé mé féin ina suí ar eitleán in aice le hinnealtóir Arm na Stát Aontaithe ag iarraidh a mhíniú cad a bhí á dhéanamh agam ann. Tar éis cúpla iarracht, d'fhéach a aghaidh níos soiléire agus dúirt sé, \"Ah, is innealtóir fachtóirí daonna tú\". Bhí sé seo oiriúnach go leor, cé gur thuairiscigh mé mo chuid oibre ag CIMMYT ina dhiaidh sin mar aistriúchán idir eolaithe teicniúla agus feirmeoirí, gach ceann acu le tuiscint dhomhain ar a saol féin ach mearbhall ar chastacht an duine eile.\nD'athraigh an taithí seo mo shaol freisin. Tháinig mé ina chríticí láidir ar an bparadaigim talmhaíochta tionsclaíoch atá mar bhunús leis an Réabhlóid Ghlas agus ina thacaí ar chur chuige rannpháirtíochta agus atá dírithe ar ghníomh chun teicneolaíocht nua agus eolas nua a chruthú. D'fhoghlaim mé éisteacht go domhain le feirmeoirí agus le heolaithe, ag cruthú ionam meas ar luachanna na heolaíochta agus meas mór ar chumhacht na fionnachtana feirmeora.\nGrianghraf: Buachaill Honduran ag díriú a machete ar réimse feola talún.\nTeodoro Reyes agus an Bhanbhán Fertilizer\nCé gurbh é an t-iasc dubh Cajun agus an píosa muice Louisiana tús na cócaireachta ar mo thuras mar antropoloige, bhí feirmeoirí Hondúrais agus bean obscure mar mo phríomh-oide.\nBhí Teodoro Reyes, feirmeoir a bhuail mé ar chlé in aice le La Danta ar chósta na Cairibeach i Hondúras, ar cheann de na chéad daoine. Dúirt sé liom nuair a rinne mé agallamh leis ar chonair throm a bhí ag breathnú thar shraith cnoic bhriste, \"Le bean an fhóirdheolaí, bíonn talamh feargach feargach arís\". Bhí sé ag tagairt do Mucuna pruriens var. úsáid (a.k.a. An Fertilizer Bean, nó Velvetbean), planda dúchasach a bhfuil an cuspóir humble chun an ithir a chosaint agus a fheabhsú.\nIs é an cleachtas feirmeoireachta rothlú simplithe barra, ar a dtugtar abonera go háitiúil. Tosaíonn sé le réimse a ghlanadh agus é a phlandaíocht gach méadar nó mar sin leis an mbonn ag baint úsáide as bata dibble. Tar éis seacht nó ocht mí, forbraíonn an plandaí ina fhuaimín tiubh de dhuilleoga bog, leathan, fíonchaora agus síolta. Marúann an planda nuair a ghearrtar é le machete agus cruthaíonn sé sraith de dhuilleoga agus fíneálacha atá ag díchumas. Déantar an arbhar a chur isteach sa mulch go díreach.\nGo luath nocht mé féin agus daoine eile a raibh mé ag obair leo an iontach teicneolaíocht, rud a tháinig chun cinn i roinnt leabhair agus a spreag dhá scór bliain de thaighde ag mórán agronomists agus eolaithe sóisialta a shíneadh ar réigiúin thrópaiceacha Mheicsiceo, Mheiriceá Láir agus an Afraic Thiar.\nTá an plandaí fíonchaora ionsaitheach seo in ann gach plandaíocht eile sa réimse a shárú go héasca, rud a fhágann go bhfuil an spás beagnach saor ó luibheanna. Ní gá an réimse a dhó chun locht agus scrios a rialú, mar atá i gcórais thraidisiúnta gearradh agus dó i Meiriceá Láir. Faoin am a bunaítear an barra arbhar, tá a síol féin curtha ag an mbonn. Osclaíonn na pods nuair a bhíonn siad tirim, ag scaipeadh síolta thar an réimse go cothrom, agus sa deireadh ag sprouting ar a gcuid féin chun timthriall eile fáis a thosú agus an réimse a ghlacadh nuair a bhíonn an barra arbhair á bhailiú. Cuirtear bac ar an weeds ar fud an timthrialla.\nMar gheall ar na gnéithe seo den rothlú, tá costais saothair an-íseal i gcomparáid le hoibríochtaí malartacha eile a bhaineann le réimse tréidneach traidisiúnta a ghearradh, a dhó agus a dhíghlasáil. Is é an rabhadh, a thug feirmeoirí le fios, ná go dtugann an fás go leor, duilleach áit chónaithe den scoth do chíoráin, agus dá bhrí sin do nathracha nimheacha. Ní mór aire a thabhairt don chnámh crochta agus don machete a úsáidtear chun dul tríd agus na fíonchaora bog a ghearradh.\nTá buntáiste eile ag an mbrat tiubh de phlandaí atá ag dul i gcontúirt a bhaineann go sonrach le timpeallacht thuaidh Honduras. Cosúil leis an gCósta Miskito a shíneann isteach i Honduras ó Nicarágua, tá Atlántida agus an chúige Colón fliuch beagnach an t-am ar fad. Tá na báistí níos mó ná 3,000 mm in aghaidh na bliana, agus tá 100-200 mm de thromlach laethúil. Tá dáileadh na báistí, an príomhfhachtóir in aon chóras talmhaíochta a fhaigheann uisce ó na báistí, dé-mhodálta, le buaicphointí i mí an Mhárta agus sé mhí ina dhiaidh sin ó Dheireadh Fómhair go Nollaig. Tá an patrún seo tiomanta ní amháin ag nochtadh do stoirmeacha ó Mhuir na Cairibe ach freisin an ardú tobann ó leibhéal na farraige go 2400 méadar ag barr an tslabhra Nombre de Dios. Ag rith in aice leis an gcósta ar feadh níos mó ná 200 ciliméadar, scoirfidh na sléibhte gaotha atá i réim, a bhfuil taise orthu, ag táirgeadh roinnt báistí beagnach gach seachtain den bhliain. Maidir le feirmeoirí, cruthaíonn sé seo dhá shéasúr fáis, agus an fhéidearthacht arb é an t-am is fearr chun arbhar an gheimhridh a bhailiú nuair a bhíonn praghsanna ag an mbarr bliantúil.\nGrianghraf: Milton Flores, feirmeoir agus gníomhaí Honduran, ag scrúdú iarmhar mucuna.\nDúirt comhghleacaí ag CIMMYT, agronómóir Colómbia, gurb é an bealach is fearr chun topagrafaíocht Hondúras a shamhlú píosa páipéir a chrócaireacht i mbaile agus é a shíneadh amach go héasca. D'fhéadfadh an t-easnamh de bhuachaillí, gleannta agus sléibhte an pháipéir seasamh go héasca mar léarscáil topagrafach den tír.\nIs féidir leis an topagrafaíocht treoir a thabhairt freisin maidir le dáilte saibhreas i dtalamh talmhaíochta. Tá na gleannta faoi úinéireacht líon réasúnta beag teaghlaigh feirmeoireachta saibhre agus úinéirí plandaíochta, ag fágáil na cnoic do gach duine eile. Sa domhan seo a bhfuil an bun os a chionn, cuirtear féaraí sna gleannta áit ar chóir barra a fhás agus barra ar na cnoic áit a mbeadh féaraí níos fearr chun an ithir a choinneáil ina háit. Ba é an toradh sa chuid is mó den tír ná tubaiste éiceolaíochta agus socheacnamaíoch, agus tá sé fós, ag cur ithir luachmhar ar na haibhneacha agus ag cur na bochta níos airde agus níos airde ar an gcnoc go dtí nach bhfuil aon bhuachaillí foraoiseacha fágtha. Fiú i 1990, bhí cuid mhór d'Honduras dífhoraoisithe, leochaileach do thruailliú talún tromchúiseach, le sleamhnáin talún agus triomaigh.\nÍomhá: Sléibhte sráide thar a bheith tuirseach a ghlanadh le haghaidh arbhar.\nBhí an chósta thuaidh ar eisceacht. Bhí talamh ar chladach na cnoic ar fáil fós, ach bhí sé leochaileach do éadóisiú ithreach. Réitíodh an fhadhb seo le rothlú abonera le Mucuna trí chlúdach an ithir a choinneáil ar feadh na bliana, uisce a chaomhnú i bpróifíl an ithir agus é a chosaint ó nochtadh díreach do bháisteach ardluais. Tá teorainneacha ann, áfach. Ar chonair níos mó ná 45 céim, is féidir leis an ithir bhog agus gan féar faoin réimse abonera titim go tobann, ag cruthú sceitheadh talún áitiúla.\nIs é an tríú buntáiste, a léirítear sa ainm Fertilizer Bean a bhfuil aithne is fearr air i Hondúras, an ceann is suntasaí b'fhéidir. Mar léigí, Mucuna spp. Tá cumas acu nítrigin a cheanglaithe, próiseas ceimiceach trína ndéantar nítrigin mhóilíneach san aer a thiontú ina amóicéad agus a 'cheanglaítear' sa ithir. Forbraíonn na fréamhacha nóidlí a thugann cainníochtaí suntasacha nítrigine (níos mó ná 100 kg/ha) agus cothaithigh eile a bheidh ar fáil do gach barra a bheidh ar fáil ina dhiaidh sin do dhuilleoga agus do fhineacha an phlanda.\nTá an arbhar ina shearbhón nítrigine i gcomparáid leis an gcuid is mó de ghráin, agus úsáideann sé an abonera go héifeachtach, ag dúbailt na dtorthaí faoin dara bliain. Tagann an méadú ar an dtorthaí go litriúil ón aer, gan aon chostas díreach don fheirmeoir. Ceadaíonn sé freisin an talamh céanna a chothú go leanúnach, bliain i ndiaidh bliana, gan gá le tréimhsí fánaíochta a fhadú ná le breosla seachtrach a chur leis. Ní raibh an cumas seo chun talamh feargach a dhéanamh feargach arís ann i gcóras talmhaíochta ar bith sna trópaiceanna taise, in áit ar bith ar domhan.\nÍomhá: Corn i mulch mucuna.\nBhí mo chéad agallamh le Mucuna pruriens agus na feirmeoirí ag fás sé i mí Dheireadh Fómhair, 1990, dhá mhí roimh Debra's dáta a thabhairt ar fáil leanbh. Bhí socrú déanta agam leis an CIMMYT a lig dúinn maireachtáil i Jalapa, Veracruz, ar feadh tréimhse a toirchis agus go dtí go bhféadfaimis filleadh ar cheanncheathrú an CIMMYT lasmuigh de Chathair Mheicsiceo lenár leanbh. Luisa Paré, a bhí ina chónaí i Jalapa agus a bhainistiú an IDRC maoinithe Sierra de Santa Marta Tionscadal ag an am, bhí dearfach socraithe againn chun árasán beag a fháil ar cíos ar imeall an chaipitil stáit, a shíltear foraoise beag. Bhuail sé lenár riachtanais, a bhí ina áit shábháilte, glan agus álainn le haghaidh breith sa bhaile, i bhfad ó aer truaillithe Cathair Mheicsiceo. Bhí a fhios againn dá mba chonaic muid ag CIMMYT go mbeadh méideanna míshláintiúla de mhónoicsíd charbóin, dé-ocsaíde sulfair, ózóin agus dá réir sin de phéirtíní ultrafhiúcha ar an gcéad anailís a thug ár leanbh. Bhí Jalapa ina thearmann eolach dom, agus bhí beirtheach cairdiúil agus sásúil againn chun aire a thabhairt do Debra nuair a bhí mé as láthair.\nBhí mé ar shiúl ar feadh dhá sheachtain go leith, ag bualadh le taighdeoirí Hondúrais ag Ionad Réigiúnach Ollscoile an Chósta Atlantach (CURLA) atá lonnaithe i La Ceiba, cathair bheag, pictiúrtha cósta le daonra mór Garifuna. Tá páirc náisiúnta, Pico Bonito, clúdaithe i seanfhás, foraoise báistí trópaiceacha taise, ag cosaint na cathrach ó shárú trí abhainní raging ag titim go dtí an fharraige.\nTá oileáin Roatan, a bhfuil cáil orthu mar gheall ar snorkeling, ar muir, ag cur le vibe paráid trópaiceach La Ceiba. Ba é La Ceiba, an tríú cathair is mó i Hondúras, a raibh cáil aige i measc Hondúrais mar rud atá ar leith ó na cathracha móra eile. Cé go raibh Tegucigalpa (an phríomhchathair) ina raibh \"daoine ag cinneadh\" agus San Pedro Sula (an t-ionad eacnamaíoch) ina raibh \"daoine ag airgead a thuilleamh\", bhí La Ceiba ina raibh \"daoine ag damhsa\".\nIs annamh a fuair lucht eolaíochta idirnáisiúnta cuairt ar fhoireann na hollscoile, a bhí tarraingthe chuig an scoil náisiúnta níos mó, Zamorano, atá suite in aice le Tegucigalpa. Bhí Jorge Salgado, ollamh óg atá i gceannas ar chlár na talmhaíochta ag CURLA, oscailte chun oibriú liomsa, an t-anthrópaí Cheanadaigh a labhair Spáinnis go raidhseach agus a tháinig ó CIMMYT, an eagraíocht taighde talmhaíochta is cáiliúla agus is mó a bhfuil cáil uirthi ar domhan. Bhuail muid go maith leis, agus laistigh de chúpla lá bhí suirbhé iniúchta á chur i bhfeidhm chun a fháil amach cé, cá háit, agus cén fáth a raibh feirmeoirí ag plandáil a gcuid barraí arbhair ar chladach cnoic i sraith de dhuilleoga agus fíonchaora marbh. Ar an oíche, d'imigh mé ag damhsa lena chairde i mbár áitiúil.\nAr an turas sin, agus le linn go leor cuairteanna ina dhiaidh sin ar Hondúras an Atlantaigh, bhunaigh mé caidreamh oibre le comhpháirtithe nua domsa agus do CIMMYT, ag pleanáil agus ag cur suirbhéanna móra ar fheirmeoirí ar feadh an chósta i gcrích. D'fhorbair mé cur chuige nuálach freisin chun tosaíochtaí feirmeoirí a mheas, ag cur amach réasúnaíocht mhionsonraithe feirmeoirí nach raibh i bhfad i gcúis leo, trí líníochtaí datha a úsáid ar bhuntáistí agus míbhuntáistí an chórais. Chuir an fhoireann suirbhé na cártaí lamíneáilte os comhair na bhfeirmeoirí agus d'iarr siad, \"Dhá na buntáistí seo, cé acu is tábhachtaí duit?\" Ansin thóg siad an cárta roghnaithe agus d'iarr siad, \"Dhá na cinn atá fágtha, cé acu is tábhachtaí duit?\" D'eisigh an modh ceisteála seo ordlathas tosaíochtaí, cur chuige a chomhtháthaigh mé i go leor uirlisí rannpháirtíochta a tháinig chun bheith mar fhócas ar mo chuid ranníocaíochtaí taighde blianta ina dhiaidh sin.\nLéirigh an ordlathas, agus an anailís staidrimh a lean, go raibh luach ag lucht glacadh leis an gcóras abonera ar chomhcheangail shonracha sochair. Léirigh difríochtaí i gcúinsí feirmeoirí go raibh nasc suntasach go staitistiúil idir cúiseanna leis an gcóras a úsáid agus na hacmhainní talún agus saothair atá ar fáil i ngach teaghlach. Go hachomair, chuir na daoine bochta talún tosaíocht ar chritéir táirgiúlachta talún agus na daoine bochta saothair tosaíocht ar chritéir táirgiúlachta saothair.\nGrianghraf: Feirmeoir ag taispeáint a thosaíochtaí. Cárta a léiríonn rialú creimeadh.\nTá an coincheap \"imthosca feirmeora\" ar cheann de na nuálaíochtaí taighde a d'fhorbair agus a champaigh CIMMYT i rith na 1980idí agus sna 1990idí. Tagraíonn sé do na srianta a bhíonn ag teicneolaíocht nua i gcás áirithe a bheadh gá le dul i ngleic leo nó a mhodhnú chun dálaí a chruthú d'aistriú teicneolaíochta. Bhí Don Winkelman, eacnamaí agus an chéad eolaí neamhtheicniúil a bhí i gceannas ar CIMMYT, ina cheannródaí ar an bpeirspictíocht agus ar a corollair, an \"faoinne moladh\". Ba é neart an dá choincheap ná gur thug siad bealach chun teicneolaíochtaí nua barra a scála amach go córais nó go meabhrach.\nNuair a d'fhill mé ó mo chéad chuairt ar an réimse go Honduras i rith an tsamhraidh 1990, shíl mé go raibh cleachtas oilteoireachta idéalach agam le haghaidh feirmeoireachta ar chlé, oiriúnach do réimse leathan de chúinsí feirmeora. Dúirt mo sheanfhear, Derek, go raibh meas aige ar mo chumas dul go bun na rudaí, fiosracht a bhraith sé a bhí ag teastáil chun a bheith ina taighdeoir maith. Bhí sé ina tús maith le mo iar-dochtúir.\nBhí Debra sásta freisin, ach ar chúis difriúil. D'fhág mé í ag iompar clainne agus ag dul go Honduras, ach d'fhan mé sa bhaile ag anailísiú na sonraí suirbhé agus ag scríobh an chéad tuarascáil sa Spáinnis agus í féin agus ár mbrathair ag ullmhú chun ár mac a bhreith. Go dtí an lá seo, déanaim nasc idir mo shaol gairmiúil mar antropoloige agus breith Ryan i Jalapa ar 26 Nollaig 1990, ceann de na laethanta is sona i mo shaol. Is é an greann is fearr leat sa teaghlach (ar a laghad is fearr liomsa) a rá go rugadh Ryan i Jalapa (an t-ainm a thugtar ar an bpípéar chili te Jalapeño) ach nach ndéanann sé do bhéal a dhó. Is é Jalapeño, pero no pica. dom, ciallaíonn sé go raibh sé milis, dea-nádúrtha agus geal, cosúil leis an bean leasacháin.\nD'fhógair staidéar ar Mucuna, planda beagnach anaithnid do gach duine ach feirmeoirí iargúlta, dornán de agraineolaithe, agus cúpla eagraíocht neamhrialtasach forbartha i Meiriceá Láir, deis uathúil dom cineál antropoilíochta a dhéanamh a oireann go maith do mo charachtar: fiosracht, aird ar mhionsonraí, cumas smaoineamh go taobh. Ba é seo ceann de na cúiseanna a choinnigh bainisteoirí CIMMYT mé ar feadh trí bliana eile tar éis mo chomhpháirtíocht dhá bhliain Rocky Doc a bheith críochnaithe. Thug an t-am breise deis dom dul níos doimhne sa ábhar.\nCé nach raibh sé soiléir domsa ná do dhaoine eile i CIMMYT ag an am, bhí taithí Hondúrais ar theicneolaíocht abonera difriúil go bunúsach ó aon rud eile a d'oibrigh an eagraíocht leis. Ní amháin nach raibh sé ag brath ar aon ionchur seachtrach a ceannaíodh, bhí sé forbartha gan cabhair dhíreach ó eolaíocht taighdeora. Bhí sé ina ghníomh nua-aimseartha de \"fhorbairt feirmeora\" agus scaip sé i measc na mílte feirmeora bochta gan cabhair ó straitéisí cumarsáide gairmiúla ar a dtugtar \"fhorleathnú\" sna heolaíochtaí talmhaíochta. Ó roinnt luath-aontaitheoirí idir 1970 agus 1980, faoi 1992, dáta ár suirbhé is mó, bhí sé tar éis teacht ar an bhformhór mór d'fheirmeoirí cnoic na réigiúin, scaipthe ó fheirmeoir go feirmeoir.\nBa réabhlóid í sin i gcleachtas feirmeoireachta na cnoic, rud a thug mé \"an Réabhlóid Fhianna Glas\" air go hionraic i roinnt alt a d'fhoilsigh mé i bhFóraim Talmhaíochta Idirnáisiúnta. Cé nach mise an chéad duine a thug faoi deara an aireagán, is dócha go bhfuil an creidiúint sin ag Milton Flores agus Roland Bunch, beirt fhear atá lonnaithe in Honduras,1agus bhí mé ar feadh tamaill i lár an spreagadh. Bliain nó dhó tar éis dom tosú ag cur an taithí Hondúrais i gcuntas, dúirt eolaí ag CIMMYT liom go ndéanfadh Mucuna clú dom.\nBhí an scéal Mucuna go tapa ina ghabháil aird i gcruinneacha talmhaíochta idirnáisiúnta. Chinn Stiúrthóir Feidhmiúcháin CIMMYT, Don Winkelmann, an taispeántas sleamhnáin a chruthaigh mé ar an ábhar a chur i láthair do na hóstach agus do na dignitaries a thug cuairt chun foghlaim faoi obair CIMMYT. Bhí an scéal suimiúil agus léirigh sé go raibh CIMMYT níos mó ná ionad feirmeoireachta plandaí agus go raibh sé in ann dul i mbun taighde ar threochtaí atá ag teacht chun cinn i \"talmhaíocht inbhuanaithe\". Cé go raibh mé ag mothú uaireanta mar an seó madra agus pónaí d'eagraíocht a d'infheistigh go mór sa sean-pharadaigim, bhí mé ag iarraidh talamh bocht nó díghrádú a dhéanamh táirgiúil arís.\nGan aon leisce, chuaigh mé síos i mbosca na coiníní chun gach rud a d'fhéadfadh a fhoghlaim faoin ngléasra dochreidte seo.\nBa é an rud a fuair mé amach saol i ngráin gaineamh. Áirítear ar an gcineál mucuna thart ar 100 speiceas de léagóga bliantúla agus ilbhliantúla, dosaen speiceas cultúrtha nó mar sin agus go leor crosanna agus hibridí. Tá gruaig mhór fada, stinging ar an pod agus is féidir le dermatitis itchy dian a bheith ag daoine. I ndeisceart Veracruz, áit a chríochnaigh mé mo thaighde PhD gan teacht ar an ngléasra uair amháin, is é an cineál fiáine ar a dtugtar Pica Pica Brava (Sting - sting - ferocious) agus an cineál cultúrtha ar a dtugtar Pica Pica Mansa (Sting - sting - tame). Baineadh úsáid as an gcineál Brava chun daoine a choinneáil ó bheith ag siúl isteach i réimsí nach raibh fáilte rompu. Sa Nigéir, is é an cineál itchy ar a dtugtar an Devils Bean.\nAn speiceas cultúrtha, Mucuna pruriens var. Is dócha gur tháinig an bean as an tSín theas nó ó thuaidh na hIndia, áit a léiríonn tuairiscí ón 18ú agus ón 19ú haois go raibh an bean á ithe mar glasraí. Tá thart ar 27% próitéine i síolta cruadhta na bpeacaí velvet agus tá siad saibhir i mianraí agus i ngnéithe leighis. Tá comhdhúile ceimiceacha sa bhéanna freisin a chuireann nausea agus vomiting ar fáil, i dtiúchan ard. Cuireadh i leith eachtra de síceóis ghéar i Mhoisambic sna 1980idí le tomhaltas beanna velvet le linn triomachta nuair nach raibh uisce a scriosadh mar chuid den phróiseas ullmhú bia.\nBliain tar éis dom a bheith páirteach i CIMMYT tháinig mé ar mucuna i gcarr cúl in aice le Kumasi i Gána, san Afraic Thiar agus mé ag tabhairt cuairte ar thaighdeoirí i mBéinín agus sa Nigéir. Léirigh an bhean sean Gaanacha a bhí ag faire ar an gclann dom a cuid fómhar agus mhínigh sí go gcuireann sí an síol le huisce dhá uair agus go gcaitheann sí an t-uisce gach uair sula ndéanann sí an síol a mhiondealú ina phéiste agus é a chur le huisceanna mar thiúbhlóir. Dúirt feirmeoirí i Meicsiceo agus i Ghuatamala liom go bhfásann siad mucuna agus go rostaítear iad chun ionad caife a dhéanamh, úsáid a léirítear i ainm áitiúil eile don phlanda: Nescafé.\nGrianghraf: Máthair-mháthair Ghanan le síolta agus cnaipí mucuna.\nDeich mbliana ina dhiaidh sin bhí mé in ann a dhearbhú go n-úsáideann bia na hÁise é ar dtús nuair a tháinig mé trasna mucuna i gcarr-chúl in Nagaland, cearnóg iarthuaisceart na hIndia. Mhínigh an bhean Naga a bhí ag fás mucuna ina cíos dom go raibh an síol bruite, brúite, bruite arís agus ansin ithe mar aon glasraí eile. I gcaibidil eile roinnim sonraí óna scéal, agus mo bhualadh ar bhóthar i ngléasra le scáileán de Chomhairle Náisiúnta Sóisialach Nagaland ag troid ar son neamhspleáchais ó India.\nIs é an t-ainm coitianta Béarla don speiceas atá á chultúrú ná velvetbean. Baineadh úsáid as go stairiúil mar aphrodisiac agus i leigheas Ayurvedic Indiach chun míchompord néarógach agus arthritis a chóireáil. Déantar ceann de na comhdhúile ceimiceacha, levodopa, a bhaint go tráchtála ó síolta cruadhta velvetbean agus a chomhcheangal le comhdhúile eile, carbidopa, chun cógais shábháilte agus éifeachtach a dhéanamh chun cóireáil a dhéanamh ar ghalar Parkinson. Measann an Parkinson's Foundation go raibh forbairt an druga sna 1960idí ar cheann de na sásamh is tábhachtaí i stair na míochaine. Cé gur measúnú féin-spéisiúil é, tá roinnt fhianaise ag an éileamh. Tá dlúthbhaint ag levodopa le staidéar agus úsáid dopamine, comhdhúil atá riachtanach d'fheidhmiú gnáth an chórais néaróg lárnach.\nAg athchruthú an scéil ar conas a tháinig an bhéile velvet ó tSín agus ón India go dtí cnoc na Hondúire, agus a thiontú ó ghlasraí beag go barr agrónach mór, d'athraigh mé i bhfianaise plandaí. Chomhcheangail mé taighde taifid le turais seilge chuig aibhneacha iargúlta i ngléas i Guatemala agus i réimsí dúchasacha i ndeisceart Veracruz, chomh maith le hAfraic Thiar. Fiú amháin mo athair iolann isteach. Nuair a d'fhoghlaim mé go raibh an bhéile velvet ar uair amháin ar thrácht suntasach i ndeisceart na Stát Aontaithe, d'iarr sé ar ollamh in ollscoileanna i Florida áit a raibh sé ag caitheamh a chuid geimhreacha ar scor, agus d'ionsaigh sé alt dom ó chartlanna stáisiúin taighde beaga ar fud an stáit.\nDe réir na gcomhad, tháinig velvetbean i Florida le linn na 1870idí ó oileáin sa Mhuir Chairib, áit a raibh sé ag fás mar ghlasraí ag oibrithe indentured na hÁise Theas. Is sliocht iad na hInd-Caribeanna atá inniu ann i Trinidáid agus Tobago, Iamáice, Martinique agus i dtíortha eile de bhosca na gCaraibí den chóras coilíneach seirbhíse a leathnaigh na Breataine, na Fraince agus na hOlandaigh tar éis 'an sclábhaíocht a dhíothú' i lár na 1800idí. B'fhéidir go raibh mucuna acu leis ón India nuair a cuireadh i bhfeidhm orthu seirbhís sa Mhuir Chairib.\nFaoi 1897 bhí thart ar 300 táirgeoir oráiste Florida ag fás velvetbean mar 'crann clúdaigh' chun luí a rialú agus torthúlacht na talún a fheabhsú. Ansin ghlac feirmeoirí i Georgia, Alabama agus Mississippi é mar chothú forage. Bhí feithidí, lena n-áirítear muc agus muca, ag féileadh go díreach i réimsí na mbéithín bhéite agus tugadh na póid chuig muilneacha agus brúitear nó brúitear iad leis an gcorp chun bia a sholáthar do bhaoil, capaill agus muileáin, ag malartú ar bhia cotan mar chomhpháirt próitéine i mbia ainmhithe.\nBhí an-tóir air freisin i mBailte an Chotúin mar \"leithdín ghlas\", agus de réir go leor daoine ní raibh aon chomhionannas aige mar fheabhsaitheoir ithir. Dúirt taighdeoir Meiriceánach, a d'fhoilsigh i 1902, gur foinse níos saoire nítrigine é bean velvet ná aon ábhar nítrigineach a d'fhéadfaí a cheannach mar leasachán tráchtála. Thug duine eile faoi deara i 1919 go bhféadfadh scéal an bháin velvet a bheith ar a dtugtar romansa talmhaíochta agus sábhálaí talmhaíochta an deiscirt. Ó thart ar 1915 go dtí go luath sna 1940idí chlúdaigh sé níos mó ná céad míle heicteár i Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, agus Carolina Theas agus d'fhás sé i gcodanna de Louisiana, Arkansas, Carolina Thuaidh agus Florida.\nGrianghraf: Fíor ó mo alt Bótán Eacnamaíoch.\nAnsin athraigh rud éigin. Faoi 1965, bhí an bhéile velvetbean imithe go hiomlán ó staitisticí talmhaíochta na Stát Aontaithe. Ní raibh aon duine ag fás é. Mo hipitéis ar an rúndacht is cosúil, le hinted ar i gcartlann na stáisiún taighde Florida, bhí deimhnithe ag staitisticí a fuair mé ag rianú an titim drámatúil i praghas leasacháin tráchtála díreach tar éis an Dara Cogadh Domhanda. De réir mar a tháinig foinsí nítrigine peitriliam-cheimiceacha níos saoire, chuir soláthar an chothaitheach trí thalamh a chur i bhfostú le beann velvet ar chostas deis ag feirmeoirí. Ní fhéadfaidís a bheith ag fás ar thorthaí a íocann agus an beann velvet ag tógáil an ithir agus ag rialú na weeds.\nBhí an-luach ag an mbonn só, a tugadh isteach i bhfeirmeoirí ó dheas tar éis an Chéad Chéim Mhór, mar réiteach níos solúbtha ar fhadhbanna talmhaíochta, le luach ard mar chultúr bia airgid agus cuid de na buntáistí agraimníúla céanna a bhaineann le beann velvet. D'athraigh táirgeadh feola fócas ag an am seo freisin, ag bogadh ó fheirmeacha oscailte féaracha i ndeisceart Mheiriceá go feedlots i lár-thiar Mheiriceá agus féaracha nua i trópaiceacha Mheiriceá Laidineach. Seo sealaithe an fhás velvetbean i Meiriceá.\nAg athshlánú an turas mucuna ar fud an domhain ghlac sé cas Hollywood ar leith bliain nó mar sin tar éis dom teacht ar CIMMYT nuair a shocraigh mé leanúint ar aghaidh ar thuairiscí ó Hondúras go raibh beirt deartháireacha Guatemalan sna 1970í ag iompar an bhéim leasacháin leo ó Ghuatamala go cósta Atlantaigh Hondúras.\nChuaigh mé ar dtús go Puerto Barrios, calafort Ghuatamala ar an gCaraib, agus ansin thóg mé farantóireachta go Livingston ag béal an Rio Dulce, atá faoi láthair ar Chúlchiste Bithsféir UNESCO. Tá Livingston ar cheann de na sráidbhailte is mó de chuid na Garifuna a bhfuil an chósta ag dul ó Bheilíse trí Ghuatamala agus Honduras go Nicarágua.\nIs pobal measctha Afracach agus Dúchasach iad na Garifuna a tháinig ó Caribs Dubha ar oileáin Naomh Vincentius. Tá teanga ar leith acu, traidisiún bia bunaithe ar yucca (cruach fréamhacha), agus foirm cheoil ar a dtugtar punta le rithim uathúil a ghluaiseann an corp ar fad. Rinne an próifíl chultúrtha seo, agus an foraoise thrópaiceach tiubh a bhí timpeall an phobail, Livingston mar chúlra foirfe do scannán 1935 The New Adventures of Tarzan le Herman Brix sa ról réalta. Cé nach raibh sé chomh cáiliúil mar Tarzan agus Johnny Weismueller, bhí Brix ina lúthchleasaí réalta freisin, ag buachan bonn airgid i shot put ag na Cluichí Oilimpeacha a tionóladh in Amstardam i 1928.\nScéimeanna Herman Brix ag dul isteach sa jungle a bhí scannánú ag an mbéal an Rio Dulce in aice Livingston, bealach a ghlac mé i canoe mótarghníomhach ag cuardach le haghaidh comharthaí de mucuna. Fuair mé é i measc na mbreiseán arbhair i réimsí roinnt feirmeoirí Dúchasacha ar feadh na habhann.\nAgus mé i Ghuatamala, rinne mé agallamh freisin le cónaitheoirí scothaosta i ghleann Polochic ar chladaí Lago Izabal, agus le fostaithe i mbunaíocht banana i Morales agus Puerto Barrios. Dúirt siad liom go raibh muileáin ag féileáil i réimsí na mbánán velvet a bhí curtha ag an gCumhlacht Fruit Aontaithe, go dtí go raibh na hearraí in ionad na n-ainmhithe chun bananaí a iompar go dtí an ceann iarnróid. Léiríonn sé seo úsáid an bhéile velvet mar chothú forage i Georgia, Alabama, agus Mississippi.\nThug tagairt a fuair m'athair d'fhéachaint ar staidéar antropoilíochta a d'fhoilsigh Ollscoil Florida i 1969 an píosa deiridh den phéistle. Ina chuid, déanann an t-anthrópaí cur síos ar quenk mula (bhonn muile) a úsáideann Indians Ketchi i Guatemala mar rothlú barra le arbhar. Nuair a léigh mé an t-ainm a úsáideadh siad don gléasra, thit an penny. Shíl mé go raibh oibrithe Ketchi le feiceáil mucuna a úsáidtear ar phlandaí banana mar chothú forage do muileáin agus thug siad faoi deara go raibh an ithir faoi na fágtha weed-saor agus taise fiú ag an airde an séasúr tirim. Ón áit sin a chruthaigh siad an rothlú le arbhar cnoc, teicneolaíocht a thug dhá dheartháir a d'imirce ó Ghuatamala ar fheirmeoirí Hondúrais.\nD'fhoilsigh mé an cuntas i Botaníocht Eacnamaíoch, iris uasal do Ghardán Botanúil Nua Eabhrac tiomanta do Úsáid na nPlandaí ag Daoine san Am atá caite, sa Am atá ann, agus sa Todhchaí. Is é an t-alt, ar a dtugtar Velvetbean: A New Plant with a History, mo pháipéar údair is mó a luaitear, agus úsáidtear é fós mar fhoinse údarásach ar mucuna. Thosaigh mé leis an cliche \"Tá gach rud sean nua arís\" ach go fortunately, ar mhaithe le mo féin-mheas mar scríbhneoir, dhiúltaigh eagarthóir an iris an líne agus d'fhoilsigh sé an chuid eile.\nLéiríonn naisc a rianófar thar am agus spás rud éigin tábhachtach faoi nádúr na fionnachtana eolaíochta. Ar an gcéad dul síos, léiríonn siad cáilíochtaí sóisialta na nuálaíochta agus na gineadh eolais, cibé acu trí mhodhanna eolaíocha nó trí bhreathnú aireach agus trí loighic agus cruthaitheacht a chur i bhfeidhm i modh réitigh fadhbanna. Tá na húsáidí éagsúla de mucuna, lena n-áirítear cúig theicneolaíocht talmhaíochta ar a laghad (bronntanas bia, bronntanas clúdach, bronntanas forlíonta, bronntanas rothlú, bronntanas idirfhillte), mar thoradh ar thriail ag go leor feirmeoirí agus eolaithe a shíníonn roinnt céadta bliain agus ar a laghad sé thír.\nTá an ceacht go bhfuil nuálaíocht ina ghníomh comhchoiteann, trasphearsanta, léirithe arís agus arís eile ag stairiúla foirmiúla na fionnachtana, cé go leanann an íomhá míthreorach den eolaí-fhionnachtóir aonair. Cuireann an scéal mucuna an smaointeoireacht seo i gcontúirt agus cuireann sé i gcuimhne dúinn go bhfuil fiacha an chine daonna i leith na mban. Ag bun na n-infheistíochtaí mucuna go léir bhí an gníomh an bhféile velvet fiáin a taming sa chéad áit, agus ag foghlaim é a dhéanamh bia trí theicneolaíocht an chócaireachta. Is cinnte gur mná a rinne é seo, cosúil leis an Naga i dearg cróime a cuireadh i seirbhís lena teaghlach mar oibrí indentured a bhí ag dul go Trinidád agus Tobago na Breataine agus an t-aigne Gháineach a bhí i mblaosc safhair ag cur an síol soaked chun an tsúp a dhéanamh dá nighneacha. Is é an t-amhrán a bhaineann le hais a bheith ann ná na bronntanais a fhaigheann an nádúr a fheiceáil agus a athrú go bia ó ghlúin go glúin.\nAr an dara dul síos, léiríonn turas mucuna ón India go Meis-Mheiriceá nach n-oibríonn cruthaitheacht agus aireagán i bhfuaim, rud éigin a thagann amach as aon rud mar a bhí sé. Tháinig gach úsáid nua de mucuna amach as cáilíocht éigin a breathnaíodh ina úsáid reatha: bia, forage, clúdach, leasachán. Steven Johnson, a dhéanann staidéar ar stair nádúrtha na nuálaíochta, glaonn sé ar an spás cruthaitheach seo \"an féidearthacht in aice láimhe\", is é sin, réimse na féidearthachtaí atá ar fáil ag am ar bith. Déanann sé cur síos ar an nóiméad mar \"a chineál todhchaí scáth, ag dul ar imeall an staid reatha rudaí, léarscáil de na bealaí go léir inar féidir leis an láthair é féin a athfhoghlaim\".\nIs mothú spreagúil, fiú daingne é seo domsa san aois seo ina bhfuil bagairtí tromchúiseacha ar an duine. Ní gá dúinn a bheith beo agus a bheith rathúil le heanlathas eolaíoch nó le hiontráil mhistíúil ach an ceann is coitianta de chumas an duine: an glao ar chách a bheith aireach agus aireach ar ár mbrionglóidí agus ar ár gcumas a idirghníomhaíonn sa nóiméad reatha. Ó fhéidearthacht na rudaí atá ann, tagann draíocht na rudaí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann mar íomhá de phlandaí arbhar ag fás i mbrat tiubh de chúlchiste mucuna. Is é seo eolaíocht na concróide.\nIs féidir naisc thar am agus spás a fháil freisin sa phróiseas chun an scéal mucuna a insint. Go luath sna 1990idí, fuair taithí Hondúrais le mucuna stádas beagnach miotasach i measc eagraíochtaí neamhrialtasacha agus grúpaí taighde in ollscoileanna agus ionaid talmhaíochta i Meiriceá Thuaidh, Meiriceá Láir, san Eoraip agus i nDeisceart na hAfraice.\nChabhraigh mo chur chuige maidir le foilseacháin taighde. Scríobh mé na torthaí tosaigh i gcónaí i Spáinnis, ag cruthú páipéir chom-authored, in-fhoilsiú in amanna gearr agus iad a scaipeadh go forleathan sa réigiún. Bhí an cleachtas seo, a rinne Yvan Breton a mhodhnú i mo oiliúint níos luaithe ar iascaigh Mheicsiceo, ina ghnáthamh domsa, agus bhí meas ag taighdeoirí agus gníomhaithe Mheiriceá Laidineach araon air. Dúirt Jeffrey Bentley, an t-anthrópaí Meiriceánach a bhí lonnaithe ag an am i Hondúras, gurb é an foilseachán sa Spáinnis Tierra Cobarde Se Vuelve Valiente, an staidéar ón tréimhse seo ar a bhfuil an-bhród orm, an sampla is fearr a bhí ar eolas aige de fhoilseachán bunaithe ar suirbhé. Bhí an moladh seo an-tábhachtach dom mar ní raibh an nádúr pretentious de chuid mhaith den obair suirbhéireachta ag Jeffrey. Sheachain sé freisin cur i láthair rómánsúil agus aneddotach taithí feirmeora.\nGo hachomair, athfhoilsigh ollamh ollscoile a raibh aon rud a dhéanamh leis an taighde tuarascáil a d'ullmhaigh mé ar an ábhar cúpla bliain ina dhiaidh sin, focal ar fhocal. Bhí sé tar éis an tuarascáil a phláigéadú, ag déanamh é féin mar an t-údar aonair agus ag foilsiú i ngréasán réigiúnach. Ba é seo mo dara taithí ar phláigíocht, an cineál is fearr de flatter.\nCé go raibh foilsitheoireacht go maith le haghaidh mo shlí bheatha acadúil, cuireann an scéal mucuna béim ar thionchar comhchoiteann thar éachtaí aonair. D'oibrigh Roland Bunch, Stiúrthóir Feidhmiúcháin World Neighbours go luath sna 1990idí, agus Milton Flores, Honduran a bhunaigh agus a bhain an Lárionad Idirnáisiúnta um dhoiciméadacht agus faisnéis ar Chroí Clúdaigh i Tegucigalpa, go crua chun rothaí chlúdaigh agus cleachtais idirchroí a chur chun cinn i raon leathan suíomhanna i Meiriceá Láir agus sa Mheicsiceo. Rinne Milton, fear óg ag an am le gruaig Afro-dlúth, dearcadh milis agus gáire te, comhlánú físe iontach de fhianaise feirmeoirí ar mucuna ar a dtugtar What the Fertilizer Bean Has Taught Us. D'éirigh le heolaithe eile a raibh cáil idirnáisiúnta orthu an snáithe a thógáil freisin, mar a rinne taighdeoirí san Afraic Thiar.\nDúirt Bernard Triomphe, comh-údar liomsa agus le Gustavo Sain ar an leabhar is mó a luaitear faoin ábhar, liom le déanaí gur aistriúchán iontach é físeán Milton ar thaithí phraiticiúil i scéal a d'fhéadfadh feirmeoirí a ghabháil go díreach leis, gan an gá le heolas teicniúil. Ar a mhalairt, chuir a chuid taighde féin ar an ngníomhach-eicleolaíocht den chóras abonera ar fáil an méid a theastaigh ó thaighdeoirí ollscoile a fháil amach faoi conas a d'oibrigh an teicneolaíocht, i dteanga agus i bhfoirm a d'fhéadfadh siad a aithint: tomhais chainníochtúla de athruithe fadtéarmacha i dtréithe ithir agus táirgiúlacht barra, a bailíodh go cúramach sa réimse thar thréimhse dhá bhliain dá dhíshearscríbhinn PhD i ngníomhach-eicleolaíocht.\nChabhraigh amhras sláintiúil Bernard ar theicneolaíocht, a tugadh go sarcasach le béim bhéasach Fraincis, an teachtaireacht a chur in iúl go creidiúnach do eolaithe eile. D'oibrigh Gustavo Sain, eacnamaí Argentineach ag CIMMYT atá freagrach as taighdeoirí a oiliúint i Meiriceá Láir, liom ar gheilleagar an chórais abonera. D'athraigh muid modhanna cainníochtúla chun gnéithe uathúla an chórais feirmeoireachta a ghabháil, ag tabhairt meáchain do phríomh-amharcanna faoi cén fáth go raibh ciall eacnamaíoch ag an gcultúr rothlach ó thaobh feirmeoir agus margadh de. D'oibrigh an triúr againn go maith le chéile, cabhraíodh le sruth leanúnach Gustavo de ghreann faoi na hArgintíne, an Pápa, agus Uachtarán Mheiriceá ina suí le chéile ar eitleán (Ar an drochuair, tá dearmad déanta agam ar na línte punch go léir).\nChuir an obair a rinneamar le chéile le hidirnáisiúntaú taithí Mheiriceá Láir le barraí clúdaigh. Bunaíodh bunús na teicneolaíochta i bhfiosrúchán feirmeoirí nasc creidiúnach idir cleachtais mhaireachtála an domhain feirmeora agus comhlacht fianaise atá ag fás ar fheirmeoireacht éiceolaíoch agus athghiniúna a thagann amach as an domhan eolaíoch. Chabhraigh sé le clár oibre nua taighde a chur ar an eolas agus chuir sé i gceist cleachtais taighde a chuireann cleachtais eisiatacha, ordlaethúla agus patriarchal na fionnachtana eolaíochta chun cinn. Mar a bhí soiléir dom níos déanaí i mo shaol gairmiúil, ciallaíonn athmhuintearas saol na n-eolaithe agus na bhfeirmeoirí an chothromaíocht cheart a bhaint amach idir an méid atá le tairiscint ag na heolaithe agus an méid atá ar eolas ag na feirmeoirí, agus nach bhfuil ar eolas acu. Cad a rinne an scéal mucuna a d'inis muid bríomhar ná gur thug sé an misneach dúinn éisteacht leis an dá cheann.\nThit úsáid mucuna i gcosta Honduras go géar sna 2000í, faoi bhrú ó chothú beorach agus ó theacht an itchgrass (rottboellia cochinchinensis), fíonchaora ionrach nach bhféadfaí é a láimhseáil gan níos mó aird ná a bhí na feirmeoirí sásta a thabhairt chun an chothú clúdach a bhainistiú.2 Faoi láthair, tá an réigiún faoi bhrú ó go leor fórsaí, lena n-áirítear cartels drugaí ag fás coca ar chladaí cnoic iargúlta agus ag athrú an phaiste i gcokain le haghaidh onnmhairiú mídhleathach. Cé go bhfuil an córas abonera fós ina theicneolaíocht shuntasach, gan aon choimhlint mar chóras chun arbhar a fhás ar shliabháin, ní féidir leis dul san iomaíocht sa chomhthéacs sóisialta níos leithne agus i bhfad níos casta seo.\nI nDeisceart na hAfraice, chuir an Institiúid Idirnáisiúnta Talmhaíochta Trópaiceach, deartháir eagraíocht CIMMYT, agus an eagraíocht neamhrialtasach Sasakawa Global 2000 cultúir clúdaithe mucuna chun cinn go láidir. Ba rialú éifeachtach é an rothlú ar fheoil spear (Imperata cylindrical), féar an-ionrach a bhí ag cur báis ar thailte a bhainistiú go dian sa réigiún. Bhí mé sa Bhénin i 1995 ag an gcruinniú is airde den fheachtas, chun breathnú agus comhairle a thabhairt. Ní raibh a fhios agam ag an am sin go raibh na dreasachtaí a tugadh tríd an bhfeachtas tar éis measúnú feirmeoirí ar an teicneolaíocht a mheabhrú. Nuair a thit na dreasachtaí, thit úsáid na bhfeirmeoirí as freisin. Bhí sé ró-deacair do fheirmeoirí am agus acmhainní a chaitheamh chun é a fhás chun críocha agraimnéasacha amháin.\nNíos déanaí, nuair a d'oibrigh mé ag an Ionad Taighde Forbartha Idirnáisiúnta (IDRC), d'eagraigh mé ceardlann rathúil chun an taithí san Afraic Thiar a roinnt.3 Chisteáil mé freisin forbairt teach imréitigh faisnéise ar chultúir chlúdach san Afraic Thiar, agus taighde saotharlainne ar athrú Levodopa agus fachtóirí frith-chothaitheacha eile i síolta mucáin. Ag an am sin bhí taighdeoirí eile tar éis a gcuid aird a thiontú go ciallmhar chun úsáidí forage agus bia stairiúla mucuna a athbheochan, ag súil go mbeadh na buntáistí comhcheangailte go leor chun tacú le glacadh leanúnach. Bhí Marjatta Eilieta, feirmeoir Fionlainne a bhuail mé sa bhliain dheireanach de mo chuid ama ag CIMMYT, ag comhordaíocht iarrachta taighde mór ar an ábhar seo. Dúirt sí liom le déanaí, cé go raibh na torthaí geallta, nár cuireadh chun cinn iad go gníomhach agus nár éirigh leo tarraingt a fháil i gcearcaí forbartha náisiúnta agus idirnáisiúnta.\nGrianghraf: Feirmeoir (ar chlé) agus oibrí leathnú seasamh i bpláta taispeántais mucuna i mBeinín, 1992.\nMá chuirtear siar é, bhí na hiarrachtaí sin go léir luachmhar, cé nach raibh aon cheann acu mar \"réitíocht\" do phríomhfhadhbanna feirmeoireachta. Tá an comhar idir eolaithe agus feirmeoirí fós tábhachtach agus an domhan ag streachailt chun an talmhaíocht a atreorú óna bhealach díothraitheach i dtreo modh táirgthe is féidir a chothú ar fud an domhain gan costas a chur ar an talamh. Tá mé bródúil as bheith rannpháirteach sa phróiseas seo, cé nach bhfuil an clú geallta ó Mucuna fós agam.\nBhí Milton Flores ag rith eagraíocht bheag neamhrialtasach a d'aird ar úsáid chlúdach chothracha a dhoiciméadú i Meiriceá Láir. Bhí Roland Bunch, údar leabhar an-tóir ar fheirmeoireacht na tíre atá i mbéal forbartha dar teideal Two Ears of Corn: A Guide to People-Centered Agricultural Improvement, ag obair ag an am mar stiúrthóir Hondúrais ar Neighbours Domhanda, eagraíocht atá lonnaithe in Oklahoma a oibríonn i roinnt de na tíortha is boichte i Meiriceá Laidineach, san Áise agus san Afraic. ︎\nNeil, S. agus D. Lee. 1999 - Tá an t-am ann. An Chóiré Thuaidh: An t-Eagrán um Thír Chonair, Páipéar neamhfhoilsithe, Ollscoil Cornell. ︎\nBuckles, D., A. Etèka, O. Osiname, M. Galiba, agus N. Galiano, 1998. Cultúir Clúdaigh san Afraic Thiar: Cur le talmhaíocht inbhuanaithe. IDRC/IITA/Sasakawa Globel 2000. ︎"} {"text": "Lewis & Clark National Trail\nWilliam Clark and Meriwether Lewis left from Clarksville on October 26, 1803, to begin the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore the Louisiana Purchase. The departure site was the home site of George Rogers Clark, older brother of William Clark. The Clarksville and Louisville areas are where they recruited, enlisted, and trained the \"Corps of Discovery.\" The departure site is also referred to as \"Clark's Point\" and \"Falls of the Ohio.\" Lewis and Clark returned to Clarksville in November 1806.\nThe Lewis and Clark National Trail was recently extended by 1,200 miles with a law signed in March 2019. The trail extends through Indiana Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. The Clarksville section of the trail is at the Falls of the Ohio State Park along the Ohio River where a historic replica of George Rogers Clark's cabin is located.\nThe trail's extension now opens the door for more public education and tourism throughout the Ohio River Valley. \"The Lewis and Clark Expedition was the most important adventure of exploration and discovery in our nation's history,\" historian Lou Ritten said. View the Lewis & Clark National Historic Trail site.\nLewis & Clark Celebrates the Handshake - A Homecoming Celebration 2020\nWhere: George Rogers Clark Homesite - 1021 Harrison Ave., Clarksville, IN 47129\nTake an adventure to the Falls of the Ohio where today, a replica of the cabin that George Rogers Clark lived in, stands on the site overlooking the Ohio River. This year marks the 217th anniversary of the handshake that began the expedition. The site is on the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail. The Falls of the Ohio State Park staff maintains the cabin and staffs it; groups are welcome, and reservations for guided tours are available. The exhibit includes reenactments from blacksmiths to demonstrations of 19th-century medicine as well as other games, literature, and weaving will be on hand. The Lewis and Clark Handshake Festival is held here annually.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "url": "https://www.gosoin.com/lewis-clark/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103033816.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220624213908-20220625003908-00463.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9362846017, "token_count": 428, "score": 3.09375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Slighe Náisiúnta Lewis & Clark\nD'fhág William Clark agus Meriwether Lewis ó Clarksville an 26 Deireadh Fómhair, 1803, chun tús a chur le Taistil Lewis agus Clark chun Ceannach Louisiana a iniúchadh. Ba é an suíomh imeartha suíomh baile George Rogers Clark, deartháir níos sine William Clark. Is i gceantair Clarksville agus Louisville a earcaíodh, a liostáladh agus a oiliúnaíodh an \"Cór na Fionnachtana\". Tugtar \"Clark's Point\" agus \"Falls of the Ohio\" ar an suíomh imeachta freisin. D'fhill Lewis agus Clark go Clarksville i mí na Samhna 1806.\nLeathnaíodh an Lewis agus Clark National Trail le mílí 1,200 le dlí a síníodh i mí an Mhárta 2019. Tá an rian ag leathnú trí Indiana Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, agus West Virginia. Tá an chuid Clarksville den chos ag Páirc Stáit Ohio ar feadh Abhainn Ohio áit a bhfuil cóip stairiúil de chábán George Rogers Clark suite.\nOsclaíonn síneadh an rianta anois an doras do níos mó oideachais phoiblí agus turasóireachta ar fud Gleann Abhainn Ohio. \"Ba é an Taistil Lewis agus Clark an eachtra taistil agus fionnachtana is tábhachtaí i stair ár náisiúin\", a dúirt an staire Lou Ritten. Féach ar shuíomh Slighe Stairiúil Náisiúnta Lewis & Clark.\nLewis & Clark ag ceiliúradh an lámhdhéanamh - ceiliúradh ar ais abhaile 2020\nCá háit: George Rogers Clark Homesite - 1021 Harrison Ave., Clarksville, IN 47129\nTóg eachtraíocht go dtí na Caillte Ohio áit a bhfuil, inniu, cóip den chábán a raibh George Rogers Clark ina chónaí, ar an suíomh a bhfuil radharc ar Abhainn Ohio. I mbliana tá 217 bliain caite ón lámhdhéanamh a thosaigh an turas. Tá an suíomh ar Threo Stairiúil Náisiúnta Lewis agus Clark. Déanann foireann Pháirc Stáit Ohio an caibín a chothabháil agus a fhoireann; tá fáilte roimh ghrúpaí, agus tá áirithintí le haghaidh turais threoraithe ar fáil. Áirítear sa taispeántas athchraoltaí ó mhiontair go léirithe ar leigheas an 19ú haois chomh maith le cluichí eile, litríocht, agus fíodáil. Reáchtáiltear Féile Glac Láimhe Lewis agus Clark anseo gach bliain."} {"text": "What can we do to make ourselves happy? A lot of talk (and research) about happiness focuses on the individual.\nIs it what we eat? Maybe. This week, a British study released findings that people who eat more fruits and vegetables are happier. Those who ate seven servings daily were the happiest.\nIs it maintaining a calm environment for yourself? Maybe. Gretchen Rubin was heard this week saying that turning off her phone is one key to happiness. The idea is to avoid having a hectic and unmanageable life.\nDoes it have something to do with other people? Yes. The foremost psychologist on happiness thinks so: Martin Seligman, founder of positive psychology, has noted that all five elements of a life that can “flourish” has to do with other people. (His theory is encapsulated in the acronym “PERMA”: Positive emotions, Engagement, positive Relationships, Meaning, Accomplishment. See Margarita Mooney’s recent post.)\nThe profusion of research on happiness in the social sciences generally, and the contrasting absence of explicit recent work on the topic in sociology, have obscured the fact that attention to concepts of human well-being has been present all along in the sociological tradition. However, although the word “happiness” has rarely been used, much of sociological literature, beginning with the earliest theorists, has concerned individual well-being, sense of purpose, notions of the good life, satisfaction, contentment, and even exuberance—and how those are related to larger society. It’s worth looking at what sociologists can contribute to understanding each element in PERMA. I’ll start with “P.”\n“P” (positive emotions) is in some ways the most personalized of the elements. Emotions that we Americans general think are good (like pleasure, rapture, ecstasy, warmth, and comfort) seem straightforwardly individual. However, these reactions are often socially generated. A football fan in a stadium of other cheering fans during a winning game is caught up in a rapture that is indeed a positive emotion, but he is also wrapped up in a social activity. One of the “founding fathers” of sociology, Emile Durkheim, observed that emotions “ground” the moral rules that society produces (as Chris Shilling and Philip A. Mellor note). We get positive emotions from other people. A lot of the time, such positive emotions occur when things feel “right.” We might experience positive emotions when we receive a smile of affirmation from someone we love, but we might also feel these emotions when we watch this exchange occur between two people we don’t know. So beyond feeling these positive emotions when we receive something (because we are selfish), we also feel them when things feel right or moral. Morality, though, is collectively defined.\nDefinitions of what kinds of emotions are positive or not can therefore vary: In Chinese philosophy, shame is considered a healthy emotion to feel; in others, it is not. I’ll pick up here next.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50", "url": "http://www.patheos.com/blogs/blackwhiteandgray/2012/10/how-much-does-our-happiness-have-to-do-with-other-people/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542680.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00188-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9594421983, "token_count": 649, "score": 2.75, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cad is féidir linn a dhéanamh chun bheith sásta? Díríonn a lán cainte (agus taighde) faoi shásamh ar an duine aonair.\nAn bhfuil sé mar a itheann muid? B'fhéidir. An tseachtain seo, d'fhoilsigh staidéar sa Bhreatain torthaí go bhfuil daoine a itheann níos mó torthaí agus glasraí níos sona. Ba iad na daoine a d'ith seacht gcodanna in aghaidh an lae na daoine is sona.\nAn bhfuil sé ag coinneáil timpeallacht shíochánta duit féin? B'fhéidir. Chuala Gretchen Rubin an tseachtain seo ag rá go bhfuil a ghuthán a dhúnadh ar cheann de na heochracha chun a bheith sona. Is é an smaoineamh ná go seachnóidh tú saol heictiúil agus neamhriaraithe a bheith agat.\nAn bhfuil rud éigin le déanamh aige le daoine eile? Sea, tá. Is é an síceolaí is mó a bhfuil aithne air ar son na sonachta a cheapann go bhfuil: Dúirt Martin Seligman, bunaitheoir na síceolaíochta dearfacha, go bhfuil baint ag na cúig ghné de shaol a d'fhéadfadh a bheith 'fhormhór' le daoine eile. (Tá a theoiric capsuled sa acrainm PERMA: mothúcháin dearfacha, rannpháirtíocht, caidrimh dearfacha, brí, éachtaí. Féach post le déanaí Margarita Mooney.)\nTá an iomarca taighde ar sonas sna heolaíochtaí sóisialta go ginearálta, agus an easpa contrasting de shaineolaithe go soiléir obair le déanaí ar an ábhar i socheolaíocht, obscured ar an bhfíric go bhfuil aird ar choincheapa na folláine daonna i láthair go léir ar feadh i traidisiún socheolaíoch. Mar sin féin, cé go bhfuil an focal \"sástacht\" a úsáidtear go minic, go leor de na litríocht socheolaíoch, ag tosú leis na teoiricí is luaithe, a bhí i gceist le folláine aonair, ciall cuspóir, nochtanna den saol maith, sásamh, sásamh, agus fiú exuberance agus conas a bhaineann na cinn sin leis an tsochaí níos mó. Is fiú féachaint ar an méid is féidir le socheolaithe a chur leis chun gach gné a thuiscint i PERMA. Tosaím le P.\nIs é P (imoibrithe dearfacha) ar bhealaí áirithe an chuid is mó pearsantaithe de na heilimintí. Is cosúil go bhfuil mothúcháin a cheapann muid Meiriceánaigh go ginearálta go bhfuil siad go maith (cosúil le pléisiúr, rapture, ecstasy, teas, agus comhfhurtacht) go díreach aonair. Mar sin féin, is minic a ghineann an tsochaí na frithghníomhartha seo. Tá lucht leanúna peile i staidiam lucht leanúna eile a cheering le linn cluiche buaite i rapture go bhfuil i ndáiríre mothúchán dearfach, ach tá sé chomh maith i ngníomh sóisialta. Dúirt Emile Durkheim, ceann de aithreacha bunaithe na socheolaíochta, go bhfuil mothúcháin ar bhonn leis na rialacha morálta a tháirgeann an tsochaí (mar a thugann Chris Shilling agus Philip A. Mellor faoi deara). Faigheann muid mothúcháin dearfacha ó dhaoine eile. Go minic, bíonn mothúcháin dearfacha den sórt sin ann nuair a bhraitheann rudaí go bhfuil siad ceart. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh mothúcháin dearfacha againn nuair a fhaighimid gáire dearfacha ó dhuine a bhfuil grá againn dó, ach d'fhéadfadh go mbraitheann muid na mothúcháin seo freisin nuair a fheiceann muid an t-aistriú seo ag tarlú idir dhá dhuine nach bhfuil aithne againn orthu. Mar sin, seachas na mothúcháin dearfacha seo a bhraitheann nuair a fhaighimid rud éigin (mar go bhfuil muid féinmheasúil), bhraitheann muid iad freisin nuair a bhraitheann rudaí ceart nó morálta. Mar sin féin, sainmhínítear moráltacht go comhchoiteann.\nIs féidir sainmhínithe ar na cineálacha mothúchán atá dearfach nó nach bhfuil a bheith éagsúil: I bhfealsúnacht na Síne, meastar go bhfuil náire mothúchán sláintiúil le mothú; i ndaoine eile, níl sé. Beidh mé ag piocadh suas anseo ina dhiaidh sin."} {"text": "A stunning new photo from NASA's Cassini spacecraft shows five moons of Saturn hovering around two of the gas giant planet's dazzling rings.\nThe image, which NASA released Wednesday (Sept. 21), shows Saturn's moons Janus, Pandora, Enceladus, Mimas and Rhea. The planet's rings are beyond Rhea and Mimas, while bright Enceladus appears behind the rings. Cassini took the picture in visible green light on July 29, 2011. [See the amazing photo of Saturn's rings and moons]\nThe view looks toward the northern, sunlit side of the rings from just above the ringplane, researchers explained in a description.\nThe five Saturn moons in Cassini's photo vary greatly in size, with Pandora (50 miles wide, or 81 kilometers) and Janus (111 miles, or 179 km) the smallest. The \"Death Star moon\" Mimas measures 246 miles (396 km) across and Enceladus is 313 miles (504 km) wide. Rhea is Saturn's second-largest moon, at 949 miles (1,528 km) across.\nIn the image, Pandora appears near the center of the frame between Saturn's A ring and the thin F ring.\nThe Cassini spacecraft was closest to Rhea when it snapped the photo — about 684,000 miles (1.1 million km), researchers said. The spacecraft was 1.1 million miles (1.8 million km) from Enceladus, a frozen world that spouts water-ice geysers into space.\nSaturn has more than 60 known moons. The largest, Titan, is about 3,200 miles (5,150 km) wide, making it nearly 50 percent bigger than Earth's moon. [Photos: The Rings and Moons of Saturn]\nNASA launched Cassini toward Saturn in 1997, and the spacecraft arrived at the ringed planet in 2004. Cassini has been circling the planet to study its rings and moons ever since. Cassini also carried the European Huygens lander, which touched down on Titan in 2005.\nCassini's mission was originally slated to end in 2008, but NASA has extended the Saturn flight twice, most recently until 2017. The Cassini mission is a cooperative effort by NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian space agency.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26", "url": "https://www.space.com/13047-spectacular-photo-saturn-5-moons-cassini.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999615.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20190624150939-20190624172939-00026.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.919280529, "token_count": 478, "score": 3.234375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Taispeánann grianghraf nua iontach ó spásán Cassini NASA cúig ghealach de Saturn ag dul timpeall dhá cheann de na fáinní daite an phláinéid gháis ollmhór.\nTaispeánann an íomhá, a d'eisigh NASA Dé Céadaoin (21 Meán Fómhair), na meáin Satarn Janus, Pandora, Enceladus, Mimas agus Rhea. Tá fáinní an phláinéid taobh thiar de Rhea agus Mimas, agus tá Enceladus geal le feiceáil taobh thiar de na fáinní. Ghlac Cassini an pictiúr i solas glas le feiceáil ar an 29 Iúil, 2011. [Féach an grianghraf iontach de na fáinní agus na meáin Satarn]\nTá an radharc ag breathnú i dtreo an taobh thuaidh, solais na n-ainneoin ó díreach os cionn an ringplane, a mhínigh taighdeoirí i gcriathrú.\nTá na cúig ghealach Satarn i bpictiúr Cassini éagsúil go mór i méid, agus is é Pandora (50 míle ar leithead, nó 81 ciliméadar) agus Janus (111 míle, nó 179 km) an ceann is lú. Tá troscán an \"Death Star\" Mimas 246 míle (396 km) ar thóir agus tá Enceladus 313 míle (504 km) ar leithead. Is é Rhea an dara ghealach is mó de Shatairín, agus tá a thréimhse 949 míle (1,528 ciliméadar).\nSa phictiúr, tá Pandora gar do lár an fráma idir fáinne A Satarn agus an fáinne tanaí F.\nBhí an spásárthach Cassini is gaire do Rhea nuair a rinne sé an grianghraf thart ar 684,000 míle (1.1 milliún ciliméadar), a dúirt taighdeoirí. Bhí an spásárthaí 1.1 milliún míle (1.8 milliún ciliméadar) ó Enceladus, domhan reoite a sput geysers uisce-oighear isteach sa spás.\nTá níos mó ná 60 ghealach ar eolas ag Satarn. Tá an ceann is mó, Titán, thart ar 5,150 ciliméadar ar leithead, rud a chiallaíonn go bhfuil sé beagnach 50 faoin gcéad níos mó ná ghealach na Talún. [Gamhráin: Na fáinní agus na míonna de Satarn]\nChuir NASA Cassini i dtreo na Saitéine i 1997, agus tháinig an spásárthach go dtí an phláinéid fáinne i 2004. Tá Cassini ag rothlú timpeall na pláinéad chun a fáinní agus a ghealach a staidéar ó shin i leith. Bhí an t-aisteoir Eorpach Huygens ar Cassini freisin, a thit ar Titan i 2005.\nBhí misean Cassini sceidealta ar dtús chun deireadh a chur le 2008, ach tá an NASA tar éis eitilt Saturn a leathnú dhá uair, go dtí 2017 ar an gceann is déanaí. Is é misean Cassini iarracht chomhoibritheach ag NASA, an Ghníomhaireacht Spáis Eorpach agus an ghníomhaireacht spáis Iodálach."} {"text": "Ready for Tonight's\nYou may not find 'homework meltdown' in the dictionary, but millions of parents know exactly what one is:\n- A fit or tantrum brought on when students are overloaded, exhausted and overwhelmed by homework.\n- Students simply fall apart and are unable or unwilling to understand or finish their homework.\nAs if a distraught and upset child isn't bad enough, homework meltdowns affect the entire family. Everybody's afternoon and evening is ruined.\nBelieve it or not, some students have a homework meltdown night after night, year after year! Tears, crying, yelling, fighting, pleading- this is what these children will remember about about their childhoods and school.\nHomework meltdowns are not inevitable, and parents should not tolerate anything that brings such negativity and ugliness into their homes. Before we discuss how to deal with meltdowns, ask yourself these questions.\n2 Questions About Homework Meltdowns\nDo They Happen Often? Everybody- including children- has a bad day now and then. A meltdown once in a blue moon is no big deal. Write a homework note to the teacher, and send your child to bed early.\nIf your child is having homework breakdowns on a regular basis, there is an underlying problem that must be solved. Is their homework too difficult? Is there simply too much of it? Is your child doing her homework at her 'best time?' Discover and support your child's Homework Personality to stop that homework meltdown in its tracks!\nAre They Real? Oh, those kids are smart! It takes them about half a second to figure out what works and what doesn't. If they pitch a homework fit, and you make it all better (no homework, an ice cream, etc.), who can blame them for trying it over and over again?\nHow to Prevent Homework Meltdowns\nWhen it comes to preventing homework meltdowns, students need a homework situation that supports their homework personality PLUS these three (3) things:\nSleep Study after study (and teacher after teacher) will tell you that sleepy students do not learn as well- or as quickly- as students that are well-rested. Many meltdowns are the result of chronic sleep deprivation. Those babies are tired! Make certain that your child is getting enough sleep every night.\nTime Off Can we give these kids a break, please? They go to school all day, and then we expect them to sit down and do more work at home. It's too much! Not only do they need a break every day, they should have a break from homework on weekends and holidays as well. (Please don't tell me that students had better 'get used to it.' Adults don't get used to working all day, bringing work home and working on vacation.)\nRegular routine If homework happens at the same time, place and duration each school day, it becomes less of an issue than if those things constantly change. Establish a reasonable, sensible homework routine for your children to help them look at homework as 'no big deal,' just part of the day.\nWarning for Parents\nParents, it might take some time, but you can\nstop those meltdowns! Just make absolutely certain that you don't:\nGet dragged into the drama! I know, it's hard to stay cool when your child is having a meltdown. But, you must do it! No arguing back and forth, yelling, pleading, making insane promises (\"Just do this math sheet, and I'll buy you a video game!). You must stay calm, nip the meltdown in the bud and seek long-term solutions.\nDon't do the homework for them! Many parents admit that, when homework becomes too unbearable, they do it for their kids. Stop! It would be better to write across the page\nMy child was having a meltdown, so I told him to stop here.\nthan to do your child's homework. The teacher needs to be aware of students' homework havoc; and, your child needs to understand that you will help them but you will NOT do their work for them.\nLet's Get Some Homework Peace!What to do if your child won't turn in his homework\nWhy Sleep Is More Important Than Homework\nHow to Create A Homework Friendly Home\nHow to Be A Good Homework Helper\n↑ Subscribe to the Homework Blog!", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "url": "https://family-homework-answers.com/homework-meltdown.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103640328.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220629150145-20220629180145-00133.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9682714343, "token_count": 919, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Réidh le haghaidh Tonight's\nB'fhéidir nach bhfaighidh tú 'mhilleadh obair bhaile' sa foclóir, ach tá a fhios ag na milliúin tuismitheoirí go díreach cad é:\n- Tá sé ina thrácht nó ina thrácht a tharlaíonn nuair a bhíonn na mic léinn ró-ualaithe, tuirseach agus faoi mhothú ag obair bhaile.\n- Ní bhíonn na mic léinn in ann a gcuid obair bhaile a thuiscint nó a chríochnú.\nMura bhfuil leanbh a bhfuil imní agus imní air go leor, bíonn tionchar ag an teaghlach ar fad ar mhilleadh obair bhaile. Tá gach duine déanach agus tráthnóna scriosadh.\nCreid é nó ná creid, bíonn roinnt daltaí ag cur a gcuid obair bhaile i dtorthaí an-bhlasta oíche i ndiaidh oíche, bliain i ndiaidh bliana! Tá sé seo mar a chuimhneoidh na páistí seo ar a gcuid óige agus ar an scoil.\nNí féidir a sheachaint go bhfuil an obair bhaile ag titim, agus níor cheart do thuismitheoirí aon rud a fhulaingt a thugann diúltachta agus ugliness den sórt sin isteach ina dteaghlaigh. Sula ndéanaimid plé ar conas déileáil le géarchéimeanna, cuir na ceisteanna seo ort féin.\n2 Ceisteanna faoi na hOibreacha Baile a Dhéanamh\nAn Dtarlaíonn siad Go minic? Bíonn droch-lá ag gach duine - lena n-áirítear leanaí - anois agus ansin. Ní hé an rud is mó ná go bhfuil géarchéim ann uair amháin i mí na Nollag. Scríobh nóta le haghaidh obair bhaile don mhúinteoir, agus cuir do leanbh go luath ar leaba.\nMá bhíonn do pháiste ag déanamh obair bhaile go rialta, tá fadhb bhunúsach ann nach mór a réiteach. An bhfuil a gcuid obair bhaile ró-deacair? An bhfuil an iomarca ann? An ndéanann do leanbh a chuid obair bhaile ag an 'am is fearr' dó? Faigh amach agus tacú le Pearsantacht an Oibre Baile do pháiste chun stop a chur leis an gcáineadh seo ar obair bhaile!\nAn bhfuil siad fíor? Ó, tá na páistí cliste! Tógann sé thart ar leathscéad dóibh a fháil amach cad a oibríonn agus cad nach bhfuil. Má tá siad a chur ar an obair bhaile oiriúnach, agus tú a dhéanamh go léir níos fearr (gan obair bhaile, oighir, srl. ), cé a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina chúis leo é a thriail arís agus arís eile?\nConas a Choscann Tú an t-Eagrán ar Dhomhnamh\nNuair a thagann sé chun díghlasáil obair bhaile a chosc, teastaíonn cás obair bhaile ó dhaltaí a thacaíonn lena phearsantacht obair bhaile PLUS na trí (3) rud seo:\nSleep Léiríonn staidéar i ndiaidh staidéir (agus múinteoir i ndiaidh múinteora) nach mbíonn mic léinn codlata ag foghlaim chomh maith - nó chomh tapa - le mic léinn atá go maith scíthe. Is é an díthréimhse choiriúil codlata a bhíonn i gceist le go leor de na géarchéimeanna. Tá na páistí seo tuirseach! Déan cinnte go bhfuil do leanbh ag fáil codlata go leor gach oíche.\nAm Off An féidir linn a thabhairt do na páistí scíth a ligean, le do thoil? Téann siad ar scoil an lá ar fad, agus ansin táimid ag súil go suífidh siad síos agus go ndéanfaidh siad níos mó oibre sa bhaile. Tá sé ró-fhada! Ní amháin go dteastaíonn sos uaidh gach lá, ba cheart go mbeadh sos acu ó obair bhaile ag deireadh seachtaine agus ar laethanta saoire freisin. (Ná deirim le do thoil liom go mbeadh 'a bheith cleachtaithe leis' níos fearr ag mic léinn. Ní bhíonn daoine fásta cleachtaithe le bheith ag obair an lá ar fad, ag tabhairt oibre abhaile agus ag obair ar laethanta saoire.)\nRíomh-aimsire Rialta Má tharlaíonn an obair bhaile ag an am céanna, san áit agus sa fhad gach lá scoile, ní bhíonn sé ina cheist ná mar a bheadh sé dá n-athraíonn na rudaí sin i gcónaí. Socraigh rialta réasúnta, réasúnta le haghaidh obair bhaile do do pháistí chun cabhrú leo féachaint ar obair bhaile mar 'ní mór' ach mar chuid den lá.\nRabhadh do Thuismitheoirí\nA thuismitheoirí, b'fhéidir go dtógfaidh sé tamall, ach is féidir leat\nstop na meltdowns! Just a dhéanamh cinnte go hiomlán nach bhfuil tú:\nBí i do threascairt sa drámaíocht! Tá a fhios agam, tá sé deacair a bheith cool nuair a bhíonn do leanbh ag teacht síos. Ach, ní mór duit é a dhéanamh! Níl aon argóint ar ais agus amach, ag caoineadh, ag impí, ag déanamh gealltanais dhúchais (\"Just do an bileog matamaitice seo, agus beidh mé ag ceannach cluiche físeán duit!). Ní mór duit fanacht socair, an t-imleá a chur ar ceal agus réitigh fhadtéarmacha a lorg.\nNá déan an obair bhaile dóibh! Admhaíonn go leor tuismitheoirí, nuair a bhíonn an obair bhaile ró-dhíghnó, go ndéanann siad é dá gcuid páistí. Stop! Stop! Bheadh sé níos fearr a scríobh ar fud an leathanach\nBhí mo leanbh ag teacht le chéile, mar sin dúirt mé leis stopadh anseo.\nná a dhéanamh ar obair bhaile do leanbh. Ní mór don mhúinteoir a bheith ar an eolas faoi na haos oibre baile a dhéanann na mic léinn; agus, ní mór do leanbh a thuiscint go gcabhróidh tú leo ach NÍL an obair a dhéanfaidh tú dóibh.\nDéanaimis roinnt obair bhaile!Céard atá le déanamh mura ndéanfaidh do leanbh a chuid obair bhaile a thabhairt isteach\nCén Fáth go bhfuil Codladh Níos tábhachtaí ná Oibre Baile\nConas Teacht ar Cheardlann Baile a Chur i gComhchónaí\nConas a Bheith i do Chabhrach ar Dhomhnamh\n↑ Subscribe to the Homework Blog! ↑ Subscribe to the Homework Blog! ↑ Subscribe to the Homework Blog!"} {"text": "As a young girl of 19 years old Chantal Nobécourt volunteered for the Red Cross in Caen in the summer of 1944. When the city endured the heavy bombardments by the German and Canadian armies she worked at the nursery in the Malherbe High School, that was equipped as refugee centre for the inhabitants of Caen.\nChantal Nobécourt was born in Rouen on 30 January 1925. In 1942 she moved to Caen with her family when her father, a veteran of the First World War, became editor of the ‘Journal de Normandie’, a newspaper that was closely watched by the Germans. In 1943 Chantal enlisted for the Red Cross.\nOn the evening of 5 June 1944 Chantal heard the Allied bombardment of Normandy and realised that the invasion was in progress. That night her family took refuge in the cellar of their house. Right after D-Day Chantal started helping the refugees in the Saint-Etienne Church. In the Malherbe High School she organised a centre for babies to make sure that they were taken care of.\nOn 9 July the first Canadians arrived in Caen, that was still partly occupied by the Germans. Chantal helped the local resistance to raise the tricolour on the Place Monseigneur des Hameaux. But when the Canadians announced another heavy attack, she participated in the evacuation of all refugees to Bayeux. After the liberation of Caen Chantal volunteered for the National Mutual Aid and participated in the distribution of clothes during the winter of 1944-1945.\nAfter the war Chantal Rivière-Nobécourt, who passed her life from adolescence to adulthood on the ruins of Caen, was deputy mayor for culture in Caen from 1977-1989.\nOn D-Day Caen was an important Allied objective as it was an essential road hub, strategically astride the Orne River and Caen Canal. The Germans defended this stronghold with all their power. It took six weeks of fighting and heavy shelling to capture the capital of Normandy. 30,000 Anglo-Canadian soldiers and 3,000 civilians lost their lives.\nOne of its kind in France, the Mémorial de Caen Museum gives the public the keys to understanding the Second World War, from its origins after the First World War to its latest consequences in 1989. It prompts the visitor to ask himself questions about this rapidly fading episode that changed the face of Europe and the world.\nAs soon as the news of the D-Day landings in Normandy was heard, the head of the Caen Gestapo decided to execute all Allied prisoners held at the Caen jail. 87 of them were shot in the prison courtyard throughout the day of 6 June 1944. Their bodies were never found.\nWith nearly 4.000 British soldiers buried here, the Bayeux War Cemetery is the largest British military cemetery of the Second World War in France. The adjacent memorial commemorates the unidentified Commonwealth soldiers who fell during the Battle of Normandy and recalls the close links between Normandy and Britain.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "url": "https://europeremembers.com/biography/chantal-riviere-nobecourt/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104576719.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220705113756-20220705143756-00459.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9712848067, "token_count": 626, "score": 2.859375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Mar chailín óg 19 bliana d'aois, chuaigh Chantal Nobécourt deonach don Chrois Dhearg i Caen i samhradh 1944. Nuair a d'fhulaing an chathair na buamáil throm ag arm na Gearmáine agus Cheanada d'oibrigh sí sa rannaí sa Bhunscoil Mhór-Mherbe, a bhí feistithe mar ionad dídeanaithe d'áitritheoirí Caen.\nRugadh Chantal Nobécourt i Rouen ar 30 Eanáir 1925. I 1942 bhog sí go Caen lena teaghlach nuair a tháinig a hathair, sean-fhear den Chéad Chogadh Domhanda, ina eagarthóir ar an Journal de Normandie, nuachtán a bhí faoi dhlúth-amharc na nGearmáinise. Sa bhliain 1943, chuaigh Chantal isteach sa Chros Dearg.\nAr an tráthnóna an 5 Meitheamh 1944 chuala Chantal buamáil na gComhghuaillithe ar an Normandaí agus thuig sí go raibh an ionradh ar siúl. An oíche sin, chuaigh a teaghlach i seilbh i seilf a dteach. Díreach tar éis Lá D thosaigh Chantal ag cabhrú leis na dídeanaithe i gCathrach Saint-Etienne. Sa Mheánscoil Malherbe d'eagraigh sí ionad do naíonáin chun a chinntiú go ndéanfaí cúram a dhéanamh orthu.\nAr 9 Iúil tháinig na chéad Cheanadaigh i Caen, a bhí á áitiú go páirteach ag na Gearmánaigh fós. Chabhraigh Chantal leis an friotaíocht áitiúil an tricolor a ardú ar Place Monseigneur des Hameaux. Ach nuair a d'fhógair na Canadaigh ionsaí trom eile, ghlac sí páirt i n-eascabháil na n-eitiltithe go léir go Bayeux. Tar éis shaoradh Caen, rinne Chantal deonach don Chúnamh Náisiúnta Comharsanachta agus ghlac sí páirt i ndáil le héadaí a dháileadh le linn gheimhridh 1944-1945.\nTar éis an chogaidh, bhí Chantal Rivière-Nobécourt, a chaith a saol ó óige go hardánacht ar bhrúigh Caen, ina leas-mhéara cultúir i Caen ó 1977-1989.\nAr Lá D bhí Caen ina chuspóir thábhachtach do na Comhghuaillithe mar bhí sé ina mhol bóthair riachtanach, go straitéiseach ag cur síos ar Abhainn Orne agus ar Chainéal Caen. Chosain na Gearmánaigh an daingne seo lena gcumhacht go léir. Thóg sé seachtaine de throid agus de shéimhiotail throm caipitil Normandy a ghabháil. Chaill 30,000 saighdiúir Angla-Canada agus 3,000 sibhialta a saol.\nCeann dá chineál sa Fhrainc, tugann an Músaem Mémorial de Caen an pobal na heochracha chun an Dara Cogadh Domhanda a thuiscint, óna bhunús tar éis an Chéad Chogadh Domhanda go dtí a iarmhairtí is déanaí i 1989. Cuireann sé ceist ar an gcuairteoir faoin eachtra seo a bhí ag dul in olcas go tapa agus a d'athraigh aghaidh na hEorpa agus an domhain.\nChomh luath agus a chuala an nuacht faoi na tuirlingtí D-Day i Normandy, chinn ceann Gestapo Caen gach príosúnach Comhghuaillithe a bhí i bpríosún Caen a fhorghníomhú. Ghlac 87 díobh sa chúirt phríosúin ar feadh an lae ar 6 Meitheamh 1944. Níor aimsíodh a gcorp riamh.\nLe beagnach 4.000 saighdiúir Bhreatain curtha anseo, is é an Bhamhain Chogaidh Bayeux an phomhpholachán míleata is mó na Breataine sa Dara Cogadh Domhanda sa Fhrainc. Cuirtear an chuimhneachán in aice leis chun cuimhne na saighdiúirí neamh-aitheanta Comhphobail a thit le linn Cath na hNormandaí agus cuireann sé i gcuimhne naisc dlúithe idir an Normandy agus an Bhreatain."} {"text": "scroll to top\nStuck on your essay?\nGet ideas from this essay and see how your work stacks up\nWord Count: 1,112\nIn literature all stories are written so that they convey to readers a central idea or theme Writers compose their works so that the theme they are writing about is brought out in a story in such a manner that the various elements of the story work together in communicating the theme The better a writer is at their work the more literary elements there will be in their stories that complement each other and seem to work together In the story Same Time Same Place by Mervyn Peake the main theme that is evident is that things are not always as they seem Peake uses the literary elements of characters setting contrast and many others in a way that they all lead the reader to the same main point These literary elements and how they work together in communicating Peakes theme will be the focus of this essay The literary element of setting is used in Same Time Same Place so that it plays an integral role in the formation of the theme Peake sets his story in a town circus He describes this circus as the center of the worldwhere anything might happenp264 Circuses are generally known as places where the unusual and odd aspects of humanity and the world congregate They are places where the impossible is said to be possible The reason that this type of setting helps create Peakes theme of things not always being as they seem is that this is precisely what circuses are all about When one thinks of a circus images of the two-faced man and the fire-eater are conjured up along with many other images of things not always being as they seem Peake also uses the element of characters in his story to convey his main point Although not presented in the story until the climax the friends of the bride that make up her wedding party are\n@Kibin is a lifesaver for my essay right now!!\n- Sandra Slivka, student @ UC Berkeley\nWow, this is the best essay help I've ever received!\n- Camvu Pham, student @ U of M\nIf I'd known about @Kibin in college, I would have gotten much more sleep\n- Jen Soust, alumni @ UCLA", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04", "url": "https://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/the-illusion-of-things-in-same-time-same-place-by-mervyn-peake-KQecwiTG", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00364-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9727404118, "token_count": 451, "score": 2.96875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "scrollaigh go barr\nClúdach ar do aiste?\nFaigh smaointe ón aiste seo agus féach conas a bhíonn do chuid oibre ag dul suas\nLíon na bhfocal: 1,112\nI litríocht scríobhtar gach scéal ionas go dtabharfaidh siad léitheoirí smaoineamh nó téama lárnach Scríbhneoirí a gcuid saothair ionas go dtarraingítear an téama a bhfuil siad ag scríobh faoi i scéal ar bhealach go n-oibríonn eilimintí éagsúla an scéil le chéile chun an téama a chur in iúl An níos fearr a bhíonn scríbhneoir ag obair a gcuid oibre is mó eilimintí liteartha a bheidh ina gcuid scéalta a chomhlánóidh a chéile agus a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag obair le chéile Sa scéal An Am céanna An Áit Cheannaigh le Mervyn Peake is é an príomhthéama atá soiléir ná nach bhfuil rudaí i gcónaí mar a fheictear Peake úsáideann eilimintí liteartha na carachtair ag leagan i gcoinne agus go leor eile ar bhealach go dtiocfaidh siad go léir ar an léitheoir chuig an bpríomhphointe céanna Beidh na heilimintí liteartha seo agus an chaoi a n-oibríonn siad le chéile i dteagmháil Peakes beidh fócas an aiste seo ar an téama liteartha na suíomhanna cuairte a úsáidtear sa am céanna An Áit Cheannaigh ionas go bhfuil ról lárnach aige i bhfoirceáil an téama a bhfuil siad ag scríobh faoi Peake ina scéal sa bhaile\nIs é @Kibin an t-aistriúchán a shábháil mo shaothar anois! Tá sé!\n- Sandra Slivka, mac léinn @ UC Berkeley\nWow, is é seo an chuid is fearr a chuidíonn insint a fuair mé riamh!\n- Camvu Pham, mac léinn @ U de M\nDá mbeadh a fhios agam faoi @Kibin sa choláiste, d'fhágfainn i bhfad níos mó codlata\n- Jen Soust, alumni @ UCLA"} {"text": "Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) seems to be a natural condition that occurs with age. Older individuals report common experiences of forgetfulness, difficulty with problem solving, and sensory impairment. Research has shown that certain classifications of MCI can be predictive of further deficits and even dementia and Alzheimer’s (AD). However, a recent study conducted by Perminder S. Sachdev, of the Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing at the School of Psychiatry at the University of New South Wales Medicine in Australia, suggests that there are certain factors that can actually lead to reversal of MCI.\nIn the study, Sachdev assessed 233 individuals between the ages of 71 and 89 years old for levels of MCI. The participants were also evaluated for physical illness, psychological conditions, sensory capacity, and other factors that could affect MCI. They were assessed at baseline and again 2 years later. Sachdev found that the 66 participants who reverted back to normal levels of cognitive functioning shared some similarities. In particular, they were more likely to have a more mild form of MCI than those who did not revert. They also had more intact vision and smell senses. The reverters engaged in activities that stimulated cognitive processes such as reading, puzzles, and problem solving. They were more open to new experiences, had fewer incidences of arthritis and had better blood pressure levels than the non-reverters.\nAll of these conditions can be seen as disconnected, yet Sachdev explains that in fact, they are all related. For instance, having more severe MCI can prohibit people from engaging in activites that require thinking, such as problem solving and reading. Also, sensory deprivation can cause people to avoid activities that require use of those senses. Perhaps people with poor vision may choose not to take on visual tasks that could stimulate cognitive abilities. In addition, pain from arthritis could tax cognitive pathways, which could further impede on resources need to perform some of the protective tasks. Likewise, individuals with depression, stress, or high blood pressure may have temporary states of MCI as a result. When their psychological and physical symptoms are reduced through therapy or medication, their cognitive abilities can rebound. Even though many of the participants did go on to experience sustained or further MCI, this study shows that many individuals with MCI can take advantage of activities that could potentially reverse the impairment. “Assessing these factors could facilitate more accurate prognosis of individuals with MCI.” Sachdev added, “Participation in cognitively enriching activities and efforts to lower blood pressure might promote reversion.”\nSachdev PS, et al. (2013). Factors predicting reversion from mild cognitive impairment to normal cognitive functioning: A population-based study. PLoS ONE 8(3): e59649. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059649\n© Copyright 2013 GoodTherapy.org. All rights reserved.\nThe preceding article was solely written by the author named above. Any views and opinions expressed are not necessarily shared by GoodTherapy.org. Questions or concerns about the preceding article can be directed to the author or posted as a comment below.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30", "url": "https://www.goodtherapy.org/blog/aging-dementia-memory-Alzheimer-0410131?replytocom=72311", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526408.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720024812-20190720050812-00458.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9651474357, "token_count": 639, "score": 3.09375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is cosúil gur coinníoll nádúrtha é an lag lag lag lag lag a tharlaíonn le haois. Deir daoine scothaosta go mbíonn taithí coitianta acu ar dearmad, ar dheacrachtaí le fadhbanna a réiteach, agus ar mhíchumas ciallmhar. Léirigh taighde gur féidir le haicmiúcháin áirithe MCI díthrom níos mó a thuar agus fiú dementia agus Alzheimer (AD) a thuar. Mar sin féin, léiríonn staidéar le déanaí a rinne Perminder S. Sachdev, ón Ionad um Sheanbhliú Céir Sláintiúil ag Scoil na Síceachtraíochta in Ollscoil na Nua-Gheallainn Theas san Astráil, go bhfuil tosca áirithe ann a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina gcúis le MCI a aisiompú i ndáiríre.\nSa staidéar, rinne Sachdev measúnú ar 233 duine idir 71 agus 89 bliain d'aois maidir le leibhéil MCI. Rinneadh meastóireacht freisin ar na rannpháirtithe maidir le galar fisiceach, coinníollacha síceolaíocha, cumas braite, agus fachtóirí eile a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a bheith acu ar MCI. Rinneadh measúnú orthu ag tús an chóireála agus arís 2 bhliain ina dhiaidh sin. Fuair Sachdev go raibh roinnt cosúlachtaí ag na 66 rannpháirtí a tháinig ar ais go dtí gnáthleibhéil fheidhmiú cognaíoch. Go háirithe, bhí seans níos mó acu go mbeadh foirm níos éadroime de MCI acu ná iad siúd nach ndeachaigh ar ais. Bhí radharc agus boladh níos sláintiúla acu freisin. Bhí na filleadóirí páirteach i ngníomhaíochtaí a spreag próisis chognaíocha mar léitheoireacht, puzzles, agus réiteach fadhbanna. Bhí siad níos oscailte do thaithí nua, bhí níos lú teagmhais ar athritis acu agus bhí leibhéil níos fearr brú fola acu ná na daoine nach raibh ag athshlánú.\nIs féidir na coinníollacha seo go léir a fheiceáil mar neamhnasctha, ach míníonn Sachdev go bhfuil siad go léir nasctha i ndáiríre. Mar shampla, d'fhéadfadh MCI níos déine daoine a thoirmeasc ó ghníomhaíochtaí a éilíonn smaoineamh, mar réiteach fadhbanna agus léamh. Chomh maith leis sin, d'fhéadfadh díthréigean ciallmhar daoine a chur faoi deara gníomhaíochtaí a sheachaint a éilíonn úsáid na n-airí sin. B'fhéidir go roghnaíonn daoine a bhfuil amharc lag orthu gan tascanna amhairc a dhéanamh a d'fhéadfadh a gcumas cognaíocha a spreagadh. Ina theannta sin, d'fhéadfadh pian ó arthritis a bheith ina chostas ar bhealaí cognaíocha, rud a d'fhéadfadh bac a chur ar acmhainní a theastaíonn chun cuid de na cúraimí cosanta a dhéanamh. Mar an gcéanna, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh staid shealadach MCI mar thoradh ar dhaoine a bhfuil dúlagar, strus, nó brú fola ard orthu. Nuair a laghdaítear a n-iarsmaí síceolaíocha agus fisiciúla trí theiripe nó cógais, is féidir a gcumas cognaíocha a athshlánú. Cé gur tháinig MCI leanúnach nó níos mó ar go leor de na rannpháirtithe, léiríonn an staidéar seo gur féidir le go leor daoine aonair le MCI leas a bhaint as gníomhaíochtaí a d'fhéadfadh an lagú a aisiompú. D'fhéadfadh meastóireacht a dhéanamh ar na tosca seo prognóis níos cruinne a éascú do dhaoine aonair le MCI. Dúirt Sachdev, D'fhéadfadh rannpháirtíocht i ngníomhaíochtaí a shaibhreannann cognaíoch agus iarrachtaí brú fola a ísliú a chur chun cinn.\nSachdev PS, et al. (2013). Fachtóirí a thuar go dtiocfaidh aisghabháil ó lag lagú cognaíoch go gnáthfheidhmiú cognaíoch: Staidéar daonra-bhunaithe. PLoS ONE 8 ((3): e59649. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059649\n© Copyright 2013 GoodTherapy.org. Coimeádtar na cearta go léir.\nAn t-údar a scríobh an t-alt roimhe seo amháin a ainmníodh thuas. Ní gá go gcomhaontóidh GoodTherapy.org aon tuairimí agus tuairimí a léirítear. Is féidir ceisteanna nó imní faoi an t-alt roimhe seo a dhíriú chuig an údar nó a phostáil mar thuairim thíos."} {"text": "A good dialogue is rewarding – and leading one requires practice and repetition. The cards for facilitating a discussion will provide you with tips and phrases for leading a dialogue. First learn to master a few leading methods, then expand your knowledge discussion by discussion. Start from yourself and learn to be both an expert listener and discussion facilitator.\nTuning into the discussion, creating an encounter on an equal basis and the right kind of ending are important in every discussion. Also, think about the situation preceding the discussion. For example, are there tensions between the participants and do you believe someone will dominate the discussion? In these situations, you should study the conversation cards with advice for tough situations especially carefully.\nSome tips for using the conversation cards:\n- Start using the cards well before the discussion, already in the planning stage\n- Read the cards through one by one and draw up a suitable script for your discussion\n- Modify the wordings to make them natural for you and make notes of them\n- Read through the cards and your notes once more just before the discussion or the previous day", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-33", "url": "https://www.sitra.fi/en/publications/timeout-conversation-cards/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00356.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9329819083, "token_count": 218, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá dea-phlé luachmhar agus éilíonn cleachtadh agus athdhéanamh a bheith ag tabhairt faoi cheann. Beidh na cártaí chun plé a éascú ag soláthar leideanna agus frásaí duit chun comhrá a stiúradh. Ar dtús foghlaim chun máistreacht a fháil ar roinnt modhanna tosaigh, ansin leathnú do chuid eolais ag plé le plé. Tosaigh leat féin agus foghlaim conas a bheith ina éisteoir saineolach agus ina chúntóir plé.\nTá sé tábhachtach sa chaint go bhfuil an t-ábhar á phlé, go bhfuil an t-ábhar á chur ar fáil ar bhonn comhionann agus go bhfuil an deireadh ceart á chur ar fáil. Smaoinigh freisin ar an staid a bhí roimh an gcruinniú. Mar shampla, an bhfuil teannas idir na rannpháirtithe agus an gcreideann tú go mbeidh duine éigin ag smachtú ar an bplé? I gcásanna den sórt sin, ba cheart duit na cártaí comhrá a bhfuil comhairle acu maidir le cásanna deacra a léamh go cúramach.\nSeo roinnt leideanna maidir leis na cártaí comhrá a úsáid:\n- Tús a chur leis na cártaí fada roimh an bplé, cheana féin sa chéim phleanála\n- Léigh na cártaí trína chéile agus déan scripte oiriúnach a tharraingt suas le haghaidh do phlé\n- na focail a mhodhnú ionas go mbeidh siad nádúrtha duit agus nótaí a dhéanamh orthu\n- Léigh na cártaí agus do nótaí arís díreach roimh an bplé nó an lá roimhe sin"} {"text": "Gingivitis is a swelling or inflammation of the gum tissue. If gingivitis is not corrected, 30 percent of all cases will become periodontitis, a condition where bacteria has spread from the gums to the bones, possibly resulting in lost teeth, an eroded jaw bone, and the need for dental surgery.\nIn the past, gingivitis did not cause much concern, but a study conducted in 1998 found that compared to men with healthy gums, those with gum disease were four and a half times more likely to have heart disease. The connection is thought to be due to bacteria entering the bloodstream through the gums.\nAnother study discovered that people with gum disease had 50 percent more plaque buildup in their carotid arteries than in people with healthy gums. Plaque buildup is a major risk factor for stroke. In June 2000, it was announced that a study observing 1000 pregnant women discovered premature deliveries were eight times more likely if they had gum disease.\nThe bacteria that causes gingivitis has been found in the brains of Alzheimer’s patients, according to a study published by Science Advance in January 2019.\nSymptoms of gingivitis may be mild and go unnoticed.\n- Continual bad breath may be present\n- Gums become bright red, tender, swollen\n- Gums bleed readily when flossing or brushing\n- Gum tissue withdraws from the teeth, causing receding gums\n- Sensitive teeth\nBacteria that has not been removed by brushing and flossing sits under the gum line and eventually leads to infection.\nOther factors that can contribute to gingivitis are:\n- Brushing too hard\n- Certain medications\n- Crooked teeth\n- Dental work that is too loose\n- Diets that are high in refined carbohydrates and sugar\n- Dry mouth\n- GERD or acid reflux\n- Hormonal changes\n- Nutritional deficiencies\n- Weakened immune system\nVeterans who suffer from post-traumatic stress have a higher rate of gum disease, including gingivitis.\nElevated hormones during pregnancy exaggerate the body’s response to plaque in the mouth, thus increasing the likelihood of getting gingivitis. If good oral hygiene is practiced, this should not become a problem.\nDiabetics are known to be more prone to gingivitis than non-diabetics. However, when diabetes is well controlled, gingivitis is kept in check.\nPrescription for Health\n|Coenzyme Q10||300 to 500 mg daily||Has been shown to work as well as scaling and root planing|\n|Oil of oregano||Three drops three times daily||Antibacterial and antifungal|\n|Tea tree oil mouthwash||Gargle and swish twice daily||Antibacterial and antifungal|\n|Goldenseal||20 drops daily ensure an 8 to 10 percent berberine content||Acts as an antibacterial|\n|Cranberry juice (unsweetened)||Drink throughout the day||Prevents bacteria from sticking to the teeth and gums|\n|Sage tea||Drink throughout the day||Soothes inflamed gums, is antioxidant and anti-inflammatory|\n|Moducare sterols and sterolins||One capsule three times daily||Regulates immune function, enhances bacteria fighting ability, decreases inflammation and reduces the effects of stress|\nHealth Tips to Enhance Healing\n- Avoid processed and refined foods.\n- Brush tongue or use a tongue scraper to remove the bacteria that are hiding in the mucous coating.\n- Chew gum containing baking soda. It helps eliminate plaque and reduce gingivitis.\n- Drink plenty of pure, filtered water daily. For every juice, alcoholic, or caffeinated beverage consumed, drink another glass of water.\n- Eat a well-balanced diet that focuses on natural, whole foods such as whole grains, fresh fruits and vegetables, legumes, nuts and seeds, and fresh fish.\n- Floss at least once every two days to remove plaque buildup under the gum line.\n- If flossing is impossible to incorporate into a nightly routine, there are toothbrushes for sale that emit acoustic energy. These may clean in areas not reachable by flossing.\n- Oral piercings increase the risk of infection, so extra attention should be paid to oral hygiene.\n- Stop smoking. Tobacco leaves a film of tar on the tongue, teeth, and gums that can make infections worse and delay healing. It can also lead to oral cancer.\n- Visit a dentist once every six months to remove hidden plaque in hard-to-reach areas.\n- When unable to brush, try fizzy tablets that have sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, and silicon dioxide. They bubble up to remove leftover food particles. Or use a toothpick.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-33", "url": "https://lornahealth.com/conditions/gingivitis/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571536.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811224716-20220812014716-00105.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9247393608, "token_count": 1044, "score": 3.875, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Is é gingivitis tinneas nó athlasadh na fíochán gingivitis. Mura ndéantar ceartú ar gingivitis, beidh 30 faoin gcéad de na cásanna go léir ina periodontitis, coinníoll ina bhfuil baictéir scaipthe ó na ghuí go dtí na cnámha, rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina chúis le fiacla a chailleadh, cnámh jaw a bheith ag dul i ngleic, agus gá le máinliacht fiacla.\nNí raibh mórán imní ar gingivitis roimhe seo, ach i gcomparáid le fir a raibh a ngéibheanna sláintiúil, fuair staidéar a rinneadh i 1998 go raibh na fir a raibh galar a ngéibheanna orthu ceithre huaire go leith níos mó seans go mbeadh galar croí orthu. Meastar go bhfuil an nasc mar gheall ar bhaictéir a théann isteach sa sruth fola trí na gcianta.\nFuair staidéar eile amach go raibh 50 faoin gcéad níos mó plaic i n-artréi caróid ná i ndaoine a raibh ghuí sláintiúil acu. Is príomhfhachtóir riosca le haghaidh stróc é an t-airgead plaic. I mí an Mheithimh 2000, fógraíodh go raibh staidéar a rinneadh ar 1000 bean torracha a fuair amach go raibh líonadh ocht n-uaire níos mó ann go dtabharfaí seachadadh roimh am má bhí galar gúmh orthu.\nBaineadh amach go raibh baictéir a chuireann gingivitis i gcroí othair Alzheimer, de réir staidéir a d'fhoilsigh Science Advance i mí Eanáir 2019.\nD'fhéadfadh go mbeadh comharthaí gingivitis éadrom agus go mbeifeá gan a bheith faoi deara.\n- D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh droch-allas leanúnach i láthair\n- Téann na gcianta dearg geal, teann, tuirseach\n- Fágann na gcianna go héasca nuair a bhíonn fíon nó briseadh á dhéanamh acu\n- Tógann fíochán na ngamh ó na fiacla, rud a fhágann go bhfuil na ngamh ag éirí\n- Féin-fhiacla\nBaineann baictéir nach bhfuil bainte amach ag scuabadh agus ag úsáid fón cliste le líne an ghúm agus go dtiocfaidh ionfhabhtaithe orthu sa deireadh.\nIs iad na fachtóirí eile a d'fhéadfadh cur le gingivitis ná:\n- Brushing ró-dona\n- Leigheasanna áirithe\n- Figiúirí crochta\n- Obair fiacla atá ró-scaoilte\n- Bia atá ard i gcarbaihiodráití agus siúcra scagtha\n- Beul tirim\n- GERD nó reflux aigéadach\n- Athruithe hormónacha\n- Easpa cothaithe\n- Córas imdhíonachta lag\nTá ráta níos airde galair gingivitis, lena n-áirítear gingivitis, ag veterans a bhfuil strus iar-trauma orthu.\nDéantar hormóin ard le linn toirchis a chur i bhfeidhm ar fhreagra an chomhlachta ar phláic sa bhéal, rud a mhéadaíonn an dóchúlacht go bhfaighidh gingivitis. Má chleachttar sláintíocht bhéal maith, níor cheart go mbeadh fadhb leis seo.\nTá a fhios go bhfuil diaibéiteas níos so-ghabhálach do gingivitis ná daoine nach bhfuil diaibéiteas acu. Ach, nuair a bhíonn an diaibéiteas faoi rialú go maith, ní bhíonn gingivitis faoi smacht.\nRecipes do Sláinte\nTá sé léirithe go n-oibríonn an Coenzyme Q10 300 go 500 mg in aghaidh an lae chomh maith le scála agus pleanáil fréamhacha\nÓil oregano cadad atá annThree titim trí huaire sa lá cadad atá annAntibacterial agus antifungal cadad atá ann\nTea Tree Ola mouthwash Saad Saad Gargle agus swish dhá uair sa lá Saad Saad Antibacterial agus antifungal Saad Saad\n20 titim go laethúil a chinntiú go bhfuil 8 go 10 faoin gcéad ábhar berberine titim Goldseal gníomhaíonn mar titim frithbacteriach\n Siúcra cranberry (gan siúcra) Saji Saji\n tae Sage adóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg\nModucare sterols agus sterolins darachadóirOne capsule three times daily darachadóirRegulates immune function, enhances bacteria fighting ability, decreases inflammation and reduces the effects of stress darachadóir\nLeideanna Sláinte chun an Fhogha a Fheabhsú\n- Seachain bianna próiseáilte agus scagtha.\n- Brush teanga nó úsáid scraper teanga chun na baictéir atá ag dul i bhfolach sa chlúdach mucous a bhaint.\n- Gúm a bhfuil soda bácála ann. Cabhraíonn sé le plaic a dhíchur agus le gingivitis a laghdú.\n- Ól go leor uisce íon, scagtha go laethúil. Le gach sú, deoch alcólach nó deoch cófaine a ól, ól gloine eile uisce.\n- Biodh aiste bia cothrom agat a dhíríonn ar bhia nádúrtha, iomlán mar ghráin iomlána, torthaí agus glasraí úra, plúr, cnónna agus síolta, agus iasc úr.\n- Floss uair amháin ar a laghad gach dhá lá chun an plaic a thiomána faoi líne an ghuí a bhaint.\n- Mura féidir flossing a ionchorprú i gnáthamh oíche, tá scuabáin fiacla ar díol a scaipeann fuinneamh fuaime. D'fhéadfadh siad seo a ghlanadh i gceantair nach féidir a bhaint amach le floss.\n- Méadaíonn píorsaí béil an baol ionfhabhtaithe, mar sin ba cheart aird bhreise a thabhairt ar ghlanshláinteacht béil.\n- Stop ag caitheamh tobac. Fágann tobac clú de chár ar an teanga, ar na fiacla agus ar na gcianta a fhéadann ionfhabhtuithe a dhéanamh níos measa agus a mhaireann le leigheas. Is féidir leis a bheith ina chúis le hailse béil freisin.\n- Téigh chuig fiaclóir uair amháin gach sé mhí chun pláta i gceantair atá deacair a bhaint.\n- Nuair nach féidir leat a scuabadh, déan iarracht táibléid spártha a bhfuil bicarbonate sóidiam, aigéad citreach, agus dé-ocsaíde silicon. Tá siad ag dul suas chun na cáithníní bia atá fágtha a bhaint. Nó úsáid toothpick."} {"text": "OXFORD SHAKESPEARE TOPICS General Editors: Peter Holland and Stanley Wells Oxford Shakespeare Topics provide students and teachers with short books on important aspects of Shakespeare criticism and scholarship. Each book is written by an authority in its field, and combines accessible style with original discussion of its subject.What is the significance of Shylock's ring in The Merchant of Venice? How does Shakespeare create Gertrude's closet in Hamlet? How and why does Ariel prepare a banquet in The Tempest? In order to answer these and other questions, Shakespeare and Material Culture explores performance from theperspective of the material conditions of staging. In a period just starting to be touched by the allure of consumer culture, in which objects were central to the way gender and social status were experienced but also the subject of a palpable moral outrage, this book argues that material culturehas a particularly complex and resonant role to play in Shakespeare's employment of his audience's imagination.Chapters address how props and costumes work within the drama's dense webs of language - how objects are invested with importance and how their worth is constructed through the narratives which surround them. They analyse how Shakespeare constructs rooms on the stage from the interrelation of props,the description of interior spaces and the dynamics between characters, and investigate the different kinds of early modern practices which could be staged - how the materiality of celebration, for instance, brings into play notions of hospitality and reciprocity. Shakespeare and Material Cultureends with a discussion of the way characters create unique languages by talking about things - languages of faerie, of madness, or of comedy - bringing into play objects and spaces which cannot be staged. Exploring things both seen and unseen, this book shows how the sheer variety of materialcultures which Shakespeare brings onto the stage can shed fresh light on the relationship between the dynamics of drama and its reception and comprehension.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04", "url": "https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/shakespeare-and-material-culture/9780199562275-item.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283475.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00241-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9447062612, "token_count": 377, "score": 3.03125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "OXFORD SHAKESPEARE TOPICS Ard-Redeoirí: Peter Holland agus Stanley Wells Soláthraíonn Oxford Shakespeare Topics le mic léinn agus múinteoirí le leabhair ghearr ar ghnéithe tábhachtacha de cháineadh agus de scoláireacht Shakespeare. Scríobhann údarás ina réimse gach leabhar, agus comhcheanglaíonn sé stíl inrochtana le plé bunaidh ar a ábhar. Cad é an tábhacht a bhaineann le fáinne Shylock i The Merchant of Venice? Conas a chruthaíonn Shakespeare closet Gertrude i Hamlet? Conas agus cén fáth a ullmhaíonn Ariel bancéad i The Tempest? Chun na ceisteanna seo agus ceisteanna eile a fhreagairt, déanann Shakespeare and Material Culture scrúdú ar fheidhmíocht ó thaobh na gcoinníollacha ábhartha a bhaineann le hionstraim. I dtréimhse a bhí ag tosú ar an gcultúr tomhaltóra a bheith ina mhealladh, inarbh ionann rudaí agus croílár ar an mbealach a raibh taithí ar inscne agus ar stádas sóisialta ach freisin ábhar a bhí ag an mbréag mórmhorálta, déanann an leabhar seo a argóint go bhfuil ról an-chasta agus resonant ag cultúr ábhartha i bhfostaíocht Shakespeare ar shamhlaíocht a lucht féachana.Tagann caibidil faoi conas a oibríonn props agus cóistiméireachtaí laistigh de ghréasán dlúth teanga an dráma - conas a chuirtear tábhacht ar rudaí agus conas a ndéantar a luach a thógáil trí na scéalta a chuairteann iad. Déanann siad anailís ar an gcaoi a ndéanann Shakespeare seomraí ar an stáitse a thógáil ó idirchaidreamh na props, an tuairisc ar spásanna inmheánacha agus an dinimice idir carachtair, agus imscrúdaíonn siad na cineálacha éagsúla cleachtais nua-aimseartha luatha a d'fhéadfaí a chur ar siúl - conas a thugann ábhar na ceiliúradh, mar shampla, coincheapa fáilteachais agus cómhalartachta. Shakespeare and Material Cultureag deireadh le plé ar an mbealach a chruthaíonn carachtair teangacha uathúla trí labhairt faoi rudaí - teangacha faerie, madness, nó grinn - ag cur rudaí agus spásanna nach féidir a chur ar siúl i gcluiche. Ag iniúchadh rudaí atá le feiceáil agus le feiceáil araon, léiríonn an leabhar seo conas is féidir leis an éagsúlacht mhór cultúir ábhair a thugann Shakespeare ar an stáitse solas úr a chaitheamh ar an gcaidreamh idir dinimic an drámaíochta agus a ghlao agus a thuiscint."} {"text": "Gummy sharks have sweet and delicious flesh, and are popular for their boneless and thick flakes.\nThey are commonly used for the traditional “fish and chips” but should not be overlooked for barbecuing, poaching, braising and baking.\nFOR THE 2019-2020 SEASON\nScientific name: Mustelus antarcticus\nOther names: Sweet William, Australian smooth hound, smooth dog-shark, white-spotted gummy shark\nDescription: Gummy sharks are a relatively small slender-bodied species with a short head. They are grey or grey-brown above and white below, with white spots on the back and upper sides. The second dorsal fin is nearly as large as the first dorsal fin. The mouth is short and angular with numerous rows of blunt, flattened teeth.\nSize (length and weight): Up to 1.75 metres in length and 24.8 kg. Females grow larger than males.\nLife span: Up to 16 years.\nHabitat: Gummy sharks are a demersal species that inhabits the continental shelf from the near shore region to depths of 80-350 metres. They remain either on or near the sea bed. Newborn and juvenile gummy sharks aggregate in many areas across southern Australia, while young and adult gummy sharks are more widely distributed. Gummy sharks tend to aggregate by sex and size. Juvenile male and female gummy sharks have similar rates of movement, but females travel longer distances as their age increases.\nPrey: Cephalopods, crustaceans, and occasionally fish.\nPredators: Juveniles are known to be preyed on by broadnose sevengill sharks.\nReproduction: Gummy sharks reach reproductive maturity at 4-5 years of age, with males maturing at a smaller size than females. Females are ovoviviparous. Litters usually comprise of about 14 pups, but large females have been recorded producing up to 57 pups. Gummy shark are born during the summer months after an 11‑12 month gestation period.\nOther notes: Growth in males is negligible after 10 years, whereas females continue to grow until the end of their lives.\n|Fishery found in||Gear used||Catch of this species is targeted or incidental|\n|Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery – Gillnet Hook and Trap||Gillnet, longline||Targeted|\n|Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery – Commonwealth Trawl Sector||Bottom trawl||Incidental|\n|State fisheries and recreational||Gillnet, longline, bottom trawl. Recreational rod and line.||Incidental. Targeted by recreational sector|\nManagement of catch\nThe Commonwealth catch of gummy shark is managed by quota. This means the catch of this fish by commercial fishers is restricted by weight.\nCommercial fishermen are required to fill in records of their catches, during each fishing trip and when they land their catch in a port. This helps us keep records of how much is being caught.\nAFMA decide on the amount that can be caught each year from expert advice and recommendations from fisheries managers, industry members, scientist and researchers.\nGummy sharks are found across the waters of southern Australia, extending from Bunbury in Western Australia to Jervis Bay in NSW.\nThey are found in shallow waters down to 80 metres depth (but sometimes as deep as 350 metres).\nFishing gear and environmental impacts\nGummy sharks are caught using gillnets, longlines and sometimes trawl nets.\nGillnets have a minimal impact on the seafloor as they are stationary when set. Gillnets have the potential to interact with marine mammals, although when set properly, larger predatory sharks and marine mammals will bounce off the firm netting.\nBottom set longline fishing causes very little damage to the seafloor and has only a very limited level of bycatch. Gear can become snagged on the bottom and get broken off, although this is not a common occurrence. Fish which have been caught are brought to the surface slowly, and are often alive when they reach the boat, which greatly increases their chance of survival when returned to the water.\nSometimes, bottom trawling can catch unwanted species of fish (not the type of fish the net was supposed to catch). This is known as bycatch and it is monitored by on-board fishery observers who assess the environmental impact of the trawling.\nAlthough it is not physically possible to trawl on reef structures, significant long-term damage can occur if sensitive habitat areas like corals, sponges and seagrass beds are trawled. To ensure these sensitive habitat areas are protected from trawling, management arrangements such as area closures are extensively used.\nIn managing our fisheries we consider the impact that catching each species has on the environment through our Ecological Risk Assessment process. We work with the Department of the Environment and Energy to ensure that our fisheries meet strict environmental guidelines.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30", "url": "https://www.afma.gov.au/fisheries-management/species/gummy-shark", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525374.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20190717181736-20190717203736-00092.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.944963038, "token_count": 1035, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá feoil milis agus blasta ag muiceolaí gummy, agus tá tóir orthu mar gheall ar a gcuid scamaill gan chnámh agus tiubh.\nÚsáidtear iad go coitianta le haghaidh an iasc agus na síceáin traidisiúnta ach níor cheart dearmad a dhéanamh orthu le haghaidh barbecuing, poaching, braising agus bácáil.\nI LEI SEASÓN 2019-2020\nAinm eolaíoch: Mustelus antarcticus\nAinmneacha eile: Sweet William, Australian smooth hound, smooth dog-shark, white-spotted gummy shark\nTuairisc: Is speiceas réasúnta beag é an t-iasc-mara gummy, a bhfuil corp caol aige agus ceann gearr aige. Tá siad liath nó liath-bhruin thuas agus bán thíos, le spotaí bána ar chúl agus ar thaobh uachtarach. Tá an dara sciath dorsail beagnach chomh mór leis an gcéad sciath dorsail. Tá an béal gearr agus uillinn le sraitheanna iomadúla fiacla plódaithe, plódaithe.\nMhéid (téarma agus meáchan): suas le 1.75 méadar ar fhad agus 24.8 kg. Fásann na mná níos mó ná na fir.\nFad saoil: Suas le 16 bliana.\nTá an t-eiscín gummy ina speiceas demersal a chónaíonn ar an seilf mhór-roinn ón réigiún gar don chósta go dtí doimhneacht 80-350 méadar. Fanann siad ar bhonn na farraige nó in aice leis. Tá na hairí gummy nuabheirthe agus óg ag teacht le chéile i go leor ceantair ar fud an Astrála Theas, agus tá na hairí gummy óga agus fásta níos forleithne. Tá claonadh ag muiceolaí gummy a bheith ag luí le chéile de réir gnéis agus méid. Tá luas gluaiseachta den chineál céanna ag na haicíní gummy fireann agus baineann óg, ach bíonn na mná ag taisteal ar achar níos faide de réir mar a théann a n-aois.\nDíol: Cephalopods, crustaceans, agus iasc uaireanta.\nDeamhain: Tá a fhios go bhfuil na hairí seacht-gill leathan-nós ag díriú ar na hairí óg.\nAthghiniúint: Faigheann na hairí gummy aibíocht atáirgthe ag 4-5 bliana d'aois, agus bíonn na fir níos lú ná na mná. Tá mná ovoviviparous. Is gnách go mbíonn thart ar 14 leanbh sa chraobh, ach tá baill mhná móra taifeadta ag táirgeadh suas le 57 leanbh. Rugtar siorcanna gummy i rith mhíonna an tsamhraidh tar éis tréimhse toirchis 11-12 mhí.\nNótaí eile: Ní bhíonn fás ag na fir tar éis 10 mbliana, ach leanann mná ag fás go dtí deireadh a saol.\nIs é an t-iasc a fhaightear i\n Iascaireacht Scálach agus Earraigh an Deiscirt agus an Oirthir Cúnla Gillnet agus Cúlchiste Gillnet, Longline Gillnet agus Cúlchiste spriocdhírithe\n Iascach Scalefish agus Earraigh iascach Sector Tral Comhphobail\n▪Iascaigh agus áineasa an Stáit: Gillnet, longline, trawl bun. Réamhrá rod agus líne. Bhí siad a bheith i gcás. Dírithe ar earnáil áineasa\nBainistíocht na gabhála\nBainistítear an t-iascach de shráibeanna gummy de chuid an Chomhphobail trí chuóta. Ciallaíonn sé seo go bhfuil an t-iascaireacht tráchtála ar an éisc seo teoranta de réir meáchain.\nTá sé de cheangal ar iascairí tráchtála taifid a gcuid gabhálacha a chomhlánú, le linn gach turais iascaireachta agus nuair a bhíonn a gcuid gabhálacha á dtarraingt i gcalafort. Cabhraíonn sé seo linn taifid a choinneáil ar an méid atá á ghabháil.\nCinntíonn AFMA an méid is féidir a ghabháil gach bliain ar chomhairle saineolaithe agus ar mholtaí ó bhainisteoirí iascaigh, ó bhaill an tionscail, ó eolaithe agus ó thaighdeoirí.\nTá muiceaí gummy le fáil ar fud uiscí na hOstaire Theas, ag síneadh ó Bunbury in Iarthar na hOstaire go Jervis Bay in NSW.\nTá siad le fáil in uiscí clutha go dtí 80 méadar ar dhomhainn (ach uaireanta chomh domhain le 350 méadar).\nTrealamh iascaireachta agus tionchair ar an gcomhshaol\nGabhtar siorcanna gummy ag baint úsáide as grillíní, línte fada agus grillíní tarraingthe uaireanta.\nTá tionchar íosta ag na líonta gile ar bhun na farraige toisc go bhfuil siad seasta nuair a chuirtear iad. Tá an cumas ag na líonta gill idirghníomhú le mamaigh mhuirí, cé go bhfuil sé suite go cuí, beidh cáraigh creachtóra níos mó agus mamaigh mhuirí ag bualadh as an líonra daingean.\nNí dhéanann an iascaireacht longline bunchláir ach an-bheag damáiste don bhéal farraige agus ní bhíonn ach leibhéal an-teoranta de ghabháil. Is féidir le trealamh a bheith snagged ar an mbonn agus a bheith briste, cé nach bhfuil sé seo a tharlaíonn go coitianta. Tógtar an t-iasc a gabhadh go mall chun an dromchla, agus is minic a bhíonn sé beo nuair a shroicheann sé an bád, rud a mhéadaíonn go mór a seans maireachtála nuair a chuirtear ar ais é ar an uisce.\nUaireanta, is féidir le tralaíocht bun speicis iasc nach bhfuil ag teastáil a ghabháil (ní hé an cineál iasca a bhí i gceist ag an ngréasán a ghabháil). Tugtar coisbhaisc air seo agus déanann breathnóirí iascaigh ar bord faire air agus déanann siad measúnú ar thionchar an tralaíochta ar an gcomhshaol.\nCé nach féidir trawl a dhéanamh ar struchtúir ríse, d'fhéadfadh damáiste suntasach fadtéarmach tarlú má dhéantar trawl a dhéanamh ar limistéir mhaireachtála íogaire cosúil le corail, sponges agus leapacha seagrass. Chun a chinntiú go ndéantar na limistéir choitianta seo a chosaint ar thrálaíocht, úsáidtear socruithe bainistíochta go forleathan, amhail dúnadh limistéar.\nAgus ár n-iascaigh á mbainistiú againn, déanaimid measúnú ar an tionchar a bhíonn ag gabháil gach speiceas ar an gcomhshaol trí ár bpróiseas Measúnaithe Riosca Éiceolaíoch. Oibríonn muid leis an Roinn Comhshaoil agus Fuinnimh chun a chinntiú go gcomhlíonann ár n-iascach treoirlínte dian comhshaoil."} {"text": "“For by grace you have been saved through faith; and that not of yourselves, it is the gift of God; not as a result of works, so that no one may boast.” – Ephesians 2:8-9\nOne of the most beautiful words in the Bible is grace. It has been described with the acrostic, “God’s riches at Christ’s expense.” Grace is what makes the gospel message “good news” because it is at the heart of the gospel. And since grace is central to the gospel message, the doctrine of grace was on center stage during the Protestant Reformation. One of the Latin slogans that served as a rallying cry for the reformers was “Sola Gratia,” meaning was by God’s “grace alone.” However, the doctrine of “grace alone” did not suddenly show up on the scene during the time of the Reformation. Centuries prior to Luther, early church father Augustine of Hippo, had stressed salvation was only by God’s grace and that nothing could be done to earn or achieve salvation; for it was a free gift from God.\nHowever, the term “grace alone” was not necessarily foreign to the vocabulary of the Roman Catholic Church. It was actually a theological phrase familiar to Catholics. However, its meaning was drastically different than what was meant when spoken by the Reformers. The Church saw “grace alone” as a spiritual work of God in a person’s life which began at baptism, which prepared a person for salvation and good works. However, when the Reformers used the term “grace alone” they meant that salvation was based upon the grace of God alone and it that had nothing to do with good works. During Luther’s life, he had actually taught both viewpoints; the Catholic viewpoint before parting ways with the Church, and eventually the Biblical view. In his book, “Echoes of the Reformation” author Brandon D. Smith writes, “The Church taught that grace didn’t save completely, but rather prepared people to be saved. Luther the monk said grace alone is the gasoline that propels the car of salvation. Luther the reformer said grace alone is the entire car.”\nThe passage above is one of the most familiar passages on God’s saving grace. The Apostle Paul mentioned grace and faith together in the same sentence. But this isn’t surprising; for they are really two sides of the same coin. They are inseparable doctrines woven together within the tapestry of the Christian faith. However, they are still very distinct from each other. It has been said that grace is God’s response to man while faith is man’s response to God. Paul stresses to the Church at Ephesus that God had saved them, not because of anything they had done, but simply by His grace. The salvation He provided was a free gift that they did not deserve.\nThe bible teaches salvation is based only upon God’s unmerited favor towards sinners, and that everyone is undeserving of God’s grace. Truth be known, a person cannot really begin to appreciate the grace of God until they begin to understand how sinful they really are. The Bible teaches that the heart of man is desperately wicked (Jeremiah 17:9). In Romans 7:24, Paul even referred to himself as a wretched man (which is certainly a fair assessment of the human heart). Mankind is born into sin (Psalm 51:5) and immediately at odds with God. Because of our sin nature, we are spiritually broken before in His presence (Isaiah 6:5). There is nothing good about us (Romans 3:10). Even our best falls short of God’s standard; for our righteous deeds are but filthy rags in the sight of God (Isaiah 64:6). A person really can’t enjoy God’s gracious act of salvation until they realize that salvation is their greatest need.\nThere is something liberating within the doctrine of grace. It removes the burden of a meritorious approach to salvation, and instead provides a spiritual confidence and assurance that can only be found in Christ Jesus. I am so thankful that God used Martin Luther to expose doctrinal errors during a particularly dark chapter in church history. So let us rejoice together in the goodness of God, and celebrate the beautiful blessing of knowing that our salvation is simply by God’s grace alone!\n– Pastor Eric", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30", "url": "https://garlandofgrace.org/2017/11/01/garland-of-grace-11-05-17/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195530246.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723235815-20190724021815-00508.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9749528766, "token_count": 947, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Óir is trí ghrásta a shábháil sibh trí chreideamh; agus ní as bhur gcuid féin é, is bronntanas Dé é; ní mar thoradh ar oibreacha é, ionas nach mbeidh aon duine ag bródú. Ephésians 2:8-9\nCeann de na focail is áille sa Bhíobla is ea grásta. Tá sé cur síos leis an acrostic, God's riches at Christ's expense. Is grásta a dhéanann an teachtaireacht soiscéal good news toisc go bhfuil sé i gcroílár an soiscéal. Agus ós rud é go bhfuil grásta lárnach i dteachtaireacht an soiscéil, bhí an teagasc grásta ar lár na stáisiúin le linn na Réabhlóide Phrotastúnach. Ceann de na sloigíní Laidineacha a bhí mar ghlao rallying do na hathchóiritheoirí ná Sola Gratia, a chiallaíonn go raibh ag grásta Dé amháin. Mar sin féin, níor nocht an teagasc grásta amháin go tobann ar an láthair le linn am an Athchóirithe. Saol roimh Luther, bhí an t-athair eaglais luath Augustine of Hippo, ag cur béime ar shlándáil a bhí ach le grásta Dé agus nach féidir aon rud a dhéanamh chun an slánú a thuilleamh nó a bhaint amach; mar bhí sé ina bhronntanas saor in aisce ó Dhia.\nMar sin féin, ní raibh an téarma grásta amháin go forleathan i bhfoclaíocht na hEaglaise Caitliceach Rómhánach. Ba abairt theolaíoch í a bhí ar eolas ag Caitlicigh i ndáiríre. Mar sin féin, bhí a bhrí go mór difriúil ná mar a bhí i gceist nuair a labhair na hIonstraimithe. Chonaic an Eaglais \"grásta amháin\" mar obair spioradálta Dé i saol duine a thosaigh ag baisteadh, a d'ullmhaigh duine le haghaidh slánú agus dea-oibreacha. Mar sin féin, nuair a d'úsáid na hIonstraimithe an téarma grásta amháin ciallaigh siad go raibh an slánú bunaithe ar ghrásta Dé amháin agus nach raibh aon rud le déanamh leis na dea-oibreacha. Le linn shaol Luther, bhí sé i ndáiríre a mhúineadh an dá tuairimí; an tuairim Caitliceach roimh parting bealaí leis an Eaglais, agus sa deireadh an dearcadh Bíobla. Ina leabhar, \"Echoes of the Reformation\" scríobhann an t-údar Brandon D. Smith, \"D'fhoghlaim an Eaglais nach sábhálann grásta go hiomlán, ach go leor daoine a ullmhaíonn chun a bheith slán. Luther an manach dúirt grásta amháin an gás atá propels an carr an tslánaithe. Dúirt Luther an athchóiritheoir go bhfuil an grásta ina n-aonar an carr iomlán. \nTá an rann thuas ar cheann de na hailt is mó a bhfuil aithne orthu ar ghrásta shábhála Dé. Thug an tApostol Pól tagairt do ghrásta agus do chreideamh le chéile sa abairt chéanna. Ach ní haon ionadh é seo; mar is dhá thaobh den bhuinn chéanna iad i ndáiríre. Is teagasc neamh-in-scaoilte iad a bhfuil an creideamh Críostaí ina measc. Mar sin féin, tá siad fós an-difriúil óna chéile. Tá sé ráite go bhfuil grásta freagra Dé ar an duine agus creideamh freagra an duine ar Dhia. Cuireann Pól béim ar an Eaglais in Ephesus gur shábháil Dia iad, ní mar gheall ar rud ar bith a rinne siad, ach go simplí trína ghrásta. Ba é an slánú a chuir sé ar fáil bronntanas saor in aisce nach raibh tuillte acu.\nMúineann an Bíobla go bhfuil an slánú bunaithe ar bhuíochas gan luach Dé i leith peacaithe, agus go bhfuil gach duine neamh-iníoctha le grásta Dé. Go deimhin, ní féidir le duine a chur i láthair go fírinneach grásta Dé go dtí go dtosóidh sé a thuiscint cé chomh peacach is atá sé i ndáiríre. (Eirimia 17:9) Tá an t-eagla ar an gcroí a bheith ina bhfíor-chomhpháirtí. I Rómhánaigh 7:24, thug Pól tagairt dó féin mar dhuine míshásta (rud atá cinnte ina mheasúnú cothrom ar chroí an duine). Rugtar an chine daonna i bpeaca (Salm 51:5) agus go díreach i gcontúirt le Dia. Mar gheall ar ár nádúr peaca, táimid briste go spioradálta roimh a láithreacht (Eiseaias 6: 5). Níl aon rud maith againn (Róimh 3:10). Fiú amháin go bhfuil ár gcuid is fearr nach bhfuil ag teacht le caighdeán Dé; mar ní bhíonn ár ngníomhartha cearta ach rags salach i súile Dé (Eiseaias 64:6). Ní féidir le duine taitneamh a bhaint as gníomh grásta Dé maidir le slánú go dtí go dtuigeann siad go bhfuil slánú ina riachtanas is mó.\nTá rud éigin saoradh laistigh den fhoirceadal grásta. Cuireann sé an t-ualach ar bhealach luachmhar chun an tslánaithe, agus ina ionad sin soláthraíonn sé muinín agus cinnteacht spioradálta nach féidir a fháil ach amháin i gCríost Íosa. Táim chomh buíoch go n-úsáid Dia Martin Luther chun earráidí teagaisc a nochtadh le linn chaibidil an-dlúth i stair na heaglaise. Mar sin, a ligean ar a rejoice le chéile i dea-dearbhas Dé, agus ceiliúradh a dhéanamh ar an bheannacht álainn a fhios go bhfuil ár slánú ach trí ghrásta Dé amháin!\n an tSaoir Eric"} {"text": "There’s egg sauce in the sandwich, or there’s ice in a drink: foods that only seem harmless but can be malicious. Especially abroad, in countries where hygiene conditions are worse, and where food poisoning They are more frequent. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that in recent years more than 70% of travelers from these countries have experienced various health problems during their stay or upon returning home. The countries most at risk are those in Central Africa, Southeast Asia, the Middle East and South America.\nThe child died in Sharm, Andrea Mirabelle, he was 6 years old: food poisoning was fatal, and dad was dangerous. Mother: “Let’s go back to Palermo.”\nSalmonella, but also Campylobacter and Escherichia coli: today there are more than 250 cases of food poisoning in the world, which manifest with different symptoms and are caused by different pathogens, mostly bacteria, viruses and parasites.\nSymptoms usually include nausea, vomiting, violent abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and sometimes fever. Manifestations that can be confused with those of some forms of parainfluenza, favored in this period by constant changes in temperature.\nAmong them, the main cause of malaise is a form of foodborne gastroenteritis known as “traveler’s diarrhea”. The syndrome manifests itself in the first days of a trip or stay of variable duration and intensity depending on the specific resistance of the individuals, the length of the period and the destination. The latency period of the disease is short, usually within 72 hours and is manifested by abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, accompanied by general malaise, and sometimes fever.\nFoods most at risk\nFood contamination, especially in summer, can occur in several ways. Some microorganisms are found in the intestines of healthy animals and come into contact with their meat (and then transmitted to those who eat it) during slaughter. Fruits and vegetables can become contaminated if they are washed or irrigated with water contaminated with animal or human faeces. While salmonella can contaminate eggs after infection of the ovary system of chickens. Vibrio bacteria, usually found in water, are filtered and concentrated by seafood, such as oysters and mussels, and thus can cause infection if the food is eaten raw. Infection can also be transmitted to food by operators, during food handling and preparation (this is the case with Shigella bacteria, hepatitis A virus and many other pathogens), by contact with hands and kitchen utensils used for example in the preparation of various foods and not properly disinfected . Cooked and therefore safe food (most microorganisms cannot tolerate temperatures above 60-70°C) can be contaminated by contact with raw food. Moreover, the conditions in which foods are preserved during the various stages of preservation are of great importance: the cold chain, for example, prevents the development and reproduction of certain microorganisms, which need a very large population to be toxic.\nFoods to avoid and rules to follow\nWhile it’s true that bacteria and food toxins are more common in the summer months, don’t panic anyway. Because it is enough to follow a few simple rules to significantly reduce the risk of infection.\nDo not drink tap water, always drink mineral water from airtight bottles. If you suspect that the water in the services may be contaminated, also use mineral water to brush your teeth;\nDrink carbonated drinks from airtight bottles and do not use ice cubes;\ndrink only packaged (pasteurized and long-life) milk; Alternatively, boil it beforehand;\nAvoid raw vegetables, meat, seafood and egg products, raw or slightly cooked fruit, which is served peeled or already cut;\nAvoid food preparation, even if cooked, but serve at room temperature; elaborate, manipulative (meat and vegetable salads, pancakes, appetizers, pancakes with cream);\nAvoid bulk foods Such as ice cream, drinks, sweets and foods of unknown composition, especially if they are sold by street vendors.\nOn the other hand, cooked foods such as personally peeled meats and fruits, coffee, tea, beer, wine and liquor in general can be considered safe. In any case, when returning from a trip to an “at-risk” area, microbiological and parasitic analyzes are recommended, as microorganisms can colonize the human intestine without causing specific symptoms, but still making the “carrier” capable of contaminating others. People.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-33", "url": "https://installmentloansgo.com/2022/07/07/foods-to-avoid-outside-rules-to-follow-and-what-to-do-if-you-get-sick/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572286.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816090541-20220816120541-00636.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9501391053, "token_count": 947, "score": 3.125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá an t-uibheacha sa bhraonán, nó tá oighear i ndeoch: bianna nach bhfuil ach neamhdhíobhálach ach a d'fhéadfadh a bheith olc. Go háirithe thar lear, i dtíortha ina bhfuil coinníollacha sláinteachais níos measa, agus ina bhfuil meáchan bia Tá siad níos minice. Tuairiscíonn an Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Sláinte (WHO) go bhfuil fadhbanna sláinte éagsúla tagtha ar níos mó ná 70% de na taistealaithe ó na tíortha seo le blianta beaga anuas le linn a gcuid cónaithe nó nuair a d'fhill siad abhaile. Is iad na tíortha is mó i mbaol na hAfraice Láir, Oirdheisceart na hÁise, an Meánoirthear agus Meiriceá Theas.\nFuair an leanbh bás i Sharm, Andrea Mirabelle, bhí sé 6 bliana d'aois: bhí nimhe bia marfach, agus bhí an t-athair contúirteach. Máthair: Lig dúinn dul ar ais go Palermo.\nSalmonella, ach freisin Campylobacter agus Escherichia coli: tá níos mó ná 250 cás de phéiteáil bia ar domhan inniu, a léirítear le hairíonna éagsúla agus a bhíonn mar thoradh ar phaitogéin éagsúla, baictéir, víris agus paraisítí den chuid is mó.\nIs gnách go n-áirítear na hairíonna náire, vomiting, cramps abdominal foréigneach, diarrhea, agus fiabhras uaireanta. Léirítear iad a d'fhéadfadh a bheith mearbhall orthu le foirmeacha áirithe parainfluenza, a thaitníonn leis an tréimhse seo trí athruithe leanúnacha ar thimpearthacht.\nI measc na ndaoine sin, is é an príomhchúis a bhaineann le míchompord ná cineál gastroenteritis a d'eascair ó bhia ar a dtugtar diarrhea an siubhail. Léiríonn an siondróm é féin sna chéad laethanta de thuras nó de thuras a bhfuil a fhad agus a déine éagsúil ag brath ar fhrithsheasmhacht shonrach na ndaoine aonair, ar fhad na tréimhse agus ar an gceann scríbe. Tá tréimhse latency an ghalair gearr, de ghnáth laistigh de 72 uair an chloig agus léirítear é le pian boilg, diarrhea, vomiting, in éineacht le míchompord ginearálta, agus fiabhras uaireanta.\nBianna is mó i mbaol\nIs féidir éilliú bia, go háirithe sa samhradh, a bheith ann ar bhealaí éagsúla. Tá roinnt micreorganismí le fáil i n-intinn ainmhithe sláintiúla agus tagann siad i dteagmháil lena gcuid feola (agus ansin a tharchur chuig iad siúd a itheann é) le linn na maraithe. Is féidir le torthaí agus glasraí a thruailliú má dhéantar iad a ní nó a uisce le huisce atá truaillithe le feces ainmhithe nó daonna. Cé go bhféadfadh salmonella uibheacha a thruailliú tar éis ionfhabhtú ar chóras ovarian na sicín. Baineann baictéir Vibrio, a fhaightear san uisce de ghnáth, le bia mara, mar shampla oisrí agus muisíní, agus mar sin is féidir leo ionfhabhtú a chur faoi deara má itheann siad an bia amh. Is féidir le hoibreoirí ionfhabhtú a tharchur chuig bia freisin, le linn láimhseáil agus ullmhú bia (is é seo an cás le baictéir Shigella, víreas heipitíteas A agus go leor pataiginí eile), trí theagmháil le lámha agus uirlisí cistine a úsáidtear mar shampla i ullmhú bia éagsúla agus nach bhfuil díghalraithe go cuí . Is féidir le bia cócaráilte agus mar sin sábháilte (ní féidir leis an gcuid is mó de mhicreorganismí teochtaí os cionn 60-70°C a fhulaingt) a bheith truaillithe trí theagmháil le bia amh. Ina theannta sin, tá an-tábhacht ag na coinníollacha ina gcoinnítear bianna le linn na gcéimeanna éagsúla coinneála: cosnaíonn an slabhra fuar, mar shampla, forbairt agus atáirgeadh micreorgansaí áirithe, a theastaíonn daonra an-mhór uathu chun a bheith tocsaineach.\nBianna le seachnadh agus rialacha le leanúint\nCé go bhfuil sé fíor go bhfuil baictéir agus tocsainí bia níos coitianta i míonna an tsamhraidh, ná bíodh imní ort ar chor ar bith. Toisc go leor cúpla rialacha simplí a leanúint chun an baol ionfhabhtaithe a laghdú go suntasach.\nNá hól uisce píopa, ól uisce mianraí i gcónaí ó bhuidéil shuntasacha. Má tá amhras ort go bhféadfadh an t-uisce sna seirbhísí a bheith truaillithe, bain úsáid as uisce mianraí chun do chuid fiacla a scuabadh;\nÓl deochanna gaile ó bhuidéil shuntasacha agus ná húsáid ceapairí oighir;\nNí féidir le bainne a bheith i bpacáistíocht ach amháin (bainne pasteurized agus fada-saoil); nó, é a bhruith roimh ré;\nSeachain glasraí amh, feoil, bia mara agus táirgí uibhe, torthaí amh nó beagán bruite, a sheirbheáiltear peeled nó atá gearrtha cheana féin;\nSeachain bia a ullmhú, fiú má tá sé cócaráilte, ach tabhair ar teochta an tseomra; elaborate, manipulative (salads feola agus glasraí, pancakes, appetizers, pancakes le uachtar);\nSeachain bianna móra mar oighreachta, deochanna, milseoga agus bianna nach bhfuil a chomhdhéanamh ar eolas acu, go háirithe má dhíolann díoltóirí sráide iad.\nAr an láimh eile, is féidir bianna cócaireachta mar fheoil agus torthaí a scriosadh go pearsanta, caife, tae, beoir, fíon agus deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna I gcás ar bith, nuair a bhíonn tú ag filleadh ó thuras chuig limistéar \"ag riosca\", moltar anailíseacha microbiolaíocha agus paraisítí a dhéanamh, toisc gur féidir le micreorganismí colún a dhéanamh ar bhéal an duine gan comharthaí sonracha a chur ar bun, ach fós a dhéanamh ar an \"iompróir\" in ann daoine eile a thruailliú. Daoine."} {"text": "This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers.\nIn simple words, software is that part of our computer system which we cannot see and touch. But it is not comprehensive to tell much about software. Software is actually the set of instructions and codes which are designed to interact the user and the hardware of computer system to let it work as they desire. Programmers design this software according to new technology/systems or on user demand. Without software, computer is just like a body with no life.\nSoftware is set of basic programming instructions to computer hardware, forming a layer of programming code on which most other functions of computer are built. Computer hardware consists of physical device on the inside or outside of the computer such as the central processing unit (CPU), circuit boards, the monitor and key board and disk drives.\nApplication Software are those software which user uses for different purposes like making docs by Microsoft Word, surf Internet by a web browser and a lot more.\nWhile the Operating System interfaces the user application software and computer's BIOS to allow the application to interact with the computer hardware. And here the examples of tasks perform by it.:\nHandle input from the keyboard, mouse and other input devices.\nHandle output to the monitor and printer\nHandle communication using modem\nManage network communication such as for local network and the Internet.\n(b) What are the computer security and data security? How can we secure the data in single (unshared) computer and shared computer?\nToday security is the main concern in every aspect of life but also and most important in computer systems. Because computer is everywhere, we are using them for different purposes even PDA is a mini computer. So we store our private data in it like docs, images, videos etc and we always curies about it that nobody access it without their permission. There always computer security is remaining in discussion to provide and security and reliability to users of their data.\nComputer security actually means the security of computer system and that is to prevent computer system from unauthorized access, viruses, malware etc. While data security means the security of any kind of data stored in your computer system or external drives.\nComputer is a machine so everyone can use it according to it means computers can unshared and shared. Unshared computer means Personal Computer which is used by single person, no any access to any other. Data security matter is not no so serious on it because it is personal computer and obviously it is password protected so with entering right password no one can enter the computer and access the data which computer is secured if the password is strong and no simple 1234 word etc which mostly people use these type of password and many intelligent hackers can easily access the computer.\nBut on shared computer, secure the data is actually a task. In shared computer many people access your computer and mess up all things even your private data is in danger now. So first thing to do is to secure the data by encrypting it with password. Like make a password protested zip file (and then hiding it is also a better solution).\nIt is not necessary that a person using our pc can harm our data even viruses are very dangerous. They enter in system by internet or external drives and harm the whole pc by deleting and infecting the data. To solve such problems install a good antivirus program and keep it up to date.\nAlways make a backup of computer system and store it on CD/DVD and on system too, no matter whether the system is shared or not. This help to secure the data in any case.\n(c) What are the network services? Describe the directory services and telecommunication services. Explain the rules of these services in operating system and networking.\nNetwork services are very important for network computing environment. These services are configured on LAN for smooth data transfer and reliability. Services like DHCP (Dynamic Host Control Protocol) which allows a host to obtain an IP address dynamically when it connects frequently, DHCP is contracted by sending a request and an IP address is requested. The DHCP chooses an address from a configured range of addresses called a pool and assigns it to client.\nDNS (Domain Name System) is also a LAN services resolves the IP address into name and name into IP address like programs theoretically could refer to hosts, mailboxes and other recourses by their network(e.g., IP) addresses, these addresses are hard for people to remember. Also sending email to email@example.com means if Sara's ISP or organization moves the mail server to different machine with a different IP address, her email address has to change. Consequently, ASCII names were introduced to decouple machine names from machine addresses. In this way, Sara's address might be something like firstname.lastname@example.org .\nNetwork file sharing and printing are also network services. Transfer of files with in or out the network is common and printer can be attached in network by which we can access them.\nDirectory services are like a large container of network data and resources such as computer printers, user accounts and user groups that provides a central listing of resources and ways to quickly find specific resources and provide ways to access and manage network recourses.\nQ 1 Explain the networking operating system using examples. Describe the services in networking operating system and describe the risk related business issues using any example.\nAn operating system which allow file sharing and printing sharing in a network is called network operating system. Networks like local area network, Intranet and private networks. Apple talk, Novell Netware, Windows server, UNIX etc are examples of network operating system.\nServices in network operating system are Printer sharing, File Sharing, Backup data and User administration.\nSharing files on network can include many risks like viruses and other unwanted software and files. Viruses can affect the computer and its performance and even corrupt the whole system. By unwanted files and programs space of hard disk is consumed much and we don't even know about it.\nFor example a organization have a small network which share printers and file to each other. Now user B sent file to user F and PC of user B in infected with a lot of viruses and they transfer with the file to user F, If user F don't have proper up-to-dated antivirus then he screwed up.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "url": "https://www.ukessays.com/essays/computer-science/software-functionality-using-software-diagram-computer-science-essay.php", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170914.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00136-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9532265067, "token_count": 1296, "score": 3.5, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Chuir mac léinn an aiste seo isteach. Ní sampla é seo den obair a scríobh ár scríbhneoirí aiste gairmiúla.\nGo simplí, is é bogearraí an chuid sin dár gcóras ríomhaireachta nach féidir linn a fheiceáil ná a chur ar láimh. Ach ní leor a rá go leor faoi bhrandaí. Is é an bogearraí i ndáiríre an sraith treoracha agus cóid atá deartha chun idirghníomhú idir an t-úsáideoir agus crua-earraí an chórais ríomhaireachta chun ligean dó oibriú mar a theastaíonn uathu. Déanann cláirithe an bogearraí seo a dhearadh de réir teicneolaíocht/chórais nua nó de réir éilimh an úsáideora. Gan bogearraí, tá ríomhaire díreach cosúil le corp gan saol.\nIs éard atá i bpríomh-uirlisí cláir do crua-earraí ríomhaire, a chruthaíonn sraith cód cláir ar a bhfuil an chuid is mó de fheidhmeanna eile an ríomhaire tógtha. Is éard atá i crua-earraí ríomhaire ná feiste fisiceach taobh istigh nó taobh amuigh den ríomhaire mar an t-aonad próiseála lárnach (CPU), boird chiorcaid, an mhonatóir agus an chléirchlár agus tiománaí diosca.\nIs iad na bogearraí feidhmchláir na bogearraí sin a úsáideann úsáideoir chun críocha éagsúla mar doiciméid a dhéanamh le Microsoft Word, surfáil ar an Idirlíon le brabhsálaí gréasáin agus go leor eile.\nCé go bhfuil an Córas Oibriúcháin idirghabhálaithe leis an bogearraí feidhmchláir úsáideora agus BIOS an ríomhaire chun ligean don iarratas idirghníomhú le crua-earraí an ríomhaire. Agus anseo na samplaí de tascanna a dhéanamh leis. :\nBain úsáid as ionchur ón méarchlár, ón luch agus ó ghléasanna ionchuir eile.\nTorthaí láimhseála chuig an mhonatóir agus an printéir\nCumarsáid a láimhseáil trí mhodem\nCumarsáid líonra a bhainistiú, mar shampla le haghaidh líonra áitiúil agus an Idirlíon.\n(b) Cad iad slándáil ríomhaireachta agus slándáil sonraí? Conas is féidir linn na sonraí a slándáil i ríomhaire aonair (nach roinnte) agus i ríomhaire roinnte?\nSa lá atá inniu ann is í an tslándáil an príomhchúram i ngach gné den saol ach freisin agus is tábhachtaí i gcórais ríomhaireachta. Toisc go bhfuil ríomhaire i ngach áit, táimid ag úsáid iad chun críocha éagsúla fiú tá PDA ríomhaire beag. Mar sin, stórálann muid ár sonraí príobháideacha ann mar doiciméid, íomhánna, físeáin etc agus déanaimid curies i gcónaí faoi nach bhfaigheann aon duine rochtain air gan a gcead. Tá sé i gcónaí ar an gcumas ríomhaireachta a bheith i ndáil le soláthar agus slándáil agus iontaofacht d'úsáideoirí a gcuid sonraí.\nCiallaíonn slándáil ríomhaire i ndáiríre slándáil an chórais ríomhaireachta agus is é sin chun cosc a chur ar chóras ríomhaireachta ó rochtain neamhúdaraithe, víris, malware srl. Cé go gciallaíonn slándáil sonraí slándáil aon chineál sonraí a stóráiltear i do chóras ríomhaireachta nó i dtriail sheachtracha.\nIs meaisín é ríomhaire ionas gur féidir le gach duine é a úsáid de réir a chiallaíonn go bhféadfar ríomhairí a roinnt agus a roinnt. Ciallaíonn ríomhaire neamhroinnte Ríomána Pearsanta a úsáideann duine amháin, gan aon rochtain ar dhuine eile. Ní ábhar slándála sonraí chomh tromchúiseach air toisc go bhfuil sé ríomhaire pearsanta agus ar ndóigh tá sé pasfhocal faoi chosaint mar sin le pasfhocal ceart a iontráil ní féidir le duine ar bith dul isteach sa ríomhaire agus rochtain a fháil ar na sonraí a bhfuil an ríomhaire slán má tá an pasfhocal láidir agus ní simplí 1234 focal etc a úsáideann an chuid is mó daoine an cineál pasfhocal seo agus is féidir le go leor hackers cliste rochtain a fháil ar an ríomhaire go héasca.\nAch ar ríomhaire roinnte, tá an t-eolas a shábháil i ndáiríre tasc. I ríomhaire roinnte go leor daoine rochtain ar do ríomhaire agus mess gach rud fiú do shonraí príobháideacha i mbaol anois. Mar sin, is é an chéad rud a dhéanamh ná na sonraí a slándáil trí iad a chriptiú le focal faire. Cosúil le pasfhocal a dhéanamh agóid zip comhad (agus ansin a cheilt sé freisin réiteach níos fearr).\nNí gá go bhféadfadh duine ag baint úsáide as ár ríomhaire damáiste a dhéanamh dár sonraí fiú tá víris an-chontúirteach. Téann siad isteach sa chóras trí idirlíon nó trí thiomáin sheachtracha agus déanann siad dochar don ríomhaire iomlán trí na sonraí a scriosadh agus a ionfhabhtuithe. Chun fadhbanna den sórt sin a réiteach, suiteáil clár maith frith-ainneolais agus coinnigh é cothrom le dáta.\nDéan cúltaca de chóras ríomhaireachta i gcónaí agus stóráil ar CD/DVD agus ar chóras freisin, is cuma an bhfuil an córas roinnte nó nach bhfuil. Cabhraíonn sé seo leis na sonraí a chosaint ar aon nós.\n(c) Cad iad na seirbhísí líonra? Déan cur síos ar na seirbhísí clár-eolais agus ar na seirbhísí teileachumarsáide. Mínigh rialacha na seirbhísí seo i gcóras oibriúcháin agus i líonraíocht.\nTá seirbhísí líonra an-tábhachtach d' timpeallacht ríomhaireachta líonra. Tá na seirbhísí seo cumraithe ar LAN chun aistriú sonraí réidh agus iontaofacht a áirithiú. Seirbhísí cosúil le DHCP (Prótacal Rialú Óstach Dinimiciúil) a ligeann d'óstach seoladh IP a fháil go dinimiciúil nuair a nascadh go minic, déantar conradh le DHCP trí iarraidh a sheoladh agus iarrtar seoladh IP. Roghnaíonn an DHCP seoladh ó raon saincheaptha seoltaí ar a dtugtar poól agus sannann sé é chuig cliant.\nDNS (Córas Ainm Fearainn) is seirbhís LAN freisin réitíonn an seoladh IP i ainm agus ainm i seoladh IP cosúil le cláir theoretically d'fhéadfadh tagairt a dhéanamh do óstach, boscaí poist agus cúiseanna eile ag a líonra ((m.sh., IP) seoltaí, tá na seoltaí seo deacair do dhaoine a mheabhrú. Chomh maith leis sin, ciallaíonn seoladh ríomhphoist chuig email@example.com má bhogann ISP nó eagraíocht Sara an freastalaí ríomhphoist chuig meaisín eile le seoladh IP difriúil, ní mór a seoladh ríomhphoist a athrú. Dá bhrí sin, tugadh ainmneacha ASCII isteach chun ainmneacha meaisín a dhíchúpláil ó sheoladh meaisín. Ar an mbealach seo, d'fhéadfadh seoladh Sara a bheith rud éigin cosúil le firstname.lastname@example.org .\nIs seirbhísí líonra iad comhroinnt comhaid líonra agus priontáil freisin. Tá aistriú comhaid isteach nó amach as an líonra coitianta agus is féidir clódóir a cheangal i líonra trína bhféadfaimis rochtain a fháil orthu.\nTá seirbhísí eolaire cosúil le coimeádán mór sonraí agus acmhainní líonra amhail printéirí ríomhaire, cuntais úsáideora agus grúpaí úsáideora a sholáthraíonn liosta lárnach acmhainní agus bealaí chun acmhainní ar leith a aimsiú go tapa agus bealaí a sholáthar chun rochtain a fháil ar acmhainní líonra agus iad a bhainistiú.\nC1 Mínigh an córas oibriúcháin líonraithe trí shamplaí a úsáid. Déan cur síos ar na seirbhísí i gcóras oibriúcháin líonraithe agus cur síos ar na saincheisteanna gnó a bhaineann le riosca ag baint úsáide as aon shampla.\nTugtar córas oibriúcháin líonra ar chóras oibriúcháin a cheadaíonn comhad comhad agus cóid priontála i líonra. Líonraí cosúil le líonra limistéar áitiúil, Intranet agus líonraí príobháideacha. Is samplaí de chóras oibriúcháin líonra iad Apple talk, Novell Netware, freastalaí Windows, UNIX etc.\nIs iad na seirbhísí i gcóras oibriúcháin líonra comhroinnt Priontálaí, Comhroinnt Comhad, sonraí cúltaca agus riarachán Úsáideora.\nIs féidir go leor rioscaí a bheith i gceist le comhad a roinnt ar líonra cosúil le víris agus bogearraí agus comhaid gan iarraidh eile. Is féidir le víris dul i bhfeidhm ar an ríomhaire agus ar a fheidhmíocht agus an córas iomlán a chontúirt fiú. Trí chomhaid agus cláir nach dteastaíonn go leor spáis ar chárta crua agus ní bhíonn a fhios againn fiú faoi.\nMar shampla, tá líonra beag ag eagraíocht a roinneann priontóirí agus comhad lena chéile. Anois, d'eisigh úsáideoir B comhad chuig úsáideoir F agus PC úsáideoir B i ionfhabhtaithe le go leor víris agus aistrithe siad leis an comhad chuig úsáideoir F, Mura bhfuil an t-aineolaí ceart cothrom le dáta ag úsáideoir F ansin rinne sé botún."} {"text": "Zika could cause Alzheimer's-style effect on adults, research suggests\nThe Zika virus can \"wreak havoc\" in the brains of adults, causing long-term damage that may mirror the effects of Alzheimer's disease, new research suggests.\nThe mosquito-borne infection has already been linked to microcephaly - a serious birth defect in which babies are born with small heads and brain damage.\nUntil now, the virus was thought to have a minimal effect on adults other than pregnant women. Most people infected show no obvious symptoms while others may experience flu-like effects, such as fever, headache and joint pain.\nThe new findings indicate that the long term impact of Zika infection in adults could be far more serious and sinister.\nExperiments using mice engineered to mimic human Zika infection show that the virus attacks immature cells in the adult brain vital to learning and memory.\nOver time, loss of these \"progenitor\" stem cells could lead to brain shrinkage and the kind of mental impairment seen in Alzheimer's, say the scientists.\nProfessor Sujan Shresta, a member of the team from the La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology in California, USA, said: \"Zika can clearly enter the brain of adults and can wreak havoc. But it's a complex disease - it's catastrophic for early brain development, yet the majority of adults who are infected with Zika rarely show detectable symptoms.\n\"Its effect on the adult brain may be more subtle, and now we know what to look for.\"\nThe study is the first to focus on the impact of Zika infection on the adult brain.\nThe scientists used fluorescent biomarker \"tags\" to indicate when adult brain cells were invaded by the virus. Their results, published in journal Cell Stem Cell, show that the virus targets two specific regions of the adult brain critical to learning and memory.\nProfessor Joseph Gleeson, from Rockefeller University, said: \"Our results are pretty dramatic - in the parts of the brain that lit up, it was like a Christmas tree.\n\"It was very clear that the virus wasn't affecting the whole brain evenly, like people are seeing in the foetus. In the adult, it's only these two populations that are very specific to the stem cells that are affected by virus. These cells are special, and somehow very susceptible to the infection.\n\"Based on our findings, getting infected with Zika as an adult may not be as innocuous as people think.\"\nWhile healthy individuals may be able to resist the virus, those with weakened immune systems could be at serious risk, said the researchers.\nProf Gleeson added: \"In more subtle cases, the virus could theoretically impact long-term memory or risk of depression, but tools do not exist to test the long-term effects of Zika on adult stem cell populations.\"\nThe mouse studies showed that Zika infection prevented neural progenitor cells replenishing neurons in learning and memory circuits.\nThe scientists still do not know to what extent the mouse model results apply to humans, or how permanent the brain damage is. But they say the research raises the disturbing possibility of long term mental impairment in Zika-infected adults.\n\"The virus seems to be travelling quite a bit as people move around the world,\" says Prof Gleeson. \"Given this study, I think the public health enterprise should consider monitoring for Zika infections in all groups, not just pregnant women.\"\nThe epicentre of the current Zika epidemic is Brazil, where the Rio Olympic Games are in full swing.\nIn February the World Health Organisation declared the outbreak a \"public health emergency of international concern\" as evidence grew of Zika's association with birth defects.\nThe virus is chiefly spread by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which is common throughout the tropical and subtropical Americas.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "url": "http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/zika-could-cause-alzheimersstyle-effect-on-adults-research-suggests-34976999.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171070.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00380-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9488809705, "token_count": 778, "score": 2.984375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "D'fhéadfadh Zika éifeacht stíl Alzheimer a chur ar dhaoine fásta, a léiríonn taighde\nIs féidir leis an víreas Zika \"cailleadh a dhéanamh\" i gcreideamh daoine fásta, ag déanamh damáiste fadtéarmach a d'fhéadfadh a bheith cosúil le héifeachtaí galar Alzheimer, de réir taighde nua.\nTá nasc déanta cheana féin idir an t-ionfhabhtú a iompróidh mosquito agus micreacéfaili - míchompord breith tromchúiseach ina dtarlaíonn leanaí le cinn bheaga agus damáiste inchinne.\nGo dtí seo, meastar nach raibh tionchar beag ag an víreas ar dhaoine fásta seachas ar mhná torracha. Ní thaispeánann formhór na ndaoine atá ionfhabhtaithe aon chomharthaí soiléire agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh éifeachtaí cosúil le fliú ag daoine eile, mar shampla fiabhras, tinneas cinn agus pian i gcomhpháirteanna.\nLéiríonn na torthaí nua go bhféadfadh tionchar fadtéarmach ionfhabhtaithe Zika i measc daoine fásta a bheith i bhfad níos tromchúisí agus níos measa.\nLéiríonn turgnaimh a úsáidtear luch a ndearnadh a mhianrú chun ionfhabhtú Zika daonna a dhéanamh go ndéanann an víreas ionsaí ar chealla neamh-aosta sa inchinn fásta atá ríthábhachtach le foghlaim agus cuimhne.\nDe réir a chéile, d'fhéadfadh caillteanas na gcill stáit \"progenitor\" seo a bheith ina chúis le meath na hinchinne agus leis an gcineál lagú meabhrach a fheictear i ghalair Alzheimer, a deir na heolaithe.\nDúirt an tOllamh Sujan Shresta, ball den fhoireann ó Institiúid Ailléirge agus Imdhíonlathas La Jolla i California, SAM: \"Is féidir le Zika dul isteach go soiléir i gcreideamh daoine fásta agus d'fhéadfadh sé scrios a dhéanamh. Ach is galar casta é - tá sé tubaisteach do fhorbairt luath na hinchinne, ach is annamh a léiríonn an chuid is mó d'aosaigh atá ionfhabhtaithe le Zika comharthaí inbhraite.\n\"D'fhéadfadh a éifeacht ar an inchinn fásta a bheith níos subtle, agus anois tá a fhios againn cad atá le lorg\".\nIs é an staidéar an chéad cheann a dhírigh ar thionchar ionfhabhtaithe Zika ar an inchinn fásta.\nD'úsáid na heolaithe \"tags\" biomarcála fluaraiseanta chun a léiriú nuair a bhí na cealla inchinne fásta ionsaí ag an víreas. Léiríonn a dtorthaí, a foilsíodh sa iris Cell Stem Cell, go ndíríonn an víreas ar dhá réigiún sonrach den inchinn fásta atá ríthábhachtach le foghlaim agus le cuimhne.\nDúirt an tOllamh Joseph Gleeson, ó Ollscoil Rockefeller: \"Tá ár dtorthaí go leor suntasach - sna codanna den inchinn a bhí ag lasadh, bhí sé cosúil le crann Nollag.\n\"Bhí sé an-soiléir nach raibh an víreas ag dul i bhfeidhm ar an inchinn ar fad go cothrom, mar a fheiceann daoine i bhfithis. I dtuismitheoirí, is iad an dá phobal seo amháin atá an-shonrach do na cealla bun atá faoi thionchar víris. Tá na cealla seo speisialta, agus ar bhealach éigin an-inoibritheach don ionfhabhtaíocht.\n\"Bunaithe ar ár bhforais, ní fhéadfadh a bheith chomh neamhdhíobhálach le Zika a bheith ionfhabhtaithe mar dhuine fásta mar a cheapann daoine\".\nCé go bhféadfadh daoine sláintiúla a bheith in ann seasamh in aghaidh an víris, d'fhéadfadh daoine a bhfuil córais imdhíonachta lag acu a bheith i mbaol tromchúiseach, a dúirt na taighdeoirí.\nDúirt an tOllamh Gleeson: \"I gcásanna níos subtle, d'fhéadfadh an víreas tionchar teoiriciúil a bheith aige ar chuimhne fadtéarmach nó ar riosca dúlagar, ach níl uirlisí ann chun tástáil a dhéanamh ar na héifeachtaí fadtéarmacha a bhíonn ag Zika ar phobail mhéadaithe cealla bun\".\nLéirigh na staidéir ar na lucha go raibh ionfhabhtú Zika ag cur cosc ar shéalla réamhghnéasacha néarónach neurons a athshlánú i gcreataí foghlama agus cuimhne.\nNíl a fhios ag na heolaithe go fóill cé chomh fada agus a bhaineann torthaí an múnla luch le daoine, nó cé chomh buan is atá an damáiste inchinn. Ach deir siad go dtógann an taighde an fhéidearthacht imníoch go bhféadfadh lagú meabhrach fadtéarmach a bheith ag daoine fásta atá ionfhabhtaithe le Zika.\n\"Is cosúil go bhfuil an víreas ag taisteal go leor de réir mar a théann daoine ar fud an domhain\", a deir an tOllamh Gleeson. \"Ag féachaint don staidéar seo, sílim gur cheart don ghnóthas sláinte poiblí monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar ionfhabhtuithe Zika i ngach grúpa, ní hamháin ar mhná torracha\".\nIs é an Bhrasaíl an t-eipidéim Zika reatha, áit a bhfuil na Cluichí Oilimpeacha Rio i mbun oibre.\nI mí Feabhra dhearbhaigh an Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Sláinte an ráig mar \"éigeandáil sláinte poiblí de thromchúis idirnáisiúnta\" de réir mar a d'fhás fianaise ar an gcaidreamh atá idir Zika agus lochtanna breithe.\nIs é an mosquito Aedes aegypti, atá coitianta ar fud na Meiriceá trópaiceach agus fo-trópaiceach, an príomh-chomhghlactha leis an víreas."} {"text": "Watermelons, a warm-weather annual summer crop, grow best once the average air temperature is at least 70 degrees Fahrenheit. This plant requires a soil rich in nutrients to support its foliage growth and fruit production. For the biggest, juiciest watermelons, provide the vine with the various kinds of soil amendments it needs at its various stages of life.\nEnhance soil fertility before planting watermelon seeds or transplanting your seedlings. This helps ensure a quick establishment and sets a foundation for healthy watermelon plants. Use any all-purpose, 5-10-10 fertilizer product, spreading it at a rate of 15 pounds for every 500 square feet of garden space. To minimize the risk of nitrogen burn, mix the fertilizer evenly throughout the top 6 inches of soil.\nWatermelon plants grow best in fertile, moist, well-draining soil. Compost helps accomplish this by improving soil structure, adding micronutrients and improving the soil's ability to stay moist and hold onto nutrients. For the best results with watermelons, use approximately 4 inches of well-aged compost and mix the compost into the top 6 inches of soil.\nMulch helps fertilize the watermelon plants by slowly adding nitrogen-rich organic matter to the soil. Mulch also helps improve soil moisture retention and prevents weeds from growing that might otherwise compete with your watermelon plants for soil moisture and soil nutrients. Mulches that work well with watermelon plants include weed-free straw, shredded newspaper and grass clippings. Maintain a 3- to 4-inch-thick layer of mulch around your watermelon plants at all times.\nAs soon as the watermelon plant's vines are long enough to start creeping along the ground, it needs a second application of nitrogen to quickly boost growth. Using a 33-0-0 fertilizer, and apply it at a rate of 1/2 pound for every 50 feet of watermelon rows. Immediately water the watermelon plants to help carry the fertilizer to the vine's roots. Repeat again when the watermelon plant's first fruits start to appear on the vine. This enhances overall fruit production.\n- Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35", "url": "https://homeguides.sfgate.com/fertilize-watermelon-65777.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027318986.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190823192831-20190823214831-00479.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8872123361, "token_count": 445, "score": 3.328125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá an t-uisce-mhéilí, a bhfuil an-tóir air i rith an tsamhraidh, ag fás go maith nuair a bhíonn an teocht mheán an aeir ag 70 céim Fahrenheit ar a laghad. Éilíonn an planda seo ithir atá saibhir i gcothaithigh chun tacú lena fhéith agus le táirgeadh torthaí. Chun na watermelons is mó, is mó sú a fháil, soláthraíonn tú na cineálacha éagsúla athruithe ithreach a theastaíonn uaidh sa fhíonchaor ag céimeanna éagsúla a saoil.\nCuir feabhas ar thorthúlacht an ithir sula ndéanann tú síolta watermelon a phlandaíocht nó do ghrianán a phlandaíocht. Cuidíonn sé seo le bunú tapa a chinntiú agus leagann sé bunús do phlandaí uisce-mhéine sláintiúla. Úsáid aon táirge táirgthe uilechuspóire, 5-10-10, ag scaipeadh é ag ráta 15 punt ar gach 500 troigh cearnach de spás gairdín. Chun an baol go dtógfar an nítrigin a íoslaghdú, cuir an leasachán le chéile go cothrom ar fud na 6 orlach is airde den ithir.\nTá plandaí an t-uisce-mhéine ag fás go maith i dtalamh thorthúil, taise, go maith dránaithe. Cabhraíonn compost seo a bhaint amach trí struchtúr na talún a fheabhsú, trí mhicrea-chothaithigh a chur leis agus trí chumas an talún a choinneáil taise agus cothaithigh a choinneáil. Chun na torthaí is fearr a fháil le watermelons, bain úsáid as thart ar 4 orlach de choimpóist a d'aois go maith agus cuir an choimpóist isteach sa 6 orlach barr den ithir.\nCabhraíonn mulch le feirmeoireacht na mbunaí watermelon trí ábhar orgánach saibhir nítrigine a chur leis go mall sa ithir. Cuidíonn mulch freisin le haer a choinneáil sa talamh agus cuireann sé cosc ar luibheanna a fhás a d'fhéadfadh dul san iomaíocht le do phlandaí watermelon le haghaidh taise agus cothaithigh talún. I measc na mulcha a oibríonn go maith le plandaí watermelon tá sliocht saor ó weed, nuachtán shredded agus gearrthóga féar. Coinnigh sraith mulch 3 go 4 orlach tiubh timpeall do phlandaí watermelon i gcónaí.\nA luaithe a bhíonn fíonchaora an phlanda uisce-mhéine fada go leor chun tosú ag creep ar feadh na talún, ní mór dó an dara iarratas nítrigine a dhéanamh chun fás a spreagadh go tapa. Ag baint úsáide as leasachán 33-0-0, agus é a chur i bhfeidhm ag ráta 1/2 punt do gach 50 troigh de shraith watermelon. Cuir uisce láithreach ar na plandáin uisce-mhéine chun an leasachán a thabhairt go fréamhacha an fhíona. Déan arís nuair a thosaíonn na chéad torthaí an phlanda uisce-mhéine le feiceáil ar an fíonchaora. Feabhsaíonn sé seo táirgeadh iomlán torthaí.\n- Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images"} {"text": "|Chad Table of Contents\nA range of diseases afflicts the populace of Chad. In 1983 infectious and parasitic diseases were the most prevalent ailments, followed by respiratory afflictions and nervous disorders. In 1988 a severe epidemic of meningitis affected N'Djamena, in particular. By 1987 only one case of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) had been reported to the World Health Organization; however, it was likely that incidence of the disease was many times higher, especially in the southern areas near Cameroon and Central African Republic.\nIn the early 1960s, the government made a substantial effort to extend the country's limited health infrastructure. Despite the ensuing civil conflict, the government has attempted to maintain and expand health services. Foreign assistance has allowed the construction of new buildings and the renovation of existing facilities, as well as the laying of groundwork for training health care professionals.\nBy the early 1980s, health facilities included five hospitals (at N'Djamena, Sarh, Moundou, Abéché, anda locality in Mayo-Kebbi Prefecture). Two polyclinics served the population of the capital region. Medical centers numbered 18, and there were 20 infirmaries and 127 dispensaries. Private medical facilities numbered seventy-five, and twenty social centers administered to the needs of Chadians in all prefectures except Biltine and Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti.\nDespite apparent progress in health care delivery, it is difficult to determine if growth in the number of facilities represented an increased capacity or merely a reorganization and reclassification of health establishments. The only data available in 1988, for example, showed that despite the increase in numbers of units, the hospitals, medical centers, and infirmaries increased the number of beds by only 238 more than the number recorded in 1971. Modern health care was also very unevenly distributed. Such facilities in Chad have long been concentrated in the south and remained so in 1983. For example, eleven of the eighteen medical centers were found there, along with three of the five hospitals, and private care followed the same pattern, with sixty-four of seventy-five centers in the southern prefectures. In theory, therefore, people in the less populated sahelian and Saharan regions had to travel very long distances for modern medical care. In fact, distance, lack of transportation, and civil conflict probably discouraged most people from making the effort.\nA continuing shortage of trained medical personnel has compounded the difficulty of providing adequate, accessible health facilities. In 1983 Chad's medical system employed 42 Chadian doctors, 8 pharmacists, a biologist, 87 registered nurses, 583 practical nurses, 59 nurses specializing in childbirth, 22 midwives, 19 health inspectors, and 99 public health agents. Foreign assistance provided another 41 doctors, 103 nurses, and 2 midwives.\nMore detailed information concerning health care in Chad was unavailable in the late 1980s, largely because of the Chadian Civil War, which had disrupted government services for many years. As a result of this conflict, there were probably fewer health personnel in the late 1980s than earlier in the decade, particularly in the sahelian and Saharan zones, where nurses abandoned rural infirmaries. Mortality levels in Chad have been high for a long time, but the war may have reversed the limited progress made in the 1960s in dealing with the country's many health problems. Although the conflict was far from resolved in the late 1980s, the Habré government had been much more successful than its predecessors in consolidating control over the sahelian and Saharan regions of the country where modern health care has been the least available. Although resources remained scarce, greater international attention to Chad's plight produced more foreign assistance than in the past.\nSource: U.S. Library of Congress", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "url": "http://countrystudies.us/chad/31.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334942.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220926211042-20220927001042-00627.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9658069611, "token_count": 781, "score": 2.921875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tábla Ábhar\nTá réimse galair ag fulaingt ar phobal na Seice. I 1983 ba iad galair ionfhabhtaithe agus paraisítí na galair is forleithne, ina dhiaidh sin galair an anailís agus galair néarógach. I 1988, bhuail eipidéim tromchúiseach méineigitise N'Djamena go háirithe. Faoi 1987 ní raibh ach cás amháin de shiondróm easnamh imdhíonachta faighte (SÍD) tuairiscíodh chuig an Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Sláinte; áfach, is dócha go raibh an galar i bhfad níos mó, go háirithe sna ceantair theas in aice le Camarún agus Poblacht na hAfraice Láir.\nI dtús na 1960idí, rinne an rialtas iarracht suntasach chun bonneagar sláinte teoranta na tíre a leathnú. In ainneoin na coimhlinte shibhialta a tháinig ina dhiaidh sin, rinne an rialtas iarracht seirbhísí sláinte a chothabháil agus a leathnú. D'fhág cúnamh eachtrach go bhféadfaí foirgnimh nua a thógáil agus áiseanna atá ann cheana a athchóiriú, chomh maith le bunús a leagan le haghaidh gairmithe cúraim sláinte a oiliúint.\nFaoi thús na 1980idí, bhí cúig ospidéal i measc na saoráidí sláinte (ag N'Djamena, Sarh, Moundou, Abéché, agus áit i gCúige Mayo-Kebbi). Bhí dhá pholaiclínic ag freastal ar phobal na réigiúin chaipitil. Bhí 18 ionad leighis ann, agus bhí 20 infirmary agus 127 dispenser ann. Bhí seacht gcinn déag saoráid leighis phríobháideach agus fiche ionad sóisialta á riaradh chun freastal ar riachtanais na Chadigh i ngach ceann de na prefectures seachas Biltine agus Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti.\nIn ainneoin dul chun cinn soiléir i soláthar cúraim sláinte, tá sé deacair a chinneadh an raibh méadú ar líon na saoráidí ina léiriú ar acmhainn méadaithe nó ar athchóiriú agus athchlárú na n-eagraíochtaí sláinte amháin. Léirigh an t-aon sonraí a bhí ar fáil i 1988, mar shampla, go cé go raibh méadú tagtha ar líon na n-aonad, níor mhéadaigh na hoibríochtaí, na lárionaid leighis agus na n-ionad cóireála líon na gcodanna ach 238 níos mó ná an líon a taifeadadh i 1971. Bhí cúram sláinte nua-aimseartha scaipthe go neamhchothrom freisin. Tá áiseanna den sórt sin sa tSád dírithe go fada sa deisceart agus d'fhan siad mar sin i 1983. Mar shampla, bhí aon cheann déag de na ocht n-ionad leighis déag ann, mar aon le trí cinn de na cúig ospidéal, agus lean cúram príobháideach an patrún céanna, le seasca ceathrú cinn de na seacht gcinn déag i gceantair theas. Sa teoiric, dá bhrí sin, bhí ar dhaoine sna réigiúin sahelian agus sa Saharan nach raibh mórán daonra acu taisteal ar chiallacha an-fhiúcha chun cúram leighis nua-aimseartha a fháil. Go deimhin, is dócha gur chuir an fad, an easpa iompair, agus an choimhlint shibhialta an chuid is mó daoine as an iarracht a dhéanamh.\nTá an easpa leanúnach foirne leighis oilte tar éis an deacracht a bhaineann le saoráidí sláinte leordhóthanacha, inrochtana a sholáthar a mhéadú. I 1983 bhí 42 dochtúir, 8 cógaiséir, bith-eolaí, 87 altra cláraithe, 583 altraí cleachtais, 59 altraí speisialtóireachta i bpáistí, 22 mháithreacha, 19 iniúchóir sláinte, agus 99 gníomhaire sláinte poiblí fostaithe i gcóras leighis na Seice. Thug cúnamh eachtrach 41 dochtúir eile, 103 altra, agus 2 mháistir.\nNí raibh faisnéis níos mionsonraithe maidir le cúram sláinte sa tSád ar fáil ag deireadh na 1980idí, go mór mar gheall ar Chogadh Cathartha na Scead, a chuir isteach ar sheirbhísí rialtais ar feadh blianta fada. Mar thoradh ar an gcoimhlint seo, is dócha go raibh níos lú pearsanra sláinte ann ag deireadh na 1980idí ná ag tús an deich mbliana, go háirithe sna criosanna sahéiliach agus sa Saharan, áit ar fhág na hoibrithe altraí iontráil i n-infirmíní tuaithe. Tá leibhéil báis sa tSád ard le fada, ach d'fhéadfadh go raibh an cogadh ag casadh an dul chun cinn teoranta a rinneadh sna 1960idí i ngleic le go leor fadhbanna sláinte na tíre. Cé nach raibh an coimhlint réitithe go mór ag deireadh na 1980idí, bhí an rialtas Habré i bhfad níos rathúla ná a réamhtheachtaí i rialú a dhaingniú ar réigiúin Sahel agus Saharan na tíre ina raibh cúram sláinte nua-aimseartha ar fáil ar an laghad. Cé go raibh acmhainní gann, bhí níos mó aird idirnáisiúnta ar dhúshlán na Seáide ag cruthú níos mó cúnamh eachtrach ná mar a bhí roimhe.\nFoinse: Leabharlann Chongres na Stát Aontaithe"} {"text": "In the United States the military has been a source of American slang since the Revolutionary War and much of it has become increasingly embedded in popular culture. To chew means, “to bite and grind with the teeth; to masticate, as food, to prepare it for deglutition and digestion,” so it’s not too big of a leap to connect the idea of biting into something with a grinding reproach. Alternative phrases for the transitive verb can be dress down, take to task, or rake over the coals.\nNo doubt the phase came from across the pond because a good chewing out is hardly a new phenomenon. In Europe people were being called on the carpet since the beginning of the 19th century when a servant was said to “walk the carpet” when they were summoned before the master of the home for a tongue lashing. Even earlier than this, people were being read the Riot Act. In 1715 English magistrates were responsible for the control of unruly citizens. “If more than twelve people didn't disperse after the Riot Act was read to them the magistrate could order their arrest”and by the 1930’s judges were said to be throwing the book at disorderly citizens for breaking the law. The 1986 Public Order Act made the Riot Act obsolete, but there is some evidence to suggest that the phrase describing a verbal reprimand may have originated even earlier because the OED offers a citation from as early as 1230 for chewed used to illustrate \"to worry with reproaches.\" Since then the formal censure or reproach of a subordinate by a superior has escalated from getting an attitude adjustment to a good bawling out.\nSome say that the military may have begun bandying the phrase about as early as World War I. One etymologist cites a passage, “H.Q. is chewing out my arse why we're not flying right now,\" from Stephan Longstreet’s Canvas Falcons(1929). By 1948 to chew someone out had become common during World War II meaning someone was given a verbal going over as in, “The Drill Sergeant chewed him out saying he would have his guts for garters because he was nothing more than a goldbricking lollygag.” The colloquialism may have arose from Article 15, a form of non-judicial punishment from the Uniform Code of Military Justice. While it’s not a full blown court martial an Article 15 can result in consequences ranging from an apologetic response to fines or confinement in the stockade.\nOxford English Dictionary:\nMILREF: 2005 Archive of Military Definitions of the Day:\nThe Phrase Finder:", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "url": "http://everything2.com/title/Chew+out", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171162.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00379-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9695113897, "token_count": 553, "score": 3.171875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Sna Stáit Aontaithe, is foinse de slang Mheiriceá é an míleata ó Chogadh Réabhlóideach agus tá cuid mhór de shiombail sa chultúr tóir. Ciallaíonn an t-amhrán, \"a bheith ag cnagadh agus ag miondealú leis na fiacla; a bheith ag mascáil, mar bhia, chun é a ullmhú le haghaidh deglutition agus díleá, \" mar sin ní léim ró-mhór é an smaoineamh a bheith ag miondeáil i rud le smacht a bheith ag miondeáil. Is féidir frásaí malartacha don bhriathar trasdhlúite a bheith ina n-oideas síos, a ghlacadh chun tasc, nó a rake thar na gcarbóil.\nGan amhras tháinig an chéim ó thuras na loch toisc go bhfuil maith chewing amach nach bhfuil feiniméan nua. Sa Eoraip bhí daoine á n-aghaidh ar an gcarpéad ó thús an 19ú haois nuair a bhí sé ráite go raibh seirbhíseach ag 'coiseacht ar an gcarpéad' nuair a bhí siad glactha os comhair an úinéara an tí le haghaidh líonta teanga. Fiú níos luaithe ná seo, bhí an tAcht Riot á léamh ag daoine. Sa bhliain 1715, bhí máistreacht Sasanach freagrach as rialú a dhéanamh ar shaoránaigh neamhrialta. Má bhíonn níos mó ná dhá cheann déag duine gan scaipeadh tar éis an Acht um Riot a léamh dóibh d'fhéadfadh an máistir ordú a thabhairt go ndéanfaí iad a ghabháilagus sna 1930idí bhí breithiúna ag caitheamh an leabhar ar shaoránaigh neamhordúla as an dlí a shárú. Rinne Acht an Orda Poiblí 1986 an tAcht Riot as feidhm, ach tá roinnt fianaise ann a thugann le tuiscint go bhféadfadh an frása a thuairiscíonn smacht ó bhéal a bheith tagtha chun cinn níos luaithe toisc go dtugann an OED luaitear ó 1230 ar an gcéad uair eile le haghaidh chewed a úsáidtear chun \"a bheith buartha faoi mhaitheas\" a léiriú. Ó shin i leith tá an censure foirmiúil nó an replugging de subordinate ag níos airde ag ardú ó ag cur leasuithe dearcadh a fháil go maith ag screadadh amach.\nDeir cuid acu go bhféadfadh go raibh na míleata ag tosú ag cur an abairt ar an bpáipéar chomh luath le Cogadh an Domhain I. Tugann eitimolaí amháin le haistriúchán, H.Q. Is ag chewing mo ascaill cén fáth nach bhfuil muid ag eitilt anois, \" ó Stephan Longstreet's Canvas Falcons ([[1929]]). Faoi 1948 bhí sé coitianta duine a chew amach le linn an Dara Cogadh Domhanda rud a chiallaíonn go ndearnadh briathra ó bhéal a thabhairt do dhuine mar, Chew an Searmanas Drill air ag rá go mbeadh a chuid guthanna aige le haghaidh garters toisc nach raibh sé ach lollygag goldbricking. D'fhéadfadh an cainteoireacht a bheith tagtha as Airteagal 15, foirm pionóis neamh-dlí ón gCód Aonair um Cheartas Míleata. Cé nach cúirt mhíleata iomlán é, d'fhéadfadh iarmhairtí a bheith ag Airteagal 15 ó fhreagra apologetic go fíneálacha nó i gcoimeád sa phríosún.\nFuaiméir Béarla Oxford:\nMILREF: 2005 Archaiv na Sainmhínithe Míleata an Lae:\nAn Finder Abairt:"} {"text": "CIS 331 Chapter 2 Quiz To Purchase This Material Click below Link http://www.cis331rank.com/product-29-CIS-331-Chapter-2-Quiz FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT www.cis331rank.com 1. What are the fundamental activities that are common to all software processes? 2.\nList the 3 generic process mod ls that are ed in software engineering?\nWhyiterations usually limited when the waterfall model is used?\n4. What are the three benefits of incremental development, compared to the waterfall model? 5. What are the development stages in reuse-based development? 6. What are he principal requ rements engineering activities? 7. Why is it increasingly irrelevant to distinguish between software development and evolution? 8.\nWhat are the advantages of using incremental development and delivery?\nWhat are the 4 sectors in each loop in BoehmĘźspiral model?\nWhat Are the six fundamental best practices in the RUP?", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "url": "https://issuu.com/manuu22/docs/cis_331_chapter_2_quiz", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171630.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00448-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8605667353, "token_count": 204, "score": 2.828125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "CIS 331 Caibidil 2 Quiz To Purchase This Material Cliceáil thíos Link http://www.cis331rank.com/product-29-CIS-331-Chapter-2-Quiz LE haghaidh MÓR CLÁSAÍ TUR www.cis331rank.com 1. Cad iad na gníomhaíochtaí bunúsacha atá coitianta do gach próiseas bogearraí? 2. Seachadadh.\nLiostáil na 3 modúl próisis ghinearálta a úsáidtear in innealtóireacht bogearraí?\nCén fáth go mbíonn teorainn ag baint leis na hairíonna de ghnáth nuair a úsáidtear an tsamhail uiscebhealach?\n4. Tá an t-am Cad iad na trí bhuntáistí a bhaineann le forbairt mhéadaithe, i gcomparáid leis an tsamhail uiscebhealach? 5. Tá an t-am ann. Cad iad na céimeanna forbartha i bhforbairt atá bunaithe ar athúsáid? 6. Ceacht. Cad iad na príomhriachtanais a bhaineann le gníomhaíochtaí innealtóireachta? 7. Ceacht. Cén fáth go bhfuil sé níos neamhábhartha idirdhealú a dhéanamh idir forbairt bogearraí agus éabhlóid? 8. Ceacht.\nCad iad na buntáistí a bhaineann le forbairt agus seachadadh méadaithe a úsáid?\nCad iad na 4 earnáil i ngach lúb i múnla Boehmźspíreála?\nCad iad na sé dea-chleachtas bunúsacha sa Phortaingéil?"} {"text": "Infant Feeding Guidelines for the Asia Pacific Region\nMetadataShow full item record\nGood nutrition for infants, during the first 1000 days from conception, is one of the most important determinants of a healthy long life. Breastfeeding is the most important component of infant nutrition and reduces morbidity and mortality. With the changes to the climate currently occurring, issues of nutrition and food supply are only going to increase in importance. The Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations, place nutrition at the forefront of world development and a sustainable planet. The vision of Asia-Pacific Academic Consortium for Public Health (APACPH) is to “achieve the highest possible level of health of all the people of the nations of the Asia-Pacific region.” Much of the burden of disease, early deaths, and disability in the Asia Pacific region could be reduced with public health efforts to address the major risk factors, including nutrition-related causes and smoking. The United Nations Decade of Action on Nutrition 2016-2025 has recently been launched with the aim of reducing the global burden of inappropriate nutrition. The goals include increasing rates of exclusive breastfeeding to 6 months, reducing wasting and stunting, and reducing the rates of low birthweight. This is the position endorsed in these guidelines along with the principles of the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative. These guidelines expand the information on infants that was included in the 2016 APACPH Dietary Guidelines. APACPH covers many different environments, geographical areas, cultures, and socioeconomic groups. These guidelines are generally applicable to all infants in our region, specific local advice may sometimes be needed.\nShowing items related by title, author, creator and subject.\nThe Role of Public Health Nutrition in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in the Asia Pacific RegionBinns, Colin; Lee, M.; Low, W.; Zerfas, A. (2017)© 2017, © 2017 APJPH. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) replaced the Millennium Development Goals (MDCs) in 2015, which included several goals and targets primarily related to nutrition: to eradicate extreme ...\nDietary guidelines for the Asia Pacific Region: Report of the Asia Pacific academic consortium for public health workshop 2016Binns, Colin; Lee, M.; Kagawa, Masaharu; Low, W.; Liqian, Q.; Guldan, G.; Hokama, T.; Nanishi, K.; Oy, S.; Tang, L.; Zerfas, A. (2017)© 2017 APJPH. Nutrition is a major determinant of health throughout all stages of life and together with smoking is the most important risk factor for morbidity and mortality in the Asia Pacific Region. The workshop ...\nChe, S.; Binns, Colin; Maycock, B. (2013)Calcium is essential for maintaining bone health in infants and young children. The calcium intakes of weaning infants and children in Asia are relatively low in comparison to their Western counterparts. This is an ...", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35", "url": "https://espace.curtin.edu.au/handle/20.500.11937/74075", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027319915.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824063359-20190824085359-00210.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9010692239, "token_count": 611, "score": 3.078125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Treoirlínte um Chothú na n-Inbhirthí do Réigiún na hÁise agus an Aigéin Chiúin\nMeta-sonraíShow full item record\nTá cothú maith do naíonáin, le linn na chéad 1000 lá ó phógadh, ar cheann de na cinntí is tábhachtaí d'am fada sláintiúil. Is é an bainne a thabhairt an comhpháirt is tábhachtaí i gcothú naíonáin agus laghdaíonn sé morbidity agus mortality. Leis na hathruithe ar an aeráid atá ag tarlú faoi láthair, ní bheidh ach níos mó tábhachta ag ceisteanna cothaithe agus soláthair bia. Tá an t-aistriúchán seo ar fáil ar an suíomh gréasáin www.europa.eu.int. Is é fís Chonsórasta Acadúil Sláinte Poiblí na hÁise-Aigéan Ciúin (APACPH) ná an leibhéal sláinte is airde is féidir a bhaint amach do mhuintir uile náisiúin réigiún na hÁise-Aigéan Ciúin. D'fhéadfaí cuid mhór den ualach galar, báis go luath, agus míchumais i réigiún na hÁise-Aigéan Ciúin a laghdú le hiarrachtaí sláinte poiblí chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar na príomhfhachtóirí riosca, lena n-áirítear cúiseanna a bhaineann le cothú agus caitheamh tobac. Seoladh Deich mbliana Gníomhaíochta na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir le cothú 2016-2025 le déanaí d'fhonn an t-ualach domhanda a bhaineann le cothú míchuí a laghdú. I measc na gcuspóirí tá méadú ar rátaí na beathú cíche eisiach go 6 mhí, laghdú ar chailliúint agus ar stunting, agus laghdú ar rátaí na meáchain íseal breithe. Is é seo an seasamh a fhormheastar sna treoirlínte seo mar aon le prionsabail Tionscnamh Ospidéal Cairdiúil do Leanaí. Leathnaíonn na treoirlínte seo an fhaisnéis maidir le leanaí a bhí san áireamh i dtreoirlínte aiste bia APACPH 2016. Clúdaíonn APACPH go leor timpeallachtaí éagsúla, limistéir gheografacha, cultúir, agus grúpaí sóisia-eacnamaíocha. Tá na treoirlínte seo infheidhme go ginearálta ar na leanaí go léir inár réigiún, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh gá le comhairle áitiúil ar leith uaireanta.\nAg taispeáint earraí a bhaineann le teideal, údar, cruthaitheoir agus ábhar.\nAn Ról a Dhéanann Cothú Sláinte Poiblí chun na Spriocanna Forbartha Inbhuanaithe a bhaint amach i Réigiún na hÁise an Aigéin ChiúinBinns, Colin; Lee, M.; Low, W.; Zerfas, A. (2017) © 2017, © 2017 APJPH. Tháinig na Spriocanna Forbartha Inbhuanaithe (SDGanna) in ionad Spriocanna Forbartha na Mílaoise (MDCanna) in 2015, a raibh roinnt spriocanna agus spriocanna ann a bhain go príomha le cothú: chun deireadh a chur le ...\nTreoirlínte aiste bia don Réigiún na hÁise an Aigéin Chiúin: Tuarascáil ar Chonsórsaíocht Acadúil na hÁise an Aigéin Chiúin le haghaidh Seimineár Sláinte Poiblí 2016Binns, Colin; Lee, M.; Kagawa, Masaharu; Low, W.; Liqian, Q.; Guldan, G.; Hokama, T.; Nanishi, K.; Oy, S.; Tang, L.; Zerfas, A. (2017) © 2017 APJPH. Is príomhchinnitheoir sláinte é cothú i ngach céim den saol agus is é an fachtóir riosca is tábhachtaí le haghaidh morbidity agus básmhaireacht san Áise agus san Aigéan Ciúin, in éineacht le caitheamh tobac. An ceardlann ...\nChe, S.; Binns, Colin; Maycock, B. (2013) Tá cailciam ríthábhachtach chun sláinte cnámh a chothabháil i leanaí agus i leanaí óga. Tá an t-iontógáil cailciam i measc naíonáin agus leanaí atá ag cur ar ceapadh san Áise réasúnta íseal i gcomparáid lena gcomhghleacaithe san Iarthar. Is é seo an ..."} {"text": "Trash Reimagined: 5 Down-to-Earth Upcycling Artists\nSingle-use plastic was introduced soon after the Fresh Kills landfill opened in the 1940s. Instead of reducing or reusing, Americans began to love the ease of just throwing things away. No need to wash the dishes- just toss them! The increase in disposable items and the accompanying rise of “throwaway culture” was one factor that led to the Fresh Kills Landfill’s growth.\nUpcycling, along with reducing and recycling, is a creative antidote to throwaway culture. Upcycling involves reusing objects for practical or aesthetic purposes, prolonging their usefulness and diverting them from a landfill. These five artists are more likely to place trash in a museum exhibit or use it to create a homemade instrument than throw it on the curb. Their art pushes viewers to rethink disposability. Does that really need to be thrown away, or can it be upcycled?\nMierle Laderman Ukeles\nMierle Laderman Ukeles is the artist-in-residence for the Department of Sanitation. Though her work does not specifically use upcycled objects, Ukeles creates sculpture and performance art pieces that explore the role of waste in human society. Her work The Social Mirror, constructed in 1983, attaches a mirror to the outside of the sanitation truck, forcing viewers to see themselves as part of the process of sanitation and waste. ‘The mirror captures you, but people are afraid to be caught by it,’ said Ukeles. “You’re right there, part of the whole deal. It’s about the interrelationship between the people who provide the services and the people that get the services.’ Ukeles was an early advocate for the Fresh Kills landfill to be transformed into a park and was a key contributor to the Master Plan. She designed “LANDING,” the first planned artistic structure in Freshkills Park.\nSkip LaPlante and Bash the Trash\nSkip LaPlante is a musician and upcycler who specializes in making instruments\nfrom recycled materials. As a Discovery Day workshop leader, LaPlante guides participants through building intricate wind chimes from repurposed materials. His work also includes more complex instruments, like harps and multi-story water sculptures. LaPlante works with Materials for the Arts, which repurposes supplies and scrap materials for artistic purposes, and Bash the Trash, which works in schools and community organizations to build instruments out of trash. Want to make your own instrument from waste? Check out Bash the Trash’s guide to building your own musical instruments.\nNelson Molina worked for the Department of Sanitation for 34 years. On his route, Molina often found valuable items: old toys, paintings, awards, antiques, and more. He collected thousands of objects in a makeshift museum in a DSNY warehouse. His finds are organized into exhibits chronicling decades of interesting stuff that New Yorkers threw away. Virtually visit the museum with this short documentary about Molina’s work.\nMatt Lorenz – The Suitcase Junket\nThe Suitcase Junket is the solo project of musician Matt Lorenz. Born in Vermont and living in western Massachusetts, Lorenz is a musician whose one-man-band is constructed largely of upcycled materials. From his bass drum (an old suitcase) that is operated by a pedal constructed of an old baby shoe, to the wooden box of old trinkets and tools that makes up part of his percussion, he is a master of finding the potential in overlooked items. His guitar was even found in a dumpster. Check out his most recent video for High Beams, the catchy Everything I Like, and this recent cover of Whitney Houston’s I Wanna Dance With Somebody.\nAlejandro Durán is a Brooklyn-based multimedia artist originally from Mexico City. In his photo series, Washed Up, Durán collected plastic waste that he found on the shorelines of Sian Ka’an, a UNESCO World Heritage site on Mexico’s Caribbean coast. He arranged the discarded waste along the shoreline to create stunning yet haunting images. As Durán states, “the resulting photo series depicts a new form of colonization by consumerism, where even undeveloped land is not safe from the far-reaching impact of our culture of disposable products.” Check out his TED Talk for more on his artistic process and motivation to bring attention to our ocean waste.\nUpcycle your Stream time into STEAM time\nUsing upcycled items for art reduces demand for new materials and waste destined for the landfill. Did any of these down to Earth upcycling artists inspire you to get creative with what you have available?\nShare your thoughts on upcycling and art this week on social media using #FreshkillsUpStream", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "url": "https://freshkillspark.org/blog/trash-reimagined-5-down-to-earth-upcycling-artists", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334992.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927064738-20220927094738-00579.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9476401806, "token_count": 1016, "score": 3.1875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Trash Reimagined: 5 Ealaíontóir Athchúrsála Down-to-Earth\nTugadh an plaisteach aon-úsáid isteach go luath tar éis don líonadh talún Fresh Kills a oscailt sna 1940idí. In ionad a laghdú nó a athúsáid, thosaigh Meiriceánaigh ag grá an éascaíocht rudaí a chaitheamh amach. Níl gá leis an éadaí a ní - caith iad! Ba é an méadú ar earraí indiúscartha agus an méadú comhthreomhar ar cultúr caithbhunaithe ceann de na tosca a d'fhág go raibh fás na Dúnmharú Fresh.\nIs frithdhíol cruthaitheach é an t-uaschúrsáil, mar aon le laghdú agus athchúrsáil, i gcoinne chultúr an throchaigh. Baineann an t-athchúrsáil le rudaí a athúsáid chun críocha praiticiúla nó ealaíne, lena n-úsáid a fhadú agus lena n-aistrithe ó thalamh dramhaíola. Tá seans níos mó ag na cúig ealaíontóir seo dramhaíl a chur i taispeántas músaeim nó é a úsáid chun ionstraimí tí-dhéanta a chruthú ná é a chaitheamh ar an mbóthar. Spreagann a gcuid ealaíne lucht féachana athbheochan a dhéanamh ar an gcaoi a ndéantar an t-earraí a dhiúscairt. An gá é sin a chaitheamh amach i ndáiríre, nó an féidir é a athchúrsáil?\nMierle Laderman Ukeles\nIs é Mierle Laderman Ukeles an t-ealaíontóir cónaitheach don Roinn Sláinteachais. Cé nach n-úsáideann a cuid oibre rudaí athchúrsáilte go sonrach, cruthaíonn Ukeles píosaí ealaíne dealbhóireachta agus feidhmíochta a dhéanann iniúchadh ar ról an dramhaíola sa tsochaí dhaonna. A cuid oibre The Social Mirror, a tógadh i 1983, leagann sí scáthán le taobh amuigh den trucail sláintíochta, ag cur iallach ar lucht féachana iad féin a fheiceáil mar chuid den phróiseas sláintíochta agus dramhaíola. \"Tá an scáthán ag glacadh leat, ach tá eagla ar dhaoine a bheith gafa leis\", a dúirt Ukeles. Tá tú ceart ann, cuid den chomhaontú iomlán. Tá sé mar gheall ar an idirchaidreamh idir na daoine a sholáthraíonn na seirbhísí agus na daoine a fhaigheann na seirbhísí. Bhí Ukeles ina abhcóide luath ar mhaithe le líonadh talún Fresh Kills a athrú ina pháirc agus bhí sé ina phríomh-chomhalta den Mháistirphlean. Dearbhaigh sí \"LANDING\", an chéad struchtúr ealaíne pleanáilte i bPáirc Freshkills.\nSkip LaPlante agus Bash an Trash\nIs ceoltóir agus upcycler é Skip LaPlante a dhéanann uirlisí a dhéanamh\nó ábhair athchúrsáilte. Mar cheannaire ceardlann Lá na Fionnachtana, treoraíonn LaPlante rannpháirtithe trí champaí gaoithe casta a thógáil ó ábhair athúsáidte. Áirítear ar a chuid oibre ionstraimí níos casta, cosúil le harpaí agus dealbhéireacht uisce il-stór. Oibríonn LaPlante le Materials for the Arts, a athúsáidíonn soláthairtí agus ábhair scrap chun críocha ealaíne, agus Bash the Trash, a oibríonn i scoileanna agus eagraíochtaí pobail chun ionstraimí a thógáil as dramhaíl. Ar mhaith leat do chuid ionstraimí féin a dhéanamh as dramhaíl? Féach ar an treoir a thug Bash the Trash chun do chuid ionstraimí ceoil féin a thógáil.\nD'oibrigh Nelson Molina don Roinn Sláinteachais ar feadh 34 bliana. Ar a bhealach, is minic a fhaigh Molina rudaí luachmhara: sean-imhrí, péinteálacha, duaiseanna, sean-earraí, agus go leor eile. Bhain sé na mílte rudaí le chéile i músaem improvised i stóras DSNY. Tá a chuid fionnachtana eagraithe i taispeántais ag cur síos ar dheich mbliana de rudaí suimiúla a chaith Nua-Eabhracigh. Tabhair cuairt ar an músaem go fíorúil leis an gclár faisnéise seo faoi shaothar Molina.\nMatt Lorenz An Junket Suitcase\nIs é The Suitcase Junket tionscadal aonair an cheoltóra Matt Lorenz. Rugadh é i Vermont agus ina chónaí i dtuaisceart Massachusetts, is ceoltóir é Lorenz a bhfuil a banna fear amháin tógtha den chuid is mó de ábhair athchúrsáilte. Óna druma bass (seann mhála) a oibrítear le péidéal a tógadh ó shean-sioc leanbh, go dtí an bosca adhmaid de shean-trinkets agus uirlisí a dhéanann cuid dá chraobhscaoileadh, is máistir é i bhfáil ar an acmhainn i míreanna a bhfuil dearmad déanta orthu. Fuair a giotár fiú i dumpster. Seiceáil a chuid is déanaí físeán do High Beams, an catchy Gach rud is maith liom, agus an chlúdach le déanaí de Whitney Houston 's Ba mhaith liom Dánsa le duine éigin.\nIs ealaíontóir ilmheánmhara Brooklyn-bhunaithe é Alejandro Durán a tháinig ó Chathair Mheicsiceo. Ina shraith grianghraf, Washed Up, bhailíonn Durán dramhaíl plaisteach a fuair sé ar chóstaí Sian Kaan, láithreán Oidhreachta Domhanda UNESCO ar chósta na Cairibe Mheicsiceo. Chuir sé an dramhaíl a bhí curtha ar ceal ar feadh na cósta chun íomhánna iontacha ach meabhrúcha a chruthú. Mar a deir Durán, \"déanann an tsraith grianghraf a tháinig as seo cineál nua coilíneachta ag tomhaltas, áit nach bhfuil fiú talamh neamhfhorbartha sábháilte ó thionchar fadtéarmach ár gcultúr táirgí indiúscartha. \" Féach ar a Labhairt TED le haghaidh níos mó ar a phróiseas ealaíne agus a spreagadh chun aird a thabhairt ar ár dramhaíl aigéin.\nUpcycle do chuid ama sruth isteach ama STEAM\nTrí earraí a athchúrsáiltear a úsáid le haghaidh ealaíne laghdaíonn sé an t-éileamh ar ábhair nua agus ar dhramhaíl atá beartaithe don líonadh talún. An raibh aon cheann de na healaíontóirí seo a bhí ag dul suas go dtí an Domhan ag spreagadh tú chun a bheith cruthaitheach leis an méid atá ar fáil agat?\nDéan do chuid smaointe faoi uaschúrsáil agus ealaín a roinnt an tseachtain seo ar na meáin shóisialta ag baint úsáide as #FreshkillsUpStream"} {"text": "There’s a task that you need to get to, but it’s something dull and tedious. Every time you think of getting started on the task, you’re filled with dread. It’s very likely that the following thoughts go through your mind every time you think of the task:\n- I hate doing that.\n- I’m going to be bored out of my mind.\n- Dull, dull, dull . . .\n- Zzzzzzz . . .\nIs it any surprise that you keep procrastinating when it comes to getting the task done? Of course not. There are many reasons why we procrastinate, and one of them is boredom. Fortunately, there are many strategies you can use in order to get yourself to work on a boring task, and one of the most effective of these is to make the task fun.\nBelow you’ll discover three examples of how to turn a boring task into a fun one.\nThe Piano Stairs\nUnder normal circumstances, when people are given the choice between walking up the stairs or riding up the escalators, the choice is clear. The great majority people will choose to stand passively on the escalators. After all, walking up the stairs requires effort.\nHowever, we know that movement is good for you, and that most people are not getting enough exercise. The question then becomes, “How can people be motivated to use the stairs instead of using the escalators. What if you make climbing up the stairs fun?\n“The Fun Theory” is a site put up by Volkswagen which is “dedicated to the thought that something as simple as fun is the easiest way to change people’s behavior for the better.” In order to test the theory that people would choose the stairs instead of the escalators if a “fun” element was added to climbing up the stairs, the people from “The Fun theory” tried an experiment:\n- They turned stairs at the Odenplan subway station in Stockholm into piano keys. That is, they engineered it so that as people climbed up the stairs, each step would play a different musical note.\nThe result was that more people started using the stairs. In other words, people were willing to make the effort to walk up the stairs when it was turned into something fun. Here’s a YouTube video of “the piano stairs”:\nTwo More Examples\nThe Fun Theory site has several more examples of getting people to take a desired action by introducing fun into the mix. Here are two more examples:\nIn order to get people to recycle glass bottles, the container in which people place the glass bottles was turned into an arcade game. You can watch the video below:\nIn order to get more people to throw their garbage away in the garbage bins, instead of simply throwing it on the ground, a device was installed in a garbage bin which creates a sound as if the rubbish is falling down a deep well. Here’s the video:\nThese experiments confirmed it: making things fun really can change behavior. Fun motivates people to do things they previously avoided because they were simply boring and monotonous tasks which did not seem worth the effort.\nHere’s an excerpt from “The Procrastination Equation”, by Piers Steel on the subject of how to stop procrastinating by making things fun:\n“Boredom isn’t inherently part of any job – anything can be made more exciting simply by how we treat it. Tom Sawyer, for example, managed to get the village boys to pay him for the privilege of whitewashing his Aunt Polly’s picket fence. How? By insisting that they couldn’t help and making them envy an unenviable chore. Fortunately, there are a few effective techniques for turning leaden tasks into golden ones.”\nThe next time you find yourself procrastinating because the task that you need to get done bores you to tears, ask yourself how you can make the task fun. Or, you can also ask yourself: “What would Tom Sawyer do?” Stop procrastinating by turning boring tasks into fun tasks.\n1. The Key To Goal Success: Setting Implementation Intentions\n2. Launch A 365-Day Project In 2013\n3. 18 Powerful Tips For Overcoming Procrastination\n4. 7 Ways to Supercharge Your Motivation\n5. Seven Ways to Overcome Inertia and Get Yourself Unstuck", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "url": "https://daringtolivefully.com/make-it-fun", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337371.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20221003003804-20221003033804-00294.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.952021122, "token_count": 943, "score": 2.78125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá tasc ann a chaithfidh tú a fháil, ach tá sé rud éigin dull agus tedious. Gach uair a smaoiníonn tú ar an tasc a thosú, bíonn eagla ort. Is dócha go dtéann na smaointe seo a leanas trí do cheann gach uair a smaoiníonn tú ar an tasc:\n- Is fuath liom é sin a dhéanamh.\n- Tá mé ag dul a bheith bored as mo cheann.\n- Dull, dull, dull. . . go deo . . . go deo .\n- Zzzzzzz . . . go deo . . . go deo .\nAn bhfuil aon iontas ort go bhfuil tú ag cur siar go leanúnach nuair a thagann sé chun an tasc a dhéanamh? Ar ndóigh nach bhfuil. Tá go leor cúiseanna ann go ndéanaimid moill, agus is é an t-eagrán ceann acu. Ar an dea-uair, tá go leor straitéisí ann is féidir leat a úsáid chun tú féin a chur ag obair ar thasc uafásach, agus ceann de na cinn is éifeachtaí ná an tasc a dhéanamh spraoi.\nAnseo thíos gheobhaidh tú trí shampla de conas tasc fásta a dhéanamh spraoi.\nNa Scála Piana\nFaoi ghnáth-choinníollacha, nuair a thugtar an rogha do dhaoine idir dul suas na staighre nó dul suas na scála gluaiseachta, tá an rogha soiléir. Roghnóidh an tromlach mór daoine seasamh go passively ar na staighre gluaiseachta. Tar éis an tsaoil, éilíonn sé iarracht dul suas na staighre.\nMar sin féin, tá a fhios againn go bhfuil gluaiseacht go maith duit, agus nach bhfuil an chuid is mó daoine ag fáil go leor aclaíochta. Is é an cheist ansin, Conas is féidir daoine a spreagadh chun na staighre a úsáid seachas na scálaí gluaiseachta a úsáid? Cad a tharlaíonn má dhéanann tú ag dul suas na staighre spraoi?\nThe Fun Theory is suíomh a chuir Volkswagen ar bun atá deartha don smaoineamh go bhfuil rud chomh simplí agus is spraoi an bealach is éasca chun iompar daoine a athrú chun an níos fearr. Chun an teoiric a thástáil go roghnaíonn daoine na staighre seachas na staighre gluaiseachta má chuirtear gné fun leis an staighre a dhreapadh, rinne daoine ó The Fun Theory turgnamh:\n- D'athraigh siad staighre ag an stáisiún Odenplan i Stócólm i gceallraí pianó. Is é sin, d'innealtódh siad é ionas go mbeadh nóta ceoil difriúil ag gach céim de réir mar a bhí daoine ag dul suas na staighre.\nMar thoradh air sin, thosaigh níos mó daoine ag úsáid na staighre. I bhfocail eile, bhí daoine sásta an iarracht a dhéanamh dul suas an staighre nuair a bhí sé ina rud spraoi. Seo físeán YouTube de \"the piano stairs\":\nDhá Samplaí Eile\nTá roinnt samplaí eile ag an suíomh Fun Theory de dhaoine a chur chun gníomh a theastaíonn a dhéanamh trí spraoi a thabhairt isteach sa mheascán. Seo dhá shampla eile:\nD'fhonn daoine a chur ar ais ar bhuidéil ghloine, rinneadh an coimeádán ina gcuirtear na buidéil ghloine a chur ina chluiche arcade. Is féidir leat féachaint ar an bhfíseán thíos:\nD'fhonn níos mó daoine a spreagadh chun a gcuid dramhaíola a chaitheamh amach sna boinn dramhaíola, seachas iad a chaitheamh ar an talamh, suiteáladh feiste i mbonn dramhaíola a chruthaíonn fuaim amhail is dá mba an dramhaíola ag titim síos go tobar domhain. Seo an físeán:\nDheimhnigh na turgnaimh seo é: is féidir le rudaí a dhéanamh suimiúil i ndáiríre iompar a athrú. Spreagann spraoi daoine chun rudaí a dhéanamh a sheachain siad roimhe seo toisc go raibh siad ina gcúraimí fásta agus monotona nach raibh cosúil go raibh an iarracht fiú.\nSeo sliocht as \"The Procrastination Equation\" le Piers Steel ar an ábhar conas stop a chur le moilleacht trí rudaí a dhéanamh suimiúil:\nNí cuid de chineál ar bith de phost é an t-easpa suime is féidir aon rud a dhéanamh níos spreagúla ach trí an chaoi a gcaithimid leis. D'éirigh le Tom Sawyer, mar shampla, go n-íocfadh buachaillí na sráidbhailte leis as an phribhléid a bhí aige fead picéad a aintín Polly a ghlanadh. Conas? Trí éirí as nach raibh siad in ann cabhrú agus iad a dhéanamh envious chore unenviable. Ar an dea-uair, tá roinnt teicnící éifeachtacha ann chun tascanna luaidhe a thiontú ina tascanna órga.\nAn chéad uair eile a fhaigheann tú féin ag cur siar toisc go bhfuil an tasc a theastaíonn uait a dhéanamh ag cur báistí ort, iarr ort féin conas is féidir leat an tasc a dhéanamh spraoi. Nó, is féidir leat a iarraidh ort féin freisin: Cad a dhéanfadh Tom Sawyer? Stop leis an gcúlú trí tascanna fussy a thiontú i gcúraimí spraoi.\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. An eochair chun rath a bhaint as sprioc: intinn cur chun feidhme a shocrú\n2. Seachadadh. Tionscadal 365 Lá a Thosú in 2013\n3. Tá an t-am ann. 18 Leideanna Átha chun an t-aimsir a shárú\n4. Tá an t-am 7 Bealaí chun do Chuidiú a Fhorbairt\n5. Tá an t-am ann. Seacht Bealach chun Tromlaíocht a Shárú agus tú féin a Fháil Saor in Aisce"} {"text": "Dr Richard Badge has used a formative assignment with his MSc Bioinformatics students over the last two years. The aim of the exercise is to help the students improve their writing and use citation and referencing correctly. The course combines molecular biology and programming, so the students need to be adaptable and able to write well to succeed on the molecular biology section of the course. Many are from overseas and working in English as a second language. The students are taught face to face in a lab with networking and use laptops provided by the course for their work.\nThe students submit short answer questions in a single document through blackboard to Turnitin. These are scanned for non-original text. Once the deadline for the piece of work has passed, the students are given a mark scheme, with detailed answers and grades. They use this in conjunction with the PeerMark system to mark another student’s paper. The students make sure that the work they submit is anonymous (no names on the paper itself in headers/titles/ filenames) and the papers are allocated to each student anonymously by the system.\nThe students work through the piece of work they have to mark in class on their laptops. Dr Badge stated that the formative assessment using PeerMark allowed the students to work through the marking at their own pace, allowing them ask questions of each other and him as they went along. This promoted in depth questions that related to the content of the answers and their interpretation. In previous years, working through the same exercise on paper was much more stilted and didactic.\nOverall the PeerMark system offered several advantages over the paper based system:\n- work was anonymised and distributed automatically\n- students could work at their own pace\n- promoted questions about content, understanding and interpretation over technical issues\n- allowed all the students to see all the papers submitted once the marking was complete", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "url": "https://uolsbs.wordpress.com/tag/assessment/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189686.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00205-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9693969488, "token_count": 383, "score": 2.78125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá an Dr Richard Badge tar éis tasc foirmithe a úsáid lena mhic léinn Mháistreachta Bith-eolaíochtaí le dhá bhliain anuas. Is é aidhm an chleachtaithe cabhrú leis na mic léinn a gcuid scríbhneoireachta a fheabhsú agus úsáid a bhaint as luachan agus tagairt a dhéanamh i gceart. Comhcheanglaíonn an cúrsa bithéolaíocht mhóilíneach agus cláir, mar sin ní mór do na mic léinn a bheith in oiriúint agus in ann scríobh go maith chun a bheith rathúil ar an rannóg bithéolaíocht mhóilíneach den chúrsa. Tá go leor acu ó thar lear agus ag obair i mBéarla mar dara teanga. Múintear na mic léinn duine le duine i saotharlann le líonraíocht agus úsáideann siad ríomhairí glúine a sholáthraíonn an cúrsa lena gcuid oibre.\nCuireann na mic léinn ceisteanna gearrfhreagra i doiciméad amháin trí bhorddhuine chuig Turnitin. Tá na leabhair seo scanadh ar theangacha neamh-thúsáideacha. Nuair a bhíonn an spriocdháta don chuid oibre caite, tugtar scéim marc do na mic léinn, le freagraí mionsonraithe agus gráid. Baineann siad úsáid as seo i gcomhar leis an gcóras PeerMark chun páipéar mac léinn eile a mharcáil. Cinntíonn na mic léinn go bhfuil an obair a chuireann siad isteach gan ainm (gan ainm ar an bpáipéar féin i gceannteidil/teideal/ainmneacha comhaid) agus déantar na páipéir a leithdháileadh ar gach mac léinn gan ainm ag an gcóras.\nOibríonn na mic léinn tríd an píosa oibre a chaithfidh siad a mharcáil sa rang ar a gcuid ríomhairí glúine. Dúirt an Dr Badge gur thug an measúnú foirmitheach a úsáideadh PeerMark deis do na mic léinn an marcáil a dhéanamh ina luas féin, rud a thug deis dóibh ceisteanna a chur ar a chéile agus air féin agus iad ag dul ar aghaidh. Chuir sé seo ceisteanna domhain ar bun a bhain le hábhar na bhfreagraí agus lena n-aistriúchán. Sna blianta roimhe seo, bhí an cleachtadh céanna ar pháipéar i bhfad níos dícheallach agus níos didictíche.\nAr an iomlán, bhí roinnt buntáistí ag an gcóras PeerMark i gcomparáid leis an gcóras páipéir:\n- go raibh an obair gan ainm agus go raibh sé dáileadh go huathoibríoch\n- d'fhéadfadh mic léinn obair a dhéanamh ina luas féin\n- ceisteanna faoi ábhar, tuiscint agus léirmhíniú a chur chun cinn thar saincheisteanna teicniúla\n- ligtear do na mic léinn go léir na páipéir uile a cuireadh isteach a fheiceáil nuair a bheidh an marcáil críochnaithe"} {"text": "Plants change growth patterns according to their local environment. When plants grow it is called green-up; when they change color and lose their leaves it is called green-down. The study of the seasonal cycles of plant growth helps us understand climate change. These climate changes, such as temperature and amount of rainfall, influence plant growth and decline.\nValues of plant color are referred to in terms of vigor, which is simply the strength and health of the plant. Vigor can be examined at a local level by monitoring the changes in vegetation color using the Plant Color Guide. Visual samples of this change help scientists understand how plants in different regions respond to seasonal changes in weather. Plant vigor comes in shades of green. Higher vigor produces darker shades. High values are seen in the rain forests of South America with blue-green shades, low values are seen in the Saharan desert of Africa, with a tan class color.\n\"GLOBE is the quintessentially ideal program for involving kids in science\"\n- Nobel laureate Dr. Leon Lederman.\nMeasurements and observations by GLOBE students serve several purposes.\nParticipating scientists use GLOBE data in their research programs to improve our understanding of the global environment.\nStudents learn how to carry out a scientifically rigorous program of Earth observations.\nStudents also learn how to use their own measurements––together with data from other GLOBE schools––as a key part of their study of environmental science.\nTo learn more or compose a lesson plan with this tool go to: www.globe.gov", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39", "url": "http://www.visualcolorsystems.com/globe-plant", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573561.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20190919163337-20190919185337-00200.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9316558838, "token_count": 319, "score": 4.28125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Athraíonn plandaí patrúin fáis de réir a dtimpeallacht áitiúil. Nuair a fhásann plandaí glaochar ar an nglas-suas é; nuair a athraíonn siad a dhath agus a gcailltear a gcuid duilleoga glaochar ar an nglas-íos é. Cabhraíonn staidéar ar na timthriallta séasúracha d'fhás plandaí linn athrú aeráide a thuiscint. Bíonn tionchar ag na hathruithe aeráide seo, mar shampla teocht agus méid na báistí, ar fhás agus ar laghdú plandaí.\nTagraítear do luachanna dath plandaí i dtéarmaí vigor, rud atá i ndáiríre mar neart agus sláinte an phlanda. Is féidir an vigor a scrúdú ar leibhéal áitiúil trí monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar na hathruithe i dath na plandaí ag baint úsáide as an Treoracha Dath Plandaí. Cabhraíonn samplaí amhairc den athrú seo le heolaithe tuiscint a fháil ar an gcaoi a bhfreagraíonn plandaí i réigiúin éagsúla do athruithe séasúracha ar an aimsir. Tá an fhéiniúlacht atá ag plandaí i ndathanna glas. Tá sé níos mó ná an t-am a bhíonn ag an gcraiceann. Tá luachanna arda le feiceáil i bhforaoisí báistí Mheiriceá Theas le scáthanna gorma-ghlas, le luachanna íseal le feiceáil i bhfásach na Saáraí san Afraic, le dath rang tan.\n\"GLOBE is é an clár is fearr le haghaidh páistí a chur i mbun eolaíochta\"\n- Dr. Leon Lederman, duais Nobel.\nTá roinnt cuspóirí ag tomhais agus breathnuithe ó mhic léinn GLOBE.\nBaineann eolaithe rannpháirteacha úsáid as sonraí GLOBE ina gcláir taighde chun ár dtuiscint ar an gcomhshaol domhanda a fheabhsú.\nFoghlaimíonn mic léinn conas clár dian eolaíoch de bhreathnóireachtaí ar an Domhan a dhéanamh.\nFoghlaimíonn mic léinn freisin conas a gcuid tomhais féin a úsáid - in éineacht le sonraí ó scoileanna eile GLOBE - mar phríomhchuid dá gcuid staidéir ar eolaíocht chomhshaoil.\nChun tuilleadh eolais a fháil nó plean ceachta a chumadh leis an uirlis seo téigh chuig: www.globe.gov"} {"text": "Across Ohio, there are opportunities to get out to the farm and enjoy tourism activities.Read More\nNothing says summer like a tomato fresh from the garden, but what are the things that are needed to know to be able to grow the best tomato?\nDeterminate is a plant that reaches a mature height and blooms roughly all at once and produces one crop all at once. These tend to be more compact plants and a good option for a small garden space. (Bush Big Boy, Viva Italia Hybrid, and many of the patio types.) These are also good selections for canning.\nIndeterminate are plants that produce a continuous crop until frost. (Better Boy and Brandywine) These plants continue to grow and can become quite large, these need to be staked or caged.\nHeirlooms are old varieties introduced before 1940. Heirlooms come in a wide variety of sizes, colors and shapes. Seeds have been passed from generations to generations.\nHybrids are a cross of multiple tomato varieties. Hybrids are created for specific features like taste, size, disease resistance and plant vigor. Fruit from these plants tend to be fairly uniform. Seeds from these plants tend to be sterile.\nStandard- Slicing: Medium sized tomatoes, generally about the size of a fist. These are great for slicing for a salad or on a sandwich.\nCherry: Generally smaller than a golf ball and about the size of a cherry – hence the name. Plants yields are high, so having more than two plants could mean you’ll spend as much time giving tomatoes away as you do eating them yourself. These are great on salads, cooked as part of a kebab or just eaten as a snack by the handful.\nPlum: These tend to be small and elongated in shape. These contain less juice and more meat, making them great for creating tomato paste and thick sauces.\nBeefsteak: Big on taste and size, these are large tomatoes. If taken to the extreme, a gardener can grow up to three-pound Beefsteak tomatoes.\nYellow: These are less acidic than the red tomatoes, so they taste sweeter. These are rich in vitamin C and potassium but lack lycopene. An interesting point is that their salt content is two to three times higher than the red.\n- Plant after the frost-free date for your area, it is about the soil temperature not the air temperature. The foliage of your plants will turn purple if the soil is too cold.\n- Tomatoes should be planted slightly deep so that the first set of leaves is sitting on the ground. Removing that set of leaves after planting will yield a stronger and stockier plant.\n- Keep moisture at a consistent level to help prevent blossom end rot.\n- Plant in full sun (more than six hours of direct sunlight).\n- Plant at least three to four feet apart to give yourself enough room for all sides of the plant to get sunlight and for you to walk around will harvesting.\n- Don’t refrigerate tomatoes. Tomatoes stored at less than 50 degrees lose their flavor and texture.\n- Tomatoes and their family members (eggplant, peppers and potatoes) should never be planted in the same place two years in a row (three years is better). There are soil borne diseases that affect these plants that can over winter in the soil.\n- Stake or cage the plants at planting so you don’t disturb the roots and the foliage later.\n- Water often and be sure to soak the soil at least six inches deep.\n- If you want to grow BIG fruit, remove the side suckers. If the number of tomatoes produced is what you care about, just let the suckers stay.\n- In the fall be sure to clean up tomato plants and any residue to help with controlling insects and diseases the next year.\n- If growing tomatoes in a container, you will need the container to hold at least five gallons of soil per plant.\nTomatoes are one of the easiest vegetables to grow in the home garden. All they need are plenty of sunshine, water and a little TLC. These growing tips should help you to have a great crop of juicy, tasty tomatoes. And if you can’t eat them all, give some away to those non-gardeners or make and can tomato sauce for the winter.\nBarbara Arnold is green corps coordinator at Franklin Park Conservatory.\nHaving opportunities to attend leadership institutes, advocate for rural Ohioans on the state and national level, facilitate young ag professionals events, and serve in a variety of leadership positions have helped my skills grow exponentially.Growing our Generation\nLabor has always been an issue, mainly because we are a seasonal operation. So that's a challenge finding somebody who only wants to work three months out of a year, sometimes up to six months.Business Solutions\nIf it wasn't for Farm Bureau, I personally, along with many others, would not have had the opportunity to meet with our representatives face to face in Washington.Washington, D.C. Leadership Experience\nI was gifted the great opportunity through an Ohio Farm Bureau Foundation Youth Pathways grant to run a series of summer camps here. That really expanded my vision of what ‘grow, maintain, sustain and explain’ could actually be.Farming for Good\nI see the value and need to be engaged in the community I live in, to be a part of the decision-making process and to volunteer with organizations that help make our community better.Leadership development\nGrant proposals are due by Nov. 4; all grant applicants must participate in a pre-submission pitch session Oct. 11.Read More\nFarm Bureau’s message to lawmakers this week was to keep the trains moving and not to put more pressure on an already bogged down supply chain.Read More", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "url": "https://ofbf.org/2010/06/14/the-joy-of-tomatoes/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337524.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20221004184523-20221004214523-00157.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9422292113, "token_count": 1223, "score": 2.6875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá deiseanna ann dul amach go dtí an fheirm agus taitneamh a bhaint as gníomhaíochtaí turasóireachta ar fud Ohio.Leigh níos mó\nNíl aon rud a deir an samhradh cosúil le trátaí úr ón ghairdín, ach cad iad na rudaí a theastaíonn a bheith ar eolas agat chun an trátaí is fearr a fhás?\nIs planda é an cinntitheach a shroicheann airde aibí agus a bhloíonn beagnach go léir ag an am céanna agus a tháirgeann táirge amháin ag an am céanna. Is gnách go mbíonn na plandaí seo níos dlúithe agus is rogha maith iad le haghaidh spás gairdín beag. (Bush Big Boy, Viva Italia Hybrid, agus go leor de na cineálacha páistí.) Tá na cinn seo ar rogha maith freisin chun iad a chur i gcónna.\nIs plandaí é indeterminate a tháirgeann barra leanúnach go dtí go bhfuil an giota. (Better Boy and Brandywine) Leanann na plandaí seo ag fás agus is féidir leo a bheith go leor mór, ní mór iad seo a chur i gclaí nó i gcage.\nIs seanchineálacha iad heirlooms a tugadh isteach roimh 1940. Tá go leor cineálacha de mhéideanna, dathanna agus cruthanna de chuid an oidhreachta. Tá síolta curtha ar aghaidh ó ghlúin go glúin.\nIs éard atá i hibridí ná trasú de chineálacha éagsúla tomato. Cruthaítear hibridí le haghaidh gnéithe sonracha cosúil le blas, méid, friotaíocht in aghaidh galair agus neart plandaí. Is gnách go mbíonn torthaí na plandaí seo cothrom go leor. Is gnách go mbíonn síolta na bplandaí seo steirile.\nCásanna caighdeánacha: Tá na trátaí meánmhéide, de ghnáth chomh mór le fist. Tá siad seo iontach chun iad a sliceáil le haghaidh saladach nó ar shantéibhe.\nCeirise: De ghnáth níos lú ná liathróid gailf agus thart ar mhéid ceirise dá bhrí sin an t-ainm. Tá toradh ard ag plandaí, mar sin d'fhéadfadh go gcosnódh níos mó ná dhá phlanda go gcaithfidh tú an oiread ama ag tabhairt trátaí amach agus a itheann tú iad féin. Tá siad seo iontach ar salads, cócaráilte mar chuid de kebab nó díreach ag ithe mar bhricfeasta ag an dornán.\nPlum: Is gnách go mbíonn siad beag agus fada. Tá níos lú sú agus níos mó feola sa bhia seo, rud a fhágann go bhfuil siad iontach chun pasta trátaí agus salúin tiubh a dhéanamh.\nBeefsteak: Tá blas agus méid mór ag na prátaí móra seo. Má thógtar go hiontach é, is féidir le gairdínóir suas le trí phunt de thomáite Beefsteak a fhás.\nLiath: Tá an t-aigéad níos lú acu ná na trátaí dearga, agus mar sin tá blas níos milis acu. Tá vitimín C agus potaisiam saibhir iontu ach níl lycopene iontu. Is pointe suimiúil é go bhfuil a n-ábhar salann dhá nó trí huaire níos airde ná an dearg.\n- Plandaigh tar éis an dáta saor ó fhriota do do cheantar, tá sé faoi theochla an ithir ní faoi theochla an aeir. Tiocfaidh dath liath ar fhéile do phlandaí má tá an ithir ró-fhuar.\n- Ba chóir go gcuirfí an t-othar i gcló beagáinín go domhain ionas go mbeidh an chéad sraith duilleoga ar an talamh. Má dhéantar an tsraith duilleoga sin a bhaint tar éis síol, beidh plandaí níos láidre agus níos stingy ann.\n- Coinnigh taise ar leibhéal comhsheasmhach chun cabhrú le rothlú deireadh bláthanna a chosc.\n- Plant i bhfód iomlán na gréine (níos mó ná sé uair an chloig de sholas díreach na gréine).\n- Plandaí ar a laghad trí go ceithre troigh ar shiúl ó chéile a thabhairt duit féin go leor spáis do gach taobh den phlanda a fháil solas na gréine agus le haghaidh tú chun siúl timpeall beidh a bhaint.\n- Ná cuir tomátaí i reoiteoir. Cailleann trátaí a stóráiltear ag níos lú ná 50 céim a blas agus a uigeacht.\n- Níor chóir go ndéanfaí tomaicí agus a mbaill teaghlaigh (bhrónna, piobair agus prátaí) a phlandaíocht sa áit chéanna dhá bhliain as a chéile (tá trí bliana níos fearr). Tá galair ithir talún ann a théann i bhfeidhm ar na plandaí seo a fhéadann an gheimhreadh a chaitheamh sa talamh.\n- Na plandaí a chur i gcloch nó i gcabhlach ag an am a phlandáil ionas nach gcuirfidh tú isteach ar na fréamhacha agus ar an ngléas níos déanaí.\n- Uisce go minic agus a bheith cinnte go soak an ithir ar a laghad sé orlach domhain.\n- Más mian leat torthaí MÓR a fhás, cuir na suckers taobh as. Má tá an líon na trátaí a tháirgtear is é an rud a bhfuil cúram ort, ach lig na suckers fanacht.\n- Sa gheimhreadh bí cinnte plandaí trátaí agus aon fhál a ghlanadh chun cabhrú le feithidí agus galair a rialú an bhliain seo chugainn.\n- Má tá tú ag fás trátaí i gcoimeádán, beidh ort an coimeádán a shealbhú ar a laghad cúig galún ithir in aghaidh an phlanda.\nTá an t-oideas ar cheann de na glasraí is éasca a fhás sa ghairdín sa bhaile. Níl le déanamh acu ach go leor gréine, uisce agus beagán TLC. Ba cheart go gcabhródh na leideanna seo leat go mbeadh barra mór de thomaitéirí suaiteacha, blasta agat. Agus mura féidir leat iad go léir a ithe, tabhair cuid acu ar shiúl chuig na daoine nach gardaí nó déanann tú an t-uisce tomat ar an gheimhreadh.\nIs é Barbara Arnold comhordóir Corps Glas ag Coimeádán Páirc Franklin.\nTá deiseanna agam freastal ar institiúidí ceannaireachta, abhcóideacht a dhéanamh do Ohioich tuaithe ar leibhéal stáit agus náisiúnta, imeachtaí gairmithe áitiúla óga a éascú, agus freastal i bpoist cheannaireachta éagsúla a chabhraigh le mo chuid scileanna fás go hionraic.\nBhí an t-oibrí i gcónaí ina cheist, go príomha toisc go bhfuil muid ag feidhmiú séasúrach. Mar sin is dúshlán é duine a fháil nach mian leis ach trí mhí a bheith ag obair as an mbliain, uaireanta suas le sé mhí.\nMura mbeadh an Biúró Feirme ann, ní bheadh an deis agamsa, go pearsanta, chomh maith le go leor eile, bualadh le ár n-ionadaithe go pearsanta i Washington. Taithí ceannaireachta\nBhí mé a bhronnadh an deis iontach trí Ohio Farm Bureau Foundation Pathways Óige deontas a reáchtáil sraith campaí samhraidh anseo. Chuir sé sin mé ag smaoineamh ar an méid a d'fhéadfadh a bheith i ndáiríre ag \"tógáil, a chothabháil, a chothabháil agus a mhíniú\".\nFeicim an luach agus an gá atá le bheith páirteach sa phobal ina bhfuil mé ina gcónaí, a bheith mar chuid den phróiseas cinnteoireachta agus a bheith deonach le heagraíochtaí a chabhraíonn lenár bpobal a dhéanamh níos fearr.\nNí mór do na hiarrataí deontais a bheith le fáil roimh an 4 Samhain; ní mór do gach iarratasóir deontais páirt a ghlacadh i seisiún réamh-aistrithe ar an 11 Deireadh Fómhair.\nBa é teachtaireacht an Bhunaeolais Feirme do reachtóirí an tseachtain seo ná na traenacha a choinneáil ag gluaiseacht agus gan brú níos mó a chur ar slabhra soláthair atá bogtha cheana féin."} {"text": "It’s like those New Year’s resolutions we keep trying to repair; always trying to adjust and make conducive to our time restraints and daily routines. It’s called effectively studying and, according to The New Yorker, we spend less time studying than ever before. It is reported that students in 1961 reported studying an average of 25 hours a week, now that average has been halved to between 12 and 13 hours. But studying is very personal: from certain foods to certain lighting, studying must be individualized to be effective. So take notes and be sure to review!\nLocation, Location, Location\nMuch like selecting a good neighborhood to inhabit, finding the perfect studying spot is important for both comfort and staying on task.\n“I try not to study in my dorm because there are so many distractions,” said Old Dominion University sophomore Brittany Kang. “The study area in my building has a hallway that’s always empty so doing a couple of cartwheels wakes me up a little.”\nIf studying in the dorm isn’t your thing, use resources your school offers such as the computer lab or a study lounge.\n“I can only work in the computer lab,” said Villanova University sophomore, Matt Snyder. “Being around other people motivates me to do my work plus I feel awkward randomly browsing the Internet on a computer that’s not my own.”\nA good rule of thumb is to find a place where you can spread out all of your materials, focus and be comfortable without disturbing others. It also has to embody a scholarly air; you wouldn’t plop down and study at a bench in the mall, unless you wanted to continuously get distracted.\nLike everything else, there’s an app for that\nTake your studying on the go with helpful and convenient apps made for the major operating systems. But wait! Some students are afraid that even touching their computer or phone will open up a world of inefficiency.\n“If I actually want to focus while studying, I need to be sitting at a desk, have my phone off, and stay off the Internet as much as possible,” sophomore Molly Nelson said.\nThe answer: make your computer work for you. The internet can be your study buddy offering everything from digital flashcards to anti-distraction apps.\n“I like to use this really cool app called Self-Control,” said Dartmouth University freshman Lola Ojabowale. “It allows me to block certain web sites for as little as an hour to as long as a day.”\nLike Self-Control, there are hundreds of anti-distraction apps. Go to the app store for your device and search the topic you want to study. Chances are, it has an app.\nFood is power\nAs they old adage goes, you are what you eat. No, no, no, of course not literally, but studies do show that certain foods trigger the brain and increase mental alertness. From the sweetness of oranges, to the cognitive memory properties of chocolate, eating light and healthy is just plain cleaner when trying to study.\n“I don’t generally eat when I study because I feel like I get distracted in my food,” said Howard University freshman, Kofo Lasaki. “When I feel like I have to have something, I really love white cheddar popcorn, its not too messy, lasts a long time, and tastes delicious.”", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "url": "https://www.collegemagazine.com/the-idiots-guide-to-studying/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711162.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207121241-20221207151241-00654.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9631656408, "token_count": 729, "score": 2.6875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá sé cosúil leis na rúnanna Bliain Nua sin a leanann muid ag iarraidh a dheisiú; ag iarraidh i gcónaí iad a choigeartú agus a dhéanamh chun ár srianta ama agus ár ngnáthamh laethúil a chur chun cinn. Tugtar staidéar éifeachtach air agus, de réir The New Yorker, caithimid níos lú ama ag staidéar ná riamh roimhe. Tuairiscítear go ndearna mic léinn i 1961 tuairisc ar mheán 25 uair an chloig a staidéar sa tseachtain, anois tá an meán sin leath-bhreathnaithe go 12 go 13 uair an chloig. Ach tá staidéar an-phearsanta: ó bhia áirithe go solais áirithe, ní mór staidéar a dhéanamh ar dhuine ar leith chun a bheith éifeachtach. Mar sin, déan nótaí agus déan athbhreithniú orthu!\nSuíomh, Suíomh, Suíomh\nDíreach mar a roghnaíonn tú comharsanacht maith le maireachtáil, tá sé tábhachtach an áit iontach chun staidéar a dhéanamh a fháil chun go mbeidh tú compordach agus go mbeidh tú i gcónaí ar an tasc.\n\"Déanaim iarracht gan staidéar a dhéanamh i mo chónaí mar go bhfuil an oiread sin dífhuaimniú ann\", a dúirt Brittany Kang, dara bliain Ollscoil Old Dominion. Tá tairseach folamh i limistéar an staidéir i mo fhoirgneamh i gcónaí, mar sin bíonn cúpla rothaíocht cart ag cur mé suas beagán.\nMá tá tú ag déanamh staidéir sa chónaí, bain úsáid as na hacmhainní a thairgeann do scoil, mar shampla an saotharlann ríomhaireachta nó seomra staidéir.\n\"Ní féidir liom a bheith ag obair ach sa saotharlann ríomhaireachta\", a dúirt Matt Snyder, an dara bliain ag Ollscoil Villanova. Tá daoine eile i mo chuairte ag spreagadh dom mo chuid oibre a dhéanamh agus tá sé míshásta dom brabhsáil go randamach ar an Idirlíon ar ríomhaire nach mo ríomhaire féin é.\nIs é an riail is fearr ná áit a aimsiú inar féidir leat do chuid ábhair a scaipeadh, díriú agus a bheith compordach gan daoine eile a chur i mbaol. Ní mór go mbeadh aer acadúil ann freisin; ní bheadh tú ag dul síos agus ag staidéar ag banc sa mholl, mura raibh tú ag iarraidh dífhostú go leanúnach.\nCosúil le gach rud eile, tá app ann chun é sin a dhéanamh\nDéan do chuid staidéir ar an mbealach le feidhmchláir cabhrach agus áisiúla a rinneadh do na príomhchórais oibriúcháin. Ach fan! Tá eagla ar roinnt mac léinn go mbeidh siad in ann a gcuid ríomhaire nó a bhfón a chur i bhfeidhm fiú amháin agus go mbeidh siad in ann a gcuid oibre a dhéanamh go míéifeachtach.\n'Má tá mé ag iarraidh díriú i ndáiríre agus mé ag staidéar, ní mór dom a bheith ina suí ag deasc, mo ghuthán a bheith as, agus fanacht as an Idirlíon a oiread agus is féidir,' a dúirt Molly Nelson, an dara bliain.\nAn freagra: déan do ríomhaire a bheith ag obair duitse. Is féidir leis an idirlíon a bheith mar do chara staidéir ag tairiscint gach rud ó chártaí flash digiteacha go apps frith-shuaimhneas.\n'Is maith liom an aip seo a úsáid ar a dtugtar Féin-Rialú,' a dúirt Lola Ojabowale, céadchéimire Ollscoil Dartmouth. Ligeann sé dom suíomhanna gréasáin áirithe a bhac ar feadh uair an chloig nó ar feadh lá.\nCosúil le Féin-Rialú, tá na céadta apps frith-shuaite. Téigh go dtí siopa app do ghléas agus cuardaigh an téama is mian leat a staidéar. Tá seans ann go bhfuil feidhmchlár ann.\nIs é an bia cumhacht\nMar a deir an seanfhocal, is tusa an rud a itheann tú. Níl, níl, níl, ar ndóigh ní go litriúil, ach léiríonn staidéir go spreagann bianna áirithe an inchinn agus go méadaíonn siad an t-aigneacht mheabhrach. Ó milis na n-orancaí, go tréithe cuimhne cognaíocha seacláide, ithe solas agus sláintiúil is é ach glan níos mó nuair a bhíonn ag iarraidh staidéar a dhéanamh.\n'Ní itheann mé de ghnáth nuair a bhíonn mé ag staidéar mar go mbraitheann mé go bhfuil mo chuid bia ag cur mo chúiseamh,' a dúirt an chéad bhliain Ollscoil Howard, Kofo Lasaki. Nuair a bhraitheann mé go gcaithfidh mé rud éigin a bheith agam, is breá liom popcorn bán cheddar, níl sé ró-dhrámhach, maireann sé ar feadh i bhfad, agus blasann sé delicious."} {"text": "Learn something new every day\nMore Info... by email\nSome genres of music developed in relationship to a certain situation. One example of this is the lullaby, which originally designated a composition for voice intended to lull a child to sleep. The lullaby was sung by the person holding, rocking, or sitting beside the child, and often was in second person, addressing the baby directly. The soothing music of a lullaby has also been used to calm or distract a child who felt upset or unwell.\nIt is typical for a lullaby to be characterized by gentleness, sweetness, and repeated words meant to be formulaic rather than attention-getting. A lullaby may tell a story or comfort a child with promises of safety or treats upon awakening. The lullaby “Hush Little Baby” tells the story of a series of gifts from the parent to the child, aimed ultimately at praising the baby. “All Through the Night,” a translation by Harold Boulton of a traditional Welsh lullaby “Ar Hyd Y Nos,” promises the child that the parent will be watching all night to keep the child safe as it sleeps. Typical English versions of “Brahms’ Lullaby,” from the German by Johannes Brahms, express similar sentiments.\nThe lullaby from the opera Hansel and Gretel by Engelbert Humperdinck, with words by Adelheid Wette after the Grimm brothers fairy tale, is a lullaby sung by a child who takes comfort in being protected by guardian angels all around the bedside. “Tender Shepherd\" from the musical Peter Pan, which has music by Mark Charlap and Jule Styne and lyrics by Betty Comden, Carolyn Leigh, and Adolph Green, is another example of the children singing the goodnight song. The shepherd likely refers to Jesus’ parable of the sheep in the New Testament, with the likely meaning that the children will be watched over by God as they sleep.\nOther lullabies may not be so calming and gentle, however. “Rock-a-bye, Baby,” tells of a child’s cradle falling out of a treetop. Wolves make appearances in a number of Italian lullabies, and some lullabies from various locations make references to folktales of the culture. There are even lamentation lullabies about the baby or someone else being stolen or the mother being tricked and having to give up her child.\nAs time has passed, the genre of the lullaby has also come out of the intimate setting at the child’s bedside, and come into the concert hall, with the development of art music lullabies, including the pieces known as berceuse and wiegenlied. These pieces may either be vocal, instrumental, or for accompanied voice.\n@snowywinter: I have heard several different variations to the “hush little baby” lullaby. The first few verses are always the same. Here are a few different endings that I found:\nIf that billy goat won’t pull, Papa’s gonna buy you a cart and bull.\nIf that cart and bull turn over, Papa’s gonna buy you a dog named Rover.\nIf that dog named Rover won’t bark, Pap’s gonna buy you a horse and cart.\nIf that horse and cart fall down, You’ll still be the sweetest little baby in town.\nSo, hush little baby, don’t you cry, Cause Mommy loves you and so do I.\nAnother ending that I found goes like this:\nAnd if that cart and bull won’t go, Papa’s gonna buy you a cow named Flo.\nAnd if that cow don’t have a bell, Papa’s gonna buy you a carousel.\nAnd if that carousel won’t go ‘round, You’ll still be the sweetest little baby in town.\n@snowywinter: The words to “Hush little baby” are:\nHush, little baby, don’t say a word. Papa’s gonna buy you a mockingbird.\nAnd if that mockingbird won’t sing, Papa’s gonna buy you a diamond ring.\nAnd if that diamond ring turns brass, Papa’s gonna buy you a looking glass.\nAnd if that looking glass gets broke, Papa’s gonna buy you a billy goat.\nAnd if that billy goat won’t pull, Papa’s gonna buy you a cart and bull.\nAnd if that cart and bull fall down, you’ll still be the sweetest little baby in town.\nMy sister and I are planning a baby shower for a friend and we are going to play different \"baby\" songs. We have completely forgotten the words to the hush little baby lullaby. Can anyone help us out with that?\nOne of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK!", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "url": "http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-lullaby.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188132.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00160-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9315205216, "token_count": 1087, "score": 3.40625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Foghlaim rud éigin nua gach lá\nTuilleadh eolais... trí ríomhphost\nD'fhorbair roinnt cineálacha ceoil i ndáil le cás áirithe. Sampla amháin de seo is ea an t-amhrán, a ainmníodh ar dtús mar chumadh do ghuth a bhí i gceist le leanbh a chur ina chodladh. Bhí an t-amhrán ag an duine a bhí ag coinneáil, ag bogadh nó ag suí in aice leis an leanbh, agus go minic bhí sé sa dara duine, ag díriú go díreach ar an leanbh. Baintear úsáid as ceol suaimhneach na n-amhrán luí freisin chun leanbh a bhí buartha nó tinn a scíth a ligean nó a chur ar shiúl.\nIs gnách go mbíonn amhrán luí le saintréithe milis, milis, agus focail athdhéanta a bhfuil sé mar aidhm acu a bheith foirmleach seachas aird a fháil. D'fhéadfadh amhrán luí scéal a insint nó a bheith ag cur suaimhneas ar leanbh le gealltanais sábháilteachta nó le haireanta nuair a dhúisíonn sé. Insíonn an t-amhrán Hush Little Baby scéal sraith bronntanais ó thuismitheoir chuig an leanbh, a bhfuil sé mar aidhm aige an leanbh a mholadh sa deireadh. All Through the Night, aistriúchán le Harold Boulton ar amhrán traidisiúnta Welsh Ar Hyd Y Nos, gealladh don leanbh go mbeidh an tuismitheoir ag faire ar feadh na hoíche chun an leanbh a choinneáil sábháilte agus é ag codladh. Léiríonn leaganacha typiciúla Béarla de Brahms Lullaby, ón Ghearmáinis le Johannes Brahms, mothúcháin den chineál céanna.\nIs amhrán luí é an t-amhrán ó an t-oipéar Hansel agus Gretel le Engelbert Humperdinck, le focail le Adelheid Wette tar éis an scéil fairy na deartháireacha Grimm, is amhrán luí é a chanann leanbh a fhaigheann comhfhurtacht i maingil chaomhnóra a chosaint ar fud an leaba. Is sampla eile de na páistí ag canadh an t-am maith ar an oíche é \"Tender Shepherd\" ón ceolchraobh Peter Pan, a bhfuil ceol ag Mark Charlap agus Jule Styne agus liricí ag Betty Comden, Carolyn Leigh, agus Adolph Green. Is dócha go bhfuil an t-oide ag tagairt do pharabal Íosa faoi na caora san Tiomna Nua, agus is dócha go gciallaíonn sé go mbeidh na páistí á gcur faoi chúram ag Dia agus iad ag codladh.\nNí fhéadfaidh amhráin luí eile a bheith chomh suaimhneach agus chomh suaimhneach, áfach. Insíonn \"Rock-a-bye, Baby\", go bhfuil cráige leanbh ag titim as barr crann. Tá focail faoi mhuintir na hIodáile le feiceáil i roinnt amhráin luí, agus tugtar tagairtí do scéalta tíre an chultúir i roinnt amhráin luí ó áiteanna éagsúla. Tá fiú amhráin luí ag caoineadh faoi an leanbh nó faoi dhuine eile a bheith goidte nó faoi mháthair a bheith meallta agus a bheith ag tabhairt a leanbh suas.\nDe réir mar a chuaigh an t-am ar aghaidh, tháinig seánra na n-amhrán luí amach as an suíomh pearsanta ag leaba an linbh, agus tháinig sé isteach sa seomra ceoil, le forbairt na n-amhráin luí ceoil ealaíne, lena n-áirítear na píosaí ar a dtugtar berceuse agus wiegenlied. D'fhéadfadh na píosaí seo a bheith ina gcuain, ina n-ionstraimí, nó le haghaidh guth a bhfuil comhluadar aige.\n@snowywinter: Chuala mé roinnt éagsúlachtaí ar an amhrán luí \"hush little baby\". Tá na chéad chúpla véarsaí mar an gcéanna i gcónaí. Seo cúpla deireadh éagsúla a fuair mé:\nMura bhfuil an geata billy a tharraingt, Tá Papa gonna cheannach tú cart agus bull.\nMá casann an carr agus an t-each, tá Papa gonna a cheannach tú madra darb ainm Rover.\nMura ndéanfaidh an madra sin darb ainm Rover, beidh Pápa ag ceannach capall agus carbad duit.\nMá thiteann an capall agus an charr síos, beidh tú fós ar an leanbh is milis sa bhaile.\nMar sin, silent beag leanbh, nach bhfuil tú ag caoineadh, Cause mamaí grá duit agus mar sin ní mór dom.\nDeireadh eile a fuair mé mar seo:\nAgus mura bhfuil an carr agus an t-each dul, Tá Papa gonna cheannach tú bó ainmnithe Flo.\nAgus mura bhfuil clog ag an mbó sin, tá Papa ag dul a cheannach carusel duit.\nAgus má tá an carousel nach mbeidh dul ar fud, beidh tú fós a bheith ar an leanbh sweetest beag sa bhaile.\n@snowywinter: Is iad na focail le Hush little baby:\nShut up, leanbh beag, don't say a word. Tá papa gonna cheannach tú mockingbird.\nAgus mura mbeidh an mockingbird chanadh, Tá Papa gonna cheannach duit fáinne diamond.\nAgus má thiocfaidh an fáinne daiméadain sin ina mhang, beidh Papa's ag ceannach gloine duit.\nAgus má thiteann an giolla sin, beidh papa ag ceannach geata billy duit.\nAgus má tá goat billy nach mbeidh tarraingt, Tá Papa gonna cheannach tú cart agus bull.\nAgus má thiteann an carr agus an t-each, beidh tú fós ar an leanbh is milis sa bhaile.\nTá mé féin agus mo dheirfiúr ag pleanáil cithfholcadh leanbh do chara agus táimid chun amhráin \"baby\" éagsúla a imirt. Tá muid go hiomlán dearmad na focail go dtí an cnaipín leanbh beag ciúin. An féidir le duine ar bith cabhrú linn leis sin?\nDéanfaidh ceann dár eagarthóirí athbhreithniú ar do mholadh agus déanfar athruithe más gá. Tabhair faoi deara go bhféadfadh sé seo a bheith ag teastáil ó chúpla uair an chloig go cúpla lá, ag brath ar líon na moltaí a fhaighimid. Go raibh maith agat as cuidiú le wiseGEEK a fheabhsú!"} {"text": "“How do you teach a brand new piece of music to a student?”\nWe get this question from piano teachers a lot. Usually padded with embarrassment, bursts of honesty and explanations of how just coping and teaching as they themselves had been taught simply wasn’t working for some of their students. We should all know the answer to this question, yes?!\nBut the fact is, we often simply teach the way we ourselves were taught. And while it might have worked for us… it might not work for our students. There’s no shame in wanting to improve.\nIf you have a nagging feeling that your approach to teaching a brand new piece of music is falling short, then this post is for you!\nHand-Holding and “Over-Teaching”… A Solution to Both\nThe key to approaching a new piano piece is to give your students the tools they need to decode a piece on their own with minimal supervision. If you feel like you do a lot of “hand-holding” or “over-teaching” then try this with your students to gradually wean them from needing you for every inch of their learning.\nWe’ve created this sheet you can print out for your own reference, or you can give it to your students for them to take home. I like to send my students home with a “decoding” project regularly to see if they are able to complete each of the 5 steps on their own. The steps they have difficulty with are the steps we then spend our time on in lessons.\nThe “Step by Step” to Learning a New Piano Piece\n1. Search out patterns. This can be done with the easiest of pieces right up to the most advanced. Grab your colored pencils and circle each pattern you find in a cohesive color (all patterns that are the same are circled in the same color). You may end up with 3-4 different colours of patterns or you might just have one.\n2. Search out rhythms. Identify rhythmic patterns and color the note stems in a cohesive color for each pattern set. You don’t need to do this for every rhythm in the piece, but if there is a clear repeating rhythmic pattern (or two, or three) then identify them in this way.\n3. Search out intervallic relationships and chord shapes. Look for parts of the melody line that aren’t simple steps, skips or repeats and then identify the intervals involved. Don’t write the letters above the notes, but instead write “6th” or “7th” above to get your students used to how that interval both looks on their page and feels under their hand.\n4. Search out Chord Shapes. Look for places that outline root chords and inversions. Identify what chord it is, and write the root note above. Highlight the notes within that measure that come directly from that chord. Discuss the relationship between your student’s hand shape and that chord. This works particularly well for left hand patterns like Alberti Bass.\n5. Search out Key Signature and Accidentals. Look for places in the piece where notes are influenced by either a key signature or accidentals. Discuss the patterns that may be involved with this aspect of the piece (ie. “Every time I play this pattern it involves an Eb”, or “All of the F’s are F#’s” or “An Ab always follows the pattern that ends in G.”\nNow that your piece is effectively decoded (and awfully colorful!) you can start to play. But avoid the “start from the beginning and play to the end” approach. Instead, use cues like “Can you play me the blue section” or “Can you play me the melody line where you reach up a 6th” or “Can you clap me the main rhythmic pattern” or “Can you play me the measure that outlines an A major chord.”\nOnce your student can find and play everything you ask for, then you can head into the hands together play through. And as they play you can watch those connections you just created set off little light bulbs of understanding. You’ll save yourself reams of time in starting new repertoire, in memorizing repertoire (with this approach memorizing is so much easier), and your students’ performances will be more confident. Why? Because they have made very strong associations within their piece. It is no longer 2 pages of jumbled notes, but rather a very logical arrangement that your student now understands inside out.\nAnd now that your student understands how their music is created… it’s’ a great time to get them creating on their own! There’s no better way to further your students’ knowledge of music than to have them compose their own! And… there’s no funner (and easier!) way to do so than with The Curious Case of Muttzart and Ratmaninoff: Adventures in Composing.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39", "url": "https://www.teachpianotoday.com/2014/04/13/the-piano-teachers-cheat-sheet-to-teaching-a-new-piece/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573385.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918234431-20190919020431-00290.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9452741742, "token_count": 1059, "score": 3.359375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Conas a mhúineann tú píosa nua ceoil do mhic léinn?\nFaigheann muid an cheist seo ó mhúinteoirí pianó go minic. De ghnáth, bhí náire orthu, bhí ráigí onórachta agus míniúcháin ar an gcaoi nach raibh ag obair le cuid dá gcuid mac léinn ach déileáil agus múineadh mar a bhí foghlamtha dóibh féin. Ba chóir go mbeadh a fhios againn go léir an freagra ar an gceist seo, nach ea? Tá sé!\nAch is é fírinne an scéil, go minic ní theagascimid ach an bealach a d'fhoghlaim muid féin. Agus cé go bhféadfadh sé a bheith ag obair dúinn... ní fhéadfadh sé a bheith ag obair le haghaidh ár gcuid mac léinn. Níl aon náire ann a bheith ag iarraidh feabhas a chur air.\nMá tá mothúchán ag teastáil uait go bhfuil do chur chuige chun píosa nua ceoil a mhúineadh ag titim go mall, ansin tá an post seo duitse!\nAg Coinneáil Ar Lámh Agus Ag Over-Teaching... Réiteach don Dá Chéile\nIs é an eochair chun dul i ngleic le píosa pianó nua ná na huirlisí a theastaíonn uathu a thabhairt do do mhic léinn chun píosa a dhíchódú ina n-aonar le maoirseacht íosta. Má bhraitheann tú go bhfuil tú ag déanamh go leor \"ag glacadh lámh\" nó \"ag múineadh go ró-mhór\" ansin déan iarracht é seo le do mhic léinn chun iad a dhíghlasáil de réir a chéile ó bheith ag teastáil uait le haghaidh gach orlach dá gcuid foghlama.\nTá an bileog seo cruthaithe againn is féidir leat a phriontáil amach le haghaidh do thagairt féin, nó is féidir leat é a thabhairt do do mhic léinn chun iad a thabhairt abhaile. Is maith liom mo dhaltaí a sheoladh abhaile le tionscadal \"deicódála\" go rialta chun a fheiceáil an bhfuil siad in ann gach ceann de na 5 chéim a chomhlánú ar a gcuid féin. Is iad na céimeanna a bhfuil deacracht acu leo na céimeanna a chaithimid ár gcuid ama orthu i gceachtanna.\nAn Céim ar Céim chun Páirt Nua Piano a Foghlaim\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Faigh amach patrúin. Is féidir é seo a dhéanamh leis an chuid is éasca de na píosaí ceart suas go dtí an chuid is mó chun cinn. Glac do phinseáin datha agus déan ciorcal ar gach patrún a fhaigheann tú i dhath comhtháite (déantar gach patrún atá mar an gcéanna a chiorcal sa dath céanna). D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh 3-4 dath éagsúla de mhúnlaí agat nó d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh ceann amháin agat.\n2. Seachadadh. Faigh amach na rithimí. Léigh an t-alt seo agus déan iarracht a fháil amach céard iad na nótaí atá ag teacht le chéile. Ní gá duit é seo a dhéanamh le haghaidh gach rithim sa chuid, ach má tá patrún ríthábhachtach athfhillteach (nó dhá cheann, nó trí cinn) ansin sainaithint iad ar an mbealach seo.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Cuardaigh amach caidrimh idirthréimhseacha agus cruthanna cords. Féach ar na codanna den líne melodía nach bhfuil ina chéimeanna simplí, ag scipeáil nó ag athdhéanamh agus ansin na hidirthréimhsí a bhaineann leo a aithint. Ná scríobh na litreacha os cionn na nótaí, ach ina ionad sin scríobh 6th nó 7th os cionn chun do dhaltaí a chur i dtaithí ar an gcaoi a bhfuil an t-easnamh sin le feiceáil ar a leathanach agus a bhraitheann faoi a lámh.\n4. Tá an t-am Cuardaigh amach Cruthanna Córda. Féach le háiteanna a léiríonn na cords fréamhacha agus na haisiúcháin. Léigh an t-alt seo agus scríobh an nóta bun thuas. Cuir béim ar na nótaí laistigh den tomhas sin a thagann go díreach ón gcord sin. Pléigh an gaol idir cruth lámh do mhic léinn agus an chord sin. Oibríonn sé seo go háirithe go maith le haghaidh patrúin láimhe clé mar Alberti Bass.\n5. Tá an t-am ann. Cuardach amach Key Síniú agus Accidentalals. Féach ar áiteanna sa píosa ina bhfuil nótaí faoi thionchar sínithe eochair nó teagmhála. Déan plé ar na patrúin a d'fhéadfadh a bheith páirteach leis an ngné seo den phíosa (ie. Gach uair a imríonn mé an patrún seo baineann sé le Eb, nó Gach na Fs F#s nó An Ab leanann an patrún a chríochnaíonn i G.\nAnois go bhfuil do chuid píosa decoded go héifeachtach (agus go uafásach datha!) is féidir leat tosú ag imirt. Ach seachain an cur chuige \"tosaigh ón tús agus imigh go dtí an deireadh\". Ina áit sin, bain úsáid as leideanna mar \"An féidir leat an chuid gorm a imirt dom?\" nó \"An féidir leat an líne mheilíneachta a imirt dom nuair a shroich tú 6th?\" nó \"An féidir leat an príomhphátran rithimiciúil a chur orm?\" nó \"An féidir leat an tomhas a imirt dom a thugann tuairisc ar chord mór A\".\nNuair a bheidh do mhic léinn in ann teacht agus gach rud a iarrann tú a imirt, ansin is féidir leat dul isteach sna lámha le chéile ag imirt tríd. Agus agus iad ag imirt is féidir leat féachaint ar naisc a chruthaigh tú díreach ag cur ar bun bolgáin solais beaga tuisceana. Sábhálfaidh tú go leor ama duit féin ag tosú ar repertoire nua, ag cuimhneamh ar repertoire (le cur chuige seo tá cuimhneamh i bhfad níos éasca), agus beidh feidhmíocht do mhic léinn níos muiníneach. Cén fáth? Toisc go bhfuil comhlachais an-láidir déanta acu ina gcuid píosa. Ní 2 leathanach nótaí mearbhall é a thuilleadh, ach an t-ordú an-loighciúil a thuigeann do dhalta anois go hiomlán.\nAgus anois go dtuigeann do mhic léinn conas a cruthaítear a gcuid ceoil... tá sé am iontach chun iad a chruthú ar a gcuid féin! Níl aon bhealach níos fearr ann chun eolas ceoil do mhic léinn a chur chun cinn ná iad féin a chumadh! Agus... níl aon funnier (agus níos éasca!) Ní raibh aon bhealach eile ann chun é sin a dhéanamh ná The Curious Case of Muttzart and Ratmaninoff: Adventures in Composing."} {"text": "Writing and giving a persuasive speech is easier if it's on a topic you know and love. If you love horses, then write about them. The horse world has many controversial topics to work with and a even a few topics that might not be controversial but can still be the basis of a good persuasion. Pick your topic, take a side, do your research and deliver a winning persuasive speech.\nHorseback Riding as a Sport\nAlthough many schools have horseback riding clubs that encourage competitive riding, most do not consider horseback riding a sport. To argue that horseback riding should be considered a sport, focus on what makes an activity a sport. Research the calories burnt during different horseback riding events including during training and what muscles are worked by the person, not the horse. Don't forget to emphasise the amount of training and dedication required to be successful.\nMany types of techniques are used to break and train a horse, and most trainers will vehemently defend their preferred method. Choose a training technique such as natural horsemanship and do a little research. Personal interviews with local trainers will give you a wealth of information on why they prefer natural horsemanship over traditional training techniques or vice versa.\nSpeaking out against horse slaughterhouses may seem like an easy persuasive speech, but you'll need to remember to stick to facts and not rely on emotional pleas to persuade your audience. Also, while researching this topic, check into the repercussions of closing the slaughterhouses: horses sent overseas for inhumane slaughtering in foreign countries, horses set free in state and national parks and forests and horses left to pasture without proper care. This is an emotional topic with two interesting sides from which to choose.\nIn the aftermath of the closing of slaughterhouses and no where else to send retired race horses, horse rescue facilities are full and in need of volunteers and supplies. A good persuasive speech on horse rescue should include information on the number of horses going through a local facility annually and the amount of money and number of man hours required to care for each rescued horse in order to inspire the listener to volunteer or donate.\n- Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43", "url": "https://www.ehow.co.uk/info_7935498_persuasive-speech-topics-horse-lover.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987822098.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022132135-20191022155635-00047.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9469410777, "token_count": 432, "score": 2.671875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá sé níos éasca labhairt agus labhairt le tuiscint má tá sé ar ábhar a bhfuil aithne agat air agus a bhfuil grá agat dó. Má tá grá agat do chapaill, ansin scríobh fúthu. Tá go leor ábhar conspóideach ag an saol capall le bheith ag obair leis agus fiú cúpla ábhar nach bhféadfadh a bheith conspóideach ach a d'fhéadfadh a bheith mar bhonn le haghaidh a chur ina luí maith. Roghnaigh do ábhar, a ghlacadh ar thaobh, a dhéanamh do thaighde agus a sheachadadh bua ag labhairt mealltach.\nRith ar Chéile mar Spóirt\nCé go bhfuil clubanna marcaíochta ag go leor scoileanna a spreagann marcaíocht iomaíoch, ní mheasann an chuid is mó marcaíocht mar spórt. Chun a mhaíomh gur chóir marcaíocht ar charr a mheas mar spórt, díriú ar an méid a dhéanann gníomhaíocht spórt. Déan taighde ar na calraí a loscann tú le linn imeachtaí éagsúla marcaíochta, lena n-áirítear le linn oiliúna agus cén matáin a oibríonn an duine, ní an capall. Ná déan dearmad a chur i bhfios an méid oiliúna agus díograis a theastaíonn chun a bheith rathúil.\nÚsáidtear go leor cineálacha teicnící chun capall a bhriseadh agus a oiliúint, agus cosnóidh an chuid is mó de na hoiliúnaithe go forleathan a modh is fearr leo. Roghnaigh teicníc oiliúna mar a bheadh i gcapall nádúrtha agus déan beagán taighde. Tabharfaidh agallaimh phearsanta le hoiliúnaithe áitiúla go leor faisnéise duit faoi cén fáth go mbraitheann siad gur fearr leo an t-eitilt nádúrtha ná na teicnící traidisiúnta oiliúna nó vice versa.\nD'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh sé éasca labhairt i gcoinne na mbásanna capaill mar óráid spreagtha, ach ní mór duit cuimhneamh go gcaithfidh tú cloí le fíricí agus gan brath ar aighneachtaí mothúchánach chun do lucht éisteachta a chur ina luí. Chomh maith leis sin, agus an t-ábhar seo á taighdeáil agat, seiceáil isteach na héifeachtaí a bhaineann le na hailte talún a dhúnadh: capaill a seoladh thar lear le haghaidh marú mídhaonna i dtíortha eachtracha, capaill a scaoileadh saor i bpáirceanna stáit agus náisiúnta agus i bhforaoisí agus capaill a fhágtar ar an bhfásach gan cúram cuí. Is ábhar mothúchánach é seo le dhá thaobh suimiúil le roghnú as.\nTar éis na haisithe a dhúnadh agus gan áit eile le capaill rás a chuir ar scor, tá saoráidí tarrthála capaill lán agus tá deochanna agus soláthairtí ag teastáil uathu. Ba cheart go mbeadh faisnéis i gceist i gcaint dhea-chontúirteach maidir le cabhair a thabhairt do chapaill maidir leis an líon capaill a théann trí shaoráid áitiúil gach bliain agus an méid airgid agus líon na n-uaireanta fear a theastaíonn chun aire a thabhairt do gach capall a shábháil d'fhonn an lucht éisteachta a spreagadh chun obair dheonach nó deontas a dhéanamh.\n- Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images"} {"text": "The Elliot Wave theory is a technical analysis method used to predict future market trends by identifying patterns in past market data. The theory is named after Ralph Elliott, who first proposed the theory in the 1930s.\nThe Elliot Wave theory states that market prices move in cycles, with each cycle consisting of five waves. The first three waves are known as the “impulse” waves, while the last two are the “corrective” waves. The direction of the impulse waves will determine the direction of the overall trend.\nThe theory can be applied to any time frame but is most commonly used on more extended time frames, such as daily or weekly charts. When applying the Elliot Wave theory to forex trading, traders will look for patterns in the currency pairs they are trading.\nThe Elliot Wave theory can be a helpful tool for traders when trying to predict future market trends. However, you must remember that no one technical indicator is perfect. The Elliot Wave theory should be used with other technical indicators and fundamental analysis.\nYou can use the Elliot Wave theory when trading forex through Saxo Bank.\nIdentify the market trend\nThe first step in applying the Elliot Wave theory is identifying the overall market trend. You can do this by looking at a price chart and seeing if prices are generally moving up, down, or sideways.\nIf prices are moving up, this is known as an uptrend. However, a downtrend refers to decreasing prices. A sideways moving price is known as a consolidation period.\nIt is important to note that the Elliot Wave theory can only be used during an uptrend or downtrend. Therefore, you cannot use it during a consolidation period.\nIdentify wave patterns\nOnce the overall market trend has been identified, traders will then look for specific wave patterns that they can use to predict future market movements.\nThere are three types of wave patterns that traders will look for:\n- Impulse Waves: These are the first three waves in a cycle, and they move in the direction of the overall trend. For example, impulse waves will also move upward if prices are in an uptrend.\n- Corrective Waves: These are the last two waves in a cycle, and they move against the direction of the overall trend. For example, if prices are uptrend, corrective waves will be downward moving.\n- Triangle Patterns: These occur when the market consolidates, and prices are trading within a tight range.\nOnce a wave pattern has been identified, traders can then look to enter trades in the overall trend direction.\nFor example, should prices be in an uptrend and a trader identifies an impulse wave, they would look to enter a buy order. Alternatively, if prices are downtrend and a trader identifies a corrective wave, they would look to enter a sell order.\nIt is critical to know that not all waves will be clear and easy to identify. Sometimes it may be challenging to determine if a specific wave pattern is an impulse wave or a corrective wave. In these cases, traders may want to wait for prices to break out of the Consolidation Pattern before entering any trades.\nOnce you have entered a trade, it is essential to place a stop-loss order if the market moves against the trader’s position.\nYou can place a stop-loss order with a broker to sell a security if it reaches a specific price.\nFor example, a trader buys XYZ stock at $100 and places a stop-loss order at $95. If XYZ’s stock price falls to $95, the trade will be automatically sold by the broker.\nStop-loss orders are essential because they help traders limit their losses if the market moves against them.\nIn addition to stop-loss orders, traders may also want to place take-profit orders.\nA take-profit order is placed with a broker to trade security when it reaches a specific price.\nFor example, a trader buys XYZ stock at $100 and places a take-profit order at $105. If XYZ’s stock price rises to $105, the broker will automatically sell the trade.\nTake-profit orders are essential because they help traders lock in profits when the market moves in their favour.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "url": "https://www.businessexpertadvice.com/business/how-to-trade-the-elliot-eave-theory-when-trading-forex-in-sydney.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710733.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20221130060525-20221130090525-00721.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9170870781, "token_count": 879, "score": 3.21875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is modh anailíse teicniúil é teoiric Elliot Wave a úsáidtear chun treochtaí margaidh sa todhchaí a thuar trí patrún a aithint i sonraí margaidh roimhe seo. Ainmníodh an teoiric i ndiaidh Ralph Elliott, a mhol an teoiric den chéad uair sna 1930idí.\nDeir teoiric Elliot Wave go dtéann praghsanna margaidh i gcúrsaí, agus tá cúig thonnta ag gach timthriall. Tugtar na chéad trí tonn mar na tonnta impuls, agus is iad an dá cheann deireanach na tonnta ceartaithe. Cinnfidh treo na ngrás impulse treo na treochta foriomlán.\nIs féidir an teoiric a chur i bhfeidhm ar aon fráma ama ach is minic a úsáidtear é ar frámaí ama níos faide, mar shampla cairteacha laethúla nó seachtainiúla. Nuair a chuirtear teoiric Elliot Wave i bhfeidhm ar thrádáil forex, déanfaidh trádálaithe patrún a lorg sna péirí airgeadra atá á ndíol acu.\nIs féidir leis an teoiric Elliot Wave a bheith ina uirlis cabhrach do thrádálaithe agus iad ag iarraidh treochtaí margaidh sa todhchaí a thuar. Mar sin féin, ní mór duit cuimhneamh nach bhfuil aon táscaire teicniúil foirfe. Ba cheart teoiric Elliot Wave a úsáid le táscairí teicniúla eile agus anailís bhunúsach.\nIs féidir leat úsáid a bhaint as an teoiric Elliot Wave nuair a thrádáil forex trí Saxo Banc.\nTreocht an mhargaidh a shainaithint\nIs é an chéad chéim i bhfeidhm teoiric Elliot Wave ná an treocht iomlán margaidh a aithint. Is féidir leat é seo a dhéanamh trí bhreathnú ar chairt praghsanna agus féachaint an bhfuil praghsanna ag gluaiseacht suas, síos, nó go taobh.\nMá tá praghsanna ag bogadh suas, is é seo a dtugtar uptrend. Mar sin féin, tagraíonn treocht ísle do phraghsanna ag titim. Tugtar tréimhse comhdhlúite ar phraghas a théann ar thaobh.\nTá sé tábhachtach a thabhairt faoi deara nach féidir teoiric Elliot Wave a úsáid ach amháin le linn uptrend nó downtrend. Dá bhrí sin, ní féidir leat é a úsáid le linn tréimhse comhdhlúite.\nPatrúin tonn a aithint\nNuair a bheidh an treocht iomlán margaidh sainaitheanta, déanfaidh trádálaithe patrún tonn sonrach a lorg ar féidir leo a úsáid chun gluaiseachtaí margaidh sa todhchaí a thuar.\nTá trí chineál patrúin tonn ann a bheidh ag trádálaithe a lorg:\n- Tuairimí Impulse: Is iad seo na chéad trí thuairim i dtimthriall, agus bogann siad i dtreo an treochta foriomlán. Mar shampla, gluaiseoidh tonnta impulse suas freisin má tá praghsanna i dtreo ardú.\n- Tuairimí ceartaitheacha: Is iad seo an dá thuairim dheireanach i dtimthriall, agus bogann siad i gcoinne treo an treochta foriomlán. Mar shampla, má tá praghsanna ag dul suas, beidh tonnta ceartaitheacha ag gluaiseacht síos.\n- Patrúin Triantán: Tarlaíonn siad seo nuair a chomhdhlúitear an margadh, agus nuair a bhíonn praghsanna á ndíol laistigh de raon dlúth.\nNuair a bheidh patrún tonn aithnithe, is féidir le trádálaithe dul isteach i ngnólachtaí sa treo foriomlán.\nMar shampla, má tá praghsanna i dtreo ardú agus má aithníonn trádálaí tonn impulse, déanfaidh siad iarracht ordú ceannaigh a iontráil. I gcás ina bhfuil an t-airgead ag dul i ngleic le treocht a bhaineann le luachanna a bheith ag dul i ngleic le treocht a bhaineann le luachanna a bheith ag dul i ngleic le treocht a bhaineann le luachanna a bheith ag dul i ngleic le treocht a bhaineann le luachanna a bheith ag dul i ngleic le treocht a bheith ag dul i ngleic le treocht a bheith ag dul i ngleic le treocht a bheith ag dul i ngleic le treocht a bheith ag dul i ngleic le treocht a bheith ag dul i ngleic le treocht a bheith ag dul i ngleic le treocht a bheith ag dul i ngleic.\nTá sé ríthábhachtach a fhios a bheith agat nach mbeidh gach tonn soiléir agus éasca a aithint. Uaireanta d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith dúshlánach a chinneadh an bhfuil patrún tonn ar leith ina tonn impulse nó ina tonn ceartaithe. I gcásanna den sórt sin, b'fhéidir go mbeidh trádálaithe ag iarraidh fanacht go dtiocfaidh praghsanna amach as an Patrún Comhdhlúite sula dtéann siad isteach in aon trádáil.\nNuair a bheidh tú tar éis dul isteach i trádáil, tá sé riachtanach ordú stop-caillteanais a chur i bhfeidhm má théann an margadh i gcoinne seasamh an trádálaithe.\nIs féidir leat ordú stop-caillteanais a chur le bróicéir chun urrús a dhíol má shroichann sé praghas ar leith.\nMar shampla, ceannaíonn trádálaí stoc XYZ ag $ 100 agus cuireann sé ordú stop-caillteanas ag $ 95. Má thiteann praghas stoic XYZ go $ 95, díolfaidh an bróicéir an trádáil go huathoibríoch.\nTá orduithe stop-caillteanais ríthábhachtach toisc go gcuireann siad le trádálaithe a gcaillteanais a theorannú má théann an margadh ina choinne.\nI dteannta orduithe stop-caillteanais, b'fhéidir go dteastaíonn ó thrádálaithe orduithe glactha brabúis a chur freisin.\nIs ordú brabúis a chuirtear le bróicéir chun urrús a thrádáil nuair a shroichfidh sé praghas ar leith.\nMar shampla, ceannaíonn trádálaí stoc XYZ ag $ 100 agus cuireann sé ordú brabúis ag $ 105. Má éiríonn praghas stoic XYZ go $ 105, déanfaidh an bróicéir an trádáil a dhíol go huathoibríoch.\nTá orduithe brabúis a ghlacadh ríthábhachtach toisc go gcuireann siad le trádálaithe brabúis a ghlasáil nuair a théann an margadh ina bhfabhar."} {"text": "Torsion Test Bench\nThe torsion test rig can be used to investigate and measure so-called elastomer claw couplings. Such couplings connect, for example, the input and output sides in automotive powertrains and can transmit high torques, but exhibit complex dynamic behavior. The coupling's design and elastomer elements exhibit nonlinear progressive stiffness, hysteresis and creep effects.\nThe test bench can be used to analyze these characteristics in detail, to parameterize and test corresponding models, and to create and test controllers based on them. Two motors (nominal torque 25Nm) serve as actuators and also enable freely rotating measurement scenarios. On both sides, the torsional angles and torques as well as the coupling temperature are measured. On the software side, the test bench is operated within a MATLAB/Simulink environment, which simplifies the testing of advanced control approaches.\nThe test bench is also suitable for investigating nonlinear resonance phenomena, such as those familiar from the start-up behavior of machine tools to washing machines. In this way, ideas can be developed and implemented to control resonances in technical applications or even to use them in a targeted manner.\nApplication in Practice\n- Mapping of torsion tests or engine test benches under laboratory conditions\n- Investigation of start-up behaviour of machine tools", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "url": "https://www.tuwien.at/en/mwbw/mec/our-institute/our-laboratory/torsion-test-bench", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711042.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205164659-20221205194659-00503.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9017202854, "token_count": 277, "score": 2.65625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Bainisteoir tástála torsion\nIs féidir an trealamh tástála torsion a úsáid chun na comhcheangail claí elastóimearacha mar a thugtar orthu a imscrúdú agus a thomhas. Tá an cineál seo de chóipeanna ag nascadh, mar shampla, na taobhanna ionchuir agus aschuir i dtrínne cumhachta gluaisteán agus is féidir leo torcaí arda a tharchur, ach tá iompar dinimiciúil casta acu. Tá stioghtas, histereis agus éifeachtaí creep neamhlíneacha ag baint le dearadh an ghualainn agus le heilimintí elastómaire.\nIs féidir an banc tástála a úsáid chun na tréithe seo a anailísiú go mionsonraithe, chun na samhlacha comhfhreagracha a pharaméadaireacht agus a thástáil, agus rialaitheoirí a chruthú agus a thástáil bunaithe orthu. Tá dhá mhótar (torc ainmniúil 25Nm) ag feidhmiú mar ghníomhaitheoirí agus ceadaíonn siad cásanna tomhais a rothlú go saor. Ar an dá thaobh, déantar na uillinneacha torsional agus na torques chomh maith leis an teocht cúpála a thomhas. Ar thaobh na bogearraí, oibrítear an banc tástála laistigh de thimpeallacht MATLAB/Simulink, rud a shimpliú tástáil ar chur chuige rialaithe chun cinn.\nTá an banc tástála oiriúnach freisin chun feiniméin réabhlóide neamhlíneacha a imscrúdú, amhail na feiniméin a bhfuil aithne orthu ó iompar tosaithe meaisín uirlisí go meaisíní níocháin. Ar an mbealach seo, is féidir smaointe a fhorbairt agus a chur i bhfeidhm chun réamhrá a rialú in iarratais theicniúla nó fiú iad a úsáid ar bhealach spriocdhírithe.\nAn Chúnamh i gcleachtas\n- Mapping de thástálacha torsion nó de bhanc tástála innill faoi choinníollacha saotharlainne\n- Fiosrú ar iompar tosaithe meaisín uirlisí"} {"text": "PDF (Acrobat) Document File\nBe sure that you have an application to open this file type before downloading and/or purchasing.\n0.58 MB | 3 pages\nAre you using Interactive Math Notebooks this year? Use this capacity lesson as a part of your math notebook. It includes an Capacity Measurement reference sheet on customary and metric capacity measurements, as well as a reflection with 5 choices of ways to reflect and a rubric for self-evaluation.\nThis meets Common Core Math Standards: 3.MD.A.2. It also meets the UK National Curriculum Maths Programme standards for Year 3.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "url": "https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Capacity-Measurement-for-Interactive-Math-Notebooks-1067167", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120101.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00493-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8859360814, "token_count": 128, "score": 3.484375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Comhad doiciméad PDF (Acrobat)\nDéan cinnte go bhfuil feidhmchlár agat chun an cineál comhad seo a oscailt sula ndéanann tú íoslódáil agus/nó ceannach.\n0.58 MB. 3 leathanach\nAn bhfuil tú ag úsáid Nótaí Matamaitice Idirghníomhacha i mbliana? Úsáid an ceacht cumas seo mar chuid de do leabhar nótaí matamaitice. Áirítear leis bileog tagartha um thomhas cumas maidir le tomhais cumasa traidisiúnta agus méadrach, chomh maith le machnamh le 5 rogha bealaí chun machnamh a dhéanamh agus rúbric le haghaidh féinmheastóireachta.\nTá sé seo ag teacht le Caighdeáin Chórais Chrom na Matamaitice Coitinne: 3.MD.A.2. Comhlíonann sé freisin caighdeáin Chláir Náisiúnta Cúrsa Teagaisc na Ríochta Aontaithe do Bhliain 3."} {"text": "An elaborate three-day coronation is taking place for the king of Thailand, and sacred water plays a key role in the consecration rites.\nThe official ceremonies, a mix of Brahmin and Buddhist rituals, begin on 4 May in the capital, Bangkok.\nKing Maha Vajiralongkorn, 66, inherited the throne upon the death of his revered father King Bhumibol Adulyadej in 2016. But in Thai royal tradition only after a king is consecrated does he become a Devaraja, or God king, and the upholder of Buddhism.\nThis is the first coronation in living memory for most of the Thai population and big crowds are expected to attend.\n“This is a significant occasion where Thai people can reassure ourselves that we have long history, rich culture and close ties between the monarchy and the people,” says Prof Tongthong Chandransu from Chulalongkorn University – a researcher in Thai culture.\nHistorically, Thai society was established around the banks of its rivers which provided staples like rice and fish. So many of its ceremonies and traditions revolve around water.\nFor weeks leading up to the coronation, officials collected water from more than 100 sources across the country between 11:52 and 12:38 – deemed an auspicious time in Thai astrology.\nThe water was then blessed in Buddhist ceremonies at major temples before being combined in another consecration rite at Wat Suthat – one of Bangkok’s oldest temples.\nThe consecrated water is used in two rituals at the Grand Palace. The first is the bath to “purify” the king, where the water is poured over his body while he wears a white robe.\nThe second is to anoint the monarch. The king changes into his full regal vestments and is seated on an octagonal throne made of fig wood.\nEight people pour the water on his hands – this time that will include Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn – the king’s younger sister – Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-ocha, as well as Brahmins and royal court pandits (scholars).\nThe use of water is based on a Brahmin tradition dating back centuries, experts say.\nGold and diamonds\nThe king then goes to the Bhadrapitha Throne and sits under the nine-tiered umbrella, where he is presented with the Royal Regalia.\nThe crown is a more recent addition to royal tradition in Thailand, a concept popularised by European courts.\nCreated in the reign of King Rama I in the 1782, it is made of gold and adorned with diamonds.\nIt weighs 7.3kg, symbolising the weight of the responsibilities the king carries, according the Prof Tongthong.\nThe Royal Sword of Victory represents wisdom in governing the country. According to legend, it was found at the bottom of the Tonle Sap lake in Siem Reap, Cambodia and given as a gift to King Rama I. It’s said that when it arrived in Bangkok, seven lightning strikes hit the city simultaneously.\nAfter the crowning and investiture ceremonies King Vajiralongkorn – who holds the titles Rama X, or the 10th king of the Chakri dynasty – will present his first royal command.\nHis father had said at the time of his coronation in 1950: “I will reign with righteousness, for the benefit and happiness of the Thai people”.\nGreen gourd and sesame seeds\nAfter the coronation rites, the king takes up ceremonial residence at the Grand Palace – referred to in simple terms as a housewarming party.\nIn a private ceremony, at the Chakrapat Biman Royal Residence, he is escorted in by the women of the royal family.\nThey bring with them a cat and a white rooster, a grinding stone, a tray of green gourd, a tray of rice seeds, a tray of beans and a tray of sesame seeds. The grains represent abundance and fertility in Thai agriculture.\nThe significance of the cat is less straightforward. Some believe the owner of a new house should have a cat to chase away rat. Others believe the custom comes from a belief that cats expel demons and evil spirits, according to the Bangkok Post newspaper.\nHe’s also given a golden key to signify his ownership of the palace.\nIn the days after the main ceremonies, the newly anointed king will take part in processions around Bangkok and make a public appearance on his balcony to give ordinary Thais an opportunity to pay their respects.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43", "url": "https://griffin-news.com/thai-king-coronation-sacred-water-royal-regalia-and-a-housewarming-party/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987817685.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022104415-20191022131915-00125.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9485880136, "token_count": 945, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá coróiníocht shaibhir trí lá á reáchtáil do rí na Téalainne, agus tá ról lárnach ag uisce naofa sna deasghnátha consecration.\nTosaíonn na searmanais oifigiúla, meascán de ríthe Brahmin agus Búdacha, ar an 4 Bealtaine sa phríomhchathair, Bangkok.\nD'fhás an Rí Maha Vajiralongkorn, 66, ar an ríchathaoir tar éis bháis a athar, an Rí Bhumibol Adulyadej, i 2016. Ach i dtrádáil ríoga na Téalainne ní dhéantar Devaraja, nó rí Dé, agus cosantóir na Búdachais ach amháin tar éis don rí a bheith coisithe.\nIs é seo an chéad choróináil i gcuimhne maireachtála don chuid is mó de dhaonra na Téalainne agus táthar ag súil go mbeidh sluaite mór i láthair.\n\"Is ócáid shuntasach é seo inar féidir le daoine na Téalainne a chinntiú dúinn féin go bhfuil stair fhada, cultúr saibhir agus dlúthcheangail idir an monarcacht agus an pobal againn\", a deir an tOllamh Tongthong Chandransu ó Ollscoil Chulalongkorn, taighdeoir i gcultúr na Téalainne.\nGo stairiúil, bunaíodh sochaí na Téalainne timpeall ar bhruach na n-aibhneacha a sholáthraíonn príomhchomhábhair cosúil le rís agus iasc. Tá an oiread sin de na searmanais agus na traidisiúin a bhaineann leis an uisce.\nLe seachtainí roimh an coróiníocht, bhailíodh uachtaráin uisce ó níos mó ná 100 foinse ar fud na tíre idir 11:52 agus 12:38 - am a mheastar a bheith suirbhéach i astrology na Téalainne.\nAnsin beannaíodh an t-uisce i searmanas Búdacha ag teampall móra sula gcuirtear le chéile é i rith eile naofaithe ag Wat Suthat ceann de na teampall is sine i mBancóc.\nÚsáidtear an t-uisce naofa i dhá deasghnátha ag an Grand Palace. Is é an chéad cheann an t-uisce chun an rí a \"glanadh\", áit a ndéantar an t-uisce a dhoirteadh thar a chorp agus é ag caitheamh gúna bán.\nIs é an dara ceann an monarca a ungadh. Athraíonn an rí a chuid éadaí ríoga go hiomlán agus suíonn sé ar throne octagonal de chrainn fíg.\nLeag ochtar daoine an t-uisce ar a lámha - an uair seo beidh an Banphrionsa Maha Chakri Sirindhorn san áireamh - deirfiúr níos óige an rí - Príomh-Aire Prayuth Chan-ocha, chomh maith le Brahmins agus pandits cúirte ríoga (saineolaithe).\nTá úsáid an uisce bunaithe ar thraidisiún Brahmin a théann siar go céadta bliain, a deir saineolaithe.\nÓir agus déimeant\nTéann an rí ansin go dtí an Bhadrapitha Throne agus suíonn sé faoin umbrella naoi leibhéal, áit a gcuirtear an Royal Regalia i láthair dó.\nIs é an choróin breiseán níos déanaí do thraidisiún ríoga sa Téalainn, coincheap a rinne cúirteanna Eorpacha a shainmhíniú.\nCruthaíodh é i réim Rí Rama I sa bhliain 1782, tá sé déanta as ór agus adorned le diamonds.\nMeáchan sé 7.3kg, is siombail é do mheáchan na bhfreagrachtaí a bhíonn ag an rí, de réir an Ollamh Tongthong.\nLéiríonn an Sword Ríoga na Bua an eagna i rialtas na tíre. De réir na finscéalta, fuarthas é ag bun loch Tonle Sap i Siem Reap, an Chambóide agus tugadh é mar bhronntanas don Rí Rama I. Deirtear go raibh seacht gcraobh-bhuail ag bualadh ar an gcathair ag an am céanna nuair a tháinig sé i mBancóc.\nTar éis na searmanais choróinithe agus ionfhosctha, tabharfaidh an Rí Vajiralongkorn a shealbhaíonn na teidil Rama X, nó an 10ú rí den ghlúin Chakri a chéad ordú ríoga.\nDúirt a athair ag an am a choróiníodh é i 1950: \"Rithim le fírinne, chun leasa agus sonas na ndaoine Thai\".\nCúrca glas agus síolta seasaim\nTar éis na rúin choróinithe, glacann an rí áit chónaithe searmanach sa Grand Palace dá ngairtear páirtí nua-thoilte go simplí.\nI searmanas príobháideach, ag an gCónacht Ríoga Chakrapat Biman, tá mná den teaghlach ríoga ag gabháil isteach leis.\nTugann siad leo cat agus coileach bán, cloch muilte, tráidire de gourd glas, tráidire de síolta ríse, tráidire de bhéanna agus tráidire de síolta sesame. Léiríonn na gráin go leor agus torthúlacht in talmhaíocht na Téalainne.\nTá tábhacht an chait níos lú díreach. Creideann cuid acu gur chóir go mbeadh cat ag úinéir tí nua chun rothaí a dhíbirt. Creideann daoine eile go dtagann an cleachtas as an gcreideamh go bhfuil madraí ag cur amach deamhain agus spiorad olc, de réir nuachtán Bangkok Post.\nTugtar eochair órga dó freisin chun a úinéireacht ar an bpáirce a léiriú.\nSna laethanta tar éis na príomh-cheiliúradh, beidh an rí nua-oilte rannpháirteach i gcúrsaí timpeall Bangkok agus beidh sé le feiceáil go poiblí ar a bhalcóin chun deis a thabhairt do ghnáth-Thais a gcuid cúraimí a íoc."} {"text": "Host-Pathogen and Host-Insect/Spider Indices\nThe indices are divided by host plant and type of disease observed (fungal, bacterial, viral, or nematode). Many of these diseases also had associated abiotic conditions contributing to the problem. Host plant names (species and cultivar or variety) are based on information provided by clients on the forms accompanying the samples but were not verified to assure accuracy. The majority of the samples were diagnosed based on symptom expression (macroscopic and microscopic examination), but other samples were cultured and additional tests carried out when considered necessary for more accurate diagnoses. Insect and Spider Identifications are organized by month, county and location of find. Typically only a family level identification was made.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43", "url": "https://puyallup.wsu.edu/plantclinic/host-indices/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987750110.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020233245-20191021020745-00141.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9753615856, "token_count": 149, "score": 3.078125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Táscairí Óstach-Pathógine agus Óstach-Insect/Spider\nTá na táscairí roinnte de réir plandaí óstach agus de réir an chineálacha galair a breathnaíodh (fungach, baictéarach, víreasach nó nematóideach). Bhí coinníollacha abioticiúla gaolmhara ag go leor de na galair seo a chuir leis an bhfadhb. Tá ainmneacha plandaí óstach (speiceas agus coltach nó cineálacha) bunaithe ar fhaisnéis a chuir cliaint ar fáil ar na foirmeacha a bhí ag gabháil leis na samplaí ach níor fhíoraíodh iad chun cruinneas a chinntiú. Déantar diagnóis ar an bhformhór de na samplaí bunaithe ar léiriú na hairíonna (sgrúdú macrascópach agus micreascópach), ach déantar cultúr ar samplaí eile agus déantar tástálacha breise nuair a mheastar go bhfuil gá le diagnóis níos cruinne. Déantar Aitheantais Insect agus Spider a eagrú de réir míosa, contae agus áiteanna a fhaightear. De ghnáth ní dhéantar ach sainaithint ar leibhéal an teaghlaigh."} {"text": "With recent extreme weather events in Texas, some are questioning the reliability of alternate energy while others are questioning traditional oil and gas sources of energy. What seems clear is a growing need to have diverse sources of energy, one of which includes offshore wind energy. This is an important topic for many federal agencies in coastal areas that might be affected by these facilities. The following summarizes the current status of wind energy generation, current U.S. projects, and how the regulatory process works in developing an offshore wind energy facility.\nWhat is the History and Current Status of Wind Energy Generation?\nThe land-based generation of energy from the wind dates back at least two thousand years, primarily as a means to grind grain, ventilate buildings or move water. Consequently, the 20th century saw the advent of wind-powered electricity generators providing power to individual residences and businesses, as well as contributing to national electrical grids. Although the great majority of “wind farms” (multiple turbines within an individual facility) in the United States and worldwide are terrestrially located, wind energy turbines are now being positioned in shallow coastal areas, the first built off the coast of Denmark in 1991. Offshore winds are abundant and tend to blow harder and more uniformly than on land. See Figure 1.\nOffshore wind farms have many of the same advantages as land-based wind farms. They:\n- provide renewable energy;\n- do not consume water;\n- provide a domestic energy source;\n- create jobs; and\n- do not emit environmental pollutants or greenhouse gases.1\nHowever, questions remain as to their impacts on birds, migratory fish, and marine mammals. Also, offshore wind farms built within view of the coastline may be unpopular among local residents and may affect tourism and property values. Some deeper areas of the continental shelf are now also being studied to utilize floating wind turbines, as are several demonstrators and pre-commercial projects in the North Sea, the Mediterranean and East Asia. See Figure 2.\nAlthough the United Kingdom, Germany, China, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Denmark are the current world leaders in both the number of wind turbines on-line and megawatt capacity, the U.S. is moving forward. Data on the technical resource potential suggest more than 2,000 gigawatts (GW) could be accessed in state and federal waters along the maritime coasts of the United States and the Great Lakes.2\nHere are some current offshore wind projects in the U.S.:\n- Rhode Island is the home of the first energy-producing U.S wind farm, the 30-megawatt (MW) Block Island development located in state waters;\n- Virginia installed the first offshore wind turbines in federal waters with the Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind 12 MW pilot project which is almost ready to enter commercial service;\n- An 800 MW project off North Carolina has been planned;\n- The Vineyard 800 MW wind farm off Massachusetts is undergoing federal review;\n- New York is aiming for an installed wind capacity of nine GWs by 2035; and\n- Maryland is planning for a wind energy farm consisting of 32 turbines to come on-line in 2023.\nA summary of the status of activity in the different states can be found at https://www.boem.gov/renewable-energy/state-activities. See Figure 3.\nWho Guides the Regulatory Process?\nFederal laws are the principal legal vehicle governing the development of U.S. offshore wind energy generation, with state and local laws coming into play if the facility is located in state waters. The U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) directs all renewable energy projects on the Outer Continental Shelf, including the administering of leases.\nPursuant to the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 USC §13201 et seq.) BOEM is required to coordinate with relevant federal agencies and affected state and local governments, obtain fair returns for leases and grants issued, and ensure that renewable energy development takes place in a safe and environmentally responsible manner.3\nOther relevant legislation that may impact BOEM’s project facilitation, lease approval and oversight includes the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA); Endangered Species Act (ESA); Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA); Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA); Merchant Marine Act of 1920 (The Jones Act); and Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCLSA). Other federal agencies such as the U.S. Coast Guard, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers may work with BOEM to regulate certain activities and/or the impacts of offshore wind energy projects on specific coastal and marine resources.\nHow Does BOEM’s Regulatory Process Work?\nBOEM’s renewable energy program occurs in four distinct phases: planning and analysis; leasing; site assessment; and construction and operations.4\n1. Planning and Analysis (1-2 years)\nThe planning and analysis phase seeks to identify suitable areas for wind energy leasing consideration through collaborative, consultative, and analytical processes that engage stakeholders, tribes, and state and federal government agencies. This is the phase when BOEM conducts environmental compliance reviews and consults with tribes, states, and natural resource agencies.\n2. Leasing (1-2 years)\nCommercial wind energy leases may be issued either through a competitive or noncompetitive process. A commercial lease does not grant the right to construct any facilities but offers the ability to develop specific plans which must be approved by BOEM.\n3. Site Assessment (up to 5 years)\nThe site assessment phase includes the submission of a site assessment plan, which contains the lessee’s detailed proposal for construction. BOEM may approve, approve with modification, or disapprove a lessee’s site assessment plan.\n4. Construction and Operations (2 years)\nThe construction and operations phase consists of the submission of a detailed construction and operations plan. BOEM conducts environmental and technical reviews (under NEPA) of the construction and operations plan and decides whether to approve, approve with modification, or disapprove the plan. If approved, the company will enter a 25-year commercial lease, with the possibility of renewal beyond the initial period.\nHow Can Scout Assist You?\nDeveloping a wind energy site may be a time-consuming process, and developers face several hurdles to get to the finish line. Although the cost may be prohibitive to some, future cost reductions could occur through engineering innovations, industrialization, a favorable political climate, and market competition. With our staff of experienced scientists, Scout is ready to help guide you through the complex regulatory process or guide you to understand how these projects might impact your military mission. For further inquiries or more information please contact firstname.lastname@example.org.\n1Advantages and Challenges of Wind Energy, Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, 2016.\n2Computing America’s Offshore Wind Energy Potential, Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, 2016.\n3Renewable Energy: Regulatory Framework and Guidelines, BOEM, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., 2021.\n4See generally BOEM Fact Sheet, Wind Energy Commercial Leasing Process, BOEM, Washington, D.C., January 24, 2017.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "url": "https://scoutenv.com/2021/03/04/whattoknow-offshore-wind-energy/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710503.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20221128102824-20221128132824-00610.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9250545502, "token_count": 1517, "score": 3.34375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Le himeachtaí aimsire iomarcacha le déanaí i Texas, tá cuid acu ag ceistiú iontaofacht an fhuinnimh malartaigh agus tá daoine eile ag ceistiú foinsí traidisiúnta ola agus gáis fuinnimh. Is léir go bhfuil gá ag fás le foinsí éagsúla fuinnimh, lena n-áirítear fuinneamh gaoithe amach ón gcósta. Is ábhar tábhachtach é seo do go leor gníomhaireachtaí cónaidhme i gceantair chósta a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a bheith acu ar na háiseanna seo. Tugann an méid seo a leanas achoimre ar an staid reatha maidir le giniúint fuinnimh gaoithe, tionscadail reatha na SA, agus conas a oibríonn an próiseas rialála chun saoráid fuinnimh gaoithe amach ón gcósta a fhorbairt.\nCad é stair agus staid reatha na giniúna fuinnimh gaoithe?\nTá an táirgeadh fuinnimh ó ghaoth ar talamh ag dul siar ar a laghad dhá mhíle bliain, go príomha mar bhealach chun gráin a mhion, foirgnimh a aeráil nó uisce a bhogadh. Dá bhrí sin, tháinig gineadóirí leictreachais a bhainistítear le cumhacht gaoithe chun cumhacht a sholáthar do chónaithe agus do ghnólachtaí aonair, chomh maith le rannchuidiú le gréasán leictreach náisiúnta. Cé go bhfuil an chuid is mó de na \"pharcaí gaoithe\" (turbinaí iomadúla laistigh de chuspóir aonair) sna Stáit Aontaithe agus ar fud an domhain suite ar thalamh, tá turbinaí fuinnimh gaoithe á gcur anois i gceantair chósta íseal, an chéad cheann a tógadh amach ó chósta na Danmhairge i 1991. Tá gaotha farraige ann go leor agus bíonn claonadh acu a bheith níos láidre agus níos comhionann ná ar an talamh. Féach Fíor 1.\nTá go leor buntáistí ag feirmeacha gaoithe farraige mar a bhíonn ag feirmeacha gaoithe ar talamh. iad:\n- fuinneamh in-athnuaite a sholáthar;\n- ná bí ag ól uisce;\n- foinse fuinnimh baile a sholáthar;\n- post a chruthú; agus\n- nach ndéanann siad truailliúcháin chomhshaoil ná gáis cheaptha teasa a dhíothú (').\nMar sin féin, tá ceisteanna fós maidir lena dtionchar ar éin, ar éisc imirceacha, agus ar mhamaigh mara. Chomh maith leis sin, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh droch-chaighdeán ag muintir na háite maidir le páirceanna gaoithe amach ón gcósta a tógadh le feiceáil ar an gcósta agus d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh tionchar aige ar an turasóireacht agus ar luachanna maoine. Tá roinnt réimsí níos doimhne den sceifte mórthír á staidéar anois freisin chun turbinaí gaoithe snámha a úsáid, mar atá roinnt taispeántóirí agus tionscadail réamhthráchtála sa Mhuir Thuaidh, sa Mheánmhuir agus in Oirthear na hÁise. Féach Fíor 2.\nCé go bhfuil an Ríocht Aontaithe, an Ghearmáin, an tSín, an Ísiltír, an Bheilg, agus an Danmhairg ar na ceannairí domhanda faoi láthair i líon na tuirbíní gaoithe ar líne agus i gcumas meigwatt, tá na Stáit Aontaithe ag dul ar aghaidh. Tugann sonraí faoin acmhainn acmhainní teicniúla le fios go bhféadfaí rochtain a fháil ar níos mó ná 2,000 gigawatt (GW) in uiscí stáit agus cónaidhme ar feadh chóstaí muirí na Stát Aontaithe agus na Lochlanna Mór.\nSeo roinnt tionscadal gaoithe amach ón gcósta sna Stáit Aontaithe:\n- Is é Rhode Island an baile ar an gcéad pháirc gaoithe a tháirgeann fuinneamh sna Stáit Aontaithe, forbairt Block Island 30 megawatt (MW) atá suite in uiscí stáit;\n- Chuir Virginia na chéad turbinaí gaoithe amach ón gcósta in uisce cónaidhme leis an tionscadal píolótach 12 MW Gaoithe amach ón gcósta de chuid Virginia atá beagnach réidh le dul i seirbhís tráchtála;\n- Tá tionscadal 800 MW amach ó Carolina Thuaidh beartaithe;\n- Tá an fheirm gaoithe 800 MW Vineyard ó Massachusetts faoi athbhreithniú cónaidhme;\n- Tá sé mar aidhm ag Nua-Eabhrac cumas gaoithe suiteáilte de naoi GW a bheith aige faoi 2035; agus\n- Tá Maryland ag pleanáil chun feirm fuinnimh gaoithe a chomhdhéanta de 32 turbín a thagann ar líne i 2023.\nIs féidir achoimre ar stádas na gníomhaíochta sna stáit éagsúla a fháil ag https://www.boem.gov/renewable-energy/state-activities. Féach Fíor 3.\nCé a threoraíonn an Próiseas Rialála?\nIs iad dlíthe cónaidhme an phríomhfheithicil dhlíthiúil a rialaíonn forbairt ghiniúint fuinnimh gaoithe amach ón gcósta sna Stáit Aontaithe, agus bíonn dlíthe stáit agus áitiúla ag teacht i bhfeidhm má tá an saoráid lonnaithe in uiscí stáit. Tá an Oifig um Bainistíocht Fuinnimh Aigéin (BOEM) i gceannas ar gach tionscadal fuinnimh in-athnuaite ar an Seilf Chontaeach Eachtrach, lena n-áirítear maireachtáil ar léasanna.\nDe réir an Achta um Bheartas Fuinnimh 2005 (42 USC §13201 et seq.) Tá sé de cheangal ar BOEM comhordú a dhéanamh le gníomhaireachtaí cónaidhme ábhartha agus le rialtais stáit agus áitiúla lena mbaineann, toradh cóir a fháil ar léasanna agus deontais a eisítear, agus a chinntiú go dtarlaíonn forbairt fuinnimh in-athnuaite ar bhealach sábháilte agus atá freagrach ó thaobh an chomhshaoil de.\nI measc reachtaíocht ábhartha eile a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a bheith aige ar éascaíocht tionscadail BOEM, ar cheadú léasa agus ar mhaoirseacht, tá an tAcht um Bheartas Náisiúnta Comhshaoil (NEPA); Acht um Speicis i mbaol (ESA); Acht um Chonradh ar Éan Imirce (MBTA); Acht um Bhainistíocht Limistéir Chósta (CZMA); Acht Muirí Trádála 1920 (An tAcht Jones); agus Acht um Thailte an Chill Chuardaigh Thuaidh (OCLSA). Cuimsíonn an t-eaglaisí cónaidhme eile, mar shampla Garda Cósta na Stát Aontaithe, Riarachán Náisiúnta na nAigéan agus na hAthmosféare (NOAA), Riarachán na Stát Aontaithe um Fhorbairt Eacnamaíoch (NFOE), agus Riarachán na Stát Aontaithe um Fhorbairt Eacnamaíoch (NFOE). Féadfaidh an tSeirbhís Iascaigh agus Fiadhúlra agus Cór Innealtóirí Arm na Stát Aontaithe oibriú le BOEM chun gníomhaíochtaí áirithe agus/nó tionchair thionscadail fuinnimh gaoithe amach ón gcósta ar acmhainní áirithe cósta agus mara a rialáil.\nConas a Oibríonn Próiseas Rialála BOEM?\nTá clár fuinnimh in-athnuaite BOEM i gceithre chéim ar leith: pleanáil agus anailís; léas; measúnú ar an láthair; agus tógáil agus oibríochtaí.4\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Pleanáil agus Anailís (1-2 bhliain)\nTá sé mar aidhm ag an gcéim pleanála agus anailíse limistéir oiriúnacha a shainaithint le haghaidh breithniú ar léasáil fuinnimh gaoithe trí phróisis chomhoibritheacha, comhairliúcháin agus anailíseacha a chuireann páirtithe leasmhara, treibheanna agus gníomhaireachtaí rialtais stáit agus rialtais cónaidhme i mbun oibre. Is é seo an chéim nuair a dhéanann BOEM athbhreithnithe ar chomhlíonadh comhshaoil agus déanann sé dul i gcomhairle le treibheanna, stáit agus gníomhaireachtaí acmhainní nádúrtha.\n2. Seachadadh. Díoltóireacht (1-2 bliana)\nIs féidir léasanna aerthrádála tráchtála a eisiúint trí phróiseas iomaíoch nó neamhiomaíoch. Ní thugann léas tráchtála an ceart aon áiseanna a thógáil ach cuireann sé an cumas ar fáil pleananna sonracha a fhorbairt a chaithfidh BOEM a fhormheas.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Measúnú ar an Suíomh (suas le 5 bliana)\nI measc chéim mheasúnaithe an láithreáin tá plean measúnaithe láithreáin a chur isteach, ina bhfuil togra mionsonraithe an léasóra le haghaidh tógála. Féadfaidh BOEM plean measúnaithe láithreán an léasóra a fhormheas, a fhormheas le modhú, nó a dhiúltú.\n4. Tá an t-am Tógáil agus Oibríochtaí (2 bhliain)\nIs éard atá sa chéim tógála agus oibríochtaí ná plean mionsonraithe tógála agus oibríochtaí a chur isteach. Déantar athbhreithnithe comhshaoil agus teicniúla (faoin NEPA) ar an bplean tógála agus oibríochta ag BOEM agus cinntíonn sé an bhfuil an plean le ceadú, le ceadú le modhnú nó le diúltú. Má fhaightear cead, cuirfidh an chuideachta conradh léasa tráchtála 25 bliana i bhfeidhm, agus is féidir é a athnuachan thar an tréimhse tosaigh.\nConas is Féidir le Scout cabhrú leat?\nD'fhéadfadh go mbeadh próiseas fada ag baint le suíomh fuinnimh gaoithe a fhorbairt, agus bíonn roinnt constaicí i gcoinne na bhforbróirí chun an líne chríochnaithe a bhaint amach. Cé go bhféadfadh an costas a bheith cosanta do chuid acu, d'fhéadfadh laghdú costais a bheith ann amach anseo trí nuálaíochtaí innealtóireachta, tionsclaíocht, aeráid pholaitiúil fabhrach, agus iomaíocht margaidh. Le ár bhfoireann eolaithe a bhfuil taithí acu, tá Scout réidh chun cabhrú leat treoir a fháil tríd an bpróiseas rialaithe casta nó treoir a thabhairt duit chun tuiscint a fháil ar an gcaoi a bhféadfadh na tionscadail seo tionchar a bheith acu ar do mhisean míleata. Le haghaidh tuilleadh fiosrúcháin nó tuilleadh faisnéise, déan teagmháil le firstname.lastname@example.org.\n1Buntáistí agus dúshláin fuinnimh gaoithe, Roinn Fuinnimh, Oifig na héifeachtúlachta fuinnimh agus an fhuinnimh in-athnuaite, 2016.\n2Computing America's Offshore Wind Energy Potential, Roinn Fuinnimh, Oifig Éifeachtachta Fuinnimh agus Fuinnimh In-athnuaite, 2016.\n3Eolaíochtaí Inathnuaite: Creat Rialaithe agus Treoirlínte, BOEM, Roinn Intíre na Stát Aontaithe, Washington, D.C., 2021.\n4Feic go ginearálta Leabhrán Físeán BOEM, Próiseas Díolacháin Tráchtála Fuinnimh Gaoithe, BOEM, Washington, D.C., 24 Eanáir 2017."} {"text": "Women’s History Month Activities | Celebrating Her Story\nMarch 1, 2017\nWomen's History Month Activities for Your K-12 Students\nThe month of March is a time to reflect on, celebrate, and recognize women who have made great strides in the world. The honorary observance of National Women’s History Month in March was declared in 1987 by the U.S. Congress, and we are excited for the opportunity to take an in-depth look at women’s history, issues, and continued work towards recognition and rights in the world we know today.\nTry these activities in your classroom to learn more about pioneering women, movements, and lessons from the past and the present.\nBreaking Down Barriers: Making \"Herstory\"\nGrades Pre-K-2 or Grades 3-5\nHave students form an understanding of women who broke down barriers of their time.\nFacilitate active reading and critical thinking.\nLearn about women throughout history who have done something that others might not have accepted. For emerging readers, choose different women to learn about throughout the month of March and read about them together as a class. Annotate the articles with your class as you read. Highlight new vocabulary, call out the evidence that helps to answer the main questions, and add class comments, connections, and summaries. For more advanced readers, have them choose a woman to read about on their own. They should also use your annotation prompts while reading.\nHave students answer these questions:\n• What did this woman do that was groundbreaking for her time?\n• How did others view her during that time? Did they appreciate her or were some of them upset? If some were upset, why?\n• What challenges did she face?\n• What surprised you about her life, background, or family?\nCreate a board for the classroom for the month of March and put images and important facts around the featured women on the board. At the end of Women’s History Month, review all of the women you’ve learned about and have students draw a picture of or write a letter to the woman they’d most like to have lunch with. Have them share their reasons with the class.\nTry this activity with LaunchPacks, which includes annotation tools, such as digital highlighting and note-taking. If you don’t already subscribe to LaunchPacks, start your free 60-day access today and use it for all of Women’s History Month.\nCreate a New National Holiday\nGrades 3-5 or Grades 6-8\nIf Congress were to add a national holiday that honored the contributions of one woman, whom should it be? Have each student choose a woman to research and then make the case for why she should be honored with a national holiday.\nThis activity promotes active reading and inquiry-based learning.\nActivity, Part 1:\nBreak students up into small groups. Have students work together to do preliminary research to narrow down a shortlist of women who have made major contributions to society. Then, have each person in the group choose a different woman from that list to research more thoroughly.\nAs they learn about their chosen female leader, have them answer the following questions:\n• What was her most significant achievement?\n• What were her biggest challenges?\n• Whose lives did she impact the most?\n• Give five reasons why she should be honored with a national holiday.\nActivity, Part 2:\nHave students return to their groups and share their findings. In each group, have the students collectively nominate one woman to present to “Congress” (i.e., the class) on why she deserves a national holiday in her honor.\nIn each group, have the students answer these questions and create their presentation to Congress.\n• What would be the name of the holiday?\n• What date will your holiday be and why?\n• How will the United States celebrate this holiday?\n• How would you promote this holiday to the country? Create a flyer for the first celebration.\n• Why is she the woman who should be honored above all others?\nWomen’s Suffrage: Reader’s Theater\nGrades 6-8 or Grades 9-12\nHave students analyze individuals who were involved in the women’s suffrage movement and then create a short play using anecdotes, quotes, images, and biographical information.\nThis activity promotes critical thinking and increases comprehension by engaging students in a collaborative performance.\nHave small groups of students research four individuals from the women’s suffrage movement during the late 1800s. During their research, students should collect information about the events, ideas, and contributions each person was involved with in relation to the movement.\nStudents should form small groups. Using the information they found, students should create a play to show what they learned, using quotes, anecdotes, visual displays, and images to convey their findings.\n• Invite younger classes to watch these performances.\n• Expand this activity to women beyond the suffrage movement or to men who played a role either for or against women’s suffrage.\nWe’ve shared suggested resources for these activities from Britannica LaunchPacks: Social Studies. If you don’t already have access, you can get free access now to 1,600 curriculum-relevant subject Packs that include organized supplemental resources, such as informational text with annotation capabilities, media, timelines, maps, and primary sources. Give it a try, or use these strategies with your own classroom resources!", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "url": "https://britannicalearn.com/blog/womens-history-month-activities/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120461.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00605-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9572440386, "token_count": 1142, "score": 3.796875, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Gníomhaíochtaí Mí Stair na mBan. A Stair a Cheiliúradh\n1 Márta, 2017\nGníomhaíochtaí Mí Stair na mBan do Do Mhic Léinn K-12\nIs é mí an Mhárta an t-am chun machnamh a dhéanamh ar mhná a rinne dul chun cinn mór ar fud an domhain, a cheiliúradh agus a aithint. D'fhógair Comhdháil na Stát Aontaithe mí na hIarbhliana Náisiúnta um Stair na mBan i mí an Mhárta, agus táimid ag súil go mór leis an deis chun breathnú go domhain ar stair na mban, ar shaincheisteanna agus ar obair leanúnach i dtreo aitheantas agus cearta sa domhan a bhfuil a fhios againn inniu.\nDéan na gníomhaíochtaí seo a dhéanamh i do rangleibhéal chun níos mó a fhoghlaim faoi mhná tosaitheora, gluaiseachtaí, agus ceachtanna ón am atá caite agus ón am atá ann.\nAg Briseadh síos na bacainní: \"Astóir\" a dhéanamh\nGráid Roimh-K-2 nó Gráid 3-5\nCuir ar na daltaí tuiscint a chruthú ar mhná a bhris bacanna a gcuid ama.\nÉascú ar léitheoireacht ghníomhach agus ar smaointeoireacht chriticiúil.\nFoghlaim faoi mhná le linn na staire a rinne rud éigin a d'fhéadfadh daoine eile a bheith neamhghnách. I gcás léitheoirí atá ag teacht chun cinn, roghnaigh mná éagsúla chun foghlaim faoi i rith mhí an Mhárta agus léigh faoi mar chlas. Déan nótaí ar na hailt le do rang agus tú ag léamh. Léiríonn an fhocal nua, lua na fianaise a chabhraíonn le freagra a thabhairt ar na príomhcheisteanna, agus cuir tuairimí, nascanna agus achoimre sa rang leis. I gcás léitheoirí níos forbartha, bíodh siad ag roghnú bean chun léamh fúthu féin. Ba cheart dóibh freisin do chuid treoracha annotation a úsáid agus iad ag léamh.\nCuir na ceisteanna seo a leanas ar na mic léinn:\n• Cad a rinne an bhean seo a bhí ina thréimhse réabhlóideach dá chuid ama?\n• Cén chaoi a raibh daoine eile ag féachaint uirthi le linn na tréimhse sin? An raibh meas acu uirthi nó an raibh imní ar roinnt acu? Má bhí fearg ar roinnt acu, cén fáth?\n• Cé na dúshláin a bhí uirthi?\n• Cad a chuir iontas ort faoi shaol, faoi chúlra nó faoi theaghlach an bhean?\nCruthaigh bord don seomra ranga don mhí Márta agus cuir pictiúir agus fíricí tábhachtacha timpeall na mban a bhfuil gnéithe acu ar an mbord. Ag deireadh mhí Stair na mBan, déan athbhreithniú ar na mná go léir a d'fhoghlaim tú fúthu agus bíodh pictiúr de na mná a tharraingíonn tú nó litir a scríobh chuig na mná is fearr a mbeadh siad ag iarraidh lóin a ithe leo. Cuir in iúl dóibh a gcuid cúiseanna leis an rang.\nBain triail as an ngníomhaíocht seo le LaunchPacks, lena n-áirítear uirlisí annotation, mar shampla béim dhigiteach agus nótaí a thógáil. Mura bhfuil tú sínithe cheana féin ar LaunchPacks, tosaigh le do rochtain saor in aisce 60 lá inniu agus bain úsáid as le haghaidh Mí Stair na mBan ar fad.\nLá Fhéile Náisiúnta Nua a chruthú\nGráid 3-5 nó Gráid 6-8\nDá mbeadh an Comhdháil ag cur laethanta saoire náisiúnta a chuirfeadh onóir ar ranníocaíochtaí bean amháin, cé ba cheart dó a bheith? Lig do gach mac léinn bean a roghnú chun taighde a dhéanamh agus ansin an cás a dhéanamh cén fáth ar chóir sí a onóir le hoíche náisiúnta.\nCuirtear an ghníomhaíocht seo chun cinn le léamh gníomhach agus foghlaim bunaithe ar fhiosrúchán.\nGníomhaíocht, Cuid 1:\nRoinnt na mic léinn i ngrúpaí beaga. Cuir na mic léinn ag obair le chéile chun taighde réamh a dhéanamh chun gearrliosta de mhná a rinne ranníocaíochtaí móra leis an tsochaí a laghdú. Ansin, bíodh gach duine sa ghrúpa ag roghnú bean éagsúil ón liosta sin chun taighde níos mionsonraithe a dhéanamh.\nAgus iad ag foghlaim faoi an bhean ceannaire a roghnaigh siad, iarr orthu na ceisteanna seo a leanas a fhreagairt:\n• Cad a bhí ina shaothar is suntasaí?\n• Cad iad na dúshláin is mó a bhí aici?\n• Cé acu na daoine a raibh tionchar is mó aici orthu?\n• Tabhair cúig chúis a léiríonn go bhfuil sé de cheart go mbeadh féile náisiúnta aici.\nGníomhaíocht, Cuid 2:\nCuir na mic léinn ar ais chuig a ngrúpaí agus roinn a gcuid torthaí. I ngach grúpa, iarr ar na mic léinn bean amháin a ainmniú go comhchoiteann chun a chur i láthair ag Congress (i.e., an rang) ar an gcúis go bhfuil sí ag tuillte saoire náisiúnta ina onóir.\nI ngach grúpa, lig do na mic léinn na ceisteanna seo a fhreagairt agus a gcuid cur i láthair a chruthú don Choimisiún.\n• Cad a bheadh i gceist le hainm an lae saoire?\n• Cén dáta a bheidh do laethanta saoire agus cén fáth?\n• Conas a cheiliúrfaidh na Stáit Aontaithe an saoire seo?\n• Conas a chur an saoire seo chun cinn sa tír? Léarscáil a chruthú don chéad cheiliúradh.\n• Cén fáth gur í an bhean is mó a bhfuil onóir aici ná aon bhean eile?\nAn Suirbhé: Teilifís na Léitheoirí\nGráid 6-8 nó Gráid 9-12\nCuir ar na daltaí anailís a dhéanamh ar dhaoine aonair a bhí páirteach i ngluaiseacht vótála na mban agus ansin dráma gearr a chruthú ag baint úsáide as anegdotes, luachan, íomhánna, agus faisnéis bheathaisnéis.\nSpreagann an ghníomhaíocht seo smaointeoireacht chriticiúil agus méadaíonn sé tuiscint trí dhaltaí a chur i mbun taibhiú comhoibritheach.\nCuir grúpaí beaga mac léinn ag déanamh taighde ar cheithre dhuine ó ghluaiseacht vótála na mban le linn na 1800idí déanach. Le linn a gcuid taighde, ba cheart do mhic léinn faisnéis a bhailiú faoi na himeachtaí, na smaointe agus na ranníocaíochtaí a raibh baint ag gach duine leo i ndáil leis an ngluaiseacht.\nBa cheart do dhaltaí grúpaí beaga a fhoirmiú. Ag baint úsáide as an bhfaisnéis a fuair siad, ba cheart do mhic léinn dráma a chruthú chun a thaispeáint cad a d'fhoghlaim siad, ag baint úsáide as luachan, anacdóidí, taispeántais amhairc agus íomhánna chun a gcuid torthaí a chur in iúl.\n• Iarr ar ranganna níos óige na léirithe seo a fheiceáil.\n• An ghníomhaíocht seo a leathnú chuig mná lasmuigh den ghluaiseacht vótála nó chuig fir a bhí i gceist le vótáil na mban nó i gcoinne vótála na mban.\nTá acmhainní molta againn do na gníomhaíochtaí seo ó Britannica LaunchPacks: Social Studies. Má tá rochtain agat cheana féin, is féidir leat rochtain saor in aisce a fháil anois ar 1,600 Pacáiste ábhar a bhaineann le curaclam a chuimsíonn acmhainní forlíontacha eagraithe, mar shampla téacs faisnéise le cumais annotation, meán, amlíne, léarscáileanna, agus foinsí príomhúla. Déan iarracht é, nó bain úsáid as na straitéisí seo le hacmhainní do sheomra ranga féin!"} {"text": "Metal silos are constructed from sheet metal, often by local artisans. They are designed as grain stores but are sometimes used as water tanks. They range in capacity from 90kg to 3000kg. They should be located inside a house or under a shelter and placed on wooden pallets to prevent contact with ground moisture corroding the metal.\nWhen fully sealed metal silos are gas-tight (hermetic) so that when filled with grain and tightly closed, a modified atmosphere is created that will kill insect pests.\nCapacity: 90kg - 3t\nLifespan: 15 year - 20 year\nInitial cost: US$ 197 - 550\nCost per tonne per year: US$ 11 - 31\nCEREALS - Maize (Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda); Millet (Kenya); Paddy rice (SE Asia); Sorghum (Kenya, Uganda)\nPULSES - Common beans (Kenya, Uganda), Cowpea (Uganda)\nMaterials:- galvanised metal sheet (0.5mm thick or 26 gauge), and solder (50:50 lead:tin)\nManufactured locally by artisans trained by metal silo projects. Also Kenya has a company (Ekima) that is manufacturing them. Where possible the structures are constructed close to where they will be used to avoid the transport of large awkward structures.\nWith good maintenance, metal silos typically remain usable for 15 to 20 years. Variations in lifespan depend on conformity to installation and management recommendations, such as provision of shade, positioning on a pallet to avoid contact with moisture. Common malpractices include placing heavy objects on the silo, poor installation (placing the silo on an uneven platform, on the floor and exposure to water and sunshine). Extension messages advocating proper installation can be accessed using a Airtel mobile phone SMS facility called 321.\nMarketing and promotions:\nMetal silos have been the focus of numerous promotional campaigns across Africa in recent years (see below), and Central America since 1990s. Kenya - 2012-2014; Malawi - A number of campaigns including the launch by the President in April 2007. Metal silos mounted on floats during Independence Celebrations (2008 - 2011), displayed during the National Agricultural Fairs (2007- 2014), displayed in Agricultural Shows at national, Agricultural Development division and district levels (2007- 2014), Farmer field days and open days (2007- 2014); Tanzania- (years not specified); Uganda - Mar 2014-May 2015 (through WFP); Zambia: - 2007 to date; Zimbabwe - 2010 to date.\nSuccess and nature of marketing:\nMetal silos have been the focus of numerous promotional campaigns across Africa in recent years, and Central America since 1990s. Kenya - 2012-2014; Malawi - A number of campaigns including the launch by the President in April 2007. Metal silos mounted on floats during Independence Celebrations (2008 - 2011), displayed during the National Agricultural Fairs (2007- 2014), displayed in Agricultural Shows at national, Agricultural Development division and district levels (2007- 2014), Farmer field days and open days (2007- 2014); Tanzania- (years not specified); Uganda - Mar 2014-May 2015 (through WFP); Zambia: - 2007 to date; Zimbabwe - 2010 to date.\nTraining as part of the campaign:\nTraining has featured in the promotion campaigns, including: Demonstration of proper use of metal silos (~30 mins). Training local artisans in the fabrication of metal silos (typically a 5 day training during which they each construct a full-size metal silo from scratch and learn about postharvest losses). A training manual for local artisans has been developed (Kenya, Zimbabwe, Malawi). In Malawi some reported that too much emphasis was put on local fabrication and distribution of metal silos and not on training of extension services in the proper utilisation of the technology. More recently CIMMYT has trained front line staff, agro-dealers, and lead farmers and as a result adoption has increased in Mchinji and Lilongwe. Extension training in Zimbabwe took 3-5 days, involving a field visit to a site where the silo was being used, demonstrating the silo model and visiting the workshops at IAE. In Uganda WFP organised a 1 day training on improved postharvest management techniques and practical applications of new handling and storage equipment. This was followed up with on-farm refresher training and correct positioning of new storage technologies.\nDegree of adoption:\nDespite the significant amount of promotion of metal silos, it appears that no comprehensive adoption study has yet been done. Respondents suggest the following extent of adoption: Kenya - very limited, mainly in Western and Eastern; Malawi - not widely adopted due to high initial costs but wealthy peri-urban farmers adopt them. 500 silos have been made by artisans; Rwanda - only adopted in project target districts; Tanzania - adoption is still very low as it is new; Zimbabwe - adoption is very limited; Uganda - 3,652 metal silos distributed by WFP at 70% subsidised rate in Tororo, Soroti, Gulu and Mbarara; Myanmar - seen but often not used anymore.\nReason for adoption:\n- User friendly for women (women who are mainly accountable for HH level food security) like the outlet location\n- More durable than other storage facilities. Solid and sturdy. Life span of >15 years\n- Kills insects\n- Easy use of chemicals during grain storage (e.g. they can use phostoxin once/ year)\n- Strong protection of grains (no rats can enter metal silos)\n- When hermetic, they eliminate the need to use storage pesticides so no residue on food\n- Occupy only a small space\n- Can store grain within the house, providing grain security\n- May be locked, this reduces theft of grains within the house\n- It is often given out for free\n- Portable (when empty) and can be set up at a homestead at short notice\n- Locally made\n- Choice of different grain capacities\n- Does not require local natural resources (e.g. wood, thatch) to be harvested each year for construction\n- Very limited maintenance required\n- Status symbol for farmers\nWeaknesses of this store:\n- Often difficult to seal the inlet and outlet ports and therefore to create the hermetic conditions and maintain them during the storage period\n- Not necessarily hermetic so that farmers may need to fumigate them\n- Needs to be handled with care during long-distance transport\n- Needs to be located within a house or under a shelter to protect from sun and rain\n- Can be difficult to install a metal silo in a house with a small door\n- If grain >14%mc is stored then caking and discolouration of the grain may result, unlike storage with PP bags where grain may lose moisture during storage in dry conditions\n- Silo quality may be variable as metal silos are handmade\n- Loading and off-loading grain can be difficult\nBarriers to adoption:\n- Costly. Requires large initial capital, so it is difficult for smallholders to afford metal silos\n- Often no commercial supplier of metal silos\n- Poorly developed supply chain for necessary construction materials\n- Some houses are too small to accommodate metal silos, and the farmer may then have to build a shelter outside at further cost\n- Are they really cost effective? Are PHL more than the buy back cost of grain from local retail market?\n- Understanding the concept of a hermetic store can be tricky for smallholder farmers, and this may lead farmers to be sceptical\n- Agricultural extension officers don’t treat crop storage a key activity and so don't prioritise the technology\n- Trained artisans do not have initial capital to start the enterprise, especially when demand is not certain, they alos need agri-business training\n- Govt or project should subsidize metal silos so they are affordable for poor farmer\n- Commercial approach combined with financial products for farmers\n- Removal of tax on metal sheets or at least provide government subsidy for metal sheeting intended for silo construction\n- Encourage youth to attend training as they may better understand the science behind hermetic conditions\n- Redesign outlet to facilitate easy sealing\n- Silos should not be promoted as a hermetic only, but also to use in combination with a grain protectant\n- Rubber tubing is becoming more scarce as many vehicles use tubeless tyres nowadays, so supply of rubber to seal inlet and outlet ports needs attention\n- More training in agri-business/market based approaches, value chain systems, technical postharvest aspects\n- Forming farmer groups to ease access to credit or to set-up merry-go-round savings scheme\nUse by institutions:\nMalawi - Somebody Cares Ministries in Lilongwe (assisting the vulnerable groups-widows, elderly and orphans), Maziko Vocational Centre in Salima, NGOs (World Vision, CADECOM, Rural Livelihoods, Care, Eagles Relief, OXFAM, Blantyre Synod, Stephanos Children’s Home etc), Community Grain Banks (too numerous to mention), St Patrick’s Catholic Church; Zimbabwe - some metal silos have been constructed at prison facilities, boarding schools (6 x 1 mt metal silos in 2 provinces) and at an orphanage. Schools, churches, prisons, village chiefs, cooperatives, hospitals.\nWater tanks, scrap metal\nWhat to like:\nVery durable and can be produced locally so creating employment. Cost benefit analysis suggests it is cheap compared with other stores. Re-cycling is easier than with plastic. Can be made airtight, so avoids use of insecticides. The metals walls are smooth and hygiene is easy to maintain. It is proof against insect pests, rodents and ambient moisture and temperature (if instructions to keep it under complete shade are adhered to). Deals with rodents and insects (including LGB) effectively without use of pesticides.\nWhat to dislike:\nAt household level keeping them airtight is not easy and becomes more difficult with the larger silo sizes. The initial costs of silos is high for farmers and as they need to be located in the shade either inside the house or under a special shelter, this adds to the costs. Once a silo is constructed within a house it is very difficult to transfer it to another place through the main door. The grain near the silo bottom is not easy to withdraw, unless someone gets into the silo and quality control is difficult. It is difficulty to source raw materials on a consistent basis. There is a shortage of artisans in farming regions for silo construction.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "url": "http://postharvest.nri.org/loss-reduction/choosing-the-right-grain-store/storage-search/63-metal-silos", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120338.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00021-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.924127996, "token_count": 2218, "score": 2.796875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tógtar siolóid miotail ó mhéadar miotail, go minic ag ceardaithe áitiúla. Tá siad deartha mar stóráil gráin ach úsáidtear iad uaireanta mar tancanna uisce. Tá cumas acu ó 90 kg go 3000 kg. Ba chóir iad a shuíomh taobh istigh de theach nó faoi chois agus a chur ar phailéid adhmaid chun teagmháil le taise talún a chosc a dhéanfaidh an miotail a chróis.\nNuair a bhíonn sílóidí miotail lán-sliotáilte gáis-dhíonach (hermetic) ionas go gcruthófar atmaisféar modhnaithe a mharfaidh pláistí feithidí nuair a bheidh siad líonta le gráin agus dúnta go daingean.\nCumas: 90kg - 3t\nSaol: 15 bliain - 20 bliain\nCostas tosaigh: US$ 197 - 550\nCostas in aghaidh an tonna in aghaidh na bliana: US$ 11 - 31\nCIRÍOL - Corn (an Cheanada, an Mhalaoi, an Tansáin, Uganda); Millet (an Cheanada); Rice Paddy (SE Asia); Sorghum (an Cheanada, Uganda)\nPULSES - Bónas Coitianta (an Cheanada, an Úganda), Cowpea (an Úganda)\nÁbhair:- bileog miotail galvanizáilte (0.5mm tiubh nó 26 gauge), agus leannán (50:50 luaidhe: tin)\nDéanta go háitiúil ag ceardaithe a oiliúint ag tionscadail silo miotail. Tá cuideachta (Ekima) ag an gCéinia freisin atá ag déantúsaíocht iad. I gcás ina bhfuil sé indéanta, déantar na struchtúir a thógáil gar don áit a n-úsáidfear iad chun iompar struchtúir mhóra neamhchlaonta a sheachaint.\nLe cothabháil mhaith, is gnách go bhfanann silos miotail in úsáid ar feadh 15 go 20 bliain. Tá an t-am a bhaineann le húsáid an chórais a athsholáthar ag brath ar an méid a bhaineann le húsáid an chórais agus ar na moltaí maidir le húsáid an chórais, amhail soláthar scáth, suíomh ar phailéad chun teagmháil le taise a sheachaint. I measc na mbratchleachtais is coitianta tá rudaí trom a chur ar an silo, mí-shuiteáil (an silo a chur ar ardán neamhchothrom, ar an urlár agus a bheith nochtaithe d'uisce agus do ghrian). Is féidir teachtaireachtaí síneadh a thacaíonn le suiteáil cheart a rochtain trí úsáid a bhaint as saoráid SMS fón póca Airtel ar a dtugtar 321.\nMargaíocht agus cur chun cinn:\nTá silos miotail mar fhócas ar iomaíochtaí cur chun cinn iomadúla ar fud na hAfraice le blianta beaga anuas (féach thíos), agus Meiriceá Láir ó na 1990idí. An Chéinia - 2012-2014; Malaiví - Rannchuid feachtais lena n-áirítear an tUachtarán a sheoladh i mí Aibreáin 2007. Silos miotail atá suite ar floats le linn Cheiliúradh na Saoirse (2008 - 2011), ar taispeáint le linn na Mónta Talmhaíochta Náisiúnta (2007- 2014), ar taispeáint i Seónna Talmhaíochta ar leibhéal náisiúnta, rannóg Forbartha Talmhaíochta agus leibhéal na gceantair (2007- 2014), laethanta réimse feirmeoirí agus laethanta oscailte (2007- 2014); Tansainia- (bhlianta gan a shonrú); Uganda - Márta 2014-Bealtaine 2015 (trí WFP); Zambia: - 2007 go dtí seo; Simbabwe - 2010 go dtí seo.\nÉifeacht agus cineál an mhargaíochta:\nTá silos miotail mar fhócas ar iomaíochtaí cur chun cinn iomadúla ar fud na hAfraice le blianta beaga anuas, agus Meiriceá Láir ó na 1990idí. An Chéinia - 2012-2014; Malaiví - Rannchuid feachtais lena n-áirítear an tUachtarán a sheoladh i mí Aibreáin 2007. Silos miotail atá suite ar floats le linn Cheiliúradh na Saoirse (2008 - 2011), ar taispeáint le linn na Mónta Talmhaíochta Náisiúnta (2007- 2014), ar taispeáint i Seónna Talmhaíochta ar leibhéal náisiúnta, rannóg Forbartha Talmhaíochta agus leibhéal na gceantair (2007- 2014), laethanta réimse feirmeoirí agus laethanta oscailte (2007- 2014); Tansainia- (bhlianta gan a shonrú); Uganda - Márta 2014-Bealtaine 2015 (trí WFP); Zambia: - 2007 go dtí seo; Simbabwe - 2010 go dtí seo.\nOiliúint mar chuid den fheachtas:\nTá oiliúint le feiceáil sna feachtais chur chun cinn, lena n-áirítear: Taispeántas ar úsáid cheart siolóid miotail (~ 30 nóiméad). Oiliúint a thabhairt d'aisteoirí áitiúla i ndéantúsaíocht siolóid miotail (oiliúint 5 lá de ghnáth a thógann gach duine acu siolóid miotail lánmhéide ó scratch agus a fhoghlaimíonn faoi chaillteanais iar-ghléasadh). Tá lámhleabhar oiliúna le haghaidh ceardaithe áitiúla curtha ar bun (an Cheanada, an tSín, an Iodáil, an Iodáil). I Malaví, thuairiscigh cuid acu go raibh an iomarca béime ar mhonarú agus dáileadh áitiúil siolóid miotail agus ní ar oiliúint sheirbhísí extense i dtaca le húsáid cheart na teicneolaíochta. Níos déanaí, rinne CIMMYT foirne tosaigh, déileálaithe talmhaíochta agus feirmeoirí luaidhe a oiliúint agus mar thoradh air sin tá méadú tagtha ar uchtáil i Mchinji agus Lilongwe. Thóg oiliúint síneadh i Simbaibé 3-5 lá, lena n-áirítear cuairt ar an láthair ar shuíomh ina raibh an síló á úsáid, ag taispeáint an mhúnla síló agus ag tabhairt cuairte ar na ceardlanna ag IAE. D'eagraigh WFP oiliúint lá amháin in Uganda ar theicnící bainistíochta feabhsaithe iar-ghlé agus ar chur i bhfeidhm praiticiúil trealamh nua láimhseála agus stórála. Lean an t-oiliúint sin le hoiliúint athnuachana ar an bhfeirm agus le suíomh ceart na dteicneolaíochtaí stórála nua.\nCéim na hochtú:\nIn ainneoin an méid suntasach a chur chun cinn silos miotail, is cosúil nach bhfuil aon staidéar cuimsitheach glacadh déanta go fóill. Tugann na freagróirí le fios an méid seo a leanas a bhaineann le glacadh: An Cheanáin - an-teoranta, go príomha san Iarthar agus san Oirthear; Malaiví - ní ghlacfar go forleathan iad mar gheall ar chostais ard tosaigh ach glacann feirmeoirí saibhre imeallach uirbeacha iad. Tá 500 síló déanta ag ceardaithe; Ruanda - a glacadh ach amháin i dtionscail spriocphrojekta; Tansainia - tá an glacadh an-íseal fós mar go bhfuil sé nua; Simbabwé - tá an glacadh an-teoranta; Uganda - 3,652 síló miotail a d'eascair WFP ar ráta fóirdheontais 70% i Tororo, Soroti, Gulu agus Mbarara; Myanma - a fheictear ach nach n-úsáidtear go minic a thuilleadh.\nCúis le glacadh:\n- Tá an suíomh ag dul i ngleic le húsáid úsáideora do mhná (mná atá freagrach go príomha as slándáil bia ar leibhéal HH)\n- Níos marthana ná áiseanna stórála eile. Dlúth agus sturdy. Leithré > 15 bliana\n- Maraíonn sé feithidí\n- Úsáid éasca ceimiceán le linn stórála gráin (m.sh. (is féidir le phostoxin a úsáid uair sa bhliain)\n- Cosaint láidir ar ghráin (ní féidir le rattanna dul isteach i síolóid miotail)\n- Nuair a bhíonn siad searbh, ní gá iad a stóráil le pléisteicidí ionas nach mbeidh aon iarsmaí ar bhia\n- Ní ghlacann siad ach spás beag\n- Is féidir gráin a stóráil laistigh den teach, ag soláthar slándála gráin\n- D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith faoi ghlas, laghdaíonn sé seo goid gráin laistigh den teach\n- Is minic a thugtar amach saor in aisce é\n- In-iompar (nuair a bhíonn sé folamh) agus is féidir é a chur ar bun ag teach talún ar an eolas gearr\n- Déanta go háitiúil\n- Rogha de chumas gráin éagsúla\n- Ní gá acmhainní nádúrtha áitiúla (m.sh. (an t-ábhar a bheidh le haitheantas gach bliain le haghaidh tógála)\n- Ní gá ach cothabháil an- íseal a dhéanamh air\n- Siombail stádas d'fheirmeoirí\nNa laigí atá ag an siopa seo:\n- Is minic a bhíonn sé deacair na calafoirt ionchuir agus aschuir a shéaladh agus dá bhrí sin na coinníollacha eirimiciúla a chruthú agus iad a chothabháil le linn na tréimhse stórála\n- Ní gá go mbeadh siad searbh mar sin d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh gá ag feirmeoirí iad a ghlanadh\n- Ní mór iad a láimhseáil go cúramach le linn iompair fadréasanta\n- Ní mór é a shuíomh laistigh de theach nó faoi theach chun é a chosaint ó ghrian agus ó bháisteach\n- Is féidir a bheith deacair silo miotail a shuiteáil i dteach le doras beag\n- Má stóráiltear gráin > 14%mc d'fhéadfadh sé go dtiocfadh le cracadh agus le díleabadh na gráin, murab ionann agus stóráil le málaí PP inar féidir le gráin taise a chailleadh le linn stórála i gcoinníollacha tirim\n- D'fhéadfadh cáilíocht na sílóid a bheith éagsúil toisc go ndéantar sílóid miotail de láimh\n- D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith deacair gráin a luchtú agus a dhíshuiteáil\nCúntóirí:\n- Costasach. Éilíonn sé caipiteal tosaigh mór, mar sin tá sé deacair do fheirmeoirí beaga síolóid miotail a íoc\n- Go minic ní soláthróir tráchtála de shílíní miotail\n- slabhra soláthair nach bhfuil forbartha go maith le haghaidh ábhair thógála riachtanacha\n- Tá roinnt tithe ró-bheag chun siloí miotail a chur isteach, agus b'fhéidir go mbeidh ar an bhfeirmeoir coisithe a thógáil lasmuigh de chostas breise\n- An bhfuil siad cost-éifeachtach i ndáiríre? An bhfuil PHL níos mó ná costas athcheannach gráin ó mhargadh miondíola áitiúil?\n- Is féidir le feirmeoirí beaga smaoineamh ar an gcoincheap a bhaineann le stóráil airméadach a bheith deacair, agus d'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith ina chúis le sceimhlitheoireacht ag feirmeoirí\n- Ní thugann oifigigh leathnú talmhaíochta aire do stóráil na dtorthaí mar phríomhghníomhaíocht agus dá bhrí sin ní thugann siad tosaíocht don teicneolaíocht\n- Níl caipiteal tosaigh ag ceardaithe oiliúnaithe chun an fiontar a thosú, go háirithe nuair nach bhfuil an t-éileamh cinnte, ní mór dóibh oiliúint agó-gnó\n- Ba cheart do Rialtas nó do thionscadal fóirdheontas a thabhairt do shílse miotail ionas go mbeidh siad inacmhainne d'fheirmeoir bocht\n- Cur chuige tráchtála i dteannta le táirgí airgeadais d'fheirmeoirí\n- Cíos a chur ar cháin ar phlátaí miotail nó ar a laghad fóirdheontas rialtais a chur ar fáil do phlátaí miotail atá ceaptha le haghaidh tógála siola\n- Óige a spreagadh chun freastal ar oiliúint mar is féidir leo tuiscint níos fearr a fháil ar an eolaíocht atá taobh thiar de dhálaí eirimiciúla\n- Athdhearadh a dhéanamh ar an asraon chun séalaithe éasca a éascú\n- Níor cheart na siola a chur chun cinn mar eirimiceach amháin, ach freisin le húsáid i gcomhcheangal le cosaint gráin\n- Tá feadán rubair ag éirí níos gann mar go n-úsáideann go leor feithiclí rubair gan phíosaí inniu, mar sin ní mór aird a thabhairt ar sholáthar rubair chun calafoirt ionchuir agus aschuir a shéaladh\n- Níos mó oiliúna i mbeagán gnó/cur chuige atá bunaithe ar an margadh, córais slabhra luacha, gnéithe teicniúla iar-ghlé\n- Grúpaí feirmeoirí a bhunú chun rochtain ar chreidmheas a éascú nó chun scéim sábhála meiribile a chur ar bun\nÚsáid ag institiúidí:\nMalaiví - Somebody Cares Ministries i Lilongwe (ag cuidiú leis na grúpaí leochaileacha - banbháithreacha, daoine scothaosta agus easpaí), Ionad Gairmiúil Maziko i Salima, NGOanna (World Vision, CADECOM, Rural Livelihoods, Care, Eagles Relief, OXFAM, Blantyre Synod, Stephanos Children's Home etc), Bancanna Gráin Pobail (ró-dhílis le lua), Eaglais Chaitliceach Naomh Patrick; Zimbabwe - tógadh roinnt sílóidí miotail i saoráidí príosúna, i scoileanna cónaithe (6 x 1 mt sílóidí miotail i 2 chúige) agus in ionad easpaí. Scoileanna, eaglaisí, príosúin, ceannairí sráidbhaile, comhaontaithe, ospidéil.\nTancanna uisce, miotail scrap\nCad ba mhaith leat:\nTá an-bhlaoch agus is féidir iad a tháirgeadh go háitiúil agus dá bhrí sin fostaíocht a chruthú. Tugann anailís chostais-sochar le fios go bhfuil sé saor i gcomparáid le siopaí eile. Tá athchúrsáil níos éasca ná plaisteach. Is féidir é a dhéanamh díleata, mar sin seachain úsáid inseictídí. Tá na ballaí miotail réidh agus tá sé éasca sláintíocht a chothabháil. Tá sé frithsheasmhach i gcoinne lotnaidí, gnóthachain agus taise agus teocht an chomhshaoil (má chomhlíontar na treoracha chun é a choinneáil faoi scáth iomlán). Déileálann sé go héifeachtach le ródairí agus le híospartaigh (lena n-áirítear LGB) gan úsáid lotnaidicídí.\nCad nach maith leat:\nNí éasca iad a choinneáil faoi sholas ar leibhéal an tí agus bíonn sé níos deacra leis na silos níos mó. Tá costais tosaigh na sílóidí ard do na feirmeoirí agus de bhrí go gcaithfidh siad a bheith suite san scáth laistigh den teach nó faoi chois speisialta, cuireann sé seo leis na costais. Nuair a dhéantar sioló a thógáil laistigh de theach, tá sé an-deacair é a aistriú go háit eile tríd an bpríomhdoras. Ní éasca an gráin atá in aice le bun an síló a tharraingt siar, mura dtéann duine isteach sa síló agus má bhíonn sé deacair rialú cáilíochta a dhéanamh air. Tá sé deacair amhábhair a fháil ar bhonn comhsheasmhach. Tá easpa ceardaithe i réigiúin feirmeoireachta chun silo a thógáil."} {"text": "Marie Curie Has Been Declared the Most Influential Woman in History\nMarie Curie is famous as a history-making chemist, physicist, and two-time Nobel Prize winner. Now she's been given another title: the most influential woman of all time, according to BBC History Magazine.\nCurie holds the No.1 spot on the list of 100 significant women that will be appearing in the magazine in honor of the centennial of women's suffrage in the UK. The 100 female figures were nominated by 10 experts, each representing a different field of human endeavor. BBC History readers then voted on the list to determine ranking.\nThe Polish physicist blazed trails at the turn of the 20th century. She discovered two new elements, radium and polonium; coined the term radioactivity; and developed a portable x-ray machine to help treat soldiers during World War II. And her achievements aren't merely monumental because she was a woman. When she brought home her second Nobel Prize, she became the first person of any gender to win the award twice. To this day, she remains the only person, man or woman, to receive Nobel Prizes for two different sciences (physics and chemistry).\nPatricia Fara, president of the British Society for the History of Science and Curie's nominator, told BBC History, \"The odds were always stacked against her. In Poland her patriotic family suffered under a Russian regime. In France she was regarded with suspicion as a foreigner—and of course, wherever she went, she was discriminated against as a woman.\"\nCurie is joined on the list by a host of iconic women who have shaped the trajectories of politics, literature, activism, and more. Ranking No.2 is Rosa Parks, the African-American woman who launched a movement when she refused to give up her seat on a bus for a white passenger. Ada Lovelace, the first computer programmer, Florence Nightingale, the founder of modern nursing, and Amelia Earhart, the famed aviator, also appear high on the list.\nYou can check out the full round-up on BBC History's website.\n[h/t BBC History]", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47", "url": "https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/553948/marie-curie-has-been-declared-most-influential-woman-history", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670512.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20191120060344-20191120084344-00455.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.962482512, "token_count": 444, "score": 3.578125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Fuarthas amach gurbh í Marie Curie an Bhean is mó tionchair a bhí ann riamh\nTá Marie Curie cáiliúil mar cheimisteoir, fisiceoir, agus buaiteoir Duais Nobel dhá uair. Anois tá teideal eile tugtha di: an bhean is mó tionchair a bhí riamh, de réir iris Stair an BBC.\nTá Curie ag an uimhir 1 ar liosta na 100 bhean suntasacha a bheidh le feiceáil sa iris chun onóir na céad bliain de vótáil na mban sa RA. Roghnaigh 10 saineolaí na 100 figiúr baineann, agus ionadaíonn gach ceann acu réimse difriúil de thaithí an duine. Vótáil léitheoirí Stair an BBC ansin ar an liosta chun rangú a chinneadh.\nBhí an fisiceoir Polainnis seo ina mhúinteoir ag tús an 20ú haois. D'aimsigh sí dhá eilimint nua, raidiam agus polainiam; chruthaigh sí an téarma radaighníomhacht; agus d'fhorbair sí meaisín x-ghabhála in-aiste chun cabhrú le hoibrithe a chóireáil le linn an Dara Cogadh Domhanda. Agus ní hamháin go bhfuil a cuid éachtaí móra toisc go raibh sí ina bhean. Nuair a thug sí a dara Duais Nobel abhaile, ba í an chéad duine de gach inscne a bhuaigh an duais dhá uair. Go dtí an lá atá inniu ann, is í an t-aon duine, fear nó bean, a fuair Duaiseanna Nobel do dhá eolaíocht dhifriúla (físeolaíocht agus ceimic).\nDúirt Patricia Fara, uachtarán an Chomhlachta Breataine um Stair na Saineolaíochta agus ainmnitheoir Curie, le BBC History, \"Bhí na seansanna i gcónaí i gcoinne í. Sa Pholainn, d'fhulaing a teaghlach pholaitigh faoi réimeas na Rúise. Sa Fhrainc bhí amhras uirthi mar eachtrannachagus ar ndóigh, cibé áit a chuaigh sí, bhí idirdhealú uirthi mar mhná\".\nTá Curie ag teacht isteach ar an liosta ag sraith de mhná íonócha a mhúnlaigh treochtaí polaitíochta, litríochta, gníomhaíochta, agus go leor eile. Sa dara háit tá Rosa Parks, an bhean Afracach-Mheiriceánach a chuir gluaiseacht ar bun nuair a dhiúltaigh sí a suíochán a thabhairt ar an mbus do phaisinéir bán. Tá Ada Lovelace, an chéad ríomhchláraitheoir, Florence Nightingale, bunaitheoir na n-iníonachta nua-aimseartha, agus Amelia Earhart, an eitiltíoir cáiliúil, ar airde ar an liosta freisin.\nIs féidir leat an t-iomláine a sheiceáil ar shuíomh Gréasáin Stair an BBC.\n[h / t Stair BBC]"} {"text": "Indigenous knowledge has no single definition, however, it may be defined as knowledge that is unique to a given culture or society and provides the infrastructure for agriculture, health care, food preparation, training, environmental conservation, and other life processes at the local level. It is part of the identity of indigenous tribes. It has been regarded as an important commodity in global health development. World Health Organisation (WHO) in its recommendations on Health for All Declaration (1978) highlighted the need to include local people, their traditions, and practices in Primary Health Care (PHC).\nThe World Health Organization (WHO) defines traditional medicine as ‘the health practices, approaches, knowledge, and beliefs incorporating plant, animal and mineral-based medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques, and exercises, applied singularly or in combination to treat, diagnose and prevent illnesses or maintain well-being\nHerbal medicine in traditional medical practice is an important resource that can be mobilized for the attainment of the common goal of health for all. These herbal medicines have contributed significantly to man’s struggle against diseases and the maintenance of health. In recent years, interest in the use of herbal preparations has increased. Herbal medicines are used in most countries within the state health care system or in communities and private practices outside the state system.\nTraditional and indigenous knowledge is unique to a given culture or society and the Jaintias who adhere to the traditional belief system are no exception to this knowledge, particularly in health care.\nThe Jaintias have a rich variety of traditional healing systems. One common healing practice is known as ‘Prem ya ka Tiar”, where an elder with extraordinary folk knowledge use ginger and chant a spiritual song or mantra. The chanting goes like this, “Ko Syiem Synchar Biskorom Blai, ko jaid ko Thakur ko chanbnein ko chankhyndaw, lurmiet luchai soodong i pyrthai. . . . . ” This practice is used to cure intestinal gas, belching, bloating, and flatulence. There are different types of ‘Prem’ for different ailments. Back in the old days, when one is traveling by train outside the State, our parents would give us ‘Syin Prem’ to be used during our journey for healing different ailments like diarrhea, fever, toothache, etc. This healing process is prevalent in the niamtre community.\nLet me narrate the story of when I was a child, regularly I would have ringworm all over my neck. And the infection worsens during the winter months. No matter how frequently I visited a dermatologist and applied antifungal cream, there is no sign of a cure. In 1986, in the winter month, my maternal uncle, took me to my hometown, Jowai to visit a traditional healer by the name Late Waheh Kento Sumer. Early in the morning, he took us to the paddy field at Dulong Poh Hali, Jowai. Here, he pick from the soil a tiny red insect, and with chanting, he rubbed the insect all around my neck. I was advised to sort of plaster my neck with a cloth for a week. After a week, the rashes which had become dry just fell off my neck and since then I never have had the problem of ringworm again to date.\nThen in our hills we often heard of a tree we called Deiñ Kaiñ – a type of tree that causes skin allergy. Any person with less charm, if one happens to be in the proximity of the tree; one’s will experience rashes all over the body. We were warned by our elders not even to point the finger at the tree because it will also cause a rash or skin allergy. My friend’s father, Late Rev. P. L. Wann while at Sutnga was supposedly under the influence of the Deiñ Kaiñ, while strolling around. In a few minutes, he experienced an unbearable rash and his right arm was swollen. When he reached Shillong, luckily one student who study at St. Anthony’s College, Waheh Bal Pakma hailing from Kyndong Tuber (Six kilometers from 8th Mile Jaintia Hill) who came to heal him. The healing process was that he presses the palm with his fingernails. Within a week the swelling and the rashes disappeared and were cured.\nSnakebite is a significant public health problem in many developing countries. Farmers are particularly exposed to snakes. There are more than 3000 known species of snakes of which around 300 are poisonous. In India out of 216 species, approximately 53 are poisonous. Traditional healers of snake bites are a vanishing breed. In Jowai, Waheh Tingboi Thma of Loomkyrwiang is a famous healer. Waheh Tingboi Thma has saved many lives over the years. Unlike traditional healing methods, such as local incision, herb ingestion, application of snake stones, and tattooing, Thma’s healing process involves some rites and rituals.\nSince man first learned to make fire 1. 7 to 2. 0 million years ago, burns and scalds have been one of the most common of his injuries. Remedies for burn wound healing are practiced to date by the Pnar. One of the prominent traditional healers of burn injuries is Late Litis Kyndiah. The process of healing is called ‘Slu iñ diñ’, where the healer would use mustard oil and chant on it, which will be used as an ointment and applied to the burn wound. This practice is still in operation in Khasi and Jaintia Hills\nHowever, the advent of western cultures has had a great impact on the traditional healing system. Today, the survival of many indigenous/traditional knowledge systems is at stake because of rapidly changing natural environments and fast pacing economic, political, and cultural changes on a global scale. Traditional knowledge is transmitted from generation to generation, often in oral form or by way of example, whereas written sources may not exist at all or only in local languages. Thus, it is imperative to preserve the knowledge held by our forefathers. It is in this context, that the Traditional Knowledge should be afforded effective protection.\nThroughout the world, indigenous peoples and local communities have developed a wealth of traditional knowledge that they wish to protect and promote. Yet few have to use the intellectual property system to do so. Article 31 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People (2007) is an important reference in this regard: “Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain, control, protect, and develop their cultural heritage, traditional knowledge, and traditional cultural expressions, as well as the manifestations of their science, technologies, and culture, including human and genetics resources, seeds, medicines, knowledge of properties of flora and fauna, oral traditions, literature, designs, sports, and traditional games and visual and performing arts. They also have the right to maintain, control, protect, and developed their intellectual property over such cultural heritage, traditional knowledge, and traditional cultural expression. It’s further declared that “In conjunction with the indigenous people, States shall take effective measures to recognise and protect the exercise of their rights”.\nThis valuable asset is at risk. Since traditional knowledge practices have ancient roots and are often oral – are not protected by conventional intellectual property (IP) systems. In recognition of the value and preservation and promotion of the traditional knowledge system, in recent years, the protection of TK has received increased attention in various international forums, including the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO), the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the UN Commission on Human Rights\nThe African proverb says “When an elder dies, a library burns down”. This clearly sums up the importance of traditional knowledge preservation and cultural continuity.\nDr Omarlin Kyndiah teaches Biochemistry at St. Edmund’s College, Shillong. Known for his insightful writing he also is the General Secretary of Sein Raij Niamtre Shillong", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "url": "https://kajingshai.rkmshillong.org/2022/09/03/traditional-medicine-its-importance-and-protection/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499801.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130034805-20230130064805-00022.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9538573623, "token_count": 1716, "score": 3.5625, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Níl aon sainmhíniú aonair ag eolas dúchasach, áfach, is féidir é a shainmhíniú mar eolas atá uathúil do chultúr nó do shochaí áirithe agus a sholáthraíonn an bonneagar le haghaidh talmhaíochta, cúram sláinte, ullmhú bia, oiliúint, caomhnú comhshaoil, agus próisis mhaireachtála eile ar an leibhéal áitiúil. Tá sé mar chuid de shainaithint na treibheanna dúchasacha. Meastar gur earra thábhachtach é i bhforbairt sláinte domhanda. Chuir Eagraíocht Dhomhanda na Sláinte (EDS) i bhfios i mBeartaíocht Sláinte do Chách (1978) an gá atá le daoine áitiúla, a dtrádálacha agus a gcleachtais a chur san áireamh i gCúram Sláinte Bunúsach (CSS).\nSainmhíníonn Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Sláinte (WHO) leigheas traidisiúnta mar na cleachtais sláinte, na cur chuige, an t-eolas, agus na creidimh a chuimsíonn cógais phlandaí, ainmhithe agus mianraí, teiripeanna spioradálta, teicnící láimhe, agus cleachtaí, a chuirtear i bhfeidhm ar leithligh nó i gcomhcheangal chun galair a chóireáil, a dhiagnóisiú agus a chosc nó chun folláine a chothabháil\nIs acmhainn thábhachtach é leigheas luibhe i gcleachtas leighis thraidisiúnta ar féidir é a shlógadh chun an sprioc choiteann sláinte do chách a bhaint amach. Tá na cógais luibhe seo tar éis cur go suntasach le troid an duine i gcoinne galair agus le sláinte a choimeád. Le blianta beaga anuas, tá suim níos mó ag daoine i gcórais luibheanna a úsáid. Úsáidtear cógais luibhe sa chuid is mó de na tíortha laistigh den chóras cúraim sláinte stáit nó i bpobail agus i gcleachtais phríobháideacha lasmuigh den chóras stáit.\nTá eolas traidisiúnta agus dúchasach uathúil do chultúr nó do shochaí áirithe agus níl aon eisceacht leis an eolas seo ag na Jaintias a chloíonn leis an gcóras creidimh traidisiúnta, go háirithe i gcúram sláinte.\nTá éagsúlacht shaibhir de chórais leigheas traidisiúnta ag na Jaintias. Is é an cleachtas leigheas coitianta ar a dtugtar Prem ya ka Tiar, áit a n-úsáideann seanóir le eolas tíre neamhghnách ginger agus chanann sé amhrán spioradálta nó mantra. Téann an chanting mar seo, Ko Syiem Synchar Biskorom Blai, ko jaid ko Thakur ko chanbnein ko chankhyndaw, lurmiet luchai soodong i pyrthai. . . go deo . . . go deo . . . go deo . . . go deo . Úsáidtear an cleachtas seo chun gáis intestinal, belching, bloating, agus flatulence a leigheas. Tá cineálacha éagsúla Prem ann le haghaidh ailments éagsúla. Ar ais sna laethanta d'aois, nuair a bhíonn duine ag taisteal ar an traein lasmuigh den Stát, bheadh ár dtuismitheoirí ag tabhairt dúinn Syin Prem le húsáid le linn ár dturas chun ailse éagsúla a leigheas mar diarrhea, fiabhras, tinneas fiacla, srl. Tá an próiseas leighis seo forleathan i bpobal na niamtre.\nLig dom scéal a insint duit nuair a bhí mé ina leanbh, go rialta bheadh ringworm ar mo mhuineál. Agus déantar an t-ionfhabhtú a fhulaingt le linn mhíonna an gheimhridh. Is cuma cé chomh minic a thug mé cuairt ar dermatologist agus an crème antifungal a chur i bhfeidhm, níl aon chomhartha le leigheas. Sa bhliain 1986, i mí an gheimhridh, thug mo uncail ó thaobh mo mháthar liom go dtí mo bhaile dúchais, Jowai chun cuairt a thabhairt ar leigheastóir traidisiúnta darbh ainm Late Waheh Kento Sumer. Go luath ar maidin, thug sé sinn go dtí an réimse rís ag Dulong Poh Hali, Jowai. Anseo, roghnaíonn sé ó an ithir insteall beag dearg, agus le chanting, rubbed sé an t-insect ar fud mo mhuineál. Tugadh comhairle dom go gcaithfeadh mé cloch a chur ar mo mhuineál ar feadh seachtaine. Tar éis seachtaine, thit na rashes a bhí tirim díreach as mo mhuineál agus ó shin i leith ní raibh an fhadhb de ringworm agam arís go dtí seo.\nAnsin inár cnoic chuala muid go minic faoi chrann a thugamar Deiñ Kaiñ cineál crann a chuireann ailléirge craicinn ar dhaoine. Aon duine a bhfuil níos lú charm, má tharlaíonn go bhfuil duine i dtigh an chrainn; beidh duine a bheith rashes ar fud an chomhlachta. Thug ár seanóirí rabhadh dúinn gan fiú a mhéar a chur ar an crann toisc go dtarlóidh sé freisin rash nó ailléirge craiceann. Mo chara 's athair, Rev Late. P. L. Wann agus é ag Sutnga a bhí faoi thionchar an Deiñ Kaiñ, agus é ag siúl timpeall. I gceann cúpla nóiméad, bhí ráiteas dochreidte aige agus bhí a lámh dheis tuirseach. Nuair a shroich sé Shillong, ar an dea-shruth, tháinig mac léinn amháin a bhí ag staidéar i gColáiste Naomh Anthony, Waheh Bal Pakma ó Kyndong Tuber (Seis chiliméadar ó 8th Mile Jaintia Hill) chun é a leigheas. Ba é an próiseas cneasaithe go raibh sé ag brú ar an láimhe lena fingernails. Laistigh de sheachtain imigh an t-othar agus an rashes agus leigheasadh iad.\nIs fadhb shláinte phoiblí suntasach í bites na n-éan i go leor tíortha i mbéal forbartha. Tá feirmeoirí i mbaol go háirithe do thriomáin. Tá níos mó ná 3000 speiceas de nathracha ar eolas, agus tá thart ar 300 díobh nimhiúla. Sa India, as 216 speiceas, tá thart ar 53 nimhiúil. Is cine atá ag imeacht iad na healaíontóirí traidisiúnta a leigheasann cnáipíní. I Jowai, is cneasaí cáiliúil é Waheh Tingboi Thma ó Loomkyrwiang. Waheh Tingboi Thma shábháil go leor saol thar na blianta. Murab ionann agus modhanna cóireála traidisiúnta, mar shampla incision áitiúil, ingestion luibheanna, cur i bhfeidhm clocha nathair, agus tatú, Thmas próiseas cóireála i gceist roinnt ríthe agus deasghnátha.\nÓs rud é gur fhoghlaim an fear an chéad uair chun tine a dhéanamh 1. 7 go 2. 0 milliún bliain ó shin, bhí dóiteáin agus scalds ar cheann de na cinn is coitianta dá chuid díobhálacha. Tá leigheasanna le haghaidh leigheas gortaithe le cleachtadh go dtí an lá atá inniu ann ag an Pnar. Ceann de na healaíontóirí traidisiúnta is suntasaí ar ghortú gortaithe ná an Late Litis Kyndiah. Tugtar Slu iñ diñ ar an bpróiseas leighis, áit a n-úsáidfeadh an leighis ola mustard agus a chanfadh air, a úsáidtear mar ointment agus a chuirtear ar an gualainn dóite. Tá an cleachtas seo fós i bhfeidhm i gCnoc Khasi agus Jaintia\nMar sin féin, tá tionchar mór ag teacht cultúir an iarthair ar an gcóras leigheas traidisiúnta. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá maireachtáil go leor córais eolais dúchasacha/traidisiúnta i mbaol mar gheall ar thimpeallachtaí nádúrtha atá ag athrú go tapa agus athruithe eacnamaíocha, polaitiúla agus cultúrtha atá ag dul go tapa ar scála domhanda. Tá eolas traidisiúnta a tharchur ó ghlúin go glúin, go minic i bhfoirm béil nó trí shampla, ach d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh foinsí scríofa ann ar chor ar bith nó i dteangacha áitiúla amháin. Dá bhrí sin, tá sé riachtanach an t-eolas a bhí ag ár sinsir a chaomhnú. Is sa chomhthéacs seo a ba cheart cosaint éifeachtach a thabhairt don Eolaíocht Thraidisiúnta.\nAr fud an domhain, tá saibhreas eolais thraidisiúnta a d'fhorbair daoine dúchasacha agus pobail áitiúla a bhfuil siad ag iarraidh a chosaint agus a chur chun cinn. Ach ní mór do bheagán daoine úsáid a bhaint as an gcóras maoine intleachtúla chun é sin a dhéanamh. Is tagairt thábhachtach é Airteagal 31 de Dhearbhú na Náisiún Aontaithe ar Chearta na ndaoine dúchasacha (2007) sa mhéid seo: Tá sé de cheart ag daoine dúchasacha a n-oidhreacht chultúrtha, a gcuid eolais thraidisiúnta agus a gcuid léiriúcháin chultúrtha thraidisiúnta, chomh maith le léiriú a gcuid eolais, teicneolaíochtaí agus cultúir, lena n-áirítear acmhainní daonna agus géiniteacha, síolta, cógais, eolas ar airíonna na flóra agus na fauna, traidisiúin ó bhéal, litríocht, dearaí, spóirt agus cluichí traidisiúnta agus ealaíon amhairc agus taibhiúla a chothabháil, a rialú, a chosaint agus a fhorbairt. Tá sé de cheart acu freisin a n-úinéireacht intleachtúil ar oidhreacht chultúrtha, ar eolas traidisiúnta agus ar léiriú cultúrtha traidisiúnta den sórt sin a chothabháil, a rialú, a chosaint agus a fhorbairt. Dearbhaítear ina dhiaidh sin go \"Beidh bearta éifeachtacha á nglacadh ag na Stáit i gcomhar leis na daoine dúchasacha chun a gcearta a aithint agus a fheidhmiú a chosaint\".\nTá an sócmhainn luachmhar seo i mbaol. Ós rud é go bhfuil fréamhacha ársa ag cleachtais eolais thraidisiúnta agus go minic go bhfuil siad ó bhéal ní chosnaíonn córais traidisiúnta maoine intleachtúla (IP) iad. I bhfianaise luach agus caomhnú agus cur chun cinn an chórais eolais thraidisiúnta, le blianta beaga anuas, tá aird mhéadaithe tugtha ar chosaint na TK i bhformáidí idirnáisiúnta éagsúla, lena n-áirítear an Coinbhinsiún ar Éagsúlacht Bitheolaíoch (CBD), an Eagraíocht Domhanda Maoine Intleachtúla (WIPO), an Eagraíocht Idirnáisiúnta Oibre (ILO), an Eagraíocht Bia agus Talmhaíochta (FAO), an Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Sláinte (WHO), Eagraíocht na Náisiún Aontaithe um Oideachas, Eolaíocht agus Cultúr (UNESCO) agus an Coimisiún um Chearta an Duine\nDeir seanfhocal na hAfraice \"Nuair a bháisann seanfhear, losnaíonn leabharlann\". Is léir go bhfuil sé seo tábhachtach chun an t-eolas traidisiúnta a chaomhnú agus leanúnachas cultúrtha a choinneáil.\nTá an Dr Omarlin Kyndiah ag múineadh bithcheimic i gColáiste Naomh Edmund, Shillong. Is eol dó a chuid scríbhneoireachta léargas é freisin an tArd-Rúnaí de Sein Raij Niamtre Shillong"} {"text": "Mars. Water. You'd never find two more unlikely companions, even in a buddy cop movie. But once upon a time, the dry, red dustbowl of Mars was lush and soggy.\nWe're still unravelling the history of that water, and planetary scientists have just discovered at least two distinct reservoirs of ancient water could be preserved under the Martian surface, with different chemical signatures.\nThis finding indicates that, unlike Earth, Mars probably didn't have one big global ocean of underground magma encircling the entire planet.\n\"A lot of people have been trying to figure out Mars' water history,\" explained planetary scientist Jessica Barnes of the University of Arizona.\n\"Where did water come from? How long was it in the crust (surface) of Mars? Where did Mars' interior water come from? What can water tell us about how Mars formed and evolved?\"\nThe evidence was found in Mars rocks. We can't exactly nip over to Mars and fetch them; indeed, to date we haven't even conducted a robotic Mars sample return mission. But occasionally, Mars comes to us anyway.\nMeteorites broken off from the Martian crust will, from time to time, make their way to Earth. Here in Earth labs, using state-of-the-art techniques, researchers carefully studied two such meteorites - Allan Hills 84001, discovered in Antarctica 1984, and Northwest Africa 7034, discovered in the Sahara Desert in 2011.\nThe team looked at the isotopes of hydrogen locked inside the Mars rocks. Isotopes are variants of an element with different numbers of neutrons; deuterium - also known as heavy hydrogen - has one proton and one neutron. Protium, or light hydrogen, has one proton and no neutrons.\nBecause hydrogen is one of the components of water, the ratio of these two isotopes locked in rocks can help us to understand the history of the water they were in - it's like a fossil of water, an imprint of its presence that can be analysed to learn the chemical processes it was subject to, and its origins.\nBarnes and her team are not the first to study hydrogen isotopes in Martian meteorites in order to try to learn about the planet's water. But previous results have been scattered and inconsistent.\nHere on Earth, protium is the dominant hydrogen isotope. That's true for the atmosphere (although there's not much hydrogen there), the water hydrogen in rocks, and the water in the ocean.\nOn Mars, deuterium is the dominant hydrogen isotope in the atmosphere, likely because solar radiation is stripping the protium - but isotope ratios in the rocks tested by scientists have run from Earth-like to Mars-like.\nSo, Barnes and her team decided to take a closer look at meteorites they knew for a certainty originated in the Martian crust.\nAllan Hills 84001, according to previously conducted radioactive decay dating techniques, interacted with fluid in the Martian crust around 3.9 billion years ago. Similar analysis determined that Northwest Africa 7034 interacted with fluid 1.5 billion years ago.\nWhen Barnes and her team conducted their isotope analysis, they found that both samples had similar isotope ratios, sitting comfortably in between the ratio found in Earth's water and the ratio found in the Martian atmosphere. Even more peculiarly, this ratio was similar to younger rocks analysed by the Curiosity rover right there on Mars.\nThis indicates that the chemical composition of that water has been consistent for around 3.9 billion years - a completely unexpected result, given the previous research\n\"Martian meteorites basically plot all over the place, and so trying to figure out what these samples are actually telling us about water in the mantle of Mars has historically been a challenge,\" Barnes said.\n\"The fact that our data for the crust was so different prompted us to go back through the scientific literature and scrutinise the data.\"\nBut when the team compared their results with previous research on hydrogen isotopes in meteorites from the Martian mantle - below the crust - they found something really surprising. Mantle meteorites fit into two distinct groups of igneous rock called shergottite.\nEnriched shergottite has more deuterium; depleted shergottite has less deuterium. Average out their two ratios, and you get the crustal ratio seen in Allan Hills 84001 and Northwest Africa 7034.\nThose two distinct chemical signatures indicate two different, unmixed reservoirs of water in the Martian mantle. Which may mean that, unlike Earth, a global ocean of liquid magma below the mantle did not homogenise the layer above.\n\"These two different sources of water in Mars' interior might be telling us something about the kinds of objects that were available to coalesce into the inner, rocky planets,\" Barnes said.\n\"This context is also important for understanding the past habitability and astrobiology of Mars.\"\nThe research has been published in Nature Geoscience.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "url": "https://www.sciencealert.com/there-could-be-at-least-two-reservoirs-of-water-deep-underground-on-mars", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764495012.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127195946-20230127225946-00078.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9541983008, "token_count": 1020, "score": 4.15625, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Mars. Uisce. Ní fhaighfeá riamh dhá chomhghleacaithe níos dóchúla, fiú i scannán póilíní comrádaí. Ach uair amháin ar feadh an ama, bhí an dustbowl tirim, dearg ar Mars lush agus soggy.\nTáimid fós ag unraveling stair an uisce, agus eolaithe pláinéid ach fuair ar a laghad dhá stór ar leith d'uisce ársa d'fhéadfadh a bheith caomhnaithe faoi dhromchla Mars, le sínithe ceimiceacha éagsúla.\nLéiríonn an teacht seo, murab ionann agus an Domhan, nach dócha go raibh aigéan domhanda mór de magma faoi thalamh ag imtheacht ar an bpláinéad ar fad.\n\"Tá go leor daoine ag iarraidh stair uisce Mhárta a fháil amach\", a mhínigh eolaí pláinéadacha Jessica Barnes ó Ollscoil Arizona.\n\"Cá as a tháinig an t-uisce? Cé chomh fada a bhí sé i gcorst (uasláth) Mars? Cá as a tháinig uisce intíre Mars? Cad is féidir le huisce a insint dúinn faoi conas a Mars cruthaíodh agus éabhlóid? \"\nFuarthas an fhianaise i carraigeacha Mars. Ní féidir linn dul go díreach go dtí an Márta agus iad a fháil; go deimhin, go dtí seo ní dhearna muid fiú misean aisghabhála samplaí róbatach ar an Márta. Ach ó am go ham, tagann Mars chugainn ar aon nós.\nBeidh meteorites briste as an crust Mars, ó am go ham, a dhéanamh ar a mbealach go dtí an Domhan. Anseo i saotharlanna an Domhain, ag baint úsáide as teicnící is déanaí, rinne taighdeoirí staidéar cúramach ar dhá mheitéaróid den sórt sin - Allan Hills 84001, a fuarthas san Antartachta i 1984, agus 7034 i dTuaisceart na hAfraice, a fuarthas i bhfásach na Saára i 2011.\nD'fhéach an fhoireann ar na hísotóp hidrigine atá faoi ghlas taobh istigh de na carraigeanna Mars. Is iad na hísotóipí éagsúlachtaí d'eintinn le líon éagsúil neodróin; tá prótóin amháin agus neodrón amháin ag déitéiriam - ar a dtugtar hidrigin throm freisin. Tá prótainn amháin ag prótaim, nó hidrigin éadrom, agus níl aon neodróin ann.\nToisc go bhfuil hidrigine ar cheann de chomhpháirteanna uisce, is féidir leis an gcóimheas idir an dá íosatóip seo atá faoi ghlas i gcloch cabhrú linn stair an uisce a bhí siad ann a thuiscint - tá sé cosúil le fosil uisce, imprint a láithreachta is féidir a anailísiú chun na próisis cheimiceacha a bhí faoi réir, agus a bhunús a fhoghlaim.\nNí hé Barnes agus a fhoireann an chéad duine a rinne staidéar ar íosatóipí hidrigine i meitéarítí Mars d'fhonn iarracht a dhéanamh foghlaim faoi uisce an phláinéid. Ach bhí torthaí roimhe seo scaipthe agus neamhsheasmhach.\nAnseo ar an Domhan, is é protium an t-aisótóp hidrigine is mó. Tá sé seo fíor don atmaisféar (cé nach bhfuil mórán hidrigine ann), an hidrigine uisce i gcloch, agus an t-uisce san aigéan.\nAr Mars, is é deuterium an t-aisótóp hidrigine is mó san atmaisféar, is dócha toisc go bhfuil radaíocht na gréine ag baint an protium - ach tá cóimheas na n-aisótóp sna carraigeacha a thástáil eolaithe ag rith ó dhóigh leis an Domhan go dtí cosúil le Mars.\nMar sin, chinn Barnes agus a foireann chun breathnú níos dlúithe ar meteorites a raibh a fhios acu go cinnte a tháinig i gcorst Mars.\nAllan Hills 84001, de réir teicnící dátaithe dílse radio-ghníomhach a rinneadh roimhe seo, idirghníomhaigh sé le sreabhach i gcoróin na Mars thart ar 3.9 billiún bliain ó shin. Chinn anailís den chineál céanna gur idirghníomhaigh Afraic Thuaidh 7034 le sreabhán 1.5 billiún bliain ó shin.\nNuair a rinne Barnes agus a fhoireann a n-anailís isotóp, fuair siad go raibh cóimheas isotóp den chineál céanna ag an dá shampall, ina suí go compordach idir an cóimheas a fuarthas in uisce na Talún agus an cóimheas a fuarthas in atmaisféar Mars. Níos mó ná sin, bhí an cóimheas seo cosúil le carraigeacha níos óige a rinne an rób Curiosity anailís orthu ar Mars.\nLéiríonn sé seo go bhfuil comhdhéanamh ceimiceach an uisce sin comhsheasmhach ar feadh thart ar 3.9 billiún bliain - toradh go hiomlán gan choinne, i bhfianaise na taighde roimhe seo\n\"Tá meitéarítí Mars ag tarraingt amach go bunúsach ar fud an áit, agus mar sin tá sé dúshlánach go stairiúil iarracht a dhéanamh a fháil amach cad atá á rá ag na samplaí seo dúinn i ndáiríre faoi uisce i múnla Mars\", a dúirt Barnes.\n\"An fhíric go raibh ár sonraí don chré chomh difriúil spreag muid dul ar ais trí na litríocht eolaíoch agus scrúdú a dhéanamh ar na sonraí\".\nAch nuair a rinne an fhoireann comparáid idir a dtorthaí agus taighde roimhe seo ar íosatóipí hidrigine i meitéarít ó mheantóir na Mars - faoi bhun an chré - fuair siad rud éigin i ndáiríre iontas. Tá meitéarítí múnlaí oiriúnach do dhá ghrúpa ar leith de charraig igneous ar a dtugtar shergottite.\nTá níos mó deitéiriam ag shergottite saibhrithe; tá níos lú deitéiriam ag shergottite íseal. Meán amach a n-déileáil dhá, agus a fháil tú an cóimheas crustale le feiceáil i Allan Hills 84001 agus an Afraic Thuaidh 7034.\nLéiríonn an dá shíntiús ceimiceach ar leith dhá stór uisce difriúil, neamh-mheascáilte sa mheantóir Mars. D'fhéadfadh sé sin a chiallaíonn, murab ionann agus an Domhan, nach raibh aigéan domhanda magma leachtach faoi bhun an chathaoir ag comhchineáil an chiseal thuas.\n\"D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh na dhá fhoinse éagsúla uisce seo i ndán Mars ag insint dúinn rud éigin faoi na cineálacha rudaí a bhí ar fáil chun teacht le chéile i bpláinéid charraigneacha istigh\", a dúirt Barnes.\n\"Tá an comhthéacs seo tábhachtach freisin chun an in-chothú agus an astrobiology Mars a thuiscint\".\nFoilsíodh an taighde i Nature Geoscience."} {"text": "100 NYC restaurants commit to less food waste\nFrom Chipotle to high-end eateries like Le Bernardin, 100 New York City restaurants have agreed to cut the amount of food waste they send to the landfill in half through composting and recycling.\nBloomberg announced the restaurants would participate in the New York's first Food Waste Challenge, as part of the city's goal to divert 75 percent of solid waste from landfills by 2030. Reducing the amount of food waste that ends up in landfills will also cut down on greenhouse gas emissions.\nAccording to a press release from the Mayor, food waste comprises one-third of the city’s more than 20,000 tons of daily refuse and restaurants account for 70 percent of commercial food waste.\nThe city provides resources to restaurants to help them teach staff about composting best practices and measuring the amount of waste diverted from mixed trash. The restaurants previously determined how much waste they generated to use as a baseline.\nThe program nicely coincided with the theme of this year's World Environment Day, which aims to bring attention to all types issues related to food waste. According to the United Nation's Environment Programme, organic wastes that could be composted are the second largest component of landfills in the U.S.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "url": "https://www.treehugger.com/green-food/100-nyc-restaurants-commit-less-food-waste.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120461.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00162-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9415566325, "token_count": 257, "score": 2.71875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá 100 bialann i NYC tiomanta do níos lú dramhaíola bia\nÓ Chipotle go bialanna ard-deireadh mar Le Bernardin, d'aontaigh 100 bialann i gCathair Nua Eabhrac an méid dramhaíola bia a sheolann siad chuig an tuilte talún a laghdú go leath trí choimhlint agus athchúrsáil.\nD'fhógair Bloomberg go nglacfadh na bialanna páirt i dTroid Chothrom Bia New York, mar chuid d'aidhm na cathrach 75 faoin gcéad den dramhaíl soladach a atreorú ó líonta talún faoi 2030. Má laghdaítear an méid dramhaíola bia a chríochnaíonn i líonta talún, laghdófar astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa freisin.\nDe réir preasráiteas ón Méara, is é dramhaíl bia an tríú cuid de níos mó ná 20,000 tonna dramhaíola laethúil na cathrach agus is é bialanna 70 faoin gcéad den dramhaíl bia tráchtála.\nCuireann an chathair acmhainní ar fáil do bhialanna chun cabhrú leo pearsanra a theagasc faoi na cleachtais is fearr maidir le compóistíocht agus maidir le méid na dramhaíola a atreoraítear ó dhramhaíl mheasctha a thomhas. Bhí na bialanna ag cinneadh roimhe seo cé mhéad dramhaíola a ghineann siad a úsáid mar bhunlíne.\nBhí an clár ag teacht go hálainn le téama Lá Domhanda na Comhshaoil na bliana seo, a bhfuil sé mar aidhm aige aird a tharraingt ar gach cineál saincheisteanna a bhaineann le dramhaíl bia. De réir Clár Comhshaoil na Náisiún Aontaithe, is é dramhaíl orgánach a d'fhéadfaí a choimhlint an dara comhpháirt is mó de thír dhramhaíl sna Stáit Aontaithe."} {"text": "Contrary to the country’s cold sounding name, there are no polar bears in Iceland! Well at least polar bears are not indigenous to the island, although one or two may have arrived on floating ice flows from Greenland. In fact, the wildlife in Iceland is mainly in the form of marine life and birds.\nIceland’s wildlife mainly takes form in marine life with the rivers and lakes brimming with salmon and trout, much to the delight of local and visiting anglers. There are thousands of whales and porpoises in the surrounding North Atlantic Ocean and curious seals can also be seen hanging around the shorelines in Reykjavik or sitting atop a blue iceberg floating in the Jokulsarlon glacial lagoon.\nThere is a rich amount of birdlife throughout the island as well as sheep and Viking horses roaming the countryside during summer. Wild reindeer can be found roaming the countryside in the East. Most animal species in Iceland have been introduced to the environment, although it is thought that the Arctic Fox had its home on the island prior to human settlement. This small, adorable creature is quite elusive and can be difficult to spot.\nThe birdlife in Iceland is as dramatic and varied as the rugged landscape that provides a spectacular setting to view nearly 300 different species of birds. The coastal cliffs alone carry a mind-boggling array of seabirds in massive numbers.\nLarge colonies and breeding grounds are found in various areas throughout the country that has long riveted the imagination of birdwatchers and travelers alike. Latrabjarg in the Westfjords, Skalanes in the east, Lake Myvatn in the north, and Flatey Island in the West are wonderful birding locales, while visits to the Reykjanes peninsula and the Vestmannaeyjar Islands in the South Iceland are certainly worthwhile.\nIceland’s exotic Westfjords are home to the colossal Latrabjarg cliffs, the largest bird cliff in the world. The variety and sheer number of birds that can be seen here at one time are astounding with a constant stream of thousands of birds. This majestic cliff’s claim to fame is that it is the westernmost point in Europe and hosts Iceland’s greatest concentration of seabirds.\nThousands of Iceland’s iconic puffins frolic about and are not shy about having their picture taken. Other species that can be found here include gannets, guillemots, razorbills, white-tailed eagles, red-throated loons, arctic terns, redshanks, snipes, auks, murres, kittiwakes, fulmars, snow buntings, and ringed plovers.\nMyvatn & Husavik\nLake Myvatn is an outstandingly beautiful region in northern Iceland known for its spectacular volcanic activity and as a major breeding ground for birds with more species of breeding ducks than anywhere else in Europe.\nCommon to Lake Myvatn are scoter ducks, Eurasian widgeons, tufted ducks, barrow’s goldeneye, scaups, harlequin ducks, whimbrels phalaropes, golden plovers, and you may also see gold crests and birds of prey including short-eared owls and gyrfalcons. Don’t miss a chance to visit the Sigurgeir Bird Museum on the nearby Neslandatangi peninsula.\nIn Husavik about an hour’s drive away on the northern shoreline there are a good number of breeding purple sandpipers, Arctic terns, snow buntings, as well as ptarmigans and occasionally a hunting gyrfalcon.\nLocated less than an hour from Reykjavik, the Reykjanes peninsula is an area typified by vast lava fields as well as sandy beaches and marshlands which provide the home to several breeding colonies of migrant birds. Probably the best known cliffs for bird watching are the towering Krisuvikurbjarg cliffs with a wide variety of species including guillemots, razorbills, fulmars, kittiwakes, as well as puffins, herring gulls, and shags.\nBreidafjordur Fjord & Flatey Island\nBreidafjordur Fjord is a beautiful bay located in western Iceland, surrounded by mountains including the Snaefellsjokull glacier capped volcano. Within the bay are thousands of tiny islands which provide tranquil nesting grounds for around 50 different bird species including puffins, sea eagles, shags, cormorants and sometimes white-tailed eagle can also be seen there.\nThe only inhabited island in Breidafjordur Fjord is Flatey Island which can be reached by ferry and is home to a wide variety of bird species including black guillemots, red-necked phalaropes, redshanks, meadow pipits, redwings, eider ducks and the rare red phalarope.\nThe Vestmannaeyjar Islands\nThe bird watching scene in the Vestmannaeyjar Islands is most famous for Iceland’s lovable and iconic puffin, or ‘lundi’ in Icelandic. If accessed by ferry the bird watching can begin from the sea as thousands of these tiny playful birds jump from the cliffs and dive into the ocean in search for food.\nA fun and family event occurs every August on the island of Heimaey during ‘Flight of the Puffling’ when the baby puffins leave their nests for the very first time to test their wings. Visitors and locals often help rescue those who fumble at their attempt at flight!\n“Amongst gods and men, that horse is the best,” says the 13th-century Prose Edda written by Icelandic poet and historian Snorri Sturluson. Against a backdrop of stunning glaciers and volcanoes, it is easy to appreciate the tough, smooth-gaited horses shaped by the demanding elements and the freedom of Icelandic nature. There are almost 100,000 Viking horses in Iceland, many of which are wild and roam the countryside during summer time.\nThe Vikings arrived in Iceland more than a thousand years ago, bringing their horses with them. When these settlers created the world’s oldest surviving Parliament in the year 930, one of their first acts was to prohibit further importation of horses. Today, more than ten centuries later, the breed remains pure and if a horse leaves Iceland it cannot return.\nThe Icelandic Viking horse is renowned for being sturdy, independent, friendly, spirited and sure-footed. The Icelandic horse possesses five natural gaits: the Walk, Trot, Canter, Tolt, and Pace. The tolt is a fifth gait specific to only a handful of breeds in the world and provides a smooth ride that feels like gliding. In fact, riders often demonstrate this smooth gait by carrying a tray of drinks at full speed without spilling a drop!\nThe Icelandic breed is known by horse enthusiasts all over the world and is particularly loved for its wide range of colors, which is a distinguishing characteristic of the Viking Horse. The Icelandic language has more than 100 names for the various colors and patterns of the horses which include unusual shades of dun, cream, silver, roan and pinto.\nThe horse is also distinctive for its thick and often double-sided mane and long tail. Beginners and seasoned riders alike are enraptured by the Icelandic horse, and riding tours are available from one hour to more than a week.\nThe clean, unpolluted waters surrounding Iceland are rich in marine mammals and are close to whale migratory lanes. There are thousands of whales just off its shores and you do not always have to be on a whale watching boat to see them; sometimes just looking out to sea from the shore will reveal a whale’s back breaking the surface. Húsavík in north Iceland is the undisputed favorite area for whale watching although Reykjavik offers the opportunity for year round tours.\nThe most commonly spotted species are minke, killer, fin, sperm and sei whales, white-beaked dolphins, harbor porpoises and the enormous humpback whales. The most treasured sighting is the enormous blue whale, which is the world’s largest mammal and has a heart the size of a small car.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47", "url": "https://www.icelandtravel.is/about-iceland/wildlife/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668594.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20191115065903-20191115093903-00464.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9495950937, "token_count": 1746, "score": 2.859375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "In ainneoin ainm fuar na tíre, níl aon bhéar polach in Éirinn! Bhuel ar a laghad ní ursaí polaracha dúchasacha don oileán, cé go bhféadfadh ceann nó dhó a bheith tagtha ar shreabhadh oighear snámha ó Ghréinlainn. Go deimhin, tá an saol fiáine in Éirinn den chuid is mó i bhfoirm beatha mara agus éan.\nTá an fholúntas is mó in Éirinn i saol na mara, agus tá na haibhneacha agus na lochanna lán le saumon agus le tróta, rud a thaitníonn go mór le hiascairí áitiúla agus le hiascairí a thugann cuairt orthu. Tá na mílte baill agus porpoise san Aigéan Atlantach Thuaidh atá timpeall air agus is féidir seallaí aisteach a fheiceáil ag crochadh timpeall na cóstaí i Reykjavik nó ina suí ar bharr íosbhrú gorm ag snámh sa loch glasaíochta Jokulsarlon.\nTá go leor éanlíona ar fud an oileáin chomh maith le caora agus capaill Vicighne ag siúl ar fud na tuaithe i rith an tsamhraidh. Is féidir reindeer fiáine a fháil ag siúl ar fud na tuaithe san Oirthear. Tá an chuid is mó de na speicis ainmhithe in Éirinn curtha isteach san timpeallacht, cé go meastar go raibh an t-easnamh ardaithe ar an oileán roimh socrú an duine. Tá an créatúr beag, adorable seo go leor éadrom agus is féidir a bheith deacair a fheiceáil.\nTá an saol éan in Éirinn chomh suntasach agus chomh éagsúil leis an tírdhreach garbh a sholáthraíonn suíomh iontach chun beagnach 300 speiceas éagsúla éan a fheiceáil. Tá an tsraith iontach éan-uisce ar na cnaipí cósta amháin i líon ollmhór.\nTá coilíneachtaí móra agus áiteanna breithe le fáil i gceantair éagsúla ar fud na tíre a bhfuil samhlaíocht lucht féachana éan agus taistil araon á mhealladh acu le fada. Is áiteanna iontach iad Latrabjarg sna Westfjords, Skalanes san oirthear, Loch Myvatn sa tuaisceart, agus Oileán Flatey san Iarthar, agus is fiú cuairteanna ar leath-oileán Reykjanes agus ar Oileáin Vestmannaeyjar i dTuaisceart na hÍoslainne.\nTá na cnaipí Latrabjarg ollmhóra, an cnaipí éan is mó ar domhan, i Westfjords eisiach na hÍoslainne. Tá an éagsúlacht agus an líon mór éan a fheictear anseo ag an am céanna iontach le sreabhadh leanúnach na mílte éan. Is é an claíomh maorga seo a bhfuil cáil air ná gurb é an pointe is faide siar san Eoraip é agus go bhfuil an tiúchan is mó d'eascairí farraige in Éirinn ann.\nTá na mílte de na puffins íogaire in Éirinn ag spraoi agus ní bhíonn siad cúthail a gcuid pictiúr a thógáil. I measc na speiceas eile is féidir a fháil anseo tá gannets, guillemots, razorbills, eagles bán-chúil, loons dearg-throated, terns artach, redshanks, snipes, auks, murres, kittiwakes, fulmars, buntings sneachta, agus plovers fáinne.\nMyvatn & Husavik\nIs réigiún iontach álainn é Loch Myvatn i dtuaisceart na hÍoslainne, ar a dtugtar a ghníomhaíocht bholcánaí iontach agus mar phríomh-chúlra breithe d'eolaithe agus níos mó speiceas éadaí breithe ná áit ar bith eile san Eoraip.\nIs gnách le Loch Myvatn éad scoter, widgeons Eurasian, éad tufted, goldeneye barrow, scaups, éadan harlequin, phalaropes whimbrels, plovers órga, agus d'fhéadfadh tú crests óir agus éin ghaoil a fheiceáil lena n-áirítear owl cluasa ghearr agus gyrfalcons. Ná caill an deis cuairt a thabhairt ar Mhúsaem Éin Sigurgeir ar leath-oileán Neslandatangi in aice láimhe.\nI Husavik, atá thart ar uair an chloig ar shiúl ar an gcósta ó thuaidh, tá líon maith de phéipéir-sandbhaird purpúr, de therns artach, de buntings sneachta, chomh maith le ptarmigans agus go minic gyrfalcon fiach.\nTá leath-oileán Reykjanes suite níos lú ná uair an chloig ó Reykjavik, limistéar atá tipiciúil de réimsí móra lábha chomh maith le tránna gaineamh agus marshlands a sholáthraíonn an baile do roinnt coilíneachtaí breithe d'eascairí imirceacha. Is dócha gurb iad na cnaipí is fearr a bhfuil aithne orthu le haghaidh breathnú ar éan na cnaipí ná na cnaipí Krisuvikurbjarg ard le speiceas leathan éagsúla lena n-áirítear guillemots, razorbills, fulmars, kittiwakes, chomh maith le puffins, gaillimh síle, agus shags.\nBreidafjordur Fjord & Flatey Island\nIs calaf álainn é Breidafjordur Fjord atá lonnaithe in iarthar na hÍoslainne, timpeallaithe ag sléibhte lena n-áirítear bolcán snaefellsjokull glacier capped. Tá na mílte oileán beag sa ghleann a sholáthraíonn talamh neadaigh shíochánta do thart ar 50 speiceas éan éagsúla lena n-áirítear puffins, eachairí farraige, shags, cormorants agus uaireanta is féidir eachair geala-chrua a fheiceáil ann freisin.\nIs í an t-aon oileán ina gcónaí i Fjord Breidafjordur Oileán Flatey ar féidir teacht air le farantóireachta agus is baile é do réimse leathan speiceas éan lena n-áirítear guillemots dubh, phalaropes dearg-chroí, redshanks, pipits féar, redwings, éadan eider agus an phalarope dearg neamhchoitianta.\nNa hOileáin Vestmannaeyjar\nTá an radharc ag faire ar éan sna hOileáin Vestmannaeyjar is cáiliúla le haghaidh puffin is áille agus is íogaire in Éirinn, nó lundi in Éirinn. Má tá rochtain ag farantóireachta is féidir leis an urlár éan a thosú ón bhfarraige agus na mílte de na héin bheag seo ag léim ó na cneacha agus ag tumadh isteach san aigéan ag cuardach bia.\nBíonn ócáid spraíúil agus teaghlaigh ar siúl gach Lúnasa ar oileán Heimaey le linn 'Flight of the Puffling' nuair a fhágann na páistí puffins a n-ais don chéad uair chun a n-aingean a thástáil. Is minic a chabhraíonn cuairteoirí agus muintir na háite le daoine a bhíonn ag iarraidh teitheadh a shábháil!\n'I measc na n-aingne agus na ndaoine, is é an capall sin an ceann is fearr,' a deir an Prose Edda ón 13ú haois a scríobh an file agus an staire Éireannach Snorri Sturluson. I gcoinne cúlra na ngaotháin gheimhridh agus na bholcáin, is furasta meas a bheith agat ar na capaill chrua, suaimhneacha a chruthaigh na heilimintí éilitheacha agus saoirse nádúr na hIoslainne. Tá beagnach 100,000 capall Víicing in Éirinn, agus tá go leor acu fiáine agus ritheann siad ar fud na tuaithe i rith an tsamhraidh.\nTháinig na Víicíní ar an Íoslainn níos mó ná míle bliain ó shin, agus thug siad a gcuid capaill leo. Nuair a chruthaigh na lonnaitheoirí seo an Pharlaimint is sine a mhair sa domhan sa bhliain 930, ba é ceann de na chéad ghníomhartha a rinne siad ná cosc a chur ar allmhairí feirste a thuilleadh. Sa lá atá inniu ann, níos mó ná deich gcéad bliain ina dhiaidh sin, tá an cine fós íon agus má fhágann capall an Íoslainn ní féidir leis filleadh ar ais.\nTá cáil ar an capall Víking na hIoslainne mar gheall ar a bheith láidir, neamhspleách, cairdiúil, fionn agus cinnte. Tá cúig bhealach nádúrtha ag an capall Éireannach: an Siúlóid, an Trot, an Canter, an Tolt, agus an Pace. Is é an tolt an cúigiú gait atá sonrach do bheagán póire amháin ar domhan agus soláthraíonn sé turas réidh a bhraitheann cosúil le sleamhnú. Go deimhin, is minic a léiríonn marcaitheoirí an gluaiseacht shleachta seo trí thré de dheochanna a iompar ag luas iomlán gan titim a chaitheamh!\nTá an cine Éireannach ar eolas ag lucht díograiseacha capaill ar fud an domhain agus is breá leis go háirithe as a raon leathan dathanna, rud atá ina ghné sainiúil den Capall Víicínigh. Tá níos mó ná 100 ainm ag an nGaeilge do dathanna agus do múnlaí éagsúla na bhfear, lena n-áirítear scáthanna neamhghnácha de dhún, uachtar, airgid, roan agus pinto.\nTá an capall sainiúil freisin as a chuid cróis tiubh agus go minic dhá thaobh agus a eireaball fada. Tá an capall Éireannach ag cur i ngleic le hiománaithe nua agus le hiománaithe taithí, agus tá turais marcaíochta ar fáil ó uair an chloig go níos mó ná seachtain.\nTá na huiscí glan, neamhdhlisteáilte timpeall na hÍoslainne saibhir i mamaigh mhuirí agus tá siad gar do bhealaí imirceacha na bhfíoraí. Tá na mílte baile díreach amach óna chóstaí agus ní gá duit a bheith i gcónaí ar bhád faire baile chun iad a fheiceáil; uaireanta ní foláir ach breathnú amach ar an bhfarraige ón gcladach chun an bhfarraige a nochtadh ag briseadh an dromchla. Is é Húsavík i dtuaisceart na hÍoslainne an limistéar is fearr leat gan amhras chun na baill a fheiceáil cé go dtugann Reykjavik deis do thurais ar feadh na bliana.\nIs iad na speicis is coitianta a fheictear ná minke, killer, fin, sperm agus sei whales, dalfíní bán-beaked, porpoises calafoirt agus na humpback whales ollmhór. Is é an radharc is luachmhara an bhalann gorm ollmhór, is é an mamaigh is mó ar domhan agus tá croí de mhéid carr beag aige."} {"text": "Pimples and zits are a common skin condition called acne. About 70-90% of teens will have some kind of acne breakout during their adolescent years. Here are some tips for taking care of your skin:\n- Wash your skin twice a day (morning and before bed) with a mild soap-free cleanser such as Purpose®, Basis®, or Neutrogena® to remove oil.\n- Wash your face after you exercise as oil builds up and can clog pores.\n- Wash your face well after you come in contact with oils or grease such as working in a fast food restaurant.\n- Wash your hands before touching or rubbing your face and try not to rest your chin, cheek, or forehead on your hand. Just think of all of the things you may have touched during the day with your hands! Breaking this habit may help to clear up most of your problem areas.\n- Wash your hair regularly especially if it’s oily. Oil from your hair can make your face and neck extra oily.\n- Use “oil-free” sunscreen when you know you’ll be outside in the sun. Antibiotics and other acne medicine can make your skin burn faster with sun exposure.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51", "url": "https://youngmenshealthsite.org/askus/how-to-prevent-pimples/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541157498.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214122253-20191214150253-00194.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9544317722, "token_count": 252, "score": 2.875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is gnáth-chroí é acne, ná an gnáth-chroí a bhíonn ag acne agus acne. Beidh cineál éigin acne ag thart ar 70-90% de na déagóirí le linn a mblianta déagóirí. Seo roinnt leideanna chun aire a thabhairt do do chraiceann:\n- Nigh do chraiceann dhá uair sa lá (ar maidin agus roimh an leaba) le glantachán éadrom gan gallúnach mar Purpose®, Basis®, nó Neutrogena® chun ola a bhaint.\n- Nigh do aghaidh tar éis duit aclaíocht a dhéanamh mar go ndéanann ola a thiomsú agus go bhféadfadh sé póirí a chlúdach.\n- Nigh do ghnéas go maith tar éis duit teagmháil a dhéanamh le olaí nó saill mar shampla ag obair i mbialann tapa bia.\n- Nigh do lámha sula ndéanann tú teagmháil le do ghné nó sula ndéanann tú rub ar do ghné agus déan iarracht gan do chins, do bhróg nó do bhrón a chur ar do lámh. Smaoinigh ar na rudaí go léir a d'fhéadfadh a bheith agat i rith an lae a chur i dteagmháil le do lámha! D'fhéadfadh go gcabhródh an cleachtadh seo le go leor de do chuid fadhbanna a shoiléiriú.\n- Nigh do chuid gruaige go rialta go háirithe má tá sé olach. Is féidir le ola ó do chuid gruaige do aghaidh agus do mhuineál a dhéanamh níos olaí.\n- Úsáid \"créatáin ghréasáin saor ó ola\" nuair a bhíonn a fhios agat go mbeidh tú amuigh sa ghrian. Is féidir le frithbhéimicí agus le cógais eile acne do chraiceann a dhó níos tapúla le nochtadh don ghrian."} {"text": "Asthma is a chronic disease where the lung airways (bronchi) are inflamed. This causes the airways to narrow. An asthma attack is a when the symptoms become much worse, the smooth muscle cells in the airways constrict and are swollen, and breathing is difficult.\nAsthma is similar to several other inflammatory diseases of the lung, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema and chronic bronchitis.\nThe inflammation in asthma is reversible, where as with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic bronchitis, inflammation is not considered reversible.\nAsthma effects the bronchi, where as with emphysema it is the alveoli which are affected.\nAnyone can get asthma at any age, although most people with it are afflicted early in life.\nTypical asthma symptoms include:\n- Shortness of breath\n- Tightness in the chest\nThese symptoms vary widely from person to person and episode to episode. Symptoms can vary from mild through severe. Asthma symptoms may be problematic for some length of time, then vanish for an extended time. Or they may be persistent and continually troublesome.\nManaging Asthma Symptoms\nThere is no know cure for Asthma. It can be managed by avoiding the triggers that set it off, and by reducing symptoms when they occur.\nAllergies are a major class of trigger for asthma symptoms. They tend to set off inflammation.\nOther triggers, such as smoke, exercise and cold air, make symptoms worse, especially if lung airways are already inflamed.\nSymptoms are also managed with medications, especially in severe cases.\nTreatment is individual to the patient. Patients must work with their doctor to plan treatment that matches the patient in a variety of situations.\nWheezing and shortness of breath is usually treated with fast-acting bronchodilators, usually administered with pocket-sized, metered-dose inhalers (MDIs). Spacers or nebulizers may also be used, especially for patients that have difficulty using an inhaler.\nOther medications include:\n- Selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonists such as salbutamol (albuterol USAN), levalbuterol, terbutaline and bitolterol. These agents may cause side effects, especially tremors. Side effects are reduced when inhaled rather than ingested or injected.\n- Less selective adrenergic agonists, such as inhaled epinephrine and ephedrine tablets. Cardiac side effects can be a problem.\n- Anticholinergic medications, such as ipratropium bromide are effective, but less so than ?2-adrenoreceptor agonists. Side effects are much less than the above alternatives.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "url": "http://www.allergy-details.com/asthma/asthma/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499695.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128220716-20230129010716-00367.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9365692735, "token_count": 585, "score": 3.75, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Is galar ainsealach é asthma ina bhfuil athlasadh ar na bóithre aeir na scamhóg (bronchi). Mar thoradh air seo, bíonn na bealaí aeir ag teannadh. Is ionsaí asthma é nuair a bhíonn na hairíonna i bhfad níos measa, na cealla muscle réidh sna bealaí aer a shrianadh agus a bheith swollen, agus tá sé deacair a anailís.\nTá asthma cosúil le roinnt galair athlastacha eile san scamhóg, lena n-áirítear galar plúmach coscasach ainsealach, emfísem agus bronchitis ainsealach.\nTá an athlasadh in asthma inchúlghabhálach, ach mar atá le galar plúmach coscasach ainsealach agus bronchitis ainsealach, ní mheastar go bhfuil an athlasadh inchúlghabhálach.\nBíonn tionchar ag asthma ar na bronchi, áit a mbíonn tionchar ag an alveoli mar atá le emphysema.\nIs féidir le duine ar bith asthma a fháil ag aois ar bith, cé go mbíonn an chuid is mó de na daoine a bhfuil asthma orthu ag tús a saoil.\nI measc na hairíonna tipiciúla asthma tá:\n- Breathnachta\n- Teannas sa chistin\nTá na hairíonna seo éagsúil go mór ó dhuine go duine agus ó thráth go thráth. Is féidir na hairíonna a bheith éagsúil ó éadrom go tromchúiseach. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh comharthaí asthma fadhbanna ar feadh tréimhse áirithe ama, agus ansin go dtiocfadh siad ar ais ar feadh tréimhse fada. Nó b'fhéidir go bhfuil siad leanúnach agus go leanúnach i bhfolach.\nSmacht a chur ar Thorthaí Asthma\nNíl aon leigheas ar Asthma. Is féidir é a bhainistiú trí na trigairí a chuireann sé ar bun a sheachaint, agus trí na hairíonna a laghdú nuair a tharlaíonn siad.\nIs iad ailléirgí an phríomh-aicme de thriogálaithe do chomharthaí asthma. Tá claonadh acu athlasadh a chur ar bun.\nDéanann trioblóidí eile, mar shampla deatach, aclaíocht agus aer fuar, na hairíonna a dhéanamh níos measa, go háirithe má tá na haerbhealaí san atmaisféar athlastaithe cheana féin.\nDéantar na hairíonna a rialú le cógais freisin, go háirithe i gcásanna tromchúiseacha.\nTá an cóireáil aonair don othar. Ní mór do othair oibriú lena dhochtúir chun cóireáil a phleanáil a oireann don othar i gcúinsí éagsúla.\nDe ghnáth déantar cóireáil ar wheezing agus go leor gaoithe le bronchodilators a ghníomhaíonn go tapa, a chuirtear in úsáid de ghnáth le inhalers pocket-sized, dosage-metered (MDIs). Is féidir spacers nó nebulizers a úsáid freisin, go háirithe do othair a bhfuil deacracht acu inhaler a úsáid.\nI measc na gcógas eile tá:\n- Agóinithe roghnacha beta2- adrenoceptor mar salbutamol (albuterol USAN), levalbuterol, terbutaline agus bitolterol. D'fhéadfadh fo-iarsmaí a bheith ag na gníomhairí seo, go háirithe tremors. Laghdaítear fo-iarsmaí nuair a bhíonn siad á n-ionsaí seachas á n-ól nó á n-iontráil.\n- Agonists adrenergic níos lú roghnacha, mar shampla epinephrine agus ephedrine táibléad a inhaleadh. Is féidir le fo-iarsmaí croí a bheith ina fhadhb.\n- Tá cógais frith- cholinergic, mar shampla bromide ipratropium éifeachtach, ach níos lú ná agonists ? 2- adrenoreceptor. Tá fo-iarsmaí i bhfad níos lú ná na roghanna eile thuas."} {"text": "New School Permaculture\nFood Forests Course\nCourse @ Casalinho - Central Portugal 8–11 August 2013\nA food forest is a garden where we encourage nature to do the majority of the work, yet are able to harvest an abundance of fresh food. Sounds too good to be true? Well it’s not! Join us to learn how to create one in any urban, suburban or rural space, even where space is at a premium.\nA food forest is modelled on natural woodland, with crops being grown in multiple layers to produce the maximum yield from a minimum of space. Imagine a diverse and multi-layered mix of tree canopy, berry-laden shrubs, vines, ground cover and planting beds. Plants are chosen which benefit each other and attract beneficial inspects. A healthy, fertile and diverse ecosystem is created which ultimately requires little work from you apart from harvesting. Very little digging, watering, weeding or pest control, and as beautiful as any woodland edge!\nThis four day course, through a combination of classroom based and practical sessions, will give you all the tools you need to design your own food forest.\n- Why make a food forest\n- Laying out a food forest\n- Ensuring that your food forest has enough nutrients\n- Multifunctional pathways\n- Building in abundance and resilience\n- Low maintenance food growing\n- Patterns in nature\n- Understanding and maximising edge\n- Water management\n- Creating a detailed design\n- Succession planning\n- Implementation plans\n- Tree and plant guilds\nThis course will be taught in English by Helder Valente. Helder is native Portuguese, so Portuguese speakers need not worry about translation for troubling words or ideas.\nHelder studied permaculture with Bill Mollison and now teaches all over the world. You can read about Helder and see examples of his design work here.www.sublimart.blogspot.com\nMore info about the course in :\nTestimonials from students: http://sublimart.blogspot.com.es/2013/07/testimonials-of-our-students.html\nEvent on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/events/546711155365620/", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22", "url": "http://sublimart.blogspot.com/2013/07/permaculture-food-forests-course-811.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607960.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525010046-20170525030046-00233.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8843448758, "token_count": 462, "score": 3.140625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Péarmaculture Scoil Nua\nCúrsa Foraoisí Bia\nCúrsa @ Casalinho - Lár na Portaingéile 811 Lúnasa 2013\nIs gairdín é foraoise bia áit a spreagann muid an nádúr chun an chuid is mó den obair a dhéanamh, ach is féidir linn go leor bia úr a bhaint amach. An bhfuil sé ró-mhaith a bheith fíor? Bhuel tá sé nach bhfuil! Bí linn chun foghlaim conas ceann a chruthú in aon spás uirbeach, forbhaile nó tuaithe, fiú nuair a bhíonn spás ar phréimh.\nTá foraoise bia múnlaithe ar fhoraoiseacht nádúrtha, agus tá plandaí á dtógáil i sraitheanna iomadúla chun an toradh is mó a tháirgeadh ó spás íosta. Samhlaigh meascán éagsúil agus ilchúrsaí de channacha crainn, cnaipí lán-bheir, fíonchaora, clúdach talún agus leapacha síolta. Roghnaítear plandaí a bhfuil tairbhe acu dá chéile agus a mheallann cigireachtaí tairbheacha. Cruthaítear éiceachóras sláintiúil, torthúil agus éagsúil a éilíonn beagán oibre uait ar deireadh thiar seachas an fómhar. Is beag an méid a chaithfear a dhúnadh, a uisciú, a ghlanadh nó a rialú, agus is chomh hálainn le haon imeall coille!\nTabharfaidh an cúrsa ceithre lá seo, trí chomhcheangal de sheisiúin bunaithe ar an seomra ranga agus ar sheisiúin phraiticiúla, na huirlisí go léir a theastaíonn uait chun do fhoraois bia féin a dhearadh.\n- Cén fáth a dhéanamh foraoise bia\n- Ag cur foraoise bia amach\n- A chinntiú go bhfuil go leor cothaithigh ag do fhoraois bia\n- Bealaí ilfheidhmeacha\n- Tógáil i dlúthchuid agus in athléimneacht\n- Cothú bia ísealchothabhála\n- Patrúin sa nádúr\n- Tuiscint agus uasmhéadú ar an imeall\n- Bainistíocht Uisce\n- Dearadh mionsonraithe a chruthú\n- Pleanáil aistrithe\n- Pleananna cur chun feidhme\n- Ceardlanna crainn agus plandaí\nBeidh an cúrsa seo á múineadh i mBéarla ag Helder Valente. Is Portaingéilis dúchais é Helder, mar sin ní gá do chainteoirí Portaingéile a bheith buartha faoi aistriúchán le haghaidh focail nó smaointe trioblóideacha.\nD'fhoghlaim Helder permaculture le Bill Mollison agus múineann sé anois ar fud an domhain. Is féidir leat léamh faoi Helder agus samplaí dá chuid oibre dearaidh a fheiceáil anseo. www.sublimart.blogspot.com\nTuilleadh eolais faoin gcúrsa i:\nTeasúnaithe ó mhic léinn: http://sublimart.blogspot.com.es/2013/07/testimonials-of-our-students.html\nImeacht ar Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/events/546711155365620/"} {"text": "The Interactive Base (IB) provides an appropriate learning environment for learners with complex learning difficulties and disabilities (CLDD). The aim of the IB is to provide a stimulating, engaging and sensory curriculum that is both broad and balanced. The IB groups offer a base for their learners which provides routine, consistent specialist staffing and encourages independence and communication.\nThe pupils within the IB are grouped in classes which may go across age groups and sometimes Key Stages to best meet their needs. However this is done, the staff within the IB groups ensure that they quickly develop a comprehensive knowledge of the young people. The knowledge gained can arrive from a variety of areas both within the Group and from outside agencies. It is important that this information is shared and reviewed with everyone who comes into contact with the young people. Therefore within each class base the staff produce a document, ‘All About Me’, for each pupil. These are displayed within the pupils’ room and ensure this important information is always to hand. ‘All About Me’ includes information relating to learning styles, likes and dislikes, emotions, positioning and specialist equipment as well as recommendations from a young person’s individual care plans such as feeding and swallowing, speech and language, physiotherapy, behaviour, personal care and medical needs. This information also ensures the relevant training for staff is in place to cater for all the pupils’ needs, whether medical or educational.\nDue to the learners’ needs, it is imperative that excellent communication is maintained with their parents and carers. Home/School books are used precisely for this reason to ensure that we can communicate on a day-to-day basis regarding a young person’s health, engagement and interests.\nWithin the IB we encourage communication, independence and choice making at whatever level the pupil is working at. All learners are treated as intentional communicators. Intentional communication can be in the form of vocalising, eye contact, a gesture, shiver, cough or laugh, signing, the exchange of an object or symbol as well as dropping or grabbing of an object. This list is not exhaustive and as every young person is an individual, we make sure that we ‘tune in’ to each of our learners to encourage and extend their own communication strategies.\nThe curriculum is the medium through which learning experiences are matched to a child’s individual needs. Within the IB groups opportunities for learning are planned, focused and responsive to needs of the pupils. There are a variety of ways for the pupils to encounter the curriculum. They are likely to need sensory stimulation and a curriculum broken down into very small steps. The pupils learn across a range of levels and for most, we will be looking at how they engage, respond and communicate. However, for some pupils our focus will be on skills more relevant to the individual subjects. As such, within the IB groups pupils receive part of the curriculum offer within their base and part of it within the main body of the school or Learning Centre. This ensures that the staff with the most appropriate experience and expertise deliver the pupils’ learning and that opportunities for social interaction with other pupils are included. If deemed appropriate, a young person may access more of their curriculum within the main body of school and access bespoke sessions in the IB.\nEach young person is offered a core curriculum which ensures that skills in English, Maths, ICT and Living Skills are incorporated. The curriculum also offers an extensive range of experiences including:\n- sensory cooking/food technology sessions\n- body awareness, sensory massage and Sherborne\n- Drama therapy\n- Physical Education (gross motor, fine motor, personal programmes, Outdoor Education, rebound therapy, hydrotherapy, swimming)\n- community engagement\n- Creative Arts\nThroughout the timetable, staff facilitate opportunities for standing, walking, seating changes and physical movement in order to promote physical well-being.\nIn Key Stages 4 and 5 pupils are able to access increased variety in their learning through their Options choices. In order for the young people to access the most suitable and engaging options, close communication between parents and carers and staff is ensured.\nThe Interactive Bases are all about bespoke opportunities for our young people to interact, engage, experience and learn whilst having FUN!", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22", "url": "http://newbridgeschool.net/interactive-base/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463614620.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170530085905-20170530105905-00319.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9567374587, "token_count": 865, "score": 3.109375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Soláthraíonn an Bunús Idirghníomhach (IB) timpeallacht foghlama oiriúnach do dhaltaí a bhfuil deacrachtaí foghlama casta agus míchumais acu (CLDD). Is é aidhm an IB cúrsa oideachais spreagúil, tarraingteach agus braite a chur ar fáil atá forleathan agus cothrom. Cuireann grúpaí IB bonn ar fáil dá gcuid foghlaimeoirí lena soláthraítear foirne speisialaithe gnáthchúrsaí, comhsheasmhach agus lena spreagtar neamhspleáchas agus cumarsáid.\nTá na daltaí laistigh den IB grúpáilte i ranganna a d'fhéadfadh dul trasna grúpaí aoise agus uaireanta Céimeanna Príomhúla chun freastal ar a gcuid riachtanas ar an mbealach is fearr. Cibé bealach a dhéantar é seo, déanann na foirne laistigh de ghrúpaí IB cinnte go bhforbróidh siad eolas cuimsitheach ar na daoine óga go tapa. Is féidir leis an eolas a fhaightear teacht ó réimsí éagsúla laistigh den Ghrúpa agus ó ghníomhaireachtaí lasmuigh. Tá sé tábhachtach go ndéanfar an fhaisnéis seo a roinnt agus a athbhreithniú le gach duine a thagann i dteagmháil leis na daoine óga. Dá bhrí sin, laistigh de gach bunchlasa, déanann an fhoireann doiciméad, \"All About Me\", a tháirgeadh do gach dalta. Tá na sonraí seo ar taispeáint i seomra na ndaltaí agus cinntíonn siad go bhfuil an fhaisnéis thábhachtach seo ar fáil i gcónaí. Áirítear ar an gclár 'All About Me' faisnéis a bhaineann le stíleanna foghlama, le rudaí a thaitníonn agus nach dtaitníonn leo, mothúcháin, suíomh agus trealamh speisialaithe chomh maith le moltaí ó phleananna cúraim aonair an duine óg amhail bia a thabhairt agus a shlógáil, cainte agus teanga, fisiceolaíocht, iompar, cúram pearsanta agus riachtanais leighis. Cinntíonn an fhaisnéis seo freisin go bhfuil an oiliúint ábhartha don fhoireann i bhfeidhm chun freastal ar riachtanais na ndaltaí go léir, cibé acu leighis nó oideachasúil.\nMar gheall ar riachtanais na foghlaimeoirí, tá sé ríthábhachtach go gcoimeádtar cumarsáid den scoth lena dtuismitheoirí agus lena gcaomhnóirí. Úsáidtear leabhair bhaile/scoile go beacht ar an gcúis seo chun a chinntiú gur féidir linn cumarsáid a dhéanamh ar bhonn laethúil maidir le sláinte, rannpháirtíocht agus leasanna duine óg.\nI IB spreagann muid cumarsáid, neamhspleáchas agus rogha a dhéanamh ag cibé leibhéal a bhfuil an dalta ag obair. Déantar gach foghlaimeoir a chóireáil mar chumarsóirí intinne. Is féidir cumarsáid intinn a bheith i bhfoirm vocalising, teagmháil súl, greim, shiúl, cough nó gáire, comhartha, malartú réad nó siombail chomh maith le téama a thit nó a ghabháil. Ní liosta iomlán í seo agus ós rud é go bhfuil gach duine óg ina dhuine aonair, déanaimid cinnte go \"tuneann muid isteach\" le gach duine dár foghlaimeoirí chun a straitéisí cumarsáide féin a spreagadh agus a leathnú.\nIs é an curaclam an t-amhrán trína ndéantar eispéiris foghlama a mheaitseáil le riachtanais aonair an linbh. Tá deiseanna foghlama pleanáilte, dírithe agus freagartha ar riachtanais na ndaltaí laistigh de ghrúpaí IB. Tá bealaí éagsúla ann do na daltaí dul i ngleic leis an gcuraclam. Is dócha go dteastaíonn spreagadh braite agus cúrsa a roinnt ina chéimeanna an-bheaga. Tá na daltaí ag foghlaim ar fud raon leibhéil agus don chuid is mó, beimid ag féachaint ar an gcaoi a mbíonn siad ag dul i ngleic, ag freagairt agus ag cumarsáid. I gcás roinnt daltaí, áfach, beidh ár ndícheall dírithe ar scileanna atá níos ábhartha do na hábhair aonair. Mar sin, laistigh de ghrúpaí IB, faigheann daltaí cuid den thairiscint chúrsacha laistigh dá mbonn féin agus cuid de laistigh de phríomhfhórsa na scoile nó an Lárionaid Oideachais. Cinntíonn sé seo go gcuireann an fhoireann a bhfuil an taithí agus an saineolas is oiriúnaí acu foghlaim na ndaltaí ar fáil agus go gcuirtear deiseanna le hidirghníomhaíocht shóisialta le daltaí eile san áireamh. Má mheasann sé go bhfuil sé oiriúnach, féadfaidh duine óg rochtain a fháil ar níos mó dá gcuraclam laistigh de phríomhchóir na scoile agus rochtain a fháil ar sheisiúin saincheaptha sa IB.\nCuirtear bunchláir oideachais ar fáil do gach duine óg lena n-áiritheofar go gcuirtear scileanna i mBéarla, i mhatamaitic, i TFC agus i Scileanna Saoil san áireamh. Cuireann an curaclam réimse leathan taithí ar fáil freisin lena n-áirítear:\n- seisiúin cócaireachta / teicneolaíochta bia braite\n- feasacht coirp, massage mothaitheach agus Sherborne\n- Teiripe drámaíochta\n- Oideachas Fisiceach (mótár gros, mótarc fíneáil, cláir phearsanta, Oideachas lasmuigh, teiripe athshlánú, hidreiteiripe, snámh)\n- rannpháirtíocht an phobail\n- Ealaíon Cruthaitheach\nLe linn na sceidil, cuireann an fhoireann deiseanna ar fáil chun seasamh, siúl, suí a athrú agus gluaiseacht fhisiciúil a dhéanamh chun an folláine fhisiciúil a chur chun cinn.\nI bPríomhchéimeanna 4 agus 5 tá na daltaí in ann teacht ar éagsúlacht mhéadaithe ina gcuid foghlama trína roghanna Roghanna. Chun go mbeidh rochtain ag daoine óga ar na roghanna is oiriúnaí agus is tarraingtí, áiritheofar go mbeidh cumarsáid dlúth idir tuismitheoirí agus cúramóirí agus foirne.\nIs éard atá i gceist leis na Bunaí Idirghníomhacha ná deiseanna saincheaptha dár ndaoine óga idirghníomhú, dul i ngleic, taithí a fháil agus foghlaim agus iad ag SÉAMH!"} {"text": "Tendons are connecting tissues that connect the bones and the muscles. They make muscle stretching possible and they’re very important for the proper functioning of the joins and their movement. But, their elasticity becomes loose with age, so they can become torn easily in the later stages of life. Tendonitis is connected with the inflammation of the tendons and this problem causes great pain and impairs the movement of the body. Tendons are located on many places in the human body, so this problem may be experienced in the feet, shoulders, elbows, ankles, hands, heels and others. One of the most common places for this problem is Achilles tendon. We have mentioned that age plays great part in the creation of this problem, due to the excessive tear and wear of the tendons. This creates more chances of new problems and leads to the creation of chronic tendonitis. Also, the scar tissue forms and inflammation and pain follow.\nCauses and Symptoms\nSome of the common causes are the muscle cramps, sprains, strain of the tendons, stretching of the muscles, wrong posture, wrong way of exercising, tendon injury, repetitive motions, tendon wear/tear, aging and arthritis. When we talk about the symptoms of the chronic tendonitis, they are lumpy, warm, swollen and reddened area, burning sensation surrounding the area, pain, restricted movement and pain felt during pressure application on the tendon, due to the physical activity. Some of the symptoms of early stages of the problem and warning signs are pain during movement, morning and night severe pain, muscle swelling, stiffness and pain, and painless restricted movement.\nNext, we will focus on the treatment associated with the problem of chronic tendonitis. The affected area may experience some improvement of the movement due to the physical therapy. Also, the same effect can be gained with the massages of the affected area with the mustard, olive or sesame oil. The pain can be relieved with the use of painkillers, but getting plenty of rest is also very important for the healing. You can apply ice packs, perform stretching exercises or even undergo a surgery if other treatment methods prove unsuccessful. The movement of the injured tendon can be restricted with the use of ankle, wrist or knee brace, which will reduce the swelling and prevent the problem from aggravation. Chronic tendonitis can easily be developed because if we keep moving, the healing cannot take place since the tendon is used constantly. So, avoid repetitive strain of the tendon and stretch before exercising. Cortisone injections can be used but they are used only in very serious cases due to the side effects they can create, like the immune system weakening. Surgery can also be done, but it is the last resort.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51", "url": "https://ic.steadyhealth.com/about-chronic-tendonitis", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540504338.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20191208021121-20191208045121-00284.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9519259334, "token_count": 554, "score": 2.71875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is fíocháin cheangail iad na tendons a cheangail na cnámha agus na matáin. Déanann siad síneadh muscle a dhéanamh indéanta agus tá siad an-tábhachtach do fheidhmiú ceart na n-ailt agus a ngluaiseacht. Ach, a n-éalaisticité a thagann scaoilte le aois, ionas gur féidir leo a bheith scartha go héasca i gcéimeanna níos déanaí den saol. Tá nasc ag tendonitis le athlasadh na tendons agus cuireann an fhadhb seo pian mór ar fáil agus laghdaíonn sé gluaiseacht an choirp. Tá tendons suite ar go leor áiteanna i gcorp an duine, mar sin d'fhéadfadh an fhadhb seo a bheith ann sna cosa, na gualainn, na codanna, na cnoic, na lámha, na cnoic agus daoine eile. Ceann de na háiteanna is coitianta don fhadhb seo ná tendon Achilles. Dúirt muid go bhfuil ról mór ag an aois sa fhadhb seo a chruthú, mar gheall ar an ró-scéal agus an caitheamh na tendons. Cruthaíonn sé seo níos mó seansanna fadhbanna nua agus tugann sé le tendonitis ainsealach a chruthú. Chomh maith leis sin, bíonn fíocháin scar agus athlasadh agus pian ann.\nCúiseanna agus Síomptóim\nIs iad na cúiseanna is coitianta ná cramps muscle, sprains, strain na tendons, síneadh na matáin, posture mícheart, bealach mícheart aclaíochta, díobháil tendon, gluaiseachtaí athdhéanta, caitheamh / scrios tendon, dul in aois agus arthritis. Nuair a labhraímid faoi na hairíonna a bhaineann le tendonitis ainsealach, is iad sin limistéar clúdach, te, swollen agus dearg, briseadh timpeall an limistéir, pian, gluaiseacht teoranta agus pian a bhraitheann le linn brú a chur ar an tendon, mar gheall ar an ngníomhaíocht fhisiciúil. Tá roinnt de na comharthaí a bhaineann le céimeanna luatha an fhadhb agus le comharthaí rabhaidh ná pian le linn gluaiseachta, pian tromchúiseach ar maidin agus san oíche, athlasadh muscle, stiffness agus pian, agus gluaiseacht theoranta gan pian.\nAnsin, díreoimid ar an gcóireáil a bhaineann le fadhb tendonitis ainsealach. D'fhéadfadh feabhas áirithe a bheith ar an gceantar a bhfuil tionchar aige ar an ngluaiseacht mar gheall ar an teiripe fisiceach. Chomh maith leis sin, is féidir an éifeacht chéanna a fháil le massage na limistéar a bhfuil tionchar aige leis an mustard, ola olóige nó sesame. Is féidir an pian a mhaolú le húsáid painkillers, ach tá sé an-tábhachtach go leor scíthe a fháil don leigheas freisin. Is féidir leat pacáistí oighir a chur i bhfeidhm, cleachtaí síneadh a dhéanamh nó fiú má dhéanann tú máinliacht mura bhfuil modhanna eile cóireála ag éirí go rathúil. Is féidir gluaiseacht an tendon díobhálaithe a theorannú le brace an ankle, an láimhe nó an ghlúine a úsáid, rud a laghdóidh an tinneas agus a choscfaidh go dtiocfaidh an fhadhb níos measa. Is féidir le tendonitis ainsealach forbairt go héasca toisc mura gcoinnímid ag bogadh, ní féidir leis an leigheas a bheith ann ós rud é go n-úsáidtear an tendon i gcónaí. Mar sin, seachain an t-éagóir a shíneadh arís agus arís eile agus síneadh sula ndéanann tú aclaíocht. Is féidir instealltaí cortisone a úsáid ach ní úsáidtear iad ach i gcásanna an-tromchúiseacha mar gheall ar na fo-iarsmaí a d'fhéadfadh siad a chruthú, cosúil le lagú an chórais imdhíonachta. Is féidir máinliacht a dhéanamh freisin, ach is é an rogha deireanach é."} {"text": "Differences between arabica and robusta\n- The shape of the bean\n- The chromosomes:\narabica has 44 chromosomes, robusta has 22;\narabica plant is a self-pollinating plant that means that there will be less mutations and variations because it will not be affected by a combination of genetic factors; robusta plant, on the other hand need to be pollinated, so there will be more mutations and variations caused by the majority of the case by insects and environmental factors like wind and water;\nrobusta bean has basically double the amount of the caffeine instead of arabica one; 2,7% compared to 1.5% of arabica;\n- The taste:\nLipids and sugars content are responsible for the aromatic compounds during the roasting. Arabica beans contains twice the amount of sugars and has roughly 60% more of lipids instead of robusta beans. That’s why arabica has the finest quality.\nCaffeine and chlorogenic acids are high in level in robusta beans, so that’s the reason why we taste bitterness when we drink a cup of coffee (we are drinking robusta or unfortunately whatever that is over-extracted).\nThe plants of arabica need higher altitude (600-2000m), a rich soil and abundant rain; the robusta ones can be cultivated in the lowland areas (0-600m) cause it’s stronger so it doesn’t suffer from hot temperature. Robusta plants is also higher in yield than arabica ones.\nArabica vs Robusta which is better\n- The Price: robusta bean is costs roughly half the price of arabica mainly because it costs less investment for the farmers and produce lower quality. Robusta beans don’t need to be tend by the farmers as much as arabica beans need.\n- Resistant to disease and climate: robusta is really resistant to parasites and climatic conditions; arabica is extremely delicate to pests, fungal diseases and suffer from harsh changes, direct sunlight, strong wind and heavy rain.\n- The market: 70% of the world production is made by arabica plants and less than 30% is made by robusta ones (liberica and excelsa are 2%).\nI am an Italian coffee lover that pushed for the love of this “amazing drug” decided to come to London to study about coffee and its different extraction procedures and tastes.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "url": "https://coffeextraction.com/coffee-reviews/differences-between-arabica-and-robusta/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764494936.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127033656-20230127063656-00162.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9327479005, "token_count": 528, "score": 3.0625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Difríochtaí idir araibí agus róbaiste\n- Cruth an bhonna\n- Na crómasóimí:\nTá 44 crómasóim ag araibíca, tá 22 ag robusta;\nIs planda féin-pholláine é plandán araibí, rud a chiallaíonn go mbeidh níos lú mutations agus éagsúlachtaí ann toisc nach mbeidh tionchar ag teaglaim de fhachtóirí géiniteacha air; ar an láimh eile, ní mór planda robusta a pholláineadh, mar sin beidh níos mó mutations agus éagsúlachtaí ann a dhéantar den chuid is mó de na cásanna ag cnáibí agus fachtóirí comhshaoil mar ghaoth agus uisce;\nTá an méid caiféin ag robusta bean beagnach dhá oiread ná an méid caiféin atá ag arabica bean; 2,7% i gcomparáid le 1,5% d'arabica bean;\n- An blas:\nTá ábhar lipidí agus siúcraí freagrach as na comhdhúile aramacha le linn an rósta. Tá dhá oiread an méid siúcraí i bpláinéid Arabica agus tá thart ar 60% níos mó lipidí ann in ionad pláinéid robusta. Sin é an fáth go bhfuil an caighdeán is fearr ag an araibis.\nTá leibhéal ard caiféin agus aigéid chlóiróigineacha i mbéanna robusta, agus sin an fáth go mbraitheann muid go bhfuil sé searbh nuair a ólann muid cupán caife (tá muid ag ól robusta nó ar an drochuair cibé rud atá ró-eisiata).\nNí mór do phlandaí araibíce airde níos airde (600-2000m), ithir saibhir agus báisteach abundant; is féidir na cinn robusta a chothú sna ceantair íseal (0-600m) mar go bhfuil sé níos láidre agus mar sin ní bhíonn sé ag fulaingt ó theochta te. Tá toradh níos airde ag plandaí Robusta ná plandaí araibis.\nArabica vs Robusta atá níos fearr\n- An Praghas: tá costas robusta bean thart ar leath an phraghas araibis go príomha toisc go bhfuil sé níos lú infheistíocht a chosnaíonn do na feirmeoirí agus táirge cáilíochta níos ísle. Ní gá go mbeadh na feirmeoirí ag tabhairt aire do phéipéar Robusta chomh mór agus is gá do phéipéar Arabica.\n- Frithsheasmhach i gcoinne galair agus aeráide: tá robusta resistant i ndáiríre i gcoinne paraisítí agus coinníollacha aeráide; tá araibis an-íogair i gcoinne lotnaidí, galair fungais agus bíonn sí ag fulaingt ó athruithe crua, solas díreach na gréine, gaoth láidir agus báisteach trom.\n- An margadh: 70% den táirgeadh domhanda a dhéantar ag plandaí araibí agus níos lú ná 30% a dhéantar ag plandaí robusta (liberica agus excelsa 2%).\nIs caifé-ádhóir Iodálach mé a chuir an grá don \"druga iontach\" seo chun cinn agus a chinn teacht go Londain chun staidéar a dhéanamh ar chaifé agus ar a nósanna imeachta agus blasanna éagsúla a bhaint amach."} {"text": "\"Where Learning Is Fundamental!\"\nTips on Preparing Your Child for Back to School...\n|Posted on July 29, 2013 at 3:32 PM||comments ()|\nWhen summer winds down, it’s time to get ready for a new school year. Buying notebooks and scoping out sales is the easy part. There are less tangible things you can do as well.\nHere are 9 ways you can help your child -- and yourself -- get ready to go back to school.\n1. Re-Establish School Routines\nUse the last few weeks of summer to get into a school-day rhythm. \"Have your child practice getting up and getting dressed at the same time every morning,\" suggests school psychologist Kelly Vaillancourt, MA, CAS. Start eating breakfast, lunch, and snacks around the times your child will eat when school is in session.\nIt’s also important to get your child used to leaving the house in the morning, so plan morning activities outside the house in the week or two before school. That can be a challenge for working parents, says Vaillancourt, who is the director of government relations for the National Association of School Psychologists. But when the school rush comes, hustling your child out the door will be less painful if she has broken summer habits like relaxing in her PJs after breakfast.\n2. Nurture Independence\nOnce the classroom door shuts, your child will need to manage a lot of things on his own. Get him ready for independence by talking ahead of time about responsibilities he's old enough to shoulder. This might include organizing his school materials, writing down assignments, and bringing home homework, says Nicole Pfleger, school counselor at Nickajack Elementary School in Smyrna, GA.\nEven if your child is young, you can instill skills that will build confidence and independence at school. Have your young child practice writing her name and tying her own shoes. \"The transition to school will be easier for everyone if your child can manage basic needs without relying on an adult,\" Pfleger says.\n3. Create a Launch Pad\n\"Parents and teachers should do whatever they can to facilitate a child being responsible,\" says Pfleger, who was named School Counselor of the Year by the American School Counselor Association in 2012. At home, you can designate a spot where school things like backpacks and lunch boxes always go to avoid last-minute scrambles in the morning. You might also have your child make a list of things to bring to school and post it by the front door.\n4. Set Up a Time and Place for Homework\nHead off daily battles by making homework part of your child’s everyday routine. Establish a time and a place for studying at home. \"Even if it’s the kitchen table, it really helps if kids know that’s where they sit down and do homework, and that it happens at the same time every day,\" says Pfleger. As much as possible, plan to make yourself available during homework time, especially with younger kids. You might be reading the paper or cooking dinner, but be around to check in on your child’s progress.\n5. After-School Plans\nSchool gets out before most working parents get home, so it's important to figure out where your children will go, or who will be at home, in the afternoons. You might find an after-school program through the school itself, a local YMCA, or a Boys and Girls Club. If possible, try to arrange your schedule so you can be there when your child gets home during those first few days of school. It may help your child adjust to the new schedule and teachers.\n6. Make a Sick-Day Game Plan\nWorking parents also know the trials and tribulations of getting a call from the school nurse when they can’t get away from the office. \"Most of our parents, because of the economy, are working,\" says Pfleger. Before school begins, line up a trusted babysitter or group of parents that can pinch hit for each other when children get sick. And make sure you know the school’s policy. You may have to sign forms ahead of time listing people who have your permission to pick up your child.\n7. Attend Orientations to Meet and Greet\nSchools typically hold orientation and information sessions before the start of each academic year. These are good opportunities for you to meet the key players: your child’s teachers, school counselors, the principle, and most importantly, front desk staff. \"The secretaries know everything and are the first people children see when they arrive at school every day,\" says Vaillancourt.\n8. Talk to the Teachers\nOf course, teachers are the reason your child is there. When you talk to your child’s teachers, ask about their approach to homework. Some teachers assign homework so kids can practice new skills while others focus on the accuracy of the assignments they turn in. Ask for the dates of tests and large assignments so you can help your child plan accordingly. For instance, if you know a big test is coming up on Friday morning, you will know to keep things simple on Thursday evening.\n9. Make it a Family Affair\nTogether, you and your child can plan for success in school. For instance, sit down with your child to create a routine chart. Ask your child what she wants to do first when she first gets home from school: play outside or do homework? Her answers go on the chart. \"The more kids have ownership in creating a routine for themselves and setting expectations, the more likely they are to follow it,\" says Vaillancourt.\nSOURCE: By Joanne Barker\nSHARE YOUR THOUGHTS...\n|Posted on August 1, 2012 at 11:01 PM||comments ()|\nIf You Have Any Ideas or Suggestions That You Would Like To Share About Getting Prepared For Back To School, Please Feel Free To Comment.\nHow To Keep Your Children Interested In Reading For The Summer?\n|Posted on May 18, 2012 at 4:22 PM||comments ()|\nHas parents we are our children's first and most important teachers, and our role as their teachers is to motivate our children to read during the summer months. There are many strategies that we might employ as parents to encourage summertime reading:\nCombine activities with books, in which you and your children could read a book about going to the park, attending a baseball game, or swimming at the pool before going to those places. This would provide your children with the opportunity to have an open discussion and share their thoughts about these activities and others.\nVisit the local library is another great way to encourage your children to read during the summertime. They have a wide selection of books to borrow, as well as many libraries have fun, child-friendly summer reading programs.\nLeading by example is just picking up a morning newspaper, reading a magazine while at the doctors office , or just relaxing with one of your favorite books. This helps our children understand that literature can be a fun and important part of their summer days just by seeing us as adults reading often.\nHave plenty of reading material around that includes newspapers, magazines, and informational material on hand that might spark the interest of our young readers.\nRead aloud with your children by having enthusiastic read-alouds, no matter what their age, and improvise different voices or wear silly clothes to make the story more interesting.\nPleas share your thoughts and ideas on how we could keep our children interested in reading over the summer.\nA List of Children Preferred Books to Read:\nBooks for Ages 3 and under\nBUT NOT THE HIPPOPOTAMUS\nBy Sandra Boynton\nONE DUCK STUCK\nBy Phyllis Root; Illustrated by Jane Chapman\nBy Donald Crews\nBy Martin Waddell\nBROWN BEAR, BROWN, BEAR, WHAT DO YOU SEE?\nBy Bill Martin Jr.\nBLUEBERRIES FOR SAL\nBy Robert McCloskey\nHERE A CHICK, THERE A CHICK\nBy Bruce McMillan\nBooks for Ages 4 to 8\nFOR LAUGHING OUT LOUD: POEMS TO TICKLE YOUR FUNNYBONE\nSelected by Jack Prelutsky; Illustrated by Marjorie Priceman\nBy Grace Lin\nBy Rod Campbell\nMORE SPAGHETTI, I SAY!\nBy Rita Golden Gelman; Illustrated by Mort Gerberg\nHOOPS WITH SWOOPES\nBy Susan Kuklin with Sheryl Swoopes\nTHE MUNSCHWORKS GRAND TREASURY: STORIES\nBy Robert Munsch\nTHE VERY KIND RICH LADY AND HER ONE HUNDRED DOGS\nBy Chinlun Lee\nMICE AND BEANS\nBy Pan Munoz; Illustrated by Joe Cepeda\nTHE RELATIVES CAME\nBy Cynthia Rylant; Illustrated by Stephen Gammell\nBy Audrey Wood\nMcBROOM TELLS A LIE\nBy Sid Fleischman\nELVIS THE TURNIP ... AND ME (THE ZACK FILES)\nBy Dan Greenburg\nDANITRA BROWN LEAVES TOWN\nBy Nikki Grimes; Illustrated by Floyd Cooper\nWE THE KIDS: THE PREAMBLE TO THE CONSTITUTION\nBy David Catrow\nARE YOU MY MOTHER?\nBy Philip D. Eastman\nBooks for Ages 9 to 12\nMR. POPPER'S PENGUINS\nBy Richard and Florence Atwater; Illustrations by Robert Lawson\nBy Gail Carson Levine\nBy E.B. White; Illustrated by Garth Williams\nA LONG WAY FROM CHICAGO\nBy Richard Peck\nBy Roald Dahl\nSUMMER READING IS KILLING ME! (THE TIME WARP TRIO)\nBy Jon Scieszka; Illustrations By Lane Smith\nTHE GREAT BRAIN\nBy John D. Fitzgerald; Illustrated By Mercer Mayer", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "url": "https://nealsdaycare.com/apps/blog/categories/show/2208802-the-rewards-of-teaching-?siteId=140681745&locale=en-US", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945242.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324020038-20230324050038-00628.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9366217852, "token_count": 2189, "score": 2.703125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "\"Cá bhfuil Foghlaim Bunriachtanach!\"\nLeideanna maidir le do leanbh a ullmhú le haghaidh filleadh ar scoil...\nPosted on Iúil 29, 2013 ag 3:32 PM\nNuair a bhíonn an samhradh ag cur síos, tá sé in am ullmhú do bhliain scoile nua. Is é an chuid éasca ná nótaí nótaí a cheannach agus díolacháin a scrúdú. Tá rudaí níos lú inláimhsithe is féidir leat a dhéanamh chomh maith.\nSeo 9 bhealach ar féidir leat cabhrú le do leanbh -- agus leat féin -- ullmhú chun dul ar ais ar scoil.\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Rinneadh an t-Ionstraim Scoile a Athbhunaigh\nBain úsáid as na seachtainí deireanach den samhradh chun teacht isteach i rithim lá scoile. \"Aithníonn do leanbh ag éirí suas agus ag éirí i gceart ag an am céanna gach maidin\", a mhol síceolaí scoile Kelly Vaillancourt, MA, CAS. Tús a chur le breac-chost, le háile, agus le snacks timpeall na huaireanna a itheann do leanbh nuair a bhíonn sé ar scoil.\nTá sé tábhachtach freisin do leanbh a chur i dtaithí ar imeacht as an teach ar maidin, mar sin pleanáil gníomhaíochtaí maidin lasmuigh den teach sa tseachtain nó dhó roimh an scoil. D'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith ina dhúshlán do thuismitheoirí a bhfuil obair acu, a deir Vaillancourt, atá ina stiúrthóir caidrimh le rialtas don Chumann Náisiúnta Síceolaithe Scoile. Ach nuair a thiocfaidh an brú scoile, beidh sé níos lú pianmhar do leanbh a chur amach as an doras má tá nósanna samhraidh aici mar scíth a ligean ina PJanna tar éis bricfeasta.\n2. Seachadadh. A Chothú go mbeidh siad neamhspleách\nNuair a dhúnfar doras an seomra ranga, beidh ar do leanbh a lán rudaí a bhainistiú ina n-aonar. Cuir é i láthair le haghaidh neamhspleáchais trí labhairt roimh ré faoi fhreagrachtaí atá sé sean go leor chun a ghualainn. D'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith i gceist le hionstraimí scoile a eagrú, tascanna a scríobh síos, agus obair bhaile a thabhairt abhaile, a deir Nicole Pfleger, comhairleoir scoile ag Bunscoil Nickajack i Smyrna, GA.\nFiú má tá do leanbh óg, is féidir leat scileanna a chur isteach a chuirfidh muinín agus neamhspleáchas air sa scoil. Bíodh do leanbh óg ag cleachtadh a ainm a scríobh agus a chuid bróga a cheangal. \"Beidh an t-aistriú go dtí an scoil níos éasca do gach duine má fhéadann do leanbh na riachtanais bhunúsacha a láimhseáil gan brath ar dhuine fásta\", a deir Pfleger.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Cruthaigh Pád Seoltóra\n\"Ba cheart do thuismitheoirí agus do mhúinteoirí gach rud is féidir a dhéanamh chun cabhrú le páiste a bheith freagrach\", a deir Pfleger, a ainmníodh mar Chomhairleoir Scoile na Bliana ag Cumann Comhairleoirí Scoile Mheiriceá in 2012. Sa bhaile, is féidir leat áit a ainmniú ina bhfuil rudaí scoile cosúil le backpacks agus boscaí lóin i gcónaí dul chun scrambles nóiméad deireanach a sheachaint ar maidin. D'fhéadfá a iarraidh ar do leanbh liosta rudaí a thabhairt leis go scoil a dhéanamh agus é a chur in aice leis an doras tosaigh.\n4. Tá an t-am Am agus Áit a Shocraigh le haghaidh Oibre Baile\nCuir obair bhaile mar chuid de ghnáthamh laethúil do pháiste chun na cathanna laethúla a sheachaint. Socraigh am agus áit chun staidéar a dhéanamh sa bhaile. \"Fiú má tá sé ar an mbord cistine, cabhraíonn sé go mór má tá a fhios ag na páistí gurb é sin an áit a suífidh siad síos agus a dhéanfaidh siad a gcuid obair bhaile, agus go dtarlaíonn sé ag an am céanna gach lá\", a deir Pfleger. Chomh fada agus is féidir, déan plean chun a bheith ar fáil i rith am an obair bhaile, go háirithe le páistí níos óige. B'fhéidir go bhfuil tú ag léamh an pháipéir nó ag cócaireacht dinnéir, ach bí in aice le feiceáil ar dhul chun cinn do pháiste.\n5. Tá an t-am ann. Pleananna I ndiaidh na Scoile\nTéann an scoil amach sular fhaigheann formhór na dtuismitheoirí oibre abhaile, mar sin tá sé tábhachtach a fháil amach cá rachaidh do pháistí, nó cé a bheidh sa bhaile, i ndiaidh an lae. B'fhéidir go bhfaighidh tú clár tar éis na scoile tríd an scoil féin, YMCA áitiúil, nó Club na mBan agus na mBan. Más féidir, déan iarracht do sceideal a shocrú ionas go mbeidh tú ann nuair a thiocfaidh do leanbh abhaile le linn na chéad laethanta scoile. D'fhéadfadh sé cabhrú le do leanbh dul i dtaithí ar an sceideal nua agus ar na múinteoirí.\n6. Ceacht. Déan Plean Cluichí Lá an Breoiteachta\nTá a fhios ag tuismitheoirí atá ag obair freisin na trialacha agus na trioblóidí a bhaineann le glao a fháil ó altra na scoile nuair nach féidir leo dul ar shiúl ón oifig. \"Tá an chuid is mó dár dtuismitheoirí ag obair, mar gheall ar an ngeilleagar\", a deir Pfleger. Sula dtosaíonn an scoil, cuir babysitter iontaofa nó grúpa tuismitheoirí i sraith a d'fhéadfadh a chéile a bhualadh nuair a bhíonn leanaí tinn. Agus déan cinnte go bhfuil eolas agat ar bheartas na scoile. B'fhéidir go mbeidh ort foirmeacha a shíniú roimh ré lena liostálfar na daoine a bhfuil cead agat do leanbh a phiocadh.\n7. Ceacht. Freastal ar Threoir maidir le Cruinniú agus Beannacht\nDe ghnáth bíonn seisiúin treoshuímh agus faisnéise ar siúl sna scoileanna roimh thús gach bliana acadúla. Is deis mhaith iad seo duit bualadh leis na príomhghníomhaithe: múinteoirí do pháiste, comhairleoirí scoile, an príomhoide, agus an rud is tábhachtaí, foireann an tseomra tosaigh. \"Tá a fhios ag na rúnaí gach rud agus is iad na páistí na chéad daoine a fheiceann siad nuair a thagann siad ar scoil gach lá\", a deir Vaillancourt.\n8. Ceacht. Labhair leis na Múinteoirí\nAr ndóigh, is iad na múinteoirí an fáth go bhfuil do leanbh ann. Nuair a bheidh tú ag caint le múinteoirí do pháiste, iarr ar a gcaoi a ndéanann siad a gcuid obair bhaile. Tugann roinnt múinteoirí obair bhaile ionas gur féidir le páistí scileanna nua a chleachtadh agus díríonn daoine eile ar chruinneas na gcúraimí a chuireann siad isteach. Iarr ar do leanbh dáta na dtástálacha agus na tascanna móra a fháil ionas gur féidir leat cabhrú leis pleanáil dá réir. Mar shampla, má tá a fhios agat go bhfuil tástáil mhór le teacht ar maidin Dé hAoine, beidh a fhios agat rudaí a choinneáil simplí tráthnóna Déardaoin.\n9. Naoi. Déan é mar Ghnóthaí Teaghlaigh\nLe chéile, is féidir leat féin agus do leanbh pleanáil chun rath a bheith agat ar scoil. Mar shampla, suí síos le do leanbh chun cairt ghnáthamh a chruthú. Iarr ar do leanbh cad ba mhaith leis a dhéanamh ar dtús nuair a thagann sé abhaile ón scoil: imirt lasmuigh nó obair bhaile a dhéanamh? Téann a freagraí ar an gclár. \"D'fhéadfadh sé go leanfadh na páistí an rud a bhí déanta acu a thuilleadh, a mhéad a bhíonn siad féin ag déanamh gnáthamh agus ag cur ionchais orthu\", a deir Vaillancourt.\nFONT: Le Joanne Barker\nCOMEÁCH DO GHÍR...\nPostáilte ar Lúnasa 1, 2012 ag 11:01 PM\nMá tá aon smaointe nó moltaí agat ar mhaith leat a roinnt maidir le bheith ullamh le haghaidh filleadh ar scoil, bíodh spraoi agat trácht a dhéanamh.\nConas a Chothú do Leanaí ag Léamh le Léitheoireacht don Samhradh?\nPostáilte ar 18 Bealtaine, 2012 ag 4:22 PM\nMá tá tuismitheoirí againn is iad ár gcuid páistí an chéad agus is tábhachtaí múinteoirí, agus is é ár ról mar a gcuid múinteoirí a spreagadh ár gcuid leanaí a léamh le linn na míonna samhraidh. Tá go leor straitéisí ann a d'fhéadfadh muid a úsáid mar thuismitheoirí chun léitheoireacht an tsamhraidh a spreagadh:\nDéan gníomhaíochtaí a chomhcheangal le leabhair, ina bhféadfá leabhar a léamh le do pháistí faoi dul chuig an bpáirc, dul chuig cluiche baseball, nó snámh ag an linn snámha sula dtéann tú chuig na háiteanna sin. Bheadh sé seo in ann deis a thabhairt do do pháistí plé oscailte a dhéanamh agus a gcuid smaointe a roinnt faoi na gníomhaíochtaí seo agus faoi ghníomhaíochtaí eile.\nIs bealach iontach eile é cuairt a thabhairt ar an leabharlann áitiúil chun do pháistí a spreagadh chun léamh le linn an tsamhraidh. Tá rogha leathan leabhair le hiasacht acu, chomh maith le go leor leabharlanna cláir léitheoireachta samhraidh spraíúla atá oiriúnach do leanaí.\nIs é an t-eispéireas a bheith agat ná gan ach nuachtán maidin a phiocadh suas, iris a léamh agus tú ag obair ag an dochtúir, nó ag scíth a ligean le ceann de do chuid leabhar is fearr leat. Cabhraíonn sé seo lenár leanaí a thuiscint gur féidir le litríocht a bheith ina chuid spraoi agus tábhachtach dá laethanta samhraidh ach iad a fheiceáil linn mar dhaoine fásta ag léamh go minic.\nBíodh go leor ábhar léitheoireachta agat, lena n-áirítear nuachtáin, irisí, agus ábhar faisnéise a d'fhéadfadh spéis a spreagadh iár léitheoirí óga.\nLéigh leo ar a chloinn trí léitheoireacht ardteangach a dhéanamh, is cuma cén aois atá acu, agus guthanna éagsúla a chur ar ais nó éadaí amaideach a chaitheamh chun an scéal a dhéanamh níos suimiúla.\nLe do thoil, roinn do chuid smaointe agus smaointe ar conas a d'fhéadfaimis ár gcuid páistí a choinneáil ag iarraidh léamh thar an samhradh.\nLiosta de Leabhair is Fearr le Léamh ag Leanaí:\nLeabhair do Leanaí 3 bliana d'aois agus níos óige\nAch ní an Hippopotamus\nLe Sandra Boynton\nTÁITH DEACH AONNA\nScríobh Phyllis Root; léarscáileanna ag Jane Chapman\nLe Donald Crews\nLe Martin Waddell\nBrawn Bear, Brawn, Bear, cad a fheiceann tú?\nLe Bill Martin Jr.\nBLAUBERRIES le haghaidh SAL\nLe Robert McCloskey\nAnseo A CHICK, an sin a CHICK\nLe Bruce McMillan\nLeabhair do Leanaí 4 go 8 mbliana d'aois\nIonas go gáire amach ard: POEMS chun tickle do FUNNYBONE\nRoghnaithe ag Jack Prelutsky; léarscáileanna ag Marjorie Priceman\nLe Grace Lin\nLe Rod Campbell\nMÁIR SPAGETTI, A DEIRIM!\nScríobh Rita Golden Gelman; léarscáileanna ag Mort Gerberg\nCÁIRLEÁN LE SCOOPÁIR\nDe réir Susan Kuklin le Sheryl Swoopes\nAN OIBH OIBH OIBH OIBH OIBH OIBH OIBH OIBH\nLe Robert Munsch\nAn bhean an-chúramach agus a céad madraí\nLe Chinlun Lee\nMICE agus BEANAS\nScríobh Pan Munoz; léarscáileanna ag Joe Cepeda\nTháinig na gaolmhara\nScríobh Cynthia Rylant; léarscáileanna ag Stephen Gammell\nLe Audrey Wood\nMcBROOM insíonn bréag\nLe Sid Fleischman\nELVIS THE TURNIP ... agus mé (THE ZACK FILES)\nLe Dan Greenburg\nDANITRA BROWN LEAVES TOWN\nScríobh Nikki Grimes; Léirigh Floyd Cooper\nANS AN GCÍOL: An Réamh-Aoire don Bhunreacht\nLe David Catrow\nAn tusa mo mháthair?\nLe Philip D. Eastman\nLeabhair do Aois 9 go 12\nPÉINGÍONNAÍ MHR POPPER\nLe Richard agus Florence Atwater; léaráidí le Robert Lawson\nLe Gail Carson Levine\nLe E.B. Bán; léarscáileanna le Garth Williams\nBealach Fada Ó CHICAGO\nLe Richard Peck\nLe Roald Dahl\nTá Léitheoireacht an tSamhraidh ag MORTáil mé! (THE AM WARP TRIO)\nLe Jon Scieszka; Léarscáileanna Le Lane Smith\nAN GHÍOMH MÓR\nLe John D. Fitzgerald; léirítear le Mercer Mayer"} {"text": "Shapes are two-dimensional, forms are three-dimensional. Cubes, pyramids, cones, and spheres possess depth and therefore volume. Any structure or building has volume, but so do their interiors. Anything that has four or more connecting planes that create a form has volume. This can also be literal or implied in the way planes and lines are used to create the form in question. Perceived volume can be as effectual as actual volume in a space, and depends on the intended use or desired atmosphere.\n|Image credit: Kleinman, Susan. \"Mid-Country Modern.\" Metropolitan Home. April 2006. 105. (Overlay mine.)|\nVolumes can push out or enclose, and clever usage goes a long way to creating an effective and beautiful design.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26", "url": "http://flaxandflags.blogspot.com/2010/09/primary-elements-part-4.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320362.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624221310-20170625001310-00528.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9027052522, "token_count": 160, "score": 3.203125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá na cruthanna dhá-thaobhach, tá na foirmeacha trí-thaobhach. Tá doimhneacht ag ciúbanna, pirimidí, cónacha, agus spéir agus dá bhrí sin, tá toirte acu. Tá toirte ag aon struchtúr nó foirgneamh, ach tá a gcuid taobh istigh ann freisin. Tá toirte ag aon rud a bhfuil ceithre phláinéid cheangail nó níos mó aige a chruthaíonn foirm. Is féidir é seo a bheith litriúil nó a chur i bhfios sa tslí a úsáidtear pláin agus línte chun an fhoirm atá i gceist a chruthú. Is féidir leis an méid a mheastar a bheith chomh héifeachtach agus atá an méid iarbhír i spás, agus braitheann sé ar an úsáid atá beartaithe nó ar an atmaisféar atá ag teastáil.\nCréidéal íomhá: Kleinman, Susan. \"Mid-Tír Nua-Aimseartha\". Baile Metropolitan. Aibreán 2006. 105. Táim ag iarraidh. (Overlay mianach. )\nIs féidir le toirmeacha brú nó clúdach a chur amach, agus tá úsáid chliste ag dul ar bhealach fada chun dearadh éifeachtach agus álainn a chruthú."}