Causes of Cervicalgia
Usually, cervicalgia is not a serious condition. However, it is uncomfortable and has to be addressed. The condition has a variety of causes. Poor posture, especially for an extended period of time, is one cause. For example, many patients spend a long time sitting at a desk with improper posture. Injuries involving a harsh neck movement, such as whiplash, are another cause. Furthermore, clenching the neck and shoulder muscles leads to strain and stress on the neck. Pushing the shoulders forward causes stress. Rounded shoulders are common for cycling. Osteoporosis and arthritis, which are examples of bone conditions, also contribute. Patients who are older are more susceptible to cervicalgia. Spinal diseases, conditions, or infections, such as meningitis, can also cause cervicalgia. Some types of sports may cause kyphosis, which affects posture and strains the neck, and cervicalgia can also result from kyphosis.1
What Is Cervicalgia?
Cervicalgia only occurs in the neck, and patients are not diagnosed with this condition when the injury is found in the arms or lower back. For example, movements that put gradual and sudden pressure on the neck can lead to strain and discomfort. The neck is very flexible, but this flexibility leaves it vulnerable to damage. Even with proper posture, the neck is always under stress from supporting the heavy head and allowing good range-of-motion. The neck, or cervical spine, is a very important part of the body. Symptoms of cervicalgia are mostly found in the neck, including stiffness, spasms, and impaired movement. There can also be tenderness in the shoulders, cervicalgia headache, dizziness, and nausea. In most cases, the cervicalgia only causes mild discomfort. However, the pain severity will vary based on the injury. Pain can be felt as sharp and stabbing or dull but persistent.2
ICD 10 and Diagnosis
Cervicalgia is a general term. ICD 10 is the system most medical professionals use to bill insurance, and there is no direct cause of cervicalgia ICD 10. Similarly, the codes for low back pain ICD 10 and other forms of back pain ICD 10 have to be more specifically defined. Based on ICD 10, cervicalgia is either chronic or acute. Even so, getting cervicalgia diagnosed by a healthcare professional can take more time. There are some exceptions to this, including when a disc disorder of the spine has been diagnosed as the cause. Additionally, other than figuring out billing, finding the specific cause of cervicalgia is important for the patient’s treatment. Patients have to tell their healthcare provider about all of their symptoms, and even small symptoms should be mentioned. It is important to be accurate so that the doctor can spot red flag symptoms.3
The first step in treatment is to take a break from strenuous activity for a few days. Meanwhile, patients might find that a cold pack eases their pain and inflammation. Diabetic patients should limit their use of ice. Similarly, a heat pack or a warm shower can be used. Over-the-counter pain medications can also provide relief, including Tylenol, Advil, and Aleve. After warming the injured area with a heat pack, stretching the neck can be very beneficial. There are several different types of stretches that help. Even though rest is important, patients should also try to get up and move every half hour. This is because remaining in one position for too long can also cause pain, and poor posture is particularly damaging. There are many alternative treatment options, such as chiropractic care, massage therapy, and acupuncture, that can help. Sometimes, alternative treatment options are the only solution necessary.4
It is easy to develop a stiff neck from a long commute or a stressful desk job. Fortunately, there are exercises that can combat cervicalgia pain. Patients who have had a long day might try the upper trapezius stretch, levator stretch, cervical retraction, doorway pec stretch, and external rotation with a TheraBand. The exercises should not cause pain, though they can leave the patient feeling stretched and tired.5 Patients should regularly try some simple neck stretches and head turns, especially if they have been in a static position for a while. Exercises and stretches can be done with or without resistant exercise bands. Good posture is also key, and patients should be mindful of their position when they are sitting, standing, and lying down. Unfortunately, time spent with poor posture and stiffness adds up. Sometimes, patients need outside help to ease their cervicalgia pain.6
Chiropractors provide natural pain relief for cervicalgia, but that is not all that they can do. In some cases, the chiropractor will have to be gentler with the patient. Those who dislike the sound and feeling of “cracking” will want a gentler manipulation. Patients have to make note of all of their symptoms so that the chiropractor’s diagnosis is accurate. Chiropractic care can help with many causes of neck pain. The chiropractor will employ cervical mobilization, cervical manual traction, and cervical “drop” techniques. The adjustments are performed while the patient is lying on a special table, and the table is outfitted with additional tools for the chiropractor to work with. Outside of the office, the chiropractor will recommend exercises for the patient to relieve their cervicalgia symptoms at home. Often, chiropractors to work with doctors and physical therapists, but the patient can consult their doctor about chiropractic care.7
A licensed practitioner of massage can also provide relief for the patient. Massage therapy is good for sore muscles, and massage promotes blood flow. Patients will experience relaxation from massage, and this can help to ease the stiffness in muscles and the cervicalgia. Massage therapists often work complementary to medical treatment and chiropractic care.8 Trigger point massage is often used for neck pain, and Swedish massage is another method that is employed. Swedish massage is the most common technique. Other forms of massage that the therapist might use include shiatsu and deep tissue massage. Swedish massage and deep tissue massage can be performed together. The aim of deep tissue massage is to release knots and scar tissue that could be the cause of cervicalgia. Self-massage at home might also provide some relief, though patients should not try any difficult techniques.9
4, 6, 8 https://www.healthline.com
Find out more about how chiropractic care helps after whiplash.

Cúiseanna le Cervicalgia
De ghnáth, ní staid thromchúiseach é cervicalgia. Mar sin féin, tá sé míchompordach agus ní mór aghaidh a thabhairt air. Tá cúiseanna éagsúla leis an riocht. Is cúis amháin é droch-stán, go háirithe ar feadh tréimhse fada ama. Mar shampla, caitheann go leor othair am fada ina suí ag deasc le postúr mícheart. Is cúis eile iad na díobhálacha a bhaineann le gluaiseacht garbh ar a muineál, mar shampla whiplash. Ina theannta sin, mar thoradh ar na matáin muineál na muineál agus na matáin ghualainn a chrócaireacht, bíonn strus agus strus ar an muineál. Ag brú na gualainn ar aghaidh bíonn strus ann. Tá cnámha cruinn coitianta le haghaidh rothaíochta. Cuidíonn osteoiphoróis agus arthritis, a bhfuil samplaí de dhálaí cnámh ann, freisin. Tá othair atá níos sine níos so-ghabhálacha do cervicalgia. D'fhéadfadh galair, coinníollacha nó ionfhabhtuithe spine, mar shampla meningitis, cervicalgia a chur faoi deara freisin. D'fhéadfadh roinnt cineálacha spóirt kyphosis a chur i gcontúirt, rud a théann i bhfeidhm ar an seasamh agus a chuireann strus ar an muineál, agus d'fhéadfadh cervicalgia a bheith mar thoradh ar kyphosis freisin.1
Cad é Cervicalgia?
Ní tharlaíonn cervicalgia ach sa muineál, agus ní dhéantar diagnóis leis an riocht seo nuair a fhaightear an díobháil sna hairm nó sa chúl íseal. Mar shampla, d'fhéadfadh gluaiseachtaí a chuireann brú de réir a chéile agus go tobann ar an muineál go dtiocfadh strus agus míchompord orthu. Tá an muineál an-simplí, ach tá an solúbthacht seo ina chúis le damáiste. Fiú le postúr ceart, tá an muineál i gcónaí faoi strus ó thacú leis an gceann trom agus ag ligean raon maith gluaiseachta. Is cuid an-tábhachtach den chorp é an muineál, nó an spine cervical. Tá comharthaí cervicalgia le fáil den chuid is mó sa mhuineál, lena n-áirítear stiffness, spasms, agus gluaiseacht laghdaithe. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh mothúchán i gcéile, tinneas cinn cervicalgia, dizziness, agus nausea ann freisin. I bhformhór na gcásanna, ní bhíonn ach míchompord éadrom mar thoradh ar an cervicalgia. Mar sin féin, beidh an déine pian ag athrú bunaithe ar an díobháil. Is féidir an pian a bhraitheann mar géar agus stacking nó dull ach leanúnach.2
ICD 10 agus Diagnosis
Is téarma ginearálta é cervicalgia. Is é ICD 10 an córas a úsáideann an chuid is mó de na gairmithe leighis chun árachas a bhilleáil, agus níl aon chúis dhíreach le cervicalgia ICD 10. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, ní mór na cóid do pian íseal cúl ICD 10 agus cineálacha eile pian cúl ICD 10 a shainiú níos sainiúla. Bunaithe ar ICD 10, tá cervicalgia ainsealach nó géar. Mar sin féin, d'fhéadfadh sé go dtógfadh sé níos mó ama go ndéanfadh gairmithe cúraim sláinte diagnóis le cervicalgia. Tá roinnt eisceachtaí ann, lena n-áirítear nuair a dhiagnóisiíodh neamhord diosca an spine mar chúis. Ina theannta sin, seachas billeáil a fháil amach, tá sé tábhachtach cúis shonracha na cervicalgia a aimsiú le haghaidh cóireála an othair. Ní mór do othair a gcuid cóireálaithe sláinte a chur in iúl faoi na hairíonna go léir atá acu, agus ba cheart fiú na hairíonna beaga a lua. Tá sé tábhachtach a bheith cruinn ionas gur féidir leis an dochtúir comharthaí a bhfuil comharthaí dearga acu a aithint.3
Is é an chéad chéim i gcóireáil ná sos a ghlacadh ó ghníomhaíocht strenuous ar feadh cúpla lá. Idir an dá linn, d'fhéadfadh othair a fháil go bhfuil pacáiste fuar a n-aghaidh a gcuid pian agus athlasadh. Ba chóir do othair diaibéiteas úsáid oighir a theorannú. Is féidir pacáiste teasa nó cith te a úsáid freisin. Is féidir le cógais pian a fhaightear gan oideas faoiseamh a thabhairt freisin, lena n-áirítear Tylenol, Advil, agus Aleve. Tar éis an limistéar gortaithe a théamh le pacáiste teasa, is féidir an muineál a shíneadh a bheith an-tairbheach. Tá roinnt cineálacha éagsúla síneadh ann a chabhraíonn. Cé go bhfuil sé tábhachtach go bhfuil sé tábhachtach go bhfuil an t-am ag an duine a bhfuil an galar air a bheith ag fanacht ar a chodladh, ba cheart dó dul suas agus bogadh gach leath uair an chloig. Tá sé seo toisc gur féidir le fanacht i gceann amháin ró-fhada pian a chur ort, agus tá droch-stíl an-díobhálach. Tá go leor roghanna cóireála malartacha ann, amhail cúram chiropractic, teiripe massage, agus acupuncture, a d'fhéadfadh cabhrú. Uaireanta, is iad roghanna cóireála malartacha an t-aon réiteach is gá.4
Tá sé éasca a bheith ina mhuineál crua ó obair fhada nó ó phost scrúdaithe brú. Ar an dea-uair, tá cleachtaí ann a fhéadfaidh pian cervicalgia a chomhrac. D'fhéadfadh othair a raibh lá fada acu iarracht a dhéanamh ar an síneadh trapezius uachtarach, síneadh levator, athshlánú ceirvical, síneadh pecs doras, agus rothlú seachtrach le TheraBand. Níor chóir go mbeadh pian ag baint leis na cleachtaí, cé go bhféadfadh siad an t-othar a fhágáil ag mothú síneadh agus tuirseach.5 Ba cheart do othair iarracht a dhéanamh go rialta roinnt síneadh simplí a dhéanamh ar a muineál agus a cheann a thiontú, go háirithe má bhí siad i riocht statach ar feadh tamaill. Is féidir cleachtaí agus síneadh a dhéanamh le bannaí cleachtaí resistant nó gan iad. Tá postúr maith ríthábhachtach freisin, agus ba cheart do othair a seasamh agus iad ina suí, ina seasamh agus ina luí. Ar an drochuair, tá an t-am a chaitear le droch-stíl agus le stiffness ag cur suas. Uaireanta, teastaíonn cúnamh ó dhaoine eile ó othair chun a gcuid pian cervicalgia a mhaolú.6
Soláthraíonn chiropractors faoiseamh pian nádúrtha le haghaidh cervicalgia, ach ní hamháin sin is féidir leo a dhéanamh. I gcásanna áirithe, beidh ar an chiropractor a bheith níos socair leis an othar. Ba mhaith leo siúd nach maith leo an fhuaim agus an mothúchán de "crack" a bheith ina láimhseáil níos socair. Ní mór do othair a gcuid comharthaí go léir a thabhairt faoi deara ionas go mbeidh diagnóis cruinn ag an chiropractor. Is féidir le cúram chiropractic cabhrú le go leor cúiseanna pian muineál. Beidh an chiropractor ag úsáid soghluaisteacht cervical, tarraingt lámhach cervical, agus teicnící cervical drop. Déantar na coigeartuithe agus an t-othar ina luí ar tábla speisialta, agus tá uirlisí breise ag an tábla le haghaidh na hiarphraiteora a bheith ag obair leis. Lasmuigh den oifig, molfaidh an chiropractor cleachtaí don othar chun a gcuid comharthaí cervicalgia a mhaolú sa bhaile. Is minic a bhíonn na cirio-phraiticeoirí ag obair le dochtúirí agus le fisiceolaithe, ach is féidir leis an othar dul i gcomhairle lena dhochtúir féin maidir le cúram cirio-phraiticeach.7
Is féidir le cleachtóir massage ceadúnaithe faoiseamh a thabhairt don othar freisin. Tá teiripe massage maith le haghaidh matáin tinn, agus cuireann massage sreabhadh fola chun cinn. Beidh na hothair ag mothú scíth a ligean ó mhaisiú, agus d'fhéadfadh sé seo cabhrú leis an stiffness i matáin agus an cervicalgia a mhaolú. Is minic a úsáidtear massage pointe trigger le haghaidh pian muineál, agus is modh eile a úsáidtear massage na Sualainne. Is é an massage Sualainnis an teicníc is coitianta. I measc na bhfoirmeacha eile maisithe a d'fhéadfadh an teiripeoir a úsáid tá shiatsu agus maisithe fíochán domhain. Is féidir massage na Sualainne agus massage fíochán domhain a dhéanamh le chéile. Is é aidhm na maisithe fíneáil fíneáil domhain ná nótaí agus fíneáil scar a scaoileadh a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina chúis le cervicalgia. D'fhéadfadh sé go dtabharfadh féin-mhasaíocht sa bhaile faoiseamh éigin freisin, cé nár cheart do othair aon mheaisíní deacra a thriail.9
4, 6, 8 https://www.healthline.com
Faigh amach níos mó faoi conas a chabhraíonn cúram chiropractic tar éis whiplash.


Striving for Cardiovascular Health
When heart experts talk about prevention, they usually refer to one of three types: Secondary, primary and primordial prevention. (9) All three have similar elements, but different starting times and different effects.
1. Secondary prevention. These efforts are started after someone has a heart attack or stroke, undergoes angioplasty or bypass surgery, or develops some other form of cardiovascular disease. It involves taking medications like aspirin and/or a cholesterol-lowering statin, quitting smoking and losing weight if needed, exercising more, and following a healthy diet. Although secondary prevention may sound like closing the barn door after the horse has gone, it isn’t. These steps can prevent a second heart attack or stroke, halt the progression of cardiovascular disease, and prevent early death. It may be obvious, but the number one killer of individuals who survive a first heart attack is a second heart attack.
2. Primary prevention. Primary prevention aims to keep an individual at risk of cardiovascular disease from having a first heart attack or stroke, needing angioplasty or surgery, or developing some other form of cardiovascular disease. Primary prevention is usually aimed at people who already have developed cardiovascular risk factors, such as high blood pressure or high cholesterol. It focuses on controlling worrisome risk factors. As with secondary prevention, primary prevention relies on making healthy lifestyle changes and, if needed, taking medications. But the appearance of worrisome cardiovascular risk factors means that inflammation, atherosclerosis, and/or endothelial dysfunction are already at work and, in most cases, aren’t reversible.
3. Primordial prevention. The word “primordial” means persisting from the beginning. Primordial prevention involves working to prevent inflammation, atherosclerosis, and endothelial dysfunction from taking hold, and thus prevent the appearance of risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, excess weight, and ultimately cardiovascular events. Once rarely discussed, primordial prevention is now the cornerstone of the American Heart Association’s definition of ideal cardiovascular health and efforts to help people achieve it. (9) As its name implies, the sooner you can start practicing primordial prevention—ideally from childhood on—the more likely you are to achieve it and protect yourself from cardiovascular disease.
Steps for the primordial prevention of cardiovascular disease
Four key choices can dramatically reduce your chances of developing cardiovascular risk factors and ultimately cardiovascular disease. All four are important. Here they are listed by how much they contribute to cardiovascular health, and we explain how you can put each of these into practice.
1. Not smoking
One of the best things you can do for your health is not use tobacco in any form. Tobacco use is a hard-to-break habit that can slow you down, make you sick, and shorten your life. A key way it does this is by contributing to cardiovascular disease.
In fact, researchers examined the relationship between cigarette smoking and smoking cessation on mortality in a study of over 100,000 women, published in JAMA. During this decades-long prospective study, approximately 64% of deaths among current smokers and 28% of deaths among former smokers were attributable to cigarette smoking.
- This study also reported that much of the excess risk due to smoking may be drastically lowered after quitting. Additionally, the excess risk for all-cause mortality – that is, death from any cause – decreases to the level of a never smoker 20 years after quitting.
The nicotine that tobacco products deliver is one of the most addictive substances around. That makes tobacco use one of the toughest unhealthy habits to break. But don’t get discouraged; many smokers do quit. In fact, in the United States today there are more ex-smokers than smokers. (10) To learn more about the hazards of smoking, the benefits of quitting, and tips for quitting, see “Not Smoking” on The Nutrition Source.
2. Maintaining a healthy weight
In a study of over one million women, body-mass index (BMI) was shown to be a strong risk factor for coronary heart disease. Research showed incidence of coronary heart disease increases progressively with BMI. (14)
In the Nurses’ Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, middle-aged women and men who gained 11 to 22 pounds after age 20 were up to three times more likely to develop heart disease, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, and gallstones than those who gained five pounds or fewer.
- Those who gained more than 22 pounds had an even larger risk of developing these diseases. (11, 15-18)
Weight and height go hand in hand. The taller you are, the more you weigh. That’s why researchers have devised several measures that account for both weight and height. The one most commonly used is the body-mass index (BMI)
- You can calculate your BMI by dividing your weight in kilograms by your height in meters squared. You can also use an online BMI calculator or BMI table
- A healthy BMI is under 25. Overweight is defined as a BMI of 25 to 29.9, and obesity is defined as a BMI of 30 or higher.
- Waist size matters, too. An expert panel convened by the National Institutes of Health identified these useful benchmarks: Men should aim for a waist size below 40 inches and women should aim for a waist size below 35 inches. (19)
- Getting regular physical activity is one of the best things you can do for your health. It lowers the risk of heart disease, diabetes, stroke, high blood pressure, osteoporosis, and certain cancers, and it can also help control stress, improve sleep, boost mood, keep weight in check, and reduce the risk of falling and improve cognitive function in older adults.
- It doesn’t take marathon training to see real health gains. A 30-minute brisk walk on five days of the week is all most people need. Getting any amount of exercise is better than none.
- Exercise and physical activity benefit the body, while a sedentary lifestyle does the opposite – increasing the chances of becoming overweight and developing a number of chronic diseases.
- Research shows that people who spend more time each day watching television, sitting, or riding in cars have a greater chance of dying early than people who are more active.(23-25) A study published in 2013 showed that, among women ages 50-79 with no cardiovascular disease at the start of study, prolonged sitting time was associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk regardless of the amount of time spent in leisure-time physical activity.
4. Following a healthy diet: Diet and cardiovascular disease
For years, research into connections between diet and heart disease focused on individual nutrients like cholesterol, types of fats, and specific vitamins and minerals. This work has been revealing, but it has also generated some dead ends, along with myths and confusion about what constitutes healthy eating. That’s because people eat food, not nutrients.
- The best diet for preventing cardiovascular disease is one that is full of fruits and vegetables, whole grains (28), nuts , fish, poultry, and vegetable oils; includes alcohol in moderation, if at all; and goes easy on red and processed meats, sugary beverages, sodium, and trans fat.
- People with diets consistent with this dietary pattern had a 31% lower risk of heart disease, a 33% lower risk of diabetes, and a 20% lower risk of stroke. (26)
- A randomized controlled trial found that a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts, both rich sources of unsaturated fat, reduced the incidence of major cardiovascular events amongst patients with cardiovascular disease over a 4.8-year follow-up period.
- This study highlighted that low-fat diets are not beneficial to heart health, and that incorporating healthy fats – such as those included in the Mediterranean diet – can improve heart health and weight loss.
- There isn’t one exact Mediterranean diet, as this eating style takes into account the different foods, eating patterns, and lifestyles in multiple countries that border the Mediterranean Sea. However, there are similarities that define a Mediterranean eating pattern, and as described by this study the traditional Mediterranean diet includes:
- High intake of olive oil, nuts, vegetables, fruits, and cereals
- Moderate intake of fish and poultry
- Low intake of dairy products, red meat, processed meats, and sweets
- Wine in moderation, consumed with meals (27)
Putting it all together
You can help prevent cardiovascular disease by doing four key things and making them into habits:
Strong studies make it possible to link reductions in risk to these habits. Following a healthy lifestyle may prevent over 80% of cases of coronary artery disease, (2, 3) 50% of ischemic strokes, (4) 80% of sudden cardiac deaths, (5) and 72% of deaths related to cardiovascular disease. (6) In other words, a healthy lifestyle is a good investment in a longer, healthier life.
3. Chiuve, S.E., et al., Healthy lifestyle factors in the primary prevention of coronary heart disease among men: benefits among users and nonusers of lipid-lowering and antihypertensive medications. Circulation, 2006. 114(2): p. 160-7.
9. Lloyd-Jones, D.M., et al., Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: the American Heart Association’s strategic Impact Goal through 2020 and beyond. Circulation, 2010. 121(4): p. 586-613.
12. Bogers, R.P., et al., Association of overweight with increased risk of coronary heart disease partly independent of blood pressure and cholesterol levels: a meta-analysis of 21 cohort studies including more than 300 000 persons. Arch Intern Med, 2007. 167(16): p. 1720-8.
28. Wu H, Flint AJ, Qi Q, et al. Association Between Dietary Whole Grain Intake and Risk of Mortality: Two Large Prospective Studies in US Men and Women. JAMA Intern Med. Published online January 05, 2015.
The aim of the Harvard School of Public Health Nutrition Source is to provide timely information on diet and nutrition for clinicians, allied health professionals, and the public. The contents of this Web site are not intended to offer personal medical advice. You should seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this Web site. The information does not mention brand names, nor does it endorse any particular products.

Ag Iarracht ar Sláinte Cardaivisceach
Nuair a labhraíonn speisialtóirí croí faoi chosc, déanann siad tagairt de ghnáth do cheann de thrí chineál: Cosc thánaisteach, bunscoile agus bunscoile. (9) Tá gnéithe den chineál céanna ag na trí cheann, ach tá amanna tosaigh agus éifeachtaí éagsúla acu.
1. an t-am a bhí ann. Cosc thánaisteach. Tosaítear na hiarrachtaí seo tar éis do dhuine ionsaí croí nó stróc a fháil, angioplasty nó máinliacht seachbhóthar a dhéanamh air, nó cineál éigin eile galar cardashoithíoch a fhorbairt. Baineann sé le cógais a ghlacadh mar aspirin agus/nó statin a laghdaíonn colaistéaról, scoir as caitheamh tobac agus meáchan a chailleadh más gá, níos mó aclaíochta a dhéanamh, agus aiste bia sláintiúil a leanúint. Cé go mb'fhéidir go mbraitheann cosc tharchúile mar dhoras an chléir a dhúnadh tar éis don chapaill dul, ní amhlaidh atá sé. Is féidir leis na céimeanna seo an dara ionsaí croí nó stróc a chosc, dul chun cinn galar croí-aigí a stopadh, agus bás luath a chosc. B'fhéidir go bhfuil sé soiléir, ach is é an dara tinneas croí an chéad mharbhóir de dhaoine aonair a mhaireann an chéad ionsaí croí.
2. Seachadadh. Cosc bunscoile. Tá sé mar aidhm ag an réamhchosaint duine aonair atá i mbaol galar cardashoithíoch a choinneáil ó chéad ionsaí croí nó stróc a bheith aige, angioplasty nó máinliacht a bheith ag teastáil uaidh, nó cineál éigin eile galar cardashoithíoch a fhorbairt. De ghnáth, díritheann réamhchosaint ar dhaoine a bhfuil tosca riosca cardashoithíoch acu cheana féin, mar shampla brú fola ard nó colesterol ard. Díríonn sé ar rialú fachtóirí riosca imní. Cosúil le cosc tharchúplach, tá cosc bunscoile ag brath ar athruithe stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúla a dhéanamh agus, más gá, cógais a ghlacadh. Ach ciallaíonn an chuma ar fhachtóirí riosca cardashoithíoch imní go bhfuil athlasadh, atherosclerosis, agus/nó mífheidhm endothelial ag obair cheana féin agus, i bhformhór na gcásanna, níl siad in-athraitheach.
3. Tá an t-am ann. Cosc bunscoile. Ciallaíonn an focal príomhionscéal go leanann sé ar aghaidh ón tús. Baineann cosc primordial le bheith ag obair chun ionfhabhtú, atherosclerosis, agus mífheidhm endothelial a chosc ó bheith ag glacadh ceaptha, agus dá bhrí sin cosc a chur ar chuma fachtóirí riosca mar ardteannas fola, colesterol ard, meáchan iomarcach, agus i ndeireadh na dálaí cardiovascular. Nuair a bhí sé dírithe go seasta, is é an cosc primordial anois an cloch chúlra de shainmhíniú Chumann Croí Mheiriceá ar shláinte chardó-aistritheach idéalach agus iarrachtaí chun cabhrú le daoine é a bhaint amach. (9) Mar a thugann a ainm le tuiscint, is é an seans is mó go mbainfidh tú amach é agus go gcosnóidh tú tú féin ó ghalair chroí-aigéalach ná an luath is féidir leat tosú ag cleachtadh cosc primordial - go hidéalach ó óige.
Céimeanna chun galair chártaithe croí a chosc go bunúsach
Is féidir le ceithre rogha lárnach do seans go mór a laghdú go bhforbrófar fachtóirí riosca cardashoithíoch agus go deireadh thiar galar cardashoithíoch. Tá na ceithre cinn tábhachtach. Seo iad liostaithe de réir cé chomh mór is a rannchuidíonn siad le sláinte cardashoithíoch, agus mínímid conas is féidir leat gach ceann acu a chur i bhfeidhm i gcleachtas.
1. an t-am a bhí ann. Gan tobac a chaitheamh
Ceann de na rudaí is fearr is féidir leat a dhéanamh do do shláinte ná gan tobac a úsáid in aon fhoirm. Is nós é tobac a úsáid a bhfuil sé deacair a scor as agus is féidir leis do chuid ama a chur ar shiúl, do chuid tinnis a chur ort, agus do shaol a ghearrú. Is é príomhbhealach a dhéanann sé é seo ná go gcuireann sé le galar cardashoithíoch.
Go deimhin, rinne taighdeoirí iniúchadh ar an gcaidreamh idir caitheamh tobac agus scoir tobac ar bháis i staidéar ar níos mó ná 100,000 bean, a foilsíodh i JAMA. Le linn an staidéir ionchais seo a bhí ar siúl ar feadh na mblianta, bhí thart ar 64% de bháis i measc lucht caitheamh tobac reatha agus 28% de bháis i measc lucht caitheamh tobac roimhe sin inchurtha ag caitheamh tobac.
- D' thuairiscigh an staidéar seo freisin go bhféadfadh go leor den riosca iomarcach a bhaineann le caitheamh tobac a laghdú go mór tar éis scoir. Ina theannta sin, laghdaíonn an riosca iomarcach maidir le bás ó gach cúis - is é sin, bás ó aon chúis - go leibhéal duine nach ndearna tobac riamh 20 bliain tar éis dó scor a chaitheamh.
Tá an nicotine a sholáthraíonn táirgí tobac ar cheann de na substaintí is mó a bhíonn ag cur le daoine. Sin a dhéanann úsáid tobac ar cheann de na nósanna neamhshláintiúla is deacra a scor. Ach ná bíodh díomá ort; is féidir le go leor tobac a fhágáil. Go deimhin, sna Stáit Aontaithe inniu tá níos mó iar-tobacóirí ná tobacóirí. (10) Chun tuilleadh a fhoghlaim faoi na guaiseacha a bhaineann le caitheamh tobac, faoi na buntáistí a bhaineann le scoir a chur as, agus faoi leideanna chun scoir a chur as, féach 'Ná caitheamh tobac' ar The Nutrition Source.
2. Seachadadh. Cothabháil meáchan sláintiúil
I staidéar ar níos mó ná milliún bean, léiríodh gur fachtóir riosca láidir é innéacs mais coirp (BMI) le haghaidh galar corónach croí. Léirigh taighde go méadaíonn teagmhas galar croí corónach go forleathan le BMI. (14) an
Sa Staidéar Sláinte na n-Innealtóirí agus sa Staidéar Leath-Leasa na Proifeiseantaigh Sláinte, bhí mná agus fir meánaosta a fuair 11 go 22 punt tar éis aois 20 suas le trí huaire níos mó seans ann go mbeadh galar croí, brú fola ard, diaibéiteas cineál 2 agus clocha gallann orthu ná iad siúd a fuair cúig punt nó níos lú.
- Bhí riosca níos mó ag na daoine a fuair níos mó ná 22 punt na galair seo a fhorbairt. (Léigh an t-alt.)
Téann meáchan agus airde lámh ar láimh. An níos airde atá tú, an níos meáchain atá tú. Sin é an fáth go bhfuil taighdeoirí tar éis roinnt tomhais a cheapadh a thugann cuntas ar mheáchan agus ar airde araon. Is é an ceann is coitianta a úsáidtear ná innéacs mais coirp (BMI)
- Is féidir leat do BMI a ríomh trí do mheáchan i gcilogram a roinnt ar do dhroim i méadar cearnach. Is féidir leat ríomhchlár BMI ar líne nó tábla BMI a úsáid freisin
- Tá BMI sláintiúil faoi bhun 25. Sainmhínítear róthrom mar BMI de 25 go 29.9, agus sainmhínítear murtall mar BMI de 30 nó níos airde.
- Tá méid waist tábhachtaí, freisin. D'aithin painéal saineolaithe a thionóil na hInstitiúidí Náisiúnta Sláinte na sásanna úsáideacha seo: Ba cheart do na fir a bheith ag iarraidh méid cirt faoi bhun 40 orlach agus ba cheart do na mná a bheith ag iarraidh méid cirt faoi bhun 35 orlach. (19) an t-easnamh
- Tá gníomhaíocht choirp rialta ar cheann de na rudaí is fearr is féidir leat a dhéanamh do do shláinte. Laghdaíonn sé an baol go dtarlódh galar croí, diaibéiteas, stróc, brú fola ard, osteoporosis, agus ailse áirithe, agus is féidir leis cabhrú le strus a rialú, codladh a fheabhsú, mothúchán a fheabhsú, meáchan a choinneáil faoi smacht, agus an baol titim a laghdú agus feidhmiú cognaíoch a fheabhsú i ndaoine fásta níos sine.
- Ní gá oiliúint maraitéin chun fíor-bhrabús sláinte a fheiceáil. Is é 30 nóiméad siúlóid snasta ar chúig lá den tseachtain go leor a theastaíonn ó chuid is mó daoine. Tá aon mhéid aclaíochta níos fearr ná aon cheann.
- Tá tairbhe ag aclaíocht agus gníomhaíocht fhisiceach don chorp, agus tá an a mhalairt ag baint le stíl mhaireachtála shuíochánta  ag méadú na seans go mbeidh róthrom ort agus go bhforbróidh tú roinnt galair ainsealacha.
- Léiríonn taighde go bhfuil seans níos mó ag daoine a chaitheann níos mó ama gach lá ag féachaint ar an teilifís, ag suí, nó ag marcaíocht i gcarranna bás luath a fháil ná daoine atá níos gníomhaí. (23-25) Léirigh staidéar a foilsíodh in 2013 go raibh baint ag am fada suí le riosca méadaithe galar cardashoithíoch i measc na mban 50-79 bliain d'aois gan aon ghalar cardashoithíoch ag tús an staidéir, is cuma cé mhéad ama a chaitear i ngníomhaíocht choirp am saor in aisce.
4. Tá an t-am Ag leanúint aiste bia sláintiúil: An aiste bia agus galar cardashoithíoch
Le blianta fada, dírigh taighde ar naisc idir aiste bia agus galar croí ar chothaithigh aonair cosúil le colesterol, cineálacha sailleanna, agus vitimíní agus mianraí ar leith. Tá an obair seo ag nochtadh, ach tá roinnt deireadh marbh tagtha leis freisin, mar aon le miotais agus mearbhall faoi cad is bia sláintiúil ann. Tá sé sin toisc go n-itheann daoine bia, ní cothaithigh.
- Is é an aiste bia is fearr chun galair chárthaí a chosc ná an aiste bia atá lán de thorthaí agus glasraí, gráin iomlána (28), cnónna, éisc, éanlaith, agus olaí glasraí; lena n-áirítear alcól go measartha, más ann dóibh ar chor ar bith; agus a théann go héasca ar fheoil dhearg agus próiseáilte, deochanna siúcracha, sóidiam, agus saill thras.
- Bhí riosca 31% níos ísle galar croí, riosca 33% níos ísle diaibéiteas, agus riosca 20% níos ísle stróc ag daoine a raibh a n-aiste bia comhsheasmhach leis an bpatrún aiste bia seo. (26)
- Fuair triail randamach rialaithe go laghdaigh aiste bia Mheánmhuirí a fhorlíonadh le ola olóige uasal-earraigh nó cnónna, foinsí saibhre saill neamhsháithithe, an t-ionfhabhtaíocht imeachtaí móra cardashoithíoch i measc othair le galar cardashoithíoch thar thréimhse leanta 4.8 bliana.
- Léirigh an staidéar seo nach bhfuil aiste bia ísealchraicinn tairbheach do shláinte an chroí, agus gur féidir le saillte sláintiúla a ionchorprú  mar na saillte atá san aiste bia Mheánmhuirí  sláinte an chroí agus meáchain caillteanas a fheabhsú.
- Níl aon aiste bia Meánmhara amháin ann, toisc go gcuirtear san áireamh leis an stíl ithe seo na bianna, na patrúin ithe agus na stíleanna maireachtála éagsúla i go leor tíortha a bhfuil teorainn acu leis an Mhuir Mheánmhuir. Mar sin féin, tá cosúlachtaí ann a shainmhíníonn patrún ithe Meánmhara, agus mar a thuairiscítear sa staidéar seo, áirítear leis an aiste bia traidisiúnta Mheánmhara:
- Iontógáil mhór ola olóige, cnónna, glasraí, torthaí agus gráin
- Iontógáil measartha iasc agus éanlaithe
- Íseal-iontógáil táirgí déiríochta, feoil dhearg, feoil phróiseáilte, agus milseoga
- Fíon i gcoibhneasta, a thomhaistear le béilí (27)
Ag cur an méid sin le chéile
Is féidir leat cabhrú le galair chroí-aigí a chosc trí cheithre rud a dhéanamh agus iad a dhéanamh ina nósanna:
De réir staidéir láidir, is féidir laghdú na rioscaí a nascadh leis na nósanna seo. Is féidir le stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúil níos mó ná 80% de chásanna galar ar an artéar corónach a chosc, (2, 3) 50% de stróc iscaimiceach, (4) 80% de bhásanna cardasacha tobann, (5) agus 72% de bhásanna a bhaineann le galar cardashoithíoch. (6) I bhfocail eile, is infheistíocht mhaith í stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúil i saol níos faide, níos sláintiúla.
3. Tá an t-am ann. Chiuve, S.E., et al., Fachtóirí stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúla i gcosc bunscoile ar ghalair croí corónach i measc fir: tairbhí i measc úsáideoirí agus neamhúsáideoirí cógais lipid-íseal agus frith-hypertensive. Díoladh, 2006. 114 (a) (2): l. 160-7.
9. Naoi. Lloyd-Jones, D.M., et al., Goalanna náisiúnta a shainiú agus a shocrú chun sláinte cardashoithíoch a chur chun cinn agus galar a laghdú: Sprioc Impéacta Straitéiseach Chumann an Chroí Mheiriceá go dtí 2020 agus ina dhiaidh sin. Díoladh, 2010. 121 (a): pp. 586-613.
12. Tá sé seo fíor? Bogers, R.P., et al., Comhlachas idir iomarca meáchain agus riosca méadaithe galar croí corónach neamhspleách go páirteach ar leibhéil brú fola agus coleistéaról: meta-anailís ar 21 staidéar cohorta lena n-áirítear níos mó ná 300 000 duine. Arch Intern Med, 2007. 167 (a) 16: bl. 1720-8.
28. Ceoltóirí Wu H, Flint AJ, Qi Q, et al. Comhlachas idir iontógáil gráin iomlána agus riosca báis: Dhá Staidéar mór ionchais i bhfear agus mná na SA. JAMA Inmheánach Med. Foilsithe ar líne an 5 Eanáir, 2015.
Is é aidhm Foinse Cothúcháin Scoile Sláinte Poiblí Harvard faisnéis tráthúil a sholáthar maidir le aiste bia agus cothú do chliniceoirí, do ghairmithe sláinte comhghuaillíochta, agus don phobal. Ní chuirtear comhairle leighis ar fáil ar son an láithreáin ghréasáin seo. Ba cheart duit comhairle a lorg ó do dhochtúir nó ó sholáthraí sláinte cáilithe eile le haon cheist a d'fhéadfadh a bheith agat maidir le riocht leighis. Ná déan neamhaird ar chomhairle ghairmiúil nó ná bí ag moill air a fháil mar gheall ar rud éigin a léigh tú ar an suíomh Gréasáin seo. Ní luaitear ainmneacha branda sa fhaisnéis, ná ní thacaíonn sí le haon tháirgí ar leith.


It's fitting that former enemies and inheritors of former regimes got together today in Moscow for what may be one of the last big World War II commemorations that can include numbers of walking veterans. Quite right, too, that the country that suffered the greatest number of casualties be the host. It's hard to see how Germany could have been defeated without the Red Army's determination. Click on the stamp at left for an example of the Soviet-era heroic gigantism prevalent in the USSR (from StampRussia).
That other Ally that withstood alone on the Western Front, Great Britain, is of course personified by its wartime leader, Winston Churchill. His voice, his profile, his very pugnaciousness, stood for so much in the years before the US entered the war. From the British Postal Museum Archive.
Marching in Moscow for the first time today was the United States, which not only saved the Brits from the Germans, but had to fight off the Japanese throughout the Pacific. The cartoonist Bill Mauldin, beloved of the foot soldiers but mistrusted by the brass for the scruffy image he gave to GIs, is portrayed in this US Postal Service stamp. Rounding out the Big Four was China, but not the China of Communist Beijing. Nationalist China, under Chiang Kai-Shek, was at the table with its Soviet, American, and British allies. No more Soviets at the Kremlin these days, and the Nationalists had to watch the ceremony from Taiwan. From StampsOfChina.
Finally, France, which though not a member of the wartime Big Four, did manage to stay in the big power league thanks to the sheer will power of then General De Gaulle. Thanks to French postwar leaders managing to overcome their hatred of Germany for outrages like Oradour (hundreds of men, women, and children killed in cold blood, the entire village burnt to the ground), we have a united Europe today. Stamp from Timbres-de-France.
Okay, world leaders, well done in the war memorial category. Now please work together on that even bigger goal: saving the planet from its multiple non-military threats. It's a much harder target to zero in on.

Tá sé oiriúnach go bhfuil iar-naimhde agus oidhreacha de réimeas iar-aontaigh a tháinig le chéile inniu i Moscó le haghaidh cad a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ar cheann de na comórtais mhór deireanach an Dara Cogadh Domhanda gur féidir a áireamh líon na veterans siúil. Tá sé ceart go leor, freisin, go mbeadh an tír a d'fhulaing an líon is mó caillteanais ina óstach. Tá sé deacair a fheiceáil conas a d'fhéadfaí an Ghearmáin a bheith defeated gan cinneadh an Airm Dhearg. Cliceáil ar an stampa ar chlé le haghaidh sampla den gigantism laochra na Sóivéide a bhí forleathan san USSR (ó StampRussia).
An Ally eile sin a sheas ina n-aonar ar an gCéad Chuain Thiar, an Bhreatain Mhór, tá sé, ar ndóigh, personified ag a ceannaire am cogaidh, Winston Churchill. Bhí a ghuth, a phróifíl, a chuid fonntachta féin, chomh mór sin sna blianta sular tháinig na Stáit Aontaithe isteach sa chogadh. Ó Chartlann Mhúsaem na Breataine Poist.
Ag imeacht i Moscó den chéad uair inniu bhí na Stáit Aontaithe, a ní amháin a shábháil na Breataine ó na Gearmánaigh, ach bhí chun troid amach an tSeapáinis ar fud an Aigéin Chiúin. Tá an cartúinéir Bill Mauldin, beloved of the foot soldiers but mistrusted by the brass for the scruffy image he gave to GIs, á léiriú sa stampa Seirbhís Phoistíochta na Stát Aontaithe. Bhí an tSín ag críochnú na Ceithre Mór, ach ní an tSín de Phéising Chumhaltach. Bhí an tSín Náisiúnta, faoi Chiang Kai-Shek, ag an mbord lena chomhghuaillithe Sóivéadacha, Mheiriceá agus na Breataine. Ní raibh aon Sóivéadaigh sa Kremlin níos mó na laethanta seo, agus bhí ar na Náisiúnaigh féachaint ar an searmanas ó Taiwan. Ó StampsOfChina.
Ar deireadh, d'éirigh leis an bhFrainc, cé nach raibh sí ina ball den Cheathrú Mór, fanacht sa chomhlacht mórchumhachta a bhuíochas le neart toil an Ghinearála De Gaulle. Buíochas le ceannairí na Fraince tar éis an chogaidh a bhainistiú chun a n-fhuath sa Ghearmáin a shárú le haghaidh outrages cosúil Oradour (cailíní, fir, mná, agus leanaí a maraíodh i gcroid, an sráidbhaile ar fad dóite go talamh), tá muid a aontaithe san Eoraip inniu. Stamp ó Timbres-de-France.
Ceart go leor, ceannairí domhanda, go maith déanta sa chatagóir cuimhneacháin chogaidh. Anois, le do thoil, oibrigh le chéile ar an gcuspóir níos mó: an phláinéid a shábháil óna bhagairtí neamh-mhilitárúla iomadúla. Tá sé i bhfad níos deacra sprioc a n-úsáideann sé.


Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease of global relevance. Due to the fear that comes with the long-term bodily degenerative processes, people with the disease often do not actively seek information on the health risks. According to a new study in the Journal of Consumer Research, modern day technologies like interactive games and virtual reality platforms can help people with Type 2 diabetes make better choices and monitor their health on a regular basis.
“Our findings bring to light the unrealized power of information communication technologies as social platforms,” write authors Kelly Tian (University of Wyoming), Pookie Sautter, Derek Fisher (both New Mexico State University), Sarah Fischbach (University of Hawaii at Manoa), Cuauhtemoc Luna-Nevarez (Sacred Heart University), Kevin Boberg, Jim Kroger (both New Mexico State University), and Richard Vann (University of Wyoming).
The authors found that when people engage in interactive social platforms that are capable of building and hosting online therapeutic communities, they develop empathy for the people who are living day-to-day with a chronic disease. As the online therapeutic communities are developed, the players become peers who mentor one another in making better choices about their health.
For companies interested in funding grants that support the healthcare industry, study results support the need for establishing online therapeutic communities where visual platforms foster community engagement and create markets for new technologies. The authors also point out a need for reforming patient education and the design and distribution of information related to a chronic disease like Type 2 diabetes.
“Emerging bio-health companies that develop monitoring products may also benefit from allowing customer input featured in their product designs,” the authors conclude. “Patient visions of how these features can help alleviate trauma and improve lives show the power of the therapeutic community.”
Kelly Tian, Pookie Sautter, Derek Fisher, Sarah Fischbach, Cuauhtemoc Luna-Nevarez, Kevin Boberg, Jim Kroger, and Richard Vann. “Transforming Health Care: Empowering Therapeutic Communities through Technology-Enhanced Narratives.” Journal of Consumer Research: August 2014.

Is galar ainsealach atá ábhartha ar fud an domhain é diaibéiteas cineál 2. Mar gheall ar an eagla a thagann leis na próisis dhearg-téarmacha díghiniúnaitheacha coirp, ní bhíonn daoine a bhfuil an galar acu ag lorg faisnéise go gníomhach faoi na rioscaí sláinte. De réir staidéir nua sa Journal of Consumer Research, is féidir le teicneolaíochtaí nua-aimseartha cosúil le cluichí idirghníomhacha agus ardáin réaltachta fíorúla cabhrú le daoine le diaibéiteas Cineál 2 roghanna níos fearr a dhéanamh agus monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar a sláinte go rialta.
"Cuireann ár bhfillteán an chumhacht neamh-réaltaithe a bhaineann le teicneolaíochtaí cumarsáide faisnéise mar ardáin shóisialta i bhfios", a scríobh na húdair Kelly Tian (Ollscoil Wyoming), Pookie Sautter, Derek Fisher (Ollscoil Stáit Nua-Mheicsiceo araon), Sarah Fischbach (Ollscoil Hawaii ag Manoa), Cuauhtemoc Luna-Nevarez (Ollscoil Síochána na Síochána), Kevin Boberg, Jim Kroger (Ollscoil Stáit Nua-Mheicsiceo araon), agus Richard Vann (Ollscoil Wyoming).
Fuair na húdair amach nuair a bhíonn daoine ag baint úsáide as ardáin shóisialta idirghníomhacha atá in ann pobail teiripeacha ar líne a thógáil agus a óstáil, go bhforbraíonn siad comhbhá leis na daoine atá ag maireachtáil ó lá go lá le galar ainsealach. De réir mar a fhorbraítear na pobail teiripeacha ar líne, bíonn na himreoirí ina gcomhghleacaithe a thugann comhairle dá chéile chun roghanna níos fearr a dhéanamh faoina sláinte.
I gcás cuideachtaí a bhfuil suim acu deontais a mhaoiniú a thacaíonn le tionscal na cúraim sláinte, tacaíonn torthaí na staidéir leis an ngá le pobail teiripeacha ar líne a bhunú ina gcuireann ardáin amhairc rannpháirtíocht an phobail chun cinn agus ina gcruthófar margaí do theicneolaíochtaí nua. Léiríonn na húdair freisin go bhfuil gá le hoideachas othair a athchóiriú agus le dearadh agus dáileadh faisnéise a bhaineann le galar ainsealach cosúil le diaibéiteas Cineál 2.
Is féidir le cuideachtaí bithshláinte atá ag teacht chun cinn a fhorbraíonn táirgí faireacháin tairbhe a bhaint as ionchur ó chustaiméirí a cheadú a bheith i gceist ina ndearadh táirgí,conclúíonn na húdair.  Léiríonn físí othar ar an gcaoi ar féidir leis na gnéithe seo cabhrú le trauma a mhaolú agus saol a fheabhsú cumhacht an phobail theiripeach.
Kelly Tian, Pookie Sautter, Derek Fisher, Sarah Fischbach, Cuauhtemoc Luna-Nevarez, Kevin Boberg, Jim Kroger, agus Richard Vann. Cúram Sláinte a Athrú: Pobail Teiripeacha a Cumhachtú trí Thráchtálacha Fheabhsaithe Teicneolaíochta. Journal of Consumer Research: Lúnasa 2014.


Online Dictionary: translate word or phrase from Indonesian to English or vice versa, and also from english to english on-line.
Hasil cari dari kata atau frase: Utilize(0.01167 detik)
Found 4 items, similar to Utilize.
English → Indonesian (Kamus Landak)
English → Indonesian (quick)
memanfaatkan, memperalat, menggunakan
English → English (WordNet)
v 1: put into service; make work or employ (something) for a
particular purpose or for its inherent or natural
purpose; “use your head!”; “we only use Spanish at
home”; “I can't make use of this tool”; “Apply a
magnetic field here”; “This thinking was applied to many
projects”; “How do you utilize this tool?”; “I apply
this rule to get good results”; “use the plastic bags to
store the food”; “He doesn't know how to use a computer”
[syn: use, utilise, apply, employ]
2: convert (from an investment trust to a unit trust)
English → English (gcide)
Utilize \U"til*ize\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Utilized; p. pr. &
vb. n. Utilizing.] [Cf. F. utiliser.]
To make useful; to turn to profitable account or use; to make
use of; as, to utilize the whole power of a machine; to
utilize one's opportunities.
In former ages, the mile-long corridors, with their
numerous alcoves, might have been utilized as . . .

Fuaim Online: aistriú focal nó frása ó Indinéisis go Béarla nó vice versa, agus freisin ó Béarla go Béarla ar líne.
Hasil cari dari kata atau frase: Utilize (a úsáid)
Fuair mé 4 earra, cosúil le Utilize.
Béarla → Indinéisis (Kamus Landak)
Béarla → Indinéisis (tapa)
úsáid a bhaint as, cuimhneamh a dhéanamh air, úsáid a bhaint as
Béarla → Béarla (WordNet)
v 1: a chur i seirbhís; obair a dhéanamh nó (rud) a úsáid le haghaidh
a chuspóir ar leith nó dá chuspóir nádúrtha nó nádúrtha
 úsáid do cheann!;  ní úsáidimid an Spáinnis ach ag
 Ní féidir liom an uirlis seo a úsáid  Cuir
 Bhí an smaoineamh seo á chur i bhfeidhm ar go leor
tionscadail; Conas a úsáideann tú an uirlis seo?; Cuirim iarratas isteach
 úsáid na málaí plaisteacha chun
an bia a stóráil;  Ní bhíonn a fhios aige conas ríomhaire a úsáid
[syn: úsáid, úsáid, cur i bhfeidhm, fostaíocht]
2: a thiontú (ó iontaobhais infheistíochta go iontaobhais aonad)
Béarla → Béarla (gcide)
Úsáid "Util*ize", v. t. [imp. & p. p. &
vb. n. Ag baint úsáide as.] [Cf. F. úsáid.]
Chun a dhéanamh úsáideach; chun dul chun cuntas nó úsáid brabúsach; a dhéanamh
úsáid; mar, a úsáid an chumhacht iomlán de mheaisín; a
leas a bhaint as na deiseanna atá agat.
I réaltaí roimhe seo, na conairí míle fada, lena
d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh úsáid á bhaint as go leor alcóib, mar . . . go deo . . . go deo .


Whitewater Rafting on the Ocoee River: Fun Facts
The Ocoee River is Southeast Tennessee’s iconic whitewater river and provides recreational opportunities for paddlers of all skill levels. The river is dam-controlled at 3 levels creating 3 sections – the upper, middle and lower, each offering very different paddling options.
The Upper Ocoee provides 5 miles of challenging whitewater and should only be attempted by the most experienced paddlers or with a commercial rafting outfitter. The Middle Ocoee is the most popular section of the river, boasting 5 miles of nearly continuous Class III-IV whitewater. After the river spills into Parksville Lake, it calms down for tubing and relaxing paddles. Whitewater rafting on the Ocoee River is available March through October each year. Learn more at TimeToRaft.com.
Here are some fun facts about the Ocoee and how it came to become one of the nation’s best-loved rivers.
FACT # 1: The entire 93-mile long river actually has two names. It’s called the Toccoa River for 56 miles in Georgia. When it reaches the truss bridge at the state line in McCaysville, Ga., and Copperhill, Tenn., the river becomes the Ocoee River and remains so until it empties into the Hiwassee River and eventually the Tennessee River.
FACT # 2: The Ocoee powerhouses, dams and flume line are part of a hydroelectric power project that began in 1910. Constructed by Eastern Tennessee Power Company, this series of historic hydroelectric structures are tucked into the narrow Ocoee River Gorge, all within a stretch of only 12 miles. The first dam, Ocoee Dam No. 1, flooded the farming community of Parksville, so upon its completion it was called Parksville Lake.
FACT # 3: The Ocoee Flume is a unique structure, the only one of its kind in the nation. Constructed of tongue-and-groove California longleaf pine, it resembles a wooden trough snaking along the rock bluffs that line the Ocoee River. Its purpose is to capture the Ocoee River as it pauses at the Diversion Dam, and then force the waters through the narrow flume to the powerhouse to turn the turbines. In 1939 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) purchased the powerhouses, dams and flume line.
FACT # 4: In September 1976, a rock slide heavily damaged the flume line, allowing water to consistently flow down the river bed for the first time since the early 1900s. When this happened, people showed up with army surplus rafts to run the five miles of whitewater rapids. Rafting companies sprang up while TVA hurried to repair the flume to again divert water from the Ocoee. After much resistance and a Congressional Act, TVA agreed to schedule 116 days of recreational water releases per year on the Middle Ocoee River.
FACT # 5: The Upper Ocoee River runs parallel with a section of the historic Old Copper Road, a 47-mile road that was constructed in 1853 to connect the copper mines in Southeast Tennessee’s Copper Basin to the railroad terminus in Cleveland, Tenn. The 12 miles that winds through the Ocoee Gorge is known as the Ocoee National Forest Scenic Byway, the nation’s first National Forest Scenic Byway. A 5-mile restored section of the original roadbed can be found at the Ocoee Whitewater Center, near Ducktown, Tenn., where it is open to the public as a hiking and biking trail.
FACT # 6: The Ocoee River was the site of the 1996 Olympic Canoe and Kayak Competition, serving that year as the only Olympic venue outside the state of Georgia. The Olympic Village, housing the whitewater athletes, was located at Lee University in nearby Cleveland, Tenn.
FACT # 7: Hiwassee/Ocoee Scenic River State Park helps to manage the Ocoee and Hiwassee rivers. In addition to river responsibilities, the state park manages Gee Creek Campground and a number of trails. The state park visitor center is located in Delano, Tenn.

Rafting Whitewater ar Abhainn Ocoee: Fíricí Suimiúla
Is abhainn íogair uisce bán í Abhainn Ocoee i dTuaisceart Tennessee agus soláthraíonn sé deiseanna áineasa do phaidéalóirí de gach leibhéal scileanna. Tá an abhainn á rialú ag dam ag 3 leibhéal ag cruthú 3 chuid  an chuid uachtarach, lár agus íseal, agus cuireann gach ceann de na roghanna paidéil an-difriúla ar fáil.
Soláthraíonn an Upper Ocoee 5 míle d'uisce bán dúshlánach agus níor cheart iarracht a dhéanamh ach ag na paidéil is taithí acu nó le feisteoir rafting tráchtála. Is é an Océan Mheán an chuid is mó tóir ar an abhainn, ag bródú 5 míle d'uisce bán beagnach leanúnach Rang III-IV. Tar éis don abhainn a shruthú isteach i Loch Parksville, síneann sé síos le haghaidh tubing agus pádáil scíth a ligean. Tá rafting uisce bán ar Abhainn Ocoee ar fáil ó mhí an Mhárta go Deireadh Fómhair gach bliain. Faigh tuilleadh eolais ag TimeToRaft.com.
Seo roinnt fíricí spraíúla faoi an Ocoee agus conas a tháinig sé chun bheith ar cheann de na náisiúin ab fhearr-grá na h-aibhne.
FACT # 1: Tá dhá ainm ag an abhainn iomlán 93 míle fada. Tugtar an t-ainm sin ar Abhainn Toccoa ar feadh 56 míle i Georgia. Nuair a shroicheann sé an droichead truss ag an líne stáit i McCaysville, Ga., agus Copperhill, Tenn., Is Abhainn an Abhainn Ocoee agus fanann sé mar sin go dtí go dtéann sé isteach i Abhainn Hiwassee agus sa deireadh Abhainn Tennessee.
FACT # 2: Tá an Ocoee powerhouses, damha agus líne flume cuid de thionscadal cumhachta hidrealaíoch a thosaigh i 1910. Tógadh é ag Eastern Tennessee Power Company, tá an tsraith struchtúir hidrealaíocha stairiúla seo tucked isteach i gCorcaigh an Abhainn Ocoee, go léir laistigh de shraith de 12 míle amháin. An chéad dam, Dam Ocoee No. 1, tuilte ar phobal feirmeoireachta Parksville, mar sin ar a chríochnú tugadh Parksville Lake air.
FACT # 3: Is é an Ocoee Flume struchtúr uathúil, an ceann amháin dá chineál sa náisiún. Tógadh é as péine longleaf California le teanga agus greim, is cosúil le trog adhmaid ag snámh ar feadh na mbloic charraig atá ar líne Abhainn Ocoee. Is é a chuspóir an Abhainn Ocoee a ghabháil agus é ag sosadh ag an mBád Athshlánú, agus ansin na huiscí a chur ar aghaidh tríd an sruth caol go dtí an t-ionad cumhachta chun na turbinaí a chasadh. Sa bhliain 1939 cheannaigh Údarás Gleann Tennessee (TVA) na cumhachta, na damha agus an líne flume.
FACT # 4: I Meán Fómhair 1976, rinne sleamhnán carraige damáiste mór don líne flume, rud a cheadaigh uisce a sreabhadh go seasta síos an leaba abhainn don chéad uair ó thús na 1900idí. Nuair a tharla sé seo, tháinig daoine le rachtaí breise arm chun na cúig mhíle de rapids Whitewater a rith. Tháinig cuideachtaí rafting chun cinn agus TVA ag rith chun an flume a dheisiú chun uisce a atreorú arís ó Ocoee. Tar éis go leor freasúra agus Acht Comhdhála, d'aontaigh TVA 116 lá a sceidealú d'eisiúintí uisce áineasa in aghaidh na bliana ar Abhainn Mheán-Ocoee.
FACT # 5: Ritheann Abhainn Uachtarach Ocoee comhthreomhar le codán den Old Copper Road stairiúil, bóthar 47 míle a tógadh i 1853 chun na mianaigh copar i gCúige Oirdheisceart Tennessee a nascadh le Cuan Copar Tennessee go dtí an chríochfort iarnróid i Cleveland, Tenn. Tá an 12 míle a shroicheann trí Ghlór Ocoee ar a dtugtar an Ocoee Foraois Náisiúnta Scenic Byway, an chéad Byway Scéimigh Foraoise Náisiúnta na tíre. Is féidir codán athchóirithe 5 mhíle den bhóthair bhunaidh a fháil ag Ionad Ocoee Whitewater, in aice le Ducktown, Tennessee, áit a bhfuil sé ar oscailt don phobal mar shlí siúlóide agus rothaíochta.
FACT # 6: Bhí an Abhainn Ocoee mar shuíomh na gComhdháil Canoe agus Kayak Oilimpeach 1996, ag feidhmiú an bhliain sin mar an t-aon áit Oilimpeach lasmuigh de stát Georgia. Bhí an Baile Oilimpeach, ina raibh na lúthchleasaithe uiscebhealaigh, lonnaithe in Ollscoil Lee i Cleveland in aice láimhe, Tenn.
FACT # 7: Hiwassee / Ocoee Scenic River State Park cuireann sé le bainistíocht na n-aibhneacha Ocoee agus Hiwassee. Chomh maith le freagrachtaí abhainn, bainistíonn an pháirc stáit Campground Gee Creek agus roinnt cosáin. Tá an t-ionad cuairteoirí páirce stáit lonnaithe i Delano, Tenn.


Weather and Risk Management: Links for Teachers
Students become the star reporter at a Web site called disasterama.com. They use geography knowledge to sort out stories of four kids caught in natural disasters.
Features: Lesson Ideas, Graphics/Multimedia
Natural Hazard Risks in the United States
Students examine specific locations at high risk for various natural hazards, to assess why the hazards exist, and to investigate what towns and cities are doing to prepare for a natural disaster.
Features: Lesson Ideas, Data Sources
Tornadoes are the result of great instability in the atmosphere and are associated with severe thunderstorms. Learn tornado facts, the history of tornadoes, and how to make a tornado safety plan at home or at school.
Features: Graphics/Multimedia, A Bit of History
This game quizzes students on their disaster knowledge about tornadoes, hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes. The game is available to play online or print out for use in the classroom.
Features: Online Interactivity, Graphics/Multimedia, Assessment
Dealing With Disasters
Students study potential natural hazards in their community, report on local hazards in small groups, and discuss community preparation and response.
Features: Lesson Ideas, Online Interactivity, Graphics/Multimedia, Inquiry Materials

Bainistiú Aeráide agus Riosca: Naisc do Mhúinteoirí
Is iad na mic léinn na tuairisceoirí is fearr ar shuíomh Gréasáin ar a dtugtar disasterama.com. Baineann siad úsáid as eolas tíreolaíochta chun scéalta a réiteach ar cheithre leanbh a fuair siad i dtimpeallachtaí nádúrtha.
Features: Leas-Ideas, Grafaicí/Multiméide
Rioscaí Náisiúnta sna Stáit Aontaithe
Scrúdaíonn mic léinn áiteanna ar leith atá i mbaol ard do bhagairtí nádúrtha éagsúla, chun a mheas cén fáth a bhfuil na baogais ann, agus chun fiosrúchán a dhéanamh ar na bailte agus na cathracha atá á ndéanamh chun ullmhú do thubaiste nádúrtha.
Features: Léachtaí, Foinsí Sonraí
Is é an toradh atá ar thornadóí ná go bhfuil an atmaisféar an-neamhsheasmhach agus go bhfuil baint acu le stoirmeacha tromchúiseacha. Foghlaim fíricí faoi thornadó, stair thornadó, agus conas plean sábháilteachta thornadó a dhéanamh sa bhaile nó ar scoil.
Features: Grafach/Multiméide, Beagán Stair
Sa chluiche seo déantar ceist ar mhic léinn maidir lena gcuid eolais tubaiste faoi thornadó, hurricane, tuile, agus crith talún. Tá an cluiche ar fáil le himirt ar líne nó le priontáil le húsáid sa seomra ranga.
Features: Idirghníomhaíocht ar Líne, Grafaicí/Multiméide, Measúnú
Ag Deileáil le hAthruithe
Déanann mic léinn staidéar ar na contúirtí nádúrtha a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina mbaol ina bpobal, tuairiscíonn siad faoi na contúirtí áitiúla i ngrúpaí beaga, agus pléann siad ullmhúchán agus freagairt an phobail.
Features: Leas-Ideas, Idirghníomhaíocht ar Líne, Grafaicí/Multiméide, Ábhair Iarratais


The Social Importance of Self-Esteem
10 tips provided by the ‘The (California) State Task Force to Promote Self-Esteem and Personal and Social Responsibility.’ 1986-1990
(Note: 2014, I can no longer find this list online)
1. ACCEPT YOURSELF. Every day when you get up, say to yourself, “I am a worthwhile and lovable person, no matter how many “mistakes” I make.
2. SET REALISTIC GOALS. Try to better yourself, but set goals that are within your reach. For example, if you want to stop smoking and go on a diet, don’t try both at the same time.
3. FORGIVE YOURSELF AND OTHERS. Remind yourself: “Today is the first day of the rest of my life.” To forgive yourself and others, let go of past feelings of guilt and resentment. Get on with your life.
4. EXPRESS YOUR FEELINGS. Start by being honest with yourself. Next, find someone you trust–a spouse, a parent, a close friend–and tell him or her how you feel. Truthfully express your feelings this way and you’ll slowly build confidence.
5. TRUST YOURSELF AND OTHERS. Make an agreement with yourself to be more responsible. Do something simple like getting up at a certain time in the morning. When you do it a few times, you’ll begin to trust yourself in more important situations.
6. TAKE APPROPRIATE RISKS. Go back to school. Seek a better job. If you don’t take chances, you’ll be in the same old rut.
7. TAP YOUR CREATIVITY. Everyone is creative, but we stifle our creativity because we’re afraid of failure. Force yourself to keep at it until you get it right. Most of all have fun.
8. FIND YOUR SPIRITUALITY. We can all increase our self-esteem by realizing we’re accepted and loved by the Creator, exactly as we are.
9. ELIMINATE NEGATIVE THOUGHTS. You damage your self-esteem by allowing your mind to be filled with negative thoughts such as “I’m a terrible worker” or “I’m too fat.”
10. LIKE YOUR BODY. Your health and appearance are important parts of your self-esteem. Accept the things you can’t change, such as heights. Work to change the things you can, like being overweight.
Maria’s Recommended Reading:
Self-esteem is not self-confidence. http://www.self-esteem-health.com/about-self-esteem.html

An Tásc Sóisialta a bhaineann le Féinmheas
10 leideanna a thug an The (California) State Task Force to Promote Self-Esteem and Personal and Social Responsibility. 1986-1990
(Nóta: 2014, ní féidir liom an liosta seo a fháil ar líne a thuilleadh)
1. an t-am a bhí ann. GLAC AÍSE. Gach lá nuair a dhúisíonn tú, abair leat féin, 'Is duine luachmhar agus grámhara mé, is cuma cé mhéad 'earráidí' a dhéanaim.
2. Seachadadh. SOCHTÁIL CÚILÍ REALÁISTE. Déan iarracht tú féin a fheabhsú, ach leag spriocanna atá inrochtana duit. Mar shampla, más mian leat stop a chur le caitheamh tobac agus aiste bia a dhéanamh, ná déan iarracht an dá rud a dhéanamh ag an am céanna.
3. Tá an t-am ann. FÉIRGÍOCH duit féin agus do dhaoine eile. Cuimhnigh ort féin: Is é an lá atá inniu ann an chéad lá den chuid eile de mo shaol. Chun maitheanas a thabhairt duit féin agus do dhaoine eile, lig do mhothúcháin cionta agus fearg a bhí ann roimhe seo. Téigh ar aghaidh le do shaol.
4. Tá an t-am FÉINMÍD A n-ÍOMHÁIN. Tosaigh ag a bheith macánta leat féin. Ansin, faigh duine a bhfuil muinín agat as - céile, tuismitheoir, cara dlúth - agus inis dó nó di conas a bhraitheann tú. Léiríonn tú do chuid mothúchán go fírinneach ar an mbealach seo agus tógfaidh tú muinín go mall.
5. Tá an t-am ann. CONFIDENTE A NÍS agus AINNÍ. Déan comhaontú leat féin a bheith níos freagrach. Déan rud simplí cosúil le dul suas ag am áirithe ar maidin. Nuair a dhéanfaidh tú é cúpla uair, tosaíonn tú ag muinín a bheith agat de féin i gcásanna níos tábhachtaí.
6. Ceacht. GLAC AN RISCÍ OÍRTA. Téigh ar ais go dtí an scoil. Faigh post níos fearr. Mura ndéanann tú riosca, beidh tú sa sean-ghnáth céanna.
7. Ceacht. TAPACH DÁ GHÍORGHACHTA. Tá gach duine cruthaitheach, ach cuirimid ár gcruthaitheacht faoi chois toisc go bhfuil eagla orainn go dtitfidh sé. Cuir ort féin a choinneáil air go dtí go bhfaighidh tú ceart é. An chuid is mó de gach a bheith spraoi.
8. Ceacht. FÉIND DÓ THÓIRACHTA. Is féidir linn go léir ár n-aigne féin a mhéadú trí thuiscint go nglactar linn agus go bhfuil grá ag an mBunlaitheoir dúinn, go díreach mar atá muid.
9. Naoi. GLACAMH GINNÍMHEAN NÍL. Déanann tú do féinmheas a mhilleadh trí ligean do intinn a líonadh le smaointe diúltacha amhail 'Tá mé ina oibrí uafásach' nó 'Tá mé ró-tall.'
10. Tá sé seo fíor? GLAC A CHORP. Tá do shláinte agus do chuma ina gcuid thábhachtach de do féinmheas. Glac leis na rudaí nach féidir leat a athrú, mar shampla airde. Oibrigh chun na rudaí is féidir leat a athrú, mar shampla a bheith róthrom.
Maria's Moltar Léitheoireacht:
Ní hionann féinmheas agus féinmhuinín. http://www.self-esteem-health.com/about-self-esteem.html


What you'll need:
- A strong magnet
- A section of copper pipe
- A section of some other material pipe (or even a toilet paper/paper towel roll)
- Stand thepipes up on end, or your student can hold them in their hand, vertical.
- hold the magnet over the opening on one end of the non-copper tubing
- let the magnet drop, it will fall right down at the forces of gravity
- now hold the magnet over the opening at one end of the copper tubing
- let the magnet go, watch what happens!
The magnet will float in the copper tube. This is the result of a specific form of Electro-Magnetic force called the Eddy current. As you know, copper is a conductor of electricity. When the magnetic field interacts with the surface of the tube, the metal begins to generate its own magnetic field/current. This was discovered by a scientist by the name of Michael Faraday. The magnetic field created in the metal opposes the one surrounding the magnet. What happens when the same polarized ends of 2 magnets interact? They push eachother away. The same is true here. The magnetic field generated in the pipe is calle the Eddy Current. This all falls within the Physics law called Lenz's Law. Older kids can research Michael Faraday and the Russian physicist Heinrich Lenz. For another simple experiment demonstrating Lenz's Law, check out the Swinging Magnet experiment http://www.ndt-ed.org/TeachingResources/NDT_Tips/LenzLaw.htm

Cad a bheidh ag teastáil uait:
- Maighnéad láidir
- Cuid de phíopa copair
- Cean de phíobán de ábhar eile (nó fiú páipéar toiliú/rúlla tuáille páipéir)
- Seas na píopaí suas ar deireadh, nó is féidir le do mhic léinn iad a shealbhú ina lámha, go ingearach.
- coinnigh an maighnéad thar an oscailt ar cheann amháin den phíbín neamh-chopair
- lig an maighnéad titim, beidh sé titim síos ceart ar na fórsaí gravity
- anois a shealbhú an maighnéad thar an oscailt ag ceann amháin de na feadán copair
- lig an maighnéad a fháil, féach cad a tharlaíonn!
Beidh an maighnéad ag snámh sa phíbín copar. Is é seo an toradh ar chineál sonrach de chumhacht leictreamaighnéadach ar a dtugtar an sruth Eddy. Mar a fhios agat, tá copar ina ghiarann leictreachais. Nuair a bhíonn an réimse maighnéadach ag idirghníomhú le dromchla an tsléibhe, tosaíonn an miotail lena réimse/sreabhadh maighnéadach féin a ghiniúint. Fuair eolaí ar a dtugtar Michael Faraday é seo. Tá an réimse maighnéadach a cruthaítear sa miotail i gcoinne an réimse a chuairteann an maighnéad. Cad a tharlaíonn nuair a bhíonn an ceann céanna polaraithe de 2 mhaighnéid ag idirghníomhú? Push siad a chéile ar shiúl. Tá an rud céanna fíor anseo. Tugtar an t-amhrán don réimse maighnéadach a ghintear sa phíopa. Tá sé seo go léir faoi réir an dlí Físeáin ar a dtugtar Lenz's Law. Is féidir le páistí níos sine taighde a dhéanamh ar Michael Faraday agus ar an fisiceoir Rúiseach Heinrich Lenz. Chun turgnamh simplí eile a léiríonn Dlí Lenz, féach ar an turgnamh Magnéit Swinging http://www.ndt-ed.org/TeachingResources/NDT_Tips/LenzLaw.htm


According to a 1998 statistical survey of Arlington trees, the following were the most common species among an estimated 24,500 street trees at that time (percentage of total given for each):
Norway Maple (40.8%)
Black Oak (5.1%)
Hemlock species (4.2%)
American Arborvitae (Northern White Cedar) (4.0%)
Red Oak (3.6%)
Ornamental Cherry (3.4%)
White Pine (2.9%)
Red Maple (2.8%)
Green Ash (2.7%)
The vast majority were, and still are, Norway Maples. At one time these were considered the ideal street tree as they are tall, broad-canopied, and very resilient. We have since learned, however, that they are invasive, meaning that they compete with and overwhelm native species in our natural areas. In consequence, Massachusetts and many other states have banned the sale of Norway Maple.
Many of Arlington’s street trees were planted during the first half of the last century and are now nearing the end of their lives. As a result, many more trees are removed each year than are being replaced.
Currently, the Tree Division is basing their tree selection on suggestions provided by Massachusetts Department of Transportation. For more information about appropriate trees for the Arlington area, see Recommended Urban Trees.

De réir suirbhé staidrimh ar chrainn Arlington i 1998, ba iad seo a leanas na speicis is coitianta i measc 24,500 crann sráide measta ag an am sin (procent den iomlán a thugtar do gach ceann):
Cárn na hIorua (40.8%)
Dubh Dubh (5.1%)
Speiceas Hemlock (4.2%)
Arborvitae Mheiriceá (Cedár Bán Thuaisceart) (4.0%)
Óirín Dearg (3.6%)
Ceirise Ornáideach (3.4%)
Píon Bán (2.9%)
Maple Dearg (2.8%)
Cith Ghlais (2.7%)
Ba iad an tromlach mór, agus tá siad fós, Maples na hIorua. Uaireanta, measadh gur crann sráide idéalach iad mar go bhfuil siad ard, le canoped leathan, agus an-chrua. Tá a fhios againn ó shin, áfach, go bhfuil siad ionrach, rud a chiallaíonn go bhfuil siad ag dul san iomaíocht le speicis dhúchasacha inár gceantair nádúrtha agus go bhfuil siad thar a bheith láidir. Mar thoradh air sin, tá Massachusetts agus go leor stáit eile tar éis cosc a chur ar dhíol Maple na hIorua.
Bhí go leor de na crainn sráide Arlington 's phlandaithe le linn an chéad leath den chéad céad bliain anuas agus tá siad anois ag druidim a gcuid saol. Mar thoradh air sin, baintear i bhfad níos mó crainn as gach bliain ná mar a chuirtear in ionad.
Faoi láthair, tá an Rannóg Crann ag bunú a roghnú crann ar mholtaí a sholáthraíonn Roinn Iompair Massachusetts. Le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais faoi chrainn oiriúnach do cheantar Arlington, féach Crann Cathrach Moladh.


Brief SummaryRead full entry
The small family Agyrtidae is temperate in distribution, extending into mountainous areas of Mexico and Asia. Seven of the eight genera are restricted to the northern hemisphere, and the eighth is endemic to New Zealand. Although Agyrtidae was first recognized as a separate family by Thomson (1859), most authors placed its current members in a broadly defined Silphidae until Lawrence and Newton (1982) resurrected it as a family closely related to Leiodidae rather than Silphidae. Newton (1991) reviewed the scanty knowledge of agyrtid larvae and later (1997) presented the present classification into three subfamilies along with a review of the morphology, relationships, biology, and distribution of the group.

Gearr-scríbhinn Léigh an iontráil iomlán
Tá an t-eaghlach beag Agyrtidae réasúnta le scaipeadh, ag leathnú isteach i gceantair bheaga Mheicsiceo agus na hÁise. Tá seacht gcineál den ocht gcineál teoranta don leathsféar thuaidh, agus tá an ochtú ceann endéamach sa Nua-Shéalainn. Cé gur aithin Thomson (1859) Agyrtidae ar dtús mar theaghlach ar leithligh, chuir an chuid is mó d'údair a chomhaltaí reatha i Silphidae a shainmhíníodh go forleathan go dtí go ndearna Lawrence agus Newton (1982) é a athbheochan mar theaghlach a bhí dlúthbhainte le Leiodidae seachas Silphidae. Rinne Newton (1991) athbhreithniú ar an eolas beag ar larbhaí agortid agus ina dhiaidh sin (1997) chuir sé an aicmiú reatha i dtrí fho-fhine chomh maith le hathbhreithniú ar mhórfolaíocht, caidrimh, bitheolaíocht, agus dáileadh an ghrúpa.


A study of the history of ear gauging indicates the practice to be as old as recorded human history. For males, this form of ear piercing has been a symbol of status, while for women, in addition to being used as means of bodily decoration, it has also been employed to signify the attainment of womanhood.
Ear gauging, which is also referred to as ear stretching, is the stretching of ear lobe piercings to larger diameters than that of the original piercing. It is a form of body enhancement or beautification that many young western people adopt to look ‘different’ from the usual crowd. However, this is not a modern form of body piercing, since it has been around for as long as archaeological records exist.
In many cases, ear gauging has been used historically to indicate the standing of members of a specific tribe, and in many respects this is still the situation today. Stretched piercings have been, and still are, a reflection on the individual’s sexual capability and also their superiority over other males in the tribe. The larger the stretching, the more important the individual.
Otzi the Iceman is a prime example of mummies known to have stretched ears. This is the earliest known example of ear gauging, Otzi having 7-11 mm ear piercings during 3300 BC. It has been suggested that the stretching of the ears noted in depictions of Siddhartha Gautama, better known as Buddha, may have been caused by the weight of the gold jewelry he wore, but this is mere supposition.
It is supported, however, by the fact that the Masai tribe of Kenya and the Lahu and Karen-Paduang people of Thailand use this ‘gravity’ technique to stretch their piercings. Let us have a look at the ear gauging practices used today by various cultures.
A. Mursi Tribal Women
The Mursi is an Ethiopian tribe where the women are obliged to wear plates in their gauged ears and on their bottom lip. About a year prior to her marriage, or at about 15 years of age, a Mursi girl’s lip will be pierced by her mother and a wooden peg pushed through the incision.
Once healed, the peg is changed for a larger diameter one. Eventually, the peg is replaced by a plate of clay or wood, and this plate is successively changed for larger diameter ones until the required diameter is attained – from around 8 – 22 cm in diameter (3 – 9 inches). Once these plates have been secured, she receives a higher degree of respect than those without them, and is known as a ‘Bhansanai’.
These lip and ear plates need not be worn permanently, but are an expected adornment during special occasions such as during weddings and other celebrations, and when they serve food to men. Today, young women can generally make their own decision as to whether or not they follow this tradition.
B. The Masai People of Kenya
The practice of ear gauging has been common among Masai men and women for thousands of years. In recent years, however, most young men have not been following this custom, although you will still find many Masai women wearing ear decorations made from stones, cross-cut elephant tusks, wood and animal bones.
The original piercing is carried out using a thorn, sharpened twig or a sharp knife point. Once healed, ear gauging is then carried out by wearing increasingly heavy jewellery that pulls the lobe down and stretches the piercing. This is the traditional way of gauging ears in the more primitive cultures, although many Masai today will use proper ear gauging techniques, such as their own versions of insertion tapers or taper spikes. Beads are a common form of ornamentation, although plugs made from bone, tusks and wood are also used.
C. The African Fulani Tribe
Fulani women from Nigeria and Central Africa tend to use smaller diameter ear gauges, and decorate them using large gold domes or hoops carrying earrings. A Fulani child will have her ears pierced at around 3 years old, although they may not be stretched until she is older. The gauges used by Fulani women are relatively small compared to the Masai and Mursi, although the jewellery can be larger.
D. Asian Hill Tribes
Of the various hill tribes, the only two known to practice ear gauging are the Lahu from Thailand, and the Karen-Padaung (Longnecks) from Myanmar (Burma) and also the Phrae province in Thailand. That latter tribe are best known for their neck rings, offering the appearance of long necks, but both cultures believe the ear to be sacred and the more jewellery they can wear on the better. By gauging their ears, they are able to wear the maximum amount of jewellery they believe possible.
E. Mexican and Central American Civilizations
In Mayan and Aztec society, ear gauging was regarded as desirable for males. There are many Mayan representations of men with flares and ear plugs (ear spools) in gauged ears, and the material used was indicative of the social standing of the wearer. Jade ear plugs were worn by the higher classes, while the rest would use bone, stone, wood and other materials. In central Mexico, the craftsmanship of the Aztecs is evident in the ear gauging plugs and ornaments of gold and silver, though the lower classes would adorn their stretches earlobes with shells, copper and wood among many other imaginative materials.
Ear gauging has been carried out worldwide, and among other notable areas involved in this practice are Japan, where the Ainu used ear jewellery made from shells, bone and a ball and ring known as Ninkari. There are many other cultures worldwide where ear gauging was a part of their life, and even today many people regard ear stretching as a fashion statement and a way of expressing their own personality and individuality.

Léiríonn staidéar ar stair an tomhais chluas go bhfuil an cleachtas chomh sean le stair an duine atá taifeadta. I gcás fir, is siombail stádas é an cineál seo piercing cluasa, agus i gcás na mban, chomh maith le bheith in úsáid mar mhodh maisiúcháin coirp, úsáidtear é freisin chun a léiriú go bhfuil bean a bheith acu.
Is éard atá i léitheoireacht chluas, ar a dtugtar síneadh chluas freisin, ná píoráil lob chluas a shíneadh go diameters níos mó ná an píoráil bunaidh. Is cineál feabhsaithe comhlacht nó áilleachta é a ghlacann go leor daoine óga san iarthar le breathnú "difriúil" ón ghrúpa gnáth. Mar sin féin, ní foirm nua-aimseartha é seo de phorcáil an choirp, ós rud é go bhfuil sé thart chomh fada agus a bhfuil taifid seandálaíochta ann.
I go leor cásanna, úsáideadh tomhas cluasa go stairiúil chun seasamh baill treibh áirithe a léiriú, agus i go leor gnéithe tá sé seo fós mar atá inniu ann. Bhí piercings stráice, agus tá fós, léiriú ar an duine aonair's cumas gnéis agus freisin a superiority thar fir eile sa treibh. An níos mó an síneadh, an níos tábhachtaí an duine aonair.
Is sampla den scoth é Otzi an Iceman de mhúmaí ar a dtugtar go bhfuil cluasa síneadh acu. Is é seo an sampla is luaithe ar a dtugtar de mheá-éisteacht cluasa, Otzi ag 7-11 mm piercings cluasa le linn 3300 RC. Tagraíodh go bhféadfadh gurbh é meáchan na seodra óir a bhí air a d'fhéadfadh an t-eascraíocht na gcluas a bhí le feiceáil i léaráidí ar Siddhartha Gautama, ar a dtugtar Buddha níos fearr, a bheith mar chúis leis, ach is tuairimíocht í seo.
Tacaíonn sé, áfach, leis an bhfíric go n-úsáideann treibh Masai na Céine agus daoine Lahu agus Karen-Paduang na Téalainne an teicníc gravity seo chun a gcuid piercings a shíneadh. Lig dúinn breathnú ar na cleachtais chun cluais a thomhas a úsáidtear inniu ag cultúir éagsúla.
A. Mná Tríoblach Mursi
Is treibh Éitiopach é an Mursi ina bhfuil sé de dhualgas ar na mná plátaí a chaitheamh ina gcluasa measta agus ar a liopaí thíos. Beagnach bliain roimh a pósadh, nó ag thart ar 15 bliana d'aois, déanfaidh a máthair lip Mursi a phorcáil agus plúr adhmaid a bhrú tríd an incision.
Nuair a shroichtear, déantar an pingin a athrú le ceann níos faide. Faoi dheireadh, cuirtear pláta de chré nó adhmaid in ionad an phéipéar, agus déantar an pláta seo a athrú go ceannanna níos mó trastomhas go dtí go mbaintear an trastomhas riachtanach amach  ó thart ar 8  22 cm i trastomhas (3  9 orlach). Nuair a bheidh na plátaí seo slán, faigheann sí níos mó meas ná iad siúd gan iad, agus is eol di mar Bhansanai.
Ní gá na plátaí liopa agus cluasa seo a chaitheamh go buan, ach is ornáid ionchasach iad le linn ócáidí speisialta mar shampla le linn bainise agus ceiliúradh eile, agus nuair a sheirbheálann siad bia do na fir. Sa lá atá inniu ann, is féidir le mná óga a chinneadh féin i gcoitinne an leanann siad an traidisiún seo nó nach leanann.
B. B. Daoine Masai na Céine
Tá an cleachtas a bhaineann le cluasa a thomhas coitianta i measc fir agus mná Masai le mílte bliain. Le blianta beaga anuas, áfach, ní raibh an chuid is mó de na fir óga ag leanúint an nós seo, cé go bhfaighidh tú go leor mná Masai fós ag caitheamh maisiú cluaise a rinneadh de chlocha, de chonair eilifint tras-ghearradh, de adhmad agus de chnámha ainmhithe.
Déantar an píoradh bunaidh ag baint úsáide as dorn, braon géar nó barr scian géar. Nuair a shroichtear, déantar tomhas cluasa a dhéanamh ansin trí jewelry a chaitheamh atá ag éirí níos troime a tharraingíonn an lob síos agus a shíneann an píoráil. Is é seo an bealach traidisiúnta chun cluasa a thomhas sna cultúir níos primitive, cé go n-úsáidfidh go leor Masai inniu teicnící cuí tomhais cluasa, mar shampla a gcuid leaganacha féin de tapers ionchuir nó spikes taper. Is cineál coitianta ornáideachta é beads, cé go n-úsáidtear plóga déanta as cnámh, tusks agus adhmad freisin.
C. An Tribe Fulani san Afraic
Is gnách go n-úsáideann mná Fulani ón Nigéir agus ón Afraic Láir tomhais chluas níos lú trastomhas, agus déanann siad iad a mhaisiú le domóidí nó le huibheacha óir móra a bhfuil cluaise acu. Déantar cluaise leanbh Fulani a phorcáil ag thart ar 3 bliana d'aois, cé nach féidir iad a shíneadh go dtí go mbeidh sí níos sine. Tá na tomhais a úsáideann mná Fulani réasúnta beag i gcomparáid leis na Masai agus na Mursi, cé go bhféadfadh na seodra a bheith níos mó.
D. Tríbeanna Sléibhe Áise
As na treibheanna cnoc éagsúla, is iad an Lahu ón Téalainn, agus Karen-Padaung (Longnecks) ó Mhianmar (Burma) agus freisin an chúige Phrae sa Téalainn an dá cheann amháin a bhfuil a fhios acu gur chleachtadh tomhas cluasa. Tá an treibh seo deireanach ar eolas go maith as a n-anlaith muineál, ag tabhairt cuma muineál fada, ach creideann an dá chultúr go bhfuil an cluais naofa agus is fearr an níos mó jewelry is féidir leo a chaitheamh. Trí a n-easacha a thomhas, tá siad in ann an oiread jewelry is féidir a chaitheamh a chreideann siad a bheith acu.
E. Saoráidí Mheicsiceo agus Mheiriceá Láir
I sochaí na Maya agus na Azteca, measadh gur mian le fir cluais a thomhas. Tá go leor léiriúchán Maya ar fhir le flareanna agus plóga cluaise (spól cluaise) i gcluasaí tomhais, agus bhí an t-ábhar a úsáidtear ina tháscaire ar sheasamh sóisialta an chuairteora. Bhí plóga cluaise Jade á n-úsáid ag na ranganna níos airde, agus d'úsáid an chuid eile cnámh, cloch, adhmad agus ábhair eile. I lár Mheicsiceo, tá ceardaíocht na nAistéicí le feiceáil sna plóga agus na maisiúcháin óir agus airgid a mheastar a bheith ag na cluaise, cé go ndéanann na ranganna íseal a gcuid cluaise a shíneadh le muiceál, copar agus adhmad i measc go leor ábhair shamhlaíochta eile.
Rinneadh tomhas cluasa ar fud an domhain, agus i measc réimsí suntasacha eile a bhfuil baint acu leis an gcleachtas seo is ea an tSeapáin, áit a raibh seodra cluasa déanta as craiceann, cnámh agus liathróid agus fáinne ar a dtugtar Ninkari ag na Ainu. Tá go leor cultúir eile ar fud an domhain ina raibh tomhas cluasa mar chuid dá saol, agus fiú inniu tá go leor daoine ag meas go bhfuil an t-éag a shíneadh mar ráiteas faisin agus mar bhealach chun a n-iníonacht agus a n-individualism féin a chur in iúl.


Multiple endocrine adenoma refers to three different conditions characterized by tumors in the endocrine system (a network of glands responsible for producing hormones).
The term “multiple endocrine neoplasia”, or MEN, is more commonly used in medical circles. The variants of MEN are known as Type 1 (Wermer syndrome), Type 2A and Type 2B (Sipple’s syndrome).
Each type is distinguished by the pattern in which the tumors occur. The tumors can be benign or malignant, and may appear at different times in a patient’s life. The term MEN applies specifically when two or more glands are affected, although the presence of multiple tumors does not automatically indicate MEN.
In MEN, there is a genetic mutation that stimulates cell over-production in the affected glands. Types 2A and 2B are caused by the same mutation, but a different gene is responsible for Type 1.
MEN is generally inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder. This means that only one parent has to have the disease trait to pass it on to their offspring.
The syndrome can occur at any age and affects men and women equally. Many cases have been accompanied or preceded by other endocrine tumors, as well as Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (gastrinoma) and medullary thyroid carcinoma.
Signs and Symptoms
The most common symptom of MEN 1 is hyperparathyroidism, or overgrowth of the parathyroid glands. The thyroid itself is rarely affected. The symptoms usually appear before age 40 in people with the MEN 1 gene. Frequent ulcers, kidney stones, weak bones, pancreatic tumors, and nervous system depression are also common symptoms.
MEN 2A AND 2B
These variants are mainly characterized by pheochromocytoma, a tumor in the adrenal gland medulla, and medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). The latter is present in 100% of MEN Type 2 cases.
Other symptoms vary between Types 2A and 2B. MEN 2A patients tend to have hypertrophy or an increase in body size, and develop parathyroid tumors. In MEN 2B, common symptoms include swollen lips, enlarged colons, skeletal abnormalities, and tumors in the mucous membranes of facial organs. Most of these symptoms appear before age five.
The tumors associated with MEN Type 1 are usually benign, but those affecting the pancreas are likely to become cancerous. In such cases, the cancer can spread to the liver and other organs, lowering the chances of survival. Recovery can also be hampered by accompanying conditions such as low blood sugar, peptic ulcer disease, and pituitary dysfunction.
MEN Type 2 has a poorer prognosis because of the associated thyroid cancer. MTC is very aggressive and can easily spread to other organs. If left untreated, it can become fatal within weeks or days.
Since the disease is genetic, the best form of preventative care is cancer screening. If you or a close relative has developed MEN, you should have yourself and your children screened for the mutated genes. This screening can help detect tumors early and improve chances of recovery.
Diagnosis and Staging
Standard forms of diagnosis are used to determine individual symptoms, but gene testing will be needed to confirm the syndrome. Often, the first line of tests involves testing for abnormal hormone production. Commonly tested hormones include gastrin, glucagon, and parathyroid hormone. Tumors are usually detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and CT scans.
Additional diagnostic information is obtained via biopsies (a surgical procedure in which tissues are extracted). The biopsied tissue is sent to a laboratory for microscopic evaluation.
For both types of multiple endocrine adenoma, the treatment of choice is usually surgical removal of the affected gland/s. Children with the MEN 2 gene should have the thyroid and surrounding lymph nodes removed before age 5. However, removing the parathyroid gland, which controls calcium production, can cause bone problems following the surgery. If the tumor is benign and confined to the pituitary, it may be treated instead with a drug called bromocriptine.
Additional medications are also given to regulate the acid production of some tumors, reducing the risk of ulcers. Hormone replacement therapy is usually given to replace the function of the removed glands. Screening of family members is also highly recommended, so that early steps can be taken for those found to be at risk.

Tagraíonn adenoma endocrine ilghnéitheach do thrí riocht dhifriúil a bhfuil saintréith orthu le tumóirí sa chóras endocrine (réit ghlandáin atá freagrach as hormóin a tháirgeadh).
Úsáidtear an téarma neoplasia endocrine il, nó MEN, níos minice i gceantair leighis. Is iad na cineálacha MEN a dtugtar Cineál 1 (siondróm Wermer), Cineál 2A agus Cineál 2B (siondróm Sipples).
Tá gach cineál idirdhealaithe ag an patrún ina dtarlaíonn na tumors. Is féidir na tuamair a bheith neamhdhíobhálach nó drochdhíobhálach, agus d'fhéadfadh siad teacht chun cinn ag amanna éagsúla i saol an othair. Baineann an téarma MEN go sonrach nuair a bhíonn tionchar ag dhá ghland nó níos mó, cé nach léiríonn láithreacht tumors il MEN go huathoibríoch.
I GINNEACH, tá athrú géiniteach ann a spreagann ró-tháirgeadh cealla sna glúineacha atá i gceist. Tá an cineál 2A agus an cineál 2B mar thoradh ar an athrú céanna, ach tá géine difriúil freagrach as an gcineál 1.
Go ginearálta, is é an MEN a oireann mar neamhoird uathúil uathúil. Ciallaíonn sé seo nach gá ach an tréith galar a bheith ag tuismitheoir amháin chun é a tharchur chuig a sliocht.
Is féidir leis an siondróm teacht ar aghaidh ag aois ar bith agus bíonn tionchar aige ar fhir agus ar mhná go cothrom. Bhí tumóirí eile endocrine ag gabháil le go leor cásanna nó roimh sin, chomh maith le Siondróm Zollinger-Ellison (gastrinoma) agus carcinoma méidilleach thyroid.
Sochair agus Síomptóim
Is é an comhartha is coitianta de MEN 1 hyperparathyroidism, nó rófhás na nglándra parathyroid. Ní bhíonn tionchar ag an thyroid féin go minic. De ghnáth bíonn na hairíonna le feiceáil roimh 40 bliain d'aois i ndaoine a bhfuil an géin MEN 1 acu. Is comharthaí coitianta iad ulcers go minic, clocha duáin, cnámha lag, tuamair pancreas, agus depressed córas néarógach.
MÁIN 2A agus 2B
Is é is mó a bhíonn i gceist leis na cineálacha seo ná pheochromocytoma, tumóir i medulla na glúine adrenal, agus ailse thyroid medullary (MTC). Tá an dara ceann i láthair i 100% de chásanna MEN Cineál 2.
Athraíonn comharthaí eile idir Cineálacha 2A agus 2B. Is gnách go mbíonn hipeirtrofaíocht nó méadú ar mhéid an choirp ag othair MEN 2A, agus go bhforbróidh siad tumóirí parathyroid. I MEN 2B, tá comharthaí coitianta i measc liopaí swollen, colons méadaithe, neamhghnáchtaí cnámh, agus tumors i mbramháin mucous na n-orgáin aghaidh. Tagann formhór na hairíonna seo i láthair roimh aois a cúig.
De ghnáth bíonn na tuamair a bhaineann le MEN Cineál 1 neamhdhíobhálach, ach is dócha go dtiocfaidh ailse orthu siúd a théann i bhfeidhm ar an pancreas. I gcásanna den sórt sin, is féidir leis an ailse scaipeadh go dtí an ae agus orgáin eile, ag laghdú na seansanna maireachtála. Is féidir le coinníollacha a ghabhann leis an leigheas a bhac freisin, mar shampla siúcra fola íseal, galar ulcer peptic, agus mífheidhm pituitary.
MÁIRLÍON Tá prognóis níos measa ag cineál 2 mar gheall ar an ailse thyroid a bhaineann leis. Tá MTC an-ionsaitheach agus is féidir leis scaipeadh go héasca go orgáin eile. Mura ndéantar cóireáil air, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith marbhtach laistigh de sheachtainí nó laethanta.
Ós rud é go bhfuil an galar géiniteach, is é an cineál cúraim choscála is fearr ná scagadh ailse. Má tá tú féin nó d' ghaolmhar gar a fhorbairt MEN, ba chóir duit féin agus do leanaí a scagadh le haghaidh na géin mutated. Is féidir leis an scagadh seo cabhrú le tumors a bhrath go luath agus seansanna na teachtaireachta a fheabhsú.
Diagnóis agus Céim
Úsáidtear foirmeacha caighdeánacha diagnóise chun comharthaí aonair a chinneadh, ach beidh tástáil géinithe ag teastáil chun an siondróm a dhearbhú. Is minic a bhíonn sa chéad líne tástála tástáil ar tháirgeadh neamhghnácha hormóin. I measc na n-hormóin a dhéantar tástáil orthu go coitianta tá gastrin, glucagon, agus hormóin parathyroid. De ghnáth, déantar tumóirí a bhrath le léarscáil mháineatach (MRI) agus scanadh CT.
Faigheann faisnéis dheimhniúcháin bhreise trí bhiopsí (n-imeacht máinliachta ina n-eisiúinttear fíocháin). Seoltar an fíochán a baipsiáiltear chuig saotharlann le haghaidh meastóireachta microscópacha.
I gcás an dá chineál adenoma endocrine il, is é an cóireáil rogha de ghnáth ná an ghland/ na glánta/ na glánta atá buailte a bhaint go héigeantach. Ba chóir do leanaí a bhfuil an géin MEN 2 acu an thyroid agus na nóid lymph timpeall orthu a bhaint roimh 5 bliana d'aois. Mar sin féin, d'fhéadfadh fadhbanna cnámh tar éis an máinliachta a bheith mar thoradh ar an gland parathyroid a bhaint, a rialaíonn táirgeadh cailciam. Má tá an tuamair neamhdhíobhálach agus go bhfuil sé teoranta don pituitary, d'fhéadfaí é a chóireáil ina ionad sin le druga ar a dtugtar bromocriptine.
Tugtar cógais bhreise freisin chun táirgeadh aigéad roinnt tumors a rialú, ag laghdú an riosca ulcers. De ghnáth, tugtar teiripe in ionad hormóin chun feidhm na nglándáin a baineadh a athsholáthar. Moltar go mór scagadh a dhéanamh ar bhaill teaghlaigh freisin, ionas gur féidir céimeanna luath a dhéanamh i gcás na ndaoine a fhaightear a bheith i mbaol.


So what is Catcher in the Rye really about???.
This book has been always in argument since it was banned in America after it's first publication. "John Lennon's killer, Mark Chapman, asked the former Beatle singer to sign a copy of the book earlier in the morning of the day that he killed John. Police found the book in his possession upon capturing the psychologically disturbed Chapman." However, the book itself contains nothing that could lead Chapman to act as he did. I could have been any book that he was reading the day he decided to kill John Lennon, and as a result of the fact that it was The Catcher in the Rye, a book describing a nervous breakdown, media discussed widely about the possible connection between the two. This led the book to become more notorious than it has. So what is The Catcher in the Rye actually about?.
From all the views possible, the story of a young man's kicking out from another school ( he has been kicked out from other schools), The Catcher in the Rye is in fact a sensitive study of one individual's understanding of his human condition. Holden Caulfield, a teenager growing up in 1945s in New York, has been expelled school for poor achievement and losing school property on a train. In an attempt to deal with this and "run away from it all" he leaves school a few days before to the end of term, and goes to New York to "take a vacation" before returning to his parents' inevitable wrath. Told as a monologue, the book describes Holden's thoughts and activities over these few days, during which he describes a developing nervous breakdown, caused by his bouts of unexplained and sudden depression, impulsive spending and generally odd, erratic behavior, just before it happened.
However, during his mental battle, life continues on around Holden as it always had, with the majority of people ignoring the craziness that is happening to him.

Mar sin, cad é Catcher in the Rye i ndáiríre faoi? ?
Bhí an leabhar seo i gcónaí i gconspóid ó cuireadh cosc air i Meiriceá tar éis a chéad fhoilsiú. "D'iarr marcóir John Lennon, Mark Chapman, ar an sean-amhránaí Beatles cóip den leabhar a shíniú níos luaithe ar maidin an lae a mharaigh sé John. Fuair na póilíní an leabhar ina sheilbh nuair a ghabhadh an Chapman psychologically disturbed. " Mar sin féin, níl aon rud sa leabhar féin a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina chúis le Chapman gníomhú mar a rinne sé. D'fhéadfadh mé a bheith i gceann de na leabhair a bhí á léamh aige an lá a shocraigh sé John Lennon a mharú, agus mar thoradh ar an bhfíric gur The Catcher in the Rye a bhí ann, leabhar a thuairiscigh timpiste néaróg, pléadh go forleathan sna meáin an nasc a d'fhéadfadh a bheith idir an dá rud. Mar thoradh air seo, tháinig an leabhar níos cáiliúla ná mar a bhí. Mar sin, cad é an Catcher sa Rye i ndáiríre faoi?
Ó gach dearcadh is féidir, is staidéar íogair é an Catcher in the Rye ar thuiscint duine aonair ar a chontúirt daonna. Tá Holden Caulfield, déagóir a d'fhás suas sna 1945idí i Nua-Eabhrac, tar éis é a chur ar shiúl ón scoil mar gheall ar éalú bocht agus go gcaill sé maoin na scoile ar an traein. I iarracht déileáil leis seo agus "eachtráil ó gach rud" fágann sé an scoil cúpla lá roimh dheireadh na téarma, agus téann sé go Nua Eabhrac chun "saoráid a thógáil" sula dtéann sé ar ais chuig fearg dosheachanta a thuismitheoirí. Insítear mar mhonólóg, déantar cur síos sa leabhar ar smaointe agus gníomhaíochtaí Holden le linn na laethanta seo, le linn a ndéanann sé cur síos ar bhriseadh nervous atá ag forbairt, a d'fhág a chuid buaicphointí dúlagar gan mhíniú agus tobann, caiteachas impulsive agus iompar neamhghnách, neamhghnách go ginearálta, díreach sular tharla sé.
Mar sin féin, le linn a chath meabhrach, leanann an saol ar aghaidh timpeall ar Holden mar a bhí sé i gcónaí, agus an chuid is mó de na daoine ag neamhaird ar an amadán atá ag tarlú dó.