Chapter 1.3 Bitcoin
We’ve talked about cryptocurrencies and we’ve talked about blockchain. It’s impossible to talk about both technologies without referencing bitcoin. In this chapter, however, we’re specifically focusing on bitcoin.
Bitcoin’s network was launched in January 2009 by Satoshi Nakamoto. Satoshi is a programmer or a group of programmers who chose to use an anonymous pseudonym.
Bitcoin was the world’s first blockchain-based cryptocurrency. We could argue that previous efforts – like Nick Szabos and his BitGold project – were the world’s first theorized cryptocurrency. BitGold, however, never launched. Bitcoin was the world’s first cryptocurrency to not only launch – but become the world’s largest cryptocurrency.
Today, bitcoin’s market cap is larger than the entire GDPs of certain countries. It hasn’t always been that way, however. Keep reading to discover where bitcoin came from, why it’s a big deal, and what the future may hold for bitcoin.
Bitcoins are digital assets located on the bitcoin blockchain. These digital assets have no inherent value: they’re not connected to gold reserves or any other physical assets. Instead, the entire value of each bitcoin comes from its underlying technology. The blockchain can facilitate transactions between two trustless parties anywhere in the world. You can transfer $0.01 or $10 million without the need for a centralized intermediary. That’s where the value of bitcoin is derived.
How Are Bitcoins Created? Where Do Bitcoins Come From?
There’s a maximum number of 21 million bitcoins in circulation. As of May 2018, we’ve mined just over 17 million bitcoins. As we get closer to the maximum total supply of bitcoin, the mining rewards will gradually decrease.
Miners – also known as nodes – receive rewards for securing the bitcoin network. These miners process transactions on the blockchain, then receive a reward – in the form of bitcoin – when they successfully process a transaction. These bitcoins are locked into the bitcoin network and only released through mining.
In the early days of bitcoin, mining rewards were set at 50 bitcoins apiece. That means the bitcoin network released 50 bitcoins to a miner every 10 minutes. Over time, the mining reward decreased. Today, the reward is set at 12.5 bitcoins. That reward gets cut in half approximately every 4 years.
Ultimately, this means that as we get closer to 21 million bitcoins, it will become progressively harder to mine bitcoins. When bitcoin was first released, the difficulty was rated at 1.0. “Difficulty” refers to how much power it takes to solve a hash encrypted by the SHA256 algorithm. In the last few years, difficulty has risen as high as 4.4 billion. That’s why hobbyist miners struggle to compete with larger mining bitcoin conglomerates. Today, individual miners need to join a mining pool to have any chance of sharing the reward of 12.5 BTC.
The Pros and Cons of Bitcoin
Ultimately, we could write a book about how bitcoin works. Let’s boil it all down into a series of pros and cons.
Fast Payments and Low Fees: The bitcoin network lets you transfer money easily and cheaply around the world. You can transfer $0.01 as easily as you can transfer $10 million. You don’t need to pay costly exchange rate fees or transaction fees.
Easy to Use: Download a bitcoin wallet to your phone and you can start using bitcoin. You can transfer bitcoin to someone over your phone. You can easily send money overseas, act as your own bank, and perform other advanced functions even with limited technical knowledge.
Secure: Bitcoin is the ultimate secure currency. As long as you remain in control of your private keys, nobody can access your bitcoin holdings. Bitcoins cannot be counterfeited, and all transactions can be immediately verified by checking the blockchain.
You’re in Charge of Security: One of bitcoin’s biggest advantages is also one of its biggest cons. You act as your own bitcoin bank. You’re in charge of your own bitcoin funds. If something goes wrong – say, if you send bitcoin to an incorrect address or lose access to your private keys – then your bitcoin may be lost forever. There’s no bank helpline you can call when you mess up. Approximately 2 to 4 million bitcoins of the 21 million total supply have been lost through various issues.
Government Regulations: Bitcoin is decentralized and can operate without the jurisdiction of a bank or government. However, you’re a human being who lives within a country. As a citizen of that country, you need to abide by the rules of that country. Governments don’t have control of the bitcoin network but they do have control in other ways. If you earned $1 million through bitcoin, for example, then you’re required to pay taxes when you sell that bitcoin for a profit.
It Facilitates Illegal Activities: Bitcoin can be used for illegal activities, money laundering, and other nefarious acts. Bitcoin has been used to finance terrorism, for example, and to prop up dictatorships like North Korea. Bitcoin has been used to pay for assassinations, child prostitution, and other illegal activities. This is one of the downsides of having a decentralized, pseudonymous currency outside of centralized control.
Bitcoin Versus Bitcoin Cash: The Scaling Debate Continues
Bitcoin launched in 2009. For nearly a decade, the community worked on bitcoin with no major disputes. There were always disagreements between developers in the open source community, but those disagreements would work themselves out, and the entire project steadily grew and moved forward.
Things all changed in 2017, which was the largest year in bitcoin’s history. More people were using bitcoin. More people were buying bitcoin. More people had heard about bitcoin and wanted to get a part of it. This was great for the price of bitcoin, which skyrocketed from $1,000 to $20,000 by the end of 2017. However, it also led to a huge problem: the bitcoin network couldn’t scale with demand.
The problem with bitcoin came down to its blocksize limit. Basically, each bitcoin block was limited to a size of 1MB. This was the original size proposed by Satoshi Nakamoto. With a block size of 1MB, the bitcoin network can process about 2,000 transactions every 10 minutes. Each “block” can hold approximately 2,020 transactions.
A blocksize of 1MB simply wasn’t enough to handle the number of transactions. In mid-2017, bitcoin fees were skyrocketing. Transactions were taking days or even weeks to be completed.
A group of developers proposed a simple change: increase the blocksize limit to 2MB, 4MB, 8MB, or higher. Allow for more transactions to be contained within a single block. Network congestion will clear up.
Unfortunately, that group’s proposed changes were rejected by the bitcoin community. That group of developers announced a hard fork: on August 1, 2017, their version of bitcoin would “fork” away from the main bitcoin blockchain.
The end result was that on August 1, 2017, we had two versions of bitcoin for the first time in history, including bitcoin (BTC) and Bitcoin Cash (BCH). Both versions of bitcoin share the same history. Both versions of bitcoin date all the way back to 2009. Bitcoin Cash is supported by some major, influential figures within the community – including Craig Wright (a man some believe to be Satoshi Nakamoto). Bitcoin, or BTC, continues to have the majority of community support.
The scaling debate rages on within the bitcoin community. It’s unclear what the solution will be.
The Future of Bitcoin
Bitcoin is digital gold. Nobody knows what the future holds for bitcoin. Another cryptocurrency could topple bitcoin in months. There are cryptocurrencies that are faster and more secure than bitcoin. There are cryptocurrencies with better scaling than bitcoin or cheaper fees. Nobody, however, can claim the title of the world’s first cryptocurrency like bitcoin – and that’s one of many reasons why bitcoin is valuable.

Caibidil 1.3 Bitcoin
Labhair muid faoi cryptocurrencies agus labhair muid faoi blockchain. Tá sé dodhéanta labhairt faoi an dá theicneolaíocht gan tagairt a dhéanamh do Bitcoin. Sa chaibidil seo, áfach, táimid ag díriú go sonrach ar Bitcoin.
Seoladh líonra Bitcoin i mí Eanáir 2009 ag Satoshi Nakamoto. Is cláróir é Satoshi nó grúpa cláróirí a roghnaigh pseudonym gan ainm a úsáid.
Ba é Bitcoin an chéad cryptocurrency blockchain-bhunaithe ar domhan. D'fhéadfaimis a argóint go raibh iarrachtaí roimhe seo - cosúil le Nick Szabos agus a thionscadal BitGold - ar an gcéad cryptocurrency teoiriciúil ar domhan. BitGold, áfach, níor seoladh riamh é. Ba é Bitcoin an chéad cryptocurrency ar domhan a chuir i bhfeidhm  ach a tháinig chun bheith ar an cryptocurrency is mó ar domhan.
Sa lá atá inniu ann, is mó an caipitil mhargaidh Bitcoin ná OTIanna iomlán tíortha áirithe. Ní raibh sé mar sin i gcónaí, áfach. Coinnigh ag léamh chun a fháil amach cá as a tháinig bitcoin, cén fáth go bhfuil sé ina mhórdhíol, agus cad a d'fhéadfadh an todhchaí a bheith ag Bitcoin.
Is sócmhainní digiteacha iad Bitcoins atá suite ar an blockchain bitcoin. Níl aon luach intíre ag na sócmhainní digiteacha seo: níl siad nasctha le cúlchistí óir ná le haon sócmhainní fisiciúla eile. Ina áit sin, tagann luach iomlán gach bitcóin óna teicneolaíocht bhunúsach. Is féidir leis an blockchain idirbhearta a éascú idir dhá pháirtí neamh-iontaofa áit ar bith ar domhan. Is féidir leat $ 0.01 nó $ 10 milliún a aistriú gan an gá le idirghabhálaí lárnach. Is é sin an áit a bhfuil an luach de Bitcoin díorthaithe.
Conas a Chruthaítear Bitcoins? Cá as a dtagann Bitcoins?
Tá líon uasta de 21 milliún bitcoins i gcúrsaíocht. I mí na Bealtaine 2018, bhí níos mó ná 17 milliún bitcoins báite againn. De réir mar a théann muid níos gaire don soláthar iomlán uasta de bitcoin, laghdóidh na luach saothair mianadóireachta de réir a chéile.
Faigheann mianadóirí  ar a dtugtar nóid freisin  luach saothair as líonra bitcoin a slándáil. Déileálann na mianadóirí seo le hidirbhearta ar an blockchain, ansin faigheann siad luach saothair  i bhfoirm bitcoin  nuair a dhéileálann siad le hidirbheart go rathúil. Tá na bitcoins seo faoi ghlas i líonra bitcoin agus ní scaoiltear ach trí mianadóireacht.
I laethanta tosaigh Bitcoin, bhí luach saothair mianadóireachta socraithe ag 50 bitcoins gach ceann. Ciallaíonn sé sin go scaoiltear 50 bitcoins chuig mianadóir gach 10 nóiméad. Le himeacht ama, laghdaigh an luach saothair mianadóireachta. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá an luach saothair a shocraíodh ag 12.5 bitcoins. Laghdaítear an luach saothair sin go leath thart ar gach 4 bliana.
Sa deireadh, ciallaíonn sé seo go mar a fhaighimid níos gaire do 21 milliún bitcoins, beidh sé a bheith níos deacra go forleathan chun mianraí bitcoins. Nuair a scaoileadh bitcoin den chéad uair, bhí an deacracht rátáilte ag 1.0. Tagraíonn Difficiency do an méid cumhachta a thógann sé chun hash a réiteach atá criptithe ag algartam SHA256. Le cúpla bliain anuas, tá an deacracht ardú chomh hard le 4.4 billiún. Sin an fáth a bhfuil mianadóirí hobbists streachailt chun dul san iomaíocht le conglomerates Bitcoin mianadóireachta níos mó. Sa lá atá inniu ann, ní mór do mhianach aonair a bheith páirteach i linn báidíochta chun aon seans a bheith acu an duais de 12.5 BTC a roinnt.
Na buntáistí agus na míbhuntáistí a bhaineann le Bitcoin
Sa deireadh, d'fhéadfaimis leabhar a scríobh faoi conas a oibríonn Bitcoin. Déanaimis é a boil síos go léir i sraith de leasanna agus míbhuntáistí.
Íocaíochtaí tapa agus táillí íseal: Ligeann líonra bitcoin duit airgead a aistriú go héasca agus go saor ar fud an domhain. Is féidir leat a aistriú $ 0.01 chomh héasca is is féidir leat a aistriú $ 10 milliún. Ní gá duit táillí costasacha ráta malairte ná táillí idirbhirt a íoc.
Éasca le húsáid: Íoslódáil sparán Bitcoin chuig do ghuthán agus is féidir leat tosú ag úsáid Bitcoin. Is féidir leat Bitcoin a aistriú chuig duine éigin trí do ghuthán. Is féidir leat airgead a sheoladh go héasca thar lear, gníomhú mar do bhanc féin, agus feidhmeanna ardteicneolaíochta eile a dhéanamh fiú le eolas theicniúil teoranta.
Sábháilte: Is é Bitcoin an t-airgeadra slán deiridh. Chomh fada agus a fhanann tú i rialú do eochair phríobháideacha, ní féidir le duine ar bith rochtain a fháil ar do shealbhú Bitcoin. Ní féidir Bitcoin a fhalsú, agus is féidir gach idirbheart a fhíorú láithreach trí sheiceáil a dhéanamh ar an blockchain.
Tá tú i gceannas ar Slándáil: Ceann de na buntáistí is mó a bhaineann le Bitcoin tá sé ar cheann dá míbhuntáistí is mó freisin. Gníomhú tú mar do chuid féin Bitcoin bainc. Tá tú i gceannas ar do chistí Bitcoin féin. Má théann rud éigin mícheart - má sheolann tú Bitcoin chuig seoladh mícheart nó má chailleann tú rochtain ar do phríomh-eochair - d'fhéadfadh do Bitcoin a bheith caillte go deo. Níl aon líne chabhrach bainc ann ar féidir leat glaoch nuair a dhéanann tú botún. Cailleadh thart ar 2 go 4 mhilliún bitcoins den soláthar iomlán 21 milliún trí shaincheisteanna éagsúla.
Rialacháin Rialtais: Tá Bitcoin díláraithe agus is féidir é a oibriú gan dlínse bainc nó rialtais. Mar sin féin, is duine tú a chónaíonn laistigh den tír. Mar shaoránach den tír sin, ní mór duit cloí le rialacha na tíre sin. Ní dhéanann rialtais rialú ar an líonra Bitcoin ach tá siad rialú ar bhealaí eile. Má thuill tú $ 1 milliún trí Bitcoin, mar shampla, ansin tá tú ag teastáil chun cánacha a íoc nuair a dhíolann tú go Bitcoin le haghaidh brabús.
Éascaíonn sé Gníomhaíochtaí Neamhláithre: Is féidir Bitcoin a úsáid le haghaidh gníomhaíochtaí neamhdhleathacha, sciúradh airgid, agus gníomhartha mícheart eile. Úsáidtear Bitcoin chun sceimhlitheoireacht a mhaoiniú, mar shampla, agus chun smachtbhannaí mar Chóiré Thuaidh a thacú. Úsáidtear Bitcoin chun íoc as dúnmharú, le prostitutes leanaí, agus le gníomhaíochtaí mídhleathacha eile. Is é seo ceann de na downsides a bheith díláraithe, airgeadra pseudonymous lasmuigh de rialú láir.
Bitcoin i gcoinne Bitcoin Cash: Leanann an díospóireacht scálaithe
Seoladh Bitcoin i 2009. Le beagnach deich mbliana, d'oibrigh an pobal ar Bitcoin gan aon díospóidí móra. Bhí míchompord i gcónaí idir forbróirí sa phobal foinse oscailte, ach d'oibrigh na míchompord féin, agus d'fhás an tionscadal ar fad go seasta agus chuaigh sé ar aghaidh.
D'athraigh gach rud in 2017, a bhí ar an mbliain is mó i stair Bitcoin. Bhí níos mó daoine ag úsáid bitcoin. Bhí níos mó daoine ag ceannach bitcoin. Bhí níos mó daoine tar éis éisteacht faoi Bitcoin agus theastaigh uathu cuid de a fháil. Bhí sé seo iontach do phraghas bitcoin, a d'ardaigh ó $ 1,000 go $ 20,000 faoi dheireadh 2017. Mar sin féin, ba chúis le fadhb mhór í freisin: ní raibh an líonra Bitcoin in ann scála a dhéanamh leis an éileamh.
Tháinig an fhadhb le Bitcoin síos go dtí a teorainn bloc-leibhéal. Go bunúsach, bhí gach bloc Bitcoin teoranta do mhéid 1MB. Ba é seo an méid bunaidh a mhol Satoshi Nakamoto. Le méid bloc 1MB, is féidir leis an líonra Bitcoin thart ar 2,000 idirbheart a phróiseáil gach 10 nóiméad. Is féidir le gach bloc thart ar 2,020 idirbheart a shealbhú.
Ní raibh méid bloc 1MB go leor chun líon na n-idirbheart a láimhseáil. I lár 2017, bhí muirir Bitcoin ag ardú go hiontach. Bhí lá nó seachtain ag teastáil chun idirbhearta a chur i gcrích.
Mhol grúpa forbróirí athrú simplí: an teorainn méid bloc a mhéadú go 2MB, 4MB, 8MB, nó níos airde. Ceadaigh go mbeidh níos mó idirbhearta laistigh de bhloc amháin. Beidh an cló líonra soiléire.
Ar an drochuair, gur dhiúltaigh an pobal Bitcoin athruithe a mhol an grúpa sin. D'fhógair an grúpa forbróirí sin forc crua: ar 1 Lúnasa, 2017, bheadh a leagan de bitcoin ag "forcáil" ar shiúl ó phríomh-bhlocchain bitcoin.
Ba é an toradh deiridh go raibh dhá leagan de bitcoin againn ar an 1 Lúnasa, 2017, den chéad uair sa stair, lena n-áirítear bitcoin (BTC) agus Bitcoin Cash (BCH). Tá an dá leagan de Bitcoin ag roinnt an stair chéanna. Tá an dá leagan de Bitcoin ag dul ar ais go dtí 2009. Tacaíonn roinnt figiúirí móra, tionchar laistigh den phobal le Bitcoin Cash  lena n-áirítear Craig Wright (fear a chreideann cuid gur Satoshi Nakamoto é). Leanann Bitcoin, nó BTC, le formhór na dtacaíochta pobail a bheith aige.
Tá an díospóireacht scálaithe ar siúl laistigh de phobal Bitcoin. Níl sé soiléir cad é an réiteach.
An Todhchaí Bitcoin
Is é Bitcoin an t-ór digiteach. Níl a fhios ag aon duine cad a bheidh i ndán don bitcoin sa todhchaí. D'fhéadfadh cryptocurrency eile Bitcoin a chur faoi deara i míonna. Tá cryptocurrencies atá níos tapúla agus níos sábháilte ná Bitcoin. Tá cryptocurrencies le scálaithe níos fearr ná Bitcoin nó táillí níos saoire. Ní féidir le duine ar bith, áfach, teideal an chéad cryptocurrency ar domhan a éileamh cosúil le bitcoin  agus sin  ceann de na cúiseanna go leor a bhfuil bitcoin luachmhar.


Industries of all stripes typically look to technologyto improve safety and cost efficiency. With both global food prices and concerns about food safety on the rise, technology is playing a more important role in the economics of the world’s food supply.
Agricultural biotechnology is gaining traction worldwide as a method for improving crop yields. And thanks to new federal regulations dealing with food safety, information technology is becoming an increasingly important part of the equation.
Traits for Sustainability
Amid a rising global population, increasing the availability and sustainability of crops is a challenge for the farming industry.
“In 1960, on average one farmer fed 26 people per year. Now, a farmer feeds about 155 people per year,” says Jack Boyne, aspokesman for Bayer's CropScience unit. “The fact that the farming industry has risen to this challenge gives us room for optimism. But we know there will be 3 billion more people on this planet by 2050, and it’s no sure thing that that trend will continue.”
That’s why governments are embracing agricultural biotechnology, particularly insect-resistance traits and herbicide tolerance for crops, to help farmers improve their crop yields while keeping costs low.
“On average, about 35 percent of the global crop production is reduced by diseases and pests,” says Sharon Bomer Lauritsen, executive vice president, food and agriculture, at the Biotechnology Industry Organization. “Through the adoption of insect resistance, you reduce that damage caused to the crops. Through herbicide tolerance being incorporated into the plant, farmers can kill weeds more easily and still have a healthy crop.”
A new development involves incorporating drought tolerance into plants, a crucial issue for many regions in the world where water is in short supply. Drought-tolerant corn developed by Monsanto in collaboration with Germany’s BASF is awaiting approval from the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
“The analogy is that instead of the corn gulping water it takes sips of water, and it still produces at the same yield potential as corn that has the normal amount of water that’s needed conventionally,” Lauritsen says.
Along with industry giants such as Monsanto, Bayer CropScience, and Syngenta, some smaller companies are leading the way in new agricultural biotechnology methods.
Arcadia Biosciences has been working technology that helps plants use nitrogen more efficiently, enabling farmers to use less nitrogen fertilizer — cutting costs and reducing the environmental impact — while generating the same yield.
Lauritsen notes that as of 2007, biotechnology has improved soybean yields by 30 percent per acre worldwide, while corn and canola yields increased 7.6 percent and 8.5 percent per acre, respectively. From 1996 to 2008, biotech crops have produced $52 billion of farm-level economic benefits, according to PG Economics, an agricultural industry consultant.
Much of the concern regarding the world’s food supply involves developing nations. While biotechnology has largely been adopted by developed Western countries, albeit with a fair amount of controversy, it is beginning to gain traction in the rest of the world.
Lauritsen points to golden rice as an example, which is being touted as a solution to some childhood health problems in developing regions. Beta carotene, which the body converts into vitamin A, is created naturally in the stalks and leaves of the rice plant, but not in the grain. With so-called golden rice, the beta carotene is expressed in the grain itself. It’s expected to be introduced in the Philippines in 2013.
“There’s a lot of optimism that this will do a lot to help prevent blindness,” Lauritsen says. “It’s estimated that there are 6,000 deaths per day globally due to vitamin A deficiency, so that is really looked upon as a real potential.”
Building a Smarter Supply Chain
While agricultural biotechnology is an obvious means for attempting to improve the world’s food supply, information technology is less so. But recent high-profile product recalls, along with new legislation, has put IT at the forefront.
In January, President Obama signed into law the Food Safety Modernization Act. Along with granting mandatory food recall powers to the Food and Drug Administration, the law requires the FDA to establish “a product tracing system to receive information that improves the capacity to effectively and rapidly track and trace food that is in the United States or offered for import into the United States.”
Track and trace technology involves barcodes, RFID tags, and condition sensors placed on produce to record supply chain data, which is collected and analyzed by traceability software. In the context of the food supply, traceability allows everyone within the supply chain to discover in near real time where a product originated, where it’s been, what other food it’s been in contact with, and what temperature it’s been exposed to.
In 2008, the FDA initially identified U.S.-grown tomatoes as the source of a salmonella outbreak. Later, it named jalapeño and serrano peppers from Mexico as the culprits. A thorough traceability solution would have prevented such confusion, not to mention the waste and cost associated with the initial tomato warning, says Steve Beier, IBM development director for traceability software (the episode cost the tomato industry an estimated $100 million).
An end-to-end traceability solution would allow for faster and more targeted recalls. It could determine, for example, if most of the contaminated food is still in a distribution center, allowing a company to pull the product before it reaches consumers. It could also narrow down the contamination to specific lots, eliminating the need to pull every product off the shelf.
“If your IT systems are able to know exactly who has it, it opens up lots of opportunities that you couldn’t do before,” Beier says.
Traceability also assists in cold chain management—tracking the temperature a particular product has been exposed to as it’s moved through the supply chain.
“We’ve been implementing systems with customers that provide instant alert notification based on predefined business thresholds that let supervisors at a warehouse know what’s going on with that product and try to prevent the spoilage from happening,” Beier says.
Beier notes that it will be another five to 10 years before end-to-end traceability solutions become ubiquitous. But eventually all links on the supply chain, large and small, will play a role.
“You’re not going to have a small farm in a shack in the middle of a field worrying about trying to instrument his automation line, because he doesn’t have such a thing,” Beier says. “But he does have the ability to use small handheld devices to scan his crates, cartons, containers, and so on. So he can be part of that in providing information to the supply chain at large in order to make it more efficient and responsive.”

Tá tionscail de gach cineál ag lorg teicneolaíochta de ghnáth chun sábháilteacht agus éifeachtúlacht chostais a fheabhsú. De réir mar a bhíonn praghsanna bia domhanda agus imní faoi shábháilteacht bia ag ardú, tá ról níos tábhachtaí ag an teicneolaíocht i ngeilleagar soláthair bia an domhain.
Tá an bithteicneolaíocht talmhaíochta ag éirí níos mó tóir air ar fud an domhain mar mhodh chun toradh na dtorthaí a fheabhsú. Agus a bhuíochas le rialacháin cónaidhme nua a bhaineann le sábháilteacht bia, tá teicneolaíocht faisnéise ag éirí níos tábhachtaí sa chothromóid.
Gnéithe le haghaidh Inbhuanaitheacht
I measc daonra domhanda atá ag ardú, is dúshlán don tionscal feirmeoireachta fáil agus inbhuanaitheacht na dtorthaí a mhéadú.
Sa bhliain 1960, d'fhiach feirmeoir amháin 26 duine in aghaidh na bliana ar an meán. Anois, tá feirmeoir ag beatha thart ar 155 duine in aghaidh na bliana, a deir Jack Boyne, ina labhraí le haonaid CropScience Bayer. An rud go bhfuil an tionscal feirme ag teacht leis an dúshlán seo, tugann sé deis dúinn bheith dóchasach. Ach tá a fhios againn go mbeidh 3 billiún duine eile ar an bpláinéad seo faoi 2050, agus níl sé cinnte go leanfaidh an treocht sin.
Sin é an fáth go bhfuil rialtais ag glacadh le bithteicneolaíocht talmhaíochta, go háirithe tréithe frithsheasmhachta insteicte agus fhulaingt inbhéacsanna le haghaidh barra, chun cabhrú le feirmeoirí a dtorthaí barra a fheabhsú agus costais íseal a choinneáil.
Ar an meán, laghdaíonn galair agus lotnaidí thart ar 35 faoin gcéad den táirgeadh talmhaíochta domhanda, a deir Sharon Bomer Lauritsen, leas-uachtarán feidhmiúcháin, bia agus talmhaíocht, ag an Eagraíocht Tionscail Bithteicneolaíochta. Trí ghlacadh friotaíocht insect, a laghdú tú go bhfuil damáiste a tharla do na barra. Trí thurais a bhfuil toilteanas le fíordhiomsaíd ionchorpraithe sa phlanda, is féidir le feirmeoirí an weeds a mharú níos éasca agus go mbeidh barra sláintiúil acu fós.
Baineann forbairt nua le hiompar a dhéanamh ar tholacht triomachta i bplandaí, rud atá ríthábhachtach do go leor réigiún ar domhan ina bhfuil ganntanas uisce. Tá arbhar in aghaidh triomachta a d'fhorbair Monsanto i gcomhar le BASF na Gearmáine ag fanacht le ceadú ó Roinn Talmhaíochta na Stát Aontaithe.
Is é an analóga ná go nglacann an arbhar sips uisce in ionad uisce a ghluí, agus go dtáirgeann sé fós ag an acmhainn toraidh céanna le arbhar a bhfuil an méid uisce gnáth atá ag teastáil go traidisiúnta aige, a deir Lauritsen.
Chomh maith le géarghnóthais tionscail mar Monsanto, Bayer CropScience, agus Syngenta, tá roinnt cuideachtaí níos lú ag tabhairt an bealach i modhanna nua bithteicneolaíochta talmhaíochta.
Tá Arcadia Biosciences ag obair ar theicneolaíocht a chabhraíonn le plandaí nítrigin a úsáid níos éifeachtaí, rud a chuireann ar chumas feirmeoirí níos lú leasacháin nítrigine a úsáid - costais a ghearradh agus an tionchar ar an gcomhshaol a laghdú - agus an toradh céanna a ghiniúint.
Deir Lauritsen go bhfuil an bithteicneolaíocht tar éis feabhas a chur ar thorthaí na soibhianna de 30 faoin gcéad in aghaidh an achra ar fud an domhain ó 2007, agus tá an toradh ar an arbhar agus ar an canola méadaithe 7.6 faoin gcéad agus 8.5 faoin gcéad in aghaidh an achra, faoi seach. Ó 1996 go 2008, tá $52 billiún de thairbhí eacnamaíocha ag leibhéal feirme déanta ag barraithe bithteicneolaíochta, de réir PG Economics, comhairleoir tionscail talmhaíochta.
Baineann cuid mhór den imní maidir le soláthar bia an domhain leis na tíortha atá ag forbairt. Cé go bhfuil an bithteicneolaíocht glactha go mór ag tíortha forleasacha an Iarthair, cé go bhfuil go leor conspóide ann, tá sé ag tosú ag tarraingt ar an gcuid eile den domhan.
Tugann Lauritsen an rís órga mar shampla, a bhfuil sé á rá mar réiteach ar roinnt fadhbanna sláinte leanaí i réigiúin atá ag forbairt. Déantar béite-carotéin, a athraíonn an corp ina vitimín A, a chruthú go nádúrtha i gcroí agus i duilleoga an phlanda ríse, ach ní i ngráin. I gcás na rís órga mar a thugtar air, léirítear an béite-carotéin sa ghrán féin. Táthar ag súil go gcuirfear isteach é sna hOileáin Fhilipíneacha in 2013.
Tá go leor dóchais ann go ndéanfaidh sé seo go leor chun cabhrú le dallú a chosc, a deir Lauritsen. Meastar go bhfuil 6,000 bás in aghaidh an lae ar fud an domhain mar gheall ar easpa vitimín A, mar sin tá sé seo i ndáiríre le feiceáil mar fhéidearthacht fíor.
Slí soláthair níos cliste a thógáil
Cé go bhfuil bithteicneolaíocht talmhaíochta ina mhodh soiléir chun iarracht a dhéanamh soláthar bia an domhain a fheabhsú, níl an teicneolaíocht faisnéise chomh soiléir sin. Ach tá athghairm tháirgí ardphróifíle le déanaí, mar aon le reachtaíocht nua, tar éis an t-IT a chur ar thús cadhnaíochta.
I mí Eanáir, shínigh an tUachtarán Obama an tAcht um Nuachóiriú Sábháilteachta Bia. Chomh maith le cumhachtaí éigeantacha athghairm bia a dheonú don Riarachán Bia agus Drugaí, éilíonn an dlí ar an FDA córas rianaithe táirgí a bhunú chun faisnéis a fháil a fheabhsaíonn an cumas chun bia atá sna Stáit Aontaithe nó a thairgtear le haistriú isteach sna Stáit Aontaithe a rianú agus a rianú go héifeachtach agus go tapa.
Baineann teicneolaíocht rianú agus rianú le barchódanna, lipéid RFID, agus braiteoirí coinníollach a chuirtear ar tháirgí chun sonraí slabhra soláthair a thaifeadadh, a bhailítear agus a anailísítear le bogearraí rianúlachta. I gcomhthéacs an tsoláthair bia, cuireann inrianaitheacht ar chumas gach duine sa slabhra soláthair a fháil amach i bhfíor-am beagnach cá as a tháinig táirge, cá raibh sé, cén bia eile a bhí i dteagmháil leis, agus cén teocht a bhí sé nochtaithe dó.
Sa bhliain 2008, d'aithin an FDA go bunaidh tomátaí a d'fhás sna Stáit Aontaithe mar fhoinse ráig salmonella. Níos déanaí, d'ainmnigh sé jalapeño agus piobar serrano ó Mheicsiceo mar na ciontóirí. D'eascraigh réiteach cuimsitheach inrianaitheachta ó chaidreamh den sórt sin, gan trácht ar an dramhaíl agus an costas a bhaineann leis an rabhadh tosaíochta maidir le tomato, a deir Steve Beier, stiúrthóir forbartha IBM do bogearraí inrianaitheachta (chostas an t-eagrán $ 100 milliún measta ar thionscal na tomato).
Ba cheart an fhaisnéis a chur ar fáil do na Ballstáit agus do na Ballstáit eile a bhfuil gá leo chun an fhaisnéis a chur ar fáil. D'fhéadfadh sé a chinneadh, mar shampla, má tá an chuid is mó den bhia truaillithe fós i lár dáileacháin, rud a ligeann do chuideachta an táirge a tharraingt sula sroicheann sé tomhaltóirí. D'fhéadfadh sé an truailliú a shrianadh go mórchuid ar leith freisin, gan an gá gach táirge a tharraingt as an seilf.
Má tá do chórais TF in ann a fháil amach go díreach cé a bhfuil sé aige, osclaíonn sé go leor deiseanna nach bhféadfá a dhéanamh roimhe seo, a deir Beier.
Cuidíonn an inrianaitheacht freisin le bainistíocht an slabhra fuar, ag rianú an teocht a bhí ar tháirge áirithe agus é á aistriú tríd an slabhra soláthair.
"Tá muid ag cur i bhfeidhm córais le custaiméirí a sholáthraíonn fógra rabhaidh láithreach bunaithe ar thrialacha gnó réamhshainithe a ligfidh do mhaoirseoirí i stóras a fhios cad atá ag tarlú leis an táirge sin agus iarracht a dhéanamh cosc a chur ar an spoilage ó tharlaíonn", a deir Beier.
Tugann Beier faoi deara go mbeidh sé cúig go deich mbliana eile sula mbeidh réitigh inrianaitheachta deireadh go deireadh uileláithreach. Ach sa deireadh beidh ról ag gach nasc sa slabhra soláthair, mór agus beag.
"Ní bheidh feirm bheag agat i mballa i lár na bhfeirme ag déanamh imní faoi iarracht a líne uathoibrithe a ionstraimú, mar níl aon rud mar sin aige", a deir Beier. Ach tá sé in ann feistí beaga láimhe a úsáid chun a chisteanna, a chartúin, a choimeádáin, agus mar sin de a scanadh. Mar sin, is féidir leis a bheith mar chuid de sin trí fhaisnéis a sholáthar don slabhra soláthair ar fad d'fhonn é a dhéanamh níos éifeachtaí agus níos freagartha.


The difference Between Activation Energy and Threshold Energy is that Activation Energy is the minimum amount of energy absorbed by the reactant molecules so that their energy becomes equal to the threshold value while Threshold Energy is the minimum energy that a pair of particles must have in order to undergo a successful collision.
- It is the amount of energy required for reactant molecules to convert into a product.
- It is the difference between threshold energy and the average internal energy of reactant molecules.
- It is the amount of energy at which reactant molecules are converted into products.
- It is the sum of activation energy and average internal energy of the reactant molecules.

Is é an difríocht idir Fuinneamh Gníomhaithe agus Fuinneamh Tréimhseach ná go bhfuil Fuinneamh Gníomhaithe an méid íosta fuinnimh a ionsú ag na móilíní imoibrithe ionas go mbeidh a n-fuinneamh comhionann leis an luach trédhearcach agus is é Fuinneamh Trédhearcach an t-uasfhuinneamh a chaithfidh péire de pharaí a bheith acu chun bualadh rathúil a dhéanamh orthu.
- Is é an méid fuinnimh a theastaíonn chun go n-athróidh móilíní imoibritheach go táirge.
- Is é an difríocht idir an t-eagrúis fuinnimh agus meán-eagrúis inmheánach na móilíní imoibrithe.
- Is é an méid fuinnimh a thiocfaidh as modúl na n-imreoraithe a thiontú i dtáirgí.
- Is é sin suim an fhuinnimh ghníomhaithe agus meánfuinneamh inmheánach na móilíní imoibrithe.


Aug 3, 2012 ... Nepal is a small country located in South Asia. It is a multi-cultural country and
the 2011 census indicates that it has a total of 102 ethnic groups ...
Sep 3, 2014 ... In Nepal, despite the adoption of policies designed to promote universal access
to ... childhood education (ECE – what we in the U.S. would call preschool and
kindergarten) is very important for children's ... South Asia.
Jul 17, 2014 ... While the internationally acclaimed Montessori education system has ... Ganga
Lama, founding member of the Montessori Association Nepal (MAN), said the ....
Indian goodwill a must for statute implementation: PM Sep 18, ...
Printed in Kathmandu, Nepal ... Thus the interventions reviewed include those in
South Asia ...... According to a smaller-scale comparative study of preschool.
Department of Education (Nepal). ECCD. Early Childhood Care and ... UNICEF
ROSA UNICEF Regional Office for South Asia. WHO. World Health Organization
Nepal. Peace and stability remain fragile in Nepal. We are helping to lay the
foundations for a ... Tackling South Asia's Water Crisis: Can Civil Society Help?
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri
Lanka ... in South Asia consider water supply, sanitation and hygiene as basic
Nov 2, 2015 ... In South Asia, 44-50% preschool-age children have severe vitamin A ... the
countries Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, ...
Secretariat for South Asia, and Dr. Susan Durston, Regional Education Advisor,
UNICEF ... Kathmandu, Nepal on: “Equity, Gender and Quality in Education in
Asia and the Pacific”. ...... preschool education, but only 34 per cent for primary.
Efficacy of vitamin A in reducing preschool child mortality in Nepal. ... carried out
in rural Nepal, an area representative of the Gangetic flood plain of South Asia.

Aug 3, 2012 ... Is tír bheag í an Neapál atá suite i dTuaisceart na hÁise. Is tír ilchultúrtha í agus tá
léiríonn daonáireamh 2011 go bhfuil 102 grúpa eitneach aige ...
3 Meán Fómhair, 2014 ... I Neapál, in ainneoin go bhfuil beartais á nglacadh chun rochtain uilíoch a chur chun cinn
go ... oideachas óige (ECE  cad a bheadh againn sna Stáit Aontaithe glaoch réamhscoile agus
(Gaeilge) Tá an-tábhachtach do leanaí ... an Áise Theas.
17 Iúil, 2014 ... Cé go bhfuil an córas oideachais Montessori a bhfuil cáil idirnáisiúnta air ...
Dúirt Lama, ball bunaitheach de Chomhlachas Montessori Nepal (MAN), an ....
Tá an dea-thoil Indiach riachtanach chun an reacht a chur i bhfeidhm: PM Sep 18, ...
Clóite i Kathmandu, Neapál ... Dá bhrí sin, áirítear leis na hidirghabhálacha a athbhreithníodh iad siúd i
An Áise Theas ...... De réir staidéar comparáideach níos lú ar réamhscoile.
Roinn Oideachais (Nepal). ECCD. Cúram Luathóige agus ... UNICEF
ROSA Oifig Réigiúnach UNICEF don Áise Theas. WHO. Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Sláinte
An Neapáil. Tá síocháin agus cobhsaíocht fós frithsheasmhach sa Neapál. Tá muid ag cabhrú le leagan síos an
... Ag dul i ngleic le géarchéim uisce na hÁise Theas: An féidir leis an tsochaí shibhialta cabhrú?
An Afganastáin, an Bhanglaidéis, an Bhutan, an India, na Maoldíve, an Neapál, an Phacastáin agus Srí Lanka
I Lánca ... i dTuaisceart na hÁise, is bunriachtanais iad soláthar uisce, sláintíocht agus sláintíocht
2 Samhain, 2015 ... I ndeisceart na hÁise, tá 44-50% de leanaí réamhscoile ag fáil go dona vitimín A ...
tíortha Afganastáin, Bainglaise, Bhutan, an India, na Maoldíve, an Neapál, ...
Rúnaíocht na hÁise Theas, agus an Dr. Susan Durston, Comhairleoir Oideachais Réigiúnach,
UNICEF ... Kathmandu, Nepal ar: Cothroime, inscne agus cáilíocht san oideachas i
Áise agus an Aigéan Ciúin. ...... oideachas réamhscoile, ach ní raibh ach 34 faoin gcéad ann don bhun-oideachas.
Éifeachtúlacht vitimín A i laghdú ar bháis leanaí réamhscoile sa Neapál. ... a rinneadh
i dtuaisceart na hIaráice, limistéar a léiríonn an gléas tuilte Gangetic i dTuaisceart na hÁise.


G. deV. Klein, 1991. "Basin Sedimentology and Stratigraphy-The Basin Fill", Sedimentary and Diagenetic Mineral Deposits: A Basin Analysis Approach to Exploration, Eric R. Force, J. James Eidel, J. Barry Maynard
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This chapter explores the changing concepts relevant to the sediment fills that accumulated in sedimentary basins. The goal is to explore the role of both intrinsic, mantle- driven, and extrinsic, solar-driven processes that influence the depositional history and preservation of the sedimentary rock record and to correlate these processes to the distribution of sediment-hosted ore deposits. The discussion starts with a review of paleogeography, followed by a review of clastic depositional systems and the origin of black shales. This is followed by a discussion of newer developments of stratigraphic organization, particularly of sequence stratigraphy, and closes with a section on global sedimentary cycles. Although the emphasis is on process, it must be remembered that these processes are critical to understanding the host environment and depositional controls on sedimentary-hosted ore deposits. Certain mineral deposits such as phosphates, evaporites, and coals can be correlated also to climatic change, and tectonic influences in their occurrences.
Paleogeography has undergone much change as a field of research over the past decade. In the past, it was considered more of an art and eventually paleogeography fell into disrepute. The original goals were to map ancient shorelines and contrast land areas from marine areas through geological time. Such past studies demonstrated that many ancient shorelines were oriented oblique to the boundaries of present-day continents rather than paralleling the margins of present continents. This finding was resolved later from plate tectonic reconstructions. Unfortunately, early geoscientists failed to correlate this important paleogeographic clue to its tectonic implications.
Figures & Tables
Sedimentary and Diagenetic Mineral Deposits: A Basin Analysis Approach to Exploration
Major oil companies have been utilizing techniques of quantitative basin analysis in exploration for a decade or more. Ore-forming processes in stratiform, sediment-hosted ore deposits commonly involve sedimentary processes, diagenesis, basinal brines, and paleohydrology. Like the maturation and migration of hydrocarbons, their formation is an integral part of basin history. Consequently, applying comprehensive basin analysis to mineral exploration is a logical and helpful approach to understanding sediment- hosted ore deposits and predicting their occurrence, location, and origin.
When the Society of Economic Geologists' Short Course Committee contacted the writer in 1985 to develop a short course on sedimentary processes of ore formation, ft seemed to me that such a course would provide an excellent opportunity to introduce the concept of comprehensive basin analysis as an exploration tool for sediment-hosted mineral deposits. As Sawkins pointed out (1990, p. 333), “Meaningful exploration in extensional tectonic paleo-environments will increasingly require the integration of surface, subsurface, and geophysical data, and enlightened programs of basin analysis similar to those practiced by the petroleum industry will be increasingly needed.”
Sediment-hosted ore deposits include sedimentary gold and other heavy mineral accumulations; evaporites; syngenetic to late diagenetic base metal and barite deposits in clastic and carbonate rocks, including epiclastic volcanic rocks; banded iron formations; Clinton-minette-type iron and manganese ores; unconformity-related and sandstonetype uranium deposits; and Mississippi Valley-type leadzinc deposits. Some sediment -hosted ore deposits were formed at various stages of basin history and are multistage. This short course focuses on (1) the types of basins in which major sediment - hosted ore deposits occur, and (2) the controls of basin types on ore-hosting sedimentary environments and ore-forming processes.
The precise role of sedimentary processes in the formation of ore deposits has been debated by geologists around the world; this debate has affected the manner and success of exploration program s . Skinner (1979, 1987) traced the origins of the polarization of thought on the genesis of ore deposits to Agricola, who expounded on lateral secretion and precipitation of metals from circulating ground waters, and to Descartes, who perceived the earth as an outgassing star and believed that metals were not derived from host rocks. The neptunist theories of Werner (1750-1817) may have evolved from Agricola and the plutonist theories of Hutton (1726-1797) from Descartes. L. C. Graton, whom the Graton-Sales volume Ore Deposits in the United States 1933-1967

G. deV. Klein, 1991. "Basin Sedimentology and Stratigraphy-The Basin Fill", Suímh Mionraí Suímh agus Diagenetic: Cur chuige Anailíse Suímh chun Taiscéalaíochta, Eric R. Force, J. James Eidel, J. Barry Maynard
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Tá an t-ábhar seo leagtha amach i gCaibidil I. Is é an aidhm ná ról na bpróiseas inmheánach, a thiománaítear ag an mánta, agus na bpróiseas seachtracha, a thiománaítear ag an ngrian a dhéanann tionchar ar stair na taisce agus ar chaomhnú taifead carraige agus na próisis seo a chomhghabháil le dáileadh taiscí mianraí a óstáiltear le taiscéala. Tosaíonn an plé le hathbhreithniú ar phailéi-eagraíocht, agus ina dhiaidh sin athbhreithniú ar chórais taisce clastic agus ar thionscnamh na sceileanna dubh. Ina dhiaidh sin, pléítear forbairtí níos nuaí ar eagraíocht stratigrafach, go háirithe stratigrafach seicheamh, agus dúntar le rannán ar timthriallta sedimentary domhanda. Cé go bhfuil an béim ar phróiseas, ní mór a mheabhrú go bhfuil na próisis seo ríthábhachtach chun tuiscint a fháil ar an timpeallacht óstach agus ar rialuithe taisce ar thaisceanna mianraí a óstáiltear le sedimentary. Is féidir taiscí mianraí áirithe mar fhosfaidí, evaporites, agus guail a chomhghaolú freisin le hathrú aeráide, agus tionchair teicteonacha ina n-imeachtaí.
Tá athrú mór tagtha ar phléigeagrafaíocht mar réimse taighde le deich mbliana anuas. San am atá caite, measadh go raibh sé níos mó ná ealaín agus sa deireadh thit paleogeography i míchlú. Ba é an sprioc bunaidh léarscáileanna cósta ársa a mhapáil agus limistéir talún a chur i gcodarsnacht le limistéir mhuirí trí am gheolaíoch. Léirigh staidéir roimhe seo go raibh go leor cóstaí ársa dírithe ar shlí shlí ar theorainneacha na mór-roinn lá atá inniu ann seachas a bheith comhthreomhar le imeall na mór-roinn reatha. Rinneadh an teacht seo a réiteach níos déanaí ó athdhéanamh teicteonach plátaí. Ar an drochuair, níor éirigh le geoscientists luath an clue paleogeographic tábhachtach seo a chomhcheangal lena impleachtaí teictonacha.
Fíoráidí agus Táblaí
Saothar Mionraí Séidimeantacha agus Diagineiteach: Cur chuige Anailíse Básanna le haghaidh Taiscéalaíochta
Tá na cuideachtaí móra ola ag baint úsáide as teicnící anailíse baisc chainníochtúil i dtaighde ar feadh deich mbliana nó níos mó. I bpróisis foirmiú mianaigh i taiscí mianaigh stratiform, ina bhfuil taiscéalaithe, bíonn próisis taiscéalacha, diaigineis, brinsí basinal, agus paileo-hiodrálaíocht i gceist go coitianta. Cosúil le aibíocht agus imirce hidreacarbóin, tá a bhfoirmiú mar chuid dhílis de stair an bhéasaín. Dá bhrí sin, is cur chuige loighciúil agus cabhrach é anailís cuimsitheach an locha a chur i bhfeidhm ar thaighde mianraí chun taiscí úir a bhfuil sediment ina hóstach a thuiscint agus a n-éacht, a suíomh agus a thionscnamh a thuar.
Nuair a chuir Coiste an Chúrsa Gearrta de chuid an Chumann na nGeolaithe Eacnamaíochta i dteagmháil leis an scríbhneoir i 1985 chun cúrsa gearr ar phróisis sedimentary na foirmiú úire a fhorbairt, is cosúil liom go mbeadh an cúrsa sin ina deis iontach chun an coincheap anailíse cuan cuimsitheach a thabhairt isteach mar uirlis taiscéalaíochta do thaisceanna mianraí a bhfuil sediment ag gabháil leo. Mar a thug Sawkins le fios (1990, p. 333), "Beidh gá níos mó agus níos mó le hiontráil sonraí dromchla, fothram agus geofisic a dhéanamh ar thaighde chiallmhar i paleo-chomharthaí teictonic leathnaithe, agus beidh gá níos mó agus níos mó le cláir anailíse clóis atá cosúil leis na cláir a chleachtann tionscal na peitriliam. "
I measc na ndaoine a bhfuil séasúr ag gabháil leo tá ola sedimentary agus carnadh mianraí trom eile; evaporites; taiscí miotail bhunúsacha agus barit syngenetic go diagenetic déanach i carraigeacha clastic agus carbónáit, lena n-áirítear carraigeacha bolcánacha epiclastic; foirmiúí iarann bandaithe; miotail iarann agus mangainéis de chineál Clinton-minette; neamhchomhréireacht a bhaineann le taiscí úráiniam agus taiscí leadzinc de chineál sandstone; agus taiscí leadzinc de chineál Gleann Mississippi. Forbraíodh roinnt taiscí úir a óstáil le taiscéalacha ag céimeanna éagsúla de stair an bhéasaín agus tá siad ilchéim. Tá an cúrsa gearr seo dírithe ar (1) na cineálacha cuisneacha ina dtarlaíonn taiscí móra úll-óstach, agus (2) na rialuithe ar chineálacha cuisneacha ar thimpeallachtaí úll-óstach agus ar phróisis foirmiú úll.
Tá díospóireacht déanta ag geolaithe ar fud an domhain ar an ról beacht a bhí ag próisis sedimentary i bhfoirmiú taiscí úra; tá tionchar ag an díospóireacht seo ar an mbealach agus ar rath na gclár taiscéalaíochta . Rinne Skinner (1979, 1987) na bunús a bhaineann le polairseacht smaointe ar ghineas na n-ionsíolaí miotal a rianú go Agricola, a mhínigh secretion taobh agus titim miotail ó uisce talún a bhí ag scaipeadh, agus go Descartes, a d'fhéach an talamh mar réalta outgassing agus a chreid nach raibh miotail díorthaithe ó charraigí ósta. D'fhéadfadh go raibh teoiricí neptúnista Werner (1750-1817) tagtha chun cinn ó Agricola agus teoiricí plutonist Hutton (1726-1797) ó Descartes. L. C. Graton, a bhfuil an Grátain-Sales tomhas Ionaid Mianaigh sna Stáit Aontaithe 1933-1967


According to the World Health Organization (WHO), unhealthy eating patterns and lack of physical activity are the main global health risk factors. Increased production of processed foods, the rapid urbanization and unhealthy lifestyles make you vulnerable to various types of health problems, such as diabetes, heart disease and cancer. Starting a healthy lifestyle can keep you from these health risks.
A healthy lifestyle is a long-term commitment with overall health benefits for your body and life. Increased health of the body, mental and emotional will also improve the quality of your life and have a positive influence on the people around you.
Implementation of a Healthy Lifestyle
Linking a healthy lifestyle needs to be adjusted for age, sex, level of physical activity, health conditions, even your eating habits. The results will also vary, you cannot run or expect the same lifestyle changes as someone whose physical condition or health is different from yours, for example following an idol model or actor.
Here are some ways to start a healthy lifestyle that you can immediately apply and make new habits or routines.
- Know the health status of the body and make an appointment for care if needed.Perform annual checks that you may or have never done or rarely do and also check the list of vaccinations that must be obtained. Some types of vaccinations are given more than once with a specific schedule. Immediately make an appointment with a doctor if the results of routine health checks indicate abnormalities or vaccinations that must be done.
Know your body mass index (BMI) and size of your waist circumference to check whether there are risk factors for disease, such as obesity. You can do this together with a routine check. Also identify the level of your physical activity, for example how much activity is done in a week and what the intensity is. By knowing the physical and health conditions of your body, you can determine the next steps of a healthy lifestyle change that is appropriate to do. Discuss with your doctor about the type of activity or diet that is recommended for your condition.
- Fix your diet or diet and stop bad habits.Start making a diary listing what foods you consume every day. Yes, that includes the link you consume while waiting for the train schedule, for example. Make it without any judgment. Remember, you do this to find out what needs to be changed from the old diet. You can't move to a healthy lifestyle if you don't know what old habits need to be eliminated or maintained. Discuss with your doctor and a nutritionist about the type, amount of food intake, and other dietary tips that you need.
- Expand physical activity and manage stress.Adults are encouraged to set aside at least two and a half hours per week to do aerobic activities (eg walking and running) with moderate intensity. Or you can set aside one hour and 15 minutes a week to do high intensity aerobic activity, plus muscle strengthening activities, such as push-ups and sit-ups, at least two days a week. Make weekly physical and target activity calendars flexible, realistic and fun.
Linking mental health is also included in a healthy lifestyle. Slip yoga and meditation activities to deal with stress. Determine ways or activities that you can do when stress and emotions attack, for example by running up and down stairs or silence for a moment in the toilet to refocus. Breathing exercises not only remind you to be grateful but also re-evaluate perspectives and decisions that need to be taken. Remember the positive things that happen in life and you will realize how many things you have achieved or have.
- Fix sleep time.Make a fixed sleep schedule. Try to have your device, computer or television die at least two hours before the specified bedtime. Heavy exercise before going to bed is also not recommended. You can a hot shower and drink a cup of tea to make your body and mind relax, helping you get to sleep quickly. Do not underestimate sleep disorders, immediately see a doctor to get appropriate treatment, if you have trouble sleeping.
- Improve relationships with people around you.Lifestyle changes are not just diet and exercise, social interaction with people around you also contributes to your mental and emotional health. You do not need to have to equate all aspects of your life with your neighbors or friends, but you still need to take the time to socialize, both virtually and face to face. Improving relationships with others will provide a sense of comfort for each party. However, if you find it difficult to socialize, or if you are in an unhealthy relationship, then you need to seek help immediately. The doctor will help you find out the source of the problem and how to overcome it.
Expand also do activities that stimulate brain creativity with those around you. The good thing is that this activity starts as a child accompanied by formal education that supports each other. According to neurologists, doing activities like this will have more influence on the health of the brain and the body as a whole than on computer games played individually.
Even though it's hard to turn away from old habits, you need to realize that by making a healthy lifestyle a new habit, the risk of developing various types of diseases will also decrease. Physical appearance improves, mental health is maintained, and your energy increases.
A healthy lifestyle also increases your chances of living longer. A study shows that the habit of walking for at least 30 minutes every day can significantly reduce the risk of dying at an early age. So what are you waiting for? Don't delay continuing to change your old lifestyle to a healthy lifestyle.

De réir Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Sláinte (WHO), is iad na príomhfhachtóirí riosca sláinte domhanda ná na patrúin itheacháin neamhshláintiúla agus an easpa gníomhaíochta fisiceacha. Tá an táirgeadh méadaithe bia próiseáilte, an uirbhinithe tapa agus stíl mhaireachtála neamhshláintiúil ag déanamh tú leochaileach do chineálacha éagsúla fadhbanna sláinte, amhail diaibéiteas, galar croí agus ailse. Is féidir le stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúil a thosú tú a choinneáil ó na rioscaí sláinte seo.
Is tiomantas fadtéarmach é stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúil a bhfuil buntáistí sláinte foriomlán aige do do chorp agus do shaol. Feabhsóidh sláinte níos fearr an choirp, na meabhairshláinte agus na mothúchán do cháilíocht na beatha agus beidh tionchar dearfach aige ar na daoine timpeall ort.
Bealach maireachtála sláintiúil a chur i bhfeidhm
Ní mór an nasc idir stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúil a choigeartú do aois, do ghnéas, do leibhéal gníomhaíochta fisiceach, do riochtaí sláinte, fiú do nósanna ithe. Beidh na torthaí éagsúil freisin, ní féidir leat a bheith ag rith nó ag súil leis na hathruithe céanna ar do stíl mhaireachtála le duine a bhfuil a riocht nó a shláinte fhisiciúil difriúil ó do chuid féin, mar shampla ag leanúint samhail nó aisteoir idéal.
Seo roinnt bealaí chun stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúil a thosú ar féidir leat a chur i bhfeidhm láithreach agus nósanna nó gnáthamh nua a dhéanamh.
- Bí ar an eolas faoi stádas sláinte an chomhlachta agus déan coinneáil le haghaidh cúraim más gá. Tugtar roinnt cineálacha vacsaínithe níos mó ná uair amháin le sceideal ar leith. Déan coinneáil láithreach le dochtúir má léiríonn torthaí na gnáth- scrúduithe sláinte neamhghnácha nó má chaithfear vacsaínithe a dhéanamh.
Bíodh a fhios agat do innéacs mais coirp (BMI) agus méid do chuaird waist chun a sheiceáil an bhfuil fachtóirí riosca ann do ghalair, mar shampla murtall. Is féidir leat é seo a dhéanamh in éineacht le seiceáil ghnáthamh. Déan cur síos freisin ar do leibhéal gníomhaíochta fisice, mar shampla cé mhéad gníomhaíochta a dhéantar i seachtain agus cén déine atá air. Trí bheith ar an eolas faoi do chorp agus faoi do shláinte, is féidir leat na chéad chéimeanna eile a chinneadh maidir le hathrú stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúil atá oiriúnach a dhéanamh. Déan plé le do dhochtúir faoin gcineál gníomhaíochta nó aiste bia a mholtar do do riocht.
- Déan do aiste bia nó do aiste bia a shocrú agus stop le droch- nósanna. Sea, tá an nasc a úsáideann tú san áireamh agus tú ag fanacht ar an sceideal traenach, mar shampla. Déan é gan aon bhreithiúnas. Cuimhnigh, déanann tú seo chun a fháil amach cad is gá a athrú ón sean-aiste bia. Ní féidir leat dul chuig stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúil mura bhfuil a fhios agat cad iad na sean-nósanna a chaithfidh a bheith curtha ar ceal nó a chaomhnú. Labhair le do dhochtúir agus le cothaitheoir faoi na cineálacha bia, an méid bia a thógann tú, agus le leideanna eile maidir le haiste bia a theastaíonn uait.
- Iompar níos mó gníomhaíochta fisice agus déileáil le strus. Moltar do dhaoine fásta dhá uair go leith sa tseachtain ar a laghad a chur ar leataobh chun gníomhaíochtaí aeróbach (e.g. siúl agus rith) a dhéanamh le déine meánach. Nó is féidir leat uair an chloig agus 15 nóiméad a chur ar leataobh in aghaidh na seachtaine chun gníomhaíocht aeróbach ard-dhlúth a dhéanamh, chomh maith le gníomhaíochtaí a neartóidh na matáin, amhail push-ups agus sit-ups, dhá lá ar a laghad sa tseachtain. Déan féilireanna gníomhaíochta fisiceach agus spriocghníomhaíochta seachtainiúla solúbtha, réalaíoch agus spraoi.
Tá sláinte mheabhrach a nascadh san áireamh freisin i stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúil. Seachain gníomhaíochtaí ioga agus machnaimh chun déileáil le strus. Déan cinneadh ar bhealaí nó ar ghníomhaíochtaí is féidir leat a dhéanamh nuair a thagann strus agus mothúcháin i bhfeidhm ort, mar shampla ag rith suas agus síos staighre nó ag fanacht ciúin ar feadh nóiméad sa seomra folctha chun díriú ar ais. Ní hamháin go gcuimhneoidh cleachtaí anála ort a bheith buíoch ach déanfaidh siad freisin athmheasú ar na dearcadh agus na cinntí a chaithfidh a bheith déanta. Cuimhnigh ar na rudaí dearfacha a tharlaíonn sa saol agus tuigfidh tú cé mhéad rud a bhfuil bainte amach agat nó a bhfuil agat.
- Seol am codlata. Déan sceideal codlata seasta. Déan iarracht do ghléas, do ríomhaire nó do theilifís a dhíghlasáil dhá uair an chloig ar a laghad roimh an am codlata a leagtar síos. Ní mholtar freisin a bheith ag déanamh aclaíochta trom roimh dul a chodladh. Is féidir leat cith te a ól agus cupán tae a ól chun do chorp agus d'intinn a scíth a ligean, rud a chabhróidh leat dul a chodladh go tapa. Ná déan neamhoird codlata a mhí-mheas, téigh chuig dochtúir láithreach chun cóireáil chuí a fháil, má tá deacracht agat codlata.
- Feabhas a chur ar chaidrimh le daoine timpeall ort.Ní hé amháin an aiste bia agus an cleachtadh a athraíonn stíl mhaireachtála, cuireann idirghníomhaíocht shóisialta le daoine timpeall ort le do shláinte mheabhrach agus mhothúchánach freisin. Ní gá duit gach gné de do shaol a chur ar aon dul le do chomharsana nó le do chairde, ach ní mór duit an t-am a thógáil fós chun caidreamh a dhéanamh, go fíorúil agus go pearsanta. Cuirfidh feabhas a chur ar chaidrimh le daoine eile mothú comhghairdeachta ar fáil do gach páirtí. Mar sin féin, má tá sé deacair duit a bheith ag caidreamh sóisialta, nó má tá tú i gcaidreamh neamhshláintiúil, ansin ní mór duit cabhair a lorg láithreach. Cabhróidh an dochtúir leat bunús an fhadhb a fháil amach agus conas é a shárú.
Déan gníomhaíochtaí a spreagann cruthaitheacht na hinchinne le daoine timpeall ort. Is é an rud maith ná go dtosaíonn an ghníomhaíocht seo mar leanbh agus go bhfuil oideachas foirmiúil ag gabháil léi a thacaíonn lena chéile. De réir na néar-eolaithe, beidh tionchar níos mó ag gníomhaíochtaí mar seo a dhéanamh ar shláinte an inchinn agus an chomhlachta ina iomláine ná ar chluichí ríomhaire a imrítear go aonair.
Cé go bhfuil sé deacair dul ar shiúl ó shean-nósanna, ní mór duit a thuiscint go laghdófar an baol go bhforbrófar cineálacha éagsúla galair freisin trí stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúil a dhéanamh ina nósanna nua. Feabhsaíonn d'fhéachtas fisiceach, coinnítear do shláinte mheabhrach, agus méadaíonn do chuid fuinnimh.
Má tá stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúil agat, is féidir leat maireachtáil níos faide freisin. Léiríonn staidéar go bhféadfadh an cleachtadh a bheith ag siúl ar feadh 30 nóiméad ar a laghad gach lá an baol a bheith ag laghdú go suntasach go bhfaighidh tú bás go luath. Mar sin, cad atá tú ag fanacht? Ná bíodh moill ort leanúint ar aghaidh ag athrú do shean-stíl mhaireachtála go stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúil.


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The first thing you should know about chemical free lawn care, is that it doesn’t come with any guarantees. You can use all the best, eco-friendly products and treat your lawn like a living organism, but if you don’t feed it properly or water it enough, there will be no improvement in growth.
But don’t worry; this article will help!
What is Chemical Free Lawn Care & Why is it a Better Alternative?
Organic lawn care is basically a movement that started against pesticides and other chemicals which are used to fertilize the soil. They contain harsh, toxic chemicals that kill living beings from molds and viruses all the way to microscopic bacteria.
What’s even worse, these harmful elements quickly leach into our water supply and cause irreparable damage to the environment.
In order to avoid all of this, many people have turned to organic methods in hopes for a clean, chemical free yard that has a healthy lawn and is well taken care of and safe for kids and pets. Besides trying to reduce pollution and protect the environment, going green can also save you a lot of money in the long run.
The Basics of Organic Lawn Care
Before you can get started on your journey, there are some basic things that you will need to learn about organic soil management. If you’re curious about the different aspects of it, keep reading.
What is Your Lawn Made Of?
Your lawn is made of two types of components: turf grass and underground roots. While both of these are alive, they require different nutrients in order to stay healthy and strong.
Turf grass is the living surface of your lawn that you see when you look down. It’s made up out of a variety of species and each one requires a unique type of care to keep it in optimal health. On the other hand, the roots are made of organic compounds and they hold your lawn together. They create a complex structure filled with microscopic tunnels and chambers that allow the roots to absorb both nutrients and water from the soil.
While chemical/synthetic fertilizers only nourish the turf grass, organic fertilizers will feed both components equally. This is why it’s always recommended to go with an organic fertilizer instead of a conventional one.
By fertilizing the soil with natural elements, like compost and manure, and using organic grass seed you help your roots grow strong and deep which results in less weed growth. Also, turf grass has a much easier time drinking up water because there are no chemicals that block the passage way. You’ll have a lot less dead grass as well because the lawn will become a living organism again with healthy soil.
It’s a good idea to run a soil test on your existing lawn to see what you’re working with and what types of nutrients you’ll need to add in. Things like bone meal and other nutrients can add in what your soil is lacking.
Organic Lawn Fertilizers
There are two types of organic fertilizer that you can use in your lawn: compost and manure.
Compost is a stable form of organic matter that you can create for yourself or purchase from local farms. It’s basically an excellent soil conditioner because it will add all kinds of nutrients to your lawn. It usually contains grass clippings and other organic materials that help organic lawns thrive. This can also be made into compost tea which contains beneficial organisms and organic matter which convetional fertilizers and chemical herbicides do not.
On the other hand, manure is made of decomposed animal excrements that you can get from stables or farms for free. You’ll only want to use manure from animals who are herbivores. This organic matter will also contain grass clippings, hay leavings, and beneficial organisms from the biome of the animal. It’s like pre-steeped compost tea with extra benefits. This will lead to a healthier lawn, healthy turf, and encourage strong grass roots and root growth.
When looking for environmentally friendly fertilizer find one that’s rich in nitrogen and phosphorous because these are the two key elements that your soil is lacking. Luckily, most compost fertilizers will have them both which makes them a very cost effective solution. Watch out for weed seeds in your compost though as they can cause headaches later.
Check out our list of some of the best organic fertilizers here.
Organic Lawn Weed Control
A lot of people think that going with chemical weed control is the only way to keep your lawn free from weeds and that organic ways are not as efficient. However, there are some natural solutions out there which you can use for organic weed control, like vinegar and plant-based oil sprays.
These two are very easy to make at home, but it’s important to keep in mind that you will need to apply them regularly. The only problem with using vinegar is the fact that weeds will soon build up immunity if you use it too often.
On the other hand, plant-based oil sprays will probably be much more effective in the long run, but they are usually not as easy to use. These solutions can also have negative effects on your turf grass if you don’t apply them carefully.
Organic Lawn Diseases and Insects
Chemical pesticides control bugs by poisoning them which means that these harmful elements will also get inside your body when you touch them.
If you want to protect your family and pets, it’s best to try organic ways of pest control like using mothballs, diatomaceous earth (food grade), or garlic spray. These solutions are safe enough for everyone in the house, but they can be pretty ineffective unless you use them regularly.
The only thing that you need to keep in mind is that most organic pest control solutions are very smelly, so they’re not the best solution for your regimen.
Tips for Transitioning Your Yard from Chemicals to Non-Chemical Methods of Weed Control
So, all of that is well and good but what if you have been using chemicals on your lawn up until now? How do you transition from chemical to chemical free practices?
The best way is to slowly introduce the new, non-chemical treatments. For example, if you have been using a weed killer from a store for your lawn, start by mixing vinegar with water and spraying the weeds instead of buying a chemical spray bottle. This will allow you to get used to organic means of weed control as well as eliminate some of the risk associated with it.
You can also choose to apply organic fertilizers and see how your lawn responds. Once you’ve noticed a positive change, switch to natural insect and disease control as well and let your lawn get used to them gradually.
The Dos and Don’ts of Organic Lawn Maintenance
So, now that we’ve covered the main advantages and disadvantages of organic lawn care and what you can do to transition from chemicals to organic treatments, let’s talk about dos and don’ts.
The first thing that you should do is stop using weed killers as soon as possible. This might be a tough decision because weed killers are one of the most popular lawn care products out there. However, if you want to go organic, this is a no-brainer.
Secondly, you should start watering your lawn regularly and not depend on chemicals to do it for you. In order for your grass to grow properly and have a good root system, it needs water.
You should also find an alternative to pesticides, which is good for your lawn as well as the environment.
Another thing that you might want to do is invest in sod instead of seed. Sod will help you grow a new grass patch much faster than seeds.
Even though organic means might seem expensive at first, they are a lot cheaper in the long run and you can easily save a bunch by using them.
You should also invest in a good lawn mower if you want to go organic because it will help you get rid of dead or dying grass which is inevitable when getting rid of chemicals from your yard.
In addition to that, don’t try to fertilize too much because this will damage your lawn and make it more susceptible to diseases.
The Best Tools for Maintaining a Chemical-Free Lawn or Garden – A Quick Buyer’s Guide
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Now that you’re familiar with organic lawn care and what it entails, let’s talk about the tools that you need in order to successfully maintain a chemical-free garden or yard.
If you have been using pesticides on your lawn for years, it might be time to move on.
This is why we recommend this 2 gallon 180 psi garden sprayer for you. It’s a very affordable product that does what it says and is the perfect tool to transition from chemicals to organic means of weed control.
The next thing that you will need is a lawn aerator, also known as a dethatcher, which helps your grass breathe and grow healthier roots.
This one by Greenworks is a very reliable product that does the job well. It’s far from fancy but it gets the job done and you can’t beat its price.
The next tool that you will need is a good electric lawn mower, such as this one by SunJoe.
It has great blades and will help you cut your grass without damaging it.
Once your lawn is nice and green, you will need a good way to water it properly and a sprinkler is the best option for that.
This one by Melnor is very easy to use and can cover up to 4400 square feet of space.
In addition to that, it comes with 5 different spray patterns to choose from.
Now that you know what tools you will need, make sure to use them properly and take your time transitioning to organic lawn care.
Chemical Free, Organic Lawn Care is the Lawn Care of the Future
As you can see, going organic is a lot easier than you might think and while there are some risks associated with going against the grain, they are not as bad as you would initially expect them to be. So get rid of your chemical-based lawn care products and start using organic ones.
If you’re new to this, it might take some time for your grass to get used to them but in the end, it will be well worth it.
Interested in other ways to make your organic lawn thrive? Check out this article here.

Tá naisc cleamhnaithe Amazon san alt seo. Ciallaíonn sé seo má dhéanann tú ceannach trí chliceáil ar na naisc seo gheobhaidh muid coimisiún beag chun cabhrú leis an mblag a choinneáil ag rith.
Is é an chéad rud ba chóir duit a bheith ar an eolas faoi chúram plandaí saor ó cheimiceáin ná nach bhfuil aon ráthaíochtaí ann. Is féidir leat na táirgí is fearr, atá neamhdhíobhálach don chomhshaol a úsáid agus do ghruaim a chóireáil mar orgánach beo, ach mura gcuireann tú bia ceart air nó mura gcuireann tú uisce go leor air, ní bheidh aon fheabhas ar fhás.
Ach ná bíodh imní ort; cabhróidh an t-alt seo leat!
Cad é Cúram Lawn saor ó Cheimiceáin & Cén fáth go bhfuil sé ina mhalairt níos fearr?
Is gluaiseacht é cúram plandaí orgánacha a thosaigh i gcoinne lotnaidicídí agus ceimiceáin eile a úsáidtear chun an ithir a fháithint. Tá ceimiceáin thirim, tocsaineacha iontu a mharaíonn créatúir bheo ó múnlaí agus víris go dtí baictéir mhicreascópacha.
Níos measa fós, léiríonn na heilimintí díobhálacha seo go tapa go bhfuil siad ag dul isteach inár soláthar uisce agus go bhfuil damáiste dochreidte déanta acu don chomhshaol.
D'fhonn an t-ábhar seo go léir a sheachaint, tá go leor daoine tar éis dul i dtreo modhanna orgánacha ag súil le gairdín glan, saor ó cheimiceáin a bhfuil gairdín sláintiúil aige agus a bhfuil cúram maith air agus atá sábháilte do leanaí agus do pheataí. Chomh maith le iarracht a dhéanamh truailliú a laghdú agus an timpeallacht a chosaint, is féidir le dul glas a shábháil go leor airgid duit san fhadtréimhse.
Bunriachtanais Chúram Lawn orgánach
Sula bhféadfaidh tú tosú ar do thuras, tá roinnt rudaí bunúsacha ann a chaithfidh tú a fhoghlaim faoi bhainistiú orgánach ithreach. Má tá suim agat sna gnéithe éagsúla de, lean ort ag léamh.
Cad é a Déantar do Lawn as?
Tá dhá chineál comhpháirteanna ag do ghruaim: féar grass agus fréamhacha faoi thalamh. Cé go bhfuil an dá cheann acu beo, ní mór dóibh cothaithigh éagsúla chun fanacht sláintiúil agus láidir.
Is é an fheirm atá beo ar do ghruaim a fheiceann tú nuair a fhéachann tú síos. Tá sé déanta suas as speiceas éagsúla agus éilíonn gach ceann acu cineál cúraim uathúil chun a sláinte a choinneáil ar a bharrfheabhsú. Ar an láimh eile, tá na fréamhacha déanta as comhdhúile orgánacha agus coinníonn siad do ghruaig le chéile. Cruthaíonn siad struchtúr casta atá líonta le tolláin agus seomraí microscopic a ligeann do na fréamhacha cothaithigh agus uisce a ionsú ón ithir.
Ní chuireann breoslaí ceimiceacha/sintéiseacha ach cothú ar an nglasraí, ach soláthraíonn breoslaí orgánacha an dá chomhpháirt go cothrom. Sin é an fáth go moltar go leanfaidh tú le leasachán orgánach in ionad leasachán traidisiúnta.
Trí na heilimintí nádúrtha, cosúil le compost agus le huisce, a fhóirdhealú leis an ithir agus trí shíolta féir orgánacha a úsáid, cabhróidh tú le do chuid fréamhacha a fhás láidir agus domhain agus mar thoradh air sin ní bheidh níos lú fíonchaora ag fás. Chomh maith leis sin, tá an-éasca ag an ngrás grass uisce a ól toisc nach bhfuil aon cheimiceáin ann a chuireann bac ar an mbealach a théann sé. Beidh níos lú féar marbh agat freisin toisc go mbeidh an féar ina orgánach beo arís le ithir shláintiúil.
Is maith smaoineamh é tástáil ithreach a dhéanamh ar do ghruaim atá ann cheana féin chun a fheiceáil cad atá á oibriú agat leis agus cén cineál cothaithigh a chaithfidh tú a chur isteach. Is féidir le rudaí cosúil le mionn cnámh agus cothaithigh eile a chur leis an méid a bhfuil ag teastáil ó do thalamh.
Tá an méid seo a leanas le cur san áireamh:
Tá dhá chineál leasacháin orgánacha ann is féidir leat a úsáid i do ghruaim: compost agus feoil.
Is cineál cobhsaí ábhar orgánach é an compost ar féidir leat é a chruthú duit féin nó a cheannach ó fheirmeacha áitiúla. Go bunúsach is comhdhéanamh talún den scoth é toisc go gcuirfidh sé gach cineál cothaithigh le do ghruaig. De ghnáth bíonn gearrthóga féirín agus ábhair orgánacha eile ann a chabhraíonn le féiríní orgánacha a bheith rathúil. Is féidir é seo a dhéanamh freisin i dtá compósta a bhfuil orgánaigh tairbheacha agus ábhar orgánach ann nach bhfuil saibhris conventional agus fíordhiomsaithe ceimiceacha ann.
Ar an láimh eile, déantar boilg as easpa ainmhithe atá imithe i gcodladh a fhaightear ó stailc nó ó fheirmeacha saor in aisce. Ní bheidh tú ag iarraidh ach boilg a úsáid ó ainmhithe atá ina bhfithisithe. Beidh sa ábhar orgánach seo freisin gearrthóga féir, fánaí féir, agus orgánaigh tairbheacha ó bithchrutha an ainmhí. Tá sé cosúil le tae compost réamh-steeped le buntáistí breise. Beidh an gairdín níos sláintiúla, an turf sláintiúil, agus fréamhacha féirnéasacha agus fás fréamhacha láidir.
Nuair a bhíonn tú ag lorg leasacháin atá neamhdhíobhálach don chomhshaol, bíodh sé ar do intinn é a bheith saibhir i nítrigin agus i fosfar mar is iad seo an dá phríomhghné nach bhfuil i do thalamh. Ar an dea-uair, beidh an dá cheann acu ag formhór na luibheanna compósta, rud a fhágann go bhfuil siad an-éifeachtach ó thaobh costais de. Bí cúramach le síolta féirín i do choimhlint mar is féidir leo tinneas cinn a chur ort níos déanaí.
Seiceáil amach ár liosta de chuid de na leasacháin orgánacha is fearr anseo.
Cúntóir Fógráin Ghlas orgánach
Measann a lán daoine gurb é an t-aon bhealach chun do ghruaim a choinneáil saor ó weeds agus nach bhfuil modhanna orgánacha chomh héifeachtach. Mar sin féin, tá roinnt réitigh nádúrtha amuigh ansin ar féidir leat a úsáid chun smacht a fháil ar an bhfómhar orgánach, cosúil le fíon-uisce agus spraeanna ola plandaí.
Tá an dá cheann seo an-éasca a dhéanamh sa bhaile, ach tá sé tábhachtach a choinneáil i gcuimhne go mbeidh ort iad a chur i bhfeidhm go rialta. Is é an t-aon fhadhb le fíonchaor a úsáid ná go dtógfaidh fíonchaora imdhíonacht go luath má úsáideann tú é ró-mhinicí.
Ar an láimh eile, is dócha go mbeidh spraeanna ola plandaí i bhfad níos éifeachtaí san fhadtréimhse, ach de ghnáth ní bhíonn siad chomh furasta a úsáid. Féadfaidh na réitigh seo éifeachtaí diúltacha a bheith acu ar do ghruaig má tá tú ag cur isteach orthu go cúramach.
Galar agus Insectí Orgánacha
Déantar cosc ar inscneacha le pléasgairí ceimiceacha trí iad a phéinteáil rud a chiallaíonn go bhfaighidh na heilimintí díobhálacha seo isteach i do chorp freisin nuair a dhéanfaidh tú teagmháil leo.
Más mian leat do theaghlach agus do pheataí a chosaint, is fearr modhanna orgánacha rialaithe plóistí a thriail mar úsáid mothballs, talún diatomaceous (leibhéal bia), nó sprae ailge. Tá na réitigh seo sábháilte go leor do gach duine sa teach, ach d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith an-neamhéifeachtach mura n-úsáideann tú iad go rialta.
Is é an rud amháin a chaithfidh tú a choinneáil i gcuimhne ná go bhfuil an chuid is mó de na réitigh orgánacha rialaithe plóiste an-smelly, mar sin ní hé an réiteach is fearr iad do do chóras.
Leideanna chun do Chéimic a Aistriú go Modhanna Neamhcheimiceacha um Chóireáil Weed
Mar sin, tá gach rud sin go maith agus go maith ach cad a tharlaíonn má tá tú ag baint úsáide as ceimiceáin ar do ghruaim suas go dtí seo? Conas a dhéantar an t-aistriú ó chleachtais cheimiceacha go cleachtais saor ó cheimiceáin?
Is é an bealach is fearr ná na cóireálacha nua neamhchimiceacha a thabhairt isteach go mall. Mar shampla, má tá tú ag úsáid marú talún ó siopa le haghaidh do ghruaig, tosaigh ag meascán fíonchaora le huisce agus ag spraeáil na féar seachas buidéal spraeála ceimiceach a cheannach. Cuirfidh sé seo ar do chumas dul i dtaithí ar mhodhanna orgánacha rialaithe weed chomh maith le cuid den riosca a bhaineann leis a dhíchur.
Is féidir leat freisin a roghnú le hithithíocht orgánach a chur i bhfeidhm agus a fheiceáil conas a fhreagraíonn do ghruaig. Nuair a bheidh athrú dearfach tugtha faoi deara agat, téigh ar aghaidh chuig rialú nádúrtha ar insctí agus ar ghalair chomh maith agus lig do ghruaim dul i dtaithí orthu de réir a chéile.
Na Dos agus Don't of Organic Lawn Cothabháil
Mar sin, anois go bhfuil na príomh-buntáistí agus na míbhuntáistí a bhaineann le cúram plandaí orgánacha á gcur againn agus cad is féidir leat a dhéanamh chun aistriú ó cheimiceáin go cóireálacha orgánacha, déanaimis labhairt faoi na rudaí a dhéantar agus nach ndéantar.
Is é an chéad rud ba chóir duit a dhéanamh ná stop a chur le húsáid marúcháin féirín a luaithe is féidir. D'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith ina chinneadh deacair toisc go bhfuil na maraitheoirí féirín ar cheann de na táirgí cúraim féirín is mó tóir amach ann. Mar sin féin, más mian leat dul orgánach, tá sé seo gan brainer.
Ar an dara dul síos, ba cheart duit tosú ag uisce do ghruaim go rialta agus gan brath ar cheimiceáin é a dhéanamh ar do shon. Chun go bhfásfaidh do ghlas go cuí agus go mbeidh córas fhréamh maith aige, tá uisce de dhíth air.
Ba cheart duit rogha eile a fháil freisin seachas lotnaidicídí, rud atá maith do do ghruaim chomh maith leis an gcomhshaol.
Rud eile gur mhaith leat a dhéanamh ná infheistíocht a dhéanamh i sod in ionad síolta. Cabhróidh sod leat a fhás pacáiste féar nua i bhfad níos tapúla ná síolta.
Cé go bhféadfadh sé go mbeadh na modhanna orgánacha costasach ar dtús, tá siad i bhfad níos saoire san fhadtréimhse agus is féidir leat go héasca a lán a shábháil trína úsáid.
Ba cheart duit infheistíocht a dhéanamh i bhfearas gearrthóg maith freisin más mian leat dul orgánach toisc go gcabhróidh sé leat fáil réidh le féar marbh nó atá ag fáil bháis a bhfuil sé dosheachanta nuair a bhíonn ceimiceáin á fáil réidh ó do ghairdín.
Ina theannta sin, ná déan iarracht an iomarca a fhóirdhealú mar go ndéanfaidh sé seo do ghruaim a mhilleadh agus go mbeidh sé níos so-ghabhálach do ghalair.
Na huirlisí is fearr chun gairdín nó féar gan cheimiceáin a chothabháil  Treoirleabhar Ceannaitheora
Tá nascanna cleamhnaithe Amazon sa chuid seo. Ciallaíonn sé seo má dhéanann tú ceannach trí chliceáil ar na naisc seo gheobhaidh muid coimisiún beag chun cabhrú leis an mblag a choinneáil ag rith.
Anois go bhfuil tú eolach ar chúram plandaí orgánacha agus ar a bhfuil i gceist leis, déanaimis labhairt faoi na huirlisí a theastaíonn uait chun gairdín nó cíos saor ó cheimiceáin a chothabháil go rathúil.
Má tá tú ag úsáid lotnaidicídí ar do ghruaim ar feadh blianta, b'fhéidir go bhfuil sé in am dul ar aghaidh.
Sin é an fáth a mholfaimid an 2 gallon 180 psi spraeálaí gairdín duit. Is táirge an-áisiúil é a dhéanann an méid a deir sé agus is uirlis iontach é chun aistriú ó cheimiceáin go modhanna orgánacha um rialú féir.
Is é an chéad rud eile a theastaíonn uait ná aerator gaineamh, ar a dtugtar freisin dethatcher, a chabhraíonn le do ghlas a anailís agus fréamhacha níos sláintiúla a fhás.
Is táirge an-iontaofa é seo ó Greenworks a dhéanann an obair go maith. Tá sé i bhfad ó shaibhreas ach déanann sé an obair agus ní féidir leat a phraghas a bhuachan.
Is é an chéad uirlis eile a bheidh uait ná feadán maith leictreach, mar an ceann seo de chuid SunJoe.
Tá sciatháin mhóra aige agus cabhróidh sé leat do ghruaig a ghearradh gan damáiste a dhéanamh di.
Nuair a bheidh do ghruaim deas agus glas, beidh ort bealach maith a bheith agat chun í a uisciú go cuí agus is é sprinkler an rogha is fearr chun é sin a dhéanamh.
Tá an ceann seo ag Melnor an-éasca le húsáid agus is féidir leis suas le 4400 troigh cearnach de spás a chlúdach.
Ina theannta sin, tagann sé le 5 patrún spraeála éagsúla a roghnú as.
Anois go bhfuil a fhios agat cad iad na huirlisí a bheidh uait, déan cinnte iad a úsáid i gceart agus tabhair do chuid ama chun aistriú go cúram plandaí orgánacha.
Is é Cúram Grian orgánach, Gan Cheimiceáin, Cúram Grian an Todhchaí
Mar a fheiceann tú, tá sé i bhfad níos éasca dul orgánach ná mar a cheapfá agus cé go bhfuil roinnt rioscaí ag gabháil leis an dul i gcoinne an ghráin, níl siad chomh dona agus a bheadh súil agat go mbeadh siad. Mar sin, cuir deireadh le do tháirgí cúraim féirín atá bunaithe ar cheimiceáin agus tosaigh ag úsáid táirgí orgánacha.
Má tá tú nua leis seo, d'fhéadfadh sé go dtógfaidh sé tamall do do ghlasra dul i dtaithí orthu ach sa deireadh, beidh sé fiú an iarracht.
Ar mhaith leat modhanna eile a fháil chun do ghruaim orgánach a chur chun cinn? Féach ar an alt seo anseo.


Swathes of northwest India will be reduced to heaps of body bags if an earthquake a tad stronger than the 7.8-magnitude Kangra Valley earthquake of 1905, identical in intensity to Saturday’s Nepal monster, occurs now, say scientists.
Similarly, close to a million people in the Northeast will be entombed by hills of rubble if a quake similar to the one that struck Shillong in 1897 strikes again.
But first, the disclaimer: these are not forecasts but hypothetical scenarios published in National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) reports based on separate simulations of the Kangra and Shillong quakes that collectively killed more than 21,000 people over a century ago.
Second, a repeat disclaimer: science has yet to give humanity a technology to predict an earthquake in advance. NDMA and other agencies depend on science-based scenarios, however alarming they may look or sound, to assess risk factors.
The July 2014 report says about a million people in Himachal Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab will perish if an 8-magnitude earthquake epicentred at Mandi strikes at midnight when most people are sleeping indoors. And nearly 5 million will suffer injuries, serious or slight.
The catastrophe will wipe out 2.35% of Himachal’s population, says the nearly two-year study conducted in 2012-2013 by IIT-Bombay and IIT-Kanpur professors. It was part of a presentation by the country’s top disaster-management agency that the Prime Minister chairs.
“We replicated the 1905 Kangra earthquake and superimposed it to current times. We studied factors like the intensity of vibrations, building structures such as mud, timber or brick, and collected in detail data on the number of houses, people, etc. to arrive at conclusions with a reasonable amount of accuracy,” said research team leader Ravi Sinha, who teaches civil engineering at IIT-Bombay and is also a top earthquake expert.
Considered one of the six most seismically active regions in the world, the Northeast has seen some of the biggest quakes in history — Shillong in 1897 and Assam in 1950.
The NDMA report prepared by the Jorhat-based CSIR-Northeast Institute of Science and Technology says Assam will top the casualty list with 6 lakh deaths while Arunachal Pradesh will suffer the least, mostly because of its low density of population.
Ranju Duarah, chief scientist at CSIR-NEIST’s geo-science unit, said the findings were based on a scientific assessment of the region’s vulnerability to any 1897-class earthquake. “Our focal areas of interest in simulating the scenario are populations, housing structures and local geology.”
Read: Indian landmass slid under Nepal by several feet during monster quake
Read: Here's all you need to know about earthquakes

Beidh sráideanna de thuaidh na hIndia a laghdú go dtí heapáin de málaí comhlacht má tharlaíonn crith talún a bhfuil a tad níos láidre ná an 7.8-magnitude Kangra Valley crith talún 1905, comhionann i dhlúthúlacht le Saturday's Neapáil monster, a rá na heolaithe.
Ar an gcaoi chéanna, beidh beagnach milliún duine san Oirthear Thuaidh curtha faoi chnocanna d'fhuil má bhuaileann crith talún cosúil leis an gceann a bhuail Shillong i 1897 arís.
Ach ar dtús, an díchealú: ní réamhaisnéisí iad seo ach cásanna hipitéiseacha a foilsíodh i dtuarascálacha Údarás Náisiúnta Bainistíochta tubaistí (NDMA) bunaithe ar shamhlaíochtaí ar leithligh de na crith talún Kangra agus Shillong a maraíodh níos mó ná 21,000 duine le chéile níos mó ná céad bliain ó shin.
Ar an dara dul síos, athdhíoltóir athdhíola: ní thug an eolaíocht teicneolaíocht don chine daonna fós chun crith talún a thuar roimh ré. Tá NDMA agus gníomhaireachtaí eile ag brath ar chásanna eolaíochta, cé chomh scanrúil is a d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith nó a bhfuaim, chun fachtóirí riosca a mheas.
Deir an tuarascáil Iúil 2014 go bhfaighidh thart ar milliún duine i Himachal Pradesh, Haryana agus Punjab bás má bhuaileann crith talún 8 magnitude a bhfuil an t-eipicentrum aige i Mandi ag meán oíche nuair a bhíonn an chuid is mó de na daoine ag codladh laistigh. Agus beidh beagnach 5 mhilliún díobháil, tromchúiseach nó éadrom.
Beidh an tubaiste a scriosadh 2.35% de Himachal's daonra, deir an staidéar beagnach dhá bhliain a rinneadh i 2012-2013 ag IIT-Bombay agus IIT-Kanpur ollamh. Bhí sé mar chuid de chur i láthair ag an gclár bainistíochta tubaistí is fearr sa tír a bhfuil an Príomh-Aire ina chathaoirleach air.
 Rinneamar athdhéanamh ar threascar Kangra 1905 agus chuir muid é ar na hamanna reatha. Rinneamar staidéar ar fhachtóirí cosúil le déine na ngratha, struchtúir tógála cosúil le muid, adhmad nó bríce, agus bailiú sonraí mionsonraithe ar líon na dtithe, daoine, srl. "Tá sé deacair a fháil amach cé chomh fada agus a bhí an t-am a bhí an t-am ar an gcúrsa", a dúirt Ravi Sinha, a mhúineadh innealtóireacht shibhialta ag IIT-Bombay agus a bhfuil ina shaineolaí mór-earthquake.
Meastar go bhfuil sé ar cheann de na sé réigiún is gníomhaí seismically ar domhan, tá an Oirthuaisceart tar éis roinnt de na crith talún is mó sa stair a fheiceáil  Shillong i 1897 agus Assam i 1950.
Deir tuarascáil NDMA a d'ullmhaigh Institiúid Eolaíochta agus Teicneolaíochta CSIR-Northeast atá lonnaithe i Jorhat go mbeidh Assam ar bharr an liosta díobhálaithe le 6 lakh bás agus go mbeidh Arunachal Pradesh ag fulaingt an oiread is lú, den chuid is mó mar gheall ar a dlús daonra íseal.
Dúirt Ranju Duarah, príomh-eolaí ag aonad geo-eolaíochta CSIR-NEIST, go raibh na torthaí bunaithe ar mheasúnú eolaíoch ar leochaileacht an réigiúin do threascar talún de chineál 1897. Is iad na pobail, struchtúir tithíochta agus geolaíocht áitiúil na réimsí fócais a bhfuil spéis againn sa chás a shamhlú.
Léigh: Slis an talamh Indiach faoi Nepal trí roinnt troigh le linn crith talún ollmhór
Léigh: Seo gach rud a theastaíonn uait a bheith ar an eolas faoi threascaile


The Shakespeare Conference: SHK 16.0477 Tuesday, 15 March 2005
Date: Monday, 14 Mar 2005 14:35:37 -0800 (PST)
I'm wondering if anyone knows of a good Shakespeare dictionary. I am
curious about the actually meaning of the many words at the time
Shakespeare wrote them. For example, in Hamlet when he says, "How
absolute the knave is", I can look the word knave up in a modern
dictionary, and get the following definitions:
a. a man of humble birth
b. a male servant
c. an unprincipled, crafty man
Now which is the correct definition for what Hamlet really means? Is he
calling him a male servant? a man of humble birth? a crafty man? or is
it none of the above? How does one know exactly? I was thinking an
Elizabethan or Shakespeare dictionary would be more accurate.
This is but one example of probably hundreds and hundreds. Any insight
on this problem would be greatly appreciated.
S H A K S P E R: The Global Shakespeare Discussion List
The S H A K S P E R Web Site <http://www.shaksper.net>
DISCLAIMER: Although SHAKSPER is a moderated discussion list, the
opinions expressed on it are the sole property of the poster, and the
editor assumes no responsibility for them.

An Chomhdháil Shakespeare: SHK 16.0477 Dé Máirt, 15 Márta 2005
Dáta: Dé Luain, 14 Márta 2005 14:35:37 -0800 (PST)
Tá mé ag smaoineamh an bhfuil duine ar bith a fhios de dea-Fhealsúna Shakespeare. Tá mé
aisteach faoi an bhrí i ndáiríre na focail go leor ag an am
Scríobh Shakespeare iad. Mar shampla, i Hamlet nuair a deir sé, "Conas
go hiomlán an t-snáithín is", is féidir liom breathnú ar an bhfocal snáithín suas i ré nua-aimseartha
foclóir, agus na sainmhínithe seo a leanas a fháil:
a. fear de bhunadh íseal
b. seirbhíseach fireann
c. fear neamhphrionsabail, cleite
Anois, cad é an sainmhíniú ceart ar an méid a chiallaíonn Hamlet i ndáiríre? An bhfuil sé
ag glaoch air seirbhíseach fireann? fear a rugadh go humble? fear cleite? nó tá
aon cheann de na rudaí thuasluaite? Conas a fhios ag duine go díreach? Bhí mé ag smaoineamh ar
D'fhéadfadh foclóir Elizabethan nó Shakespeare a bheith níos cruinne.
Is sampla amháin é seo de na céadta agus na céadta eile a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann. Aon léargas
Ba mhaith liom a rá go bhfuil an t-ábhar seo á chur i láthair ag an gCoimisiún.
S H A K S P E R: An Liosta Díospóireachta Shakespeare Domhanda
An Suíomh Gréasáin SHAKSPER <http://www.shaksper.net>
DISCLAIMER: Cé go bhfuil SHAKSPER liosta plé modraithe,
is é an t-aon úinéireacht atá ag an bhfógraí na tuairimí a léirítear air, agus
Ní ghlacann an t-eagarthóir aon fhreagracht as.


Have you ever had a burning sensation in your throat/chest or a feeling that your meal hasn’t “gone all the way down” after you’ve eaten? This very
common occurence is referred to as acid reflux or the more chronic gastroesophageal disease (GERD). The National Institutes of Health (NIH) defines GERD as a relaxation of the esophageal sphincter resulting in a backflow of the acidic contents of the stomach. Nearly 40 million Americans suffer in some degree from this condition and over 13 billion dollars is spent on reflux medications each year.
According to a study involving radioactive tracing, gastric (stomach) emptying occurs 4-5 hours after meal consumption (Camilleri et al, Am Jrnl Physiology 257:284,1989)- however, as one grows older this time increases and the more fatty the meal – the more time needed for digestion.
Symptoms of GERD include:
Difficulty swallowing/lump in throat
and in more severe cases: vomiting
WebMD suggests limiting and/or avoiding the following foods for those who suffer from Acid Reflux/GERD
Citrus Fruits: (oranges, grapefruit, kiwi etc.)
High Fat Foods
Processed Foods/Fast Foods
There are a number of OTC (over the counter) medications available known as proton pump inhibitors that help reduce the amount of stomach acid. This alone cannot cure the condition; it is also a combination of lifestyle and dietary changes.
Remember, everyone is different, you may be able to have a glass of wine and steak with no symptoms, but a glass of orange juice may give you excruciating reflux. Keep a food diary to determine your particular triggers and make the necessary adjustments to your diet and eating schedule. Try to notice WHEN you feel heartburn and record the time, type and size of the meal which preceded it.
However, according to an article by Dr. Jamie Koufman (New York Times 11/14) one of the best ways to avoid reflux is to simply avoid eating within three (3) hours of bedtime. Americans typically overeat particularly late into the evening and this exacerbates the GERD considerably. By reducing the amount of fat, sugar and processed foods eaten late night will help alleviate your reflux. If you are in a situation where you absolutely need to eat late at night, perhaps an event – try to consume small portions and stay up for at least 3-4 hours before retiring to bed.
So in short – No late night eating!!
Be sure to watch Sharon’s Full Body and Fitness Workout on Comcast Channel’s 3, 5 and 22; Verizon Channels 24, 26 and 28 on Mondays at 10a.m. and Tuesdays at 6:30p.m.
Remember to take care of yourself and…

An raibh brón ort riamh i do throat/chest nó an mhothú go bhfuil do bhia  nach bhfuil  imithe go hiomlán síos  tar éis duit  a ithe? An-
Is minic a thugtar reflux aigéadach nó galar gastroesophageal níos ainsealaí (GERD) ar an imeacht coitianta. Sainmhíníonn na hInstitiúidí Náisiúnta Sláinte (NIH) GERD mar relaxation an sphincter esophageal a fhágann go bhfuil ais-shruth na n-ábhar aigéadach sa bholg. Tá beagnach 40 milliún Meiriceánach ag fulaingt go pointe éigin den riocht seo agus caitear os cionn 13 billiún dollar ar chógais athshrutha gach bliain.
De réir staidéir a bhaineann le rianú radaighníomhach, tarlaíonn fualú gastric (bolg) 4-5 uair tar éis ithe béile (Camilleri et al, Am Jrnl Physiology 257:284, 1989) - áfach, de réir mar a théann duine in aois méadaíonn an t-am seo agus is é an níos saille an béile  an níos mó ama a theastaíonn le haghaidh díleá.
I measc na hairíonna atá ag GERD tá:
Truailliú deacair/bump sa throat
agus i gcásanna níos déine: vómáil
Molann WebMD na bianna seo a leanas a theorannú agus/nó a sheachaint dóibh siúd a bhfuil Reflux Aigéad/GERD orthu
torthaí citris: (oráiste, greipfrút, kiwi etc.)
Bianna ard-saille
Bianna próiseáilte/Bianna tapa
Tá roinnt cógais OTC (faoi an gcuntar) ar fáil ar a dtugtar coscairí caidéil prótain a chabhraíonn le méid aigéad an bholg a laghdú. Ní féidir leis seo ina n-aonar an staid a leigheas; is meascán de stíl mhaireachtála agus athruithe aiste bia é freisin.
Cuimhnigh, tá gach duine difriúil, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tú in ann gloine fíona agus steak a bheith agat gan aon chomharthaí, ach d'fhéadfadh gloine sú oráiste a bheith agat reflux inspioráideach. Coinnigh leabhar aiste bia chun do thrigthí ar leith a aithint agus na coigeartuithe is gá a dhéanamh ar do aiste bia agus do sceideal ithe. Déan iarracht a thabhairt faoi deara NÁ MÓR a bhraitheann tú go bhfuil tine croí agat agus déan taifead ar an am, ar an gcineál agus ar mhéid na béile a bhí roimh an béile.
Mar sin féin, de réir alt a scríobh an Dr. Jamie Koufman (New York Times 11/14) is é ceann de na bealaí is fearr chun reflux a sheachaint ná gan ithe laistigh de thrí (3) uair an chloig roimh am codlata. De ghnáth itheann Meiriceánaigh ró-ithe go háirithe go déanach san oíche agus déanann sé seo GERD a mhéadú go suntasach. Trí laghdú a dhéanamh ar an méid saille, siúcra agus bia próiseáilte a itheann tú go déanach san oíche, cabhróidh sé le do reflux a mhaolú. Má tá tú i staid ina bhfuil gá go mór duit a ithe go déanach san oíche, b'fhéidir ócáid  déan iarracht a ithe codanna beaga agus fanacht suas ar feadh 3-4 uair an chloig ar a laghad sula dtéann tú a chodladh.
Mar sin, go hachomair  Gan ithe go déanach san oíche! Tá sé!
Bí cinnte féachaint Sharon's Coirp iomlán agus Workout Fitness ar Comcast Cainéil 3, 5 agus 22; Verizon Cainéil 24, 26 agus 28 ar Dé Luain ag 10am agus Dé Máirt ag 6:30 p.m.
Cuimhnigh aire a thabhairt duit féin agus...


What is artificial intelligence? That is a question that high school students from Greenville, South Carolina wanted to find out the answer to. Inspired by a prompt provided by PBS NewsHour Student Reporting Labs, they began their research. They read books and conducted video interviews with their classmates on the common misconceptions about artificial intelligence. It seemed as though people were worried that artificial intelligence systems could get so advanced that they would be just as intelligent, if not more intelligent, than humans. The Student Reporting Labs students wondered, is that possible?
With a desire to learn more about artificial intelligence systems, these students from Legacy Charter High School sought to interview a professional about the matter. With the help of PBS NewsHour Student Reporting Labs' Coordinating Producer, they were put in contact with with Dr. Ashley Llorens, the Chief of Artificial Intelligence Systems at John Hopkins University. This week, the Legacy Charter students sat around a large monitor that allowed them to see and speak with Dr. Ashley Llorens. He used popular movie examples, like Big Hero Six and Age of Ultron to relate to the students and explain to them the positive and negative effects of artificial intelligence. The students asked him questions about science, and the myths and fears associated with artificial intelligence. One student was surprised to learn that artificial intelligence “is anything from Google home to Siri, to the programmable thermostat and robotic prosthetics.”
The PBS NewsHour Student Reporting Labs program connects middle and high school students to local PBS stations and news professionals in their community to produce original, student-generated video reports. PBS NewsHour Student Reporting Labs are located all around the country, with four located in the Carolinas.

Cad é intleacht shaorga? Is ceist í sin a theastaigh ó mhic léinn ardscoile ó Greenville, Carolina Theas an freagra a fháil air. Spreagtha ag prompt a thug PBS NewsHour Student Reporting Labs, thosaigh siad ar a gcuid taighde. Léigh siad leabhair agus rinne siad agallaimh físe le a gcomhghleacaithe ar na míthuiscintí coitianta faoi intleacht shaorga. Bhí an chuma air go raibh imní ar dhaoine go bhféadfadh córais intleacht shaorga a bheith chomh forleathan go mbeadh siad chomh cliste, más rud é nach mbeadh siad níos cliste, ná daoine. Bhí na mic léinn i mBlaglann na dTuairiscithe Ollscoile ag fiafraí, an féidir é sin?
Agus siad ag iarraidh níos mó a fhoghlaim faoi chórais intleacht shaorga, d'iarr na mic léinn seo ó Legacy Charter High School agallamh a dhéanamh le gairmiúil faoin ábhar. Le cabhair ó PBS NewsHour Student Reporting Labs' Coordinating Producer, cuireadh iad i dteagmháil leis an Dr. Ashley Llorens, Ceann na Córais Intleacht Chumasach in Ollscoil John Hopkins. An tseachtain seo, shuigh mic léinn Charta Oidhreachta timpeall monatóireacht mhór a lig dóibh Dr. Ashley Llorens a fheiceáil agus labhairt leis. D'úsáid sé samplaí scannáin tóir, mar Big Hero Six agus Age of Ultron chun a bheith bainteach leis na mic léinn agus a mhíniú dóibh na héifeachtaí dearfacha agus diúltacha atá ag faisnéis shaorga. Chuir na mic léinn ceisteanna air faoi eolaíocht, agus na miotais agus na eagla a bhaineann le hintleacht shaorga. Bhí iontas ar dhuine amháin nuair a d'fhoghlaim sé go bhfuil intleacht shaorga "ag baint le gach rud ó theach Google go Siri, go dtí an teirmostat cláraithe agus próitéis róbatach".
Ceanglaíonn clár PBS NewsHour Student Reporting Labs mic léinn meána agus ardscoile le stáisiúin áitiúla PBS agus gairmithe nuachta ina bpobal chun tuairiscí físe bunaidh, a ghineann mic léinn a tháirgeadh. Tá Labs Tuairiscithe Mac Léinn PBS NewsHour suite ar fud na tíre, agus ceathrar suite i Carolinas.