This detective, who watched over Abraham Lincoln during the president-elect’s 1861 inaugural trip to the White House, founded an agency that still provides security services today:
Lafayette C. Baker
Isaac G. Middleton
Allan Pinkerton. The founder of Pinkerton’s National Detective Agency, famous for its “We Never Sleep” motto, Pinkerton immigrated to the United States from Scotland in 1842. Going into police work, the ambitious Pinkerton won fame for breaking a counterfeiting ring, became deputy sheriff of Cook County, Illinois, and in 1850 founded his detective agency. He was involved in uncovering and foiling secessionists’ supposed plot to assassinate President-elect Lincoln when he stopped in Baltimore en route to Washington, D.C. Later, he set up the U.S. Secret Service and then oversaw intelligence-gathering operations for Major General George B. McClellan’s Union Army of the Potomac. Pinkerton’s estimates of Confederate strength were inflated; coupled with McClellan’s tendency toward excessive caution, they helped keep the Army of the Potomac from taking effective action. After the Antietam Campaign, when McClellan was relieved of his command, Pinkerton went back to civilian detective work. His agency originated the term “private eye.”
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Bhunaigh an gclár seo, a d'fhéach ar Abraham Lincoln le linn thuras tofa an uachtaráin tofa 1861 chuig an Teach Bán, gníomhaireacht a sholáthraíonn seirbhísí slándála go fóill inniu:
Lafayette C. Baker
Isaac G. Middleton
Allan Pinkerton. Bunaitheoir Gníomhaireacht Ghnóthaí Náisiúnta Pinkerton, a bhfuil cáil air as a bhriathar "We Never Sleep", imir Pinkerton go dtí na Stáit Aontaithe ó Albain i 1842. Ag dul isteach i obair póilíní, bhuaigh an Pinkerton uaillmhianach clú as ciorcal bréagaíochta a bhriseadh, tháinig sé ina leas-sheríf i gContae Cook, Illinois, agus i 1850 bhunaigh sé a ghníomhaireacht gille. Bhí baint aige le sceimhlitheoirí a nochtadh agus a chur i gcroílár a bhí i gceist chun an tUachtarán toghadh Lincoln a mharú nuair a stopadh sé i Baltimore ar bhealach go Washington, D.C. Ina dhiaidh sin, bhunaigh sé Seirbhís Rúnda na Stát Aontaithe agus ansin d'fhéach sé ar oibríochtaí faisnéise a bhailiú do Mór-Ghinéil George B. McClellan's Arm an Aontais an Potomac. Bhí meastacháin Pinkerton ar neart na gComhnaidhmeanna ag dul i méid; mar aon le claonadh McClellan i dtreo ró-chúram, chabhraigh siad le hArm Potomac a choinneáil ó ghníomhaíocht éifeachtach a dhéanamh. Tar éis an Fhoirne Antietam, nuair a scaoileadh McClellan as a cheannas, d'fhill Pinkerton ar obair bhfianaise sibhialta. Chuir a ghníomhaireacht an téarma "súil phríobháideach" ar bun.
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Aggressive cats and 5 reasons why this can happen
I must say having grown up watching some of the kungfu movies in the eighties and particularly some classics like Bruce Lee, I was reminded of cat aggression, with the cat sounds and movements of many of the kungfu masters.
Has your cat ever had a sudden outburst of aggression, and you’ve not been able to find the cause? Believe me when I say this is a very common behavior, and can range from simple boredom to something more serious such as being in pain. Here are a few of the most common reasons for these outbursts and the explanations.
As we know Cats are very territorial creatures so we’ll start with this one and unpack it further:
- Territorial aggression
This is quite common in instances where your cat feels like another cat or even people and other animals are invading their territory. This is also often very common when introducing a new kitten or sometimes even a new person to the house.
- Boredom aggression
Think of it like this, your cat has a natural hunting instinct so since he or she is being fed and cared for he or she doesn’t ever get to exercise this instinct. Sometimes these outbursts can be a simple act of frustration and boredom. This can easily be resolved by a daily play session involving a teaser toy, allowing your cat to have a few swipes and get this frustration out!
- Fear aggression
This is usually triggered by a cat who senses a potential threat and feels like she can’t escape, this can be based on past experience and is quite common to be unsure exactly what your cat is scared of.
- Pain induced aggression
A cat that is in pain will generally use aggression to keep you or other cats from touching the affected area. If your cat snaps at you when you touch an area generally not sensitive to your cat, then take this as a sign they may be experiencing pain.
- Petting induced aggression
Ever been petting your cat and all of a sudden for no reason they change their mind and decide they don’t want to be pet? Usually the way they let us know is through some sort of aggressive behavior for example, a swipe at your hand or even sometimes a hiss. Veterinary professionals believe that the repetitive motion over time turns from pleasing to irritating.

Cait ionsaitheach agus 5 chúis a d'fhéadfadh sé seo tarlú
Caithfidh mé a rá tar éis mé a bheith ag fás suas ag féachaint ar roinnt de na scannáin kungfu sna 80idí agus go háirithe roinnt clasaiceach cosúil le Bruce Lee, chuimhnigh mé ar ionsaí cat, leis na fuaimeanna cat agus gluaiseachtaí go leor de na máistreacha kungfu.
An raibh aon ráig thromchúiseach ionsaithe ag do chait riamh, agus nach raibh tú in ann an chúis a fháil? Creid dom nuair a deirim go bhfuil sé seo an-choitianta iompraíocht, agus is féidir leo a bheith ó bhrón simplí a rud éigin níos tromchúisí mar a bheith i pian. Seo cuid de na cúiseanna is coitianta do na ráigí seo agus na míniúcháin.
Mar a fhios againn Cat Tá créatúir an-chríochach mar sin beidh muid ag tosú leis an ceann seo agus unpack é níos mó:
- Aggráid chríochach
Tá sé seo coitianta go leor i gcásanna ina mbraitheann do chait go bhfuil cat eile nó fiú daoine agus ainmhithe eile ag ionradh ina gcríoch. Is minic a bhíonn sé seo an-choitianta freisin nuair a thugann catín nua isteach sa teach nó uaireanta fiú duine nua isteach sa teach.
- Agóid le h-oireamh
Smaoinigh air mar seo, tá instinct seilge nádúrtha ag do chait mar sin ós rud é go bhfuil sé nó sí á bheathú agus á cúram a thabhairt dó ní fhaigheann sé nó sí an instinct seo a fheidhmiú riamh. Uaireanta is féidir go bhfuil na ráigí seo mar ghníomh simplí frustrachais agus leisce. Is féidir é seo a réiteach go héasca trí seisiún súgradh laethúil lena mbaineann bréagán teaser, ag ligean do chata cúpla swipe a bheith aige agus an frustrachas seo a fháil amach!
- Ag fulaingt ionsaithe
Is gnách go gcuireann cat a bhraitheann bagairt féideartha agus a bhraitheann nach féidir léi éalú é seo a spreagadh, d'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith bunaithe ar thaithí roimhe seo agus is gnách go bhfuil sé neamhchinnte go díreach cad a bhfuil eagla ar do chait.
- Agóid a spreagann pian
De ghnáth, beidh cat atá ag fulaingt ag baint úsáide as ionsaí chun tú féin nó catanna eile a choinneáil ó teagmháil a dhéanamh leis an limistéar atá buailte. Má scriosann do chait ort nuair a dhéanann tú teagmháil le háit nach mbíonn í íogair do do chait de ghnáth, glac é seo mar chomhartha go bhféadfadh sé a bheith ag fulaingt pian.
- Agóid a spreagann cló
An raibh tú ag petting do chait agus go tobann gan chúis a athrú a n-intinn agus cinneadh a dhéanamh nach bhfuil siad ag iarraidh a bheith peataí? De ghnáth is é an bealach a léiríonn siad dúinn trí chineál éigin de iompar ionsaitheach mar shampla, swipe ar do lámh nó fiú uaireanta a hiss. Creideann gairmithe tréidliachta go n-athraíonn an ghluaiseacht athdhéanta le himeacht ama ó bheith taitneamhach go dtí a bheith irritating.


SF novels like to alter things that are taken for granted, to remind the reader that they are reading science fiction (though it is a sign of a pathetic SF story if you can change the entire background to a conventional setting without affecting the story). A different system of measurements is a quick and easy addition. Remember how the original Battlestar Galactica had the crew taking about times and distances in terms of microns, centons, and yarens.
A fairly standard trick is altering the "year one" of the calendar. Popular choices are 1945 (the first detonation of a nuclear weapon), 1957 (the year Sputnik went up, the first man-made object boosted into orbit), 1961 (the year Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space), and 1969 (the year Neil Armstrong became the first man to set foot on an extraterrestrial object). Extrasolar colonies tend to set year one to the year the colony was established, the year of "first landing."
So if the novel adopts the Armstrong standard, a story set in the Gregorian year 2010 would be year 41 of the Space Age.
Authors who want to strike a more secular tone will use "CE" and "BCE" instead of "AD" and "BC", especially in the academic world. Or avoid the matter entirely, say by using a 1945-based year-one with a flashy title like "Atomic Era."
An actual real live problem is the fact that measuring units such as years, days, and seasons are very closely tied to Terra. They have reduced relevance for those living on other planets, and practically no relevance to Belters and others living in deep space. In Heinlein's Podkayne of Mars the main character emphasizes the fact the novel is science fiction by mentioning that she is about eight years old and almost old enough to marry. However, she lives on Mars, which has a longer year than Terra. So while she is 8 Martian years old, she is about 15 Terran years old.
This becomes a serious problem when interplanetary companies have to start coping with things like periodic fiscal years, tax periods, and rental durations when they have branch offices on several planets. Corporations with their headquarters based in the United States have to pay their taxes every April 15th, and the branches on other planets will have to deal with the fact that particular day does not correspond to the local month or date.
Commonly science fiction writers take one Terran year and dub it a "Galactic Standard Year", at least for planets colonized by humans. The writers usually pointedly have some character say such and such an event happened a few Tau Ceti IV years back, and another character irately asks "how many years is that in Galactic Standard Years, you moron?" This is to rub the reader's nose in the fact that this is a science fiction novel and they are not in Kansas any more.
And things can become real ugly with religious schisms over which day to celebrate specific holy days. It can seem a bit illogical to observe a holy day based on the start of spring, when on your planet that particular Terran day will drift through the planet year from season to season.
On a smaller scale you can guarantee that the length of an extraterrestrial planet's day is not going to be 24 hours. Which is going to really screw up the colonist's circadian rhythm. You can either desynchronize the 24 hour clock from the planet's day and night cycle, or divide the planet day into 24 divisions and deal with the fact that the first few generations will be suffering from permanent jet lag. In theory later generations of colonists will eventually adapt their circadian rhythm to the planet, unless the planet day is too extreme.
Some science fiction novels have people not using hours, but instead using ship watch periods to measure time. Usually one "watch" is four Terran hours, with six watches in a Terran day of 24 Terran hours. Sometimes you'll see the term "ship-day", meaning Terran Standard Day as understood by a starship crewman.
One solution appears in Joan Vinge's The Outcasts of Heaven's Belt. In the Heaven's Belt system, there are no habitable planets, but zillions of mineral rich asteroids. That's where the people live. The only time unit is the Second (this is sometimes called Metric Time). Three kiloseconds is about an hour, thirty megaseconds is about a year, you can read it on the chart. It works regardless of the orbital period of the particular space habitat, you can calculate the duration between any two points in time with simple subtraction, it's great!
|1 kilosecond||16.7 minutes|
|1 megasecond||11.6 days|
|1 gigasecond||32 years|
|1 terasecond||32,000 years|
|1 petasecond||32,000,000 years|
|1 hour||3.6 kiloseconds|
|1 Earth day||86.4 kiloseconds|
|1 week||604.8 kiloseconds|
|1 Earth month||2.6 megaseconds|
|1 Earth year||31.6 megaseconds|
|1 century||3.16 gigaseconds|
Vernor Vinge used the system in A Deepness In The Sky, also known as After Epoch Astronauticum. The zero point is set to Neil Armstrong's lunar walk, though when one does that the entire system starts looking suspiciously like Unix time, or POSIX time (Armstrong was in 1969, Unix time starts in 1970).
Astronomers use a similar system that is based on days instead of seconds, the Julian Day calendar. There are no years, months or weeks, just days. Day zero is noon on January 1, 4713 BC. The date was chosen because it was the last time that three particular calendrical cycles converged. The Julian Day system is based on days because calculating the interval between two dates using the years-months-days system (with leap years) is even more painful than trying to do long division using Roman numerals. Using Julian Day dates, all you need is simple subtraction.
Ralph Buttigieg points out the fact that metric time does not work on the surface of a planet, due to our quaint way of measuring Longitude and celestial Right Ascension. Back in the age of sail, measuring lattitude was exceedingly easy to do with a sextant.
Longitude was hard, because measuring it requires an accurate clock, since the determination depends upon measuring how far the Earth had rotated upon its axis. Unfortunately in those days, the only accurate clocks were based upon pendulums, which won't work in a ship pitching with the ocean waves. After the British fleet was wreaked in 1707 due to an error in longitude, the British government offered the longitude prize to the first person to devise an accurate shipboard method of determining longitude. John Harrison won the prize by inventing a spring based chronometer, though the British board of longitude tried to cheat him out of the prize money.
Anyway, the point of all this is that longitude is measured in increments of the planetary day, which of course is of different lengths from planet to planet. Which puts a monkey wrench into plans of using some sort of universal metric time.
The Swiss watchmaking company Swatch invented Swatch Internet Time, where the 24 hour day is divided up into 1000 parts called ".beats", each .beat being 1 minute and 26.4 seconds. This is actually an advertising gimmick. It is a rehash of the French decimal time system invented right after the French Revolution in the far futuristic year 1793. You can tell that it is intended for advertising purposes since out of all the systems invented in the last two hundred years, it is the only one that moves the prime meridian from Greenwich England to Swatch Headquarters. Swatch Internet Time faded away due to lack of interest, unsurprisingly.
Of course, since all of these systems are based on the Terra-centered "Day" unit instead of the metric system "Second" unit, they are also much more parochial.
A "Decimal Time" system is one where the various units are decimal fraction or multiples of each other (e.g., A decimal hour divided into 100 decimal minutes, each minute composed of 100 decimal seconds). A "Metric Time" system is a decimal time system with only one unit, and the everything is expressed by adding a metric prefix to that unit (e.g., second, kilosecond, megasecond). In addition, a metric unit only defines units of time interval (as does a stopwatch), not time of day (as does a clock).
As an example, in Isaac Asimov's The Naked Sun, the Solarians use a decimal system. The Solarian hour as been divided into ten decads, each of which is divided into a hundred centads. This is not a metric system since the hour has not been divided into ten decihours, each of which is divided into a hundred millihours.
There was a flawed attempt to create a decimal time system in the TV show Star Trek, the infamous "Stardates." They were created on the spur of the moment by Gene Roddenberry to avoid the problem of tying each episode to specific dates. The writers were told to just pick four digits at random. Pedantic Star Trek fans have been trying ever since to retcon a system that would explain the dates.
Franz Joseph created his own system for Stardates: they are conventional Gregorian dates written in the form YYMM.DD (e.g., February 13, 1998 would be Stardate 9802.13). This is not considered canon. However, computer programmers have long noted the advantages of writing dates in odometer order. It simplifies sorting items by time. For example, if you have a series of files on your hard drive with names that start with a time stamp in YYYYMMDD form, when you examine that directory with the file names sorted alphabetically, the files will automatically be in chronological order.
The flaw with Franz Joseph's system is that is it not clear if Stardate 9802.13 refers to February 13, 1998, February 13, 2098, February 13, 2198, February 13, 2298 and so on. This same flaw became a huge problem at the turn of the century, the infamous Y2K problem.
Astronomers measure the distance between stars using parsecs, but science fiction writers almost always use light years. Parsecs are more scientific, but there you go. Multiply parsecs by 3.26 to get light years, divide light years by 3.26 to get parsecs.
About the only place I've encountered parsecs in science fiction is in the novels of Isaac Asimov, the role playing game Traveller, and that stupid comment by Han Solo.
Traveller uses parsecs because they are very close to the average distance between stars. This means if you are created a Traveller-style sub-sector 2D star map you can cram as many stars as possible into the map with a minimum of wasted hexagons.
Strange sounding alternative metric units of length can be invented as well.
Erik Max Francis points out that the marvelously correct SI unit "megameters" makes an appearance in, of all places, the Americanized anime "Star Blazers". That anime was originally "Space Battleship Yamato", it is unclear if the term "megameters" appears in the original Japanese. One megameter is one thousand kilometers or about 620 miles.
Another metric system of measure appears in the SF show Battlestar Galactica. This is slightly odd since they use the same units for time as well as distance. They could be related by a rate, such as the speed of light. This is what scientists use when they talk about light-seconds, light-minutes, light-days, and light-years.
In Isaac Asimov's Foundation and Empire, Toran jumps his starship through hyperspace into the star system containing the planet Haven, then has to travel "several milli-microparsecs" to the planet. "Milli-micro-" is an obsolete term meaning "nano-" or 10-9. That would make one milli-microparsec about 31,000 kilometers, or about 1/13th the distance between Terra and Luna.
|100||1 parsec (pc)||3.26 Light Years||74% of the distance between Sol and Proxima Centauri|
|10-1||1 deciparsec (dpc)||20,627 AU||Sol to outer boundary of Hills section of the Oort Cloud|
|10-2||1 centiparsec (cpc)||2063 AU||Sol to inner boundary of Hills section of the Oort Cloud|
|10-3||1 milliparsec (mpc)||206 AU||Approximately four times the Sol-Pluto aphelion|
|10-6||1 microparsec (μpc)||0.21 AU||A bit less than the Sol-Mercury semi-major axis|
|10-9||1 nanoparsec (npc)||30,857 Kilometers||2.5 times the diameter of Terra|
|10-12||1 picoparsec (ppc)||31 Kilometers||Diameter of Baltimore, Maryland USA|
|10-15||1 femtoparsec (fpc)||31 Meters||Length of a Blue Whale|
|10-18||1 attoparsec (apc)||3 Centimeters||2/3 the length of your finger|
|10-21||1 zeptoparsec (zpc)||0.031 Millimeters||0.06 the diameter of a grain of salt|
|10-24||1 yoctoparsec (ypc)||0.000031 Millimeters||Approximately the length of 160 bacteria laid end to end.|
For a spacecraft pilot sitting in the control couch, there lots of specific terms for directions relative to the pilot, which can be found here.
For absolute positions within a solar system, you'd probably use some kind of spherical celestial coordinate system, centered on the primary star, with the fundamental plane set to the primary's ecliptic (in other words: a heliocentric ecliptic coordinate system). The zero point of the ecliptic longitude is at the vernal equinox of the Northern Hemisphere, traditionally known as "The First Point of Aries". For a quick jargon, longitude can be divided into 12 segments of thirty degrees each, named after the signs of the Zodiac.
In the novel Phase Two, relative angular longitude measurement between two points is done in terms of "months", with one month equal to thirty degrees. This is related to the amount of time it takes Earth to travel thirty degrees around its orbit.
Space maps displaying the positions of local spacecraft are traditionally (in science fiction at least) shown in holographic spheres. Sky marshals will use a display based on absolute celestial coordinates as they control the strategy and tactics of a battle (center = primar star, zero longitude = vernal equinox or galactic center). Combat starships in the thick of a fight, on the other hand, will probably use a display based on coordinates relative to the ship in question (center = ship, zero longitude = current position of ship's nose).
For relative angular measure there are colorful archaic terms originating from astrology.
|0°||Conjunction||In same sign|
|18°||Vigintile||360° / 20|
|30°||Semi-sextile||360° / 12|
One sign apart
|32.727°||Undecile||360° / 11|
|36°||Decile||360° / 10|
|40°||Novile||360° / 9|
|360° / 8|
|51.429°||Septile||360° / 7|
|60°||Sextile||360° / 6|
Two signs apart
|360° / 5|
|360° / 4|
Three signs apart
|102.857°||Biseptile||360° / 3.5|
360° / (7/2)
Septile × 2
|108°||Tridecile||360° / 3.333|
360° / (10/3)
Decile × 3
|120°||Trine||360° / 3|
Four signs apart
|360° / 2.647|
90° + 45°
Square + Semisquare
|144°||Biquintile||360° / 2.5|
|360° / 2.4|
Five signs apart
|154.286°||Triseptile||360° / 2.333|
360° / (7/3)
Septile × 3
|165°||Quindecile||360° / 2.182|
Opposition - 15°
Undecile × 5
|180°||Opposition||360° / 2|
Six signs apart
Scroll vertically to see rest of infographic
Dragan Radovanovic/Business Insider
Erik Max Francis has created a powerfully compelling measurement system based on fundamental Planck units. Well, in reality he said it was not particularly revolutionary, he just did the multiplication, and actually using it would be extraordinarily silly. But for science-fictional purposes, it is far more scientifically accurate than using centons and yarens.
The system was modified by Sean Williams and Shane Dix for use in their "Orphans" novels.
In physics, there are five universal physical constants: speed of light in vacuum, Gravitational constant, Dirac's constant or "reduced Planck's constant", Coulomb force constant, and Boltzmann constant. Planck units are units that are defined in such a way that if you express any of the five universal constants in terms of Planck units, their value is "one."
There are five Planck units: Planck length, Planck mass, Planck time, Planck charge and Planck temperature. For his system Mr. Francis only needs the first three.
As an aside, Mr. Francis says:
A measurement system needs a set of fundamental units, from which all the other units can be derived. For his system Mr. Francis used the SI fundamental units: length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, luminous intensity, and amount of substance.
For length, mass, and time units just use the Planck units directly.
For electric current (charge divided by time), use the (unit independent) magnitude of the charge on an electron for charge, and Planck time for time.
For thermodynamic temperature, it can be derived with the Boltzmann constant. The Boltzmann constant is equal to energy divided by temperature, so simple algebra will give you the equation: temperature equals energy divided by Boltzmann constant. For the energy unit see below.
Luminous intensity is tricky, see Mr. Francis' essay for his solution.
And for amount of substance, this isn't a strictly derivable unit. Mr. Francis proposes to replace the unit with the actual number of atoms (e.g., instead of one mole, just use Avogadro's number 6.02 x 1023.)
Again, for details about the units derived from the fundamental units, refer to the essay. Any unit not defined is left as an exercise for the reader.
Mr. Francis doesn't approve of such alternate metrification in principle. He is, however, quick to say that he is not talking about Sean Williams and Shane Dix. What he is annoyed at is some people who want to actually propose alternate second-minute-hour-type systems to replace the existing SI unit system in the real world (which of course, is not at all what Mr. Williams and Mr. Dix were doing).
|Planck mass||mP||2.177 x 10-8 kg|
|Planck length||lP||1.616 x 10-35 m|
|Planck time||tP||5.391 x 10-44 s|
|length||L||1.616 x 10-35 m|
|mass||M||2.177 x 10-8 kg|
|time||T||5.391 x 10-44 s|
|current||C == e/T||2.972 x 1024 A|
|temperature||E == M L2 T -2/k||1.415 x 1032 K|
|plane angle||rad||1 rad|
|solid angle||sr||1 sr|
|force||M L T -2||1.210 x 1044 N|
|energy||M L2 T -2||1.956 x 109 J|
|power||M L2 T -3||3.629 x 1052 W|
|frequency||T -1||1.855 x 1043 Hz|
|pressure||M L-1 T -2||4.635 x 10113 Pa (yikes!)|
|activity||T -1||1.855 x 1043 Bq|
|absorbed dose||M L2 T -2 E-1||1.382 x 10-23 Gy|
|dose equivalent||M L2 T -2 E-1||1.382 x 10-23 Sv|
|capacitance||M-1 L-2 T4 C2||1.312 x 10-47 F|
|charge||T C||1.602 x 10-19 C|
|electric conductance||M-1 L-2 T3 C2||2.434 x 10-4 S|
|inductance||M L2 T -2 C-2||2.215 x 10-40 H|
|magnetic flux||M L2 T -2 C-1||6.582 x 10-16 Wb|
|magnetic flux density||M T -2 C-1||2.520 x 1054 T|
|resistance||M L2 T -3 C-2||4.108 x 103 Ω|
|voltage||M L2 T -3 C-1||1.221 x 1028 V|
As previously mentioned, this system was adapted by Sean Williams and Shane Dix for their "Orphans" novels. The authors state that they have adapted Mr. Francis' ideas to suit their needs, and any errors introduced in the process are theirs.
Sean Williams and Shane Dix postulate the new system was adopted in the wake of even more disasters like the Mars Climate Orbiter fiasco. That was caused due to the fact that Lockheed Martin used English units while NASA (like the rest of the civilized world) uses Metric units. Everybody just assumed they were all using the same units, and didn't discover differently until the probe ricocheted off the Martian atmosphere. This sent the probe off into oblivion and $125 million dollars down the drain.
In the novels, Mr. Francis's system is modified somewhat. The Planck units are fundamental, but have exceedingly inconvenient sizes. One inch is about 157 billion quadrillion quadrillion Planck meters, an average person masses almost three trillion Planck kilograms, one hour is equal to about a trillion quadrillion quadrillion quadrillion Planck minutes.
So they scaled the Planck units, multiplying them by 1043. This makes the units more human sized.
The time units were fiddled with so they
- were vaguely the same as the old units
- used Adjusted Planck time units and
- were more or less decimal
Hours and minutes were divided into 100 sub-units. The day was split into two ten-hour halves: practical but not too unlike the old. And ten months of six five-day weeks gives one great flexibility when scheduling rosters and planning. From Echoes of Earth:
|1 new second||0.54 old second|
|1 new minute||100 new seconds||0.90 old minute 54 old seconds)|
|1 new hour||100 new minutes||1.5 old hours (90 old minutes)|
|1 new day||20 new hours||1.2 old days (30 old hours)|
|1 new week||5 new days||0.89 old week (6.2 old days)|
|1 new month||6 new weeks||1.2 old months (5.3 old weeks)|
|1 new year||10 new months||1.025 old years (12 old months)|
The distance units were chosen to be sort of a compromise between the old Metric and the old English units, since in the novel the US was still stubbornly and idiotically sticking to English. The new centimeter was between the old centimeter and the inch. The old mile and the old gallon was very close to the new kilometer and new liter.
|1 new centimeter||1.6 old cm, or 0.64 inches|
|1 new decimeter||10 new cm||6.5 inches|
|1 new meter||10 new dm||1.6 old m, or 3.3 feet|
|3 new meters||10 feet|
|1 new kilometer||1000 new meters||0.97 mile|
|1 new hectare||2.6 old hectares||6.4 acres|
|1 new liter (dm3)||4.2 old liters||1.1 gallons|
The jingle in the US was "five old pounds equal one new kilogram".
|1 new g||2.2 old g|
|1 new kg||1000 new g||4.8 old pounds|
|1 new tonne||1000 new kg||2.1 old tons|
|1 new ampere||2.972 old ampere|
|0°||-273.15°||-459.67°||0° (absolute zero)|
|193°||0°||32°||273.15° (freezing point H2O)|
|264°||100°||212°||373.15° (boiling point H2O)|
Many commonly used constants have simple values when expressed in Adjusted Planck Units.
|c (the speed of light)||1.00 x 108 ms-1|
|1 light-year||6.00 x 1015 m|
|1 light-hour||1.00 x 1011 m|
|1 parsec||2.0 x 1016 m|
|1 g||1.0 light-year/year2|
|1 solar radius||430000 km|
|1 Earth radius||4000 km (equatorial)|
|geostationary orbit||22220 km (Earth)|
The following conversion factors will convert from the old International System of Units to the new Adjusted Planck Standard International Units.
While such a system may seem pedantic, it has applications to communicating with extraterrestrials. They ain't gonna use the metric system, that's for sure. For instance, the metre is defined as the distance traveled by light during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 second. That weird number is based on 1,650,763.73 wavelengths of the orange-red emission line of krypton-86. Which was based on the length of a physical prototype metre bar. Which was based a distance equal to one ten-millionth of the distance between the North Pole and the Equator.
The point being that an alien species is not going to be living on a planet with precisely the same size as Terra, and even if they did 1/ten-millionth is probably not a special number in whatever radix they use.
Natural units on the other hand are much more universal.
For more bizzare units from fantasy and science fiction, TV Tropes has you covered. Wikipedia has List of humorous units of measurement, List of obsolete units of measurement, and List of unusual units of measurement.

Is maith le úrscéalta SF rudaí a athrú a bhfuiltear ag glacadh leo, chun a mheabhrú don léitheoir go bhfuil siad ag léamh ficsean eolaíochta (cé gur comhartha é de scéal sci-fi pathetic más féidir leat an cúlra iomlán a athrú go suíomh traidisiúnta gan difear a dhéanamh don scéal). Is é córas difriúil tomhais a chur le chéile go tapa agus go héasca. Cuimhnigh ar an Battlestar Galactica bunaidh a bhí ag an bhfoireann ag glacadh amanna agus achar i dtéarmaí microns, centons, agus yarens.
Is cleas sách gnáth é "bliain amháin" an féilire a athrú. Is iad na roghanna is coitianta ná 1945 (an chéad bhrógáil ar arm núicléach), 1957 (an bhliain a chuaigh Sputnik suas, an chéad rud de dhéantús an duine a cuireadh isteach i bhfithis), 1961 (an bhliain a tháinig Yuri Gagarin ar an gcéad fhear sa spás), agus 1969 (an bhliain a tháinig Neil Armstrong ar an gcéad fhear a chuir a chos ar ghné thar lear). Is gnách go leagann coilíneachtaí seachshlándála bliain amháin leis an mbliain a bunaíodh an coilíneacht, bliain "an chéad tuirlingthe".
Mar sin, má ghlacann an úrscéal caighdeán Armstrong, bheadh scéal a leagtar sa bhliain 2010 Gregorian ar bhliain 41 den Aois Spáis.
Bainfidh údair a bhfuil sé i gceist acu ton níos seicle a bhaint amach úsáid as "CE" agus "BCE" in ionad "AD" agus "BC", go háirithe sa saol acadúil. Nó déan an t-ábhar a sheachaint go hiomlán, a rá ag baint úsáide as 1945 bunaithe ar bhliain amháin le teideal flashy cosúil le "Atomic Era".
Is fadhb bheo iarbhír í an fhíric go bhfuil aonaid tomhais mar bhlianta, laethanta, agus séasúir ceangailte go dlúth le Terra. Tá siad níos lú ábhartha dóibh siúd atá ina gcónaí ar phláinéid eile, agus beagnach gan aon ábharthacht do Belters agus daoine eile a chónaíonn sa spás domhain. I Heinlein's Podkayne of Mars, cuireann an príomhcharachtar béim ar an bhfíric go bhfuil an úrscéal ficsean eolaíochta trína lua go bhfuil sí thart ar ocht mbliana d'aois agus beagnach d'aois chun pósadh. Mar sin féin, tá sí ina cónaí ar Mars, a bhfuil bliain níos faide ná Terra. Mar sin cé go bhfuil sí 8 bliana d'aois Mars, tá sí thart ar 15 Terran bliain d'aois.
Tá sé seo ina fhadhb thromchúiseach nuair a bhíonn ar chuideachtaí idirphláinéadach dul i ngleic le rudaí cosúil le blianta cánach tréimhsiúla, tréimhsí cánach, agus réanna ar cíos nuair a bhíonn oifigí brainse acu ar roinnt pláinéid. Ní mór do chorparáidí a bhfuil a gceanncheathrú bunaithe sna Stáit Aontaithe a gcuid cánacha a íoc gach 15 Aibreán, agus ní mór do na brainsí ar phláinéid eile déileáil leis an bhfíric nach gcomhlíonann lá áirithe an mhí nó an dáta áitiúil.
De ghnáth glacann scríbhneoirí ficsean eolaíochta bliain amháin Terran agus glacann siad "Bliain Chaighdeánach Galagasach" air, ar a laghad do phláinéid a choilníonn daoine. De ghnáth bíonn carachtar ag na scríbhneoirí ag rá go géar gur tharla an rud seo agus an rud sin cúpla bliain ó shin i Tau Ceti IV, agus fiafraíonn carachtar eile go géar "cé mhéad bliain atá ann i mblianta caighdeánacha Galactic, a imreoir?" Tá sé seo chun an léitheoir a chur ar an eolas go bhfuil sé seo ina úrscéal ficsean eolaíochta agus nach bhfuil siad i Kansas níos mó.
Agus d'fhéadfadh rudaí a bheith an-chrua le sceitimíní reiligiúnacha maidir le cén lá a cheiliúradh laethanta naofa ar leith. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith beagán míréasúnta chun breathnú ar lá naofa bunaithe ar thús an earraigh, nuair ar do phláinéid go mbeidh lá Terran ar leith a dhriotáil tríd an bhliain phláinéid ó shéasúr go shéasúr.
Ar scála níos lú is féidir leat a ráthú nach mbeidh 24 uair an chloig ar fhad lá na pláinéad eachtrannach. Agus beidh sé ag dul a screw suas go mór an colonist's ritim circadian. Is féidir leat an clog 24 uair a chloig a dhíchur ó timthriall lá agus oíche an phláinéid, nó an lá a roinnt ina 24 rannán agus déileáil leis an bhfíric go mbeidh na chéad chúpla glúin ag fulaingt ó shiúl aimsire buan. Go teoiriciúil, déanfaidh glúnta ina dhiaidh sin de choilíneoirí a rithim shiorcadán a oiriúnú don phláinéid sa deireadh, mura bhfuil an lá pláinéide ró-mhór.
I roinnt úrscéalta ficsean eolaíochta ní úsáideann daoine uaireanta, ach ina ionad sin úsáideann siad tréimhsí faire loinge chun am a thomhas. De ghnáth is é " faire " amháin ceithre uair an chloig Terran, le sé faire i lá Terran de 24 uair an chloig Terran. Uaireanta feicfidh tú an téarma "laeth-lá", rud a chiallaíonn Lá Caighdeánach na Talún mar a thuigtear é ag criú starship.
Tá réiteach amháin le feiceáil i leabhar Joan Vinge The Outcasts of Heaven's Belt. Sa chóras Crios na bhFlaitheas, níl aon phláinéid ináitithe, ach zillions de astaróidí saibhir mianraí. Sin an áit a bhfuil na daoine ina gcónaí. Is é an t-aonad ama amháin an Dara (ar a dtugtar am Meitreach é seo uaireanta). Tá trí kiloséacna thart ar uair an chloig, tríocha megaséacna thart ar bhliain, is féidir leat é a léamh ar an gcairt. Oibríonn sé gan beann ar thréimhse orbital an áit chónaithe spáis ar leith, is féidir leat a ríomh an tréimhse idir dhá phointe ar bith in am le subtraction simplí, tá sé iontach!
Tá 1 kiloscean ag 16.7 nóiméad
Tá sé seo an-mhór.
Tá 1 gigasecond a bhí 32 bliain a bhí
Tá 1 terasecond a bhí ag 32000 bliain.
Tá 1 petasecond a bhí ag 32 milliún bliain.
♬1 uair an chloig ♬3.6 kiloseconds ♬
1 Lá Domhanda 86.4 kiloseconds
♬1 seachtain ♬604.8 kiloseconds ♬
1 mhí Domhanda 2.6 megaseconds
1 Earth bliain 31.6 megaseconds
♬1 céad bliain ♬3.16 giga-sceide ♬
D'úsáid Vernor Vinge an córas in A Deepness In The Sky, ar a dtugtar After Epoch Astronauticum freisin. Tá an pointe núil socraithe le Neil Armstrong's moonwalk, cé go ndéanann duine é sin tosaíonn an córas iomlán ag breathnú go amhrasach cosúil le am Unix, nó am POSIX (Armstrong i 1969, tosaíonn am Unix i 1970).
Úsáideann réalteolaithe córas den chineál céanna atá bunaithe ar laethanta in ionad soicind, an féilire Lá Julianach. Níl aon blianta, míonna nó seachtainí, ach laethanta. Is é lá 0 meán lae an 1 Eanáir, 4713 RC. Roghnaíodh an dáta toisc gurb é an uair dheireanach a tháinig trí timthriall féilire ar leith le chéile. Tá córas Lá na hIúliana bunaithe ar laethanta toisc go bhfuil an t-eachtra idir dhá dháta a ríomh ag baint úsáide as an gcóras blianta-mhíonna-laethanta (le blianta léasacha) níos pianmhara ná iarracht a dhéanamh deighilt fhada ag baint úsáide as uimhreacha Rómhánacha. Ag baint úsáide as dátaí Lá Julian, ní gá duit ach aistarraingt simplí.
Tugann Ralph Buttigieg le fios nach n-oibríonn am méadrach ar dhromchla phláinéid, mar gheall ar ár mbealach sean-aimsire chun Leithleithid agus Éirí Amach Réamh na spéire a thomhas. Ar ais san aois na seil, bhí sé thar a bheith éasca latitude a thomhas le sextant.
Bhí sé deacair an fad a thomhas, toisc go dteastaíonn clog cruinn uaidh, ós rud é go bhfuil an cinneadh ag brath ar thomhas cé chomh fada a bhí an Domhan rothlú ar a ais. Ar an drochuair, sna laethanta sin, bhí na cloigí cruinn amháin bunaithe ar pendulums, nach mbeidh ag obair i long ag casadh leis na tonnta farraige. Tar éis do chabhlach na Breataine a bheith i mbéal i 1707 mar gheall ar earráid i fhad, thairg rialtas na Breataine duais fhad don chéad duine a cheapann modh cruinn bord loinge a chinneadh. Bhuaigh John Harrison an duais trí chrónaméadar a bhí bunaithe ar earraigh a chruthú, cé gur theastaigh ó bhord na Breataine fadtéarma a chur ar ceal as an duais airgid.
Ar aon nós, is é pointe na n-uile seo go bhfuil fad a thomhas i incrimintí na lá pláinéadach, a bhfuil ar ndóigh de fhad éagsúil ó phláinéid go pláinéad. A chuireann an eochair mhoncaí i pleananna a úsáid cineál éigin ama méide uilíoch.
D'aimsigh an chuideachta uaireadóirí na hEilvéise Swatch Swatch Internet Time, áit a bhfuil an lá 24 uair roinnte ina 1000 cuid ar a dtugtar ".beats", gach .beat a bheith 1 nóiméad agus 26.4 soicind. Is é seo i ndáiríre gimmick fógraíochta. Is athshlánú é ar chóras ama deiciúil na Fraince a cruthaíodh díreach tar éis Réabhlóid na Fraince sa bhliain 1793 fada amach anseo. Is féidir leat a rá go bhfuil sé ceaptha chun críocha fógraíochta ós rud é as na córais go léir a cruthaíodh sna dhá chéad bliain anuas, is é an t-aon cheann a bhogann an príomh-mhear-mhear-mhear ó Greenwich Sasana go dtí Ceanncheathrú Swatch. Ní haon ionadh go ndeachaigh Swatch Internet Time ar fad mar gheall ar easpa spéise.
Ar ndóigh, ós rud é go bhfuil na córais seo go léir bunaithe ar an aonad "Laethanta" Terra-lárnaithe in ionad an aonad "Second" córais mheatríochta, tá siad i bhfad níos páirceálaí freisin.
Is éard atá i gcóras "Am Deichimil" ná ceann ina bhfuil na haonaid éagsúla ina bhfréacsanna deichimil nó i gcúplaí a chéile (e.g., Uair dheichimil roinnte ina 100 nóiméad deichimil, agus gach nóiméad comhdhéanta de 100 soicind deichimil). Is córas ama deichiméadach é córas "Am Mhetrach" nach bhfuil ach aonad amháin ann, agus léirítear an rud go léir trí réamhtheachtacht mheitreach a chur leis an aonad sin (m.sh., an dara, an cileagrúpa, an mhéagrúpa). Ina theannta sin, ní shainmhíníonn aonad méadrach ach aonad idirthréimhse ama (mar a dhéanann stopwatch), ní am an lae (mar a dhéanann clog).
Mar shampla, in The Naked Sun le Isaac Asimov, úsáideann na Solarians córas deichiméil. An uair a chloig Solarian mar a bhí roinnte i deich decads, gach ceann acu roinnte i céad centads. Ní córas méadrach é seo ós rud é nach bhfuil an uair a roinnte ina deich n-decihours, agus tá gach ceann acu roinnte ina céad millihours.
Bhí iarracht lochtach ann córas ama deiciúil a chruthú sa seó teilifíse Star Trek, an "Stardates" míchlúiteach. Cruthaíodh iad ar an nóiméad ag Gene Roddenberry chun an fhadhb a sheachaint a bhaineann le gach eipeasóid a cheangal le dátaí sonracha. Dúradh leis na scríbhneoirí ceithre dhigit a roghnú gan choinne. Tá lucht leanúna Pedantic Star Trek ag iarraidh ó shin ar aghaidh a dhéanamh ar chóras a d'fhéadfadh na dátaí a mhíniú.
Chruthaigh Franz Joseph a chóras féin do Stardates: is dátaithe Gregóraiche traidisiúnta iad a scríobhadh sa fhoirm YYMM.DD (mar shampla, bheadh Stardate 9802.13 an 13 Feabhra 1998). Ní mheastar go bhfuil sé seo ina chanóin. Mar sin féin, tá sé ar eolas ag cláirithe ríomhaireachta go bhfuil buntáistí ag dul i bhfeidhm nuair a scríobhtar dátaí in ord óiméadar. Éascaíonn sé earraí a shocrú de réir ama. Mar shampla, má tá sraith comhaid agat ar do thiomáint crua a bhfuil ainmneacha ag tosú le stampa ama i bhfoirm YYYMMDD, nuair a scrúdóidh tú an t-eagarthóir sin leis na hainmneacha comhaid a shocrú go aibítreach, beidh na comhaid in ord cróineolaíoch go huathoibríoch.
Is é an locht le córas Franz Joseph ná nach bhfuil sé soiléir an dtagraíonn Stardate 9802.13 do 13 Feabhra, 1998, 13 Feabhra, 2098, 13 Feabhra, 2198, 13 Feabhra, 2298 agus mar sin de. Tháinig an locht céanna seo ina fhadhb mhór ag tús na haoise, an fhadhb iomráiteach Y2K.
Tomhaiseann réalteolaithe an fad idir réaltaí ag úsáid parsecs, ach úsáideann scríbhneoirí ficsean eolaíochta blianta solais beagnach i gcónaí. Tá Parsecs níos eolaíocha, ach tá tú ag dul. Iolrú parsecs le 3.26 a fháil bliain solais, a roinnt bliain solais le 3.26 a fháil parsecs.
An t-aon áit a bhfuil parsecs i ficsean eolaíochta is i úrscéalta Isaac Asimov, an cluiche ról-chluiche Traveller, agus an trácht stupid ag Han Solo.
Úsáideann Traveller parsecs toisc go bhfuil siad an-ghar don mheán-achar idir réaltaí. Ciallaíonn sé seo má cruthaítear léarscáil réalta 2D fo-earnála ar stíl Traveller is féidir leat an oiread réaltaí agus is féidir a chur isteach sa léarscáil le huasmhéid heicseagónaí caillte.
Is féidir aonaid mhetrice malartacha a bhfuil fuaim aisteach acu a chruthú freisin.
Léiríonn Erik Max Francis go bhfuil an t-aonad SI "megameters" iontach ceart ag teacht chun cinn, as gach áit, sa anime Americanized "Star Blazers". Bhí an t-anime sin ar dtús "Space Battleship Yamato", níl sé soiléir an bhfuil an téarma "megameters" le feiceáil sa tSeapáinis bunaidh. Tá megaiméadar amháin míle ciliméadar nó thart ar 620 míle.
Tá córas tomhais mheatrika eile le feiceáil sa seó SF Battlestar Galactica. Tá sé seo beagán aisteach ós rud é go n-úsáideann siad na haonaid chéanna don am chomh maith leis an achar. D'fhéadfaí iad a nascadh le ráta, mar shampla luas an tsolais. Is é seo a úsáideann eolaithe nuair a labhraíonn siad faoi solais-soicind, solais-mínúin, solais-lá, agus solais-bhlianta.
I 'Foundation and Empire' le Isaac Asimov, léim Toran a chuid soithigh réalta trí hipearspás isteach sa chóras réalta ina bhfuil an phláinéid Haven, ansin caithfidh sé "ríomh-mhilli-microparsecs" a thaisteal chuig an bplainéad. Is téarma as dáta é "Milli-micro-" a chiallaíonn "nano-" nó 10-9. Bheadh sé sin ag déanamh milli-microparsec amháin thart ar 31,000 ciliméadar, nó thart ar 1/13 an fad idir Terra agus Luna.
"100" "An bhfuil" "1" "parsec" "pc" "An bhfuil" "3.26" "Bliain Solas" "An bhfuil" "74%" "de na fad idir Sol agus Proxima Centauri"
10-1 Rinneadh Rinneadh1 deciparsec (dpc) Rinneadh Rinneadh20,627 AU Rinneadh RinneadhSol go teorainn seachtrach de chuid Hills de Rinneadh Rinneadh Oort
10-2 Ráth Ráth 1 centiparsec (cpc) Ráth Ráth Ráth 2063 AU Ráth RáthSol go teorainn inmheánach de chuid Hills de Ráth Ráth Oort
10-3 1 milliparsec (mpc) 206 AU
10-6 1 microparsec (μpc) 0.21 AU A beagán níos lú ná an Sol-Mearcair leath-mhór-ais
10-9
10-12
10-15
10-18 adadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadad
10-21 adgadgadgadgad1 zeptoparsec (zpc) adgadgadgad0.031 Milliméadar adgadgad0.06 an trastomhas de ghrán salann adgadgad
10-24
Maidir le píolótach spásárthach ina suí sa chonair rialaithe, tá go leor téarmaí sonracha ann le haghaidh treoracha i ndáil leis an píolótach, is féidir a fháil anseo.
Le haghaidh suímh iomlán laistigh de chóras gréine, is dócha go n-úsáidfí cineál éigin córais chomhordanúcháin spherical neamh, atá dírithe ar an réalta príomhúil, leis an bpláinéad bunúsach socraithe ar ecliptic an phríomhúil (i bhfocail eile: córas comhordanúcháin ecliptic heliocentric). Tá an pointe núl den fhad ecliptic ag an equinox vernal den Leithleibhéal Thuaidh, ar a dtugtar "An Chéad Phríomhphointe Aries" go traidisiúnta. Chun a bheith simplí, is féidir an fhad a roinnt ina 12 chuid de thríocha déag gach ceann, ainmnithe i ndiaidh comharthaí an Zodiac.
Sa úrscéal Céim a Dhá, déantar tomhas ceangail réasúnta idir dhá phointe i dtéarmaí "míonna", agus mí amháin comhionann le tríocha céim. Tá sé seo a bhaineann leis an méid ama a thógann sé an Domhan a thuras tríocha céim timpeall a orbit.
Tá léarscáileanna spáis a léiríonn suíomhanna na n-aisleán spáis áitiúla ar an traidisiún (i bhfíor-eagna eolaíochta ar a laghad) a thaispeántar i réimsí holografacha. Úsáidfidh máirseálaí spéire taispeáint bunaithe ar chomhordanáidí neamhghnácha iomlánacha agus iad ag rialú straitéis agus tactics cath (ionad = réalta primar, fad núl = equinox vernal nó lár galactic). Is dócha go n-úsáidfidh soithí réalta comhrac i ndroch-chath, ar an láimh eile, taispeáint bunaithe ar chomhordanáidí i ndáil leis an long atá i gceist (meán = long, longitude nialas = seasamh reatha na srón long).
Maidir le tomhas uillinn réasúnta tá téarmaí sean-aimseartha datha ann a thagann ó réalteolaíocht.
0°
 18°
30°
Tá sé ar leithligh
32.727° Cad a Dhéanann Mé Agus Cad a Dhéanann Mé 360° / 11 Cad a Dhéanann Mé
36°
 40°
360° / 8
 51.429°
60° Sextile 360° / 6
Dhá chomhartha ar leithligh
360° / 5
360° / 4
Trí shíntiús ar leithligh
102.857°
360° / (7/2)
Septile × 2
108°
360° / (10/3)
Decile × 3
120°
Ceithre chomhartha ar leithligh
360° / 2.647 ceachtar
90° + 45°
Cearnóg + Semiquare
 144°   Biquintile   360° / 2.5
360° / 2.4
Cúig shíntiús ar leithligh
 154.286°
360° / (7/3)
Septile × 3
 165°
Frithsheasamh - 15°
Gan a bheith in ann a rá × 5
180°
Sé shíntiús ar leithligh
Scrollaigh go ingearach chun an chuid eile den infographic a fheiceáil
Dragan Radovanovic/Business Insider
Erik Max Francis Tá córas tomhais cumhachtach láidir bunaithe ar aonaid bhunúsacha Planck. Bhuel, i ndáiríre dúirt sé nach raibh sé go háirithe réabhlóideach, rinne sé ach an iomadaíocht, agus i ndáiríre é a úsáid a bheadh thar a bheith amaideach. Ach chun críocha ficsean eolaíochta, tá sé i bhfad níos cruinne go heolaíoch ná centons agus yarens a úsáid.
D'athraigh Sean Williams agus Shane Dix an córas le húsáid ina gcuid úrscéalta "Orphans".
Sa fhisice, tá cúig choinbhinsiún fisiceach uilíoch: luas an tsolais sa spás, coinbhinsiún gravitational, coinbhinsiún Dirac nó "coinbhinsiún Planck laghdaithe", coinbhinsiún fórsa Coulomb, agus coinbhinsiún Boltzmann. Is éard atá in aonaid Planck ná aonaid a shainmhínítear ar bhealach go bhfuil aon cheann de na cúig choinbhinsiún uilíoch a léirítear i dtéarmaí aonaid Planck, is é "aon" a luach.
Tá cúig aonad Planck ann: fad Planck, mais Planck, am Planck, muirear Planck agus teocht Planck. Chun a chóras, níl ach na trí chéad cheann ag teastáil ó Mháistir Francis.
Mar thuras ar shiúl, deir an tUasal Francis:
Ní mór do chóras tomhais sraith d'aonad bunúsacha a bheith ann, óna bhféadfar na haonaid eile go léir a dhíriú. D'úsáid an tUasal Francis na haonaid bhunúsacha SI dá chóras: fad, mais, am, sruth leictreach, teocht teirmodheinamic, déine solais, agus méid substainte.
Le haghaidh aonad fad, mais, agus ama, bain úsáid as aonad Planck go díreach.
Maidir le sruth leictreach (luchtaigh roinnte ar am), bain úsáid as méid (eoin neamhspleách) an mhuirear ar leictreon le haghaidh muirear, agus am Planck le haghaidh ama.
Maidir le teocht teirmidheinamic, is féidir é a dhíorthaigh le buan Boltzmann. Tá an Boltzmann seasmhach comhionann le fuinneamh roinnte ar an teocht, mar sin algebra simplí a thabhairt duit an chothromóid: Teochta comhionann le fuinneamh roinnte ar Boltzmann seasmhach. Maidir leis an aonad fuinnimh, féach thíos.
Tá diancht solais tricky, féach aiste an tUasal Francis 'do réiteach.
Agus maidir le méid substainte, ní aonad in-bhreathnaithe é seo. Molann an tUasal Francis an t-aonad a athsholáthar leis an líon iarbhír adamh (e.g., in ionad moil amháin, ní gá ach uimhir Avogadro 6.02 x 1023 a úsáid).
Arís, le haghaidh sonraí faoi na haonaid a dhíorthaítear ó na haonaid bhunúsacha, féach an aiste. Fágtar aon aonad nach bhfuil sainithe mar chleachtadh don léitheoir.
Ní aontaíonn an tUasal Francis leis an méadú malartach sin i bprionsabal. Tá sé, áfach, go tapa a rá nach bhfuil sé ag caint faoi Sean Williams agus Shane Dix. Is é an rud a bhfuil sé annoyed ag roinnt daoine atá ag iarraidh a mholadh i ndáiríre a mhalairt de na dara nóiméad-uair-chineál córais a chur in ionad an chóras atá ann cheana féin SI aonad sa saol fíor (a ar ndóigh, nach bhfuil ar chor ar bith cad a bhí an tUasal Williams agus an tUasal Dix a dhéanamh).

Tá sé ar fad ar an mbord.
Tá sé ag teacht ar an am chun an t-am a chaitheamh.
a fhad a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil a bhfuil
"Más" "Más" "Más" "Más" "Más" "Más" "Más"
"Tá an t-am ag teacht".

 Teochta
♬planet angle

"Force" "Solved" "M" "L" "T" "Solved" "1.210" "N" "Solved"

"Cumhacht" "Cumhacht" "Cumhacht"
♬ minicíocht ♬♬♬
♬ brú ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ )
 gníomhaíocht
 dosage adsorbed
dose equivalent dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd
Capacitance Cad atá le déanamhM-1 L-2 T4 C2 Cad atá le déanamh1.312 x 10-47 F Cad atá le déanamh
Is é an t-am a bhí sé ag an am sin.
 Conductance leictreach  Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad
│Inductance │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
 flux maighnéadach
│Díthíocht flux maighnéadach ││M T -2 C-1 ││2.520 x 1054 │
♬aghaidhmhianta ♬
 voltas
Mar a luadh roimhe seo, rinne Sean Williams agus Shane Dix an córas seo a oiriúnú dá gcuid úrscéalta "Orphans". Deir na húdair go bhfuil smaointe an Uasail Francis curtha in oiriúint acu chun freastal ar a gcuid riachtanas, agus is iad féin a rinne aon earráidí a tugadh isteach sa phróiseas.
Sean Williams agus Shane Dix postulate an córas nua a glacadh i ndiaidh níos mó tubaistí cosúil leis an Mars Aeráid Orbiter fiasco. Ba chúis leis sin go n-úsáid Lockheed Martin aonaid Béarla agus go n-úsáid NASA (cosúil le cóis an domhain shibhialta) aonaid Mhetracha. Gach duine a ghlac siad go léir a bhí ag baint úsáide as na haonaid céanna, agus ní raibh a fháil amach ar bhealach difriúil go dtí go ricocheted an sond as an atmaisféar Mars. Chuir sé seo an sond amach i ndearmad agus $ 125 milliún dollar síos an drenach.
Sna úrscéalta, tá córas an Uasail Francis modhnaithe go pointe éigin. Tá na haonaid Planck bunúsach, ach tá méideanna thar a bheith míchuí acu. Tá inch amháin thart ar 157 billiún quadrillion quadrillion Planck méadar, tá an meán duine mais beagnach trí trilliún Planck cileagram, tá uair an chloig comhionann le thart ar trilliún quadrillion quadrillion Planck nóiméad.
Mar sin, rinne siad scála na n-aonad Planck, ag iomadaíocht iad le 1043. Déanann sé seo na haonaid níos mó de mhéid an duine.
Bhí na haonaid ama fiddled le mar sin tá siad
- bhí siad an-chosúil leis na sean-aonad
- aonad ama Planck Coigeartaithe a úsáidtear agus
- bhí níos mó nó níos lú deichiméalacha
Bhí na huaireanta agus na nóiméad roinnte ina 100 fo-aonad. Bhí an lá roinnte ina dhá leath deich uair an chloig: praiticiúil ach nach bhfuil ró-difriúil ó na sean. Agus tugann deich mí de shé seachtaine cúig lá solúbthacht mhór do dhuine nuair a bhíonn sceidil sceidil agus pleanáil á dhéanamh aige. Ó Echoes of Earth:
1 nua dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara
1 nóiméad nua Cad a tharlaíonn 100 soicind nua Cad a tharlaíonn 0.90 nóiméad d'aois 54 soicind d'aois)
1 uair nua 100 nóiméad nua 1.5 sean uair an chloig (90 nóiméad d'aois)
1 lá nua 20 uair nua 1.2 sean-lá 30 uair d'aois
1 seachtain nua 5 lá nua 0.89 seachtain d'aois (6.2 lá d'aois)
1 mhí nua 6 seachtain nua 1.2 mí d'aois (5.3 seachtain d'aois)
1 bhliain nua 10 mí nua 1.025 bliain d'aois (12 mí d'aois)
Roghnaíodh na haonaid fad chun a bheith ina chineál comhréitigh idir an sean-Mhéidric agus na haonaid sean-Béarla, ós rud é sa úrscéal go raibh na Stáit Aontaithe fós stubbornly agus idiotically greamaithe ar an mBéarla. Bhí an ceintiméadar nua idir an sean-ceintiméadar agus an orlach. Bhí an míle agus an gallún sean an-chosúil leis an ciliméadar nua agus an litre nua.
Tá sé ar an gcuma go bhfuil sé ag teacht ar an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas a bheith ag an gcumas
1 Deciméadar nua Cad Cad 10 cm Cad Cad 6.5 Inch Cad Cad
1 méadar nua Cad atá 10 dm nua Cad atá 1.6 sean m, nó 3.3 troigh Cad atá
3 méadar nua a bhí 10 troigh a bhí
1 ciliméadar nua cad a tharlaíonn1000 méadar nua cad a tharlaíonn0.97 míle cad a tharlaíonn
1 heicteár nua Cad atá le déanamh2.6 heicteár d'aois Cad atá le déanamh6.4 acra Cad atá le déanamh
1 lítear nua (dm3) d'fhuilchill 4.2 lítear d'fhuilchill d'fhuilchill 1.1 galún d'fhuilchill
Ba é an jingle sna Stáit Aontaithe "beagán sean-púnt is ionann agus aon chileagram nua".
1 g rud nua a dhéanamh 2.2 g rud sean a dhéanamh
1 kg nua Cad a dhéanann 1000 g nua Cad a dhéanann 4.8 punt d'aois Cad a dhéanann
1 tonna nua d'fhiacha 1000 kg nua d'fhiacha 2.1 tonna d'fhiacha
"Tá 1 ampère nua déanta as 2.972 ampère sean déanta as
0°   273.15°   459.67°    0° (null iomlán)
193°
264°   100°   2 12°   373.15° (pointe fiuchphointe H2O)
Tá luachanna simplí ag go leor coimhdeacha a úsáidtear go coitianta nuair a léirítear iad in Aonaid Planck Coigeartaithe.
C ( luas an tsolais) cad é 1.00 x 108 ms-1 cad é
1 solas-bhliain a dhéanamh 6.00 x 1015 m a dhéanamh
1 uair an chloig solas cad a tharla 1.00 x 1011 m cad a tharla
1 parsec darach 2.0 x 1016 m darach
1 g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g
Tá radius 1 ghrian a dhéanamh ar 430,000 km a dhéanamh
1 Earth radius 4000 km (eicéadach)
Tá 22220 km (Tír) ar an orbit gheostáitigh
Déanfar na fachtóirí tiontaithe seo a leanas a thiontú ón sean-Sistema Idirnáisiúnta Aonad go dtí na hAonad Idirnáisiúnta um Chaighdeán Planck Coigeartaithe nua.
Cé go bhféadfadh sé go mbeadh an córas sin cosúil le pedantic, tá feidhm aige chun cumarsáid a dhéanamh le extraterrestrials. Ní bheidh siad ag úsáid an chóras méadrach, sin cinnte. Mar shampla, sainmhínítear an méadar mar an fad a thrasnaíonn solas le linn earra ama 1/299,792,458 soicind. Tá an uimhir aisteach bunaithe ar 1,650,763.73 tonnfhad na líne astaíochta oráiste-dearg Krypton-86. A bhí bunaithe ar fhad bar méadar fhréamhshamhla fisiciúil. A bhí bunaithe ar achar atá comhionann le ceann de deich milliún den achar idir an Poil Thuaidh agus an t-Eacnamaí.
Is é an pointe go bhfuil speiceas eachtrannach nach bhfuil ag dul a bheith ina gcónaí ar phláinéid le go beacht an méid céanna le Terra, agus fiú má rinne siad 1/deich-milliún is dócha nach bhfuil uimhir speisialta i cibé radix a úsáideann siad.
Tá aonaid nádúrtha ar an láimh eile i bhfad níos uilíoch.
Le haghaidh níos mó aonad bizarre ó shamhlaíocht agus ficsean eolaíochta, Tá TV Tropes tú clúdaithe. Tá Liosta de na haonaid tomhais greannmhar, Liosta de na haonaid tomhais as dáta, agus Liosta de na haonaid tomhais neamhghnácha ar Wikipedia.


In this lesson plan, which is adaptable for grades K-8, students use BrainPOP resources (including a free online science game) to help them explore dinosaurs and dinosaur adaptations.
- Explore how dinosaurs’ body parts affected their balance and mobility.
- Use an online game to construct a dinosaur and evaluate its viability according to its leg strength, speed, balance, defense, and attack skills.
- Observe how their constructed dinosaur survives in the wild and make choices regarding its survival (ie, what it should eat and how it should defend itself.)
Preparation:This lesson plan is designed to be used as part of unit of study on dinosaurs or animal adaptations. Students should have some background knowledge about dinosaurs, their predators, and their defense mechanisms prior to beginning the lesson. The activities below center on a free online game from The Children's Museum of Indianapolis called Construct-a-saurus. When starting the game, players will be brought to a laboratory that allows them to build dinosaurs from various body parts. Players can select from a variety of heads, forearms, bodies, hind legs and tails to attribute to their dinosaur. These body parts can balance and unbalance the dinosaur, determining if the dino mobile and can survive in the wild. After building the dinosaur, players will take their dino out into the wild and try to get it back to its home.
- Build students' background knowledge about dinosaurs through either the BrainPOP movies (Birds, Dinosaurs, Fossils, Natural Selection, Reptiles) or BrainPOP Jr movies (Bones, Extinct and Endangered Species, Fossils). You can use the graphic organizer to help students record and analyze what they learned.
- Talk with students about how various species of dinosaurs defended themselves against predators. What body adaptations protected and assisted them?
- Project the Construct-a-saurus game for the class to see. Invite a student volunteer to design a dinosaur that could stand up to a battle with a T-Rex. As the student selects the various body parts, encourage him or her to explain the reasoning behind each choice. Draw students' attention to the Speed, Defense, Attack, Balance, and Leg Support meters at the bottom of the screen, and how these measures are affected by each change.
- When all the body parts are selected, a progress report may pop up on the screen explaining possible issues, such as the dinosaur being unbalanced. Invite other students to give feedback and suggest alternatives. A Red Alert will appear if a dinosaur will be unable to survive in the wild. If extensive changes need to be made or students become frustrated, encourage students to pay attention to the dinosaur species that each body part belongs to, and match up all the parts of a real species.
- When the student is satisfied with his or her dinosaur, release it into the wild! Another volunteer can attempt to help the dinosaur safely navigate its way back home. Discuss the different paths the dinosaur can take, and how it can choose to behave when it encounters predators.
- Discuss the game as a class. What adaptations allowed the dinosaur to survive longer? Which hindered it? Instruct students to think-pair-share or turn and talk with a partner about how they would build a better dinosaur.
- Release students to play the game on their own. You may want students to take a screenshot of their dinosaur so they can compare it to their peers' dinosaurs later on.
- Return students to a whole class discussion. Younger students may want to discuss strategies for helping their dinosaur survive. Older students may want to analyze the accuracy of the game. In Construct-a-saurus, if a Triceratops tries to defend itself against a Tyrannosaurus, the Triceratops wins. Talk with students about this. How likely is it for certain types of dinosaurs to win the battle? Would the outcomes be the same in every dinosaur battle? What other factors would determine which dinosaur won?
- Invite students to use what they learned from the game to design a dinosaur that would survive in the wild. They can draw their dinosaur on paper or using digital tools, or create the dinosaur using 3D materials. Students should name their dinosaur and write about its diet, predators, and adaptations. Allow students to share their dinosaurs with the class, or post about their creations online so family and friends can view them.
Filed as: 3-5, 6-8, Blended Learning, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.6-8.7, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.2.7, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.3.7, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.4.7, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.6.7, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RST.6-8.9, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.SL.2.2, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.SL.3.2, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.SL.5.2, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.SL.6.2, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.SL.7.2, Construct-a-Saurus, Dinosaurs, K-3, Lesson Plan, Life on Earth, Science, Science Games, Teacher Resources

Sa phlean ceachta seo, atá in oiriúnú do ghrád K-8, úsáideann mic léinn acmhainní BrainPOP (lena n-áirítear cluiche eolaíochta ar líne saor in aisce) chun cabhrú leo díosairí agus oiriúnú dinosairí a iniúchadh.
- Faigh amach conas a raibh tionchar ag codanna comhlacht na dínosairí ar a n-iarmhéid agus ar a n-aistriú.
- Bain úsáid as cluiche ar líne chun dinosaur a thógáil agus a inmharthanacht a mheas de réir a neart cos, a luas, a chothromaíocht, a chosaint, agus a scileanna ionsaí.
- Breathnú ar an gcaoi a maireann a dhinsaoir a thóg siad san fhiáine agus roghanna a dhéanamh maidir lena maireachtáil (ie, cad ba cheart dó a ithe agus conas ba cheart dó é féin a chosaint).
Ullmhú:Tá an plean ceachta seo deartha le húsáid mar chuid d'aonad staidéir ar dheinosaúirí nó oiriúnaithe ainmhithe. Ba cheart go mbeadh eolas cúlra ag mic léinn faoi dhinosaúracha, a n-imreoirí, agus a n-imní cosanta sula dtosaíonn an ceacht. Tá na gníomhaíochtaí thíos dírithe ar chluiche ar líne saor in aisce ó Mhúsaem Leanaí Indianapolis ar a dtugtar Construct-a-saurus. Nuair a thosaíonn an cluiche, tabharfar imreoirí chuig saotharlann a ligeann dóibh dineasáir a thógáil ó chodanna éagsúla an choirp. Is féidir le himreoirí ceann, forearms, comhlachtaí, cosa cúl agus eireaball a roghnú ó éagsúlacht cinn chun a gcuid dineasáir a chur leis. Is féidir leis na codanna comhlacht seo an dinosúr a chothromú agus a dhíchothromú, ag cinneadh an féidir leis an dinosúr a bheith soghluaiste agus maireachtáil sa fhiáin. Tar éis an dinosaur a thógáil, tógfaidh imreoirí a dino amach sa fhiáine agus déanfaidh siad iarracht é a fháil ar ais chuig a theach.
- Tóg eolas cúlra na mac léinn faoi dhinosairí trí na scannáin BrainPOP (Einíon, Dinosaurs, Fossils, Roghnú Nádúrtha, Réptílí) nó scannáin BrainPOP Jr (Bones, Species Extinct and Endangered, Fossils). Is féidir leat an eagraitheoir grafach a úsáid chun cabhrú le mic léinn an méid a d'fhoghlaim siad a thaifeadadh agus a anailísiú.
- Labhair le mic léinn faoi conas a chosaint speicis éagsúla de dineasáir féin i gcoinne predators. Cad iad na hairíonna a bhí ag an gcorp a chaomhnaigh agus a chabhraigh leo?
- Tionscadal an cluiche a thógáil-a-saurus don rang a fheiceáil. Iarr ar mhic léinn deonach dinosaur a dhearadh a d'fhéadfadh seasamh suas le cath le T-Rex. Agus an mic léinn ag roghnú na codanna éagsúla den chorp, spreag é nó í chun míniú a thabhairt ar an réasúnaíocht atá taobh thiar de gach rogha. Tarraing aird na mac léinn ar na méadair Luas, Cosanta, Ionsaí, Cothromaíocht, agus Tacaíocht Chéim ag bun an scáileáin, agus conas a théann gach athrú i bhfeidhm ar na bearta seo.
- Nuair a roghnaítear na codanna comhlacht go léir, d'fhéadfadh tuarascáil ar dhul chun cinn a bheith ar an scáileán ag míniú saincheisteanna féideartha, mar shampla go bhfuil an dineasúr neamhchothrom. Iarr ar mhic léinn eile aiseolas a thabhairt agus roghanna eile a mholadh. Beidh Alerta Dearg a thaispeáint má tá dinosaur a bheith in ann maireachtáil sa fhiáine. Má tá gá le hathruithe fairsing a dhéanamh nó má bhíonn frustrachas ar na daltaí, spreag na daltaí aird a thabhairt ar na speicis dinosaur a mbaineann gach cuid coirp leo, agus comhoiriúnaigh na codanna go léir de speiceas fíor.
- Nuair a bheidh an mac léinn sásta lena nó a dinosaur, scaoileadh sé isteach sa fhiáin! Is féidir le hoibrí eile iarracht a dhéanamh cuidiú leis an dineasúr a bhealach a sheoláil go sábháilte ar ais abhaile. Déan plé ar na bealaí éagsúla is féidir leis an dínosaur a ghlacadh, agus conas is féidir leis a bheith ag iompar nuair a bhíonn sé ag teacht ar ghalar.
- plé an cluiche mar rang. Cad iad na hoiriúnaithe a lig don dhinosaur maireachtáil níos faide? Cad a chuir bac air? Inis do dhaltaí smaoineamh-páirt-roinnt nó casadh agus labhairt le comhpháirtí faoi conas a dhéanfadh siad dinosúr níos fearr a thógáil.
- A scaoileadh ar mhic léinn a imirt ar an cluiche ar a gcuid féin. B'fhéidir go n-iarrfá ar mhic léinn grianghraf a dhéanamh dá dhinosaúr ionas gur féidir leo é a chur i gcomparáid le dhinosaúr a gcairde níos déanaí.
- A thabhairt ar ais ar mhic léinn le plé ranga ar fad. B'fhéidir go mbeidh mic léinn níos óige ag iarraidh straitéisí a phlé chun cabhrú lena dhinosaur maireachtáil. B'fhéidir go mbeadh mic léinn níos sine ag iarraidh anailís a dhéanamh ar chruinneas an chluiche. I Construct-a-saurus, má dhéanann Triceratops iarracht é féin a chosaint i gcoinne Tyrannosaurus, buaileann an Triceratops. Labhair leis na mic léinn faoi seo. Cé chomh dóchúil is atá sé go n-éireoidh le cineálacha áirithe d'in-in-ainmhithe an cath a bhuachan? An mbeadh na torthaí mar an gcéanna i ngach cath le dineasáir? Cad iad na tosca eile a chinnfeadh cé acu dineasúr a bhuaigh?
- Iarr ar mhic léinn úsáid a bhaint as an méid a d'fhoghlaim siad ón gcluiche chun dinosúr a dhearadh a d'fhéadfadh maireachtáil san fhiáine. Is féidir leo a n-dinosaur a tharraingt ar pháipéar nó ag baint úsáide as uirlisí digiteacha, nó an dinosaur a chruthú ag baint úsáide as ábhair 3D. Ba chóir do dhaltaí ainm a thabhairt dá dhinosaur agus scríobh faoi a réim bia, dídeanaithe, agus oiriúnaithe. Lig do dhaltaí a gcuid dinosaur a roinnt leis an rang, nó postáil faoi a gcuid cruthaitheacha ar líne ionas gur féidir le teaghlach agus cairde iad a fheiceáil.
Filed as: 3-5, 6-8, Blended Learning, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.6-8.7, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.2.7, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.3.7, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.4.7, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.3.7, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RST.6-8.9, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.SL.2.2, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.SL.3.2, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.SL.5.2, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.SL.6.2, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.SL.7.2, Construct-a-Saurus, Dinosaurs, K-3, Lesson Plan, Life on Earth, Science, Science, Teacher Resources


snar (pach; pagis, but brochos, in 1Co 7:35): Over half a dozen Hebrew words are used to indicate different methods of taking birds and animals, of which the snare (pach) is mentioned oftener than any other. It was a noose of hair for small birds, of wire for larger birds or smaller animals. The snares were set in a favorable location and grain scattered to attract the attention of feathered creatures. They accepted the bribe of good feeding and walked into the snare, not suspecting danger. For this reason the snare became particularly applicable in describing a tempting bribe offered by men to lead their fellows into trouble, and the list of references is a long one, all of the same nature. See Ex 10:7; 1Sa 18:21; 28:9; Ps 11:6; 18:5, "snares of death"; used symbolically of anything that may kill: Ps 91:3; 124:7; 140:5; 141:9; Pr 7:23; 13:14; 18:7; 20:25; 22:25; 29:25; Ec 9:12. But this is a people robbed and plundered; they are all of them snared in holes, and they are hid in prison-houses: they are for a prey, and none delivereth; for a spoil, and none saith, Restore" (Isa 41:22). Here it is specified that the snare was in a hole so covered as to conceal it. Jer 18:22 clearly indicates that the digging of a pit to take prey was customary, and also the hiding of the snare for the feet. North American Indians in setting a snare usually figure on catching the bird around the neck. Jer 50:24, "I have laid a snare for thee"; Ho 9:8, "A fowler's snare is in all his ways"; Am 3:5 seems to indicate that the snare was set for the feet; Lu 21:34, "But take heed to yourselves, lest haply .... that day come on you suddenly as a snare"; Ro 11:9, "Let their table be made a snare, and a trap"; 1Co 7:35, "not that I may cast a snare upon you"; 1Ti 3:7, "the snare of the devil"; also 1Ti 6:9 "But they that are minded to be rich fall into a temptation and a snare and many foolish and hurtful lusts, such as drown men in destruction and perdition."

Snare (pach; pagis, ach brochos, in 1Co 7:35): Úsáidtear níos mó ná leath dosaen focal Eabhrais chun a léiriú modhanna éagsúla a bhaineann le héin agus ainmhithe a ghabháil, agus luaitear an snare (pach) níos minice ná aon cheann eile. Ba é an noose gruaige do éanlaith bheaga, de sreang do éanlaith níos mó nó ainmhithe níos lú. Cuireadh na gaistí in áit shochorraithe agus scaiptear gráin chun aird na créatúir plumacha a mhealladh. Ghlac siad leis an briobóid a bhí ann chun bia maith a fháil agus chuaigh siad isteach sa ghaoth, gan amhras ar an mbaol. Ar an gcúis seo tháinig an snag i bhfeidhm go háirithe i dtaca le cur síos a dhéanamh ar bhribhiú tempting a thairg daoine chun a gcuid comhghleacaithe a thabhairt isteach i dtrioblóid, agus tá an liosta tagairtí fada, gach ceann den chineál céanna. Féach Ex 10:7; 1Sa 18:21; 28:9; Sal 11:6; 18:5, "snáitheanna báis"; a úsáidtear go siombalach le haghaidh aon rud a d'fhéadfadh a mharú: Sal 91:3; 124:7; 140:5; 141:9; Pr 7:23; 13:14; 18:7; 20:25; 22:25; Ec 9:12. Ach is pobal é seo a robáil agus a throid; tá siad go léir gafa i mboscaí, agus tá siad i bhfolach i dteach príosúin; tá siad mar throid, agus níl aon duine ag saoradh; mar throid, agus níl aon duine ag rá, Cuir ar ais. " (Isa 41:22). Anseo tá sé sonraithe go raibh an seipéal i mbosca chomh clúdaithe le go mbeadh sé i bhfolach. Léiríonn Irm 18:22 go soiléir go raibh sé de ghnáth tobar a bheith á dtógáil chun saibhreas a ghlacadh, agus go raibh gaeilgeoirí ag dul i ngleic le haithris. Nuair a bhíonn Indiaigh Mheiriceá Thuaidh ag cur gaiste, is gnách go gcuirtear an t-éan timpeall an mhuineál. 50:24, "Tá gaiste curtha agam ort"; Ho 9:8, "Tá gaiste an éin ar a bhealaí go léir"; is cosúil go léiríonn Am 3:5 go raibh an gaiste curtha ar na cosa; Lu 21:34, "Ach bígí aireach libh féin, ar eagla go dtiocfadh an lá sin ort go tobann mar gaiste"; Ro 11:9, "Déan a mbord a bheith ina gaiste agus i gcatha"; 1Co 7:35, "ní go gcuirfidh mé gaiste oraibh"; 1Ti 3:7, "gaiste an diabhail"; freisin 1Ti 6:9 "Ach bíonn na daoine a bhfuil sé ar intinn acu a bheith saibhir i dtreo na temptation agus an gaiste agus go leor éin amaideach agus díobhálach, amhail daoine a bhíonn ag dul i mbás agus i mbás".


Files can be structured in several ways in which three common structures are given in this tutorial with their short description one by one.
Here, as you can see from the above figure, the file is an unstructured sequence of bytes. Therefore, the OS doesn't care about what is in the file, as all it sees are bytes.
Now, as you can see from the above figure that shows the second structure of a file, where a file is a sequence of fixed-length records where each with some internal structure.
Central to the idea about a file being a sequence of records is the idea that read operation returns a record and write operation just appends a record.
Now in the last structure of a file that you can see in the above figure, a file basically consists of a tree of records, not necessarily all the same length, each containing a key field in a fixed position in the record. The tree is stored on the field, just to allow the rapid searching for a specific key.

Is féidir comhaid a struchtúrú ar bhealaí éagsúla ina bhfuil trí struchtúr coitianta a thugtar sa teagasc seo lena gcur síos gairid ar a chéile.
Anseo, mar a fheiceann tú ón bhfigiúr thuas, is sraith neamhstruchtúrtha baite é an comhad. Dá bhrí sin, ní thugann an OS cúram faoi na rudaí atá sa chomhad, toisc nach bhfeiceann sé ach baistí.
Anois, mar is féidir leat a fheiceáil ó na figiúr thuas a léiríonn an dara struchtúr de chomhad, áit a bhfuil comhad ina sreang de taifid fad seasta ina bhfuil gach ceann acu le struchtúr inmheánach.
Tá an smaoineamh go bhfuil comhad ina shraith taifid lárnach ar an smaoineamh go dtugann oibríocht léitheoireachta taifead agus go gcuireann oibríocht scríbhneoireachta taifead i bhfeidhm.
Anois sa struchtúr deireanach de chomhad gur féidir leat a fheiceáil sa figiúr thuas, comhlíonann comhad go bunúsach ar chrann taifid, ní gá go léir an fad céanna, gach ceann acu ina bhfuil réimse eochair i suíomh seasta sa taifead. Tá an crann stóráilte ar an réimse, ach chun ligean ar an cuardach tapa do eochair ar leith.


#include <tk.h> Tk_GetVRootGeometry(tkwin, xPtr, yPtr, widthPtr, heightPtr)
- Tk_Window tkwin (in)
Token for window whose virtual root is to be queried.
- int xPtr (out)
Points to word in which to store x-offset of virtual root.
- int yPtr (out)
Points to word in which to store y-offset of virtual root.
- int widthPtr (out)
Points to word in which to store width of virtual root.
- int heightPtr (out)
Points to word in which to store height of virtual root.
Tk_GetVRootGeometry returns geometry information about the virtual root window associated with tkwin. The “associated” virtual root is the one in which tkwin's nearest top-level ancestor (or tkwin itself if it is a top-level window) has been reparented by the window manager. This window is identified by a __SWM_ROOT or __WM_ROOT property placed on the top-level window by the window manager. If tkwin is not associated with a virtual root (e.g. because the window manager does not use virtual roots) then *xPtr and *yPtr will be set to 0 and *widthPtr and *heightPtr will be set to the dimensions of the screen containing tkwin.
geometry, height, location, virtual root, width, window manager

#include <tk.h> Tk_GetVRootGeometry ((tkwin, xPtr, yPtr, widthPtr, heightPtr)
- Tk_Window tkwin (in)
Token le haghaidh fuinneog a bhfuil a bhunfhocal fíorúil le fiosrúchán a dhéanamh air.
- int xPtr (out)
Tagraíonn sé do fhocal ina stórálfar x-offset de bhunfhocal fíorúil.
- int yPtr (out)
Tagraíonn sé do fhocal ina stórálfar y-offset de bhunfhocal fíorúil.
- int widthPtr (out)
Tagraíonn sé do fhocal ina stórálfar leithead an fhoraigh fhíorúil.
- int airde Ptr (as)
Tagraíonn sé do fhocal ina stórálfar airde an fhoraigh fhíorúil.
Tk_GetVRootGeometry a thugann faisnéis gheoiméide faoin bhfuinneog fréamhacha fíorúil a bhaineann le tkwin. Is é an associated virtual root an ceann ina bhfuil an tkwin's is gaire ar an gcéad leibhéal sinsear (nó tkwin féin má tá sé ar an gcéad leibhéal fuinneog) a bhí ath-cháilithe ag an bainisteoir fuinneog. Aithnítear an fuinneog seo le hábhar __SWM_ROOT nó __WM_ROOT a chuireann bainisteoir na fuinneoga ar an bhfuinneog ar an leibhéal is airde. Mura bhfuil tkwin bainteach le fréamh fíorúil (m.sh. toisc nach n-úsáideann bainisteoir na fuinneoga fréamhacha fíorúla) ansin socrófar *xPtr agus *yPtr go 0 agus socrófar *widthPtr agus *heightPtr go tomhais an scáileáin ina bhfuil tkwin.
geoimeadracht, airde, suíomh, fréamh fíorúil, leithead, bainisteoir fuinneoga


This voracious and carnivorous fish live in freshwaters on the Northern Hemisphere. Northern Pike (Esox lucius) is also known by its folk name of "Water Wolf". Pikes grow as large as 150 cm in size and 25 kg in weight (1 'to over 4', and weigh 50 pounds), although larger sizes have been reported, particularly in the Great Lakes area, making people believe in a misidentification or folk tale.
The color of Northern Pikes is olive shading into whitish or yellowish on belly, with spots on their body and some dark ones on the fins. Pikes have large pores on their head and lower jaw. This characteristic make Northern Pike a close relative to Muskellunge, similar-looking, but Northern Pike have light marks on their dark body backgrounds and less than 6 sensory pores on the underside of their jaw.
Usually found in cold, clear, rocky waters, lakes and streams, Northern Pike are usually hidden waiting for their prey, which are cased sideways with their sharp teeth. Pikes eat mainly fish and ducklings, although they are also cannibals, part of their nature, which serves in maintaining the Northern Pike population.
Some anglers have photographed Northern Pikes eating other pikes of a similar size, but also leeches and insects, because they are well known for their tremendously voracious appetites. Northern Pikes are some of the largest freshwater fish that anglers like to catch due to the challenge involved while facing their aerial acrobatics and explosive hits.
Fishing for pike is an exciting sport in North America, where anglers usually do not eat the catch, but northern pike is usually filleted for the purpose of European cuisine, particularly popular in many German dishes. There are references traced back as far as the Romans, depicting pikes served at festivals.
In America, Northern Pike lives in northern New England, Eastern New York, Minnesota and the Ohio Valley, the Great Lakes basin and also the surrounding states of Nebraska and Missouri. Toward the north, pikes are also found in Alaska and Canada, except, British Columbia, were they appear rarely.
Northern Pike breed with Muskie to produce the Muskellunge subspecies known as Tiger Muskellunge (Esox masquinongy immaculatus), and there is also a mutation of Northern pike known as the Silver Pike, silvery-blue or silver in color, often referred to as Silver Muskellunge, occurring in scattered populations, missing the rows of spots.
The name of Northern Pike was given to this specie after its North American habitat resembling the pole-weapon known as pike. This fish is also known as Common Pike, Snake, Great Northern Pike, American Pike, Jackfish, Great Lakes Pike, Grass Pike, and Pickerel.
There is a website that has great information on most species of fresh fish. It has details that pertain to each species of fish such as habitat, spawning, eating habits, the best lures and baits and more, the website is called: Fishing Stringer, and can be found at this url:
By Robert W. Benjamin
Copyright © 2007
You may publish this article in your ezine, newsletter on your web site as long as it is reprinted in its own and without modification except for formatting needs or grammar corrections.

Tá an t-iasc voracious agus carnivorous maireachtáil i n-uiscí milis ar an Leithleabhar Thuaidh. Tá an Pike Thuaidh (Esox lucius) ar a dtugtar freisin ag a ainm tíre "Water Wolf". Fásann na piocanna chomh mór le 150 cm de mhéid agus 25 kg de mheáchan (1 'go os cionn 4', agus meáchan 50 punt), cé go bhfuil méideanna níos mó tuairiscíodh, go háirithe i gceantar na Lochlanna Mór, rud a fhágann go gcreideann daoine i mí-aitheantas nó i scéal tíre.
Tá dath na Píosaí Thuaidh óilín ag dul i bhfolach nó buí ar a bolg, le spotaí ar a gcorp agus roinnt dorcha ar na fins. Tá póirí móra ag na piocanna ar a gcinn agus ar a mbéal íseal. Déanann an saintréith seo Pike Thuaidh dlúthchairde le Muskellunge, cosúil le cuma, ach tá marcanna solais ag Pike Thuaidh ar a gcúlchríonna dorcha agus níos lú ná 6 pores mothaitheacha ar an taobh thíos dá mbéal.
De ghnáth, is i uisce fuar, soiléir, carraig, lochanna agus sruthanna a fhaightear, is gnách go mbíonn Pike Thuaidh i bhfolach ag fanacht lena n-íobairt, atá casáilte go taobh lena gcuid fiacla géara. Bíonn na Píosaí ag ithe iasc agus éanlaith den chuid is mó, cé go bhfuil siad ina cannibals freisin, mar chuid dá nádúr, a chabhraíonn le daonra Píosa Thuaidh a chothabháil.
Tá grianghraf déanta ag roinnt iascairí de na Píocáin Thuaidh ag ithe píocáin eile a bhfuil méid comhchosúil acu, ach freisin leighis agus insteachtaí, toisc go bhfuil a n-aitheantas go maith as a n-aitheanta go hiontach. Tá Northern Pikes ar chuid de na hiasc uisce milis is mó a thaitníonn le h-iascairí a ghabháil mar gheall ar an dúshlán a bhaineann leis agus iad ag tabhairt aghaidh ar a n-acrobatics aeir agus bualadh le pléascáin.
Is spórt spreagúil é iascaireacht ar phíoc i Meiriceá Thuaidh, áit nach n-itheann iascairí an ghabháil de ghnáth, ach is gnách go ndéantar píoc thuaidh a phileáil chun críche cócaireachta na hEorpa, atá tóir air go háirithe i go leor miasa Gearmáine. Tá tagairtí ann a leanann siar chomh fada leis na Rómhánaigh, ag léiriú piocanna a bhí á n-úsáid ag féilte.
I Meiriceá, tá Pike Thuaidh ina chónaí i dtuaisceart Shasana Nua, in Oirthear Nua Eabhrac, i Minnesota agus i Ghleann Ohio, i mbosca na Lochlanna Mór agus sna stáit timpeall Nebraska agus Missouri freisin. I dtreo an tuaiscirt, tá piocanna le fáil freisin in Alasca agus i gCeanada, ach amháin i gColumbia na Breataine, áit a bhfuil siad annamh.
Tá an Pike Thuaidh ag briodáil le Muskie chun fo-speiceas Muskellunge a tháirgeadh ar a dtugtar Tiger Muskellunge (Esox masquinongy immaculatus), agus tá athrú ar an Pike Thuaidh ar a dtugtar an Pike Airgid, gorm-airgead nó airgid i dath, a thugtar air go minic mar Silver Muskellunge, a tharlaíonn i ndaonraí scaipthe, gan na sraitheanna spotaí.
Tugadh an t-ainm Pike Thuaisceart don speiceas seo tar éis a ghnáthshaol Mheiriceá Thuaidh a bheith cosúil leis an arm póiléir ar a dtugtar pike. Tá an t-iasc seo ar a dtugtar freisin mar Pike Coitinne, Snake, Pike mór Thuaisceart, Pike Mheiriceá, Jackfish, Pike na Lochlanna Móra, Grass Pike, agus Pickerel.
Tá suíomh Gréasáin ann a bhfuil faisnéis mhór aige ar an chuid is mó de speicis iasc úr. Tá sonraí ann a bhaineann le gach speiceas éisc mar áit chónaithe, líonadh, nósanna ithe, na luí is fearr agus na n-eaglaí agus go leor eile, is é an suíomh Gréasáin: Fishing Stringer, agus is féidir é a fháil ag an url seo:
Le Robert W. Benjamin
Cóipcheart © 2007
Féadfaidh tú an t-alt seo a fhoilsiú i do ezine, nuachtlitir ar do shuíomh gréasáin chomh fada agus a athscríobhtar é ina chuid féin agus gan mhodhnú ach amháin do riachtanais formáidithe nó ceartaithe gramadaí.


Wed November 10, 2010
Report details black male achievement gap
By LARRY ABRAMSON
Black male students are nearly twice as likely to drop out of high school as their white counterparts. A new study says that statistic and others call for a different approach to help black men and boys succeed.
As head of the Council of the Great City Schools, Mike Casserly has seen lots of depressing numbers about achievement for minority students. But he says performance for black males is shockingly low.
"African-American male students who were neither disabled nor poor were doing no better than white students who were disabled and/or poor," Casserly says.
The new report by the group analyzed test scores from the National Assessment of Educational Progress to get at other depressing truths about achievement for African-American men and boys. They are twice as likely as whites to be held back in elementary school, and three times as likely to be suspended from school. That trend follows black men right into adulthood: They are half as likely as white male students to graduate college in four years.
The council hopes these numbers will lead to a White House conference focusing on achievement for black males. But many other studies have drawn attention to this problem with few results.
The Schott Foundation has produced four reports on this issue over the past decade, including a recent report released in August. Michael Holzman, a consultant for Schott, says the problem is simple: Most black male students go to lousy schools.
"If we look at schools that are predominately black, and we look at the achievement of white kids who are in those schools, we find that the white kids don't do well either," Holzman says.
The Schott study points to New Jersey districts that have been successful in reducing the achievement gap, thanks to extra attention and extra funding brought about by a lawsuit.
Some black leaders, however, feel that the problem goes beyond funding. Michael Wotorson of the Campaign for High School Equity says black students enter kindergarten less prepared, and that means black home life plays some role.
"Until we address our own culpability, we're going to be making very, very slow progress," Wotorson says.
The Council of the Great City Schools says the numbers are so bad for black male students that Congress needs to establish a special program.

Dé Céadaoin, 10 Samhain, 2010
Mion-scéal an tuarascála: an bhearna i gcomhlíonadh fir dubh
Ag LARRY ABRAMSON
Tá beagnach dhá oiread de seans ann go dtitfidh mic léinn dubh as an scoil ard ná a gcomhghleacaithe bána. Deir staidéar nua go n-iarrann staitisticí agus daoine eile cur chuige difriúil chun cabhrú le fir agus le buachaillí dubh a bheith rathúil.
Mar cheann Comhairle na Scoileanna Mór-Chathrach, chonaic Mike Casserly go leor uimhreacha dúshlánacha maidir le hacmhainní do mhic léinn mionlaigh. Ach deir sé go bhfuil feidhmíocht na bhfear dubh an-íseal.
"Ní raibh na mic léinn Afracach-Mheiriceánaigh nach raibh faoi mhíchumas ná bochta ag déanamh níos fearr ná mic léinn bána a bhí faoi mhíchumas agus / nó bochta", a deir Casserly.
Rinne an grúpa tuarascáil nua anailís ar scóir tástála ón Measúnú Náisiúnta ar Fhorbairt Oideachais chun fírinneanna dúshlánacha eile a fháil faoi éachtaí d'fhir agus do bhuachaillí Mheiriceánach Afracach. Tá siad dhá oiread chomh dóchúil le daoine bán a bheith ar ais sa bhunscoil, agus trí huaire chomh dóchúil le bheith ar fionraí ón scoil. Tá an treocht sin ag leanúint fir dubh go díreach isteach san fástacht: Tá siad leath chomh dóchúil le mic léinn fireannacha bán céim coláiste a bhaint amach i gceann ceithre bliana.
Tá súil ag an gComhairle go dtiocfaidh na huimhreacha seo chun comhdháil sa Teach Bán ag díriú ar éachtaí d'fhir dubh. Ach tá go leor staidéir eile tar éis aird a tharraingt ar an bhfadhb seo agus níl mórán torthaí faighte acu.
Tá ceithre thuarascáil déanta ag Fondúireacht Schott ar an gceist seo le deich mbliana anuas, lena n-áirítear tuarascáil a foilsíodh le déanaí i mí Lúnasa. Deir Michael Holzman, comhairleoir do Schott, go bhfuil an fhadhb simplí: Téann an chuid is mó de na mic léinn fir dubh chuig scoileanna míshásta.
"Má fhéachann muid ar scoileanna ina bhfuil daoine dubha den chuid is mó, agus má fhéachann muid ar éachtaí na bpáistí bán atá sna scoileanna sin, faighimid nach ndéanann na páistí bán go maith freisin", a deir Holzman.
Tugann staidéar Schott le ceantair New Jersey a d'éirigh leo an bhearna bainte amach a laghdú, a bhuíochas le aird bhreise agus maoiniú breise a tháinig le dlíodóir.
Ach, is dóigh le roinnt ceannairí dubh go bhfuil an fhadhb níos mó ná maoiniú. Deir Michael Wotorson den Iomaíocht ar son na n-Eaglaise go dtagann daltaí dubha isteach sa pháirc-oide níos lú ullmhaithe, agus ciallaíonn sé sin go bhfuil ról ag saol an tí dubha.
"Go dtí go ndéileálfaimid lenár gcúis féin, beidh dul chun cinn an-fhada á dhéanamh againn", a deir Wotorson.
Deir Comhairle na Scoileanna Cathrach Mór go bhfuil na huimhreacha chomh dona do mhic léinn dubh go gcaithfidh an Comhdháil clár speisialta a bhunú.


There are numerous definition of SME – Small Medium Enterpises. Whatever the definitions are, SMEs has been the driving force of any economy and they play an important part of the development of a nation.
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Definition is as follows:
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are non-subsidiary, independent firms which employ fewer than a given number of employees. This number varies across countries. The most frequent upper limit designating an SME is 250 employees, as in the European Union. However, some countries set the limit at 200 employees, while the United States considers SMEs to include firms with fewer than 500 employees.
Small firms are generally those with fewer than 50 employees, while micro-enterprises have at most 10, or in some cases 5, workers.
Financial assets are also used to define SMEs. In the European Union, a new definition came into force on 1 January 2005 applying to all Community acts and funding programmes as well as in the field of State aid where SMEs can be granted higher intensity of national and regional aid than large companies. The new definition provides for an increase in the financial ceilings: the turnover of medium-sized enterprises (50-249 employees) should not exceed EUR 50 million; that of small enterprises (10-49 employees) should not exceed EUR 10 million while that of micro firms (less than 10 employees) should not exceed EUR 2 million. Alternatively, balance sheets for medium, small and micro enterprises should not exceed EUR 43 million, EUR 10 million and EUR 2 million, respectively.
OECD, 2005, OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook: 2005, OECD Paris, page 17
Statistical Theme: Industry and services statistics
Created on Tuesday, December 04, 2001
How about Definition of SMEs around the World In Context of Asia Pacific Region as we are discussing the regions around Singapore, the definition is as follows:
|Reference from: http://peuyeumcipatat.blogspot.sg/2013/05/pengertiankriteria-dan-klasifikasi-umkm.html|
|Reference from: http://www.smecorp.gov.my/index.php/en/policies/2015-12-21-09-09-49/sme-definition|
|Hong Kong||Manufacturing Less than 100 persons|
|Non Manufacturing Less than 50 persons|
|Reference from: https://www.tid.gov.hk/english/aboutus/publications/smes/smes04_chapter2.html|
|Thailand||Small and Medium Enterprises include three categories:|
|1. Manufacturing Business including industrial production, mining, agriculture production particularly agricultural processing|
|2. Trading Businesses: wholesale, retail, import, and export|
|3. Service Businesses: businesses supporting manufacturing, trading, Hotels and Tourist related industries, repair, transport and beauty salons, etc.|
|Reference from: http://www.smebank.co.th/en/definitions.php|
|Other Countries||List of Definition of SMEs around the world can be seen in general at the following link: Wikipedia.org|
What About Singapore?
The 180,000 local SMEs make up 99% of the enterprises in Singapore and contribute to nearly half of the GDP while employing 70% of the workforce.
Singapore Definition of SMEs: "Company’s annual sales turnover of not more than S$100 million OR employment size not more than 200 workers"
Reference from: Fact Sheet on SMEs
Understanding about the role of SMEs in Singapore – Spring Singapore and New SME's Definition and Incentive Criteria.
Key Resources for Singapore SMEs: SME Portal

Tá go leor sainmhíniú ar FBManna  Fiontair Bheaga Meánmhéide. Cibé an sainmhíniú atá ann, is iad FBManna fórsa tiomána aon gheilleagair agus tá ról tábhachtach acu i bhforbairt náisiúin.
Is é seo a leanas an sainmhíniú a thug an Eagraíocht um Chomhar agus Forbairt Eacnamaíoch (ECO):
Is gnólachtaí neamh-inmní, neamhspleácha iad fiontair bheaga agus mheánmhéide (FBManna) a fhostú níos lú ná líon áirithe fostaithe. Tá an líon seo éagsúil ó thír go tír. Is é an teorainn uachtarach is minice a ainmníonn FBM ná 250 fostaí, mar atá san Aontas Eorpach. Mar sin féin, leagann roinnt tíortha an teorainn ar 200 fostaí, agus meastar sna Stáit Aontaithe go gcuimsíonn FBManna gnólachtaí a bhfuil níos lú ná 500 fostaí iontu.
Is gnólachtaí beaga iad go ginearálta iad siúd a bhfuil níos lú ná 50 fostaí iontu, agus tá 10 fostaí ar a mhéad, nó i gcásanna áirithe 5, ag micrifhiontair.
Úsáidtear sócmhainní airgeadais freisin chun FBManna a shainiú. Sa Aontas Eorpach, tháinig sainmhíniú nua i bhfeidhm an 1 Eanáir 2005 a bhaineann le gníomhartha agus cláir chistiúcháin uile an Chomhphobail chomh maith le réimse na státchabhrach inar féidir le FBManna déine níos airde de chúnamh náisiúnta agus réigiúnach a dheonú ná cuideachtaí móra. Foráiltear leis an sainmhíniú nua go méadófar na huasteorainneacha airgeadais: ní bheidh láimhdeachas na fiontair mheánmhéide (50-249 fostaí) níos mó ná EUR 50 milliún; ní bheidh láimhdeachas na fiontair bheaga (10-49 fostaí) níos mó ná EUR 10 milliún agus ní bheidh láimhdeachas na micrifhiontair (níos lú ná 10 fostaí) níos mó ná EUR 2 milliún. I gcásanna eile, níor cheart go mbeadh na billí sheilfeanna do mheánfhiontair, fiontair bheaga agus fiontair mhicrea-fhiontair níos mó ná EUR 43 milliún, EUR 10 milliún agus EUR 2 milliún, faoi seach.
OECD, 2005, OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook: 2005, OECD Paris, leathanach 17
Téama Staidrimh: Staitisticí tionscail agus seirbhísí
Cruthaithe Dé Máirt, 4 Nollaig, 2001
Cad mar gheall ar Sainmhíniú na FBManna ar fud an domhain I gcomhthéacs réigiún na hÁise an Aigéin Chiúin mar atá muid ag plé na réigiúin timpeall Singeapór, is é an sainmhíniú mar seo a leanas:
☐ Ní mór do na húdaráis inniúla a bheith in ann an t-eolas a chur ar fáil do na húdaráis inniúla.
☐ Ní mór do na húdaráis inniúla a bheith in ann an t-eolas a chur ar fáil do na húdaráis inniúla agus do na húdaráis inniúla eile.
Hong Kong Cad atá á dhéanamh ag níos lú ná 100 duine cad atá á dhéanamh ag
Ní mhonarú Ní lú ná 50 duine
☐ Ní mór don Choimisiún an t-údarás a bheith ag gabháil leis an gclár.
Tá trí chatagóir de Fhiontair Bheaga agus Meánmhéide:
An chéad lá. Gnó déantúsaíochta lena n-áirítear táirgeadh tionsclaíoch, mianadóireacht, táirgeadh talmhaíochta go háirithe próiseáil talmhaíochta
2. Táim ag iarraidh Gnóthas Trádála: mórdhíola, miondíola, allmhairí, agus onnmhairí
Trí. Gnólachtaí Seirbhíse: gnóthais a thacaíonn le déantúsaíocht, trádáil, tionscail óstáin agus tionscail a bhaineann le turasóireacht, deisiú, iompar agus salúin áilleachta, srl.
☐ Ní mór do na Ballstáit an t-airgead a íoc go dtí go mbeidh an t-airgead sin á íoc ag an gCoimisiún.
Is féidir liosta de shainmhíniú na FBManna ar fud an domhain a fheiceáil go ginearálta ag an nasc seo a leanas: Wikipedia.org
Cad a Dhéanfar i dtaobh Singeapór?
Is iad na 180,000 FBM áitiúil 99% de na fiontair i Singeapór agus cuireann siad le beagnach leath an OTI agus fostaíonn siad 70% den lucht saothair.
Sainmhíniú ar FBManna: "Tuairim díolacháin bliantúil na cuideachta nach mó ná S$100 milliún NÓ méid fostaíochta nach mó ná 200 oibrí"
Tagann an t-alt as: Leabhrán Físe ar FBManna
Tuiscint ar ról FBManna i Singeapór  Spring Singapore agus Sainmhíniú FBManna Nua agus Crithrí na Spreagadh.
Na príomh-acmhainní do FBManna Singeapór: Tairseach FBManna