1. Anatomy or dissection of the spleen.
2. Surgical incision of the spleen.
The definition information for splenotomy is provided by Stedman's. You can search our medical dictionary here.
Stedman's, part of Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, provides a comprehensive line of health-science publications for healthcare professionals and medical students.

1. an t-am a bhí ann. Anatamaíocht nó díbhreathnú ar an spléine.
2. Seachadadh. Sceanáin mháinliachta ar an spléine.
Soláthraíonn Stedman's an fhaisnéis sainmhínithe le haghaidh splenotomy. Is féidir leat ár foclóir leighis a chuardach anseo.
Soláthraíonn Stedman's, cuid de Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, líne chuimsitheach de phoiblíocht eolaíochta sláinte do ghairmithe cúraim sláinte agus do mhic léinn leighis.


Interview series about ENCI, part 1: Assyriology‘ENCI Gives Us Access to a Wealth of Source Material’
25 January 2024
With ENCI, Assyriologists gain access to numerous previously inaccessible sources. In this interview, Cécile Michel explains the purpose of the clay envelopes in which many cuneiform tablets are hidden and talks about her expectations for the first field trip with the new device to the Louvre.
Cécile Michel, why were some cuneiform tablets put into clay envelopes in ancient Mesopotamia?
Depending on the document, the envelopes fulfilled different functions: contracts, for example, were sealed with an envelope to signify their validity. If someone broke this envelope, the contract was no longer valid. Obviously, this practice also made it impossible to consult the text, which is why most of the contract was copied on the envelope. Thus, although we have never seen them, we already know quite a lot about the sealed contracts that have survived.
This is different when it comes to letters. Just like today, they were sealed in envelopes primarily to protect confidential information. Only the names of the sender and the recipient were written on the envelope itself. For us Assyriologists today, this causes a very unsatisfactory situation: although we have this wealth of source material, we cannot access it.
Why were so many letters never opened?
Mail often travelled for a very long time. If a recipient was dead on arrival, had moved, or could not be found for other reasons, the undelivered letter remained in its envelope. This happened regularly, and today several sealed letters are stored in museums and archives around the world.
Why weren’t these cuneiform tablets X-rayed earlier? The relevant X-ray technology has been available for quite some time, hasn’t it?
Yes, in the form of large stationary devices. However, the tablets are too valuable and too fragile to be exposed to the risk of transport. There is only one solution: rather than bringing the cuneiform tablets to the X-ray scanner, the X-ray scanner has to come to the cuneiform tablets. Before ENCI, such a mobile device did not exist. Now, we have the opportunity to analyse the sealed cuneiform tablets on-site for the first time.
The first field trip with ENCI goes to the most famous museum in the world: from 1 to 9 February, you will be at the Louvre in Paris. What is special about the collection there and which tablets did you select from it?
The Louvre has one of the largest and most important collections of ancient cuneiform tablets, comprising around 12,000 items. We are starting our analyses with a dozen tablets. Most of them are administrative texts from the late 3rd millennium BC from several sites in southern Iraq.
For the reasons mentioned earlier, the texts of these contracts are also written on the envelope. But even in these cases, some interesting questions remain. The outer and inner texts are never identical; for reasons of space, certain information was omitted from the outside. We will be able to check which points were transferred and which were not, and whether there are any other discrepancies, for example due to errors by the scribe, who had to write the contents of the contract on the envelope from memory.
What other insights do you hope to gain by using ENCI?
Although this is undoubtedly its most important function, the device not only makes it possible to read hidden texts but also allows us to better understand how the cuneiform tablets and clay envelopes were made. Sometimes quite coarse clay was used for the core of the tablets, which was then coated with several finer layers to create a smooth writing surface. We see this, for example, in the most important texts from the library of Ashurbanipal from the 1st millennium BC. Indeed, there was a variety of production techniques and methods of closing the envelopes. Thanks to ENCI, we will be able to determine which of these were used.
What expectations do your fellow Assyriologists have with regard to ENCI?
There is curiosity and anticipation. For some years now, many Assyriologists have been increasingly interested in the materiality of the texts they are researching. However, since the tablets could not be examined on-site until now, it has been difficult for them to gain insights in this regard. This will change with ENCI. And of course we are all very curious to see what is in the sealed letters that we will be examining, for example on our second trip with ENCI, which will take us to Ankara later this year. We will be the first to read them since they were sent on their journey 4,000 years ago.

Sraith agallaimh faoi ENCI, cuid 1: Assyriology Tugann ENCI Rochtain dúinn ar Sásamh de Chuthanna Foinse
25 Eanáir 2024
Le ENCI, faigheann Assyriologists rochtain ar go leor foinsí nach raibh inrochtana roimhe seo. Sa agallamh seo, míníonn Cécile Michel cuspóir na n-imchlúdaigh chlé ina bhfuil go leor táibléad cuneiform i bhfolach agus labhraíonn sí faoina ionchais don chéad turas réimse leis an bhfeiste nua chuig an Louvre.
Cécile Michel, cén fáth a cuireadh roinnt táibléad cuneiform i mballchruinneacha cré i Mesopotaim ársa?
Ag brath ar an doiciméad, bhí feidhmeanna éagsúla ag na clúdach: bhí conarthaí, mar shampla, séalaithe le clúdach chun a n-éifeachtúlacht a léiriú. Má bhris duine an t-amhrán seo, ní raibh an conradh bailí a thuilleadh. Ar ndóigh, bhí sé dodhéanta an téacs a fheiceáil freisin de bharr an chleachtais sin, agus sin an fáth gur cóipeadh an chuid is mó den chonradh ar an mbosca. Dá bhrí sin, cé nár fheiceamar riamh iad, tá a fhios againn cheana féin go leor faoi na conarthaí séalaithe a tháinig chun solais.
Tá sé seo difriúil nuair a thagann sé le litreacha. Díreach mar atá inniu ann, bhí siad faoi shéala i mboscaí go príomha chun faisnéis rúnda a chosaint. Ní raibh ach ainmneacha an seoltóra agus an faighteora scríofa ar an mbosca féin. Maidir linnse, Assyriologists inniu, is cúis le staid an-sásúil é seo: cé go bhfuil an saibhreas seo ábhar foinse againn, ní féidir linn rochtain a fháil air.
Cén fáth nár osclaíodh an oiread sin litreacha riamh?
Is minic a bhí an post ag taisteal ar feadh an-fhada. Má bhí an té a ghearrfaí air marbh nuair a tháinig sé, má bhí sé imithe, nó mura bhféadfaí é a aimsiú ar chúiseanna eile, d'fhan an litir gan a sheachadadh ina chlúdach. Bhí sé seo ar siúl go rialta, agus sa lá atá inniu ann tá roinnt litreacha séalaithe stóráilte i músaeim agus i gcartlann ar fud an domhain.
Cén fáth nár rinneadh r-ghatán níos luaithe ar na táibléad cuneiform seo? Tá an teicneolaíocht X-ghabhála ábhartha ar fáil le tamall maith, nach bhfuil?
Sea, i bhfoirm feistí móra seasta. Mar sin féin, tá na táibléid ró-luachmhar agus ró-chroí chun a bheith nochtaithe do riosca an iompair. Níl ach réiteach amháin ann: seachas na táibléad cuneiform a thabhairt chuig an scánaire X-ghathanna, ní mór don scánaire X-ghathanna teacht chuig na táibléad cuneiform. Roimh ENCI, ní raibh gléas soghluaiste den sórt sin ann. Anois, tá an deis againn na táibléad cuneiform séalaithe a anailísiú ar an láthair den chéad uair.
Téann an chéad turas réimse le ENCI chuig an músaem is cáiliúla ar domhan: ón 1 go dtí an 9 Feabhra, beidh tú ag an Louvre i bPáras. Cad é an rud speisialta faoin mbailiúchán sin agus cén táibléad a roghnaigh tú as?
Tá ceann de na bailiúcháin is mó agus is tábhachtaí de phictiúir cuneiform ársa ag an Louvre, ar cheann de thart ar 12,000 earra. Táimid ag tosú ár anailís le dosaen táibléid. Is téacsanna riaracháin iad an chuid is mó acu ó dheireadh an 3ú míle bliain RC ó roinnt suíomhanna i ndeisceart na hIaráic.
Ar na cúiseanna a luaitear thuas, tá téacsanna na gconarthaí sin scríofa ar an mbosca freisin. Ach fiú sna cásanna seo, tá roinnt ceisteanna suimiúla fós ann. Ní bhíonn na téacsanna seachtracha agus inmheánacha comhionann riamh; ar chúiseanna spás, tá faisnéis áirithe a fhágadh amach ón taobh amuigh. Beidh muid in ann a sheiceáil cé na pointí a aistríodh agus cé na pointí nár aistríodh, agus an bhfuil aon neamhréireachtaí eile ann, mar shampla mar gheall ar earráidí ag an scríobhaí, a bhí le hábhar an chonartha a scríobh ar an urlár ó chuimhne.
Cad iad na léargas eile a bhfuil súil agat a fháil trí úsáid a bhaint as ENCI?
Cé gurb é seo a fheidhm is tábhachtaí gan amhras, ní hamháin go gcuireann an gléas seo ar chumas téacsanna i bhfolach a léamh ach tugann sé deis dúinn tuiscint níos fearr a fháil ar an gcaoi ar rinneadh na táibléad cuneiform agus na clúdach cré. Uaireanta baintear le cré garbh go leor chun croí na mblacaí a dhéanamh, a bhí ina chatach ansin le roinnt sraitheanna níos fíneáil chun dromchla scríbhneoireachta réidh a chruthú. Feicimid é seo, mar shampla, sna téacsanna is tábhachtaí ó leabharlann Ashurbanipal ón gcéad mhíle bliain RC. Go deimhin, bhí teicnící éagsúla táirgeachta agus modhanna éagsúla ann chun na clúdach a dhúnadh. A bhuíochas le ENCI, beidh muid in ann a chinneadh cé acu acu a úsáideadh.
Cad iad na hionchais atá ag do chomhghleacaithe Assyriologists maidir le ENCI?
Tá fiosracht agus ionchas ann. Le roinnt blianta anois, tá suim ag go leor Assyriologists i níos mó agus níos mó i réaltacht na dtéacsanna atá á dtaighde acu. Mar sin féin, ós rud é nach bhféadfaí na táibléid a scrúdú ar an láthair go dtí seo, bhí sé deacair dóibh léargas a fháil maidir leis seo. Athróidh sé seo le ENCI. Agus ar ndóigh, tá muid go léir an-aisteach a fheiceáil cad atá sna litreacha séalaithe a scrúdóimid, mar shampla ar ár dara turas le ENCI, a thabharfaidh dúinn go Ankara níos déanaí i mbliana. Beidh muid ar an gcéad duine a léamh iad ó cuireadh iad ar a gcuid turas 4,000 bliain ó shin.


Mediterranean mammal population “greatest in Europe” as research lists 60 endangered species in Málaga’s waters
A STUDY has revealed the wealth of sea life off the coast of southern Spain.
According to the government report, the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean of Andalucía has the greatest concentration of marine mammals in Europe.
The waters of Almería have the largest populations of both common and bottle nose dolphins. There are also important numbers of whales, such as the Long-finned pilot whale, Killer whale and the Humpback whale.
The study – which was done by the Ministry of the Environment and which used aerial photography to spot cetaceans, or marine mammals, as they surfaced for air – also revealed numbers the short-finned pilot whale, and other infrequent visitor to the Mediterranean, like the Blainville’s beaked whale and the Dwarf sperm whale – a whale which is rarely seen alive.
The Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Cadíz also has large populations of False killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens).
“This demonstrates the rich biodiversity found in the waters of southern Spain. The reserves of cetacean are important and we must protect our dolphins and whales from overfishing and pollution,” said Renaud de Stephanis, from the Spanish Marine Mammal Society.
Meanwhile, a separate study has shown that some species of sea life off the coast of Málaga is under threat of extinction.
The findings of the 2008 Junta de Andalucía report reveals that the Mediterranean of the Costa del Sol contains 61 animals that are classified as endangered.
Included in this census are seven types of sponge, 33 molluscs and 22 corrals.
The waters off Granada contain 58 endangered species.

Poblacht na mamaigh Mheánmhara an ceann is mó san Eoraip de réir mar a liostaíonn taighde 60 speiceas atá i mbaol i mbárach in uiscí Málaga
FÓRSAINTEAR sa staidéar go bhfuil saibhreas beatha farraige ag cósta na Spáinne theas.
De réir na tuarascála rialtais, is iad an Mhuir Mheánmhuir agus an Aigéan Atlantach de Andalucía na mamaigh mhuirí is mó a bhíonn i dtuilleamh san Eoraip.
Tá an dailfín ghorm agus an dailfín bhéal buidéal is mó i farraige Almería. Tá líon suntasach baill ann freisin, mar shampla an baillín píolótach fada-fhined, baillín killer agus an baillín Humpback.
An staidéar  a rinne an Aireacht Comhshaoil agus a d'úsáid grianghrafadóireacht aeir chun ceatacéim, nó mamaigh mhuirí, a fheiceáil agus iad ag teacht chun aer  nochtadh líon na mball píolótach gearr-fhined, agus cuairteoir neamhchoitianta eile don Mheánmhuir, cosúil leis an bhall blainville  agus an bhall sperm Dwarf  baill nach bhfaitear go minic beo.
Tá daonra mór de bhalann killer bréagach (Pseudorca crassidens) san Aigéan Atlantach amach ó chósta Cadíz freisin.
Taispeánann sé seo an t-éagsúlacht bithéagsúil saibhir atá le fáil in uiscí theas na Spáinne. Tá cúlchistí na ceataí tábhachtach agus ní mór dúinn ár ndalfíní agus na baill a chosaint ar ró-iascaireacht agus ar thruailliú, a dúirt Renaud de Stephanis, ó Chumann na Mamálaigh Mhuirí na Spáinne.
Idir an dá linn, léiríonn staidéar ar leithligh go bhfuil roinnt speiceas de shaol farraige amach ó chósta Málaga faoi bhagairt a bheith imithe in éag.
Léiríonn torthaí tuarascála Junta de Andalucía 2008 go bhfuil 61 ainmhí sa Mheánmhuir ar an Costa del Sol atá aicmithe mar ainmhithe atá i mbaol.
Cuimsítear sa daonáireamh seo seacht gcineál spúnga, 33 mollusc agus 22 coral.
Tá 58 speiceas i mbaol a bheith sna huiscí ó Granada.


Max Salas is an Mexican engineer; luckily for us, he has a creative hobby as well! He has sculpted paleolife art subjects for years, bringing us terrific interpretations of some very unusual animals.
He's done many dinosaurs, but the pieces I most enjoy seeing from him are the Paleozoic and Cenozoic animals -- like his large, very interesting Thylacosmilus ferox, seen above.
What a bizarre creature! And a fascinating example of parallel evolution. Thylacosmilus, you see, was not a big cat; it wasn't even a placental mammal! It was a marsupial, yet it bears an uncanny superficial resemblance to a certain extinct big cat.
Note the interesting differences between Thylacosmilus and, say, Smilodon californicus, the so-called "sabertoothed tiger." Thylacosmilus's killing teeth grew throughout its life as do rodent's incisors, which must have been quite an advantage. Imagine being a Smilodon that lost a "saber" -- or two! (This is something for modellers to note, as the freshest looking part of the tooth would have been nearest the gumline.)
Note also the bizarre "scabbards" for the saber-teeth. Those who know the animal may point out that these were in fact shorter than the teeth by a few inches, but Max has chosen to portray the remainder of the scabbard as fur.
Thylacosmilus's skull was also very narrow and its claws were not retractible. It shared with Smilodon a powerfully muscled neck and a jaw capable of quite a gape in order to deliver mighty stabs with it's huge canines. It lived in the South American pampas about 5 million years ago.
Max has really made this animal come alive. It's peering up and to the left as if sniffing the wind for prey species. I'm extremely pleased with it and plan to put it in a pampas diorama (read: lots of tall grass). At just over a foot long, it's wonderfully animate and lifelike, and cleanly cast in a single piece to usual perfection by Mike Evans, caster to the paleolife art stars. (Definitely check with him if you have a sculpture and need to get it out to the world!)
I think that this strange and wonderful critter has considerable crossover appeal to the sci-fi/fantasy modeller as well. It would make a great addition to a diorama starring your favorite fantasy hero. The pose is particularly suited for this; the picture above doesn't make that too readily apparent.
Although this and many other of Max's pieces are being marketed through Saurian Studios, Max will be releasing his pieces under his own flag soon! Mike tells me that he's been sent "some sauropods" by Max, which Mike thinks are 1/35th scale -- I really anticipate these with considerable elation, let me tell you!
Check out the Link and Pin Hobbies website for many nice pictures of build-ups of Max's existing work -- they're listed in the dinosaur models section as Saurian Studios. They're currently the so-called GIGANTOTOSAURUS, CARCHARODONTOSAURUS, ACROCANTHOSAURUS, so called T-REX, SPINOSAURUS, so-called EPANTARIAS, CYNOGNATHUS & PREY (a terrific piece!), so-called PHORORACHUS, THYLACOSMILUS and GLYPTODONT.
Many thanks to Mike Evans for providing a review copy and for being so patient waiting for me to get this page up! I'd planned to put this page up when mine was done, but it's still not done yet and I wanted to let you see this for yourself as soon as possible so reluctantly went with the (admittedly nice) generic build-up pic above. When mine is done, photographed and scanned it will be added to this page. It's in an unusual color pattern in an attempt to emphasize the fact that it's not a Felid. I'll be adding very fine fishing line for whiskers as well.
Note on review copies: getting the piece for free does not color my opinion! If I don't like it I'll send it back with a friendly no thanks. Why bother keeping a piece that was for free if you're not going to build it? I have enough unbuilt stuff in my closet already. (Oh brother.)
On a related subject: If I buy a kit that I don't like, I just don't review it. That's why my reviews are all positive. Life's too short to trash other people's efforts because they don't appeal to you; thus sayeth Megalania. If you don't see something here, I either didn't buy it or I did buy it and didn't care for it. 'Nuff said.
I'd recommend buying Max's sculpts from Link & Pin Hobbies -- their url is linked above.
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Is innealtóir Meicsiceo é Max Salas; go fortunately dúinn, tá greann cruthaitheach aige freisin! Tá sé sculpted paleolife ábhar ealaíne le blianta, ag tabhairt dúinn léirmhínithe iontach de roinnt ainmhithe an-neamhghnách.
Rinne sé go leor dineasáir, ach is iad na píosaí is mó a thaitníonn liom a fheiceáil óna chuid ná ainmhithe Paleozoic agus Cenozoic -- cosúil lena chuid mór, an-suimiúil Thylacosmilus ferox, le feiceáil thuas.
Cad é an créatúr aisteach! Agus sampla suimiúil de éabhlóid chomhthreomhar. Thylacosmilus, feiceann tú, nach raibh cat mór; ní raibh sé fiú mamaigh placenta! Bhí sé marsupial, ach tá sé a iompar cosúlacht superficial uncanny le cat mór áirithe atá imithe as an saol.
Tabhair faoi deara na difríochtaí suimiúla idir Thylacosmilus agus, le rá, Smilodon californicus, an "tiger saberthoothed" mar a thugtar air. Thosaigh fiacla marfach Thylacosmilus a shaol ar fad mar a dhéanann incisors na gníomhairí, rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina buntáiste mór. Samhlaigh go raibh tú ina Smilodon a chaill "saber" - nó dhá cheann! (Is rud é seo le haghaidh samhlaitheoirí a thabhairt faoi deara, mar go mbeadh an chuid is úr de chuid an fiacla a bheith is gaire don gumline.)
Tabhair faoi deara freisin na "scabbards" aisteach do na fiacla saibhir. Is féidir leo siúd a bhfuil aithne acu ar an ainmhí a chur in iúl go raibh siad seo i ndáiríre níos giorra ná na fiacla le cúpla orlach, ach roghnaigh Max an chuid eile den scabbard a léiriú mar fhéile.
Bhí crápa Thylacosmilus an-teann freisin agus ní raibh a clóis in-athshlánú. Bhí sé comhroinnte le Smilodon muineál láidir muscle agus jaw in ann go leor a gap chun stabs cumhachtach a sheachadadh lena canines ollmhór. Bhí sé ina chónaí i pampas Mheiriceá Theas thart ar 5 milliún bliain ó shin.
Max i ndáiríre rinne an ainmhí seo teacht beo. Tá sé ag peering suas agus ar chlé mar má sniffing an gaoth do speicis prey. Táim an-sásta leis agus tá sé beartaithe agam é a chur i diorama pampas (léigh: go leor féar ard). Ag beagán níos mó ná 30 cm ar fhad, tá sé iontach beo agus lifelike, agus glan a chaitheamh i píosa amháin chun foirfeacht gnáth ag Mike Evans, caster go dtí na réaltaí ealaíne paleolife. (Déanaigí seiceáil air go cinnte má tá dealbh agat agus má theastaíonn uait é a chur amach don domhan!)
Sílim go bhfuil an critter aisteach agus iontach achomharc crossover suntasach ar an sci-fi / samhail fantasy chomh maith. D'fhéadfadh sé a dhéanamh ina bhreis iontach ar diorama starring do laoch fantasy is fearr leat. Tá an seasamh oiriúnach go háirithe chun seo; ní dhéanann an pictiúr thuas é sin a bheith soiléir go han-luath.
Cé go bhfuil an t-earra seo agus go leor eile de chuid Max á mhargú trí Stiúideacha Saurian, beidh Max ag scaoileadh a chuid píosaí faoi a bhratach féin go luath! Deir Mike liom gur chuir Max "sauropods" air, a cheapann Mike go bhfuil siad 1/35 ar scála - táim ag súil go mór leo, lig dom a rá leat!
Seiceáil ar an suíomh Gréasáin Link and Pin Hobbies le haghaidh go leor pictiúir áille de na foirgnimh oibre atá ann cheana féin ag Max - tá siad liostaithe sa chuid samhlacha dineasáir mar Stiúideacha Saurian. Tá siad faoi láthair ar a dtugtar GIGANTOTOSAURUS, CARCHARODONTOSAURUS, ACROCANTHOSAURUS, ar a dtugtar T-REX, SPINOSAURUS, EPANTARIAS, CYNOGNATHUS & PREY (a píosa iontach! ), PHORORACHUS, THYLACOSMILUS agus GLYPTODONT.
Go raibh maith agat go mór do Mike Evans as cóip athbhreithnithe a sholáthar agus as a bheith chomh foighneach ag fanacht liom an leathanach seo a chur suas! Bhí sé beartaithe agam an leathanach seo a chur suas nuair a bheidh mo chuid déanta, ach níl sé déanta go fóill agus theastaigh uaim go bhfeicfeadh tú é seo duit féin a luaithe is féidir mar sin chuaigh mé go mear leis an pic buildup ginearálta (a admhaítear go deas) thuas. Nuair a bheidh mo chuid déanta, grianghraf agus scanadh beidh sé a chur leis an leathanach seo. Tá sé i patrún dath neamhghnách i iarracht a chur i bhfios go bhfuil sé nach bhfuil sé ina Felid. Beidh mé ag cur líne iascaireachta an-mhaith do whiskers chomh maith.
Nóta ar chóipeanna athbhreithnithe: ní dhéanann an píosa a fháil saor in aisce dath ar mo thuairim! Mura maith liom é, cuirfidh mé ar ais é le "ní buíochas". Cén fáth a bothering a choinneáil píosa a bhí saor in aisce más rud é nach bhfuil tú ag dul a thógáil é? Tá go leor rudaí neamh-thógtha agam i mo closet cheana féin. (Ó deartháir.)
Ar ábhar gaolmhar: Má cheannaím trealamh nach maith liom, ní dhéanaim athbhreithniú air. Sin an fáth go bhfuil mo athbhreithnithe uile dearfach. Tá an saol ró-ghearr chun iarracht daoine eile a scriosadh toisc nach bhfuil siad ag tarraingt ort; mar sin a deir Megalania. Mura bhfeiceann tú rud éigin anseo, ní cheannaigh mé é nó cheannaigh mé é agus níor thug mé cúram dó. 'Nuff dúirt.
Molaim duit scultúir Max a cheannach ó Link & Pin Hobbies -- tá an nasc thuas.
Seol Post Dom


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AbstractThe purpose of this study is to create and display a spatial analysis study on the Lackawanna River Watershed in Northeastern Pennsylvania. Specifically, an analysis that displays data containing contaminants in the air and water within the watershed study area, potentially correlating with the areas heavy use of coal mining historically. Using fugitive emission data to measure air contaminants and water pH, sulfates, and hard metals data to examine potentially polluted waters will show how this small yet essential watershed has been impacted. It is extremely important to run these studies to show the damage that is caused by coal mining and create preventative measures for the future. Protection of watersheds is paramount in conserving the local flora and fauna that feed us and nurture their surrounding ecosystems. Education and outreach can be a useful tool to make people aware of the issues at hand in their own backyards. With the devastating impacts a toxin filled watershed can have on its surrounding watersheds and environments, there should be more publicly accessible research studies that are user friendly to provide the proper awareness and education.

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Foilsitheoir: Ollscoil Arizona.
Tá an t-údar © Copyright ©. Tá rochtain dhigiteach ar an ábhar seo indéanta ag Leabharlanna na hOllscoile, Ollscoil Arizona. Tá cosc ar ailt faoi chosaint a tharchur, a atáirgeadh nó a chur i láthair (mar shampla taispeáint poiblí nó feidhmíocht) ach amháin le cead an údair.
Faisnéis an Chuidithe seo is cuid den Chuidithe MS-GIST. Le haghaidh tuilleadh faisnéise faoi earraí sa bhailiúchán seo, déan teagmháil le Repository Campus UA ag email@example.com.
Is é cuspóir an staidéir seo staidéar anailíse spásúil a chruthú agus a thaispeáint ar an Lackawanna River Watershed i dTuaisceart Pennsylvania. Go sonrach, anailís a léiríonn sonraí ina bhfuil truaillithe san aer agus san uisce laistigh den limistéar staidéir uisceach, a d'fhéadfadh a bheith comhghaoltach leis na limistéir a úsáideadh go dian mianadóireacht guail go stairiúil. Ag baint úsáide as sonraí astaíochtaí éagórach chun truaillithe aer agus pH uisce, sulfaidí agus sonraí miotail chrua a thomhas chun uisce a d'fhéadfadh a bheith truaillithe a scrúdú, léirítear conas a ndearnadh tionchar ar an mbarr uisce beag ach ríthábhachtach seo. Tá sé thar a bheith tábhachtach na staidéir seo a dhéanamh chun an damáiste a dhéanann mianadóireacht guail a thaispeáint agus bearta coisctheacha a chruthú don todhchaí. Tá cosaint na mbarrshéasúr uisce ríthábhachtach chun an flóra agus an fháuna áitiúil a chaomhnaíonn muid agus a chothaíonn na héiceachórais atá timpeall orthu a chaomhnú. Is féidir le hoideachas agus for-scaoileadh a bheith ina uirlis úsáideach chun daoine a chur ar an eolas faoi na saincheisteanna atá ar fáil ina gcúlchríocha féin. I bhfianaise na dtionchar tubaisteach is féidir a bheith ag an gclár uisce atá líonta le tocsainí ar na gclár uisce agus ar na timpeallachtaí atá timpeall air, ba cheart go mbeadh níos mó staidéir taighde inrochtana go poiblí atá éasca le húsáid chun an feasacht agus an oideachas cuí a sholáthar.


Two researchers from the University of Virginia have developed a new password manager prototype that works quite differently from existing password manager clients.
The research team describes their password manager — which they named Horcrux — as "a password manager for paranoids," due to its security and privacy-focused features and a unique design used for handling user passwords, both while in transit and at rest.
There are two main differences between Horcrux and currently available password manager clients.
Horcrux inserts dummy credentials into your forms
The first is how Horcrux inserts user credentials inside web pages. Regular password managers do this by filling in the login form with the user's data.
Hannah Li and David Evans, the two researchers that created Horcrux, say this is a dangerous behavior because password managers insert user credentials inside a page's DOM, which exposes credentials to malicious JS scripts that can read those credentials while inside the forms, before submission.
The two say they fixed this attack surface in Horcrux by inserting dummy (fake) credentials inside login fields. When the user submits his form, the dummy credentials are still there, but Horcrux will intercept the form submit operation (HTTP POST request) and replace the dummy credentials with the user's real username and password combo.
Researchers admitted that this idea is not new, as other researchers proposed the same solution in the past, but that solution was not adopted by the developers of password managers due to usability and compatibility concerns.
This time around, the research team says they tested their technique to be sure it works without glitches and found that 98% of the Alexa Top 1 Million sites that feature login forms are compatible with their "dummy credentials swap."
Horcrux spreads credentials across multiple servers
The second feature that makes Horcrux stand out compared to other password manager clients is how it stores user credentials.
Compared to classic solutions, Horcrux doesn't trust one single password store but spreads user credentials across multiple servers. This means that if an attacker manages to gain access to one of the servers, he won't gain access to all of the user's passwords, limiting the damage of any security incident.
Furthermore, credentials stored across these multiple servers are secret-shared using a cuckoo hashing algorithm "in a way that ensures an attacker cannot determine if a guessed master pass-
word is correct," which greatly limits an attacker's ability to recover any password data, even if he manages to compromise one of the many password-storing servers.
The new Horcrux password manager is currently available only as a Firefox add-on that can be compiled from this open-source GitHub repo. The downside is that users have to host their own password-storing servers in order to use Horcrux, something that many users can't afford. Nonetheless, the license permits companies that run password managers to take their design or code and use it for their own professional solutions.
More details about the Horcrux design and implementation are available in the research team's paper, entitled "Horcrux: A Password Manager for Paranoids."
The concept does sound interesting, and i'm sure if someone wants to go the extra mile they'll get the added protection.
But most people keepass using chromeipass suffices.

D'fhorbair dhá thaighdeoir ó Ollscoil Virginia prototaip nua bainistithe focal faire a oibríonn go hiomlán difriúil ó chliaint bainistithe focal faire atá ann cheana.
Déanann an fhoireann taighde cur síos ar a mbainisteoir focal faire  a thug siad Horcrux  mar "bainisteoir focal faire do paranoids", mar gheall ar a ghnéithe atá dírithe ar shlándáil agus príobháideacht agus dearadh uathúil a úsáidtear chun pasfhocail úsáideora a láimhseáil, agus iad ag taisteal agus ag sos.
Tá dhá phríomhdhifríocht idir Horcrux agus cliant bainisteoir focal faire atá ar fáil faoi láthair.
Cuireann Horcrux creidiúnais bréige isteach i do fhoirmeacha
Is é an chéad conas Horcrux insert credentials úsáideoirí taobh istigh leathanaigh ghréasáin. Déantar é seo trí bhainisteoirí pasfhocal rialta an fhoirm logála isteach a líonadh le sonraí an úsáideora.
Deir Hannah Li agus David Evans, an dá thaighdeoir a chruthaigh Horcrux, gur iompar contúirteach é seo toisc go gcuireann bainisteoirí pasfhocal creidmheasa úsáideoirí isteach i DOM leathanach, a nochtann creidmheasa do scripteanna JS ilbhliantúla a d'fhéadfadh na creidmheasa sin a léamh agus iad taobh istigh de na foirmeacha, sula gcuirtear isteach iad.
Deir an bheirt gur shocraigh siad an dromchla ionsaithe seo i Horcrux trí cháilíochtaí bréagacha (fals) a chur isteach i réimsí logála isteach. Nuair a chuireann an t-úsáideoir a fhoirm isteach, tá na creidiúnais bréige fós ann, ach cuirfidh Horcrux bac ar an ngníomh a chuir an fhoirm isteach (iarratas POST HTTP) agus cuirfidh sé na creidiúnais bréige in ionad combo fíor-ainm úsáideora agus pasfhocal an úsáideora.
D'admhaigh taighdeoirí nach smaoineamh nua é seo, mar a mhol taighdeoirí eile an réiteach céanna san am atá caite, ach níor ghlac forbróirí bainisteoirí pasfhocail leis an réiteach sin mar gheall ar imní maidir le húsáid agus comhoiriúnacht.
An uair seo, deir an fhoireann taighde go ndearna siad tástáil ar a dteicneolaíocht chun a bheith cinnte go n-oibríonn sé gan glitches agus fuair siad amach go bhfuil 98% de na suíomhanna Alexa Top 1 Milliún a bhfuil foirmeacha logála isteach comhoiriúnach lena "aistriú creidiúnais bréagach".
Horcrux scaipeann creidiúnais ar fud freastalaithe éagsúla
Is é an dara gné a fhágann go bhfuil Horcrux ag seasamh amach i gcomparáid le cliant bainistithe focal faire eile ná an chaoi a stórálann sé creidiúnais úsáideora.
I gcomparáid le réitigh clasaiceacha, ní bhíonn Horcrux ag brath ar stór pasfhocal amháin ach scaipeann sé creidiúnais úsáideora ar shláinéir éagsúla. Ciallaíonn sé seo má éiríonn le haisitheoir rochtain a fháil ar cheann de na freastalaithe, ní bheidh sé in ann rochtain a fháil ar gach focal faire an úsáideora, ag teorainn a chur le damáiste aon eachtra slándála.
Ina theannta sin, creidmheasanna stóráilte ar fud na freastalaithe éagsúla tá rúnda-roinnte ag baint úsáide as algartam cuckoo hashing "ar bhealach a chinntíonn ionsaitheoir nach féidir a chinneadh má tá pas máistir guessed-
"Tá an focal ceart", a chuireann teorainn mhór ar chumas ionsaitheora aon sonraí pasfhocal a aisghabháil, fiú má éiríonn leis ceann de na freastalaithe go leor stórála pasfhocal a chur i gcontúirt.
Níl bainisteoir pasfhocal Horcrux nua ar fáil faoi láthair ach mar bhreiseán Firefox is féidir a thiomsú ón repo GitHub foinse oscailte seo. Is é an míbhuntáiste ná go gcaithfidh úsáideoirí a gcuid freastalaithe stórála pasfhocal féin a óstáil chun Horcrux a úsáid, rud nach féidir le go leor úsáideoirí a íoc. Mar sin féin, ceadaíonn an ceadúnas do chuideachtaí a ritheann bainisteoirí pasfhocal a gcuid dearadh nó cód a thógáil agus é a úsáid dá réitigh ghairmiúla féin.
Tá tuilleadh sonraí faoi dhearadh agus cur i bhfeidhm Horcrux ar fáil i bpáipéar an fhoireann taighde, dar teideal "Horcrux: Bainisteoir Pasfhocal do Paranoids".
Tá an coincheap a fuaime suimiúil, agus tá mé cinnte má tá duine éigin ag iarraidh dul an míle breise beidh siad a fháil ar an chosaint breise.
Ach is leor do chuid is mó daoine pas a choinneáil ag baint úsáide as chromeipass.


What Parents Need to Know
Parents need to know that just about everyone is the butt of a joke or two -- including African Americans, the elderly, homosexuals, the mentally handicapped, and overweight people. Frequent extreme profanity, with the majority of it sexually-themed. Every character acts questionably, from the sometimes drunk and stoned killer to Cindy's drug-dealing criminal father. Drug use is prevalent. Countless references to oral sex. Graphic photographs of a penis, a pair of bloated testicles, and an erect penis in a gay character's ear. One gag involves semen. Jokes about virgins, pubic hair, and sticking a penis in a vacuum cleaner. The characters all have sex, and we see lots of groping. A male gym teacher cross-dresses to have access to female students. Many bloody stabbings. A girl is electrocuted. Characters are killed for laughs. One is beheaded. Another kills himself.
- Families can talk about what's funny, and what's offensive and/or stupid. Why do different people find different things funny? Why do parents and kids often laugh at such different things?

Cad is gá do Thuismitheoirí a Fhios
Ní mór do thuismitheoirí a fhios go bhfuil beagnach gach duine ar an mbonn greann nó dhó - lena n-áirítear Meiriceánaigh Afracacha, na daoine scothaosta, homosexuals, na daoine faoi mhíchumas meabhrach, agus daoine róthrom. Gnéas-chúrsaí a bhí ag an bpríomh-aisteoir. Gníomhaíonn gach carachtar go suaimhneach, ón dúnmharfóir ar uaireanta ar ól agus ar stoic go dtí athair coiriúil díolacháin drugaí Cindy. Tá drugaí á n-úsáid go forleathan. Tagraíochtaí gan áireamh ar ghnéas béil. Grianghraf grafach de phéinis, péire de thástálaí bloated, agus peann erect i gcluas carachtar aerach. Baineann an gag amháin le sperm. Gnéas faoi maighdeana, gruaig pubic, agus a chur ar a bod i scuabóg glantacháin. Tá gnéas ag na carachtair go léir, agus feicimid go leor groping. Déanann múinteoir spóirt fir tras-oideas chun rochtain a fháil ar mhic léinn baineann. Go leor staining fuilteach. Tá cailín electrocuted. Déantar carachtair a mharú le haghaidh gáire. Tá ceann acu faoi cheann. Déantar duine eile féinmharú.
- Is féidir le teaghlaigh labhairt faoi cad atá greannmhar, agus cad atá ionsaitheach agus / nó amaideach. Cén fáth go bhfaigheann daoine éagsúla rudaí éagsúla greannmhar? Cén fáth go mbíonn tuismitheoirí agus páistí ag gáire go minic ar rudaí chomh difriúil sin?


One of the most common tasks on the internet today is looking up the weather. I woke up early this morning, around 5:29AM and was contemplating a run. I already had a browser open because I had been watching some YouTube videos, so there were a hundred different ways for me to get the weather. Here are four that I would commonly do:
- Ctrl+T (Open a New Tab), "weather", Ctrl+Enter (Open as .com site)
- Ctrl+T (Open a New Tab, "?weather" (Search for "weather")
- Grab Google Glass, put it on, swipe 3 times to the left.
- Reach into my pocket and grab my phone, Turn it On, Unlock It, Press Home, swipe left (I have Google Now on my left home screen).
There are plenty of other ways, but these hit the main capabilities of modern technology. Use a mobile device, use a browser-based powerful computing device, or use a wearable.
My first inclination of using a service such as weather.com to provide me information was a complete failure. Not only did the website fail to recognize my location based on IP or any of the other publicly available information about me (why not ask my Browser? Chrome knows pretty much where I am), but it completely failed to give me any WEATHER. The human mind has been fantastically written through the power of brain plasticity to use the internet and the tools around us as an extension of ourselves. I clearly wanted to do a simple lookup of the weather in order to make some decisions regarding clothing and morning activities. If your tool doesn't support this instantly and effortlessly, why in the world would I want to use it?
My second attempt was with a Google Search. Thankfully this recognized my location, and gave me an extremely useful forecast for the day. There is even a giant section of advertisements above the information I'm looking for, but I can still see instantly what the temperature looks like for the day.
It may seem like a lot of effort to reach over, put on a pair of glasses, and activate a couple swipes. When compared to typing at a keyboard that my fingers are already at, it definitely is; but when you take into account the fact that I'll be wearing these glasses for the rest of the day, and this is an interaction I will most likely perform 5-15 times over the next 8 hours, the convenience and predictable nature make it reasonable again.
I used to think of smartphones as these intelligent devices that we carried around with us that made our lives easier. This was originally the case, but as we cram more and more capabilities into each phone, as well as a plethora of services all competing for our attention, the difficult of using a smartphone keeps increasing. I had to perform 3 more actions on my phone than I did using Google Glass. This reflects the incredible power of mobile computing. I've noticed it again and again, wearable computing for dedicated activities often improves the quality and quantity of those activities. Great examples are picture taking or sending messages. I send far more messages and take more pictures through Google Glass because it's so easy. I don't need to worry about getting distracted by yet another 30 notifications. I can just do.
I think it's important to note that this little test reflects the idea that desktop computers and large powerful machines with giant screens will not be disappearing. With the introduction of each successive generation of computing, we find ourselves more and more choosing the right tool for the job, but needing tools at every form factor.

Ceann de na tascanna is coitianta ar an idirlíon inniu ná an aimsir a chuardach. D'éirigh mé go luath ar maidin, thart ar 5:29AM agus bhí mé ag smaoineamh ar rith. Bhí brabhsálaí oscailte agam cheana féin mar bhí mé ag féachaint ar roinnt físeáin YouTube, mar sin bhí céad bealach éagsúla agam chun an aimsir a fháil. Seo ceathrar a dhéanfainn go coitianta:
- Ctrl+T (Open a New Tab), "weather", Ctrl+Enter (Open as .com site)
- Ctrl+T (Open a New Tab, "téarma" (Cuardach ar "téarma")
- Grab Google Glass, a chur air, swipe 3 huaire go dtí an taobh clé.
- Reach isteach i mo phóca agus a ghlacadh mo ghuthán, é a Thionól, Unlock It, brúigh ar an Teach, swipe ar chlé (Tá mé Google Anois ar mo scáileán baile ar chlé).
Tá go leor bealaí eile ann, ach bhuail siad seo príomh-acmhainneachtaí na teicneolaíochta nua-aimseartha. Úsáid feiste soghluaiste, feiste ríomhaireachta cumhachtach bunaithe ar bhrabhsálaí, nó feiste in-aistrithe.
Bhí mo chéad claonadh chun seirbhís mar weather.com a úsáid chun faisnéis a sholáthar dom ina theip iomlán. Ní amháin gur theip ar an suíomh Gréasáin mo shuíomh a aithint bunaithe ar IP nó ar aon fhaisnéis eile atá ar fáil go poiblí faoi mé (cén fáth nach iarrann mo Bhrabhsálaí? Tá a fhios ag Chrome go leor cá bhfuil mé), ach níor éirigh go hiomlán liom aon THÉARAS a thabhairt. Tá an intinn daonna scríofa go hiontach trí chumhacht na plaistithe céir chun an idirlíon agus na huirlisí timpeall orainn a úsáid mar shíneadh ar ár gcuid féin. Bhí sé soiléir gur theastaigh uaim breathnú ar an aimsir chun cinntí a dhéanamh maidir le héadaí agus gníomhaíochtaí maidin. Mura dtacaíonn do uirlis seo láithreach agus gan iarracht, cén fáth ar domhan ba mhaith liom é a úsáid?
Bhí mo dara iarracht le Cuardach Google. Go raibh maith agat d'aithin sé seo mo shuíomh, agus thug sé réamhaisnéis an-úsáideach dom don lá. Tá fiú rannán ollmhór fógraí os cionn an fhaisnéis atá á lorg agam, ach is féidir liom an teocht don lá a fheiceáil láithreach.
B'fhéidir go bhfuil sé cosúil le go leor iarrachta chun dul thar, a chur ar péire gloine, agus a ghníomhachtú cúpla swipes. I gcomparáid le clóscríobh ar phlaíomhchlár a bhfuil mo mhéara ag dul air cheana féin, is cinnte go bhfuil; ach nuair a thugann tú san áireamh go mbeidh na spéaclaí seo agam don chuid eile den lá, agus gur idirghníomhú é seo is dócha go ndéanfaidh mé 5-15 uair thar na 8 uair an chloig seo chugainn, déanann an áisiúlacht agus an nádúr intuartha é a dhéanamh réasúnta arís.
Bhí mé ag smaoineamh ar fhón cliste mar na feistí cliste sin a bhí againn timpeall linn a rinne ár saol níos éasca. Ba é seo an cás ar dtús, ach de réir mar a chuirimid níos mó agus níos mó cumais i ngach fón, chomh maith le slua seirbhísí a bhíonn ag iomaíocht ar fad as ár n-aird, tá sé níos deacra fón cliste a úsáid. Bhí orm 3 ghníomh a dhéanamh ar mo ghuthán ná mar a rinne mé ag úsáid Google Glass. Léiríonn sé seo cumhacht dochreidte ríomhaireachta soghluaiste. Thug mé faoi deara arís agus arís eile, go gcuireann ríomhaireacht in-dhuine le haghaidh gníomhaíochtaí tiomnaithe go minic feabhas ar chaighdeán agus ar chainníocht na ngníomhaíochtaí sin. Is samplaí iontacha iad grianghraf a thógáil nó teachtaireachtaí a sheoladh. Seolann mé i bhfad níos mó teachtaireachtaí agus tógann mé níos mó pictiúir trí Google Glass toisc go bhfuil sé chomh éasca. Ní gá dom a bheith buartha faoi bheith ag cur isteach orm le 30 fógra eile. Is féidir liom ach a dhéanamh.
Sílim go bhfuil sé tábhachtach a thabhairt faoi deara go léiríonn an tástáil bheag seo an smaoineamh nach mbeidh ríomhairí deisce agus meaisíní móra cumhachtach le scáileáin mhóra ag imeacht. Le gach glúin comhlánaithe de ríomhaireacht a thabhairt isteach, faigheann muid féin níos mó agus níos mó ag roghnú an uirlis cheart don phost, ach ag teastáil uirlisí ag gach fachtóir foirme.


Modern Day Farming Technologies
Modern-day farming technologies, practices, approaches and agricultural land management systems should all be viewed in this context. The importance therefore of managing the soil to ensure its animal-carrying capacity is retained to the optimum level of performance is critical to this debate.
RLF as a world-leading liquid fertiliser company has developed its product range specifically to meet this important objective.
RLF is at the forefront of several products and fertilising concepts that give great effectiveness to managed pasture lands, and these are as follows :
carrying pastures means more
productivity is required
Pasture Plus is a crop-specific Ultra Foliar fertiliser spray with Nutrient Delivery System (NDS) that increases the efficiency in product uptake through the leaf by up to 350%. Pasture Plus delivers 12 essential nutrients contained in a High-analysis Broad-spectrum solution. These nutrients are formulated specifically for this crop type. Pasture Plus provides the plant with an optimum balance of essential nutrients to ensure soil nutrient variability and deficiency is fixed. Pasture Plus gives greater plant protection, more growth and improved yield qualities. This is done by using just one product that delivers 12 essential nutrients tailor made to suit the crop.
NutriCover is a foliar-fertigation product formulated to satisfy the nutrient demand of plants at critical stages of plant growth for a fast and effective outcome. By using three forms of nitrogen, (urea, nitrate and ammonium), not just the one to stimulate metabolic pathways in the plant, NutriCover maximises the benefits of nitrogen through balanced crop nutrition. This means that NutriCover is at least three times more efficient than UREA nitrogen through the soil alone, thereby enabling a reduction in nitrogen by traditional granular fertiliser programs. NutriCover can be tailored with additional elements to suit specific nutrient requirements if the crop demands by using key major nutrients that function as activators and building blocks in plant growth.
Nitrogen Plus is a foliar-fertigation product formulated to take care of the nitrogen demands of plants at the critical stages of plant growth. Nitrogen Plus contains the highest level of nitrogen in four different structures that a liquid formulation can hold. Nitrogen Plus utilises the RLF Nutrient Delivery System (NDS) technology that increases the efficiency in product uptake through the leaf by up to 350%. Nitrogen Plus gives fast entry nitrogen to protect against the nutrient deficiency and can be applied as a foliar to broadacre crops or in irrigation systems to all plants. The presence of four forms of nitrogen (UREA, nitrate, ions, ammonium ions and organic nitrogen), supports plant metabolism for fast and efficient uptake and utilisation of nitrogen.
Power N is a high concentration source of liquid nitrogen specifically designed for safe foliar application and injection and is flexible and easy to use. Power N can be applied in targeted applications to meet crop demands at any growth stage. By being able to split applications throughout the growing season, growers can better manage crop risk. Power N is available as a bulk liquid, does not deteriorate and can be stored safely on-farm from year to year.
- PowerN26 is a balanced ratio of nitrogen and sulphur.
- PowerN39 is an efficient method of supplying nitrogen.
Power N products can be applied via irrigation or boomspray systems with flat fan or streaming nozzles, foliar sprayed, injected into the soil or sprayed on to the soil. Power N is ideal for ‘little and often’, or split applications to closely match crop nitrogen requirements and can be metered precisely for variable rates.

Teicneolaíochtaí Feirmeoireachta na Laethanta Nua
Ba cheart na teicneolaíochtaí feirmeoireachta nua-aimseartha, na cleachtais, na cur chuige agus na córais bainistíochta talún talmhaíochta a fheiceáil sa chomhthéacs seo. Tá sé ríthábhachtach don díospóireacht seo, dá bhrí sin, an t-eolas a bheith againn maidir le bainistíocht na talún chun a chinntiú go gcoinnítear a cumas iompair ainmhithe ar an leibhéal is fearr is féidir.
Tá RLF mar chuideachta leasacháin leachtaithe is mó ar domhan tar éis a raon táirgí a fhorbairt go sonrach chun an cuspóir tábhachtach seo a bhaint amach.
Tá RLF i gceannas ar roinnt táirgí agus coincheapa táirgthe a thugann éifeachtúlacht mhór do thailte féarais bhainistithe, agus is iad seo a leanas iad:
ciallaíonn feirmeoireacht níos mó
tá táirgiúlacht ag teastáil
Is spraeáil leasacháin Ultra Foliar é Pasture Plus atá sonrach do chultúr le Córas Seachadta Nothrachta (NDS) a mhéadaíonn an éifeachtúlacht i nglacadh an táirge tríd an duille suas le 350%. Soláthraíonn Pasture Plus 12 chothaitheach riachtanach atá i tuaslagán ard-anailís speictream leathan. Tá na cothaithigh seo foirmlithe go sonrach don chineál seo barra. Soláthraíonn Pasture Plus an cothromaíocht is fearr de chothaithigh riachtanacha don phlanda chun a chinntiú go seoltar athraitheacht agus easpa cothaithigh an ithir. Tugann Pasture Plus cosaint níos mó plandaí, níos mó fáis agus cáilíochtaí toraidh níos fearr. Déantar é seo trí tháirge amháin a úsáid a sholáthraíonn 12 chothaitheach riachtanach a dhéantar a oiriúnú don chultúr.
Is táirge leasacháin duilleach é NutriCover a foirmliú chun freastal ar éileamh na n-aigéid ar phlandaí ag céimeanna criticiúla fáis phlandaí le haghaidh toradh tapa agus éifeachtach. Trí thrí fhoirm nítrigine a úsáid (úire, nítreach agus amóiniam), ní amháin an ceann chun cosáin meitibileach sa phlanda a spreagadh, déanann NutriCover leas is mó a bhaint as nítrigine trí chothú cothromaithe na dtorthaí. Ciallaíonn sé seo go bhfuil NutriCover trí huaire níos éifeachtaí ná nítrigin UREA trí thalamh amháin, rud a chuireann ar chumas laghdú ar nítrigin trí chláir thraidisiúnta leasacháin ghránúlacha. Is féidir NutriCover a shaincheapadh le heilimintí breise chun freastal ar riachtanais chothaithigh ar leith má éilíonn an barra trí phríomh-chothaithigh a úsáid a fheidhmíonn mar ghníomhaitheoirí agus bloic thógála i bhfás plandaí.
Is táirge leighis duilleach é Nitrogen Plus a fhorchuirtear chun aire a thabhairt do riachtanais nítrigine plandaí ag céimeanna criticiúla fáis plandaí. Tá an leibhéal is airde nítrigine i gceithre struchtúr éagsúla a fhéadann foirmliú leachtach a bheith ann i Nitrogen Plus. Baineann Nitrogen Plus úsáid as teicneolaíocht an Chórais Seachadta Cothaithigh RLF (NDS) a mhéadaíonn éifeachtúlacht i nglacadh an táirge tríd an duille suas le 350%. Tugann Nitrogen Plus nítrigin iontrála tapa chun cosaint a thabhairt i gcoinne an easpa cothaithigh agus is féidir é a chur i bhfeidhm mar bhláth ar chultúir leathan-chraobh nó i gcórais uisciúcháin ar gach plandaí. Tacaíonn ceithre chineál nítrigine (UREA, nítreach, iainí, iainí amóiniam agus nítrigine orgánach) le meitibileacht na bplandaí chun nítrigine a ionsú agus a úsáid go tapa agus go héifeachtach.
Is foinse ardchruinnithe nítrigine leachtacha é Power N atá deartha go sonrach le haghaidh cur i bhfeidhm agus instealladh slán ar na duilleoga agus tá sé solúbtha agus éasca le húsáid. Is féidir Power N a chur i bhfeidhm in iarratais spriocdhírithe chun freastal ar éilimh ar chultúr ag aon chéim fáis. Trí bheith in ann iarratais a roinnt le linn na séasúir fáis, is féidir le táirgeoirí rioscaí barra a bhainistiú níos fearr. Tá Power N ar fáil mar leacht mórchóir, ní athraíonn sé agus is féidir é a stóráil go sábháilte sa fheirm ó bhliain go bliain.
- Is PowerN26 cóimheas cothrom de nítrigin agus sulfair.
- Is modh éifeachtach é PowerN39 chun nítrigin a sholáthar.
Is féidir táirgí Power N a chur i bhfeidhm trí chórais uisciúcháin nó boomspray le lucht leanúna cothrom nó le nozzles sruthú, a chraoladh le duilleach, a instealladh isteach sa ithir nó a chraoladh ar an ithir. Tá an chumhacht N oiriúnach d'iarratais  beag agus go minic, nó do iarratais roinnte chun riachtanais nítrigine an chultúir a mheaitseáil go dlúth agus is féidir iad a thomhas go beacht le haghaidh rátaí athraitheacha.