File Folder Activities for Autism Emotions and Feelings
This real-life photo set of two Emotions and Feelings File Folder Activities will grab your student's attention and keep them on task. Perfect for mastery of Social Emotional, Communication, and Academic IEP goals! There are 8 real-life images of young children presenting these emotions and feelings:
These two sets of differentiated learning activities give young readers the opportunity to practice short, simple sentences, "I am...". For those students who have not yet learned to read, symbols are included with the sentences to provide support. It is suggested that you print this activity on white card stock paper on the "portrait" setting on your printer. Laminate the completed file folder and answer cards for durability. Answer key is included with this activity.
SAMPLE IEP GOAL: The student will predict how others will feel by naming the emotion corresponding to pictures.
Copyright © AutismEducators.com. All rights reserved by author. This product is to be used by the original downloader only. Copying for more than one teacher, classroom, department, school, or school system is prohibited. This product may not be distributed or displayed digitally for public view. Failure to comply is a copyright infringement and a violation of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). Clipart and elements found in this PDF are copyrighted and cannot be extracted and used outside of this file without permission or license. Intended for classroom and personal use ONLY. See product file for clip art credits.

Gníomhaíochtaí Cárta Comhad do Eacnamaíochtaí agus mothúcháin Aistíce
Glacfaidh an tacar grianghraf fíor-saoil seo de dhá Gníomhaíocht Foldóir Comhad mothúchán agus mothúchán aird do mhic léinn agus coinneoidh siad ar an tasc. Oiriúnach chun máistreacht a bhaint as spriocanna IEP Sóisialta, Eacnamaíocha, Cumarsáide agus Acadaimí! Tá 8 íomhá fíor-saoil de leanaí óga ag cur na mothúcháin agus na mothúcháin seo i láthair:
Tugann an dá shraith de ghníomhaíochtaí foghlama idirdhealaithe seo deis do léitheoirí óga seantanna gearr, simplí, "Tá mé"... a chleachtadh. I gcás na scoláirí nach bhfuil foghlamtha fós le léamh, tá siombailí san áireamh leis na habairtí chun tacú leo. Moltar duit an ghníomhaíocht seo a phriontáil ar pháipéar cairt bán ar an suíomh "pictiúr" ar do phriontálaí. Lámínigh an foldair comhlánaithe agus cártaí freagraí chun marthanacht a chinntiú. Cuirtear eochair fhreagra leis an ngníomhaíocht seo.
TÓCLA IÁ MÓIR: Déanfaidh an mic léinn réamhamharc ar an gcaoi a mbraitheann daoine eile trí na mothúcháin a fhreagraíonn do phictiúir a ainmniú.
Cóipcheart © AutismEducators.com. Tá na cearta go léir á gcur i gcúl an údair. Ní féidir leis an íoslódálaí bunaidh an táirge seo a úsáid ach amháin. Tá cosc ar chóipeáil do níos mó ná múinteoir amháin, seomra ranga, roinn, scoil nó córas scoile. Ní féidir an táirge seo a dháileadh ná a thaispeáint go digiteach le haghaidh amharc poiblí. Is sárú cóipchirt é an neamhchomhlíonadh agus sárú ar an Acht um Chóipcheart na Mílaoise Digiteach (DMCA). Tá cóipcheart ag an clipart agus na heilimintí atá sa PDF seo agus ní féidir iad a bhaint agus a úsáid lasmuigh den chomhad seo gan cead nó ceadúnas. Ceaptha le húsáid sa seomra ranga agus le húsáid phearsanta AONLAIN. Féach ar chomhad táirge le haghaidh creidmheasanna clipart.


Nail chronology aid dating old buildings
Nails themselves were sufficiently valuable and standardized to be used as an informal medium of exchange.
Until around 1800 artisans known as nailers or nailors made nails by hand – note the surname Naylor.
Today almost all nails are manufactured from wire, but the term "wire nail" has come to refer to smaller nails, often available in a wider, more precise range of gauges than is typical for larger common and finish nails.
Nails were formerly made of bronze or wrought iron and were crafted by blacksmiths and nailors.
The Birmingham industry expanded in the following decades, and reached its greatest extent in the 1860s, after which it declined due to competition from wire nails, but continued until the outbreak of World War I. Usually coils of wire are drawn through a series of dies to reach a specific diameter, then cut into short rods that are then formed into nails.
The nail tip is usually cut by a blade; the head is formed by reshaping the other end of the rod under high pressure. Wire nails were also known as "French nails" for their country of origin.
(Workmen called slitters cut up iron bars to a suitable size for nailers to work on.
Whether it's floor care, landscape, building, renovating and decorating or an ... Bradder gas trim master; Framer gas impulse master; Bradder air...
The production of wrought-iron nails continued well into the 19th century, but ultimately was reduced to nails for purposes for which the softer cut nails were unsuitable, including horseshoe nails.
The slitting mill, introduced to England in 1590, simplified the production of nail rods, but the real first efforts to mechanise the nail-making process itself occurred between 17, initially in the United States and England, when various machines were invented to automate and speed up the process of making nails from bars of wrought iron.
In 1913, 90% of manufactured nails were wire nails.
Nails went from being rare and precious to being a cheap mass-produced commodity.

Cabhair le cróineolaíocht naíon ag dul in aois sean-fhoirgnimh
Bhí luach agus caighdeánú go leor ag na ingne féin le húsáid mar mheán neamhfhoirmiúil malairte.
Go dtí thart ar 1800 rinne ceardaithe ar a dtugtar nailers nó nailors naíonáin de láimh  tabhair faoi deara an sloinne Naylor.
Sa lá atá inniu ann déantar beagnach gach cnaipí a mhonarú ó sreang, ach tagann an téarma "cnaipí sreang" chun tagairt a dhéanamh do cnaipí níos lú, a fhaightear go minic i raon níos leithne, níos cruinne de mheánmhéideanna ná mar a bhíonn i gnáth-cnaipí níos mó agus críochnaithe.
Bhí naíonáin déanta roimhe seo de bhrónais nó de iarann cóirithe agus bhí siad déanta ag seamóirí agus ag seamóirí.
Mhair tionscal Birmingham sna blianta ina dhiaidh sin, agus tháinig sé ar a mhéid is mó sna 1860idí, agus ina dhiaidh sin tháinig sé i ngeall ar iomaíocht ó naíonáin sreinge, ach lean sé ar aghaidh go dtí gur thit an Chéad Chogadh Domhanda. De ghnáth, tarraingítear píopaí sreinge trí shraith de dhreamhacha chun trastomhas sonrach a bhaint amach, agus ansin gearrtar iad ina stailc ghearr a dhéantar ansin ina cnaipí.
De ghnáth ghearrtar an barr ingne le sciath; déantar an ceann a chruthú trí dheireadh eile an tslat a athchruthú faoi bhrú ard. Bhí clúdach sreinge ar a dtugtar "clúdach na Fraince" freisin mar gheall ar a dtír thionscnaimh.
(Gan oibrithe ar a dtugtar slitters barraí iarainn a ghearradh go dtí méid oiriúnach do nailers a bheith ag obair orthu.
Cibé an bhfuil sé cúram urláir, tírdhreach, tógáil, athchóiriú agus maisiú nó ... Bradder gáis trim máistir; Máistir impulse gáis Framer; Bradder aer ...
Lean táirgeadh na n-uillinneacha cruach chrua go maith isteach sa 19ú haois, ach sa deireadh tháinig laghdú ar na uillinneacha chun críocha nach raibh na uillinneacha gearr níos boige oiriúnach dóibh, lena n-áirítear uillinneacha cas.
An sliotán, a tugadh isteach go Sasana i 1590, simpliú a dhéanamh ar an táirgeadh na naíonáin, ach an chéad iarrachtaí fíor a mheicniú an phróiseas nail-making féin tharla idir 17, ar dtús sna Stáit Aontaithe agus i Sasana, nuair a bhí meaisíní éagsúla a cheapadh chun uathoibriú agus luas a chur ar an bpróiseas naíonáin a dhéanamh ó barraí de iarann forbraithe.
Sa bhliain 1913, bhí 90% de na nead déanta de na nead sreinge.
D'athraigh na ingne ó bheith annamh agus luachmhar go raibh siad ina n-earraí saor a tháirgtear go mór.


2011 Summer Curriculum Development Workshop June 19-22, 2011
Violence Overload? Promoting Sensitivity to Human Suffering: the Case of Bosnia
Curricula Developed during the Workshop
- These curricula were designed to be used within 9-12 and Community College courses. Additionally the curricula can serve as supplemental materials for collegiate survey courses.
- Assessing and Defining Responsibility in the Balkans (Questionnaire) PDF
- To Understand the Unthinkable (Power Point Presentation) PDF
- Genocide and International Law (Power Point Presentation) PDF
- International Law and the Bosnian War (Power Point Presentation) PDF
Additional resources are available upon request.

Seimineár um Fhorbairt Churaclaim Samhraidh 2011 Meitheamh 19-22, 2011
An Tromlach Fhoréigin? An Chéim a Chur chun Móra: An Chás na Boisnia
Cúrsacha a Forbraíodh le linn na Seimineár
- Bhí na curaclaim seo deartha le húsáid i gcúrsaí 9-12 agus i gcúrsaí na gColáiste Pobail. Ina theannta sin, is féidir leis na cúrsaí curricula a bheith ina ábhar forlíontach do chúrsaí suirbhé coláisteacha.
- Measúnú agus Sainmhíniú Freagrachta sna Balcáin (Ceistineoir) PDF
- Chun an Neamh-in-chomhcheap a Thuiscint (Tagartha PowerPoint) PDF
- Ghuineasacht agus an Dlí Idirnáisiúnta (Tagartha PowerPoint) PDF
- An Dlí Idirnáisiúnta agus an Cogadh sa Bhoisnia (Tagartha PowerPoint) PDF
Tá acmhainní breise ar fáil ar iarratas.


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Long-term storage of biological materials is a critical component of any epidemiological study. In designing specimen repositories, efforts need to balance future needs for samples with logistical constraints necessary to process and store samples in a timely fashion.
In the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa), the Biobank was charged with long-term storage of more than 380,000 biological samples from pregnant women, their partners and their children for up to 100 years.
Biological specimens include whole blood, plasma, DNA and urine; samples are collected at 50 hospitals in Norway. All samples are sent via ordinary mail to the Biobank in Oslo where the samples are registered, aliquoted and DNA extracted. DNA is stored at −20 °C while whole blood, urine and plasma are stored at − 80 °C.
As of July 2006, over 227,000 sample sets have been collected, processed and stored at the Biobank. Currently 250–300 sets are received daily. An important part of the Biobank is the quality control program.
With the unique combination of biological specimens and questionnaire data, the MoBa Study will constitute a resource for many future investigations of the separate and combined effects of genetic, environmental factors on pregnancy outcome and on human morbidity, mortality and health in general.
Collection and long-term storage of biological specimens are becoming an integral part of many human studies . When designing longitudinal studies with biological specimens, researchers are faced with the question of how to perform sampling and store a vast number of samples in a way that allows the greatest number of analytical options in the future [1–4]. Issues of cost, feasibility, sample size and volume, sample processing, storage and retrieval of samples all contribute to the decisions that affect the scientific questions.
The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) is a prospective birth cohort enrolling pregnant women throughout Norway from 1999–2008. Biological material is to be collected from women in 100,000 pregnancies. In addition cord blood from their newborn infants and samples from 80,000 fathers may result in more than 380,000 unique sample sets for long-term storage. In addition to biological materials, detailed questionnaire data are collected during pregnancy and as the child ages. Additional health outcome information is available through linkage to Norwegian national health registries.
The overall aim is to study the effects of genetic and environmental factors on pregnancy outcomes and later health of the children as well as the parents. The study includes collection of questionnaires and registry information, and aims at having DNA for all participants as well as biological samples from pregnant women to assess environmental exposures. With this unique combination of biological specimens, DNA, and questionnaire data, the MoBa Study will constitute a resource for many future investigations of the effects of genetic and environmental factors on pregnancy outcome and on human morbidity, mortality and health in general. Here we present the chosen methods for sampling of biological material, sample processing, storage, and retrieval.
The target population consists of all women who give birth in Norway. The study is described in detail elsewhere . Briefly, pregnant women and their partners are recruited by mail prior to their ultrasound appointment at 17th week’s gestation; 99% of pregnant women in Norway have routine ultrasounds. Direct participation contact occurs at the ultrasound appointment and at delivery. The opportunity for collection of biological material exists only on these occasions. Table 1 shows the progression of the study enrolment over time; currently 50 of 52 hospitals that perform deliveries in Norway are participating.
Biological specimens are collected from the mothers at 17–18 weeks of gestation and at the time of delivery. Blood samples from the fathers are collected at the ultrasound appointment; recruitment of fathers began in 2000. Cord blood samples are drawn at delivery or, if cord blood is unavailable, a capillary sample from the newborn child is collected at the time of phenylketonuria (PKU) screening (3–4 days after birth). Over the course of the study, the specimens collected have changed as research interests have grown. Figure 1 presents a timeline of the specimen collection activities.
Initially, only two 7-ml EDTA tubes (Becton-Dickinson (BD), Plymouth, UK) were drawn from women at the ultrasound appointment. One of the EDTA tubes is spun following sample collection in the hospital laboratory and plasma is pulled o3 before shipping; the other is shipped in the vacutainer directly to the Biobank. In 2002, based on particular interests in environmental toxins, the sample set was extended to include an additional 7-ml anticoagulant tube for plasma analysis and one plastic 3-ml EDTA tube (BD, Plymouth, UK) of blood for trace metal analysis. Additionally, 8-ml of urine is collected in a urine cup and transferred to a urine transport tube. (Becton-Dickinson (BD), Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). Urine was initially shipped in tubes without bacterostatic additive (BD, Plymouth, UK), but most of the urine samples showed bacterial growth upon receipt in the Biobank. We therefore tested the impact of urine preservation methods on potential environmental analyses of interest (e.g., phthalates, bisphenol A) . As a result of this evaluation we changed the protocol in 2003 to ship urine samples in tubes with chlorhexidine (UAP Vacutainers, BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). From fathers, the umbilical cord and mothers one day after delivery two 7-ml EDTA tubes are drawn.
Samples are shipped overnight from hospital laboratories to the Biobank. A majority of samples are received the day after collection. Samples are processed the day of receipt. A specially designed computer program (The Mother–Child program) supports all processing at the Biobank. This Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) controls all steps where sample identity can be mixed-up, e.g. transfer of samples from one tube to another. Specimen tubes from hospitals are labelled with the woman’s name and national identity number; upon registration in the Biobank the sample sets get a unique Biobank ID which is linked to the MoBa participant ID for this pregnancy. At registration the LIMS records maternal ID, date of sampling, date of receipt, collection hospital, and sample status at arrival (e.g., incomplete volume, haemolysed, coagulated). Bar codes with the unique Biobank identifier are automatically printed for further sample processing. Our LIMS also stores locations for all aliquots for each Biobank ID (which freezer, rack, plate, and position on the 96 well plate). Access to the Mother-Child program is highly restricted, and a tape back-up of the database is made each night and stored in a fire-protected area.
Whole blood is aliquoted into two polypropylene deep-well plates (930 μl in each, ABgene, Surrey, UK). For the plasma pulled off at the hospital laboratories before shipment, a total of 1.8-ml is aliquoted onto 6 different polypropylene microtitre plates (300 μl each, ABgene, Surrey, UK) using Tecan pipetting robots (three Genesis RSP 200 and one Freedom Evo, Tecan Ltd, Männedorf, Switzerland). The plates are sealed with heat-sealing foil sheets (Easy Peel, ABgene, Surrey, UK). Maternal plasma collected for environmental analyses is spun at the Biobank and aliquoted into individually labelled vials on three Matrix™ plates (TrackMates tubes, Hudson, NH, individual nanobar code; e.g. 2D bar code on each tube, 930 μl in each). Urine is divided into 930 μl aliquots on six Matrix plates.
The 930 μl volume was selected because this is the maximum efficient volume for the Tecan machine; larger volumes require a much greater aliquoting time and thus all samples are stored in 930 μl or smaller volumes. DNA is extracted manually using the FlexiGene kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Quality control is performed on all DNA samples using a spectrophotometer (Spectramax 190, Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA) where optical density (OD) is tested in triplicates. Stringent parameters must be adhered to for DNA to be accepted. These parameters include a DNA purity of 1.6–2.0 260/280 ratio, a DNA concentration in excess of 20 ng/μl, and OD at zero for the negative control included in each batch of 24 samples (e.g. extracted at the same time). All indications of quality outside the requirement are marked in our LIMS. The DNA concentrations are subsequently normalised to 100-ng/μl using a Tecan pipetting (Generis 2000, Ma¨ nnedorf, Switzerland) robot; which also tracks the amount of DNA aspirated throughout the process. DNA normalisation is based on four different computer programs that communicate with each other (Softmax Pro 3.0 for the spectrophotometer, Gemini for the Tecan machine, MCS (specially made for communication between Softmax Pro 3.0 and Gemini). DNA is then aliquoted into four to ten 1.4-ml deep-well plates (930 μl in each) dependent on the DNA yield, the volume in each well which is not totally filled is calculated and recorded, and the file from the Gemini program of the Tecan robot is imported to the Mother–Child program.
DNA is stored at −20 °C while whole blood, urine and plasma are stored at −80 °C. Plates containing aliquots from the same sample are stored in two different chest freezers. The 3-ml EDTA tube for metal analysis is stored at −20 °C. All freezers are connected to an external alarm system, and temperatures are logged routinely. An emergency electrical system is connected to all freezers to provide backup power.
We plan to retrieve specified samples using automated equipment for all samples stored in the 96-well format. Study investigators will identify subjects and samples of interest; these personal identification numbers will be linked to the encrypted Biobank IDs and pull lists will be generated. Once the samples to be retrieved are identified, the retrieval file from the Mother–Child program will be transferred to a MultiPROBE II robot (Perkin Elmer, Wellesley, MA). Up to 100 plates are loaded into the MultiPROBE II robot for automatic retrieval and transfer to a delivery plate. The retrieved volume from a certain position is tracked in the Mother–Child program.
Conduct of such a large study over such a long period of time requires a comprehensive quality assurance program to ensure the ability to track changes over time. In addition to standard operating procedures (SOPs) which are constantly updated, the Biobank is being ISO-certified (ISO 9001). As part of the QA, we keep five samples from each lot of materials used in the study; this includes vacutainers, pipettes, tips and plates. Because a majority of sample collection and processing occurs at the 50 hospitals, annually we conduct a written survey of all hospitals involved to assess collection, processing, and storage procedures in order to identify variations in protocols throughout the study period. We are conducting an evaluation of changes in different markers in plasma and urine during repeatedly freeze-thaw cycles and long-term storage. Sodium, cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, vitamin E and aspartic aminotransferase were analysed in plasma while sodium and creatinine were analysed in urine ; results will be presented in a future manuscript.
As of July 07, 2006, a total of 227,510 sample sets have been received, processed and stored at the Biobank (representing 68,385 pregnancies, 47,663 fathers and 57,573 children). The tubes, the shipment, as well as the processing and storage are shown in Figure 2, illustrated by the sample set from mothers at 17th–18th week of pregnancy. The number of received sample sets and sample types are shown in Table 2. Currently, 250–300 sample sets are received and processed daily by 14 full-time technicians.
The QA/QC program is ongoing and will be incorporated into analyses using the biological specimens. This information will facilitate investigators’ decisions regarding what samples to use for a specific analysis; for example, if the analyte is stable over multiple freeze thaw cycles, it will be less critical which aliquot to select than if the analyte is changed as a result of thawing and refreezing.
In determining the logistics of a biological specimen repository, issues of optimal processing and storage of samples need to be balanced by the cost and feasibility of these methods.
Key factors that affect the stability of biological samples include anticoagulants, stabilising agents, temperature, elapsed time from collection to initial processing and endogenous degrading properties (enzymes, cell death) [1–4]. The effects of each of these on known factors have been carefully considered together with the simplest logistics and lowest costs. EDTA works well for DNA-based assays; citrate stabilised blood gives a higher yield of lymphocytes for culture, while heparin is the anticoagulant usually used for immediate analysis and is regarded as the best for trace element analysis. Since MoBa never planned to isolate lymphocytes or perform Epstein-Barr virus transformation of peripheral mononuclear cells, EDTA was chosen as the anticoagulant. Citrate has been regarded as the only anticoagulant for analysis of coagulation factors, but recently a new enzyme immunoassay for measuring immunologically intact fibrinogen in EDTA samples has been developed . To make the procedure for blood sampling as easy and standardised as possible we ended up collecting only EDTA tubes for whole blood, plasma and DNA. Another large cohort study collecting biological specimens, the UK Biobank study, will also be using EDTA plasma for almost all analytes (UK Biobank www.ukbiobank.ac.uk, see Sample Handling and Storage subgroup protocol and recommendations, Appendix 3).
The temperature of the sample during transport is a critical factor in ensuring integrity and flexibility in future analysis [1–4]. The appropriate temperature depends on the biomolecules of interest and, ideally, the MoBa Biobank would need to take into account the temperature requirements for the stability of each biomarker. This was not feasible, partly due to the extra work it would require of the hospital laboratory personnel and partly because of the increased postage costs to ship on ice. MoBa samples are therefore sent by ordinary mail, as is also the case for many blood samples for clinical testing in Norway and elsewhere. In our freeze-thaw program, samples were tested before freezing and then each time for 30 individual freeze-thaw cycles for six analytes. The biggest difference in test levels was found between the test before freezing and after the first thawing. This will be true for all samples in the Biobank, because all analysis will be performed after at least one thawing.
Many archives of biological material store whole blood and extract DNA later based on a nested case-control design . Because many outcomes in the MoBa study are anticipated to occur soon after enrolment (e.g., pregnancy outcomes), it was a priority to extract DNA from all samples at time of collection, even though the cost of this option was high. To facilitate DNA sample delivery, DNA concentration adjustment is also performed at the time of extraction. Thus, retrieval only has to consider volume to determine the amount of required DNA. Commercial companies use this strategy as well [9, 10].
Microtitre plates, although facilitating storage (both costs and space), may result in challenges because each time a certain sample is required, all the 95 other samples on that plate will be thawed as well. It was therefore decided as part of the collaborative project with National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences to store maternal plasma also on Matrix plates. The cost per sample is approximately 10 times higher compared to microtitre plates (1.8 compared to 0.15 US $), but allows the flexibility of being able to retrieve individual vials still working within the 96-well format allowing for automated aliquoting of samples.
As of July 7, 2006, a total number of 227,510 sample sets are registered and processed at the Biobank. We continue to receive 1200–1300 sample sets per week (five working days) and will soon begin retrieving samples for nested case-control studies. Researchers who would like to collaborate on specific research questions should consult the “guidelines for access to data” published on the website of NIPH (www.fhi.no/tema/morogbarn). Managing such diverse activities present challenges for the Biobank, but given the forethought in the sample collection activities, analysts should be able to take full advantage of this resource to explore the factors associated with successful pregnancy out-come and health among Norwegian families.
The Biobank of the MoBa study is supported by NIH/NIEHS (grant no. N01-ES-85433), NIH/NINDS (Autism Birth Cohort U01 NS 047537), EU/EARNEST (grant no. 007036), Norwegian Research Council/FUGE (grant no. 151918/S10) and the Norwegian Government. We thank the International Advisory Committee: Elaine Gunter, Richard Jones, Mads Melbye, Egil Jellum, and Anne-Lise Børresen-Dale for their helpful advice for design and logistics of the Biobank, the MoBa group in Bergen for recruitment and tracking of study participants, and all the laboratory technicians at the Biobank for their efforts.

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Is cuid ríthábhachtach d'aon staidéar eitinnsciolaíoch é stóráil fhadtéarmach ábhair bhitheolaíocha. Agus stórálacha samplaí á dtionscadal, ní mór iarrachtaí a dhéanamh chun riachtanais sa todhchaí a chothromú le haghaidh samplaí le srianta loighisticeacha is gá chun samplaí a phróiseáil agus a stóráil go tráthúil.
Sa Staidéar Comhorta Máthar agus Leanaí na hIorua (MoBa), cuireadh an t-ioncam ar an mBiabhanc stóráil fhadtéarmach níos mó ná 380,000 sampla bitheolaíoch ó mhná torracha, a gcomhpháirtithe agus a gcuid leanaí ar feadh suas le 100 bliain.
Áirítear ar na samplaí bitheolaíocha an fhuil iomlán, an phlasma, an DNA agus an t-uisce; bailítear samplaí in 50 ospidéal sa Iorua. Seoltar na samplaí go léir trí ghnáthphost chuig an mBiabhanc in Oslo áit a ndéantar na samplaí a chlárú, a aicíocáil agus a bhaint as DNA. Stóráiltear DNA ag -20 °C agus stóráiltear fuil iomlán, fual agus plasma ag -80 °C.
Faoi Iúil 2006, bailíodh, próiseáladh agus stóráladh níos mó ná 227,000 tacar samplaí sa Bhiabhanc. Faoi láthair, faightear 250-300 seata in aghaidh an lae. Is cuid thábhachtach den Bhia-Bainc an clár um rialú cáilíochta.
Leis an meascán uathúil de speiceas bitheolaíoch agus sonraí ceistneora, is acmhainn é Staidéar MoBa do go leor imscrúduithe amach anseo ar éifeachtaí ar leithligh agus chomhcheangailte fachtóirí géiniteacha agus comhshaoil ar thoradh toirchis agus ar ionfhabhtacht, ar bháis agus ar shláinte an duine i gcoitinne.
Tá bailiú agus stóráil fadtéarmach speiceam bitheolaíocha ag éirí mar chuid dhílis de go leor staidéir daonna . Nuair a dhéantar staidéir fhadtéarmacha a dhearadh le samplaí bitheolaíocha, bíonn ceist os comhair taighdeoirí maidir le conas samplaí a thógáil agus líon mór samplaí a stóráil ar bhealach a cheadaíonn an líon is mó roghanna anailíse sa todhchaí [14]. Cuidíonn saincheisteanna a bhaineann le costas, indéantacht, méid agus toiliú sampla, próiseáil sampla, stóráil agus aisghabháil samplaí le cinntí a théann i bhfeidhm ar na ceisteanna eolaíocha.
Is éard atá i Staidéar Cohort Máthar agus Leanaí na hIorua (MoBa) ná cohorta breithe ionchasach a chláraigh mná torracha ar fud na hIorua ó 19992008. Tá ábhar bitheolaíoch le bailiú ó mhná i 100,000 toirchis. Ina theannta sin, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh níos mó ná 380,000 tacar samplaí uathúil le stóráil fadtéarmach mar thoradh ar fhuil cordal ó na leanaí nuabheirthe agus ar shamplaí ó 80,000 athair. Chomh maith le hábhair bhitheolaíocha, bailítear sonraí mionsonraithe ar cheistneoir le linn toirchis agus de réir mar a théann an leanbh in aois. Tá faisnéis bhreise maidir le torthaí sláinte ar fáil trí nasc le cláir náisiúnta sláinte na hIorua.
Is é an aidhm foriomlán ná staidéar a dhéanamh ar na héifeachtaí a bhíonn ag fachtóirí géiniteacha agus comhshaoil ar thorthaí toirchis agus ar shláinte níos déanaí na leanaí chomh maith leis na tuismitheoirí. Áirítear leis an staidéar suirbhéanna agus faisnéis chlár a bhailiú, agus tá sé mar aidhm aige DNA a bheith aige do gach rannpháirtí chomh maith le samplaí bitheolaíocha ó mhná torracha chun nochtadh comhshaoil a mheas. Leis an meascán uathúil seo de speiceas bitheolaíoch, DNA, agus sonraí ceistneora, is acmhainn é Staidéar MoBa do go leor imscrúduithe amach anseo ar éifeachtaí fachtóirí géiniteacha agus comhshaoil ar thoradh toirchis agus ar ionfhabhtacht, ar bháis agus ar shláinte an duine i gcoitinne. Tá sé beartaithe go ndéanfar an t-ábhar a bhailiú agus a stóráil go comhleanúnach.
Is éard atá sa daonra spriocdhírithe na mná go léir a thugann breith sa Iorua. Déantar cur síos mionsonraithe ar an staidéar in áit eile . Go hachomair, earcaítear mná torracha agus a gcomhpháirtithe trí phost roimh an gceapachán ultrafhuaime a bheidh acu ag an 17ú seachtain de toirchis; 99% de mhná torracha sa Iorua a bhfuil ultrafhuaime gnáth. Tarlaíonn teagmháil rannpháirtíochta dhíreach ag an gceapachán ultrafhuaime agus ag an bhreith. Ní féidir ábhar bitheolaíoch a bhailiú ach amháin sna cásanna seo. Taispeánann tábla 1 dul chun cinn na cláraithe san staidéar thar am; faoi láthair tá 50 os cionn 52 ospidéal a dhéanann seachadadh sa Iorua ag glacadh páirt.
Tógtar samplaí bitheolaíocha ó na máithreacha ag 17-18 seachtaine de mheáchain agus ag an am a sheoltar iad. Tógtar samplaí fola ó na tuismitheoirí ag an gceapachán le haghaidh ultrafhuaime; thosaigh earcú na n-aithreacha sa bhliain 2000. Tógtar samplaí fola cordón ag an bhreith nó, mura bhfuil fola cordón ar fáil, baintear sampla capillaire ón leanbh nuabheirthe tráth sgríobhtha phenylketonuria (PKU) (3~4 lá tar éis an bhreith). Le linn na staidéir, tá na samplaí a bailíodh tar éis athrú de réir mar a d'fhás spéis taighde. Léirítear i bhfigiúr 1 amlíne na ngníomhaíochtaí bailiúcháin samplaí.
Ar dtús, níor tógadh ach dhá thús EDTA 7-ml (Becton-Dickinson (BD), Plymouth, an Ríocht Aontaithe) ó mhná ag an gceapachán ultrafhuaime. Déantar ceann de na feadáin EDTA a fhliú tar éis sampla a bhailiú sa saotharlann ospidéil agus tarraingtear plasma ó 3 sula gcuirtear ar loingsiú é; cuirtear an ceann eile ar loingsiú sa vacsaínéir go díreach chuig an mBiabhanc. I 2002, bunaithe ar leasanna áirithe i tocsainí comhshaoil, leathnaíodh an tacar samplaí chun feadán 7 ml frith-chruthaitheach breise a chur san áireamh le haghaidh anailíse plaismí agus feadán plaisteach 3 ml EDTA (BD, Plymouth, an Ríocht Aontaithe) fola le haghaidh anailíse miotail rian. Ina theannta sin, bailítear 8 ml d'fhual i gcúigfhual fual agus aistrítear é chuig feadán iompair fual. (Becton-Dickinson (BD), Franklin Lakes, NJ, SAM). Cuireadh an t-uisce ar shiúl i dtúbacha gan breiseán baictéarostatach (BD, Plymouth, an Ríocht Aontaithe) ar dtús, ach léirigh formhór na samplaí úire fás baictéarach nuair a fuarthas iad sa Biobank. Dá bhrí sin, rinneamar tástáil ar thionchar modhanna caomhnaithe an fhliuch ar anailíseacha comhshaoil féideartha a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina spéis (m.sh., phthalates, bisphenol A). Mar thoradh ar an meastóireacht seo, d'athraigh muid an prótacal i 2003 chun samplaí fuála a sheoladh i mbróga le clóirheicsidín (UAP Vacutainers, BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ, SAM). Tógtar dhá thús EDTA 7 ml ó na tuismitheoirí, an cordon umbilical agus ó na máithreacha lá amháin tar éis an tsoláthair.
Seoltar samplaí thar oíche ó saotharlanna ospidéil go dtí an Biobank. Fógraíonn an Coimisiún an méid seo a leanas: Déantar próisis a phróiseáil an lá a fhaightear iad. Tacaíonn clár ríomhaire atá deartha go speisialta (an clár Mother  Child) leis an bpróiseáil go léir sa Bhibhiobanc. Rialaíonn an Córas Bainistíochta Faisnéise Saotharlainne (LIMS) seo gach céim ina bhféadfaí aitheantas an tsampála a mheascadh, e.g. aistrithe samplaí ó thús amháin go dtí an ceann eile. Tá an t-ainm agus an uimhir náisiúnta aitheantais náisiúnta ar na tiúbanna samplaí ó ospidéil; nuair a chláraítear iad sa Bhiabhanc faigheann na tacar samplaí ID Biobhanc uathúil atá nasctha le ID rannpháirtí MoBa don toirchis seo. Ag an gclárú, taifeadann an LIMS aitheantas na máthar, dáta an bharánta, dáta an fhaighte, ospidéal na bailiúcháin, agus stádas an bharánta ar an bhfáil (e.g., toiliú neamhchríochnaithe, hemolysed, coagulated). Tá cóid bhrabhs le hiontrálaí uathúil an Bhia-Bainc á phriontáil go huathoibríoch chun próiseáil bhreise a dhéanamh ar an sampla. Coinníonn ár LIMS áiteanna freisin do gach aliquot do gach ID Biobank (an reoiteoir, an raca, an pláta, agus an seasamh ar an pláta 96 tobar). Tá rochtain ar an gclár Máthair-Leanbh an-teoranta, agus déantar cúltaca téip den bhunachar sonraí gach oíche agus stóráiltear é i limistéar cosanta dóiteáin.
Cuirtear an fhuil iomlán i dhá phláta polypropylene (930 μl i ngach ceann, ABgene, Surrey, RA). Maidir leis an plasma a tharraingtear amach sna saotharlanna ospidéil roimh an loingsiú, déantar 1. 8 ml san iomlán a aliquotáil ar 6 pláta microtitre éagsúla polypropylene (300 μl gach ceann, ABgene, Surrey, UK) ag baint úsáide as róbataí pipettála Tecan (trí Genesis RSP 200 agus ceann amháin Freedom Evo, Tecan Ltd, Männedorf, an Eilvéis). Tá na plátaí séalaithe le bileoga fóil sealaithe teasa (Easy Peel, ABgene, Surrey, UK). Déantar plasma máthar a bhailítear le haghaidh anailíseanna comhshaoil a threorú sa Biobank agus a aliquotáil i vials lipéadaithe ar leith ar thrí phláta MatrixTM (tubaí TrackMates, Hudson, NH, cód nanobar aonair; e.g. Cód barra 2D ar gach feadán, 930 μl i ngach ceann). Déantar an t-uisce a roinnt ina 930 μl aliquots ar sé phláta Matrix.
Roghnaíodh an toirte 930 μl toisc gurb é seo an toirte is éifeachtaí don mheaisín Tecan; ní mór toirteanna níos mó a bheith i bhfad níos faide agus dá bhrí sin stóráiltear na samplaí go léir i toirteanna 930 μl nó níos lú. Déantar DNA a bhaint de láimh ag baint úsáide as an trealamh FlexiGene (Qiagen, Hilden, an Ghearmáin). Déantar rialú cáilíochta ar gach sampla DNA trí speictrófotóiméadar a úsáid (Spectramax 190, Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA) áit a ndéantar dlúthracht optúil (OD) a thástáil i dtrí dhúbailte. Ní mór cloí le paraiméadair dian chun DNA a ghlacadh. I gcás na n-earraí a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a scagadh, ba cheart an t-ábhar a scagadh go díreach agus a scagadh go díreach. a bhaint ag an am céanna). Tá gach léiriú ar cháilíocht lasmuigh den riachtanas marcáilte inár LIMS. Déantar na tiúchan DNA a normalú ina dhiaidh sin go 100 ng/μl ag baint úsáide as robot pipéadaithe Tecan (Generis 2000, Mannedorf, an Eilvéis); a rianálann an méid DNA a chuirtear isteach i rith an phróisis. Tá gnáthoibriú DNA bunaithe ar cheithre chlár ríomhaireachta éagsúla a dhéanann cumarsáid lena chéile (Softmax Pro 3.0 don speictramaitéar, Gemini don meaisín Tecan, MCS (a rinneadh go speisialta le haghaidh cumarsáide idir Softmax Pro 3.0 agus Gemini). Ansin déantar an DNA a aicíocú i gceithre go deich plátaí domhain 1.4 ml (930 μl i ngach ceann) ag brath ar an toradh DNA, ríomhtar agus taifeadtar an toirte i ngach tobar nach bhfuil líonta go hiomlán, agus déantar an comhad ó chlár Gemini an róbata Tecan a allmhairiú chuig an gclár Mother  Child.
Stóráiltear DNA ag -20 °C agus fola iomlán, fual agus plasma ag -80 °C. Tá plátaí ina bhfuil aliquots ón sampla céanna stóráilte i dhá fhuíreaséir chistin éagsúla. Coinnítear an feadán EDTA 3-ml le haghaidh anailíse miotail ag -20 °C. Tá na fuíleáin go léir nasctha le córas aláraim sheachtrach, agus déantar teochtaí a chlárú go rialta. Tá córas leictreach éigeandála ceangailte leis na fuíleoirí go léir chun cumhacht cúltaca a sholáthar.
Tá sé beartaithe againn samplaí sonraithe a aisghabháil ag baint úsáide as trealamh uathoibrithe do gach sampla a stóráiltear i bhformáid 96-poill. Déanfaidh imscrúdaitheoirí an staidéir ábhair agus samplaí spéise a shainaithint; déanfar na huimhreacha aitheantais phearsanta seo a nascadh leis na hÍdithe criptithe Biobank agus déanfar liostaí tarraingthe a ghiniúint. Nuair a bheidh na samplaí le fáil amach aitheanta, aistrítear an comhad faighte ón gclár MotherChild chuig róbata MultiPROBE II (Perkin Elmer, Wellesley, MA). Cuirtear suas le 100 pláta isteach sa róbót MultiPROBE II chun iad a aisghabháil go huathoibríoch agus a aistriú chuig pláta seachadta. Déantar an toirte a fhaightear ó shuíomh áirithe a rianú sa chlár MotherChild.
Chun staidéar chomh mór sin a dhéanamh thar thréimhse chomh fada ama, teastaíonn clár cuimsitheach um chinntiú cáilíochta chun a chinntiú go mbeidh sé indéanta athruithe a rianú thar am. Chomh maith le gnáthnós imeachta oibriúcháin (SOPanna) a nuashonraítear go leanúnach, tá an Biobank á deimhniú ag ISO (ISO 9001). Mar chuid den QA, coinnímid cúig sampla ó gach bailiúchán ábhair a úsáidtear sa staidéar; áirítear leis seo vacsaineoirí, pipéidí, barr agus plátaí. Ós rud é go dtarlaíonn formhór na bailiúcháin agus na próiseála samplaí sna 50 ospidéal, déanaimid suirbhé i scríbhinn gach bliain ar na hoispidéil uile a bhfuil baint acu leis chun nósanna imeachta bailiúcháin, próiseála agus stórála a mheas d'fhonn athruithe i bprótacail a aithint le linn thréimhse an staidéir. Tá meastóireacht á déanamh againn ar athruithe i marcóirí éagsúla i plasma agus i dtrácht le linn timthriallta athfhriotaithe reo-díthe agus stórála fadtéarmach. Rinneadh anailís ar an natrium, ar an chholesterol, ar na tríghlicrídí, ar na haigéid shailleacha saorga, ar vitimín E agus ar an aminotransféarás aspartach sa phlasma agus rinneadh anailís ar an natrium agus ar an gcreatínín san fhliuch; cuirfear na torthaí i láthair i lámhscríbhinn amach anseo.
Faoi an 7 Iúil 2006, fuair, próiseáil agus stóráil 227,510 tacar samplaí san iomlán ag an mBiabhanc (a léiríonn 68,385 toirchis, 47,663 athair agus 57,573 leanbh). Taispeántar na feadáin, an loingsiú, chomh maith leis an bpróiseáil agus an stóráil i bhFigiúr 2, léirítear iad leis an sampla a bhailíodh ó mháithreacha ag an 17ú-18ú seachtain de thráthnóna. Tá líon na sraitheanna samplaí a fuarthas agus cineálacha samplaí le feiceáil i dTábla 2. Faoi láthair, glactar 250300 seata samplaí agus déantar iad a phróiseáil go laethúil ag 14 theicnigeach lánaimseartha.
Tá an clár QA/QC ar siúl agus cuirfear é san áireamh i anailíseanna ag baint úsáide as na samplaí bitheolaíocha. Éascaíonn an fhaisnéis seo cinntí imscrúdaitheoirí maidir le cad samplaí a úsáid le haghaidh anailíse sonrach; mar shampla, má tá an t-anailís cobhsaí thar timthriallta éagsúla reoite, beidh sé níos lú criticiúla a roghnú a bhfuil aliquot ná má athraítear an t-anailís mar thoradh ar dhíscaoileadh agus athchreosadh.
Agus loighistic stórála samplaí bitheolaíocha á chinneadh, ní mór saincheisteanna próiseála agus stórála samplaí is fearr a chothromú le costas agus indéantacht na modhanna sin.
I measc na príomhfhachtóirí a dhéanann difear do chobhsaíocht na samplaí bitheolaíocha tá frith-ghrádaithe, gníomhairí cobhsaíochta, teocht, an t-am a rith ó bhailiú go próiseáil tosaigh agus airíonna díghrádú endogenacha (aingsaimí, bás cealla) [14]. Rinneadh machnamh cúramach ar na héifeachtaí a bhí ag gach ceann acu ar fhachtóirí ar a dtugtar, mar aon leis an lóistíocht is simplí agus na costais is ísle. Oibríonn EDTA go maith le haghaidh tástálacha DNA-bhunaithe; tugann fuil cithite a chobhsaíodh le citrate toradh níos airde de lymphocytes le haghaidh cultúir, agus is é heparin an anticoagulant a úsáidtear de ghnáth le haghaidh anailíse láithreach agus meastar gurb é an ceann is fearr le haghaidh anailíse eilimintí rian. Ós rud é nach raibh sé beartaithe ag MoBa liamhfosaití a leithdháileadh nó athrú víreas Epstein-Barr a dhéanamh ar chealla mononuclear imeallach, roghnaíodh EDTA mar an anticoagulant. Meastar gur é cithráit an t-aon anticoagulant chun anailís a dhéanamh ar fhachtóirí cóigilte, ach le déanaí forbraíodh imdhíon-imhionsamhlaíocht einsím nua chun fibrinogen neamhchlaonta go hinimníúil a thomhas i samplaí EDTA . Chun an nós imeachta chun samplaí fola a dhéanamh chomh simplí agus chomh caighdeánaithe agus is féidir, ní bhaineamar ach feadáin EDTA a bhailiú le haghaidh fola iomlán, plasma agus DNA. Úsáidfear plaisime EDTA freisin i staidéar mór cohorta eile a bhailíonn samplaí bitheolaíocha, staidéar Biobank na Ríochta Aontaithe, le haghaidh beagnach gach anailít (Biobank na Ríochta Aontaithe www.ukbiobank.ac.uk, féach Prótacal agus moltaí fo-ghrúpaí um Láimhseáil agus Stóráil Samhla, Leas-leathanach 3).
Tá an teocht an sampla le linn iompair ina fhachtóir ríthábhachtach chun sláine agus solúbthacht a chinntiú i anailís amach anseo [14]. Braitheann an teocht oiriúnach ar na bithmhóilíní is ábhar spéise agus, go hidéalach, bheadh ar an mBiabhanc MoBa riachtanais an teocht a chur san áireamh le haghaidh cobhsaíocht gach bithmharcóir. Ní raibh sé seo indéanta, go páirteach mar gheall ar an obair bhreise a bheadh ag teastáil ó phearsanra saotharlainne na ospidéil agus go páirteach mar gheall ar na costais poist méadaithe a bheadh le seoladh ar oighear. Dá bhrí sin, seoltar samplaí MoBa trí ghnáthphost, mar a tharlaíonn freisin i gcás go leor samplaí fola le haghaidh tástála cliniciúil sa Iorua agus in áiteanna eile. Iár gclár reo-díthe, rinneadh tástáil ar shamplaí roimh reo agus ansin gach uair le haghaidh 30 timthriall reo-díthe aonair do shé anailít. Fuarthas an difríocht is mó i leibhéil tástála idir an tástáil roimh an reo agus tar éis an chéad dhíscaoileadh. Beidh sé seo fíor do na samplaí go léir sa Bhia-Bainc, toisc go ndéanfar na hanailíse go léir tar éis díghrádú amháin ar a laghad.
Stóráil go leor cartlanna de ábhar bitheolaíoch fola iomlán agus DNA a bhaint amach ina dhiaidh sin bunaithe ar dhearadh cás-rialú cnó . Ós rud é go bhfuilthar ag súil go dtarlóidh go leor torthaí i staidéar MoBa go luath tar éis an chláraithe (m.sh. torthaí toirchis), ba phríomhthosaíocht é DNA a bhaint as gach sampla ag am na bailiúcháin, cé go raibh costas an rogha seo ard. Chun seachadadh sampla DNA a éascú, déantar coigeartú tiúchan DNA a dhéanamh freisin tráth na hionstraime. Dá bhrí sin, ní gá ach méid a mheas chun an méid DNA is gá a chinneadh. Baineann cuideachtaí tráchtála úsáid as an straitéis seo freisin [9, 10].
Cé go gcuireann plátaí microtitre stóráil (costais agus spás araon) ar fáil, d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh dúshláin ann toisc go mbeidh na 95 sampla eile ar an pláta sin deataithe gach uair a bheidh sampla áirithe ag teastáil. Mar sin, chinn an tAire, mar chuid den tionscadal comhoibritheach leis an Institiúid Náisiúnta Eolaíochtaí Sláinte Comhshaoil, plasma mháthar a stóráil ar phlátaí Matrix freisin. Tá an costas in aghaidh an sampla thart ar 10 huaire níos airde i gcomparáid le plátaí microtitre (1.8 i gcomparáid le 0.15 US $), ach ceadaíonn sé an solúbthacht a bheith in ann vials aonair a fháil a oibríonn fós laistigh den fhormáid 96-well a cheadaíonn aliquoting uathoibrithe samplaí.
Faoi 7 Iúil 2006, tá líon iomlán de 227,510 tacar samplaí cláraithe agus próiseáilte ag an mBiabhanc. Leanann muid ag fáil 12001300 seata samplaí in aghaidh na seachtaine (céad lá oibre) agus beidh muid ag tosú ag fáil samplaí go luath le haghaidh staidéir cás-rialú snasta. Ba cheart do thaighdeoirí ar mian leo comhoibriú ar cheisteanna taighde sonracha dul i gcomhairle leis na "treoirlínte maidir le rochtain ar shonraí" a foilsíodh ar shuíomh gréasáin NIPH (www.fhi.no/tema/morogbarn). Tá sé deacair ar an mBanc Bithfhiúchas gníomhaíochtaí éagsúla den sórt sin a bhainistiú, ach i bhfianaise na réamhsmaoineamh a bhí i ngníomhaíochtaí na bailiúcháin samplaí, ba cheart go mbeadh na hanailísithe in ann leas iomlán a bhaint as an acmhainn seo chun iniúchadh a dhéanamh ar na tosca a bhaineann le toradh rathúil toirchis agus sláinte i measc teaghlaigh na hIorua.
Tá tacaíocht ag NIH/NIEHS do Biobank an staidéir MoBa (deontas uimh. N01-ES-85433), NIH/NINDS (Autism Birth Cohort U01 NS 047537), EU/EARNEST (deontas uimh. 007036), Comhairle Taighde na hIorua/FUGE (deontas uimh. 151918/S10) agus Rialtas na hIorua. Go raibh maith agat as an gCoiste Comhairleach Idirnáisiúnta: Elaine Gunter, Richard Jones, Mads Melbye, Egil Jellum, agus Anne-Lise Børresen-Dale as a gcuid comhairle úsáideach maidir le dearadh agus lóistíocht an Biobank, an grúpa MoBa i Bergen chun rannpháirtithe staidéir a earcú agus a rianú, agus na teicneoirí saotharlainne go léir ag an Biobank as a gcuid iarrachtaí.


The scientific name of the European honey bee is Apis Mellifera, the honey-maker (C.1761)
The medicinal importance of honey has been documented in the world’s oldest medical literatures, and since the ancient times, it has been known to possess antimicrobial property as well as wound-healing activity. The healing property of honey is due to the fact that it offers antibacterial activity, maintains a moist wound condition, and its high viscosity helps to provide a protective barrier to prevent infection. Its immunomodulatory property is relevant to wound repair too. The antimicrobial activity in most honeys is due to the enzymatic production of hydrogen peroxide. However, another kind of honey, called non-peroxide honey (viz., manuka honey), displays significant antibacterial effects even when the hydrogen peroxide activity is blocked.
(2011, M D Mandal1 and S Mandal2,)
Our natural, raw honey is made from the nectar from wild herbs and flowers that grow around Lytchett Bay and in the surrounding fields, heathland and woods. The benefits of hundreds of herbs and flowers are carried in the form of nectar in the stomach of the bee, where it is subtly altered by the bee’s digestive enzymes in ways that modern science has been unable to explain. This process creates new compounds before the honey is regurgitated in the hive, concentrated by evaporation, and stored in honeycomb.
Raw honey is one of nature’s richest super food sugar substitutes, containing over 80 different health-giving proponents. These properties are only found in raw unprocessed honey that is pure, unfiltered and unheated, embodying the natural bouquet of flower pollination with a potent source of nutritional elements. All around the world, humans have for centuries been using honey straight from the beehive.
Raw honey is a great alternative sweetener because it enters the bloodstream slowly and maintains a balanced flow of energy instead of the standard refined honey or sugar lows and highs. However, when consuming natural sweeteners with high sugar content like honey, it is important not to overdo it and always use in moderation within a healthy diet. Avoid raw honey if you have concerns about candida or parasites in the body.
Did you know?
- Shop for honey and you’ll see that some are lighter, others are darker. In general, the darker the honey, the better its antibacterial and antioxidant power
- Honey was known to the Greeks as the “food of the Gods”
- Honey was used in WWI to treat soldiers wounds. It is healing as antibacterial & attracts & absorbs moisture
Natural, raw honey varies in colour – there’s dark treacly heather honey, rich and distinctive in flavour from the ling that blooms across the county’s heathland from July to October. There’s delicate pale honey from oilseed rape fields, ablaze with yellow blooms in springtime, or slightly minty honey from lime trees that burst into flower in July. Then there’s fragrant floral honey that in late spring speaks of apple blossom and in summer of wild meadows and garden flowers.
Commonly purchased supermarket brands of honey is not raw honey, instead it is a refined version of truly raw honey, and often blends of different honeys that can come from a vast area (including China and the far East). Commercial brands are pasturised (by heating to at least 70 ̊ C or more followed by rapid cooling) and then filtered which removes many of the natural enzymes, nutrients and antioxidants. It looks consistent in colour & clearer to make it look more appealing on the shelf.
But at Lytchett Bay Apiaries, we don’t process our honey this way. Instead, it is simply spun from the frames, and passed through a strainer to remove bits of wax etc. This means more of the micronutrients and enzymes are preserved, as well as more pollen grains, which are good for keeping hayfever at bay (allegedly).
At Lytchett Bay Apiaries, we bring to our customers raw unadulterated honey that nourishes the body and pleases the soul.

Is é Apis Mellifera, an déantóir mil (C.1761) ainm eolaíoch an bhealaigh mheala Eorpaigh
Tá tábhacht leigheasach an mheala cláraithe i litríocht leighis is sine ar domhan, agus ó na hamhachtaí, tá a fhios go bhfuil air airíonna frithmhiocróbacha a bheith aige chomh maith le gníomhaíocht leigheasán gorta. Tá an t-eitilt leigheastach atá ag mil mar gheall ar an bhfíric go bhfuil gníomhaíocht frithbhictéarach aige, go gcoinníonn sé staid taise na huaire, agus go gcuireann a chuid greannmhar ard cosc cosanta ar ionfhabhtuithe. Tá a chuid maoine imdhíonachta ábhartha freisin maidir le hathchóiriú gorta. Tá an ghníomhaíocht frithmhiocróbach i bhformhór na milis mar gheall ar tháirgeadh enzimatic de perócsaíd hidrigine. Mar sin féin, léiríonn cineál eile mil, ar a dtugtar mil neamh-peróicéad (i.e., mil manuka), éifeachtaí suntasacha frith-bacteriacha fiú nuair a bhacfar gníomhaíocht peróicéad hidrigine.
(2011, M D Mandal1 agus S Mandal2,)
Déantar ár mil nádúrtha, amh as an nectar ó luibheanna agus bláthanna fiáine a fhásann timpeall Bhaile Lytchett agus sna páirceanna, sailleanna agus coillte atá timpeall air. Tá na buntáistí a bhaineann le céadta luibheanna agus bláthanna i bhfoirm neictear i mbéal an bhé, áit a ndéanann einsímí díleá na bhé athruithe subtle ar bhealaí nach raibh an eolaíocht nua-aimseartha in ann a mhíniú. Cruthaíonn an próiseas seo comhdhúile nua sula ndéantar an mil a athfhágáil sa chré, a thiomáint trí éadromú, agus a stóráil i gcraobh.
Tá mil amh ar cheann de na hionad siúcra súper-bhia is saibhre sa nádúr, ina bhfuil os cionn 80 tacóide éagsúla a thugann sláinte. Ní fhaightear na hairíonna seo ach i mil amh neamhphróiseáilte atá íon, gan scagadh agus gan teas, a chuimsíonn an bouquet nádúrtha de pholláineadh bláthanna le foinse láidir eilimintí cothaitheacha. Ar fud an domhain, tá daoine ag úsáid mil díreach ón gclann ar feadh na gcéadta bliain.
Is mil iontach é an mil amh mar is é a théann isteach sa sruth fola go mall agus a choinníonn sreabhadh cothromaithe fuinnimh in ionad na meala raifíneáilte nó na n-uisceanna siúcra caighdeánacha. Mar sin féin, nuair a bhíonn milseoga nádúrtha a bhfuil cion siúcra ard iontu mar mheabhair á n-úsáid, tá sé tábhachtach gan ró-úsáid a bhaint as agus iad a úsáid i gcoibhneas i gcónaí laistigh de réim bia sláintiúil. Seachain mil amh má tá imní ort faoi candida nó paraisítí sa chorp.
An raibh a fhios agat?
- Seol do mheabhair agus feicfidh tú go bhfuil cuid acu níos éadroime, cuid eile níos dorcha. Go ginearálta, is é an méid is dorcha atá sa mheabhair, an méid is fearr a cumhacht frithbhictéarach agus frith-ocsaídeach
- Bhí mil ar eolas ag na Gréagaigh mar "bial na nDiaigh"
- Baineadh úsáid as mil sa chéad chogadh domhanda chun cóireáil a dhéanamh ar ghortú saighdiúirí. Tá sé ina leigheas mar antibacterial & tarraingíonn & ionsú taise
Tá mil nádúrtha, amh éagsúil ó thaobh dath de  tá mil mil dorcha treacly, saibhir agus sainiúil ó thaobh blas de ó na ling a bhíonn ag bláthú ar fud an chontae ó Iúil go Deireadh Fómhair. Tá mil bhlaosc íogair ó chríocha raps olach, ag lasadh le bláthanna buí i rith an earraigh, nó mil beagáinín mint ó chrainn liomóide a bhris isteach i bláth i mí Iúil. Ansin tá mil fhlór cumhra ann a labhraíonn faoi bhláth na h-uibhe i ndeireadh an earraigh agus i samhradh faoi bhláth na mbóithre fiáine agus faoi bhláth na gclann.
Ní hé mil amh a cheannaítear go coitianta i bhrandaí móra, is leagan scagtha de mheal fíor-mhiomhar é, agus is minic a bhíonn meascáin de mheáin éagsúla a d'fhéadfadh teacht ó limistéar leathan (lena n-áirítear an tSín agus an Fharth-Oirthear). Déantar brandaí tráchtála a phastú (trí théamh go 70 ̊ C nó níos mó agus ansin le fuarú tapa) agus ansin a scagadh a chuireann go leor de na einsímí nádúrtha, cothaithigh agus frithocsaídeoirí as. Tá an dath comhsheasmhach agus níos soiléire chun go mbeidh sé níos tarraingtí ar an seilf.
Ach ag Lytchett Bay Apiaries, ní dhéanaimid ár mil a phróiseáil ar an mbealach seo. Ina áit sin, ní dhéantar é ach a spinning ó na frámaí, agus a chur trí shrianta chun píosaí féitheacha srl a bhaint. Ciallaíonn sé seo go gcoinnítear níos mó de na miocrotháileoga agus na n-ainmhithe, chomh maith le níos mó gráin pholláin, atá go maith chun fiabhras na haine a choinneáil ar shiúl (ar a dtugtar).
Ag Lytchett Bay Apiaries, cuirimid ar fáil dár gcustaiméirí mil amh neamh-adulterated a chothóidh an corp agus a thaitníonn leis an anam.


Ooh la la! Year 1 French counting with Mademoiselle Ward
Year 1 have been using our skills of collaboration to help each other count in French! We rolled a dice and had to think really carefully about how to say the numbers that we’d learnt. If we couldn’t remember we helped each other count up from 1 using actions to give us clues. Ask the children to help you count to 10!

Ooh la la! Bliain 1 ag comhaireamh na Fraince le Mademoiselle Ward
Tá ár gcuid scileanna comhoibrithe ag an mbliain 1 ag baint úsáide as chun cabhrú lena chéile a chomhaireamh i bhFraincis! Bhí orainn smaoineamh go cúramach ar conas na huimhreacha a d'fhoghlaim muid a rá. Má bhí muid ag cuimhneamh ní raibh muid ag cabhrú le chéile a chomhaireamh suas ó 1 ag baint úsáide as gníomhartha a thabhairt dúinn leideanna. Iarr ar na páistí cabhrú leat a chomhaireamh go dtí 10!


|≈||approximately equal to|
|digits||indicates that digits repeat infinitely (e.g. 8.294 369 corresponds to 8.294 369 369 369 369 …)|
An attometer is a unit of length, a combination of the metric prefix atto (symbol a) and the SI unit of length meter (symbol m), equal to 10−18 meter or 1.0E-18 meter and its symbol is am. Plural name is attometers.
The link (usually abbreviated as "l.", "li." or "lnk."), sometimes called a Gunter’s link, is a unit of length formerly used in many English-speaking countries. A link is exactly 66⁄100 of a foot, or exactly 7.92 inches or 20.1168 cm.

Is é an t-am a d'fhág an t-am céanna le linn an tsaoil.
≪digits ≪ ≫ ciallóidh sé go bhfuil na huimhreacha ag athrá go neamhchríochnaithe (e.g. 8.294 369 comhionann le 8.294 369 369 369 369 ...)
Is aonad fad é attometer, meascán den réamhchomhfhéachtan méadrach atto (siombail a) agus an t-aonad SI de mhéadar fad (siombail m), comhionann le 10-18 méadar nó 1.0E-18 méadar agus is é am a shiombail. Is é an t-ainm il-ainm attometers.
An nasc (de ghnáth a ghearrthréitear mar "l.", "li". nó "Ink. "), ar a dtugtar nasc Gunters uaireanta, is aonad fad a úsáidtear roimhe seo i go leor tíortha Béarla-labhartha. Tá nasc díreach 66⁄100 de chosa, nó díreach 7.92 orlach nó 20.1168 cm.


Silt dispersion North Sea
This animation shows the dispersion of silt during the burial operations of a cable in the North Sea bed. The burial operation consist of two phases: first the pre-sweeping of sandwaves and second the trenching of the cable. The installation is executed from east to west. During flood the silt is transported to the north and during ebb to the south. High concentrations of silt can have a negative impact on the ecology. Red represents a high concentration of silt and blue a low concentration of silt.

Díspreagadh silte i Muir Thuaidh
Taispeánann an t-aistriúchán seo scaipeadh na muice le linn oibríochtaí léitheoireachta cábla i mbéal na Mara Thuaidh. Tá dhá chéim ag an oibríocht adhlactha: an chéad cheann ná réamh-scaip na n-aontaí gaineamh agus an dara ceann ná an cábla a thréigean. Déantar an suiteáil ó oirthear go dtí an iarthar. Le linn tuile, déantar an sliotán a iompar go dtí an tuaisceart agus le linn an t-eitil go dtí an deisceart. D'fhéadfadh tionchar diúltach a bheith ag tiúchan ard muiceolaí ar an éiceolaíocht. Léiríonn dearg tiúchan ard muice agus léiríonn gorm tiúchan íseal muice.


Maintaining clear and appropriate boundaries in the world of social media can be a real challenge for patients and the health professionals who care for them.
Advice from the Nursing and Midwifery Council issued last year warned that nurses and midwives must not overstep those boundaries by sharing confidential information, distributing images taken in clinical environments or pursuing personal relationships with patients online.
Similar advice for doctors followed, and other regulators are taking action on a subject that concerns patients, health professionals and their employers. But while this advice has been helpful in clarifying expectations of appropriate behaviour, and allowing regulators to take action when boundaries are breached, it may have left health professionals with the impression that any online engagement with their patients is simply wrong.
An event run by the NMC as part of this year's social media week brings together bloggers, tweeters and digital enthusiasts from both sides of the patient-professional divide, to see where the boundaries should be drawn.
The simple fact is that health professionals need to understand how their patients are using the web, so they can find ways to engage with them better while still maintaining appropriate boundaries. The web presents new opportunities to empower people to improve and maintain their health, by placing the tools to discover and share information directly in their hands.
Patients are becoming more empowered as they use online tools to learn and apply expert knowledge, and play a more active role in the prevention, treatment and monitoring of their own illnesses and conditions. Empowerment is happening collectively too, as groups of patients and carers participate in solidarity networks and advocacy groups centred on specific conditions and experiences.
Ready access to health information online can give empowered patients access to a range of materials that may help them manage their own conditions. Before they go to a real-world health professional, some patients find it useful to triage their conditions online. This can speed up diagnosis, and lead to more informed discussions between patients and professionals.
But it can also lead patients to develop a firm self-diagnosis that may make it harder to explore the problem when they do eventually meet a health professional. Conversations about the credibility of online information is important, particularly with patients whose approach to searching the web can be characterised as diagnosing with Google and treating with Wikipedia.
Nurses, midwives and other health professionals, engaging with their patients online, can help correct misinformation and signpost positive, peer-reviewed websites.
The internet, as well as being a source of health-related information, also provides patients with opportunities for mutual online support. Sometimes these online communities are actively managed by organisations that provide support in more traditional ways, such as cancer charities.
Other organisations find ways to engage in online spaces that were not designed with health in mind, for example sexual health advisers reaching out with safer sex information in gay chat rooms, or midwives engaging in networks for pregnant women and new mothers.
But what about the spaces where health professionals are deliberately excluded, such as "pro-ana" websites, which have been criticised for promoting anorexia nervosa among young people? Such sites are extremely worrying to health professionals and others because vulnerable people can be damaged if they follow their advice, leading to calls to have them classified as harmful and blocked automatically by internet service providers.
Professionals need to tread carefully and understand where the boundaries of safe practice are. Sometimes, this can mean stepping back and letting patients support each other.
Working out where to draw the boundaries is not easy, and patients and professionals need to find ways to coexist safely online. In every area of social media, rules of engagement are constantly being reviewed and our expectations rapidly evolve.
But like it or not, patients are taking conversations about their health online, and professionals have to follow, rethinking boundaries and getting involved.
Andy Jaeger is assistant director in professional and public communications at the Nursing and Midwifery Council and tweets here. The hashtag for the event is #SMWnmc.
This article is published by Guardian Professional. Join the healthcare network to receive regular emails and exclusive offers.

Is féidir le teorainneacha soiléire agus oiriúnacha a choinneáil i saol na meán sóisialta a bheith ina fhadhb fíor d'othair agus do na gairmithe sláinte a thugann aire dóibh.
Thug comhairle ón gComhairle um Altranas agus Máithreachais a eisíodh anuraidh rabhadh nach mór do na hoifigigh agus do na máithreacha na teorainneacha sin a shárú trí fhaisnéis rúnda a roinnt, íomhánna a tógadh i dtimpeallachtaí cliniciúla a dháileadh nó caidreamh pearsanta a leanúint le hothair ar líne.
Lean comhairle den chineál céanna do dhochtúirí, agus tá rialtóirí eile ag gníomhú ar ábhar a bhaineann le hothair, le gairmithe sláinte agus lena bhfostóirí. Ach cé go raibh an chomhairle seo cabhrach chun na hionchais maidir le hiompar cuí a shoiléiriú, agus chun ligean do rialálaithe gníomhú nuair a sháraítear teorainneacha, d'fhéadfadh sé go bhfágfadh sé le gairmithe sláinte an tuiscint go bhfuil aon rannpháirtíocht ar líne lena n-othair mícheart go simplí.
Tugann imeacht a reáchtáil an NMC mar chuid de sheachtain na meán sóisialta na bliana seo le chéile blogóirí, tweets agus díograiseoirí digiteacha ó gach taobh den scoilteach othair-ghairmiúil, chun a fheiceáil cá háit a gcaithfear na teorainneacha a tharraingt.
Is é an fhíric shimplí ná go gcaithfidh gairmithe sláinte a thuiscint conas a bhfuil a gcuid othair ag baint úsáide as an ngréasán, ionas gur féidir leo bealaí a aimsiú chun dul i ngleic leo níos fearr agus teorainneacha cuí á gcur i bhfeidhm fós. Cuireann an gréasán deiseanna nua ar fáil chun daoine a chumhachtú chun a sláinte a fheabhsú agus a chothabháil, trí na huirlisí a chur ar fáil chun faisnéis a fháil agus a roinnt go díreach ina lámha.
Tá níos mó cumhachta ag gabháil le hothair de réir mar a úsáideann siad uirlisí ar líne chun eolas saineolaithe a fhoghlaim agus a chur i bhfeidhm, agus ról níos gníomhaí a imirt i gcosaint, cóireáil agus faireachán a gcuid galair agus staidí féin. Tá cumhachtú ag tarlú go comhchoiteann freisin, de réir mar a ghlacann grúpaí othar agus cúramóirí páirt i líonraí dlúthpháirtíochta agus i ngrúpaí abhcóideachta atá dírithe ar choinníollacha agus ar thaithí ar leith.
Is féidir le rochtain réidh ar fhaisnéis sláinte ar líne rochtain a thabhairt do othair chumhachtaithe ar raon ábhar a d'fhéadfadh cabhrú leo a gcuid coinníollacha féin a bhainistiú. Sula dtéann siad chuig gairmí sláinte fíor-shaoil, is maith le roinnt othair triail a dhéanamh ar a riochtaí ar líne. Is féidir leis seo diagnóis a luathachadh, agus go dtiocfaidh díospóireachtaí níos eolasaí idir othair agus gairmithe.
Ach d'fhéadfadh sé freisin go bhforbródh othair féin-dhiagnóis daingean a d'fhéadfadh a dhéanamh níos deacra an fhadhb a iniúchadh nuair a bhíonn siad ag bualadh le gairmithe sláinte sa deireadh. Tá sé tábhachtach comhrá a dhéanamh faoi chreidiúnacht na faisnéise ar líne, go háirithe le hothair a bhfuil a gcuma le cuardach ar an ngréasán a shainmhínítear mar dhiagnóisiú le Google agus cóireáil le Wikipedia.
Is féidir le hoibrithe cúraim sláinte, le hoibrithe cúraim sláinte agus le gairmithe sláinte eile, a bheith ag plé lena gcuid othair ar líne, cabhrú le mífhaisnéis a cheartú agus suíomhanna Gréasáin dearfacha, a rinne athbhreithniú piaraí a chur in iúl.
Chomh maith le bheith ina fhoinse faisnéise a bhaineann le sláinte, cuireann an t-idirlíon deiseanna ar fáil do othair chun tacú lena chéile ar líne. Uaireanta, déanann eagraíochtaí a sholáthraíonn tacaíocht ar bhealaí níos traidisiúnta, amhail carthanais ailse, na pobail ar líne seo a bhainistiú go gníomhach.
Fuaireann eagraíochtaí eile bealaí chun dul i ngleic le spásanna ar líne nach ndearnadh iad a dhearadh le sláinte san áireamh, mar shampla comhairleoirí sláinte gnéis ag teacht amach le faisnéis faoi ghnéas níos sábháilte i seomraí comhrá aeracha, nó máithreacha ag dul i ngleic le líonraí do mhná torracha agus do mháithreacha nua.
Ach cad faoi na spásanna ina gcuirtear gairmithe sláinte ar shiúl go beacht, amhail suíomhanna Gréasáin "pro-ana", a ndearnadh cáineadh orthu as anorexia nervosa a chur chun cinn i measc daoine óga? Tá suíomhanna den sórt sin an-imní do ghairmithe sláinte agus do dhaoine eile toisc gur féidir le daoine leochaileacha a bheith díobhálach má leanann siad a gcuid comhairle, rud a fhágann go bhfuil glaonna ann chun iad a aicmiú mar dhroch-úsáidte agus iad a bhac go huathoibríoch ag soláthraithe seirbhíse idirlín.
Ní mór do ghairmithe dul go cúramach agus a thuiscint cá bhfuil teorainneacha na cleachtais shábháilte. Uaireanta, d'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith i gceist le céim siar a dhéanamh agus ligean do othair tacú lena chéile.
Ní éasca a fháil amach cá háit a tharraingfear na teorainneacha, agus ní mór do othair agus do ghairmithe bealaí a aimsiú chun cómhaireachtáil go sábháilte ar líne. I ngach réimse de na meáin shóisialta, déantar athbhreithniú ar rialacha rannpháirtíochta i gcónaí agus tá ár n-ionchais ag teacht chun cinn go tapa.
Ach is maith leat é nó nach maith leat, tá othair ag caint ar a sláinte ar líne, agus ní mór do ghairmithe leanúint, teorainneacha a athmheas agus dul i ngleic.
Tá Andy Jaeger ina leas-stiúrthóir i cumarsáid ghairmiúil agus poiblí ag an gComhairle Altranais agus Mháithreachais agus tweetann sé anseo. Is é an hashtag don ócáid #SMWnmc.
Foilsíodh an t-alt seo ag Guardian Professional. Bí páirteach sa líonra cúraim sláinte chun ríomhphoist rialta agus tairiscintí eisiacha a fháil.


When the boundary of the skin is crossed or cut, it heals with a scar. New skin scars are thick and full of blood vessels, but over a period of several months they become flatter and the blood supply decreases.
Skin scars that remain thick and wide but are confined to the area of the original injury are called hypertrophic scars. Hypertrophic (overgrown) scars are usually flesh-colored, pink, or red, and are dome-shaped. They can have areas with many prominent, tiny red blood vessels or areas that are flat and shiny within the raised, broad scar.

Nuair a thrasnaíonn teorainn an chraiceann nó nuair a ghearrtar é, leigheasann sé le scar. Tá scars craiceann nua tiubh agus lán de na soithigh fola, ach thar thréimhse roinnt míonna bíonn siad níos plátaí agus laghdaíonn soláthar fola.
Tugtar scars hypertrophic ar scars craiceann a fhanann tiubh agus leathan ach a bhfuil teoranta do limistéar an ghortú bunaidh. De ghnáth bíonn na scars hypertrophic (overgrown) dath feola, bándearg nó dearg, agus tá siad i gcruth dom. Is féidir leo a bheith ina limistéir le go leor soithigh fola dearga, beag, atá i bhfianaise nó limistéir atá cothrom agus gleansach laistigh den scar ard, leathan.


Having developed a new type of insulation that is fire-resistant, affordable, and environmentally friendly that rivals or improves on the performance of traditional insulation, W-Heat wants to end energy poverty and improve energy efficiency in buildings across Hungary and beyond.
In Hungary, low thermal insulation in most buildings leads to high energy use, while some 70% of households still need thermal insulation. With energy prices increasing 13-fold since 1992 and salaries rising just 9-fold, excess energy use is expensive - and harmful for the environment. W-Heat, a five-person research team from the Budapest University of Technology and Economics, has developed low-cost, sustainable insulation with equal or better performance than traditional types of insulation like plastic foams.
The insulation’s manufacturing is low energy and low carbon and is fully biodegradable, with the components coming from agricultural by-products, such as wheat straw and recycled glass. Importantly, the insulation is also fire-resistant and self-extinguishing, which could save lives in the event of a building fire. The insulation’s special properties are due to a special treatment of the wheat straw fibres which optimizes its porosity and increase its thermal insulation capability, as well as the new kind of binder composite that makes the insulation durable. Besides the material, the manufacturing process is also novel, because the whole process is scaled down using high-tech but low energy demand procedures to fit into a larger minivan, therefore, the thermal insulation boards can be produced locally where the straw is available or right at the construction sites saving transportation costs and labour.
With an expected increase in insulation across the globe in the coming years in an effort to improve energy efficiency and reduce emissions, W-heat hopes to develop a business plan on how their solution could be a viable and scalable business. Additionally, they would like support for the patenting process for their insulation and its processing method.
W-Heat is one of 15 finalists in the 2019 Social Innovation to Tackle Energy Poverty Program, launched by the Schneider Electric Foundation and Ashoka in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Romania.
Photo Credits: Janos Kummer

Tar éis cineál nua inslithe a fhorbairt atá frithsheasmhach in aghaidh tine, inacmhainne, agus neamhdhíobhálach don chomhshaol a bhíonn i gcomórtas nó a fheabhsaíonn feidhmíocht inslithe traidisiúnta, ba mhaith le W-Heat deireadh a chur le bochtaineacht fuinnimh agus éifeachtúlacht fuinnimh a fheabhsú i bhfoirgnimh ar fud na hUngáire agus níos faide i gcéin.
I Hongáir, bíonn úsáid ard fuinnimh mar thoradh ar insliú teiriúil íseal i bhformhór na bhfoirgneamh, agus tá gá fós le insliú teiriúil ag thart ar 70% de theaghlaigh. Agus praghsanna fuinnimh ag méadú 13 uair ó 1992 agus pá ag méadú ach 9 uair, tá an iomarca fuinnimh a úsáidtear costasach - agus díobhálach don chomhshaol. Tá insliú costasach inbhuanaithe a fhorbairt ag W-Heat, foireann taighde cúig dhuine ó Ollscoil Teicneolaíochta agus Eacnamaíochta na hIodáile, a bhfuil feidhmíocht chomhionann nó níos fearr aige ná cineálacha traidisiúnta insliú mar chraiceann plaisteach.
Tá an t-eisiamh á mhonarú ag úsáid fuinnimh íseal agus carbóin íseal agus tá sé go hiomlán bith-imdhíobhálach, agus na comhpháirteanna a thagann ó fho-tháirgí talmhaíochta, amhail sliocht cruithneachta agus gloine athchúrsáilte. Tá sé tábhachtach go bhfuil an t-ainsíocht frithsheasmhach agus féin-teoranta, rud a d'fhéadfadh beatha a shábháil i gcás tine foirgneamh. Tá na hairíonna speisialta atá ag an insliú mar gheall ar chóireáil speisialta ar na snáithíní síolta cruithneachta a bharrfheabhsaíonn a porosity agus a méadaíonn a cumas insliú teochta, chomh maith leis an gcineál nua comhdhéanta ceangail a dhéanann an insliú buan. Chomh maith leis an ábhar, tá an próiseas déantúsaíochta nua freisin, toisc go ndéantar an próiseas iomlán a laghdú trí úsáid a bhaint as nósanna imeachta ardteicneolaíochta ach íseal-iarrachta fuinnimh chun go mbeidh siad oiriúnach do mhion-fhuinneog níos mó, dá bhrí sin, is féidir na boird inslithe teasa a tháirgeadh go háitiúil áit a bhfuil an t-eireaball ar fáil nó díreach ar na suíomhanna tógála ag sábháil costais iompair agus saothair.
Le méadú a bhfuiltear ag súil leis ar insliú ar fud an domhain sna blianta amach romhainn i iarracht éifeachtúlacht fuinnimh a fheabhsú agus astaíochtaí a laghdú, tá súil ag W-heat plean gnó a fhorbairt maidir le conas a d'fhéadfadh a réiteach a bheith ina ghnó inmharthana agus in-leibhéal. Ina theannta sin, ba mhaith leo tacaíocht a fháil le haghaidh an phróisis phaitinne a dhéanamh ar a n-insliú agus ar a mhodh phróiseála.
Tá W-Heat ar cheann de 15 finaliste i gClár Nuálaíochta Sóisialta 2019 chun dul i ngleic le Bochtaineacht Fuinnimh, a sheol Fondúireacht Schneider Electric agus Ashoka sa Bhulgáir, sa Phoblacht Theic, san Ungáir, sa Pholainn agus sa Rómáin.
Creidiúintí Grianghraf: Janos Kummer


March 12, 2008 Inventorspot reports on a new development from Japan where researchers at the Shiga University of Medical Science have taken the common local food condiment, wasabi (or Japanese Horseradish), and created a unique smoke detector/fire alarm based on smell as an aid to the deaf in case of an emergency.
Most alarms rely on sound to alert us of potential danger - clearly not the right option for those suffering from hearing impairment. Systems using strobe lighting have also been developed but this approach has limitations, particularly if you are asleep, so researchers turned to the olfactory senses for this new development.
Wasabi has a super strong odor and when the green paste is consumed on quantities any bigger than about a pinhead, it packs a big punch. Burning in the nasal cavity is a common reaction. But used properly, the taste is amazing and the perfect complement to nori or sushi rolls. Based on the power of wasabi, the researchers built a silent smoke alarm with spray cans of wasabi extract inside.
Testing was conducted with a prototype alarm and 14 test subjects. The testers went to sleep in a room and once in a deep slumber, the scientist released the wasabi extract smell into the room. The test showed 13 out of 14 test subjects waking within two minutes. One of the testers, who is actually deaf, awoke in just 10 seconds from the perfume being sprayed into the room, perhaps highlighting the heightened senses of those with hearing impairments and the potential for this alarm. The creators of the wasabi alarm hope to have a final version available for consumers within two years.
See the BBC report on the olfactory alarm http://video.aol.com/video-detail/japanese-invent-silent-wasabi-smoke-alarm/2451836440.

12 Márta, 2008 Inventorspot tuairiscíonn forbairt nua ón tSeapáin áit a bhfuil taighdeoirí in Ollscoil Shiga na hEolaíochta Leighis tar éis an comhdhéanta bia áitiúil coitianta, wasabi (nó Horseradish Seapánach), a thógáil agus braiteoir deataigh / alarma tine uathúil a chruthú bunaithe ar an boladh mar chabhair do na daoine bodhra i gcás éigeandála.
Tá an chuid is mó de na rabhaidh ag brath ar fhuaim chun ár dtugaint faoi bhagairt féideartha - is léir nach rogha ceart é do dhaoine a bhfuil lag éisteachta acu. Tá córais a úsáideann solas stróbe forbartha freisin ach tá teorainneacha ag an gcur chuige seo, go háirithe má tá tú ag codladh, mar sin d'fhéach taighdeoirí ar na braiteoirí olfactóireachta don fhorbairt nua seo.
Tá boladh an-láidir ag Wasabi agus nuair a dhéantar an pasta glas a ithe i gcainníochtaí níos mó ná ceann pin, cuireann sé buille mór. Is é an t-imoibriú is coitianta ná dóthain sa chalafort nasal. Ach má úsáidtear é i gceart, tá an blas iontach agus is é an comhlántacht foirfe do nori nó rollaí sushi. Bunaithe ar chumhacht an wasabi, d'fhógair na taighdeoirí raidió tobac ciúin le cannaí spraeála eisiata wasabi istigh.
Rinneadh tástáil le fréamhshamhail aláraim agus 14 ábhar tástála. Chuaigh na tástálaithe a chodladh i seomra agus uair amháin i gcodladh domhain, scaoileadh an eolaí an boladh sliocht wasabi isteach sa seomra. Léirigh an tástáil go raibh 13 as 14 ábhar tástála ag teacht ar an gcloigeann laistigh de dhá nóiméad. D'éirigh duine de na tástálaithe, atá cliste i ndáiríre, i gceann 10 soicind amháin ón cumhrán a bhí á spraeáil isteach sa seomra, rud a d'fhéadfadh a chur i bhfios go raibh na braiteoirí a raibh lag éisteachta acu agus an fhéidearthacht go mbeadh an t-alarm seo ann. Tá súil ag cruthaitheoirí an t-alarma wasabi go mbeidh leagan deiridh ar fáil do thomhaltóirí laistigh de dhá bhliain.
Féach ar an tuarascáil BBC ar an aláram boladh http://video.aol.com/video-detail/japanese-invent-silent-wasabi-smoke-alarm/2451836440.


Starting with a C major scale:
we are going to build a triad on each note of the scale:
These are the diatonic triads in the key of C major. They only use notes in the key signature with no added sharps or flats.
Here are the same diatonic triads in the key of C major in the 1st inversion:
Here are the same diatonic triads in the key of C major in the 2nd inversion:
The chord symbols above the staff describe each chord... i.e.
Below the staff there is a series of Roman Numerals. It traditional music theory, diatonic chords and chord progressions are analyzed with Roman Numerals.
CHORD SYMBOLS are widely used in popular and jazz sheet music. Understanding them is a must for any chord player.
Although the ROMAN NUMERALS are not used today in most sheet music, they are EXTREMELY IMPORTANT in understanding and using SUBSTITUTE CHORDS and CHORD PROGRESSIONS.
Below are listed the DIATONIC TRIADS in all of the major keys.
Click here to GO BACK TO CHORDS & TRIADS
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Ag tosú le scála mór C:
Táimid ag dul a thógáil triad ar gach nóta an scála:
Is iad seo na triads diatonic i mbeagán C mór. Ní úsáideann siad ach nótaí sa shíniú eochair gan aon mhéara nó plátaí breise.
Seo na triads diatonic céanna i gcnaipe C mór sa 1ú haistriú:
Seo na triads diatonic céanna i mbeagán C mór sa 2ú haistriú:
Déanann na siombailí cords os cionn an fhoireann cur síos ar gach cords... i.e.
Faoi bhun an fhoireann tá sraith de uimhreacha Rómhánacha. Déantar anailís ar theoiric cheoil thraidisiúnta, ar chords diatonic agus ar leanúnachas chord le hIonúmar Rómhánach.
Úsáidtear siombailí chord go forleathan i nótaí ceoil tóir agus i d'fhuaim. Tá sé riachtanach go dtuigeann aon imreoir chorda iad.
Cé nach n-úsáidtear na huimhreacha Rómhánacha sa chuid is mó de na nótaí ceoil inniu, tá siad thar a bheith tábhachtach chun tuiscint a fháil ar na cordaí agus na dul chun cinn cordaí a chur ina n-ionad agus iad a úsáid.
Tá na TRIADÁIN DIATONIC sna príomh-eochair go léir liostaithe thíos.
Cliceáil anseo chun GO BACK TO CHORDS & TRIADS
Hi agus Fáilte!
Líon an fhoirm thíos chun clárú don tréimhseach saor in aisce
Leabhar Nuachta an Chainteora!
Faigh leideanna agus smaointe faoi chords malartacha, dul chun cinn chord agus gluaiseacht harmónach.
Éist & Seinn
Éist & Seinn


(ISNS) -- The discovery of two new jumbo-sized viruses is blurring the lines between viral and cellular life and could point to the existence of a new type of life, scientists suggest.
The two large viruses, detailed in this week's issue of the journal Science
, have been dubbed "Pandoraviruses" because of the surprises they may hold for biologists, in reference to the mythical Greek figure who opened a box and released evil into the world.
The discovery of Pandoraviruses is an indication that our knowledge of Earth's microbial biodiversity is still incomplete, explained study coauthor Jean-Michel Claverie
, a virologist at the French National Research Agency at Aix-Marseille University.
"Huge discoveries remain to be made at the most fundamental level that may change our present conception about the origin of life and its evolution," Claverie said.
, a computational evolutionary biologist at the National Center for Biotechnology Information in Bethesda, Md., who was not involved in the study, called the Pandoraviruses a "wonderful discovery," but not a complete surprise.
"In a certain sense, it's something that we saw coming, and it's wonderful that it has come," Koonin said.
A systematic search
Claverie's lab found one of the viruses, Pandoravirus salinus, in sediments collected off the coast of Chile. The other, Pandoravirus dulcis, was lurking in mud in a freshwater pond near Melbourne, Australia.
Both of the new viruses are so massive that they can be seen using a traditional light microscope. Their genomes are also super-sized: the genome of P. salinus is 1.91 million DNA bases long, while that of P. dulcis is 2.47 million DNA bases. For comparison, the size of the previous viral genome record holder, Megavirus chilensis, is 1.18 million bases.
M. chilensis is a marine relative of Mimiviruses, a class of large viruses that was first discovered more than a decade ago and forever changed scientists' conceptions of how large viruses could be.
After sequencing the first Mimivirus genome in 2010, Claverie and his team began a systematic search for even larger viruses. They found P. salinus in the same environment in Chile where M. chilensis was found.
The discovery of P. dulcis was more serendipitous, being the result of water sample Claverie took during a trip to Melbourne.
At first, the French scientists thought both viruses were the same. But after comparing the two genome sequences and their encoded proteins, they realized that the pair represented a new virus family, said Claverie.
What are they?
The team also conducted several experiments to confirm that Pandoraviruses were indeed viruses. Using light and electron microscopes, the scientists followed their newfound entities through a complete replication cycle. The gigantic entities met all three key criteria to be labeled viruses.
First, instead of splitting in two like typical bacterium or cells, the Pandoraviruses spawned hundreds of new copies in one cycle. Secondly, they both lacked the genes needed for energy production. Finally, they could not produce proteins without infecting single-celled organisms known as amoebas, which seem to be the Pandoraviruses' preferred hosts.
Further surprises awaited the team when they analyzed the Pandoraviruses' genomes. That of P. dulcis contained about 1,500 genes, while that of P. salinus contained more than 2,500 genes. A typical flu virus can have as few as 10 genes, and M. chilensis has only about 1,000 genes.
What's more, scientists don't know what most of the Pandoravirus genes do. There are "a few recognizable genes involved in DNA replication, and a few transcription-related genes. Not much else is recognizable," explained study co-first author Matthieu Legendre
, who is also at CNRS.
The Pandoraviruses are also unlike other viruses in that they lack the gene for the capsid protein that typically forms the housing, or "capsid," of giant viruses.
The fourth domain
These irregularities raise interesting questions about the origins of Pandoraviruses, scientists say.
According to a theory preferred by Claverie and his team, the ancient ancestors of Pandoraviruses were once free-living cells that gradually lost most of their genes as they became parasites.
Some scientists think this hypothetical ancestral cell could have constituted a so-called "fourth domain" of life — that is, a previously unknown branch of life that is distinct from the accepted three domains: Bacteria; Archaea, another type of single-celled organism; and Eukaryotes, the domain that animals and plants belong to.
Claverie and his team are now on the hunt for other Pandoraviruses to unravel their evolutionary origins and better study their genes.
"These viruses have more than 2,000 new genes coding for proteins and enzymes that do unknown things, and participate in unknown metabolic pathways," explained virologist and study coauthor Chantel Abergel, who is also at CNRS.
"Elucidating their biochemical and regulatory functions might be of a tremendous interest for biotech and biomedical applications," she added.
The scientists have reason to believe that many more Pandoraviruses await discovery.
"The fact that two of them were found almost simultaneously from very distant locations either indicate that we were incredibly lucky," Claverie said, "or that they are not rare."

(ISNS) -- Tá an fionnachtana ar dhá víreas nua jumbo-mhéide ag cur leis na línte idir saol víreasach agus ceallach agus d'fhéadfadh sé a léiriú go bhfuil cineál nua beatha ann, a mhol eolaithe.
Na dhá víreas mór, a bhfuil mionsonraí acu i dtionól na seachtaine seo den iris Science
, a thugtar "Pandoraviruses" orthu mar gheall ar na iontas a d'fhéadfadh a bheith acu do bith-eolaithe, i dtaca leis an figiúr miotasach Gréagach a d'oscail bosca agus a scaoileadh olc isteach sa domhan.
Is léiriú é fionnachtadh Pandoraviruses go bhfuil ár n-eolas ar bithéagsúlacht mhicrobiúil na Talún fós neamhiomlán, a mhínigh an comh-údar staidéir Jean-Michel Claverie
, víreolaí ag an nGníomhaireacht Náisiúnta Taighde na Fraince in Ollscoil Aix-Marseille.
"Tá fionnachtana ollmhóra fós le déanamh ar an leibhéal is bunúsaí a d'fhéadfadh ár dtuairim reatha a athrú maidir le bunús na beatha agus a éabhlóid", a dúirt Claverie.
, bithéiste comhthionscanta éabhlóideach ag an Ionad Náisiúnta um Fhaisnéis Bithteicneolaíochta i Bethesda, Md., nach raibh páirteach sa staidéar, d'iarr na Pandoraviruses "fhiosrú iontach", ach ní iontas iomlán.
"I mbeagán focal, is rud é a chonaic muid ag teacht, agus tá sé iontach go bhfuil sé tagtha", a dúirt Koonin.
Cuardach córais
Fuair saotharlann Claverie ceann de na víris, Pandoravirus salinus, i sediments a bailíodh ó chósta na Sile. Bhí an ceann eile, Pandoravirus dulcis, ag luí i mblaosc i dtóg uisce úr in aice le Melbourne, san Astráil.
Tá an dá víreas nua chomh mór sin gur féidir iad a fheiceáil ag baint úsáide as micreascóip solais thraidisiúnta. Tá a ngineamhacha thar-mhéide freisin: tá gínóm P. salinus 1.91 milliún bonn DNA ar fhad, agus tá an P. dulcis 2.47 milliún bonn DNA. I gcomparáid, is é méid an gcinóm víreasach roimhe seo, Megavirus chilensis, 1.18 milliún bonn.
Is gaol mara é M. chilensis de Mimiviruses, rang víris mhóra a fuarthas amach ar dtús níos mó ná deich mbliana ó shin agus a d'athraigh go deo coincheapa eolaithe ar cé chomh mór is a d'fhéadfadh víris a bheith.
Tar éis an chéad ghéinóm Mimivirus a sheachadadh i 2010, thosaigh Claverie agus a fhoireann ag cuardach córais le haghaidh víris níos mó fós. Fuair siad P. salinus sa chomhshaol céanna sa tSile inar aimsíodh M. chilensis.
Bhí an fionnachtadh ar P. dulcis níos mó serendipitous, mar thoradh ar sampla uisce a ghlac Claverie le linn turas go Melbourne.
Ar dtús, shíl na heolaithe Fraince go raibh an dá víreas mar an gcéanna. Ach tar éis comparáid a dhéanamh idir an dá shraith géinóim agus a gcuid próitéiní códaithe, thuig siad go raibh an péire ina ionadaí ar theaghlach víris nua, a dúirt Claverie.
Cad iad?
Rinne an fhoireann roinnt turgnaimh freisin chun a dhearbhú gur víris iad Pandoraviruses i ndáiríre. Ag baint úsáide as micreascóipí solais agus leictreonacha, lean na heolaithe a n-eintitis nua-aimseartha trí timthriall athdhéanamh iomlán. Bhuail na hinstitiúidí ollmhóra leis na trí phríomhchritéar go léir chun iad a lipéadú mar víris.
Ar dtús, seachas a bheith ag scoilt ina dhá chuid cosúil le baictéir nó le cealla tipiciúla, d'fhás na Pandoraviruses na céadta cóip nua i gcúrsa amháin. Ar an dara dul síos, ní raibh na géiní a bhí riachtanach chun fuinneamh a tháirgeadh acu araon. Ar deireadh, ní fhéadfaí próitéiní a tháirgeadh gan ainmhithe aon-chill a aithnítear mar améabaí a ionfhabhtuithe, is cosúil gurb iad na hóstach is fearr le Pandoraviruses.
Bhí iontas breise ag fanacht leis an bhfoireann nuair a rinne siad anailís ar ghéinóim Pandoraviruses. Bhí thart ar 1,500 géine i gcineál P. dulcis, agus bhí níos mó ná 2,500 géine i gcineál P. salinus. Is féidir le víreas ghrúpa tipiciúil a bheith chomh beag le 10 géine, agus níl ach thart ar 1,000 géine ag M. chilensis.
Níos mó ná sin, níl a fhios ag eolaithe cad a dhéanann formhór na ngéin Pandoravirus. Tá "beagán géinithe aitheanta i gceist le dúbailt DNA, agus cúpla géin a bhaineann le trascríobh. Ní féidir mórán eile a aithint", a mhínigh an chéad údar comhoiriúnaí den staidéar, Matthieu Legendre
, atá ag CNRS freisin.
Tá na Pandoraviruses difriúil ó víris eile freisin toisc nach bhfuil an géin acu don phróitéin capsid a chruthaíonn an t-áit chónaithe, nó "capsid", de víris ollmhór de ghnáth.
An ceathrú réimse
Tugann na neamhrialtachtaí seo ceisteanna suimiúla faoi bhunús Pandoraviruses, a deir eolaithe.
De réir teoiric a roghnaigh Claverie agus a fhoireann, bhí sinsear ársa Pandoraviruses uair amháin cealla saor-bheo a chaill go mall an chuid is mó dá ngéiní de réir mar a tháinig siad ina bparasít.
Measann roinnt eolaithe go bhféadfadh an ceall sinsearach hipitéiseach seo a bheith ina "ceathrú réimse" den saol mar a thugtar air  is é sin, brainse nach raibh ar eolas roimhe sin den saol atá ar leith ó na trí réimse a nglactar leo: Baictéir; Archaea, cineál eile d'orgánach aon-chealla; agus Eukaryotes, an réimse a mbaineann ainmhithe agus plandaí leis.
Tá Claverie agus a fhoireann anois ar an tóir ar Pandoraviruses eile chun a n-fhoinse éabhlóideach a dhíspreagadh agus a ngéin a staidéar níos fearr.
"Tá níos mó ná 2,000 géine nua ag na víris seo a chódálann próitéiní agus einsímí a dhéanann rudaí anaithnid, agus a ghlacann páirt i mbealaí meitibileach anaithnid", a mhínigh víriséalaí agus comh-údar na staidéir Chantel Abergel, atá ag CNRS freisin.
"D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh spéis mhór ag baint le hiarratais bithteicneolaíochta agus bithleighis a gcuid feidhmeanna bithcheimiceacha agus rialála a shoiléiriú", a dúirt sí.
Tá cúis ag na heolaithe a chreidiúint go bhfuil go leor Pandoraviruses eile ag fanacht le fáil amach.
"Is é an fíric go bhfuarthas beirt acu beagnach ag an am céanna ó áiteanna an-i bhfad óna chéile ná go raibh muid an-chinnte", a dúirt Claverie, "nó nach bhfuil siad gann".


The most recent information about bicyclist deaths and injuries in relationship to traffic accidents was released by Transport Canada regarding the year 2013. In general, there were several good statistics showing a reduction in overall traffic accidents in the country. For instance, the number of fatal motor vehicle accidents was only 1,923, which had dropped 7.2 per cent from the prior year.
As a cyclist, you may think that’s good news. It may seem significant, too, if you are considering working with a lawyer on a current cycling accident you’ve had, because it shows that the roads are getting safer overall. That’s not necessarily good news for cyclists, though, as the lower rates of injuries and fatalities don’t seem to have affected them directly. A chart showing the years 2009 through 2013 states that the number of cyclists fatally wounded in an accident in 2009 was 45, just 2.0 per cent of all fatalities. However, in 2013, that number had risen to 62 and 3.2 per cent, higher than in 2012 and all prior years on the study.
Bicyclists also made up 4.6 per cent of all serious injuries on the roads. The next lowest group for injuries was motorcyclists, who made up 11.6 per cent of injuries in 2013.
Where do these accidents take place? The chart shows that the number of collisions in urban areas far exceeded those in rural areas, although it was shown that rural areas tended to have more fatalities. For example, fatal injuries only totalled 742 in urban areas, while collisions in rural areas result in 973 fatalities. When it’s considered that more accidents take place in urban areas, you can see that it’s far more likely to be in a fatal accident in a rural area.
Source: Transport Canada, “Canadian Motor Vehicle Traffic Collision Statistics 2013,” accessed Dec. 23, 2015

Tá an fhaisnéis is déanaí maidir le básanna agus le himreoirí rothair i ndáil le timpistí tráchta scaoilte ag Cúntóirí Custaim maidir leis an mbliain 2013. Go ginearálta, bhí roinnt staitisticí maithe ann a léiríonn laghdú ar thráchtáil thráchtála foriomlán sa tír. Mar shampla, ní raibh ach 1,923 de na timpistí mótarfheithiclí marfach, a bhí 7.2 faoin gcéad níos lú ná an bhliain roimhe sin.
Mar rothair, b'fhéidir go gceapann tú go bhfuil sé sin ina nuacht mhaith. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith suntasach freisin má tá tú ag smaoineamh ar bheith ag obair le dlíodóir ar thimpiste rothaíochta atá agat faoi láthair, toisc go léiríonn sé go bhfuil na bóithre ag éirí níos sábháilte go ginearálta. Ní gá go mbeadh an scéal sin go maith do rothaitheoirí, áfach, toisc nach cosúil go raibh tionchar díreach ag na rátaí níos ísle díobhála agus báis orthu. Deir cairt a léiríonn na blianta 2009 go 2013 gur 45 an líon rothaithe a gortaíodh go marbhtach i dtimpiste i 2009, ach 2.0 faoin gcéad de na básanna go léir. I 2013, áfach, d'ardaigh an líon sin go 62 agus 3.2 faoin gcéad, níos airde ná i 2012 agus na blianta roimhe sin go léir sa staidéar.
Bhí 4.6 faoin gcéad de na himreoirí tromchúiseacha ar na bóithre ar rothaithe freisin. Ba iad na gluaisrothair an chéad ghrúpa eile a raibh an líon is lú díobhálacha orthu, agus ba iad 11.6 faoin gcéad de na díobhálacha a bhí orthu in 2013.
Cá mbíonn na timpistí seo? Léiríonn an chairt gur mó líon na dtimpistí i gceantair uirbeacha ná i gceantair thuaithe, cé gur léir gur i gceantair thuaithe a bhí níos mó básanna. Mar shampla, ní raibh ach 742 díobháil marfach i gceantair uirbeacha, agus i gceantair thuaithe, bhí 973 bás mar thoradh ar chollásaí. Nuair a mheasann tú go dtarlaíonn níos mó timpistí i gceantair uirbeacha, feicfidh tú go bhfuil sé i bhfad níos dóchúla go mbeidh timpiste marbhtach i gceantar tuaithe.
Foinse: Conair Cheanada, Istaitisticí ar Chóistiméireacht Tráffic Mórfheithiclí Cheanada 2013, rochtain ar 23 Nollaig 2015


Cultivation of Lemon Grass
Site: Plant Lemongrass in full sun in rich, well-draining soil. Lemongrass also works well in containers. We recommend a three-gallon pot.
Propagation: Lemongrass is easily propagated by root division. When dividing clumps, each stalk should have about one-inch of root attached. For better success, cut the blades to about two-inches before dividing. Lemongrass has a very extensive root system. So, for potted plants, it is important to divide it yearly.
Growing: Allow soil to dry between waterings in the growing season. Water sparingly in winter.
Fertilize every two weeks during the growing season. Most balanced fertilizers are adequate, but 15-30-15 worked best in our trials. Time-release granules also work well. Fertilizing is not necessary during the winter.
This tender perennial can be grown year-round outdoors in USDA Zones 8-12 (southern United States). In cold climates, Lemongrass should be overwintered inside. It is easily dug up and re-potted, if necessary. When frozen, Lemongrass will die.
Pests and diseases are very infrequent.
Harvesting: Blades must be 12-inches tall before cutting. If you're harvesting for food, cut about one-inch above the crown. If you cut any lower, that section of the plant will not re-grow.
Culinary Uses: Lemongrass has long been in used for teas, soups and in Oriental cooking. Just about every part of Lemongrass can be used, including the leaf tips, tender shoots and whole leaves. Snip a few leaves into a pot of tea for a refreshing flavor and added aroma. For a delicate hint of lemon, add a bunch of Lemongrass to the water used for steaming meats and vegetables. Add the tender shoots to a stir fry for a subtle, yet exotic flavor enhancement.

Cultúr na Ghrásaí Limon
Áit: Lámháil an leimín-ghrása i bhfód saibhir, dea-dránaithe, i bhfód lán-sól. Tá an liomógras oiriúnach freisin i gcoimeádáin. Molaimid pota trí galún.
Athghabháil: Tá sé éasca an liomógras a athghabháil trí roic a roinnt. Nuair a bhíonn clúbaí á roinnt, ba chóir go mbeadh thart ar 1 orlach de bhun ceangailte le gach stiall. Chun rath níos fearr, gearr na sciatháin go thart ar dhá orlach sula roinntear iad. Tá córas fréamhacha an-leathan ag an leimín-ghrása. Mar sin, maidir le plandaí i bpócaí, tá sé tábhachtach é a roinnt go bliantúil.
Fás: Lig don ithir tiormaithe idir uisceadh i rith an tséasúir fhás. Uisce go cothroime sa gheimhreadh.
Fógrú gach dhá sheachtain le linn na séasúir fáis. Tá formhór na luibheanna cothromaithe leordhóthanach, ach d'oibrigh 15-30-15 is fearr inár dtrialacha. Oibríonn granules scaoilte ama go maith freisin. Ní gá conclúid a dhéanamh i rith an gheimhridh.
Is féidir an plúr-bhunaidh teann seo a fhás thar lear i rith na bliana i gCriosanna 8-12 USDA (deisceart na Stát Aontaithe). I gclimaí fuar, ba cheart an Lemongrass a bheith thar an gheimhreadh taobh istigh. Is féidir é a dhúnadh amach go héasca agus é a ath-potted, más gá. Nuair a bheidh sé reoite, básóidh Lemongrass.
Tá lotnaidí agus galair an-réada.
Bearradh: Ní mór go mbeadh na sciatháin 12 orlach ar airde sula ndéantar iad a ghearradh. Má tá tú ag feirmeoireacht le haghaidh bia, gearradh thart ar 1 orlach os cionn an choróin. Má ghearrann tú níos ísle, ní fhásfaidh an chuid sin den phlanda arís.
Úsáidte i gCúlchultúr: Tá an leimonn-ghrása á úsáid le fada i dte, i súp agus i cócaireacht na hOirthear. Is féidir beagnach gach cuid de Lemongrass a úsáid, lena n-áirítear na barr duilleoga, seoltaí teann agus duilleoga iomlána. Slice cúpla duilleoga isteach i pota tae le haghaidh blas athnuachana agus aroma breise. Chun léimín a fháil, cuir cnapán de Lemongrass leis an uisce a úsáidtear chun feoil agus glasraí a steamh. Cuir na briseadh teachta le stir fry le haghaidh feabhas subtle, ach blas coimhthíoch.