What can we do to make ourselves happy? A lot of talk (and research) about happiness focuses on the individual.
Is it what we eat? Maybe. This week, a British study released findings that people who eat more fruits and vegetables are happier. Those who ate seven servings daily were the happiest.
Is it maintaining a calm environment for yourself? Maybe. Gretchen Rubin was heard this week saying that turning off her phone is one key to happiness. The idea is to avoid having a hectic and unmanageable life.
Does it have something to do with other people? Yes. The foremost psychologist on happiness thinks so: Martin Seligman, founder of positive psychology, has noted that all five elements of a life that can “flourish” has to do with other people. (His theory is encapsulated in the acronym “PERMA”: Positive emotions, Engagement, positive Relationships, Meaning, Accomplishment. See Margarita Mooney’s recent post.)
The profusion of research on happiness in the social sciences generally, and the contrasting absence of explicit recent work on the topic in sociology, have obscured the fact that attention to concepts of human well-being has been present all along in the sociological tradition. However, although the word “happiness” has rarely been used, much of sociological literature, beginning with the earliest theorists, has concerned individual well-being, sense of purpose, notions of the good life, satisfaction, contentment, and even exuberance—and how those are related to larger society. It’s worth looking at what sociologists can contribute to understanding each element in PERMA. I’ll start with “P.”
“P” (positive emotions) is in some ways the most personalized of the elements. Emotions that we Americans general think are good (like pleasure, rapture, ecstasy, warmth, and comfort) seem straightforwardly individual. However, these reactions are often socially generated. A football fan in a stadium of other cheering fans during a winning game is caught up in a rapture that is indeed a positive emotion, but he is also wrapped up in a social activity. One of the “founding fathers” of sociology, Emile Durkheim, observed that emotions “ground” the moral rules that society produces (as Chris Shilling and Philip A. Mellor note). We get positive emotions from other people. A lot of the time, such positive emotions occur when things feel “right.” We might experience positive emotions when we receive a smile of affirmation from someone we love, but we might also feel these emotions when we watch this exchange occur between two people we don’t know. So beyond feeling these positive emotions when we receive something (because we are selfish), we also feel them when things feel right or moral. Morality, though, is collectively defined.
Definitions of what kinds of emotions are positive or not can therefore vary: In Chinese philosophy, shame is considered a healthy emotion to feel; in others, it is not. I’ll pick up here next.

Cad is féidir linn a dhéanamh chun bheith sásta? Díríonn a lán cainte (agus taighde) faoi shásamh ar an duine aonair.
An bhfuil sé mar a itheann muid? B'fhéidir. An tseachtain seo, d'fhoilsigh staidéar sa Bhreatain torthaí go bhfuil daoine a itheann níos mó torthaí agus glasraí níos sona. Ba iad na daoine a d'ith seacht gcodanna in aghaidh an lae na daoine is sona.
An bhfuil sé ag coinneáil timpeallacht shíochánta duit féin? B'fhéidir. Chuala Gretchen Rubin an tseachtain seo ag rá go bhfuil a ghuthán a dhúnadh ar cheann de na heochracha chun a bheith sona. Is é an smaoineamh ná go seachnóidh tú saol heictiúil agus neamhriaraithe a bheith agat.
An bhfuil rud éigin le déanamh aige le daoine eile? Sea, tá. Is é an síceolaí is mó a bhfuil aithne air ar son na sonachta a cheapann go bhfuil: Dúirt Martin Seligman, bunaitheoir na síceolaíochta dearfacha, go bhfuil baint ag na cúig ghné de shaol a d'fhéadfadh a bheith 'fhormhór' le daoine eile. (Tá a theoiric capsuled sa acrainm PERMA: mothúcháin dearfacha, rannpháirtíocht, caidrimh dearfacha, brí, éachtaí. Féach post le déanaí Margarita Mooney.)
Tá an iomarca taighde ar sonas sna heolaíochtaí sóisialta go ginearálta, agus an easpa contrasting de shaineolaithe go soiléir obair le déanaí ar an ábhar i socheolaíocht, obscured ar an bhfíric go bhfuil aird ar choincheapa na folláine daonna i láthair go léir ar feadh i traidisiún socheolaíoch. Mar sin féin, cé go bhfuil an focal "sástacht" a úsáidtear go minic, go leor de na litríocht socheolaíoch, ag tosú leis na teoiricí is luaithe, a bhí i gceist le folláine aonair, ciall cuspóir, nochtanna den saol maith, sásamh, sásamh, agus fiú exuberance agus conas a bhaineann na cinn sin leis an tsochaí níos mó. Is fiú féachaint ar an méid is féidir le socheolaithe a chur leis chun gach gné a thuiscint i PERMA. Tosaím le P.
Is é P (imoibrithe dearfacha) ar bhealaí áirithe an chuid is mó pearsantaithe de na heilimintí. Is cosúil go bhfuil mothúcháin a cheapann muid Meiriceánaigh go ginearálta go bhfuil siad go maith (cosúil le pléisiúr, rapture, ecstasy, teas, agus comhfhurtacht) go díreach aonair. Mar sin féin, is minic a ghineann an tsochaí na frithghníomhartha seo. Tá lucht leanúna peile i staidiam lucht leanúna eile a cheering le linn cluiche buaite i rapture go bhfuil i ndáiríre mothúchán dearfach, ach tá sé chomh maith i ngníomh sóisialta. Dúirt Emile Durkheim, ceann de aithreacha bunaithe na socheolaíochta, go bhfuil mothúcháin ar bhonn leis na rialacha morálta a tháirgeann an tsochaí (mar a thugann Chris Shilling agus Philip A. Mellor faoi deara). Faigheann muid mothúcháin dearfacha ó dhaoine eile. Go minic, bíonn mothúcháin dearfacha den sórt sin ann nuair a bhraitheann rudaí go bhfuil siad ceart. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh mothúcháin dearfacha againn nuair a fhaighimid gáire dearfacha ó dhuine a bhfuil grá againn dó, ach d'fhéadfadh go mbraitheann muid na mothúcháin seo freisin nuair a fheiceann muid an t-aistriú seo ag tarlú idir dhá dhuine nach bhfuil aithne againn orthu. Mar sin, seachas na mothúcháin dearfacha seo a bhraitheann nuair a fhaighimid rud éigin (mar go bhfuil muid féinmheasúil), bhraitheann muid iad freisin nuair a bhraitheann rudaí ceart nó morálta. Mar sin féin, sainmhínítear moráltacht go comhchoiteann.
Is féidir sainmhínithe ar na cineálacha mothúchán atá dearfach nó nach bhfuil a bheith éagsúil: I bhfealsúnacht na Síne, meastar go bhfuil náire mothúchán sláintiúil le mothú; i ndaoine eile, níl sé. Beidh mé ag piocadh suas anseo ina dhiaidh sin.


A stunning new photo from NASA's Cassini spacecraft shows five moons of Saturn hovering around two of the gas giant planet's dazzling rings.
The image, which NASA released Wednesday (Sept. 21), shows Saturn's moons Janus, Pandora, Enceladus, Mimas and Rhea. The planet's rings are beyond Rhea and Mimas, while bright Enceladus appears behind the rings. Cassini took the picture in visible green light on July 29, 2011. [See the amazing photo of Saturn's rings and moons]
The view looks toward the northern, sunlit side of the rings from just above the ringplane, researchers explained in a description.
The five Saturn moons in Cassini's photo vary greatly in size, with Pandora (50 miles wide, or 81 kilometers) and Janus (111 miles, or 179 km) the smallest. The "Death Star moon" Mimas measures 246 miles (396 km) across and Enceladus is 313 miles (504 km) wide. Rhea is Saturn's second-largest moon, at 949 miles (1,528 km) across.
In the image, Pandora appears near the center of the frame between Saturn's A ring and the thin F ring.
The Cassini spacecraft was closest to Rhea when it snapped the photo — about 684,000 miles (1.1 million km), researchers said. The spacecraft was 1.1 million miles (1.8 million km) from Enceladus, a frozen world that spouts water-ice geysers into space.
Saturn has more than 60 known moons. The largest, Titan, is about 3,200 miles (5,150 km) wide, making it nearly 50 percent bigger than Earth's moon. [Photos: The Rings and Moons of Saturn]
NASA launched Cassini toward Saturn in 1997, and the spacecraft arrived at the ringed planet in 2004. Cassini has been circling the planet to study its rings and moons ever since. Cassini also carried the European Huygens lander, which touched down on Titan in 2005.
Cassini's mission was originally slated to end in 2008, but NASA has extended the Saturn flight twice, most recently until 2017. The Cassini mission is a cooperative effort by NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian space agency.

Taispeánann grianghraf nua iontach ó spásán Cassini NASA cúig ghealach de Saturn ag dul timpeall dhá cheann de na fáinní daite an phláinéid gháis ollmhór.
Taispeánann an íomhá, a d'eisigh NASA Dé Céadaoin (21 Meán Fómhair), na meáin Satarn Janus, Pandora, Enceladus, Mimas agus Rhea. Tá fáinní an phláinéid taobh thiar de Rhea agus Mimas, agus tá Enceladus geal le feiceáil taobh thiar de na fáinní. Ghlac Cassini an pictiúr i solas glas le feiceáil ar an 29 Iúil, 2011. [Féach an grianghraf iontach de na fáinní agus na meáin Satarn]
Tá an radharc ag breathnú i dtreo an taobh thuaidh, solais na n-ainneoin ó díreach os cionn an ringplane, a mhínigh taighdeoirí i gcriathrú.
Tá na cúig ghealach Satarn i bpictiúr Cassini éagsúil go mór i méid, agus is é Pandora (50 míle ar leithead, nó 81 ciliméadar) agus Janus (111 míle, nó 179 km) an ceann is lú. Tá troscán an "Death Star" Mimas 246 míle (396 km) ar thóir agus tá Enceladus 313 míle (504 km) ar leithead. Is é Rhea an dara ghealach is mó de Shatairín, agus tá a thréimhse 949 míle (1,528 ciliméadar).
Sa phictiúr, tá Pandora gar do lár an fráma idir fáinne A Satarn agus an fáinne tanaí F.
Bhí an spásárthach Cassini is gaire do Rhea nuair a rinne sé an grianghraf  thart ar 684,000 míle (1.1 milliún ciliméadar), a dúirt taighdeoirí. Bhí an spásárthaí 1.1 milliún míle (1.8 milliún ciliméadar) ó Enceladus, domhan reoite a sput geysers uisce-oighear isteach sa spás.
Tá níos mó ná 60 ghealach ar eolas ag Satarn. Tá an ceann is mó, Titán, thart ar 5,150 ciliméadar ar leithead, rud a chiallaíonn go bhfuil sé beagnach 50 faoin gcéad níos mó ná ghealach na Talún. [Gamhráin: Na fáinní agus na míonna de Satarn]
Chuir NASA Cassini i dtreo na Saitéine i 1997, agus tháinig an spásárthach go dtí an phláinéid fáinne i 2004. Tá Cassini ag rothlú timpeall na pláinéad chun a fáinní agus a ghealach a staidéar ó shin i leith. Bhí an t-aisteoir Eorpach Huygens ar Cassini freisin, a thit ar Titan i 2005.
Bhí misean Cassini sceidealta ar dtús chun deireadh a chur le 2008, ach tá an NASA tar éis eitilt Saturn a leathnú dhá uair, go dtí 2017 ar an gceann is déanaí. Is é misean Cassini iarracht chomhoibritheach ag NASA, an Ghníomhaireacht Spáis Eorpach agus an ghníomhaireacht spáis Iodálach.


Ready for Tonight's
You may not find 'homework meltdown' in the dictionary, but millions of parents know exactly what one is:
- A fit or tantrum brought on when students are overloaded, exhausted and overwhelmed by homework.
- Students simply fall apart and are unable or unwilling to understand or finish their homework.
As if a distraught and upset child isn't bad enough, homework meltdowns affect the entire family. Everybody's afternoon and evening is ruined.
Believe it or not, some students have a homework meltdown night after night, year after year! Tears, crying, yelling, fighting, pleading- this is what these children will remember about about their childhoods and school.
Homework meltdowns are not inevitable, and parents should not tolerate anything that brings such negativity and ugliness into their homes. Before we discuss how to deal with meltdowns, ask yourself these questions.
2 Questions About Homework Meltdowns
Do They Happen Often? Everybody- including children- has a bad day now and then. A meltdown once in a blue moon is no big deal. Write a homework note to the teacher, and send your child to bed early.
If your child is having homework breakdowns on a regular basis, there is an underlying problem that must be solved. Is their homework too difficult? Is there simply too much of it? Is your child doing her homework at her 'best time?' Discover and support your child's Homework Personality to stop that homework meltdown in its tracks!
Are They Real? Oh, those kids are smart! It takes them about half a second to figure out what works and what doesn't. If they pitch a homework fit, and you make it all better (no homework, an ice cream, etc.), who can blame them for trying it over and over again?
How to Prevent Homework Meltdowns
When it comes to preventing homework meltdowns, students need a homework situation that supports their homework personality PLUS these three (3) things:
Sleep Study after study (and teacher after teacher) will tell you that sleepy students do not learn as well- or as quickly- as students that are well-rested. Many meltdowns are the result of chronic sleep deprivation. Those babies are tired! Make certain that your child is getting enough sleep every night.
Time Off Can we give these kids a break, please? They go to school all day, and then we expect them to sit down and do more work at home. It's too much! Not only do they need a break every day, they should have a break from homework on weekends and holidays as well. (Please don't tell me that students had better 'get used to it.' Adults don't get used to working all day, bringing work home and working on vacation.)
Regular routine If homework happens at the same time, place and duration each school day, it becomes less of an issue than if those things constantly change. Establish a reasonable, sensible homework routine for your children to help them look at homework as 'no big deal,' just part of the day.
Warning for Parents
Parents, it might take some time, but you can
stop those meltdowns! Just make absolutely certain that you don't:
Get dragged into the drama! I know, it's hard to stay cool when your child is having a meltdown. But, you must do it! No arguing back and forth, yelling, pleading, making insane promises ("Just do this math sheet, and I'll buy you a video game!). You must stay calm, nip the meltdown in the bud and seek long-term solutions.
Don't do the homework for them! Many parents admit that, when homework becomes too unbearable, they do it for their kids. Stop! It would be better to write across the page
My child was having a meltdown, so I told him to stop here.
than to do your child's homework. The teacher needs to be aware of students' homework havoc; and, your child needs to understand that you will help them but you will NOT do their work for them.
Let's Get Some Homework Peace!What to do if your child won't turn in his homework
Why Sleep Is More Important Than Homework
How to Create A Homework Friendly Home
How to Be A Good Homework Helper
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Réidh le haghaidh Tonight's
B'fhéidir nach bhfaighidh tú 'mhilleadh obair bhaile' sa foclóir, ach tá a fhios ag na milliúin tuismitheoirí go díreach cad é:
- Tá sé ina thrácht nó ina thrácht a tharlaíonn nuair a bhíonn na mic léinn ró-ualaithe, tuirseach agus faoi mhothú ag obair bhaile.
- Ní bhíonn na mic léinn in ann a gcuid obair bhaile a thuiscint nó a chríochnú.
Mura bhfuil leanbh a bhfuil imní agus imní air go leor, bíonn tionchar ag an teaghlach ar fad ar mhilleadh obair bhaile. Tá gach duine déanach agus tráthnóna scriosadh.
Creid é nó ná creid, bíonn roinnt daltaí ag cur a gcuid obair bhaile i dtorthaí an-bhlasta oíche i ndiaidh oíche, bliain i ndiaidh bliana! Tá sé seo mar a chuimhneoidh na páistí seo ar a gcuid óige agus ar an scoil.
Ní féidir a sheachaint go bhfuil an obair bhaile ag titim, agus níor cheart do thuismitheoirí aon rud a fhulaingt a thugann diúltachta agus ugliness den sórt sin isteach ina dteaghlaigh. Sula ndéanaimid plé ar conas déileáil le géarchéimeanna, cuir na ceisteanna seo ort féin.
2 Ceisteanna faoi na hOibreacha Baile a Dhéanamh
An Dtarlaíonn siad Go minic? Bíonn droch-lá ag gach duine - lena n-áirítear leanaí - anois agus ansin. Ní hé an rud is mó ná go bhfuil géarchéim ann uair amháin i mí na Nollag. Scríobh nóta le haghaidh obair bhaile don mhúinteoir, agus cuir do leanbh go luath ar leaba.
Má bhíonn do pháiste ag déanamh obair bhaile go rialta, tá fadhb bhunúsach ann nach mór a réiteach. An bhfuil a gcuid obair bhaile ró-deacair? An bhfuil an iomarca ann? An ndéanann do leanbh a chuid obair bhaile ag an 'am is fearr' dó? Faigh amach agus tacú le Pearsantacht an Oibre Baile do pháiste chun stop a chur leis an gcáineadh seo ar obair bhaile!
An bhfuil siad fíor? Ó, tá na páistí cliste! Tógann sé thart ar leathscéad dóibh a fháil amach cad a oibríonn agus cad nach bhfuil. Má tá siad a chur ar an obair bhaile oiriúnach, agus tú a dhéanamh go léir níos fearr (gan obair bhaile, oighir, srl. ), cé a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina chúis leo é a thriail arís agus arís eile?
Conas a Choscann Tú an t-Eagrán ar Dhomhnamh
Nuair a thagann sé chun díghlasáil obair bhaile a chosc, teastaíonn cás obair bhaile ó dhaltaí a thacaíonn lena phearsantacht obair bhaile PLUS na trí (3) rud seo:
Sleep Léiríonn staidéar i ndiaidh staidéir (agus múinteoir i ndiaidh múinteora) nach mbíonn mic léinn codlata ag foghlaim chomh maith - nó chomh tapa - le mic léinn atá go maith scíthe. Is é an díthréimhse choiriúil codlata a bhíonn i gceist le go leor de na géarchéimeanna. Tá na páistí seo tuirseach! Déan cinnte go bhfuil do leanbh ag fáil codlata go leor gach oíche.
Am Off An féidir linn a thabhairt do na páistí scíth a ligean, le do thoil? Téann siad ar scoil an lá ar fad, agus ansin táimid ag súil go suífidh siad síos agus go ndéanfaidh siad níos mó oibre sa bhaile. Tá sé ró-fhada! Ní amháin go dteastaíonn sos uaidh gach lá, ba cheart go mbeadh sos acu ó obair bhaile ag deireadh seachtaine agus ar laethanta saoire freisin. (Ná deirim le do thoil liom go mbeadh 'a bheith cleachtaithe leis' níos fearr ag mic léinn. Ní bhíonn daoine fásta cleachtaithe le bheith ag obair an lá ar fad, ag tabhairt oibre abhaile agus ag obair ar laethanta saoire.)
Ríomh-aimsire Rialta Má tharlaíonn an obair bhaile ag an am céanna, san áit agus sa fhad gach lá scoile, ní bhíonn sé ina cheist ná mar a bheadh sé dá n-athraíonn na rudaí sin i gcónaí. Socraigh rialta réasúnta, réasúnta le haghaidh obair bhaile do do pháistí chun cabhrú leo féachaint ar obair bhaile mar 'ní mór' ach mar chuid den lá.
Rabhadh do Thuismitheoirí
A thuismitheoirí, b'fhéidir go dtógfaidh sé tamall, ach is féidir leat
stop na meltdowns! Just a dhéanamh cinnte go hiomlán nach bhfuil tú:
Bí i do threascairt sa drámaíocht! Tá a fhios agam, tá sé deacair a bheith cool nuair a bhíonn do leanbh ag teacht síos. Ach, ní mór duit é a dhéanamh! Níl aon argóint ar ais agus amach, ag caoineadh, ag impí, ag déanamh gealltanais dhúchais ("Just do an bileog matamaitice seo, agus beidh mé ag ceannach cluiche físeán duit!). Ní mór duit fanacht socair, an t-imleá a chur ar ceal agus réitigh fhadtéarmacha a lorg.
Ná déan an obair bhaile dóibh! Admhaíonn go leor tuismitheoirí, nuair a bhíonn an obair bhaile ró-dhíghnó, go ndéanann siad é dá gcuid páistí. Stop! Stop! Bheadh sé níos fearr a scríobh ar fud an leathanach
Bhí mo leanbh ag teacht le chéile, mar sin dúirt mé leis stopadh anseo.
ná a dhéanamh ar obair bhaile do leanbh. Ní mór don mhúinteoir a bheith ar an eolas faoi na haos oibre baile a dhéanann na mic léinn; agus, ní mór do leanbh a thuiscint go gcabhróidh tú leo ach NÍL an obair a dhéanfaidh tú dóibh.
Déanaimis roinnt obair bhaile!Céard atá le déanamh mura ndéanfaidh do leanbh a chuid obair bhaile a thabhairt isteach
Cén Fáth go bhfuil Codladh Níos tábhachtaí ná Oibre Baile
Conas Teacht ar Cheardlann Baile a Chur i gComhchónaí
Conas a Bheith i do Chabhrach ar Dhomhnamh
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As a young girl of 19 years old Chantal Nobécourt volunteered for the Red Cross in Caen in the summer of 1944. When the city endured the heavy bombardments by the German and Canadian armies she worked at the nursery in the Malherbe High School, that was equipped as refugee centre for the inhabitants of Caen.
Chantal Nobécourt was born in Rouen on 30 January 1925. In 1942 she moved to Caen with her family when her father, a veteran of the First World War, became editor of the ‘Journal de Normandie’, a newspaper that was closely watched by the Germans. In 1943 Chantal enlisted for the Red Cross.
On the evening of 5 June 1944 Chantal heard the Allied bombardment of Normandy and realised that the invasion was in progress. That night her family took refuge in the cellar of their house. Right after D-Day Chantal started helping the refugees in the Saint-Etienne Church. In the Malherbe High School she organised a centre for babies to make sure that they were taken care of.
On 9 July the first Canadians arrived in Caen, that was still partly occupied by the Germans. Chantal helped the local resistance to raise the tricolour on the Place Monseigneur des Hameaux. But when the Canadians announced another heavy attack, she participated in the evacuation of all refugees to Bayeux. After the liberation of Caen Chantal volunteered for the National Mutual Aid and participated in the distribution of clothes during the winter of 1944-1945.
After the war Chantal Rivière-Nobécourt, who passed her life from adolescence to adulthood on the ruins of Caen, was deputy mayor for culture in Caen from 1977-1989.
On D-Day Caen was an important Allied objective as it was an essential road hub, strategically astride the Orne River and Caen Canal. The Germans defended this stronghold with all their power. It took six weeks of fighting and heavy shelling to capture the capital of Normandy. 30,000 Anglo-Canadian soldiers and 3,000 civilians lost their lives.
One of its kind in France, the Mémorial de Caen Museum gives the public the keys to understanding the Second World War, from its origins after the First World War to its latest consequences in 1989. It prompts the visitor to ask himself questions about this rapidly fading episode that changed the face of Europe and the world.
As soon as the news of the D-Day landings in Normandy was heard, the head of the Caen Gestapo decided to execute all Allied prisoners held at the Caen jail. 87 of them were shot in the prison courtyard throughout the day of 6 June 1944. Their bodies were never found.
With nearly 4.000 British soldiers buried here, the Bayeux War Cemetery is the largest British military cemetery of the Second World War in France. The adjacent memorial commemorates the unidentified Commonwealth soldiers who fell during the Battle of Normandy and recalls the close links between Normandy and Britain.

Mar chailín óg 19 bliana d'aois, chuaigh Chantal Nobécourt deonach don Chrois Dhearg i Caen i samhradh 1944. Nuair a d'fhulaing an chathair na buamáil throm ag arm na Gearmáine agus Cheanada d'oibrigh sí sa rannaí sa Bhunscoil Mhór-Mherbe, a bhí feistithe mar ionad dídeanaithe d'áitritheoirí Caen.
Rugadh Chantal Nobécourt i Rouen ar 30 Eanáir 1925. I 1942 bhog sí go Caen lena teaghlach nuair a tháinig a hathair, sean-fhear den Chéad Chogadh Domhanda, ina eagarthóir ar an Journal de Normandie, nuachtán a bhí faoi dhlúth-amharc na nGearmáinise. Sa bhliain 1943, chuaigh Chantal isteach sa Chros Dearg.
Ar an tráthnóna an 5 Meitheamh 1944 chuala Chantal buamáil na gComhghuaillithe ar an Normandaí agus thuig sí go raibh an ionradh ar siúl. An oíche sin, chuaigh a teaghlach i seilbh i seilf a dteach. Díreach tar éis Lá D thosaigh Chantal ag cabhrú leis na dídeanaithe i gCathrach Saint-Etienne. Sa Mheánscoil Malherbe d'eagraigh sí ionad do naíonáin chun a chinntiú go ndéanfaí cúram a dhéanamh orthu.
Ar 9 Iúil tháinig na chéad Cheanadaigh i Caen, a bhí á áitiú go páirteach ag na Gearmánaigh fós. Chabhraigh Chantal leis an friotaíocht áitiúil an tricolor a ardú ar Place Monseigneur des Hameaux. Ach nuair a d'fhógair na Canadaigh ionsaí trom eile, ghlac sí páirt i n-eascabháil na n-eitiltithe go léir go Bayeux. Tar éis shaoradh Caen, rinne Chantal deonach don Chúnamh Náisiúnta Comharsanachta agus ghlac sí páirt i ndáil le héadaí a dháileadh le linn gheimhridh 1944-1945.
Tar éis an chogaidh, bhí Chantal Rivière-Nobécourt, a chaith a saol ó óige go hardánacht ar bhrúigh Caen, ina leas-mhéara cultúir i Caen ó 1977-1989.
Ar Lá D bhí Caen ina chuspóir thábhachtach do na Comhghuaillithe mar bhí sé ina mhol bóthair riachtanach, go straitéiseach ag cur síos ar Abhainn Orne agus ar Chainéal Caen. Chosain na Gearmánaigh an daingne seo lena gcumhacht go léir. Thóg sé seachtaine de throid agus de shéimhiotail throm caipitil Normandy a ghabháil. Chaill 30,000 saighdiúir Angla-Canada agus 3,000 sibhialta a saol.
Ceann dá chineál sa Fhrainc, tugann an Músaem Mémorial de Caen an pobal na heochracha chun an Dara Cogadh Domhanda a thuiscint, óna bhunús tar éis an Chéad Chogadh Domhanda go dtí a iarmhairtí is déanaí i 1989. Cuireann sé ceist ar an gcuairteoir faoin eachtra seo a bhí ag dul in olcas go tapa agus a d'athraigh aghaidh na hEorpa agus an domhain.
Chomh luath agus a chuala an nuacht faoi na tuirlingtí D-Day i Normandy, chinn ceann Gestapo Caen gach príosúnach Comhghuaillithe a bhí i bpríosún Caen a fhorghníomhú. Ghlac 87 díobh sa chúirt phríosúin ar feadh an lae ar 6 Meitheamh 1944. Níor aimsíodh a gcorp riamh.
Le beagnach 4.000 saighdiúir Bhreatain curtha anseo, is é an Bhamhain Chogaidh Bayeux an phomhpholachán míleata is mó na Breataine sa Dara Cogadh Domhanda sa Fhrainc. Cuirtear an chuimhneachán in aice leis chun cuimhne na saighdiúirí neamh-aitheanta Comhphobail a thit le linn Cath na hNormandaí agus cuireann sé i gcuimhne naisc dlúithe idir an Normandy agus an Bhreatain.


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In literature all stories are written so that they convey to readers a central idea or theme Writers compose their works so that the theme they are writing about is brought out in a story in such a manner that the various elements of the story work together in communicating the theme The better a writer is at their work the more literary elements there will be in their stories that complement each other and seem to work together In the story Same Time Same Place by Mervyn Peake the main theme that is evident is that things are not always as they seem Peake uses the literary elements of characters setting contrast and many others in a way that they all lead the reader to the same main point These literary elements and how they work together in communicating Peakes theme will be the focus of this essay The literary element of setting is used in Same Time Same Place so that it plays an integral role in the formation of the theme Peake sets his story in a town circus He describes this circus as the center of the worldwhere anything might happenp264 Circuses are generally known as places where the unusual and odd aspects of humanity and the world congregate They are places where the impossible is said to be possible The reason that this type of setting helps create Peakes theme of things not always being as they seem is that this is precisely what circuses are all about When one thinks of a circus images of the two-faced man and the fire-eater are conjured up along with many other images of things not always being as they seem Peake also uses the element of characters in his story to convey his main point Although not presented in the story until the climax the friends of the bride that make up her wedding party are
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I litríocht scríobhtar gach scéal ionas go dtabharfaidh siad léitheoirí smaoineamh nó téama lárnach Scríbhneoirí a gcuid saothair ionas go dtarraingítear an téama a bhfuil siad ag scríobh faoi i scéal ar bhealach go n-oibríonn eilimintí éagsúla an scéil le chéile chun an téama a chur in iúl An níos fearr a bhíonn scríbhneoir ag obair a gcuid oibre is mó eilimintí liteartha a bheidh ina gcuid scéalta a chomhlánóidh a chéile agus a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag obair le chéile Sa scéal An Am céanna An Áit Cheannaigh le Mervyn Peake is é an príomhthéama atá soiléir ná nach bhfuil rudaí i gcónaí mar a fheictear Peake úsáideann eilimintí liteartha na carachtair ag leagan i gcoinne agus go leor eile ar bhealach go dtiocfaidh siad go léir ar an léitheoir chuig an bpríomhphointe céanna Beidh na heilimintí liteartha seo agus an chaoi a n-oibríonn siad le chéile i dteagmháil Peakes beidh fócas an aiste seo ar an téama liteartha na suíomhanna cuairte a úsáidtear sa am céanna An Áit Cheannaigh ionas go bhfuil ról lárnach aige i bhfoirceáil an téama a bhfuil siad ag scríobh faoi Peake ina scéal sa bhaile
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Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) seems to be a natural condition that occurs with age. Older individuals report common experiences of forgetfulness, difficulty with problem solving, and sensory impairment. Research has shown that certain classifications of MCI can be predictive of further deficits and even dementia and Alzheimer’s (AD). However, a recent study conducted by Perminder S. Sachdev, of the Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing at the School of Psychiatry at the University of New South Wales Medicine in Australia, suggests that there are certain factors that can actually lead to reversal of MCI.
In the study, Sachdev assessed 233 individuals between the ages of 71 and 89 years old for levels of MCI. The participants were also evaluated for physical illness, psychological conditions, sensory capacity, and other factors that could affect MCI. They were assessed at baseline and again 2 years later. Sachdev found that the 66 participants who reverted back to normal levels of cognitive functioning shared some similarities. In particular, they were more likely to have a more mild form of MCI than those who did not revert. They also had more intact vision and smell senses. The reverters engaged in activities that stimulated cognitive processes such as reading, puzzles, and problem solving. They were more open to new experiences, had fewer incidences of arthritis and had better blood pressure levels than the non-reverters.
All of these conditions can be seen as disconnected, yet Sachdev explains that in fact, they are all related. For instance, having more severe MCI can prohibit people from engaging in activites that require thinking, such as problem solving and reading. Also, sensory deprivation can cause people to avoid activities that require use of those senses. Perhaps people with poor vision may choose not to take on visual tasks that could stimulate cognitive abilities. In addition, pain from arthritis could tax cognitive pathways, which could further impede on resources need to perform some of the protective tasks. Likewise, individuals with depression, stress, or high blood pressure may have temporary states of MCI as a result. When their psychological and physical symptoms are reduced through therapy or medication, their cognitive abilities can rebound. Even though many of the participants did go on to experience sustained or further MCI, this study shows that many individuals with MCI can take advantage of activities that could potentially reverse the impairment. “Assessing these factors could facilitate more accurate prognosis of individuals with MCI.” Sachdev added, “Participation in cognitively enriching activities and efforts to lower blood pressure might promote reversion.”
Sachdev PS, et al. (2013). Factors predicting reversion from mild cognitive impairment to normal cognitive functioning: A population-based study. PLoS ONE 8(3): e59649. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059649
© Copyright 2013 GoodTherapy.org. All rights reserved.
The preceding article was solely written by the author named above. Any views and opinions expressed are not necessarily shared by GoodTherapy.org. Questions or concerns about the preceding article can be directed to the author or posted as a comment below.

Is cosúil gur coinníoll nádúrtha é an lag lag lag lag lag a tharlaíonn le haois. Deir daoine scothaosta go mbíonn taithí coitianta acu ar dearmad, ar dheacrachtaí le fadhbanna a réiteach, agus ar mhíchumas ciallmhar. Léirigh taighde gur féidir le haicmiúcháin áirithe MCI díthrom níos mó a thuar agus fiú dementia agus Alzheimer (AD) a thuar. Mar sin féin, léiríonn staidéar le déanaí a rinne Perminder S. Sachdev, ón Ionad um Sheanbhliú Céir Sláintiúil ag Scoil na Síceachtraíochta in Ollscoil na Nua-Gheallainn Theas san Astráil, go bhfuil tosca áirithe ann a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina gcúis le MCI a aisiompú i ndáiríre.
Sa staidéar, rinne Sachdev measúnú ar 233 duine idir 71 agus 89 bliain d'aois maidir le leibhéil MCI. Rinneadh meastóireacht freisin ar na rannpháirtithe maidir le galar fisiceach, coinníollacha síceolaíocha, cumas braite, agus fachtóirí eile a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a bheith acu ar MCI. Rinneadh measúnú orthu ag tús an chóireála agus arís 2 bhliain ina dhiaidh sin. Fuair Sachdev go raibh roinnt cosúlachtaí ag na 66 rannpháirtí a tháinig ar ais go dtí gnáthleibhéil fheidhmiú cognaíoch. Go háirithe, bhí seans níos mó acu go mbeadh foirm níos éadroime de MCI acu ná iad siúd nach ndeachaigh ar ais. Bhí radharc agus boladh níos sláintiúla acu freisin. Bhí na filleadóirí páirteach i ngníomhaíochtaí a spreag próisis chognaíocha mar léitheoireacht, puzzles, agus réiteach fadhbanna. Bhí siad níos oscailte do thaithí nua, bhí níos lú teagmhais ar athritis acu agus bhí leibhéil níos fearr brú fola acu ná na daoine nach raibh ag athshlánú.
Is féidir na coinníollacha seo go léir a fheiceáil mar neamhnasctha, ach míníonn Sachdev go bhfuil siad go léir nasctha i ndáiríre. Mar shampla, d'fhéadfadh MCI níos déine daoine a thoirmeasc ó ghníomhaíochtaí a éilíonn smaoineamh, mar réiteach fadhbanna agus léamh. Chomh maith leis sin, d'fhéadfadh díthréigean ciallmhar daoine a chur faoi deara gníomhaíochtaí a sheachaint a éilíonn úsáid na n-airí sin. B'fhéidir go roghnaíonn daoine a bhfuil amharc lag orthu gan tascanna amhairc a dhéanamh a d'fhéadfadh a gcumas cognaíocha a spreagadh. Ina theannta sin, d'fhéadfadh pian ó arthritis a bheith ina chostas ar bhealaí cognaíocha, rud a d'fhéadfadh bac a chur ar acmhainní a theastaíonn chun cuid de na cúraimí cosanta a dhéanamh. Mar an gcéanna, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh staid shealadach MCI mar thoradh ar dhaoine a bhfuil dúlagar, strus, nó brú fola ard orthu. Nuair a laghdaítear a n-iarsmaí síceolaíocha agus fisiciúla trí theiripe nó cógais, is féidir a gcumas cognaíocha a athshlánú. Cé gur tháinig MCI leanúnach nó níos mó ar go leor de na rannpháirtithe, léiríonn an staidéar seo gur féidir le go leor daoine aonair le MCI leas a bhaint as gníomhaíochtaí a d'fhéadfadh an lagú a aisiompú. D'fhéadfadh meastóireacht a dhéanamh ar na tosca seo prognóis níos cruinne a éascú do dhaoine aonair le MCI. Dúirt Sachdev, D'fhéadfadh rannpháirtíocht i ngníomhaíochtaí a shaibhreannann cognaíoch agus iarrachtaí brú fola a ísliú a chur chun cinn.
Sachdev PS, et al. (2013). Fachtóirí a thuar go dtiocfaidh aisghabháil ó lag lagú cognaíoch go gnáthfheidhmiú cognaíoch: Staidéar daonra-bhunaithe. PLoS ONE 8 ((3): e59649. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059649
© Copyright 2013 GoodTherapy.org. Coimeádtar na cearta go léir.
An t-údar a scríobh an t-alt roimhe seo amháin a ainmníodh thuas. Ní gá go gcomhaontóidh GoodTherapy.org aon tuairimí agus tuairimí a léirítear. Is féidir ceisteanna nó imní faoi an t-alt roimhe seo a dhíriú chuig an údar nó a phostáil mar thuairim thíos.


A good dialogue is rewarding – and leading one requires practice and repetition. The cards for facilitating a discussion will provide you with tips and phrases for leading a dialogue. First learn to master a few leading methods, then expand your knowledge discussion by discussion. Start from yourself and learn to be both an expert listener and discussion facilitator.
Tuning into the discussion, creating an encounter on an equal basis and the right kind of ending are important in every discussion. Also, think about the situation preceding the discussion. For example, are there tensions between the participants and do you believe someone will dominate the discussion? In these situations, you should study the conversation cards with advice for tough situations especially carefully.
Some tips for using the conversation cards:
- Start using the cards well before the discussion, already in the planning stage
- Read the cards through one by one and draw up a suitable script for your discussion
- Modify the wordings to make them natural for you and make notes of them
- Read through the cards and your notes once more just before the discussion or the previous day

Tá dea-phlé luachmhar  agus éilíonn cleachtadh agus athdhéanamh a bheith ag tabhairt faoi cheann. Beidh na cártaí chun plé a éascú ag soláthar leideanna agus frásaí duit chun comhrá a stiúradh. Ar dtús foghlaim chun máistreacht a fháil ar roinnt modhanna tosaigh, ansin leathnú do chuid eolais ag plé le plé. Tosaigh leat féin agus foghlaim conas a bheith ina éisteoir saineolach agus ina chúntóir plé.
Tá sé tábhachtach sa chaint go bhfuil an t-ábhar á phlé, go bhfuil an t-ábhar á chur ar fáil ar bhonn comhionann agus go bhfuil an deireadh ceart á chur ar fáil. Smaoinigh freisin ar an staid a bhí roimh an gcruinniú. Mar shampla, an bhfuil teannas idir na rannpháirtithe agus an gcreideann tú go mbeidh duine éigin ag smachtú ar an bplé? I gcásanna den sórt sin, ba cheart duit na cártaí comhrá a bhfuil comhairle acu maidir le cásanna deacra a léamh go cúramach.
Seo roinnt leideanna maidir leis na cártaí comhrá a úsáid:
- Tús a chur leis na cártaí fada roimh an bplé, cheana féin sa chéim phleanála
- Léigh na cártaí trína chéile agus déan scripte oiriúnach a tharraingt suas le haghaidh do phlé
- na focail a mhodhnú ionas go mbeidh siad nádúrtha duit agus nótaí a dhéanamh orthu
- Léigh na cártaí agus do nótaí arís díreach roimh an bplé nó an lá roimhe sin


Gingivitis is a swelling or inflammation of the gum tissue. If gingivitis is not corrected, 30 percent of all cases will become periodontitis, a condition where bacteria has spread from the gums to the bones, possibly resulting in lost teeth, an eroded jaw bone, and the need for dental surgery.
In the past, gingivitis did not cause much concern, but a study conducted in 1998 found that compared to men with healthy gums, those with gum disease were four and a half times more likely to have heart disease. The connection is thought to be due to bacteria entering the bloodstream through the gums.
Another study discovered that people with gum disease had 50 percent more plaque buildup in their carotid arteries than in people with healthy gums. Plaque buildup is a major risk factor for stroke. In June 2000, it was announced that a study observing 1000 pregnant women discovered premature deliveries were eight times more likely if they had gum disease.
The bacteria that causes gingivitis has been found in the brains of Alzheimer’s patients, according to a study published by Science Advance in January 2019.
Symptoms of gingivitis may be mild and go unnoticed.
- Continual bad breath may be present
- Gums become bright red, tender, swollen
- Gums bleed readily when flossing or brushing
- Gum tissue withdraws from the teeth, causing receding gums
- Sensitive teeth
Bacteria that has not been removed by brushing and flossing sits under the gum line and eventually leads to infection.
Other factors that can contribute to gingivitis are:
- Brushing too hard
- Certain medications
- Crooked teeth
- Dental work that is too loose
- Diets that are high in refined carbohydrates and sugar
- Dry mouth
- GERD or acid reflux
- Hormonal changes
- Nutritional deficiencies
- Weakened immune system
Veterans who suffer from post-traumatic stress have a higher rate of gum disease, including gingivitis.
Elevated hormones during pregnancy exaggerate the body’s response to plaque in the mouth, thus increasing the likelihood of getting gingivitis. If good oral hygiene is practiced, this should not become a problem.
Diabetics are known to be more prone to gingivitis than non-diabetics. However, when diabetes is well controlled, gingivitis is kept in check.
Prescription for Health
|Coenzyme Q10||300 to 500 mg daily||Has been shown to work as well as scaling and root planing|
|Oil of oregano||Three drops three times daily||Antibacterial and antifungal|
|Tea tree oil mouthwash||Gargle and swish twice daily||Antibacterial and antifungal|
|Goldenseal||20 drops daily ensure an 8 to 10 percent berberine content||Acts as an antibacterial|
|Cranberry juice (unsweetened)||Drink throughout the day||Prevents bacteria from sticking to the teeth and gums|
|Sage tea||Drink throughout the day||Soothes inflamed gums, is antioxidant and anti-inflammatory|
|Moducare sterols and sterolins||One capsule three times daily||Regulates immune function, enhances bacteria fighting ability, decreases inflammation and reduces the effects of stress|
Health Tips to Enhance Healing
- Avoid processed and refined foods.
- Brush tongue or use a tongue scraper to remove the bacteria that are hiding in the mucous coating.
- Chew gum containing baking soda. It helps eliminate plaque and reduce gingivitis.
- Drink plenty of pure, filtered water daily. For every juice, alcoholic, or caffeinated beverage consumed, drink another glass of water.
- Eat a well-balanced diet that focuses on natural, whole foods such as whole grains, fresh fruits and vegetables, legumes, nuts and seeds, and fresh fish.
- Floss at least once every two days to remove plaque buildup under the gum line.
- If flossing is impossible to incorporate into a nightly routine, there are toothbrushes for sale that emit acoustic energy. These may clean in areas not reachable by flossing.
- Oral piercings increase the risk of infection, so extra attention should be paid to oral hygiene.
- Stop smoking. Tobacco leaves a film of tar on the tongue, teeth, and gums that can make infections worse and delay healing. It can also lead to oral cancer.
- Visit a dentist once every six months to remove hidden plaque in hard-to-reach areas.
- When unable to brush, try fizzy tablets that have sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, and silicon dioxide. They bubble up to remove leftover food particles. Or use a toothpick.

Is é gingivitis tinneas nó athlasadh na fíochán gingivitis. Mura ndéantar ceartú ar gingivitis, beidh 30 faoin gcéad de na cásanna go léir ina periodontitis, coinníoll ina bhfuil baictéir scaipthe ó na ghuí go dtí na cnámha, rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina chúis le fiacla a chailleadh, cnámh jaw a bheith ag dul i ngleic, agus gá le máinliacht fiacla.
Ní raibh mórán imní ar gingivitis roimhe seo, ach i gcomparáid le fir a raibh a ngéibheanna sláintiúil, fuair staidéar a rinneadh i 1998 go raibh na fir a raibh galar a ngéibheanna orthu ceithre huaire go leith níos mó seans go mbeadh galar croí orthu. Meastar go bhfuil an nasc mar gheall ar bhaictéir a théann isteach sa sruth fola trí na gcianta.
Fuair staidéar eile amach go raibh 50 faoin gcéad níos mó plaic i n-artréi caróid ná i ndaoine a raibh ghuí sláintiúil acu. Is príomhfhachtóir riosca le haghaidh stróc é an t-airgead plaic. I mí an Mheithimh 2000, fógraíodh go raibh staidéar a rinneadh ar 1000 bean torracha a fuair amach go raibh líonadh ocht n-uaire níos mó ann go dtabharfaí seachadadh roimh am má bhí galar gúmh orthu.
Baineadh amach go raibh baictéir a chuireann gingivitis i gcroí othair Alzheimer, de réir staidéir a d'fhoilsigh Science Advance i mí Eanáir 2019.
D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh comharthaí gingivitis éadrom agus go mbeifeá gan a bheith faoi deara.
- D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh droch-allas leanúnach i láthair
- Téann na gcianta dearg geal, teann, tuirseach
- Fágann na gcianna go héasca nuair a bhíonn fíon nó briseadh á dhéanamh acu
- Tógann fíochán na ngamh ó na fiacla, rud a fhágann go bhfuil na ngamh ag éirí
- Féin-fhiacla
Baineann baictéir nach bhfuil bainte amach ag scuabadh agus ag úsáid fón cliste le líne an ghúm agus go dtiocfaidh ionfhabhtaithe orthu sa deireadh.
Is iad na fachtóirí eile a d'fhéadfadh cur le gingivitis ná:
- Brushing ró-dona
- Leigheasanna áirithe
- Figiúirí crochta
- Obair fiacla atá ró-scaoilte
- Bia atá ard i gcarbaihiodráití agus siúcra scagtha
- Beul tirim
- GERD nó reflux aigéadach
- Athruithe hormónacha
- Easpa cothaithe
- Córas imdhíonachta lag
Tá ráta níos airde galair gingivitis, lena n-áirítear gingivitis, ag veterans a bhfuil strus iar-trauma orthu.
Déantar hormóin ard le linn toirchis a chur i bhfeidhm ar fhreagra an chomhlachta ar phláic sa bhéal, rud a mhéadaíonn an dóchúlacht go bhfaighidh gingivitis. Má chleachttar sláintíocht bhéal maith, níor cheart go mbeadh fadhb leis seo.
Tá a fhios go bhfuil diaibéiteas níos so-ghabhálach do gingivitis ná daoine nach bhfuil diaibéiteas acu. Ach, nuair a bhíonn an diaibéiteas faoi rialú go maith, ní bhíonn gingivitis faoi smacht.
Recipes do Sláinte
Tá sé léirithe go n-oibríonn an Coenzyme Q10 300 go 500 mg in aghaidh an lae chomh maith le scála agus pleanáil fréamhacha
Óil oregano cadad atá annThree titim trí huaire sa lá cadad atá annAntibacterial agus antifungal cadad atá ann
Tea Tree Ola mouthwash Saad Saad Gargle agus swish dhá uair sa lá Saad Saad Antibacterial agus antifungal Saad Saad
20 titim go laethúil a chinntiú go bhfuil 8 go 10 faoin gcéad ábhar berberine titim Goldseal gníomhaíonn mar titim frithbacteriach
 Siúcra cranberry (gan siúcra) Saji Saji
 tae Sage adóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg íodóg
Moducare sterols agus sterolins darachadóirOne capsule three times daily darachadóirRegulates immune function, enhances bacteria fighting ability, decreases inflammation and reduces the effects of stress darachadóir
Leideanna Sláinte chun an Fhogha a Fheabhsú
- Seachain bianna próiseáilte agus scagtha.
- Brush teanga nó úsáid scraper teanga chun na baictéir atá ag dul i bhfolach sa chlúdach mucous a bhaint.
- Gúm a bhfuil soda bácála ann. Cabhraíonn sé le plaic a dhíchur agus le gingivitis a laghdú.
- Ól go leor uisce íon, scagtha go laethúil. Le gach sú, deoch alcólach nó deoch cófaine a ól, ól gloine eile uisce.
- Biodh aiste bia cothrom agat a dhíríonn ar bhia nádúrtha, iomlán mar ghráin iomlána, torthaí agus glasraí úra, plúr, cnónna agus síolta, agus iasc úr.
- Floss uair amháin ar a laghad gach dhá lá chun an plaic a thiomána faoi líne an ghuí a bhaint.
- Mura féidir flossing a ionchorprú i gnáthamh oíche, tá scuabáin fiacla ar díol a scaipeann fuinneamh fuaime. D'fhéadfadh siad seo a ghlanadh i gceantair nach féidir a bhaint amach le floss.
- Méadaíonn píorsaí béil an baol ionfhabhtaithe, mar sin ba cheart aird bhreise a thabhairt ar ghlanshláinteacht béil.
- Stop ag caitheamh tobac. Fágann tobac clú de chár ar an teanga, ar na fiacla agus ar na gcianta a fhéadann ionfhabhtuithe a dhéanamh níos measa agus a mhaireann le leigheas. Is féidir leis a bheith ina chúis le hailse béil freisin.
- Téigh chuig fiaclóir uair amháin gach sé mhí chun pláta i gceantair atá deacair a bhaint.
- Nuair nach féidir leat a scuabadh, déan iarracht táibléid spártha a bhfuil bicarbonate sóidiam, aigéad citreach, agus dé-ocsaíde silicon. Tá siad ag dul suas chun na cáithníní bia atá fágtha a bhaint. Nó úsáid toothpick.


OXFORD SHAKESPEARE TOPICS General Editors: Peter Holland and Stanley Wells Oxford Shakespeare Topics provide students and teachers with short books on important aspects of Shakespeare criticism and scholarship. Each book is written by an authority in its field, and combines accessible style with original discussion of its subject.What is the significance of Shylock's ring in The Merchant of Venice? How does Shakespeare create Gertrude's closet in Hamlet? How and why does Ariel prepare a banquet in The Tempest? In order to answer these and other questions, Shakespeare and Material Culture explores performance from theperspective of the material conditions of staging. In a period just starting to be touched by the allure of consumer culture, in which objects were central to the way gender and social status were experienced but also the subject of a palpable moral outrage, this book argues that material culturehas a particularly complex and resonant role to play in Shakespeare's employment of his audience's imagination.Chapters address how props and costumes work within the drama's dense webs of language - how objects are invested with importance and how their worth is constructed through the narratives which surround them. They analyse how Shakespeare constructs rooms on the stage from the interrelation of props,the description of interior spaces and the dynamics between characters, and investigate the different kinds of early modern practices which could be staged - how the materiality of celebration, for instance, brings into play notions of hospitality and reciprocity. Shakespeare and Material Cultureends with a discussion of the way characters create unique languages by talking about things - languages of faerie, of madness, or of comedy - bringing into play objects and spaces which cannot be staged. Exploring things both seen and unseen, this book shows how the sheer variety of materialcultures which Shakespeare brings onto the stage can shed fresh light on the relationship between the dynamics of drama and its reception and comprehension.

OXFORD SHAKESPEARE TOPICS Ard-Redeoirí: Peter Holland agus Stanley Wells Soláthraíonn Oxford Shakespeare Topics le mic léinn agus múinteoirí le leabhair ghearr ar ghnéithe tábhachtacha de cháineadh agus de scoláireacht Shakespeare. Scríobhann údarás ina réimse gach leabhar, agus comhcheanglaíonn sé stíl inrochtana le plé bunaidh ar a ábhar. Cad é an tábhacht a bhaineann le fáinne Shylock i The Merchant of Venice? Conas a chruthaíonn Shakespeare closet Gertrude i Hamlet? Conas agus cén fáth a ullmhaíonn Ariel bancéad i The Tempest? Chun na ceisteanna seo agus ceisteanna eile a fhreagairt, déanann Shakespeare and Material Culture scrúdú ar fheidhmíocht ó thaobh na gcoinníollacha ábhartha a bhaineann le hionstraim. I dtréimhse a bhí ag tosú ar an gcultúr tomhaltóra a bheith ina mhealladh, inarbh ionann rudaí agus croílár ar an mbealach a raibh taithí ar inscne agus ar stádas sóisialta ach freisin ábhar a bhí ag an mbréag mórmhorálta, déanann an leabhar seo a argóint go bhfuil ról an-chasta agus resonant ag cultúr ábhartha i bhfostaíocht Shakespeare ar shamhlaíocht a lucht féachana.Tagann caibidil faoi conas a oibríonn props agus cóistiméireachtaí laistigh de ghréasán dlúth teanga an dráma - conas a chuirtear tábhacht ar rudaí agus conas a ndéantar a luach a thógáil trí na scéalta a chuairteann iad. Déanann siad anailís ar an gcaoi a ndéanann Shakespeare seomraí ar an stáitse a thógáil ó idirchaidreamh na props, an tuairisc ar spásanna inmheánacha agus an dinimice idir carachtair, agus imscrúdaíonn siad na cineálacha éagsúla cleachtais nua-aimseartha luatha a d'fhéadfaí a chur ar siúl - conas a thugann ábhar na ceiliúradh, mar shampla, coincheapa fáilteachais agus cómhalartachta. Shakespeare and Material Cultureag deireadh le plé ar an mbealach a chruthaíonn carachtair teangacha uathúla trí labhairt faoi rudaí - teangacha faerie, madness, nó grinn - ag cur rudaí agus spásanna nach féidir a chur ar siúl i gcluiche. Ag iniúchadh rudaí atá le feiceáil agus le feiceáil araon, léiríonn an leabhar seo conas is féidir leis an éagsúlacht mhór cultúir ábhair a thugann Shakespeare ar an stáitse solas úr a chaitheamh ar an gcaidreamh idir dinimic an drámaíochta agus a ghlao agus a thuiscint.


Gummy sharks have sweet and delicious flesh, and are popular for their boneless and thick flakes.
They are commonly used for the traditional “fish and chips” but should not be overlooked for barbecuing, poaching, braising and baking.
FOR THE 2019-2020 SEASON
Scientific name: Mustelus antarcticus
Other names: Sweet William, Australian smooth hound, smooth dog-shark, white-spotted gummy shark
Description: Gummy sharks are a relatively small slender-bodied species with a short head. They are grey or grey-brown above and white below, with white spots on the back and upper sides. The second dorsal fin is nearly as large as the first dorsal fin. The mouth is short and angular with numerous rows of blunt, flattened teeth.
Size (length and weight): Up to 1.75 metres in length and 24.8 kg. Females grow larger than males.
Life span: Up to 16 years.
Habitat: Gummy sharks are a demersal species that inhabits the continental shelf from the near shore region to depths of 80-350 metres. They remain either on or near the sea bed. Newborn and juvenile gummy sharks aggregate in many areas across southern Australia, while young and adult gummy sharks are more widely distributed. Gummy sharks tend to aggregate by sex and size. Juvenile male and female gummy sharks have similar rates of movement, but females travel longer distances as their age increases.
Prey: Cephalopods, crustaceans, and occasionally fish.
Predators: Juveniles are known to be preyed on by broadnose sevengill sharks.
Reproduction: Gummy sharks reach reproductive maturity at 4-5 years of age, with males maturing at a smaller size than females. Females are ovoviviparous. Litters usually comprise of about 14 pups, but large females have been recorded producing up to 57 pups. Gummy shark are born during the summer months after an 11‑12 month gestation period.
Other notes: Growth in males is negligible after 10 years, whereas females continue to grow until the end of their lives.
|Fishery found in||Gear used||Catch of this species is targeted or incidental|
|Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery – Gillnet Hook and Trap||Gillnet, longline||Targeted|
|Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery – Commonwealth Trawl Sector||Bottom trawl||Incidental|
|State fisheries and recreational||Gillnet, longline, bottom trawl. Recreational rod and line.||Incidental. Targeted by recreational sector|
Management of catch
The Commonwealth catch of gummy shark is managed by quota. This means the catch of this fish by commercial fishers is restricted by weight.
Commercial fishermen are required to fill in records of their catches, during each fishing trip and when they land their catch in a port. This helps us keep records of how much is being caught.
AFMA decide on the amount that can be caught each year from expert advice and recommendations from fisheries managers, industry members, scientist and researchers.
Gummy sharks are found across the waters of southern Australia, extending from Bunbury in Western Australia to Jervis Bay in NSW.
They are found in shallow waters down to 80 metres depth (but sometimes as deep as 350 metres).
Fishing gear and environmental impacts
Gummy sharks are caught using gillnets, longlines and sometimes trawl nets.
Gillnets have a minimal impact on the seafloor as they are stationary when set. Gillnets have the potential to interact with marine mammals, although when set properly, larger predatory sharks and marine mammals will bounce off the firm netting.
Bottom set longline fishing causes very little damage to the seafloor and has only a very limited level of bycatch. Gear can become snagged on the bottom and get broken off, although this is not a common occurrence. Fish which have been caught are brought to the surface slowly, and are often alive when they reach the boat, which greatly increases their chance of survival when returned to the water.
Sometimes, bottom trawling can catch unwanted species of fish (not the type of fish the net was supposed to catch). This is known as bycatch and it is monitored by on-board fishery observers who assess the environmental impact of the trawling.
Although it is not physically possible to trawl on reef structures, significant long-term damage can occur if sensitive habitat areas like corals, sponges and seagrass beds are trawled. To ensure these sensitive habitat areas are protected from trawling, management arrangements such as area closures are extensively used.
In managing our fisheries we consider the impact that catching each species has on the environment through our Ecological Risk Assessment process. We work with the Department of the Environment and Energy to ensure that our fisheries meet strict environmental guidelines.

Tá feoil milis agus blasta ag muiceolaí gummy, agus tá tóir orthu mar gheall ar a gcuid scamaill gan chnámh agus tiubh.
Úsáidtear iad go coitianta le haghaidh an iasc agus na síceáin traidisiúnta ach níor cheart dearmad a dhéanamh orthu le haghaidh barbecuing, poaching, braising agus bácáil.
I LEI SEASÓN 2019-2020
Ainm eolaíoch: Mustelus antarcticus
Ainmneacha eile: Sweet William, Australian smooth hound, smooth dog-shark, white-spotted gummy shark
Tuairisc: Is speiceas réasúnta beag é an t-iasc-mara gummy, a bhfuil corp caol aige agus ceann gearr aige. Tá siad liath nó liath-bhruin thuas agus bán thíos, le spotaí bána ar chúl agus ar thaobh uachtarach. Tá an dara sciath dorsail beagnach chomh mór leis an gcéad sciath dorsail. Tá an béal gearr agus uillinn le sraitheanna iomadúla fiacla plódaithe, plódaithe.
Mhéid (téarma agus meáchan): suas le 1.75 méadar ar fhad agus 24.8 kg. Fásann na mná níos mó ná na fir.
Fad saoil: Suas le 16 bliana.
Tá an t-eiscín gummy ina speiceas demersal a chónaíonn ar an seilf mhór-roinn ón réigiún gar don chósta go dtí doimhneacht 80-350 méadar. Fanann siad ar bhonn na farraige nó in aice leis. Tá na hairí gummy nuabheirthe agus óg ag teacht le chéile i go leor ceantair ar fud an Astrála Theas, agus tá na hairí gummy óga agus fásta níos forleithne. Tá claonadh ag muiceolaí gummy a bheith ag luí le chéile de réir gnéis agus méid. Tá luas gluaiseachta den chineál céanna ag na haicíní gummy fireann agus baineann óg, ach bíonn na mná ag taisteal ar achar níos faide de réir mar a théann a n-aois.
Díol: Cephalopods, crustaceans, agus iasc uaireanta.
Deamhain: Tá a fhios go bhfuil na hairí seacht-gill leathan-nós ag díriú ar na hairí óg.
Athghiniúint: Faigheann na hairí gummy aibíocht atáirgthe ag 4-5 bliana d'aois, agus bíonn na fir níos lú ná na mná. Tá mná ovoviviparous. Is gnách go mbíonn thart ar 14 leanbh sa chraobh, ach tá baill mhná móra taifeadta ag táirgeadh suas le 57 leanbh. Rugtar siorcanna gummy i rith mhíonna an tsamhraidh tar éis tréimhse toirchis 11-12 mhí.
Nótaí eile: Ní bhíonn fás ag na fir tar éis 10 mbliana, ach leanann mná ag fás go dtí deireadh a saol.
Is é an t-iasc a fhaightear i
 Iascaireacht Scálach agus Earraigh an Deiscirt agus an Oirthir  Cúnla Gillnet agus Cúlchiste Gillnet, Longline Gillnet agus Cúlchiste spriocdhírithe
 Iascach Scalefish agus Earraigh iascach  Sector Tral Comhphobail
▪Iascaigh agus áineasa an Stáit: Gillnet, longline, trawl bun. Réamhrá rod agus líne. Bhí siad a bheith i gcás. Dírithe ar earnáil áineasa
Bainistíocht na gabhála
Bainistítear an t-iascach de shráibeanna gummy de chuid an Chomhphobail trí chuóta. Ciallaíonn sé seo go bhfuil an t-iascaireacht tráchtála ar an éisc seo teoranta de réir meáchain.
Tá sé de cheangal ar iascairí tráchtála taifid a gcuid gabhálacha a chomhlánú, le linn gach turais iascaireachta agus nuair a bhíonn a gcuid gabhálacha á dtarraingt i gcalafort. Cabhraíonn sé seo linn taifid a choinneáil ar an méid atá á ghabháil.
Cinntíonn AFMA an méid is féidir a ghabháil gach bliain ar chomhairle saineolaithe agus ar mholtaí ó bhainisteoirí iascaigh, ó bhaill an tionscail, ó eolaithe agus ó thaighdeoirí.
Tá muiceaí gummy le fáil ar fud uiscí na hOstaire Theas, ag síneadh ó Bunbury in Iarthar na hOstaire go Jervis Bay in NSW.
Tá siad le fáil in uiscí clutha go dtí 80 méadar ar dhomhainn (ach uaireanta chomh domhain le 350 méadar).
Trealamh iascaireachta agus tionchair ar an gcomhshaol
Gabhtar siorcanna gummy ag baint úsáide as grillíní, línte fada agus grillíní tarraingthe uaireanta.
Tá tionchar íosta ag na líonta gile ar bhun na farraige toisc go bhfuil siad seasta nuair a chuirtear iad. Tá an cumas ag na líonta gill idirghníomhú le mamaigh mhuirí, cé go bhfuil sé suite go cuí, beidh cáraigh creachtóra níos mó agus mamaigh mhuirí ag bualadh as an líonra daingean.
Ní dhéanann an iascaireacht longline bunchláir ach an-bheag damáiste don bhéal farraige agus ní bhíonn ach leibhéal an-teoranta de ghabháil. Is féidir le trealamh a bheith snagged ar an mbonn agus a bheith briste, cé nach bhfuil sé seo a tharlaíonn go coitianta. Tógtar an t-iasc a gabhadh go mall chun an dromchla, agus is minic a bhíonn sé beo nuair a shroicheann sé an bád, rud a mhéadaíonn go mór a seans maireachtála nuair a chuirtear ar ais é ar an uisce.
Uaireanta, is féidir le tralaíocht bun speicis iasc nach bhfuil ag teastáil a ghabháil (ní hé an cineál iasca a bhí i gceist ag an ngréasán a ghabháil). Tugtar coisbhaisc air seo agus déanann breathnóirí iascaigh ar bord faire air agus déanann siad measúnú ar thionchar an tralaíochta ar an gcomhshaol.
Cé nach féidir trawl a dhéanamh ar struchtúir ríse, d'fhéadfadh damáiste suntasach fadtéarmach tarlú má dhéantar trawl a dhéanamh ar limistéir mhaireachtála íogaire cosúil le corail, sponges agus leapacha seagrass. Chun a chinntiú go ndéantar na limistéir choitianta seo a chosaint ar thrálaíocht, úsáidtear socruithe bainistíochta go forleathan, amhail dúnadh limistéar.
Agus ár n-iascaigh á mbainistiú againn, déanaimid measúnú ar an tionchar a bhíonn ag gabháil gach speiceas ar an gcomhshaol trí ár bpróiseas Measúnaithe Riosca Éiceolaíoch. Oibríonn muid leis an Roinn Comhshaoil agus Fuinnimh chun a chinntiú go gcomhlíonann ár n-iascach treoirlínte dian comhshaoil.


“For by grace you have been saved through faith; and that not of yourselves, it is the gift of God; not as a result of works, so that no one may boast.” – Ephesians 2:8-9
One of the most beautiful words in the Bible is grace. It has been described with the acrostic, “God’s riches at Christ’s expense.” Grace is what makes the gospel message “good news” because it is at the heart of the gospel. And since grace is central to the gospel message, the doctrine of grace was on center stage during the Protestant Reformation. One of the Latin slogans that served as a rallying cry for the reformers was “Sola Gratia,” meaning was by God’s “grace alone.” However, the doctrine of “grace alone” did not suddenly show up on the scene during the time of the Reformation. Centuries prior to Luther, early church father Augustine of Hippo, had stressed salvation was only by God’s grace and that nothing could be done to earn or achieve salvation; for it was a free gift from God.
However, the term “grace alone” was not necessarily foreign to the vocabulary of the Roman Catholic Church. It was actually a theological phrase familiar to Catholics. However, its meaning was drastically different than what was meant when spoken by the Reformers. The Church saw “grace alone” as a spiritual work of God in a person’s life which began at baptism, which prepared a person for salvation and good works. However, when the Reformers used the term “grace alone” they meant that salvation was based upon the grace of God alone and it that had nothing to do with good works. During Luther’s life, he had actually taught both viewpoints; the Catholic viewpoint before parting ways with the Church, and eventually the Biblical view. In his book, “Echoes of the Reformation” author Brandon D. Smith writes, “The Church taught that grace didn’t save completely, but rather prepared people to be saved. Luther the monk said grace alone is the gasoline that propels the car of salvation. Luther the reformer said grace alone is the entire car.”
The passage above is one of the most familiar passages on God’s saving grace. The Apostle Paul mentioned grace and faith together in the same sentence. But this isn’t surprising; for they are really two sides of the same coin. They are inseparable doctrines woven together within the tapestry of the Christian faith. However, they are still very distinct from each other. It has been said that grace is God’s response to man while faith is man’s response to God. Paul stresses to the Church at Ephesus that God had saved them, not because of anything they had done, but simply by His grace. The salvation He provided was a free gift that they did not deserve.
The bible teaches salvation is based only upon God’s unmerited favor towards sinners, and that everyone is undeserving of God’s grace. Truth be known, a person cannot really begin to appreciate the grace of God until they begin to understand how sinful they really are. The Bible teaches that the heart of man is desperately wicked (Jeremiah 17:9). In Romans 7:24, Paul even referred to himself as a wretched man (which is certainly a fair assessment of the human heart). Mankind is born into sin (Psalm 51:5) and immediately at odds with God. Because of our sin nature, we are spiritually broken before in His presence (Isaiah 6:5). There is nothing good about us (Romans 3:10). Even our best falls short of God’s standard; for our righteous deeds are but filthy rags in the sight of God (Isaiah 64:6). A person really can’t enjoy God’s gracious act of salvation until they realize that salvation is their greatest need.
There is something liberating within the doctrine of grace. It removes the burden of a meritorious approach to salvation, and instead provides a spiritual confidence and assurance that can only be found in Christ Jesus. I am so thankful that God used Martin Luther to expose doctrinal errors during a particularly dark chapter in church history. So let us rejoice together in the goodness of God, and celebrate the beautiful blessing of knowing that our salvation is simply by God’s grace alone!
– Pastor Eric

Óir is trí ghrásta a shábháil sibh trí chreideamh; agus ní as bhur gcuid féin é, is bronntanas Dé é; ní mar thoradh ar oibreacha é, ionas nach mbeidh aon duine ag bródú.  Ephésians 2:8-9
Ceann de na focail is áille sa Bhíobla is ea grásta. Tá sé cur síos leis an acrostic, God's riches at Christ's expense. Is grásta a dhéanann an teachtaireacht soiscéal good news toisc go bhfuil sé i gcroílár an soiscéal. Agus ós rud é go bhfuil grásta lárnach i dteachtaireacht an soiscéil, bhí an teagasc grásta ar lár na stáisiúin le linn na Réabhlóide Phrotastúnach. Ceann de na sloigíní Laidineacha a bhí mar ghlao rallying do na hathchóiritheoirí ná  Sola Gratia,  a chiallaíonn go raibh ag  grásta Dé amháin.  Mar sin féin, níor nocht an teagasc  grásta amháin  go tobann ar an láthair le linn am an Athchóirithe. Saol roimh Luther, bhí an t-athair eaglais luath Augustine of Hippo, ag cur béime ar shlándáil a bhí ach le grásta Dé agus nach féidir aon rud a dhéanamh chun an slánú a thuilleamh nó a bhaint amach; mar bhí sé ina bhronntanas saor in aisce ó Dhia.
Mar sin féin, ní raibh an téarma  grásta amháin go forleathan i bhfoclaíocht na hEaglaise Caitliceach Rómhánach. Ba abairt theolaíoch í a bhí ar eolas ag Caitlicigh i ndáiríre. Mar sin féin, bhí a bhrí go mór difriúil ná mar a bhí i gceist nuair a labhair na hIonstraimithe. Chonaic an Eaglais "grásta amháin" mar obair spioradálta Dé i saol duine a thosaigh ag baisteadh, a d'ullmhaigh duine le haghaidh slánú agus dea-oibreacha. Mar sin féin, nuair a d'úsáid na hIonstraimithe an téarma  grásta amháin ciallaigh siad go raibh an slánú bunaithe ar ghrásta Dé amháin agus nach raibh aon rud le déanamh leis na dea-oibreacha. Le linn shaol Luther, bhí sé i ndáiríre a mhúineadh an dá tuairimí; an tuairim Caitliceach roimh parting bealaí leis an Eaglais, agus sa deireadh an dearcadh Bíobla. Ina leabhar, "Echoes of the Reformation" scríobhann an t-údar Brandon D. Smith, "D'fhoghlaim an Eaglais nach sábhálann grásta go hiomlán, ach go leor daoine a ullmhaíonn chun a bheith slán. Luther an manach dúirt grásta amháin an gás atá propels an carr an tslánaithe. Dúirt Luther an athchóiritheoir go bhfuil an grásta ina n-aonar an carr iomlán.
Tá an rann thuas ar cheann de na hailt is mó a bhfuil aithne orthu ar ghrásta shábhála Dé. Thug an tApostol Pól tagairt do ghrásta agus do chreideamh le chéile sa abairt chéanna. Ach ní haon ionadh é seo; mar is dhá thaobh den bhuinn chéanna iad i ndáiríre. Is teagasc neamh-in-scaoilte iad a bhfuil an creideamh Críostaí ina measc. Mar sin féin, tá siad fós an-difriúil óna chéile. Tá sé ráite go bhfuil grásta freagra Dé ar an duine agus creideamh freagra an duine ar Dhia. Cuireann Pól béim ar an Eaglais in Ephesus gur shábháil Dia iad, ní mar gheall ar rud ar bith a rinne siad, ach go simplí trína ghrásta. Ba é an slánú a chuir sé ar fáil bronntanas saor in aisce nach raibh tuillte acu.
Múineann an Bíobla go bhfuil an slánú bunaithe ar bhuíochas gan luach Dé i leith peacaithe, agus go bhfuil gach duine neamh-iníoctha le grásta Dé. Go deimhin, ní féidir le duine a chur i láthair go fírinneach grásta Dé go dtí go dtosóidh sé a thuiscint cé chomh peacach is atá sé i ndáiríre. (Eirimia 17:9) Tá an t-eagla ar an gcroí a bheith ina bhfíor-chomhpháirtí. I Rómhánaigh 7:24, thug Pól tagairt dó féin mar dhuine míshásta (rud atá cinnte ina mheasúnú cothrom ar chroí an duine). Rugtar an chine daonna i bpeaca (Salm 51:5) agus go díreach i gcontúirt le Dia. Mar gheall ar ár nádúr peaca, táimid briste go spioradálta roimh a láithreacht (Eiseaias 6: 5). Níl aon rud maith againn (Róimh 3:10). Fiú amháin go bhfuil ár gcuid is fearr nach bhfuil ag teacht le caighdeán Dé; mar ní bhíonn ár ngníomhartha cearta ach rags salach i súile Dé (Eiseaias 64:6). Ní féidir le duine taitneamh a bhaint as gníomh grásta Dé maidir le slánú go dtí go dtuigeann siad go bhfuil slánú ina riachtanas is mó.
Tá rud éigin saoradh laistigh den fhoirceadal grásta. Cuireann sé an t-ualach ar bhealach luachmhar chun an tslánaithe, agus ina ionad sin soláthraíonn sé muinín agus cinnteacht spioradálta nach féidir a fháil ach amháin i gCríost Íosa. Táim chomh buíoch go n-úsáid Dia Martin Luther chun earráidí teagaisc a nochtadh le linn chaibidil an-dlúth i stair na heaglaise. Mar sin, a ligean ar a rejoice le chéile i dea-dearbhas Dé, agus ceiliúradh a dhéanamh ar an bheannacht álainn a fhios go bhfuil ár slánú ach trí ghrásta Dé amháin!
 an tSaoir Eric


There’s egg sauce in the sandwich, or there’s ice in a drink: foods that only seem harmless but can be malicious. Especially abroad, in countries where hygiene conditions are worse, and where food poisoning They are more frequent. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that in recent years more than 70% of travelers from these countries have experienced various health problems during their stay or upon returning home. The countries most at risk are those in Central Africa, Southeast Asia, the Middle East and South America.
The child died in Sharm, Andrea Mirabelle, he was 6 years old: food poisoning was fatal, and dad was dangerous. Mother: “Let’s go back to Palermo.”
Salmonella, but also Campylobacter and Escherichia coli: today there are more than 250 cases of food poisoning in the world, which manifest with different symptoms and are caused by different pathogens, mostly bacteria, viruses and parasites.
Symptoms usually include nausea, vomiting, violent abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and sometimes fever. Manifestations that can be confused with those of some forms of parainfluenza, favored in this period by constant changes in temperature.
Among them, the main cause of malaise is a form of foodborne gastroenteritis known as “traveler’s diarrhea”. The syndrome manifests itself in the first days of a trip or stay of variable duration and intensity depending on the specific resistance of the individuals, the length of the period and the destination. The latency period of the disease is short, usually within 72 hours and is manifested by abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, accompanied by general malaise, and sometimes fever.
Foods most at risk
Food contamination, especially in summer, can occur in several ways. Some microorganisms are found in the intestines of healthy animals and come into contact with their meat (and then transmitted to those who eat it) during slaughter. Fruits and vegetables can become contaminated if they are washed or irrigated with water contaminated with animal or human faeces. While salmonella can contaminate eggs after infection of the ovary system of chickens. Vibrio bacteria, usually found in water, are filtered and concentrated by seafood, such as oysters and mussels, and thus can cause infection if the food is eaten raw. Infection can also be transmitted to food by operators, during food handling and preparation (this is the case with Shigella bacteria, hepatitis A virus and many other pathogens), by contact with hands and kitchen utensils used for example in the preparation of various foods and not properly disinfected . Cooked and therefore safe food (most microorganisms cannot tolerate temperatures above 60-70°C) can be contaminated by contact with raw food. Moreover, the conditions in which foods are preserved during the various stages of preservation are of great importance: the cold chain, for example, prevents the development and reproduction of certain microorganisms, which need a very large population to be toxic.
Foods to avoid and rules to follow
While it’s true that bacteria and food toxins are more common in the summer months, don’t panic anyway. Because it is enough to follow a few simple rules to significantly reduce the risk of infection.
Do not drink tap water, always drink mineral water from airtight bottles. If you suspect that the water in the services may be contaminated, also use mineral water to brush your teeth;
Drink carbonated drinks from airtight bottles and do not use ice cubes;
drink only packaged (pasteurized and long-life) milk; Alternatively, boil it beforehand;
Avoid raw vegetables, meat, seafood and egg products, raw or slightly cooked fruit, which is served peeled or already cut;
Avoid food preparation, even if cooked, but serve at room temperature; elaborate, manipulative (meat and vegetable salads, pancakes, appetizers, pancakes with cream);
Avoid bulk foods Such as ice cream, drinks, sweets and foods of unknown composition, especially if they are sold by street vendors.
On the other hand, cooked foods such as personally peeled meats and fruits, coffee, tea, beer, wine and liquor in general can be considered safe. In any case, when returning from a trip to an “at-risk” area, microbiological and parasitic analyzes are recommended, as microorganisms can colonize the human intestine without causing specific symptoms, but still making the “carrier” capable of contaminating others. People.

Tá an t-uibheacha sa bhraonán, nó tá oighear i ndeoch: bianna nach bhfuil ach neamhdhíobhálach ach a d'fhéadfadh a bheith olc. Go háirithe thar lear, i dtíortha ina bhfuil coinníollacha sláinteachais níos measa, agus ina bhfuil meáchan bia Tá siad níos minice. Tuairiscíonn an Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Sláinte (WHO) go bhfuil fadhbanna sláinte éagsúla tagtha ar níos mó ná 70% de na taistealaithe ó na tíortha seo le blianta beaga anuas le linn a gcuid cónaithe nó nuair a d'fhill siad abhaile. Is iad na tíortha is mó i mbaol na hAfraice Láir, Oirdheisceart na hÁise, an Meánoirthear agus Meiriceá Theas.
Fuair an leanbh bás i Sharm, Andrea Mirabelle, bhí sé 6 bliana d'aois: bhí nimhe bia marfach, agus bhí an t-athair contúirteach. Máthair: Lig dúinn dul ar ais go Palermo.
Salmonella, ach freisin Campylobacter agus Escherichia coli: tá níos mó ná 250 cás de phéiteáil bia ar domhan inniu, a léirítear le hairíonna éagsúla agus a bhíonn mar thoradh ar phaitogéin éagsúla, baictéir, víris agus paraisítí den chuid is mó.
Is gnách go n-áirítear na hairíonna náire, vomiting, cramps abdominal foréigneach, diarrhea, agus fiabhras uaireanta. Léirítear iad a d'fhéadfadh a bheith mearbhall orthu le foirmeacha áirithe parainfluenza, a thaitníonn leis an tréimhse seo trí athruithe leanúnacha ar thimpearthacht.
I measc na ndaoine sin, is é an príomhchúis a bhaineann le míchompord ná cineál gastroenteritis a d'eascair ó bhia ar a dtugtar  diarrhea an siubhail. Léiríonn an siondróm é féin sna chéad laethanta de thuras nó de thuras a bhfuil a fhad agus a déine éagsúil ag brath ar fhrithsheasmhacht shonrach na ndaoine aonair, ar fhad na tréimhse agus ar an gceann scríbe. Tá tréimhse latency an ghalair gearr, de ghnáth laistigh de 72 uair an chloig agus léirítear é le pian boilg, diarrhea, vomiting, in éineacht le míchompord ginearálta, agus fiabhras uaireanta.
Bianna is mó i mbaol
Is féidir éilliú bia, go háirithe sa samhradh, a bheith ann ar bhealaí éagsúla. Tá roinnt micreorganismí le fáil i n-intinn ainmhithe sláintiúla agus tagann siad i dteagmháil lena gcuid feola (agus ansin a tharchur chuig iad siúd a itheann é) le linn na maraithe. Is féidir le torthaí agus glasraí a thruailliú má dhéantar iad a ní nó a uisce le huisce atá truaillithe le feces ainmhithe nó daonna. Cé go bhféadfadh salmonella uibheacha a thruailliú tar éis ionfhabhtú ar chóras ovarian na sicín. Baineann baictéir Vibrio, a fhaightear san uisce de ghnáth, le bia mara, mar shampla oisrí agus muisíní, agus mar sin is féidir leo ionfhabhtú a chur faoi deara má itheann siad an bia amh. Is féidir le hoibreoirí ionfhabhtú a tharchur chuig bia freisin, le linn láimhseáil agus ullmhú bia (is é seo an cás le baictéir Shigella, víreas heipitíteas A agus go leor pataiginí eile), trí theagmháil le lámha agus uirlisí cistine a úsáidtear mar shampla i ullmhú bia éagsúla agus nach bhfuil díghalraithe go cuí . Is féidir le bia cócaráilte agus mar sin sábháilte (ní féidir leis an gcuid is mó de mhicreorganismí teochtaí os cionn 60-70°C a fhulaingt) a bheith truaillithe trí theagmháil le bia amh. Ina theannta sin, tá an-tábhacht ag na coinníollacha ina gcoinnítear bianna le linn na gcéimeanna éagsúla coinneála: cosnaíonn an slabhra fuar, mar shampla, forbairt agus atáirgeadh micreorgansaí áirithe, a theastaíonn daonra an-mhór uathu chun a bheith tocsaineach.
Bianna le seachnadh agus rialacha le leanúint
Cé go bhfuil sé fíor go bhfuil baictéir agus tocsainí bia níos coitianta i míonna an tsamhraidh, ná bíodh imní ort ar chor ar bith. Toisc go leor cúpla rialacha simplí a leanúint chun an baol ionfhabhtaithe a laghdú go suntasach.
Ná hól uisce píopa, ól uisce mianraí i gcónaí ó bhuidéil shuntasacha. Má tá amhras ort go bhféadfadh an t-uisce sna seirbhísí a bheith truaillithe, bain úsáid as uisce mianraí chun do chuid fiacla a scuabadh;
Ól deochanna gaile ó bhuidéil shuntasacha agus ná húsáid ceapairí oighir;
Ní féidir le bainne a bheith i bpacáistíocht ach amháin (bainne pasteurized agus fada-saoil); nó, é a bhruith roimh ré;
Seachain glasraí amh, feoil, bia mara agus táirgí uibhe, torthaí amh nó beagán bruite, a sheirbheáiltear peeled nó atá gearrtha cheana féin;
Seachain bia a ullmhú, fiú má tá sé cócaráilte, ach tabhair ar teochta an tseomra; elaborate, manipulative (salads feola agus glasraí, pancakes, appetizers, pancakes le uachtar);
Seachain bianna móra mar oighreachta, deochanna, milseoga agus bianna nach bhfuil a chomhdhéanamh ar eolas acu, go háirithe má dhíolann díoltóirí sráide iad.
Ar an láimh eile, is féidir bianna cócaireachta mar fheoil agus torthaí a scriosadh go pearsanta, caife, tae, beoir, fíon agus deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna deochanna I gcás ar bith, nuair a bhíonn tú ag filleadh ó thuras chuig limistéar "ag riosca", moltar anailíseacha microbiolaíocha agus paraisítí a dhéanamh, toisc gur féidir le micreorganismí colún a dhéanamh ar bhéal an duine gan comharthaí sonracha a chur ar bun, ach fós a dhéanamh ar an "iompróir" in ann daoine eile a thruailliú. Daoine.


This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers.
In simple words, software is that part of our computer system which we cannot see and touch. But it is not comprehensive to tell much about software. Software is actually the set of instructions and codes which are designed to interact the user and the hardware of computer system to let it work as they desire. Programmers design this software according to new technology/systems or on user demand. Without software, computer is just like a body with no life.
Software is set of basic programming instructions to computer hardware, forming a layer of programming code on which most other functions of computer are built. Computer hardware consists of physical device on the inside or outside of the computer such as the central processing unit (CPU), circuit boards, the monitor and key board and disk drives.
Application Software are those software which user uses for different purposes like making docs by Microsoft Word, surf Internet by a web browser and a lot more.
While the Operating System interfaces the user application software and computer's BIOS to allow the application to interact with the computer hardware. And here the examples of tasks perform by it.:
Handle input from the keyboard, mouse and other input devices.
Handle output to the monitor and printer
Handle communication using modem
Manage network communication such as for local network and the Internet.
(b) What are the computer security and data security? How can we secure the data in single (unshared) computer and shared computer?
Today security is the main concern in every aspect of life but also and most important in computer systems. Because computer is everywhere, we are using them for different purposes even PDA is a mini computer. So we store our private data in it like docs, images, videos etc and we always curies about it that nobody access it without their permission. There always computer security is remaining in discussion to provide and security and reliability to users of their data.
Computer security actually means the security of computer system and that is to prevent computer system from unauthorized access, viruses, malware etc. While data security means the security of any kind of data stored in your computer system or external drives.
Computer is a machine so everyone can use it according to it means computers can unshared and shared. Unshared computer means Personal Computer which is used by single person, no any access to any other. Data security matter is not no so serious on it because it is personal computer and obviously it is password protected so with entering right password no one can enter the computer and access the data which computer is secured if the password is strong and no simple 1234 word etc which mostly people use these type of password and many intelligent hackers can easily access the computer.
But on shared computer, secure the data is actually a task. In shared computer many people access your computer and mess up all things even your private data is in danger now. So first thing to do is to secure the data by encrypting it with password. Like make a password protested zip file (and then hiding it is also a better solution).
It is not necessary that a person using our pc can harm our data even viruses are very dangerous. They enter in system by internet or external drives and harm the whole pc by deleting and infecting the data. To solve such problems install a good antivirus program and keep it up to date.
Always make a backup of computer system and store it on CD/DVD and on system too, no matter whether the system is shared or not. This help to secure the data in any case.
(c) What are the network services? Describe the directory services and telecommunication services. Explain the rules of these services in operating system and networking.
Network services are very important for network computing environment. These services are configured on LAN for smooth data transfer and reliability. Services like DHCP (Dynamic Host Control Protocol) which allows a host to obtain an IP address dynamically when it connects frequently, DHCP is contracted by sending a request and an IP address is requested. The DHCP chooses an address from a configured range of addresses called a pool and assigns it to client.
DNS (Domain Name System) is also a LAN services resolves the IP address into name and name into IP address like programs theoretically could refer to hosts, mailboxes and other recourses by their network(e.g., IP) addresses, these addresses are hard for people to remember. Also sending email to email@example.com means if Sara's ISP or organization moves the mail server to different machine with a different IP address, her email address has to change. Consequently, ASCII names were introduced to decouple machine names from machine addresses. In this way, Sara's address might be something like firstname.lastname@example.org .
Network file sharing and printing are also network services. Transfer of files with in or out the network is common and printer can be attached in network by which we can access them.
Directory services are like a large container of network data and resources such as computer printers, user accounts and user groups that provides a central listing of resources and ways to quickly find specific resources and provide ways to access and manage network recourses.
Q 1 Explain the networking operating system using examples. Describe the services in networking operating system and describe the risk related business issues using any example.
An operating system which allow file sharing and printing sharing in a network is called network operating system. Networks like local area network, Intranet and private networks. Apple talk, Novell Netware, Windows server, UNIX etc are examples of network operating system.
Services in network operating system are Printer sharing, File Sharing, Backup data and User administration.
Sharing files on network can include many risks like viruses and other unwanted software and files. Viruses can affect the computer and its performance and even corrupt the whole system. By unwanted files and programs space of hard disk is consumed much and we don't even know about it.
For example a organization have a small network which share printers and file to each other. Now user B sent file to user F and PC of user B in infected with a lot of viruses and they transfer with the file to user F, If user F don't have proper up-to-dated antivirus then he screwed up.

Chuir mac léinn an aiste seo isteach. Ní sampla é seo den obair a scríobh ár scríbhneoirí aiste gairmiúla.
Go simplí, is é bogearraí an chuid sin dár gcóras ríomhaireachta nach féidir linn a fheiceáil ná a chur ar láimh. Ach ní leor a rá go leor faoi bhrandaí. Is é an bogearraí i ndáiríre an sraith treoracha agus cóid atá deartha chun idirghníomhú idir an t-úsáideoir agus crua-earraí an chórais ríomhaireachta chun ligean dó oibriú mar a theastaíonn uathu. Déanann cláirithe an bogearraí seo a dhearadh de réir teicneolaíocht/chórais nua nó de réir éilimh an úsáideora. Gan bogearraí, tá ríomhaire díreach cosúil le corp gan saol.
Is éard atá i bpríomh-uirlisí cláir do crua-earraí ríomhaire, a chruthaíonn sraith cód cláir ar a bhfuil an chuid is mó de fheidhmeanna eile an ríomhaire tógtha. Is éard atá i crua-earraí ríomhaire ná feiste fisiceach taobh istigh nó taobh amuigh den ríomhaire mar an t-aonad próiseála lárnach (CPU), boird chiorcaid, an mhonatóir agus an chléirchlár agus tiománaí diosca.
Is iad na bogearraí feidhmchláir na bogearraí sin a úsáideann úsáideoir chun críocha éagsúla mar doiciméid a dhéanamh le Microsoft Word, surfáil ar an Idirlíon le brabhsálaí gréasáin agus go leor eile.
Cé go bhfuil an Córas Oibriúcháin idirghabhálaithe leis an bogearraí feidhmchláir úsáideora agus BIOS an ríomhaire chun ligean don iarratas idirghníomhú le crua-earraí an ríomhaire. Agus anseo na samplaí de tascanna a dhéanamh leis. :
Bain úsáid as ionchur ón méarchlár, ón luch agus ó ghléasanna ionchuir eile.
Torthaí láimhseála chuig an mhonatóir agus an printéir
Cumarsáid a láimhseáil trí mhodem
Cumarsáid líonra a bhainistiú, mar shampla le haghaidh líonra áitiúil agus an Idirlíon.
(b) Cad iad slándáil ríomhaireachta agus slándáil sonraí? Conas is féidir linn na sonraí a slándáil i ríomhaire aonair (nach roinnte) agus i ríomhaire roinnte?
Sa lá atá inniu ann is í an tslándáil an príomhchúram i ngach gné den saol ach freisin agus is tábhachtaí i gcórais ríomhaireachta. Toisc go bhfuil ríomhaire i ngach áit, táimid ag úsáid iad chun críocha éagsúla fiú tá PDA ríomhaire beag. Mar sin, stórálann muid ár sonraí príobháideacha ann mar doiciméid, íomhánna, físeáin etc agus déanaimid curies i gcónaí faoi nach bhfaigheann aon duine rochtain air gan a gcead. Tá sé i gcónaí ar an gcumas ríomhaireachta a bheith i ndáil le soláthar agus slándáil agus iontaofacht d'úsáideoirí a gcuid sonraí.
Ciallaíonn slándáil ríomhaire i ndáiríre slándáil an chórais ríomhaireachta agus is é sin chun cosc a chur ar chóras ríomhaireachta ó rochtain neamhúdaraithe, víris, malware srl. Cé go gciallaíonn slándáil sonraí slándáil aon chineál sonraí a stóráiltear i do chóras ríomhaireachta nó i dtriail sheachtracha.
Is meaisín é ríomhaire ionas gur féidir le gach duine é a úsáid de réir a chiallaíonn go bhféadfar ríomhairí a roinnt agus a roinnt. Ciallaíonn ríomhaire neamhroinnte Ríomána Pearsanta a úsáideann duine amháin, gan aon rochtain ar dhuine eile. Ní ábhar slándála sonraí chomh tromchúiseach air toisc go bhfuil sé ríomhaire pearsanta agus ar ndóigh tá sé pasfhocal faoi chosaint mar sin le pasfhocal ceart a iontráil ní féidir le duine ar bith dul isteach sa ríomhaire agus rochtain a fháil ar na sonraí a bhfuil an ríomhaire slán má tá an pasfhocal láidir agus ní simplí 1234 focal etc a úsáideann an chuid is mó daoine an cineál pasfhocal seo agus is féidir le go leor hackers cliste rochtain a fháil ar an ríomhaire go héasca.
Ach ar ríomhaire roinnte, tá an t-eolas a shábháil i ndáiríre tasc. I ríomhaire roinnte go leor daoine rochtain ar do ríomhaire agus mess gach rud fiú do shonraí príobháideacha i mbaol anois. Mar sin, is é an chéad rud a dhéanamh ná na sonraí a slándáil trí iad a chriptiú le focal faire. Cosúil le pasfhocal a dhéanamh agóid zip comhad (agus ansin a cheilt sé freisin réiteach níos fearr).
Ní gá go bhféadfadh duine ag baint úsáide as ár ríomhaire damáiste a dhéanamh dár sonraí fiú tá víris an-chontúirteach. Téann siad isteach sa chóras trí idirlíon nó trí thiomáin sheachtracha agus déanann siad dochar don ríomhaire iomlán trí na sonraí a scriosadh agus a ionfhabhtuithe. Chun fadhbanna den sórt sin a réiteach, suiteáil clár maith frith-ainneolais agus coinnigh é cothrom le dáta.
Déan cúltaca de chóras ríomhaireachta i gcónaí agus stóráil ar CD/DVD agus ar chóras freisin, is cuma an bhfuil an córas roinnte nó nach bhfuil. Cabhraíonn sé seo leis na sonraí a chosaint ar aon nós.
(c) Cad iad na seirbhísí líonra? Déan cur síos ar na seirbhísí clár-eolais agus ar na seirbhísí teileachumarsáide. Mínigh rialacha na seirbhísí seo i gcóras oibriúcháin agus i líonraíocht.
Tá seirbhísí líonra an-tábhachtach d' timpeallacht ríomhaireachta líonra. Tá na seirbhísí seo cumraithe ar LAN chun aistriú sonraí réidh agus iontaofacht a áirithiú. Seirbhísí cosúil le DHCP (Prótacal Rialú Óstach Dinimiciúil) a ligeann d'óstach seoladh IP a fháil go dinimiciúil nuair a nascadh go minic, déantar conradh le DHCP trí iarraidh a sheoladh agus iarrtar seoladh IP. Roghnaíonn an DHCP seoladh ó raon saincheaptha seoltaí ar a dtugtar poól agus sannann sé é chuig cliant.
DNS (Córas Ainm Fearainn) is seirbhís LAN freisin réitíonn an seoladh IP i ainm agus ainm i seoladh IP cosúil le cláir theoretically d'fhéadfadh tagairt a dhéanamh do óstach, boscaí poist agus cúiseanna eile ag a líonra ((m.sh., IP) seoltaí, tá na seoltaí seo deacair do dhaoine a mheabhrú. Chomh maith leis sin, ciallaíonn seoladh ríomhphoist chuig email@example.com má bhogann ISP nó eagraíocht Sara an freastalaí ríomhphoist chuig meaisín eile le seoladh IP difriúil, ní mór a seoladh ríomhphoist a athrú. Dá bhrí sin, tugadh ainmneacha ASCII isteach chun ainmneacha meaisín a dhíchúpláil ó sheoladh meaisín. Ar an mbealach seo, d'fhéadfadh seoladh Sara a bheith rud éigin cosúil le firstname.lastname@example.org .
Is seirbhísí líonra iad comhroinnt comhaid líonra agus priontáil freisin. Tá aistriú comhaid isteach nó amach as an líonra coitianta agus is féidir clódóir a cheangal i líonra trína bhféadfaimis rochtain a fháil orthu.
Tá seirbhísí eolaire cosúil le coimeádán mór sonraí agus acmhainní líonra amhail printéirí ríomhaire, cuntais úsáideora agus grúpaí úsáideora a sholáthraíonn liosta lárnach acmhainní agus bealaí chun acmhainní ar leith a aimsiú go tapa agus bealaí a sholáthar chun rochtain a fháil ar acmhainní líonra agus iad a bhainistiú.
C1 Mínigh an córas oibriúcháin líonraithe trí shamplaí a úsáid. Déan cur síos ar na seirbhísí i gcóras oibriúcháin líonraithe agus cur síos ar na saincheisteanna gnó a bhaineann le riosca ag baint úsáide as aon shampla.
Tugtar córas oibriúcháin líonra ar chóras oibriúcháin a cheadaíonn comhad comhad agus cóid priontála i líonra. Líonraí cosúil le líonra limistéar áitiúil, Intranet agus líonraí príobháideacha. Is samplaí de chóras oibriúcháin líonra iad Apple talk, Novell Netware, freastalaí Windows, UNIX etc.
Is iad na seirbhísí i gcóras oibriúcháin líonra comhroinnt Priontálaí, Comhroinnt Comhad, sonraí cúltaca agus riarachán Úsáideora.
Is féidir go leor rioscaí a bheith i gceist le comhad a roinnt ar líonra cosúil le víris agus bogearraí agus comhaid gan iarraidh eile. Is féidir le víris dul i bhfeidhm ar an ríomhaire agus ar a fheidhmíocht agus an córas iomlán a chontúirt fiú. Trí chomhaid agus cláir nach dteastaíonn go leor spáis ar chárta crua agus ní bhíonn a fhios againn fiú faoi.
Mar shampla, tá líonra beag ag eagraíocht a roinneann priontóirí agus comhad lena chéile. Anois, d'eisigh úsáideoir B comhad chuig úsáideoir F agus PC úsáideoir B i ionfhabhtaithe le go leor víris agus aistrithe siad leis an comhad chuig úsáideoir F, Mura bhfuil an t-aineolaí ceart cothrom le dáta ag úsáideoir F ansin rinne sé botún.