On television’s countless medical dramas, it looks so simple. A patient who can’t breathe is saved when a paramedic places a tube down their throat and squeezes life-saving oxygen into their lungs.
Medical studies across the nation reveal that this procedure in the field ends with the tube going down the wrong path toward the stomach and not the lungs one of every four times, often without the medical crew realizing it, or in enough time to prevent damage or death to the patient.
WLKY investigates the very real concerns about these procedures going wrong.
"THANK GOD HE'S A DUMMY"
At Louisville Metro Emergency Medical Services headquarters in the top floor of the old jail, WLKY asked paramedics majors Jenny Cravens, Chris Lokits and Michael Will to demonstrate the dangerous mistake.
The patient is a dummy, which breathes, coughs, exhales and talks. He’s laid out on a stretcher with cords and lines attached to the high-tech computer that monitors his vital signs.
“Could you show me putting in the tube wrong?” WLKY Investigative reporter Duane Pohlman asked, knowing this runs counter to every paramedic's training.
The crew hesitated, then inserted a small blue tube down the dummy’s esophagus that leads to the stomach, instead of the trachea, where the oxygen is needed.
"Thank God he's a dummy," Pohlman remarked. They shake their heads in agreement.
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In real life, this would be a catastrophic mistake if not caught right away.
While there are subtle signs, like the dummy’s stomach beginning to grow, that indicate the tube has gone down the wrong path, according to national studies, this mistake in the real world is made a stunning number of times.
Louisville Metro EMS Director Dr. Neal Richmond noted paramedics make the critical mistake 25 percent of the time.
"Not only one in four times is it not only misplaced," Richmond said, "but the person who misplaced it is unaware that it's in the wrong place until the patient actually shows up in the emergency department."
To make sure his crews get this procedure right, Richmond has invested in high-tech software to monitor something very simple: Carbon dioxide.
As the monitor beeps with readings of oxygen and blood pressure, the crew, now working with a tube placed correctly in the dummy, can look at a new row to make sure they got their intubation procedure right.
"This line down here is the patient's end-title CO2. It's the carbon dioxide they're breathing out," Cravens said, revealing blue numbers appearing that measure the real-time exhaled breaths from the tube.
"So, every time they take a breath, it measures how much carbon dioxide they're breathing out. It makes this little waveform here," Cravens said, pointing to the peaks and valleys of a blue line moving across the screen.
It’s called quantitative waveform capnography. Here, paramedics call it "the dashboard."
Without it, crews said their attempts to make sure they’ve inserted the tube correctly from visual cues and uses of stethoscopes are just guesses.
"This is the definitive gold standard to say the tube is in the right place," Lokits said, as he continued to squeeze the bag that was forcing oxygen into a tube, watching as the dummy patient exhaled carbon dioxide.
"We know this a direct impact on a patient's outcome and survival," Richmond said, noting the new software should ensure the tube is placed correctly in 100 percent of the patients who are still alive.
Lokits continued squeezing the bag, Cravens joined him in studying the monitor saying, "It lets you know immediately. There's no question."
Even though the American Heart Association has recommended quantitative waveform capnography since 2010, its use has been slow to be installed in many departments across the country.
In Kentucky, the Board of Emergency Medical Services does not mandate its use yet, something Richmond said should be mandated, but conceded the cost of the software may be causing the delay in adopting it in a new state protocol.
It cost Richmond as much as $5,000 per monitor to install the carbon dioxide measuring software and it can cost hundreds more to provide the necessary peripheral equipment.
Still, Richmond and other medical experts said the cost is small in comparison to the price of saving countless lives.
"This should be, if not the No. 1 priority, about as close to No. 1 as you can get," Richmond said. "It's time that we had the ability to monitor our airway management. You got to get the tube in the right hole. It is life or death."

Ar an teilifís drámaí leighis gan áireamh, tá sé chomh simplí. Sábháltar othar nach féidir leis anáil nuair a chuireann páiste páiste píolótach feadán isteach ina throat agus a chuireann ocsaigin a shábhálann a shaol isteach ina scamhóga.
Léiríonn staidéir leighis ar fud na tíre go gcríochnaíonn an nós imeachta seo sa réimse leis an tube ag dul síos an bealach mícheart i dtreo an bholg agus ní na scamhóga uair amháin as gach ceithre huaire, go minic gan an fhoireann leighis a thuiscint é, nó go leor ama chun damáiste nó bás a sheachaint don othar.
Déanann WLKY imscrúdú ar na imní fíor faoi na nósanna imeachta seo a bheith mícheart.
"Thank God He's a DUMMY"
Ag ceanncheathrú Seirbhísí Leighis Éigeandála Louisville Metro san urlár is airde den sean-phrionsail, d'iarr WLKY ar mhéaraithe páiramis Jenny Cravens, Chris Lokits agus Michael Will an botún contúirteach a thaispeáint.
Is bréagán é an t-othar, a bhfuil sé ag anailís, ag cougháil, ag easpa agus ag caint. Tá sé suite ar chnámh le cords agus línte ceangailte leis an ríomhaire ardteicneolaíochta a monatóireacht a chuid comharthaí ríthábhachtacha.
"An féidir leat a thaispeáint dom go bhfuil an feadán á chur isteach mícheart?" a d'fhiafraigh Duane Pohlman, iriseoir imscrúdaithe WLKY, agus é ar an eolas go bhfuil sé seo contrártha le hoiliúint gach páiste.
D'athraigh an criú, ansin chuir siad feadán gorm beag isteach i mbéal an múnlaí a théann chuig an bolg, in ionad an trachea, áit a bhfuil an ocsaigin ag teastáil.
"Go raibh maith agat Dia go bhfuil sé dummy", Pohlman faoi deara. Glacann siad a gcinn i gcomhaontú.
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Sa saol fíor, bheadh sé seo ina botún tubaisteach mura bhfaightear é láithreach.
Cé go bhfuil comharthaí subtle ann, cosúil le bolg an múnla ag tosú ag fás, a léiríonn go bhfuil an feadán imithe ar an mbóthar mícheart, de réir staidéir náisiúnta, déantar an botún seo sa saol fíor líon suntasach uaireanta.
Thug Stiúrthóir EMS Metro Louisville an Dr. Neal Richmond faoi deara go ndéanann páistí paramedics an botún criticiúil 25 faoin gcéad den am.
"Ní amháin go bhfuil sé mí-áitithe i gceann amháin as gach ceithre huaire", a dúirt Richmond, "ach ní bhíonn an duine a chuir sé mí-áitithe ar an eolas go bhfuil sé san áit mhícheart go dtí go léiríonn an t-othar i ndáiríre sa roinn éigeandála".
Chun a chinntiú go bhfaigheann a chuid foirne an nós imeachta seo i gceart, tá Richmond infheistithe i mbogearraí ardteicneolaíochta chun monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar rud an-simplí: Dé-ocsaíd charbóin.
De réir mar a léiríonn an monatóireacht léitheoireacht ocsaigine agus brú fola, is féidir leis an bhfoireann, atá ag obair anois le feadán a cuireadh i gceart sa múnla, breathnú ar shraith nua chun a chinntiú go raibh a bpróiseas intubaíochta ceart acu.
"Is é an líne seo thíos CO2 deireadh-teideal an othair. Is é an dé-ocsaíd charbóin atá á n-éaladh amach acu, "a dúirt Cravens, ag nochtadh uimhreacha gorma a thaispeánann gur tomhais na n-éalacha a bhí ag an tiúb i bhfíor-am.
"Mar sin, gach uair a thógann siad anáil, déanann sé tomhas ar an méid dé-ocsaíd charbóin atá á n-anamú acu. "Tá sé ag déanamh an tonnfhoirm bheag seo anseo", a dúirt Cravens, ag tabhairt le rá ar na buaicphointí agus na gleannanna de líne gorm ag bogadh ar fud an scáileáin.
Tugtar capnagrafaíocht tonnfhoirme cainníochtúil air. Anseo, glaonn paramedics é "an dashboard".
Gan é, dúirt foirne nach bhfuil ach tuairimí ag a gcuid iarrachtaí a chinntiú go bhfuil an tiúb curtha isteach go ceart acu ó threoirlínte amhairc agus úsáidí stethoscopes.
"Is é seo an caighdeán ór cinnte a rá go bhfuil an feadán sa áit cheart", a dúirt Lokits, agus é ag leanúint ar aghaidh ag brú an mála a bhí ag brú ocsaigine isteach i feadán, ag féachaint ar an othar dummy ag éalú dé-ocsaíd charbóin.
"Tá a fhios againn go bhfuil tionchar díreach ag an mbrabhsálaí seo ar thoradh agus ar mhaireachtáil an othair", a dúirt Richmond, ag tabhairt faoi deara go gcaithfidh an bogearraí nua a chinntiú go gcuirtear an tiúb i gceart i 100 faoin gcéad de na hothair atá fós beo.
Lean Lokits ag brú an mála, chuaigh Cravens leis ag staidéar ar an monatóireacht ag rá, "Ligeann sé duit a fháil amach láithreach. Níl aon cheist. "
Cé gur mhol Cumann an Chroí Mheiriceá capnagrafaíocht tonnfhoirme cainníochtúil ó 2010, bhí a úsáid mall a shuiteáil i go leor ranna ar fud na tíre.
I Kentucky, ní chuireann an Bord Seirbhísí Leighis Éigeandála a úsáid de cheangal go fóill, rud a dúirt Richmond gur chóir é a fhorordú, ach d'admhaigh sé go bhféadfadh costas na bogearraí a bheith ag cúis leis an moill a bhaineann leis a ghlacadh i bprótacal stáit nua.
Cosnaíonn sé $5,000 an monatóireacht amháin do Richmond chun an bogearraí tomhais dé-ocsaíd charbóin a shuiteáil agus is féidir go gcosnódh sé na céadta níos mó chun an trealamh forimeallach riachtanach a sholáthar.
Mar sin féin, dúirt Richmond agus saineolaithe leighis eile go bhfuil an costas beag i gcomparáid leis an bpraghas a bhaineann le saol gan áireamh a shábháil.
"Ba chóir go mbeadh sé seo, más rud é nach bhfuil an Níl. 1 tosaíocht, thart ar chomh gar le Uimh. "Tá an t-am ar fad ag an Aire, a dúirt sé, chun an t-am a fháil". "Tá sé in am go mbeadh an cumas againn monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar ár mbainistíocht aerach. Caithfidh tú an tiúb a chur sa pholl ceart. Is é an saol nó an bás. "


Writing in the National Post, the authors of a recently-released MLI report on government-funded biofuel support programs say there’s no evidence that they have been successful in achieving social and environmental benefits.
Douglas Auld and Ross McKitrick, the authors of "Money to Burn: Assessing the costs and benefits of Canada’s strategy for vehicle biofuels", say the evidence shows that federal and provincial governments should phase out the major components of biofuel programs.
Douglas Auld and Ross McKitrick, June 25, 2014
Since the turn of the century, biofuels production in the U.S. and Canada has soared more than eight-fold, driven by extremely favourable government support programs. In 2006, the new Conservative government announced its intention to accelerate and broaden the existing ethanol support system, beginning a major intrusion into the transportation fuel market. Through a combination of direct subsidies and blending mandates, the business of turning corn and other plants into a gasoline substitute called ethanol took off in North America.
The government’s stated goal was to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). In a new report for the Macdonald-Laurier Institute, we have examined the costs and benefits of Canadian biofuels policy, as well as the technical debates over whether their production and use even reduces GHG.
Ethanol displaces some fossil fuel use when it is blended in with regular gasoline. However, a litre of ethanol has less energy in it than a litre of gasoline, so you have to burn a larger volume of the blend to go as far as the equivalent amount of pure gasoline would have taken you. Determining whether use of biofuels reduces overall GHG emissions is difficult because of this factor, and also because the ethanol production process is very energy-intensive. Once researchers count up all the GHG emissions associated with the production and use of a litre of ethanol, they often find that there were more GHG’s emitted than during the production and use of a litre of gasoline.
For the purpose of cost-benefit analysis, even if the policy is cheap, if there are no GHG reductions, the cost per tonne of reductions is effectively infinite. So throughout our analysis we make assumptions that are maximally favourable to the possibility that biofuels do yield net GHG reduction in order that we can estimate the most optimistic possible benefit-cost ratio.
In economic terms, for a policy to be socially beneficial, the cost per tonne of greenhouse gas reduction policies should be at or below the conventional estimates of the “social cost of carbon.” By that measure, Canada’s biofuel support programs have been a clear failure.
Notwithstanding the fact that since 2008, there have been significant improvements in the technology to manufacture ethanol, therefore improving its GHG effectiveness, any reduction in GHG achieved by blending ethanol and gasoline continues to yield negative net social benefits. On a per-tonne basis, we estimate that the cost per tonne of CO2 equivalent reduction from production and use of corn ethanol ranges from $400 to $3,300 per tonne, and that from cellulosic ethanol is about $142 per tonne. This far exceeds the conventionally-estimated benefits of CO2 reduction of between $0 and $50 per tonne.
Put another way, over the 2008-2012 interval, allowing for very optimistic assumptions about the efficacy of reducing GHG from ethanol blending, we estimate that federal government biofuel initiatives cost Canadians between $3.00 and $3.50 for every dollar of social and environmental benefits achieved. Consequently the policy has failed to deliver value to Canadian taxpayers.
The most obvious recommendation to emerge from this analysis is the need to phase out the major components of current transportation biofuel policy on the grounds that the costs far exceed the social benefits and there are no realistic prospects for this situation to change.
If the government’s goal is to support the development of renewable fuels that have at least a theoretical potential to replace gasoline on a cost-competitive basis, a case can be made for limiting public research and development funds to cellulosic ethanol, namely the biofuel made from stem material of plants. But otherwise, our current biofuels policy yields only dubious environmental benefits and clear economic harm.
Douglas Auld and Ross McKitrick are economics professors at the University of Guelph and co-authors of the Macdonald-Laurier Institute report “Money to Burn: Assessing the costs and benefits of Canada’s strategy for vehicle biofuels.”

Ag scríobh sa National Post, deir údar na tuarascála MLI a scaoileadh le déanaí ar chláir thacaíochta bithbhreoslaí a mhaoinítear ag an rialtas nach bhfuil aon fhianaise ann go bhfuil siad rathúil i dtaithí a bhaint amach ar shochair shóisialta agus comhshaoil.
Deir Douglas Auld agus Ross McKitrick, údar na leabhar "Money to Burn: Assessing the costs and benefits of Canada's strategy for vehicle biofuels", gur léirigh an fhianaise gur cheart do rialtais cónaidhme agus réigiúnacha na príomh-chomhpháirteanna de chláir bithbhreosla a dhiúscairt.
Douglas Auld agus Ross McKitrick, 25 Meitheamh, 2014
Ó thús na haoise, tá táirgeadh bithbhreoslaí sna Stáit Aontaithe agus i gCeanada tar éis méadú níos mó ná ocht n-uaire, mar gheall ar chláir thacaíochta an-fabhrach rialtais. Sa bhliain 2006, d'fhógair an rialtas Coimeádach nua a intinn an córas tacaíochta atá ann cheana féin maidir le heitánól a luasghéarú agus a leathnú, ag tosú ar iontráil mhór i margadh breosla iompair. Trí chomhcheangal de thacaíochtaí díreacha agus sainordúí measctha, tháinig an gnó chun arbhar agus plandaí eile a thiontú i ionad gásailín ar a dtugtar ethanol i Meiriceá Thuaidh.
Ba é cuspóir an rialtais a lua ná astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa (GCE) a laghdú. I dtuarascáil nua don Institiúid Macdonald-Laurier, rinneamar scrúdú ar chostais agus buntáistí bheartas bithbhreoslaí Cheanada, chomh maith leis na díospóireachtaí teicniúla maidir le cibé an laghdaíonn a dtáirgeadh agus a n-úsáid GHGanna fiú.
Déantar cuid de úsáid breosla iontaise a dhíshuiteáil ag eitánól nuair a dhéantar é a mheascadh le ginsín rialta. Mar sin féin, tá níos lú fuinnimh i lítear ethanol ná i lítear gásailín, mar sin ní mór duit méid níos mó den mheascadh a dhó chun dul chomh fada agus a thógfadh méid coibhéiseach gásailín íon tú. Tá sé deacair a chinneadh an laghdaíonn úsáid bithbhreoslaí astaíochtaí GCE foriomlán mar gheall ar an ngné seo, agus mar gheall go bhfuil an próiseas táirgthe éitanoil an-dhlúth fuinnimh. Nuair a bhíonn na taighdeoirí ag comhaireamh na n-astaíochtaí GHG go léir a bhaineann le táirgeadh agus úsáid lítear ethanol, is minic a fhaigheann siad go raibh níos mó GHGanna a astaíodh ná le linn táirgeadh agus úsáid lítear binsíne.
Chun críocha anailíse costas-sochair, fiú má tá an beartas saor, mura bhfuil aon laghdúanna GCE ann, tá an costas in aghaidh an tonna de na laghduithe go héifeachtach gan teorainn. Mar sin, le linn ár anailíse, déanaimid toimhdeanna atá an-fabhrach don fhéidearthacht go dtabharfaidh bithbhreoslaí laghdú glan GHG ionas gur féidir linn an cóimheas is mó dóchúla is féidir a mheas.
Ó thaobh na heacnamaíochta de, chun go mbeadh beartas tairbheach go sóisialta, ba cheart go mbeadh an costas in aghaidh an tonna de bheartais laghdaithe gás ceaptha teasa ag nó faoi bhun na meastacháin choinbhinsiúnacha ar "cosgais shóisialta an charbóin".
D'ainneoin an bhfíric go bhfuil feabhsuithe suntasacha tagtha ar an teicneolaíocht chun eitánól a mhonarú ó 2008, rud a chuir feabhas ar a éifeachtacht GCE, leanann aon laghdú ar GCE a baintear amach trí eitánól agus gáslóin a mheascadh ag tabhairt sochair shóisialta dhiúltacha glan. Ar bhonn in aghaidh an tonna, meastar go bhfuil an costas in aghaidh an tonna CO2 a laghdú coibhéiseach ó tháirgeadh agus úsáid ethanol arbhar idir $ 400 agus $ 3,300 in aghaidh an tonna, agus go bhfuil ó ethanol cellulosic thart ar $ 142 in aghaidh an tonna. Tá sé seo i bhfad níos mó ná na buntáistí a mheastar go traidisiúnta a bhaineann le laghdú CO2 idir $ 0 agus $ 50 in aghaidh an tonna.
Ar bhealach eile, thar an earra 2008-2012, ag ligean do bharúlacha an-dearfach faoi éifeachtúlacht GHG a laghdú ó mheascán ethanol, meastar go gcosnaíonn tionscnaimh bithbhreosla an rialtais cónaidhme idir $ 3.00 agus $ 3.50 do Chanadaigh ar gach dollar de shochair shóisialta agus comhshaoil a baintear amach. Dá bhrí sin, níor éirigh leis an mbeartas luach a sholáthar do cháiníocóirí Cheanada.
Is é an moladh is soiléire a thagann amach as an anailís seo ná go gcaithfear na príomhchomhpháirteanna den bheartas reatha maidir le bithbhreoslaí iompair a dhiúltú de réir a chéile ar an mbonn go bhfuil na costais i bhfad níos mó ná na tairbhí sóisialta agus nach bhfuil aon ionchais réalaíocha ann go n-athróidh an staid seo.
Má tá sé mar aidhm ag an rialtas tacú le forbairt breoslaí in-athnuaite a bhfuil acmhainn teoiriciúil acu ar a laghad chun gásailín a athsholáthar ar bhonn iomaíoch ó thaobh costais de, is féidir cás a dhéanamh chun cistí taighde agus forbartha poiblí a theorannú ar eitánól cellulósach, is é sin an bithbhreosla a dhéantar as ábhar bunfhillte plandaí. Ach ar shlí eile, ní thugann ár mbeartas reatha maidir le bithbhreoslaí ach sochair chomhshaoil amhrasacha agus damáiste eacnamaíoch soiléir.
Douglas Auld agus Ross McKitrick is ollamh eacnamaíochta iad in Ollscoil Guelph agus comh-údar tuarascáil Institiúid Macdonald-Laurier Money to Burn: Assessing the costs and benefits of Canada's strategy for vehicle biofuels.


There are two silent killer diseases that lie within the body- high blood pressure and diabetes. Hypoglycaemia is another word for diabetes and this metabolic disorder is a result of improper glucose metabolism in the body. Hunger is satiated with food and whatever we eat is converted to calories and sugar in the body. This glucose is carried via the blood stream to different organs and acts as an energy booster for them, prompting them to perform their functions but what happens if the sugar lies in the blood in excess?
The body cells absorb glucose and use it for production of energy. This glucose in the blood can be used only if there is insulin hormone in the body. Insulin is produced by the pancreas and if it is not produced or is available in improper quantities, then the unused sugar in blood starts to increase and damage the organs. Heart and kidney are especially vulnerable to glucose and can work properly only if the insulin is processed properly by organs of body. Don’t let the glucose levels rise in the body; get a timely diagnosis so that you can start taking conventional or diabetes ayurvedic cure by Patanjali on time. Your body is precious and can get destroyed by high glucose levels, protect it now!
Sometimes the insulin cannot be processed properly by the body. This also causes the sugar levels to rise. Daily routine and lifestyle changes are compulsory for the diabetics to be able to process insulin properly. The immune system may get compromised and other illnesses may take over if the glucose levels of the body keep rising. Proper exercise and shedding of calories become a must for proper organ functioning of a diabetic. The calorie count has to be kept under control at all times. A proper exercise regime helps in adequate absorption of medicines and appropriate functioning of organs.
Many people end up eating too much and too heavy if they are stressed out. This causes an upheaval in the sugar levels of the body. Encourage the person with increased glucose levels to eat more green leafy vegetables and reduce the intake of carbohydrates and fats. Guava, jamun, papaya, musk melon, citric fruits and apple are better than the rest of the fruits because they contain less of sugar. Bitter gourd, gourd, fenugreek are very good for diabetic people.
A diabetic needs to be very careful about the diet and must always carry a sugar sweet in the pocket to eat whenever the sugar falls low. Regular sleep is imperative to keep the body functioning properly. Get your sugar tests done if you are urinating frequently. Getting very thirsty and feeling excessive fatigue needs to be checked at the earliest. Diabetes also leads to skin itching and unhealed wounds.
Ayurvedic treatments like diabetes ayurvedic cure by Patanjali offer Divya Madhunashini vati and Divya Shilajeet Sat that is helpful in controlling Diabetes by taking care of the blood sugar levels.

Tá dhá ghalair mharbhála ciúin ann atá suite sa chorp - brú fola ard agus diaibéiteas. Is focal eile é hypoglycaemia le haghaidh diaibéiteas agus is é an neamhord meitibileach seo toradh meitibileacht neamhchuí glúcóis sa chorp. Tá ocras satiated le bia agus cibé rud a itheann muid a thiontú go calories agus siúcra sa chorp. Déantar an glúcóis seo a iompar tríd an sruth fola chuig orgáin éagsúla agus oibríonn sé mar bhrú fuinnimh dóibh, ag spreagadh iad a gcuid feidhmeanna a dhéanamh ach cad a tharlaíonn má bhíonn an siúcra sa fhuil i bhfad níos mó?
Glacann cealla an chomhlachta glúcóis agus úsáideann siad é chun fuinneamh a tháirgeadh. Ní féidir an glúcóis seo sa fhuil a úsáid ach amháin má tá an hormón inslin sa chorp. Déantar inslin a tháirgeadh ag an bpancreas agus mura ndéantar é nó má tá sé ar fáil i gcainníochtaí míchuí, ansin tosaíonn an siúcra neamhúsáidte san fhuil ag méadú agus ag damáiste a dhéanamh do na horgáin. Tá croí agus duáin an- so- íogair do ghlúcóis agus ní féidir leo oibriú i gceart ach amháin má phróiseálann orgáin an choirp an ininsulin i gceart. Ná lig do leibhéil glúcóis a ardú sa chorp; faigh diagnóis tráthúil ionas gur féidir leat tosú ag cur leigheas traidisiúnta nó ayurvedic diaibéiteas ag Patanjali in am. Tá do chorp luachmhar agus is féidir é a scriosadh le leibhéil ard glúcóis, é a chosaint anois!
Uaireanta ní féidir leis an gcomhlacht an inislín a phróiseáil i gceart. Mar thoradh air seo, ardóidh leibhéil siúcra freisin. Tá athruithe ar ghnáthamh laethúil agus ar stíl mhaireachtála éigeantacha do dhaoine diaibéiteas a bheith in ann inslin a phróiseáil i gceart. D'fhéadfadh an córas imdhíonachta a bheith faoi chois agus d'fhéadfadh galair eile dul i ngleic má leanann leibhéil glúcóis an chomhlachta ag ardú. Tá sé riachtanach go ndéanfaidh duine diaibéiteas aclaíocht cheart agus go scaoilfidh sé calraí chun go bhfeidhmeoidh orgáin go cuí. Caithfear an líon calraí a choinneáil faoi smacht i gcónaí. Cabhraíonn córas ceart aclaíochta le haisceadh leordhóthanach cógais agus le feidhmiú cuí orgáin.
Is minic a bhíonn daoine ag ithe ró-thapa agus ró-throm má bhíonn strus orthu. Tá sé seo ina chúis le hathrú ar leibhéil siúcra an choirp. Spreag an duine a bhfuil leibhéil mhéadaithe glúcóis aige níos mó glasraí duilleacha glasa a ithe agus an t-iontógáil carbaihiodráití agus saill a laghdú. Tá guava, jamun, papaya, melon musc, torthaí citris agus úll níos fearr ná an chuid eile den toradh toisc go bhfuil níos lú siúcra iontu. Tá gourd bitter, gourd, fenugreek an-mhaith do dhaoine diaibéiteas.
Ní mór do dhuine diaibéiteas a bheith an-chúramach faoin aiste bia agus ní mór dó siúcra siúcra a iompar i gcónaí ina phóca chun é a ithe aon uair a thiteann an siúcra. Tá codladh rialta ríthábhachtach chun go mbeidh an corp ag feidhmiú go cuí. Déan do thástálacha siúcra má tá tú ag urinating go minic. Ní mór seiceáil a dhéanamh ar an dtriomach mór agus ar an tuirse iomarcach a bheith agat go luath. Mar thoradh ar diaibéiteas bíonn itching craiceann agus gorta neamh-fhiacha ann freisin.
Cuireann cóireálacha ayurvedic cosúil le leigheas ayurvedic diaibéiteas ag Patanjali Divya Madhunashini vati agus Divya Shilajeet Sat ar fáil atá cabhrach chun Diaibéiteas a rialú trí chúram a dhéanamh ar leibhéil siúcra fola.


Before, After, and Between Numbers
What number comes before 25? In this worksheet your child will need to look at the different numbers and complete the order. Number counting is an important math skill that will help your child's early reasoning. What numbers come before and after 55? By the time he finishes this worksheet your child will have practiced his counting skills.

Roimh, Tar éis, agus Idir Uimhreacha
Cén uimhir a thagann roimh 25? Sa leathanach oibre seo beidh ar do leanbh féachaint ar na huimhreacha éagsúla agus an t-ord a chomhlánú. Is scileanna ríthábhachtacha matamaitice iad uimhreacha a chomhaireamh a chabhróidh le réasúnaíocht luath do pháiste. Cé na huimhreacha a thagann roimh agus tar éis 55? Nuair a bheidh an leathanach oibre seo críochnaithe aige, beidh do leanbh tar éis a chuid scileanna comhaireamh a chleachtadh.


| Fecal Coliform (E. coli) Test for coli bacilli
Sludge -- Biosolids -- Food -- Water
Puts Public Health at Risk
Jim Bynum, VP, & Gail M. Bynum, Ph.D Revised 6/4/2009
Help for Sewage Victims
Neither the fecal coliform test nor any laws (Solid Waste, Hazardous Waste, Clean Water)
protect farmers and the public who are not being told the truth about sludge contaminated with
pathogenic microorganisms. Sludge is: 1) a solid waste; 2) a hazardous waste because of E.
coli and other pathogens; and 3) a point source pollutant. The current use of the fecal colifom
test itself is designed to inhibit the bacterial growth so as to reduce the number of viable but
culturable E. coli to less than one percent of the total. It eliminates most indicator E. coli in the
sludge sample by making them viable but nonculturable by standard culture methods. This
allows unknown amounts of anitbiotic resistant pathogenic superbugs to be spread on farms,
parks, school grounds and even home lawns. This practice violates any government regulation
for work place safety, especially laboratory safety rules.
In June 2006, EPA released the laboratory protocol , Method 1681: Fecal Coliforms in Sewage
Sludge (Biosolids) by Multiple-Tube Fermentation using A-1 medium. EPA listed the following
laboratory biosafety level 2 practices which must be followed to protect the workers handling
and spreading sludge:
Method 1681 is a 51 page document full of charts, graphs and mathematical formulas used to
estimate the probable number of heat inhibited E. coli that could be found if the sludge was
actually completely dry. The test generates no useful information concerning the infectious
nature of sludge, unless you know fecal coliform is E. coli, a pathogen. Moreover, the test
ignores all other pathogenic microorganisms as well as many inorganic chemicals, synthetic
organic chemicals and volatile organic chemicals which are covered elsewhere. The results of
using the fecal coliform test can be seen in the increased disease levels and serious illnesses
caused by bacteria, viruses, helminths, protozoa, and fungus disposed of on agricultural crops.
This is also reflect in the number of foodborne illnesses which exploded from 2 million in 1986 to
81 million case in 1997. In 1998 CDC estimated there were 360 million cases of acute diarrhea,
most from unknown sources of exposure. CDC's estimate for foodborne illness was dropped to
76 million in 1999 after the Monterey Regional Water Pollution Control Agency (MRWPCA) and
the Monterey County Water Resources Agency (MCWR partnership completed a $78 million
project to irrigate 12,000 acres of California's best spinach and lettuce crop land in the Salinas
Valley with "reclaimed" sewage water. No new numbers for foodborne illnesses have been
released for the past 10 years. However, the publicized outbreaks of foodborne illnesses
attributed to contaminated Salinas Valley vegetables have increased.
Many of the foodborne illnesses are caused by coliform bacteria. According to Saunders
Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 3 ed. © 2007 , coliform is defined as: "pertaining to
fermentative gram-negative enteric bacilli, [rod-shaped bacterium] sometimes restricted to those
fermenting lactose, i.e. Escherichia [coli], Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Citrobacter. A wider
range is also used and includes Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pasteurella spp., and Aerobacter
aerogenes." The wastewater industry claims these coliform are not pathogens.
The Coliform test is actually restricted to the Enterobacteriaceae family of bacteria incubated at
35-37°C (95-99°F) for 24-48 hours, which also includes Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia and
others. However, this test would reveal too many pathogens. Therefore, the elevated
temperature fecal coliform test for E. coli is used to indicate sludge (biosolids) is safe, while
indicating possible fecal contamination in food and water.
The Fecal coliform Test
The safety of sewage sludge and reclaimed water used on farms, parks, school grounds, home
lawns and gardens is based on a 105 year old elevated temperature test to detect
thermotolerant forms of E. coli in food and water, presumed to be of human fecal origin.
The fecal coliform fermentation test requires wastewater treatment plants to incubate the sludge
sample at 44.5° C. (112.1° F) for 24 hours. According to EPA. "These [test] methods (1681) use
culture-specific media and elevated temperature to isolate and enumerate fecal coliform
organisms." Furthermore, "The predominant fecal coliform is E. coli."
To put that in context, like bacteria your body responds well biologically at an internal
temperature of 98.6°F. However, as the internal body temperature rises you and the bacteria
become heat stressed. As the temperature approaches 105°F the brain and body cells start to
shut down. Unlike the gram negative bacteria E. coli, before your body temperature reaches the
thermotolerant test temperature of 112.1°F, your are dead. Furthermore, unlike you, when the
temperature drops and it finds moisture, the bacteria will repair its heat damage and move on
with its life.
In his 1904 elevated temperature test for detection of fecal contamination in food and water,
Christiaan Eijkman found that elevated temperatures did not kill coli bacilli (Escherichia coli).
However, he found the elevated temperature did either reduce or eliminate growth in similar
types of coli. He assumed therefore thermotolerant E. coli was from warm blooded animals only
and all other coli like bacteria (Enterobacteriaceae) were from cold blooded animals.
One hundred and five years later scientists have established that E. coli is the lead pathogen of
the Enterobacteriaceae (coliform) family of human, animal, soil and water bacteria of which
many are pathogens. Human pathogens grow best at the optimum temperature of 35-37°C (95-
99°F). At this optimum temperature, with proper nutrients, E. coli doubles every 20 minutes.
Therefore, in 3 hours and 20 minutes, one (1) E. coli colony forming bacteria doubling every 20
minutes would exceed the Class A requirements of 1,000 E. coli per gram by 24 bacteria. Four
hours and 40 minutes later the Class B requirements of 2 million E. coli per gram would also be
exceeded. At the end of 10 hours, that one bacteria would have multiplied into 1 billion, 073
million, 741 thousand, 824 bacteria. By the end of hour 11, the number would increase to 8
billion, 589 million, 934 thousand, 592 bacteria. However, in the magical world of sludge we only
have one Colony Forming Unit (CFU). The rest of the bacteria don't count.
According to preamble to part 503, "EPA concluded that the use of fecal coliform is sufficient to
indicate the presence of pathogenic organisms in sewage sludge." "Fecal coliform was selected
for the final part 503 regulation because an analytical method exists for fecal coliform and
because treatment works conduct fecal coliform analysis routinely." (FR, 58, vol. 32, p. 9348)
In 2007 email, EPA's Mark Meckes states that "The fecal coliform group is a subset of the total
coliform and it is also defined by the method used for detection. These are facultative
anaerobic, gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria that ferment lactose
(specifically EC medium) with gas and acid formation within 24 hour at 44.5 degrees C."
The key words are EC medium. EC specifically refers to a culture medium used to detect E.
coli. According to Perry and Hajna's study Further Evaluation of EC Medium for the Isolation of
Coliform Bacteria and Eschericbia coli, (1944), EC medium was developed for the isolation of
coliform bacteria at 37°C and of Escherichia coli at 45.5°C. They say, "EC medium was found
highly specific for Escherichia coli at this temperature."
However, for type II E. coli, the test was only specific for 21.8% of the cultures. In the 1958 study
The Coliform Group II. Reactions in EC Medium at 45° C Geldreich, et al., said, "There were
5794 cultures of coliform bacteria from untreated surface water supplies of 14 treatment plants
examined. Of the 1358 E. coli included, 83.7 per cent showed positive EC reactions. When the
E. coli strains are subdivided into varieties I and II (see table 1), the percentage of positive
results were 92.7 and 21.8, respectively. The remaining 10 IMViC types yielded 7.8 per cent
positive tests for 4436 cultures." The coliform bacteria are typed by the name of the tests IMViC:
Indole, Methyl red, Voges Proskauer, and Citrate. There are more than two types of E. coli.
E. coli 0157:H7 does not show a positive reaction in the test, yet produces a deadly shiga toxin
gene (STEC ) which first appeared in a Central America Shigella outbreak. In a retroactive
study, Importation of Shiga Bacillus Dysentery Into California, researchers S. BENSON
WERNER, M.D., RONALD R. ROBERTO, M.D., AND JAMES CHIN, M.D., Berkeley, identified 20
cases of this unique strain of Shigella that occurred during the 1969/70 outbreak.
The first E. coli 0157:H7 case (a Naval Officer) documented with samples at CDC was in
Oakland, California in 1975. The next appearance was when it was determined that E. coli 0157:
H7 shiga toxin contaminated the Jack in the Box hamburgers. The Jack in the Box hamburgers
that sickened several hundred people in 1982, causing the death of four children. The Shigella
like toxin (a known neurotoxin that produces delayed limb paralysis and death) was sequenced
in 1986. It was noted that Escherichia coli of various serotypes, Salmonella typhimurium, and
Vibrio choterae also produce the toxin. Researchers at Walter Reed Hospital had cloned the
toxin producing gene by 1987.
Early scientists first acknowledged the problem with the fecal coliform test in a 1963 Public
Health Service Report, SANITARY SIGNIFICANCE OF COLIFORM AND FECAL COLIFORM
ORGANISMS IN SURFACE WATER, "Because no satisfactory method is currently available for
differentiating fecal coliform organisms from human and other animal origin, it is necessary to
consider all fecal coliform organisms as indicative of dangerous contamination." Yet, Knowing
that the test temperature inhibits E. coli growth, in 2002, FDA's Bacteriological Analytical Manual
Online shows an increased temperature analysis from 35-37°C (95-99°F) to 45.5°C (113.9°F)
for food testing and 44.5°C." (112.1°F) for water, shellfish and shellfish harvest water analyses
This test was re-designated fecal coliform.
According to Ron et al, in there study Growth Rate of Escherichia coli at Elevated
Temperatures: Reversible Inhibition of Homoserine Trans-Succinylase (1971), "The preceding
paper [Ron, et al.1970] showed that the growth of Escherichia coli is slowed, without killing, at
40 to 45 C, and that in the several strains tested the cause is a decrease in the activity of
homoserine trans-succinylase. These temperatures are now shown to inhibit the enzyme
directly, in crude extracts and after partial purification. The effect is rapid and is immediately
reversible, unlike the progressive and slowly reversible changes of conventional denaturation."
In 1974 when Gerald Berg, Chief, Biological Methods Branch of the EPA's National
Environmental Research Center in Cincinnati, Ohio warned of the inadequacy of the fecal
coliform test, even though he implied pathogenic strains of E. coli were not part of fecal coliform
. He stated:
indicators for viruses and that neither fecal coliforms nor other bacteria are
inviolate indicators of fecal pollution. To be sure, fecal coliforms indicate a sanitary
hazard, but certain other bacteria may seem to be fecal coliforms in the standard
membrane filter test. Moreover, fecal coliform may multiply in waters where
pathogenic bacteria and certainly viruses cannot. And fecal coliforms may be
destroyed in waters polluted with certain industrial wastes -- wastes that do not
seem to affect fecal streptococci and may not affect viruses either. Clearly, it is a
matter of some importance to develop a bacterial indicator system that can
definitively differentiate fecal organisms from free-living forms. (p. xii)
According to Merck's Fact Sheet, "Lactose-positive bacteria produce yellow-orange colonies
and under the membrane yellow halos. The count of these typical colonies is considered to be
presumptive coliform bacteria count." "Colonies that are oxidase negative are considered to be
coliform bacteria. Coliform bacteria that form indole [gas] from tryptophan at 44 ± 0,5 °C within
21 ± 3 hours are considered to be E.coli."
E. coli does not die quickly or easily. It may not die at all but be in a dormant state as in
stationary phase death and heat-shock response. According to A. Eisenstark, et al, Cancer
Research Center, Columbia, MO, (1992) "When Escherichia coli cells reach stationary phase of
growth, specific gene products are synthesized that protect cells while dormant. "Aged" cells
may remain viable in cultures for years. For example, agar cultures stored for 38 years still had
more than10(5) [100,000] viable cells/ml. However, when specific mutants were cultured, the
population of these mutants dropped sharply after 4-10 days. This defect is termed "Stationary-
Phase-Death". Each mutant strain was hypersensitive to near-ultraviolet radiation and other
oxidative agents. Bovine catalase rescued many of the mutants from death in dormancy,
suggesting that specific gene products protect "aged" cells against oxidative damage."
According to Fritz Schöffl, et al, Universität Tübingen, (1999), "The heat-shock response is a
conserved reaction of cells and organisms to elevated temperatures (heat shock or heat
stress). Whereas severe heat stress leads to cellular damage and cell death, sublethal doses of
heat stress induce a cellular response, the heat-shock response, which (a) protects cells and
organisms from severe damage, (b) allows resumption of normal cellular and physiological
activities, and (c) leads to a higher level of thermotolerance."
In the paper, Viable but non-culturable bacteria: their impact on public health, (2005)
Yogita N. Sardessai,Goa College of Pharmacy, states the problem:
assessments because many pathogenic bacteria like Vibrio cholerae, Mycobacterium
tuberculosis, Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pylori, Vibrio vulnificus and Escherichia
coli have been reported to enter a VBNC state from which they are able to return to the
infectious state after passaging in animal hosts. Reports indicate that many potentially
harmful bacteria survive treatment and persist in processed food, pasteurized milk,
potable water and in the environment."
"The implications of bacteria to lie in a dormant undetected state are far reaching. For
instance, antibiotic resistant chronic otitis medium was earlier considered a sterile
inflammatory process. But it is now known that there are antibiotic-resistant bacteria in
biofilms which are in VBNC state, causing chronic infection10. The sudden recurrence of
tuberculosis years after a person was presumed cured has also been attributed to
resuscitation of VBNC Mycobacterium cells7."
James D. Oliver, Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 2005, said, "It
had long been assumed that a bacterial cell was dead when it was no longer able to grow on
routine culture media." However, "Since the original 1982 paper from the laboratory of Rita
Colwell (Xu et al., 1982), over 400 papers have appeared which describe various aspects of the
phenomenon most commonly referred to as the " but nonculturable (VBNC) state" A great many
pathogens, as well as nonpathogens, are now known to enter this dormancy state, and its
significance in medicine, bioremediation, the use of bacteria as fecal indicators, and indeed in
most microbiological studies where culturability is employed as the (often sole) indicator of
viability, is becoming increasingly evident." Moreover, "a number of studies have found that
processes which are normally assumed to be bactericidal for bacteria may instead result in cells
which reside in the VBNC state. These include such treatments as pasteurization of milk (e.g.
Gunasekera et al., 2002) and chlorination of wastewater (Oliver et al., 2005)." Furthermore,
"The number of species described to enter the VBNC state constantly increases, with
approximately 60 now reported to demonstrate this physiological response. Included are a large
number of human pathogens, including Campylobacter spp., E. coli (including EHEC strains),
Francisella tularensis, Helicobacter pylori, Legionella pneumophila, Listeria monocytogenes,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, several Salmonella and Shigella spp.
and Vibrio cholerae, V. Parahaemolyticus, and V. Vulnificus."
Even EPA documents confirm that while heat and chemicals will cause the bacteria to be
inactivated, it is a temporary condition. EPA states in (Part 403.5(b)(5)) that "Heat above 40 °C
(104 °F) and disinfectants will slow or eliminate biological activity causing some bacteria to
become viable, but nonculturable by standard culture methods" In effect, the test itself slows the
growth of E. coli and eliminates the growth of the other Enterobacterriaceae family causing them
to become viable but nondetectable.
At the same time the fecal coliform test excludes the following pathogenic families: 1) Aerobic
Gram-Positive Cocci; 2) Aerobic Gram-Negative Cocci; 3) Aerobic Gram-Positive Bacilli; 4)
Aerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli: Nonenterobacteriaceae—Fermentative; 5) Aerobic Gram-
Negative Bacilli: Nonenterobacteriaceae—Nonfermentative; 6) Aerobic Gram-Negative
Fastidious Coccobacilli; 7) Mycoplasma (Pleuropneumonia-Like Organisms [PPLO]); and 8)
Treponemataceae (Spiral Organisms).
these are the Invasive group A streptococcal, Staphylococcus, MRSA, Clostridium, most
Necrotizing (flesh eating) bacteria, and E. coli 0157 which have become epidemic. It also
ignores the deadly community acquired viruses such as swine flu, Adenoviruses, arenaviruses,
Herpes viruses, paramyxoviruses, papovaviruses such as Polyoma virus and Papillomasvirus,
picornaviruses such as enteroviruses, Poliovirus, Coxsackievirus, Echovirus, and hepatitis A
In a February 2009, e-mail EPA's Richard Reding, Chief, Engineering and Analytical Support
Branch, pointed out that the heat inactivation of most E. coli and reduction or eliminating other
similar bacteria from the test was by design when he wrote that fecal coliform "are distinguished
from the coliform group by their ability to grow at the elevated temperature of 44.5°C. Thus,
"inactivation" is by design so as to eliminate those bacteria that are unable to grow at 44.5°C
According to a July 2007 study, the fecal coliform test would specifically reveal, with the
exception of 0157, some heat inhibited thermotolerant E. coli strains. Strains growing in drinking
water systems at elevated temperature were, 1) 04 Uropathogenic E. coli,UPEC); 2) 025
Enterotoxigenic E. coli, ETEC); 3) 086 (Enteropathogenic E. coli, EPEC); 4) 0103 (Shiga-toxin
producing E. coli, STEC); 5) 0157 Shiga-toxin producing E. coli, STEC); 6) 08 Enterotoxigenic E.
coli, ETEC); and 7) 0113 Shiga-toxin producing E. coli, STEC).
CDC documents indicate the infective dose for E. coli is estimated to be only 10-100 non-heat
stressed organisms. E. coli doubles every 20 minutes, which means that if you are infected with
only one bacteria, in 2 hours you are well past the infection stage.
Other non-0157 serotypes of E coli –eg O29, O39, O145 produce shiga-like toxins, causing
bloody inflammatory diarrhea, evoking Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). According to the
Oklahoma Department of Health, enterohemorrhagic Campylobacter, Shigella, Salmonella, and
Yersinia may cause Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) , a disease that destroys red blood cells
and causes kidney failure, primarily affecting children. Furthermore, according to the
Department of Health, "Not all cases of HUS are caused by shiga toxin; while uncommon, a
variety of viral and bacterial infections, as well as some cancers, can cause HUS" Hospital cost
for a HUS victim is about $100,000.00. Between 8% of HUS victims treated without antibiotics
and 50% treated with antibiotics die.
According to Meridian Bioscience, STEC infections are very serious because: 1) Antibiotics
increase Shiga toxin release and production and should be avoided: 2) HUS [Hemolytic uremic
syndrome] develops in 56% of STEC patients treated with antibiotics; 3) HUS develops in only
8% of STEC patients not receiving antibiotics; 4) 38%-61% of patients with STEC infection will
develop Hemorrhagic Colitis; 5) 5%-10% of patients with STEC infection will develop HUS; 6)
Approximately 10% of those with HUS will die or have permanent renal failure; 7) 30%-50% of
all STEC infections are caused by E. coli non-O157; 8) 50% of HUS cases are caused by non-
O157 strains of E. coli; 9) SMAC culture misses as much as half of all O157:H7 and all non-
O157 strains of E. coli; and 10) Hospital cost of care for one HUS is approximately $100.000.
The reality is that the only thing the fecal coliform test proves is that there are an unknown
quantity of viable pathogens in sludge. While there may be some non-pathogenic strains, the
International Escherichia and Klebsiella Centre (WHO) has a collection of approximately 60,000
E. coli strains, most of which are clinical isolates. No one has any idea how many or what type of
unknown and viable but nonculturable pathogens are in sludge and reclaimed water when the
test sample is drawn, much less after the test is completed due to the elevated temperature of
The number of these thermotolerant E. coli strains that survive the heat and react to EC
medium (two million CFU per gram (0.035273 oz) Most Probable Number (MPN) dry weight -
Class B and 1,000 CFU per gram - Class A) allowed in sludge are mathematical assumptions
based on charts and graphs of heat inhibited growth of E. coli bacteria in sludge and the density
of the sludge being converted from liquid to total solids. The CFU refers to the number of
bacterial colonies technicians are able to count after 24 hours. The Most Probable Number used
for classifying sludge is the assumed number of original bacteria spiked in the test 24 hours
earlier. Meaning that each colony is counted as one bacteria at the start of the test. That does
not included bacteria tightly bound in biofilms. For Class B sludge that is 56,000,000 E. coli
colonies of bacteria per ounce of sludge or 9,072,000,000 E. coli colonies of bacteria per
pound of sludge. After undergoing further treatment to reduce pathogens with chemical or heat
treatment for Class A sludge that is 28,350 heat inhibited E. coli Colonies of bacteria per ounce
of sludge or 453,600 heat inhibited E. coli colonies of bacteria per pound of sludge biosolids.
Contrast that with the two to 10 most probable number of E. coli Colonies per gram (0.035273
oz) allowed in swimming water. There is no provision to protect water from receiving bacterial
contaminated runoff from sludge sites since they are considered by the enforcers of the Clean
Water Act to be unregulated non-point sources of pollution.
Using this outdated test proponents of sludge use claim it proves sewage sludge is safe for use
as a fertilizer on food crops, school grounds and your lawn if only a few bacteria are found. The
problem is that the elevated temperature test itself inhibits or stops the growth of bacteria in the
sample, while the pathogens in the original material continue to thrive at normal temperatures.
This test does not offer any protection from contamination of our air, food supply, drinking
water, or health as part 503 only discusses pathogen reduction, not elimination. This is
accomplished by the test itself as we discovered when our farm was contaminated by sludge
runoff. This was mentioned in the article Sludge Magic at EPA). Lewis checked with the
laboratory to confirm the fecal coliform levels were low but Salmonella and E. coli levels were
high. While several tests were done for fecal coliform, the two tests specifically for E. coli and
Salmonella are the most important. However, at the time we did not realize fecal coliform is E.
coli whose growth is inhibited by the elevated test temperature.
Bacteria do not die just because sludge has been treated. In the study Occurrence of
Pathogens in Distribution and Marketing Municipal Sludges (1988) William A. Yanko, County
Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County, tested seven municipal sewage sludge compost
products. They were sampled weekly for one year. He found "significant increases in bacterial
populations, including salmonellae, occurred during subsequent production of commercial soil
Treatment causes some of the pathogenic disease organisms to be absorbed or enclosed in
fecal particles during the treatment process. These are biofilms holding the particles together.
For this reason, In the study "Survival of pathogenic micro-organisms and parasite in extreta,
manure and sewage sludge" (1991) D. Strauch, Institute of Animal Medicine and Hygiene,
University of Hohenhiem, warned, "the agricultural utilization of hygienically dubious sewage
sludge poses a risk for the whole national economy."
After reviewing the sludge rule and laboratory reports from our farm, EPA's own David Lewis
warned about the danger to public health from bacterial survival on farms in the article Sludge
Magic at the EPA (1999). He said, "the Sludge Rule on land application of municipal wastes (40
CFR Part 503) promulgated in 1993 may be the most scientifically unsound action ever taken by
the agency. Rather than being protective, the rule actually threatens public health and the
Lewis et al, documented the danger to public health from microorganisms in the study,
Interactions of pathogens and irritant chemicals in land-applied sewage sludges (biosolids)
(2002). David L Lewis, David K Gattie , Marc E Novak , Susan Sanchez and Charles
Pumphrey. They found, "Affected residents lived within approximately 1 km of land application
sites and generally complained of irritation (e.g., skin rashes and burning of the eyes, throat,
and lungs) after exposure to winds blowing from treated fields. A prevalence of Staphylococcus
aureus infections of the skin and respiratory tract was found. Approximately 1 in 4 of 54
individuals were infected, including 2 mortalities (septicaemia, pneumonia)."
A 2007 epidemiologic self reporting survey of neighbors near an Ohio biosolids (sludge) site by
researchers from the University of Toledo revealed excessive health problems. The Health
Survey of Residents Living Near Farm Fields Permitted to Receive Biosolids (2007), Sadik
Khuder, PhD; Sheryl A. Milz, PhD; Michael Bisesi, PhD; Robert Vincent, PhD; Wendy McNulty,
MS; Kevin Czajkowski, PhD, found that the, "Results revealed that some reported health-related
symptoms were statistically significantly elevated among the exposed residents, including
excessive secretion of tears, abdominal bloating, jaundice, skin ulcer, dehydration, weight loss,
and general weakness. The frequency of reported occurrence of bronchitis, upper respiratory
infection, and giardiasis were also statistically significantly elevated. The findings suggest an
increased risk for certain respiratory, gastrointestinal, and other diseases among residents
living near farm fields on which the use of biosolids was permitted." The permitting is all based
on a fecal coliform test going back to 1904
The fecal coliform test that is used as an indicator for fecal contamination of food and water
does not protect the farmers and the general public from deadly bacteria, viruses, worms,
protozoa or fungus found in sludge, a fecal material. Fecal coliform refers to one member of the
coliform (Enterobacteriaceae) family -- thermotolerant types of E. coli, but does not include
E. coli 0157:H7 . This test offers no protection for public health based on the following facts: 1)
most pathogens grow well at normal temperatures: 2) thermotolerant fecal coliform includes
many pathogenic strains of E. coli and similar bacteria while excluding all other viable but
nonculturable aerobic and facultative bacteria that thrive at normal temperatures; 3) E. coli is
the primary coliform resistant to heat inactivation and the test doesn't indicate heat resistant
toxins; 4) biofilms tightly bind pathogens together in sludge particles causing them to be
invisable; 5) heat, chemicals or drugs stresses may damage some E. coli DNA causing it to
become dormant (be nonculturable-nondetectablle) by standard cultural methods -- only to be
revived by its SOS Response genes; 6) dormant, but viable E. coli cells have survived in
storage for 38 years; 7) the test does not indicate viruses and parasites; and 8) bacteria and
viruses exchanges genes during the sewage treatment process creating more powerful
antibiotic resistant strains of pathogens.
Public health is compromised, farms and associated business are damaged or destroyed,
surface and ground water are contaminated, animals and people are sick, dead and/or dying
based on a 105 year old fecal coliform test that proves pathogen contaminated sewage sludge
is being disposed of as a fertilizer or soil amendment. Based on twenty years of research, there
is currently no scientific or management method which would safely allow the use of sludge or
reclaimed water on legitimate farming operations for any reason or for any other public purpose.
|HELP FOR SEWAGE VICTIMS
A Washington State Non-profit

☐ Coliform Fecal (E. coli) Tástáil ar bhacilli coli
Slándáil -- Biosaid -- Bia -- Uisce
Cuireann Sláinte Phoiblí i mbaol
Jim Bynum, VP, & Gail M. Bynum, Ph.D. Athbhreithnithe 6/4/2009
Cabhair do Dhaoine a Bhuaigh an Seamáil
Ní dhéantar tástáil coilíneach fecal ná aon dhlí (Dramhaíola soladacha, dramhaíola contúirteacha, uisce glan)
feirmeoirí agus an pobal nach bhfuil ag insint an fhírinne faoi sliog atá truaillithe le
micreorganismí paiteogainí. Is éard atá sa chliam: 1) dramhaíl soladach; 2) dramhaíl guaiseach mar gheall ar E.
coli agus pathogens eile; agus 3) truailleoir foinse pointe. An úsáid atá ag an colifom fecal faoi láthair
Tá an tástáil féin deartha chun cosc a chur ar fhás baictéarach ionas go laghdófar líon na baictéir atá inmharthana ach
E. coli cultúrtha go níos lú ná aon faoin gcéad den iomlán. Cuirtear an chuid is mó de E. coli a léiríonn an
Tá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an próiseas a dhéanamh, agus tá an próiseas a úsáidtear chun an próiseas a dhéanamh, i gcomhréir le hAirteagal 15 (2) (a) de Rialachán (AE) Uimh. Seo
go bhféadfar méideanna anaithnid de shúbair phaitogineacha atá frithsheasmhach in aghaidh na mbithbhia, a scaipeadh ar fheirmeacha,
páirceanna, páirceanna scoileanna agus fiú gairdíní baile. Tá an cleachtas seo ag sárú aon rialachán rialtais
maidir le sábháilteacht san ionad oibre, go háirithe rialacha sábháilteachta sa saotharlann.
I mí an Mheithimh 2006, d'eisigh EPA an prótacal saotharlainne, Modh 1681: Coliforms Fecal i dTíolachán
Tá an t-ábhar seo leagtha amach i bpointe (a) de mhír 1 de mhír 2 de mhír 3 de mhír 4. Liostáil EPA na nithe seo a leanas
cleachtais bithshlándála saotharlainne leibhéal 2 a chaithfear a leanúint chun na hoibrithe a láimhseálann an
agus salainn scaipeadh:
Is é modh 1681 doiciméad 51 leathanach lán de chairteacha, grafaí agus foirmlí matamaiticiúla a úsáidtear chun
Measfar an líon is dócha E. coli atá coscáilte ag teas a d'fhéadfaí a fháil dá mbeadh an salainn
go hiomlán tirim i ndáiríre. Ní ghineann an tástáil aon fhaisnéis úsáideach maidir leis an
cineál an salaigh, mura bhfuil a fhios agat go bhfuil coliform fecal E. coli, paiteogain. Ina theannta sin, tá an tástáil
Ní dhéanann sé aird ar na miocrorgánaigh pataigineacha eile agus ar go leor ceimiceán neamhorgánach, ceimiceán sintéiseach agus ceimiceán
Ceimiceáin orgánacha agus ceimiceáin orgánacha éadránacha a chumhdaítear in áiteanna eile. Na torthaí
Is féidir an tástáil coilifime fecal a úsáid chun na leibhéil mhéadaithe galar agus galair thromchúiseacha a fheiceáil
Baineann an t-ábhar le baictéir, víris, helminths, prótosaoi, agus fungais a chuirtear ar thráth na n-uasghrádú.
Léirítear é seo freisin sa líon galair a dtarchuirtear trí bhia a thit ó 2 mhilliún i 1986 go dtí
81 milliún cás i 1997. I 1998 Measann CDC go raibh 360 milliún cás de diarrhea géar,
an chuid is mó ó fhoinsí nochta anaithnid. Bhí meastachán CDC le haghaidh galar bia-tharraingthe titim go
76 milliún i 1999 tar éis don Ghníomhaireacht Réigiúnach Monterey um Rialú ar Thruailliú Uisce (MRWPCA) agus
Tá an t-ionad i gContae Monterey, California, ag obair le comhlachas MCWR, ar mhaithe le soláthar $78 milliún
tionscadal chun 12,000 acra de thalamh is fearr California spinach agus salainn chothaithe i Salinas
Gleann le huisce salainn "athshlánaithe". Ní raibh aon líon nua le haghaidh galair a dtarchuirtear trí bhia curtha i láthair
scaoileadh le 10 mbliana anuas. Mar sin féin, tá na ráigí a bhfuil fógra tugtha acu maidir le galair a dtarlaíonn ó bhia
Tá méadú tagtha ar an líon na n-earraí a d'eascair ó glasraí truaillithe i ghleann Salinas.
Is baictéir coilifform a bhíonn i gceist le go leor de na galair a dtarlaíonn ó bhia. De réir Saunders
Fhoras Comhlánta Veterinary, 3 ed. © 2007 , sainmhínítear coilifime mar: " a bhaineann le
bacilli enteric gram-dónamhacha fermentative, [baictéir i bhfoirm slat] a chuirtear teorainn leo uaireanta
Lactose a fhéimnítear, i.e. Tá an t-ábhar seo leagtha amach i bpointe (a) de mhír 1 de Threoir 2008/98/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle [2] agus i bpointe (b) de mhír 2 de Threoir 2008/98/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle [3]. Leibhéal níos leithne
Úsáidtear an raon freisin agus áirítear air Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pasteurella spp., agus Aerobacter
aerogenes. Éilíonn tionscal na dramhaíola nach paiteogain iad na coliformí seo.
Tá an tástáil Coliform teoranta i ndáiríre do theaghlach Enterobacteriaceae na baictéir a chuirtear in éag ag
35-37°C (95-99°F) ar feadh 24-48 uair an chloig, lena n-áirítear Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia agus
daoine eile. Mar sin féin, nochtfadh an tástáil seo ró-chuid pathogens. Dá bhrí sin, tá an
Úsáidtear tástáil coilíneach fecal teochta le haghaidh E. coli chun a léiriú go bhfuil salachar (bithsheasmhach) sábháilte, agus
a léiríonn truailliú féicéiseach féideartha i mbia agus in uisce.
An Tástáil Coiliform Fecal
Tá sé tábhachtach go mbeadh na rialacha maidir le sléibhte fuíolluisce agus uisce athshlánaithe a úsáidtear i bhfeirmeacha, páirceanna, i gcúlraí scoileanna, i dtithe agus i gcúlraí eile a bheith ar fáil go sábháilte.
Tá an tástáil seo bunaithe ar thástáil ardteochta 105 bliain d'aois chun
foirmeacha E. coli atá inbhuanaithe ó thermotolerant i mbia agus i uisce, a mheastar a bheith de thionscnamh fecal daonna.
Ní mór do phlandaí cóireála fuíolluisce an salainn a ionchorprú chun tástáil féacála cóirliformí a dhéanamh
Tá an t-amhrán seo le feiceáil i bpictiúrlann an t-amhrán. De réir EPA. "Baineann na modhanna [tástála] seo (1681) úsáid as
Meán speisiúil cultúir agus teocht ard chun coliform fecal a leithdháileadh agus a liostú
orgánaigh". Ina theannta sin, "Is é E. coliform an coilíneach fecal is mó. coli.
Chun é sin a chur i gcomhthéacs, cosúil le baictéir do chorp freagróidh go maith go bitheolaíoch ag inmheánach
Teochta 98.6°F. Mar sin féin, mar a ardú an teocht an choirp inmheánach tú agus na baictéir
a bheith faoi strus teasa. De réir mar a théann an teocht in aice le 105°F tosaíonn na cealla inchinne agus an choirp
Dúnadh. Murab ionann agus na baictéir gram diúltach E. coli, sula sroichfidh do theochla comhlacht an
Teochta tástála thermotolerant de 112.1 ° F, tá tú marbh. Ina theannta sin, murab ionann agus tú, nuair a bhíonn an
titim teocht agus faigheann sé taise, beidh an baictéir a dheisiú a damáiste teas agus bogadh ar aghaidh
lena shaol.
I 1904 tástáil ardteochta a dhéanamh chun éilliú fecal i mbia agus uisce a bhrath,
Fuair Christiaan Eijkman nach raibh bacilli coli (Escherichia coli) marú ag teochtaí ardaithe.
Mar sin féin, fuair sé an teocht ard a rinne a laghdú nó a dhíchur fás i
cineálacha coli. D'aontaigh sé dá bhrí sin go raibh E. coli thermotolerant ó ainmhithe fola te amháin
agus baictéir eile cosúil le coli (Enterobacteriaceae) a bhí ó ainmhithe fuara-fhuara.
Tá sé de phribhléid ag an bpríomh-eagrán seo go bhfuil an E. coli ina phríomh-pathogen de
an Enterobacteriaceae (coliform) teaghlach baictéir an duine, ainmhithe, ithreach agus uisce de
tá go leor pathogens. Tá an teocht is fearr le paiteogainí daonna a fhás ag 35-37°C (95
99°F). Ag an teocht is fearr, le cothaithigh chuí, déanann E. coli dúbailt gach 20 nóiméad.
Dá bhrí sin, i 3 uair an chloig agus 20 nóiméad, déanann colún amháin (1) de E. coli a chruthaíonn baictéir dúbailt gach 20 uair an chloig.
Ba cheart go mbeadh an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a chur ar fáil ar an mbord, a bheith ar fáil i gceart, agus a bheith ar fáil go hiomlán ar an mbord. Ceithre
uair an chloig agus 40 nóiméad ina dhiaidh sin, bheadh na ceanglais Chlas B de 2 mhilliún E. coli in aghaidh an ghram
thar a bheith. Ag deireadh 10 uair an chloig, go mbeadh baictéir amháin a mhéadú go 1 billiún, 073
milliún, 741 míle, 824 baictéir. Faoi dheireadh an uair an chloig 11, d'fhéadfadh an líon méadú go dtí 8
billiún, 589 milliún, 934 míle, 592 baictéir. Mar sin féin, sa domhan draíochta de sliog ní féidir linn ach
aonad amháin a bhfuil bunú coilíneachta (CFU) aige. Ní chomhaireamh an chuid eile de na baictéir.
De réir réamhrá de chuid 503, "thuig an EPA go bhfuil úsáid coliform fecal leordhóthanach chun
a léiríonn go bhfuil orgánaigh pataigineacha i sliocht na dramhaíola.' "Coliform Fecal roghnaíodh
503 de chuid dheireanach an rialacháin toisc go bhfuil modh anailíse ann do choliform fecal agus
toisc go ndéantar anailís coiliform fecal go rialta ag oibríochtaí cóireála". (FR, 58, vol. 32, l. 9348)
I ríomhphost 2007, deir Mark Meckes ó EPA go bhfuil "an grúpa coiliform fecal ina fho-thacar den iomlán
Tá an galar seo chomh maith leis an modh a úsáidtear chun é a bhrath. Tá na cinn seo roghnach
Baictéir anaeróbach, gram-diúltach, neamh-sporing, slatchruthach a fhéadaíonn lachtós
(meán EC go sonrach) le gás agus aigéad a bheith déanta laistigh de 24 uair ag 44.5°C".
Is é meán an AE an focal lárnach. Tagraíonn EC go sonrach do mheán cultúir a úsáidtear chun E a bhrath.
coli. De réir staidéir Perry agus Hajna, Further Evaluation of EC Medium for the Isolation of
Ba Bacteria Coliform agus Eschericbia coli, (1944), forbraíodh meán CE chun
Baictéir coliform ag 37°C agus Escherichia coli ag 45.5°C. Deir siad, "EC mheán a fuarthas
go bhfuil sé an-sonrach do Escherichia coli ag an teocht seo".
Ní raibh an tástáil sonrach ach do 21,8% de na cultúir, áfach, maidir le E. coli cineál II. Sa staidéar 1958
An Grúpa Coliform II. Dúirt Geldreich, et al., "Bhí
5794 cultúr baictéir coiliform ó sholáthar uisce dromchla neamhchóireáilte de 14 gléasra cóireála
scrúdaithe. As na 1358 E. coli a chuimsigh, léirigh 83. 7% d' imoibrithe dearfacha EC. Nuair a
Tá strains E. coli roinnte ina gcineálacha I agus II (féach tábla 1), tá céatadán na n-easnamh dearfach
Bhí na torthaí 92. 7 agus 21. 8 faoi seach. Bhí toradh 7.8% ag na 10 chineál IMViC eile
tástálacha dearfacha do 4436 cultúr". Tá na baictéir coliformí a chineálú ag ainm na dtástálacha IMViC:
Indol, Methyl dearg, Voges Proskauer, agus Citrate. Tá níos mó ná dhá chineál E. coli ann.
Ní léiríonn E. coli 0157:H7 imoibriú dearfach sa tástáil, ach déanann sé tocsain shica marfach a tháirgeadh
Gné (STEC) a d'fhéach ar dtús i ráig Shigella i Meiriceá Láir. I dtrialach siar
staidéar, Iompórtáil Shiga Bacillus Dysentery isteach i California, taighdeoirí S. BENSON
WERNER, M.D., RONALD R. ROBERTO, M.D., AGUS JAMES CHIN, M.D., Berkeley, a aithníodh 20
cásanna den strain Shigella uathúil seo a tharla le linn ráig 1969/70.
Bhí an chéad chás E. coli 0157: H7 (oifigeach Cabhlaigh) a doiciméadaíodh le samplaí ag CDC i
Oakland, California i 1975. Bhí an chéad chuma eile nuair a chinntear go raibh E. coli 0157:
D'ith tocsain H7 shiga na hamburgers Jack in the Box. Na hamburgers Jack in the Box
gur thit roinnt céad duine tinn sa bhliain 1982, agus gur maraíodh ceathrar páistí. An Shigella
Bhí sé de dhíth ar an gcóras a bhí ag an ollscoil a scrúdú agus a mheasúnú.
i 1986. Tugadh faoi deara go raibh Escherichia coli de sheroitíopaí éagsúla, Salmonella typhimurium, agus
Táirgeann Vibrio choterae an tocsain freisin. Bhí taighdeoirí ag Walter Reed Ospidéal clónú an
géin a tháirgeann tocsain faoi 1987.
D'admhaigh eolaithe luath an fhadhb leis an tástáil coliform fecal i 1963
Tuairisc ó na Seirbhísí Sláinte, TÍOMHÁIN SÁINNÍLÁIN COLIFORM agus COLIFORM FECAL
ORGANISMÍ I NÍOSUIR TÚRACH, "Toisc nach bhfuil aon mhodh sásúil ar fáil faoi láthair le haghaidh
chun orgánaigh coiliformí fecal a idirdhealú ó orgánaigh de bhunadh daonna agus ainmhithe eile, tá sé riachtanach
measfar go léiríonn truailliú contúirteach gach orgánach coiliform fecal". Ach, a fhios
go gcuireann an teocht tástála cosc ar fhás E. coli, in 2002, Baictéarúla Manual Anailíseach FDA
Léiríonn anailís ar líne méadú ar theochlaíocht ó 35-37 ° C (95-99 ° F) go 45.5 ° C (113.9 ° F)
le haghaidh tástála bia agus 44.5°C". (i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna i gcásanna)
Ath-ainmníodh an tástáil seo mar coliform fecal.
De réir Ron et al, sa staidéar sin, Tá ráta fáis Escherichia coli ag
Teochtaí: Cosc in-athraitheach ar Trans-Succinylase Homoserine (1971), "The preceding
Léirigh an t-ábhar seo go bhfuil an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a chur ar fáil, agus go bhfuil an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a chur ar fáil, ag an bpointe seo.
40 go 45 C, agus i roinnt de na strains a ndearnadh tástáil orthu is é an chúis laghdú ar ghníomhaíocht na
tras-succinylase homo-seirín. Tá sé léirithe anois go gcuireann na teochtaí seo cosc ar an einsím
go díreach, i n-eisceacht amh agus tar éis í a íonú go páirteach. Tá an éifeacht tapa agus tá sé láithreach
athfhillteach, murab ionann agus athruithe forásacha agus mall-athfhillteacha denaturation traidisiúnta".
I 1974 nuair Gerald Berg, Ceann, Biological Methods Brainse de EPA's Náisiúnta
Chuir Ionad Taighde Comhshaoil i Cincinnati, Ohio rabhadh ar neamhleor an fecal
tástáil coliform, cé go raibh sé ag ciallú go raibh strains pataigineacha E. coli nach raibh mar chuid de coliform fecal
. . go deo . Dúirt sé:
Is féidir le baictéir a bheith ag feictear i gclár na n-eipidéimí agus ní féidir le baictéir a bheith ag feictear i gclár na n-eipidéimí.
Táscairí neamhbhríonna truaillithe fecal. Chun a bheith cinnte, léiríonn coliformí fecal sláinteachas
Is féidir go bhfuil baictéir eile cosúil le coliformí fecal sa chaighdeán
tástáil scagaire membrane. Ina theannta sin, d'fhéadfadh coliformí fécacha a mhéadú in uiscí ina bhfuil:
Baictéir pataigineach agus is cinnte nach féidir víris. Agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh coliformí fecal
scriosadh in uiscí atá truaillithe le dramhaíola tionsclaíocha áirithe - dramhaíola nach bhfuil
Is cosúil go mbíonn tionchar ag an druga ar streptococci fecal agus b'fhéidir nach mbíonn tionchar aige ar víris freisin. Is léir go bhfuil sé ina
Tá sé tábhachtach córas táscaire baictéarach a fhorbairt a d'fhéadfadh a bheith in ann
go bhfuil difríocht chríochnaitheach idir orgánaigh féicleacha agus foirmeacha saoil shaor. (p. xii)
De réir Sheacht Físe Merck, "tá baictéir atá dearfach le lactose ag táirgeadh coilíneachtaí buí-oráiste
agus faoi na haloí buí membrane. Meastar go bhfuil líon na gcolún tipiciúil seo
líon baictéir coiliform a mheastar a bheith ann". "Meastar go bhfuil colúin atá diúltach óicsideasa
baictéir coilifhoirmeacha. Baictéir Coliform a chruthaíonn indól [gáis] ó thriptofan ag 44 ± 0,5 °C laistigh de
Meastar go bhfuil 21 ± 3 uair an chloig E. coli".
Ní fhaigheann E. coli bás go tapa ná go héasca. B'fhéidir nach bhfaigheann sé bás ar chor ar bith ach go bhfuil sé i stát codlata mar atá i
bás chéim seasta agus freagairt ar shó teasa. De réir A. Eisenstark, et al, Cancer
Research Center, Columbia, MO, (1992) "Nuair a shroicheann cealla Escherichia coli céim sheasmhach
Tá an t-ábhar seo ag cur le feithidí agus le feithidí eile. Cealla "aosta"
d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith inmharthana i gcultúir ar feadh blianta. Mar shampla, bhí cultúir agar a stóráiltear ar feadh 38 bliain fós
níos mó ná 10 ((5) [100,000] cealla inmharthana/ml. Mar sin féin, nuair a bhí mutants sonracha cultúrtha,
Thit líon na mutants seo go géar tar éis 4-10 lá. Tugtar "Stáisiúnach-
Céim-Death. " Bhí gach strain mutant hipersensitive do radaíocht gar-ultraivialait agus do shraith eile
gníomhairí ocsaídiúcháin. Catalase bovine shábháil go leor de na mutants ó bhás i dormancy,
"Tá sé le fios go bhfuil táirgí géineacha ar leith ag cosaint cealla" aosta "ag aghaidh damáiste ocsaídiúcháin".
De réir Fritz Schöffl, et al, Universität Tübingen, (1999), "Is é an fhreagra ar shó teasa
athghníomh coimeádta cealla agus orgánaigh le teochtaí ard (scaoileadh teasa nó teas
(féach an treoir). Cé go mbíonn damáiste ceallach agus bás cealla mar thoradh ar strus teasa tromchúiseach, déantar dáileoga sublethal de
déantar freagra ceallacha a spreagadh ag strus teasa, freagra an chróite-shog, a chosnaíonn cealla agus
(b) a ligeann don ghinearóg a athbhunú go gnáth agus fisiceolaíoch
"Tá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear i measc na n-earraí a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a chur ar fáil, agus tá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a chur ar fáil, i measc na n-earraí a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a chur ar fáil".
Sa pháipéar, Baictéir inmharthana ach neamh-chultúrtha: a dtionchar ar shláinte phoiblí, (2005)
Deir Yogita N. Sardessai, Coláiste na Cógaisíochta Goa, an fhadhb:
measúnuithe toisc go bhfuil go leor baictéir phaiteogain cosúil le Vibrio cholerae, Mycobacterium
Tá an t-ábhar seo a leanas in úsáid chun an táirge a tháirgeadh:
tuairiscíodh go bhfuil coli ag dul isteach i stát VBNC as a bhfuil siad in ann filleadh ar an staid VBNC.
staid ionfhabhtaithe tar éis dó dul i mbainisteoirí ainmhithe. Léiríonn tuairiscí go bhfuil go leor daoine a d'fhéadfadh a bheith
maireachtáil baictéir díobhálach i gcóireáil agus maireachtáil i mbia phróiseáilte, bainne pasteurized,
uisce óil agus san chomhshaol".
"Tá na himpleachtaí a bhaineann le baictéir a bheith i riocht codlata gan a bheith le feiceáil i bhfad i gcéin. Chun
Mar shampla, measadh go raibh otitis mheán-chronúil resistant in aghaidh antaibheathach mar stéaróid steirile roimhe seo.
próiseas athlastach. Ach tá a fhios anois go bhfuil baictéir atá frithsheasmhach in aghaidh antaibheathaigh i
Tá an t-ábhar seo ag cur le VEID agus le VEID-GHAOINNÍ. An athchóirithe tobann
Tá an t-easpa de thrioblóid i measc na ndaoine a bhfuil an t-easpa de thrioblóid acu.
athbheochan cealla Mycobacterium VBNC7. "
Dúirt James D. Oliver, Roinn Bithéolaíochta, Ollscoil Carolina Thuaidh ag Charlotte, 2005, "Tá sé
Bhí glacadh le fada go raibh cealla baictéire marbh nuair nach raibh sé in ann fás ar
meáin chultúir ghnáthamh". Mar sin féin, "Ós rud é go bhfuil an páipéar bunaidh 1982 ó saotharlann Rita
Colwell (Xu et al., 1982) tá níos mó ná 400 páipéar le feiceáil a chuireann síos ar ghnéithe éagsúla den
Is é an fhéiniúnaim is coitianta a dtugtar " ach neamhchultúrtha (VBNC) stádas"
Tá a fhios anois go dtéann pathogens, chomh maith le neamhpathogens, isteach sa stát codlata seo, agus tá a chuid
Tá sé tábhachtach go mbeadh baictéir i bhfeidhm i gcógas, i mbia-shlíniú, i dtáirgeadh fecal, agus i
Is é an t-aon rud a bhaineann le héifeachtúlacht na n-earraí a úsáidtear chun an t-eagrán a scriosadh ná an t-eagrán a scriosadh.
Tá an t-athrú ar an gcineál is mó de na meáin shóisialta, mar a thugtar faoi deara, ag éirí níos soiléire. Ina theannta sin, "tá roinnt staidéir tar éis a fháil amach go bhfuil
Is féidir le próisis a mheastar go bhfuil siad baictéarithe i gnáth-thréimhse a bheith ina gcillíní
a bhfuil cónaí orthu i stát VBNC. Áirítear orthu sin cóireálacha mar phaisteoireacht bainne (m.sh.
Gunasekera et al., 2002) agus clóiríocht uisce sgudail (Oliver et al., 2005).' Ina theannta sin,
"Tá méadú leanúnach ar líon na speiceas a thuairiscítear a théann isteach i stát VBNC, le
Tá tuairisc déanta anois go bhfuil thart ar 60 duine ag léiriú an fhreagra fiseolaíoch seo. Áirítear go mór
líon na bpatógáin daonna, lena n-áirítear Campylobacter spp., E. coli (lena n-áirítear strains EHEC),
Francisella tularensis, Helicobacter pylori, Legionella pneumophila, Listeria monocytogenes,
Bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, roinnt Salmonella agus Shigella spp.
agus Vibrio cholerae, V. Parahaemolyticus, agus V. Vulnificus. "
Fiú doiciméid EPA a dheimhniú go cé go mbeidh teas agus ceimiceáin a chur ar na baictéir a bheith
inactivated, is staid shealadach é. Deir EPA i (Cuid 403.5 (b) (b)) go "Teas os cionn 40 °C
(104 °F) agus dé-infectaithe, cuirfidh siad moill ar ghníomhaíocht bhitheolaíoch nó cuirfidh siad deireadh léi, rud a fhágann go bhfuil baictéir áirithe ag
Tá an tástáil féin ag moill ar an gcúrsa, agus tá sé ag cur leis an gcúrsa a bheith inmharthana, ach ní féidir é a chothú trí mhodhanna caighdeánacha chothúcháin.
fás E. coli agus cuireann sé deireadh le fás na dteaghlach Enterobacterriaceae eile a chuireann orthu
chun a bheith inmharthana ach indetectable.
Ag an am céanna, ní ghlacfar leis an tástáil coilifime fecal na teaghlaigh paiteogain seo a leanas:
Cocsaí Gram-Dháthacha; 2) Cocsaí Aeróbach Gram-Dháthacha; 3) Baicli Aeróbach Gram-Dháthacha; 4)
Bacilí aeróbach gram-dónamhacha: Nonenterobacteriaceae  Fermentative; 5) Bacilí aeróbach gram-dónamhacha
Baicilli diúltach: Nonenterobacteriaceae Nonfermentative; 6) Aerobic Gram-Díúltach
Coccobacilli Fastidiosa; 7) Mycoplasma (Organais cosúil le Pleuropneumonia [PPLO]); agus 8)
Treponemataceae (Oigríonna Spíreálacha).
Is iad seo an grúpa A streptococcal ionrach, Staphylococcus, MRSA, Clostridium, an chuid is mó de na
Baictéir necrósacha (a itheann feoil), agus E. coli 0157 a tháinig chun bheith ina eipidéim. Tá sé chomh maith
neamhaird a dhéanamh ar na víris mharfacha a fhaightear sa phobal mar ghrianghraif muc, adenoviruses, arenaviruses,
Víreasí Herpes, víreasí paramyxov, víreasí papova cosúil le víreas Polyoma agus víreas Papillomas,
picornavíris mar enteroviruses, Poliovirus, Coxsackievirus, Echovirus, agus heipitíteas A
I mí Feabhra 2009, r-phost Richard Reding, EPA, Ceann, Innealtóireacht agus Tacaíocht Anailíseach
Bhí sé tábhachtach a thabhairt faoi deara go raibh an chuid is mó de E. coli inactivated trí theas agus go raibh laghdú nó deireadh curtha le baictéir eile de E. coli ag baint le baictéir eile.
Baictéir den chineál céanna ón tástáil a bhí ag dearadh nuair a scríobh sé go bhfuil coliform fecal "difríocht
Tá an-chuid de na táirgí atá ar fáil i dtír, go háirithe i dtír, a bhfuil an-chuid acu ar fáil i dtír eile. Dá bhrí sin,
"Níosghníomhaithe" de réir dearaidh chun na baictéir sin nach féidir leo fás ag 44,5°C a dhíchur
De réir staidéir a rinneadh i mí Iúil 2007, léirítear go sonrach le tástáil coilifime fecal, leis an
E. coli a chuireann cosc ar theochlaíocht teasa, ach amháin 0157. Strainsí ag fás i n-ól
Bhí, 1) 04 E. coli Uropathogenic, UPEC); 2) 025
E. coli enterotoxigenic, ETEC); 3) 086 (E. coli enteropathogenic, EPEC); 4) 0103 (Shiga-toxin
E. coli, STEC); 5) 0157 Shiga-toxin producing E. coli, STEC); 6) 08 Enterotoxigenic E.
E. coli, ETEC); agus 7) 0113 Shiga-toxin producing E. coli, STEC).
Léiríonn doiciméid CDC go bhfuil an dáileog ionfhabhtaithe le haghaidh E. coli measta go bhfuil ach 10-100 neamh-teas
ainmhithe a bhfuil strus orthu. Tá E. coli ag dúbailt gach 20 nóiméad, rud a chiallaíonn má tá tú ionfhabhtaithe le
Ní gá duit a bheith ag súil le haon bhaictéir amháin, i gceann 2 uair an chloig tá tú thar an gcéim ionfhabhtaithe.
Tá sé seo an-tábhachtach chun a chinntiú go bhfuil an t-ábhar a úsáidtear i gcóras E. coli a bhfuil an-tógsaineach agus go bhfuil sé in ann a bheith ina chóras cóireála.
diarrhea athlastaitheach folach, ag spreagadh siondróm uremic hemolytic (HUS). De réir na
Roinn Sláinte Oklahoma, Campylobacter enterohemorrhagic, Shigella, Salmonella, agus
D'fhéadfadh Yersinia siondróm uremic hemolytic (HUS) a chur faoi deara, galar a scriosann cealla dearga fola
Tá an galar seo ag cur le héifeachtúlacht na n-easpaí duáin, a théann i bhfeidhm go príomha ar leanaí. Ina theannta sin, de réir
"Ní bhíonn gach cás de HUS mar thoradh ar shiaka toxin; cé nach bhfuil sé coitianta, is
Is féidir le roinnt ionfhabhtuithe víreasacha agus baictéaracha, chomh maith le roinnt ailse, HUS a chur ar bun"
le haghaidh íospartach HUS tá thart ar $ 100,000.00. Idir 8% de dhaoine a bhfuil HUS orthu a ndearnadh cóireáil orthu gan antaibheathaigh
agus 50% a chóireáiltear le antaibheathaigh bás.
De réir Meridian Bioscience, tá ionfhabhtuithe STEC an-tromchúiseach toisc: 1) Antibiotics
Ní mór an t- oidis seo a leanas a úsáid:
[syndrome] a fhorbairt i 56% de othair STEC a chóireáiltear le antaibheathaigh; 3) Ní fhorbraíonn HUS ach i
Ní bheidh 8% de othair STEC ag fáil antaibheathaigh; 4) 38% - 61% de othair le h-ionfhabhtú STEC ag fáil
5), 5% - 10% de othair a bhfuil ionfhabhtú STEC acu a fhorbairt HUS; 6)
Faigheann thart ar 10% de na daoine a bhfuil HUS orthu bás nó faill chothaitheach duáin; 7) 30% - 50% de na daoine a bhfuil HUS orthu, faill chothaitheach duáin.
Tá E. coli neamh-O157 mar chúis le gach ionfhabhtú STEC; 8) 50% de chásanna HUS mar thoradh ar neamh-O157
O157 strains E. coli; 9) Ní fhaigheann cultúr SMAC leath de gach O157: H7 agus gach strain neamh-
O157 strains of E. coli; agus 10) Is é costas cúraim ospidéil le haghaidh HUS amháin thart ar $ 100,000.
Is é an réaltacht go bhfuil an rud amháin a chruthaíonn an tástáil coliform fecal go bhfuil a fhios nach bhfuil
méid pathogens inmharthana i sliocht. Cé go bhféadfadh roinnt strains neamh-pathogenic a bheith ann, is é an
Tá bailiúchán de thart ar 60,000
Strains E. coli, is iad na hiontrálacha cliniciúla an chuid is mó díobh. Níl aon smaoineamh ag aon duine cé mhéad nó cén cineál
Tá pathogens anaithnid agus inmharthana ach neamh-chultúrtha i slam agus in uisce athshlánaithe nuair a bhíonn an
Tá an t-am ar fad le haghaidh an tástála a dhéanamh ar an gcineál a bhfuil an t-am ar fad ag an gcineál a bhfuil an t-am ar fad ag an gcineál a bhfuil an t-am ar fad ag an gcineál.
An líon de na strains E. coli teas-fhulaingthe seo a mhaireann an teas agus a imoibríonn le CE
Meánmhéid (ceathrú milliún CFU in aghaidh an gclár)
Is éard atá i gceist le 1000 CFU in aghaidh an ghram - Classe A) a cheadaítear i mbotún ná toimhde matamaiticeacha
bunaithe ar chairteanna agus grafaí de fhás bac le teas baictéir E. coli i sliocht agus an dlús
an salainn a á n-athrú ó leacht go soladach iomlán. Tagraíonn an CFU do líon na
Tá baictéirí in ann a bheith i gclóiní baictéirí tar éis 24 uair an chloig. An Uimhir is Dóchúla a Úsáidtear
Is é an líon a mheastar de bhaictéir bhunaidh a chuirtear sa tástáil 24 uair an chloig chun salainn a aicmiú
níos luaithe. Ciallaíonn sé sin go ndéantar gach coilíneacht a chomhaireamh mar bhaictéir amháin ag tús an tástála. Tá sé sin
Baineann an t-ábhar le baictéir atá ceangailte go daingean i bpíofilm. I gcás salainn Chlas B atá 56,000,000 E. coli
cóilíneachtaí baictéir in aghaidh an uinse de dhramha nó 9,072,000,000 E. coli cóilíneachtaí baictéir in aghaidh an uinse de dhramha
punt de sliog. Tar éis di a bheith faoi réir tuilleadh cóireála chun pathogens a laghdú le ceimiceach nó teas
cóireáil le haghaidh salainn Chlas A atá 28,350 E. coli a chosc teas Colúin baictéir in aghaidh an ounce
453,600 coilíneacht baictéir E. coli atá coscáilte ag teas in aghaidh an phunt de bithshlaghdaí salainn.
I gcomparáid leis an líon is dóchúla de dhá go 10 Colúin E. coli in aghaidh an ghram (0.035273
oz) a cheadaítear in uisce snámha. Níl aon fhoráil ann chun uisce a chosaint ó bhaictéar a fháil
Tá an t-ábhar seo ag cur isteach ar an gcineál is mó de na fuíoll a thagann ó shuíomhanna salainn mar go bhfuil siad á mheas ag lucht forfheidhmithe an Chláir Glan
Ní féidir leis an Acht Uisce a bheith ina fhoinsí neamhphointe neamhrialta truaillithe.
Ag baint úsáide as an tástáil seo atá as dáta, déanann lucht tacaíochta úsáid na salainn a éileamh go léiríonn sé go bhfuil salainn na salainn salainn sábháilte le húsáid
mar leasachán ar chothracha bia, ar thairseacha scoile agus ar do ghruaim má fhaightear ach cúpla baictéir. An
Is é an fhadhb ná go gcuireann an tástáil teocht ard féin cosc nó stad ar fhás baictéir sa
Tá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a thástáil ag teochtaí gnáth, agus na paiteogain sa t-ábhar bunaidh ag fás go maith.
Ní thairgeann an tástáil seo aon chosaint ar thruailliú ár n-aer, soláthar bia, ól
uisce, nó sláinte mar nach ndéileálann páirt 503 ach le laghdú paiteogain, ní le deireadh a chur leis. Is é seo
é a bhaint amach ag an tástáil féin mar a fuair muid amach nuair a bhí truaillithe ár bhfeirm le slam
runoff. Cuireadh é seo san alt Sludge Magic ag EPA). Lewis seiceáil leis an
Bhí na leibhéil coilíneach fecal íseal ach bhí leibhéil Salmonella agus E. coli íseal.
ard. Cé gur rinneadh roinnt tástálacha le haghaidh coliformí fecal, rinneadh an dá thástáil go sonrach le haghaidh E. coli agus
Is iad na salmonella an ceann is tábhachtaí. Mar sin féin, ag an am ní raibh a thuiscint againn coliform fecal E.
Coilí a bhfuil a fhás cosc ar a bhfuil an teocht tástála ard.
Ní fhaigheann baictéir bás ach toisc go ndearnadh cóireáil ar an sliog. Sa staidéar, tharla
Pathogens in Distribution and Marketing Municipal Sludges (1988) William A. Yanko, Contae
Tá sé de phribhléid ag an Aire Stáit, an tUachtarán, an tUachtarán, an tUachtarán, an tUachtarán, an tUachtarán, an tUachtarán, an tUachtarán, an tUachtarán, an tUachtarán, an tUachtarán.
táirgí. Rinneadh samplaí a ghlacadh uathu gach seachtain ar feadh bliana. Fuair sé "méaduithe suntasacha i baictéir
na pobail, lena n-áirítear salmóna, a tharla le linn táirgeadh iarbhír ithreach tráchtála
Tá an chóireáil ag cur le roinnt de na heintitis- ghalair a ionsú nó a chur isteach i
cáithníní fecal le linn an phróisis chóireála. Is biofilms iad seo a choinníonn na cáithníní le chéile.
Ar an gcúis seo, sa staidéar "Survival of pathogenic microorganisms and parasite in extreta,
"Tá an t-ábhar i gceist le haghaidh an chothaithe agus le haghaidh an chothaithe" (1991) D. Strauch, Institiúid Leigheas agus Sláinte ainmhithe,
"Tá sé tábhachtach go mbeadh an t-ábhar a úsáidtear i dtráchtáil agus i dtráchtáil a bheith ar fáil go saor in aisce".
Is é an t-easpa sin ná go bhfuil an t-easpa sin ina riosca don gheilleagar náisiúnta ar fad".
Tar éis athbhreithniú a dhéanamh ar an riail sliog agus tuarascálacha saotharlainne ón bhfeirm, ár n-EPA féin David Lewis
a thug rabhadh faoi na contúirtí do shláinte phoiblí ó mhaireachtáil baictéarach ar fheirmeacha san alt Sludge
Maighdiúireacht ag an EPA (1999). Dúirt sé, "an Riail Sludge maidir le dramhaíl chathrach a chur ar thalamh (40
CFR Páirt 503) a foilsíodh i 1993 b'fhéidir gurb é an gníomh is neamhshláintiúla ó thaobh eolaíochta a rinne an tAontas Eorpach riamh
an ghníomhaireacht. Ní gá go mbeadh an riail sin cosanta, ach i ndáiríre tá sé ina bhagairt ar shláinte phoiblí agus ar an
Lewis et al, a d'fhoilsigh an baol do shláinte phoiblí ó mhicrea-orgánaigh sa staidéar,
Déantar an t-athrú seo a chur i bhfeidhm ar an gcóras um measúnú a dhéantar ar an gcóras um measúnú a dhéantar ar an gcóras um measúnú a dhéantar ar an gcóras um measúnú a dhéantar ar an gcóras um measúnú a dhéantar ar an gcóras um measúnú a dhéantar ar an gcóras.
(2002) a chur i bhfeidhm. David L Lewis, David K Gattie, Marc E Novak, Susan Sanchez agus Charles
Pumphrey. Fuair siad, "Bhí cónaitheoirí a raibh tionchar acu ina gcónaí laistigh de thart ar 1 km de iarratas talún
na suíomhanna agus go ginearálta gearán faoi irritation (e. g. rashes craiceann agus dóiteán na súl,
agus scamhóga) tar éis dóibh a bheith nochtaithe do ghaoithe a bhí ag bualadh ó chúrsaí cóireála. Tá an Staphylococcus i réim
Bhí ionfhabhtuithe craiceann agus na gcosna haeráide ag an gcineál seo. Beagnach 1 as 4 as 54
Bhí daoine ionfhabhtaithe, lena n-áirítear 2 bhás (septicemia, nimhiú).
Suirbhé féin-aithris eitleolaíoch 2007 ar chomharsana in aice le suíomh biosaidí Ohio (sladha) ag
nocht taighdeoirí ó Ollscoil Toledo fadhbanna sláinte iomarcacha. An Sláinte
Suirbhé ar Thithis a Dhéanann cónaí in aice le Feirmeacha a Cheadaítear a fháil Biosolids (2007), Sadik
Khuder, PhD; Sheryl A. Milz, PhD; Michael Bisesi, PhD; Robert Vincent, PhD; Wendy McNulty,
MS; Kevin Czajkowski, PhD, fuair sé amach go raibh, "Réitigh na torthaí go raibh roinnt
Bhí na comharthaí ard go suntasach go staidrimh i measc na cónaitheoirí nochtaithe, lena n-áirítear
séalaithe ró-mhór de na deora, bloating boilg, jaundice, ulcer craiceann, díhiodráitiú, meáchain caillteanas,
agus lagú ginearálta. Is minic a thuairiscítear go bhfuil bronchitis,
Bhí méadú suntasach staidrimh ar ionfhabhtuithe, ar ionfhabhtuithe agus ar giardiasis freisin. Tugann na torthaí le fios go bhfuil
riosca méadaithe do ghalair riospráide, gastrointestinal agus galair eile i measc cónaitheoirí
ag maireachtáil in aice le páirceanna feirmeacha ar a gceadaíodh úsáid biosaidlí a úsáid". Tá an ceadú go léir bunaithe
ar thástáil coilifime fecal ag dul ar ais go 1904
Tá an tástáil coiliform fecal a úsáidtear mar tháscaire le haghaidh truailliú fecal bia agus uisce
ní chosnaíonn sé feirmeoirí agus an pobal i gcoitinne ó bhaictéir mharfacha, víris, féaráin,
protozoa nó feongal a fhaightear i slam, ábhar fecal. Tagraíonn coliform fecal do chomhalta amháin den
teaghlach coliform (Enterobacteriaceae) -- cineálacha tearma-fhulaingthe de E. coli, ach ní áirítear leis sin
E. coli 0157: H7 . Ní thugann an tástáil seo aon chosaint ar shláinte an phobail bunaithe ar na fíricí seo a leanas: 1)
2) Cuimsíonn coliform fecal thermotolerant
go leor strains pataigineacha de E. coli agus baictéir den chineál céanna agus gach strain eile inmharthana ach
Baictéir aeróbach agus roghacha neamhchultúrtha a thriomann ag teocht gnáth; 3) tá E. coli
an coliform bunscoile atá resistant in aghaidh neamhghníomhaithe teasa agus nach léiríonn an tástáil go bhfuil resistant teasa
4) déanann biofilms pathogens a cheangal go daingean le chéile i gcáithníní salainn ag cur go bhfuil siad
5) d'fhéadfadh teas, ceimiceáin nó drugaí damáiste a dhéanamh do chuid de DNA E. coli ag cur leis
bheith neamhghníomhach (be nonculturable-nondetectable) trí mhodhanna cultúrtha caighdeánacha - ach a bheith
6) tá cealla codlata, ach inmharthana E. coli tar éis maireachtáil i
stóráil ar feadh 38 bliain; 7) ní léiríonn an tástáil víris agus paraisítí; agus 8) baictéir agus
Déanann víris géiní a mhalartú le linn an phróisis chóireála fuíolluisce ag cruthú níos cumhachtaí
strains pathogens atá frithsheasmhach in aghaidh antaibheathaigh.
Tá sláinte an phobail faoi bhagairt, tá feirmeacha agus gnóthaí gaolmhara damáiste nó scriosadh,
tá uisce dromchla agus talamh-uisce truaillithe, tá ainmhithe agus daoine tinn, marbh agus/nó ag fáil bháis
bunaithe ar thástáil coilíneach fecal 105 bliain d'aois a léiríonn go bhfuil salainn dramhaíola truaillithe le paiteogain
Tá an t-ábhar seo á chur ar fáil mar leasachán nó mar fheabhsú talún. Bunaithe ar dhá bhliain fiche de thaighde, tá
Níl aon mhodh eolaíoch nó bainistíochta ann faoi láthair a ligfeadh úsáid salainn nó
uisce athshlánaithe ar oibríochtaí feirmeoireachta dlisteanacha ar chúis ar bith nó ar mhaithe le haon chuspóir phoiblí eile.
Cabhair do MISÍONTÍ SEABAÍ
Neamhbhrabúis Stáit Washington


Tasks to “Kill a mocking bird” The novel “To kill a mockingbird“ shows issues like prejudice and racism against black people. The lawyer Atticus has to advocate Tom Robinson, who is accused of raping a white woman. Although he is innocent, Tom Robinson is found guilty. Then
to analyse a newspaper article Introduction: What is the title of the article? What kind of article is it? Who wrote it and where was it published? What kind of newspaper is that? What is the topic of the article? What is the article about? (summary of important aspects – concentrate on the aspects
Commentary A Family Supper by Kazuo Ishiguro A Family Supper, by Kazuo Ishiguro, is a short story that begins with the son of a Japanese family returning to Japan to meet his family. After hearing about his mother and dad’s business partner’s death, his sister and him talk and catch up, and they have
The Bird by Patrick Lane
In The Bird by Patrick Lane, someone has caged a bird in their hands so they can learn its ability to fly.
However, the bird has died from being held in captivity. At first glance, the poem seems like a protest against animal cruelty. However, through clever symbolism, metaphors, structure and diction, Lane expresses the urgent need to end all cages.
The poem’s main message is that only words can give you freedom the same way that feathers give birds freedom of flight.
There is no restriction on what you write or say; anything in your mind can become free through your words. Patrick Lane cleverly represents this message by the way he wrote his poem: free verse. In free verse, there are no rules to follow: you can make up your own words, create your own rhythm, throw away any knowledge about grammar, and choose words that won't necessarily make sense in normal speech or prose.
For example, experts handle birds of prey to hunt, to teach, to care for the injured and many more. By using three words with varying degrees of cruelty, the poet shows us that taking away someone's freedom can occur by any action, even if it is peaceful. To enforce this idea, Patrick Lane uses the harsh sounds of cacophony and the peaceful sounds of euphony to represent the amount of violence.
In “captured” and “cage”, the hard “c” sound is very harsh and gives the impression of killing. On the other hand, “handle” .....

Tasks to Kill a mockingbird Léiríonn an úrscéal To kill a mockingbird saincheisteanna cosúil le claontacht agus ciníochas i gcoinne daoine dubha. Tá an t-aighneoir Atticus chun Tom Robinson a abhcóide, a bhfuil cúisithe ag éalú bean bán. Cé go bhfuil sé neamhchiontach, faightear Tom Robinson ciontach. Ansin
chun alt nuachtáin a anailísiú Réamhrá: Cad é teideal an ailt? Cén cineál alt é? Cé a scríobh é agus cá foilsíodh é? Cén cineál nuachtán é sin? Cad é ábhar an ailt? Cad é ábhar an ailt? (sgealltacht na ngnéithe tábhachtacha  díriú ar na gnéithe
Comharsáid A Dinner Family, de Kazuo Ishiguro A Dinner Family, de Kazuo Ishiguro, is scéal gearr é a thosaíonn le mac teaghlaigh Seapánach ag filleadh ar an tSeapáin chun freastal ar a theaghlach. Tar éis dó a chloisteáil faoi a mháthair agus a athair's comhpháirtí gnó's bás, a deirfiúr agus dó labhairt agus teacht suas, agus tá siad
An Éan ag Patrick Lane
I The Bird le Patrick Lane, tá éan cageithe ag duine éigin ina lámha ionas gur féidir leo a chumas eitilt a fhoghlaim.
Mar sin féin, tá an éan marbh ó bheith i bpríosún. Ar an gcéad amharc, is cosúil go bhfuil an dán agóid i gcoinne cruálacht ainmhithe. Ach, trí shiombalachas cliste, maitéaracha, struchtúr agus díoc, léiríonn Lane an gá práinneach le deireadh a chur le gach cage.
Is é príomhtheachtaireacht an dán ná nach féidir ach le focail saoirse a thabhairt duit ar an mbealach céanna a thugann plúir saoirse eitilte do éan.
Níl aon srianta ar an méid a scríobhann tú nó a deir tú; is féidir le haon rud atá i do cheann a bheith saor trí do chuid focal. Léiríonn Patrick Lane an teachtaireacht seo go cliste leis an mbealach a scríobh sé a chuid filíochta: véarsa saor. Sa vers saor, níl aon rialacha le leanúint: is féidir leat do chuid focal féin a dhéanamh, do rithim féin a chruthú, aon eolas faoi ghramadach a chaitheamh amach, agus focail a roghnú nach mbeidh ciall acu i gcaint nó próis ghnáth.
Mar shampla, déanann saineolaithe teagmháil le héin féar chun fiach a fháil, chun teagasc a thabhairt, chun aire a thabhairt do na daoine gortaithe agus go leor eile. Trí thrí fhocal a úsáid a bhfuil céimeanna éagsúla cruálachta acu, léiríonn an filí dúinn gur féidir saoirse duine a bhaint as aon ghníomh, fiú má tá sé síochánta. Chun an smaoineamh seo a fhorfheidhmiú, úsáideann Patrick Lane fuaimeanna garbh cacophony agus fuaimeanna síochánta euphony chun an méid foréigin a léiriú.
I  captured agus  cage, tá an fhuaim c an-chrua agus tugann sé an tuiscint go bhfuil sé ag marú. Ar an láimh eile,  handle  .....


When we talk about agriculture, the first thing that comes to mind is growing crops or raising livestock on land to cover our basic needs. However, there is another category of agriculture that deals with the rearing of aquatic animals or the cultivation of aquatic plants for food: aquaculture.
For those who want to try their luck out in farming in the waters by dabbling in aquaculture, here are a few articles on the topic to get you inspired or informed about how it works:
To start, an engineer set up a spirulina farm to share its health benefits which he enjoyed himself.
There have been several concerns in the tilapia industry that bothered. Both the government and private shareholders have taken steps to create a more sustainable production system.
One trick that tilapia farmers discovered is how to produce more tilapia spawn. This simple method is developed to help increase the supply of fingerlings and meet the increasing demands of the tilapia industry.
Apart from relying on fishing as their only means of income, several fishing communities also craft fishing traps to for a more sustainable approach on fishing.
Despite the contributions of local fisheries, stakeholders are calling upon the government for the establishment of an agency that focuses on the conservation and development of the country’s marine resources.
These are only some of the articles published on the site that are related to fisheries and aquaculture. For more articles stories related to agriculture, stay tuned to agriculture.com.ph

Nuair a labhraímid faoi fheirmeoireacht, is é an chéad rud a thagann chun cuimhne ná barra a fhás nó feirmeoireacht a chothú ar an talamh chun ár riachtanais bhunúsacha a chlúdach. Mar sin féin, tá catagóir eile talmhaíochta ann a bhaineann le hainmhithe uisceacha a chothú nó plandaí uisceacha a chothú le haghaidh bia: uisceachas.
I gcás na ndaoine sin ar mian leo a gcuid luck a thriail amach i feirmeoireacht in uisce trí dabbling i dobharshaothraithe, anseo tá cúpla alt ar an ábhar a fháil tú spreagtha nó ar an eolas faoi conas a oibríonn sé:
Chun tús a chur leis, bhunaigh innealtóir feirm spirulina chun a chuid buntáistí sláinte a roinnt a raibh taitneamh aige féin.
Bhí roinnt imní ann i dtionscal tilapia a chuir isteach. Tá bearta déanta ag an rialtas agus ag scairshealbhóirí príobháideacha araon chun córas táirgthe níos inbhuanaithe a chruthú.
Tá cleas amháin a fuair feirmeoirí tilapia amach conas níos mó spawn tilapia a tháirgeadh. Forbraíodh an modh simplí seo chun cuidiú leis an soláthar fingerlings a mhéadú agus freastal ar éilimh mhéadaithe an tionscail tilapia.
Chomh maith le bheith ag brath ar iascaireacht mar a n-aon bhealach ioncaim, déanann roinnt pobail iascaireachta gaistí iascaireachta a dhéanamh le cur chuige níos inbhuanaithe maidir le iascaireacht.
In ainneoin na ranníocaíochtaí a dhéanann iascaigh áitiúla, tá geallsealbhóirí ag iarraidh ar an rialtas gníomhaireacht a bhunú a dhíríonn ar chaomhnú agus forbairt acmhainní muirí na tíre.
Níl anseo ach cuid de na hailt a foilsítear ar an suíomh a bhaineann le hiascaireacht agus dobharshaothraithe. Le haghaidh níos mó alt agus scéalta a bhaineann leis an talmhaíocht, fan ag faire ar agriculture.com.ph