30 Original Chorales and Warm-ups
30 Original Chorales and Warm-Ups have been designed to develop the more important aspects of band playing by providing material that can be used at the start of a rehearsal to test balance, dynamics, tuning, flexibility and articulation. Band directors are encouraged to adapt them to suit their own band by focussing on specific musical challenges which may need to be addressed.
Dynamics and tempo indications are not given and should be chosen by the band director as is deemed appropriate. For example, No 15 can be used for ‘long note’ practice to develop tone and stamina by adding a crescendo and diminuendo to each note at a suitably slow tempo.
All the chorales are four-part, distributed as follows:-
Soprano: Soprano Cornet, Solo Cornet, Repiano Cornet, Flugel Horn, Euphonium, Mallet Percussion
Alto: 2nd Cornet, 3rd Cornet, Solo Horn, 1st Horn
Tenor: 2nd Horn, 1st Baritone, 2nd Baritone
Bass: Bass Trombone, Eb Bass, Bb Bass
To keep the trombone section in three-part harmony, 1st and 2nd Trombones share the Soprano and Tenor parts between them.
The warm-ups are intended to develop:-
Balance, intonation, ensemble and interval awareness (1, 2, 3, 13, 14, 15)
Articulation and ensemble (20, 21, 22)
Flexibility (23, 24, 25)
New keys and time signatures (27, 28, 29, 30)

30 Ceol Chóiréach agus Teas-Uirlisí
30 Chorales agus Warm-Ups bunaidh a ceapadh chun na gnéithe níos tábhachtaí a bhaineann le ceol an bhanna a fhorbairt trí ábhar a sholáthar ar féidir a úsáid ag tús na hiompráide chun cothromaíocht, dinimic, tuning, solúbthacht agus easaontas a thástáil. Spreagtar stiúrthóirí bannaí iad a oiriúnú chun freastal ar a mbranda féin trí díriú ar dhúshláin cheoil shonracha a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag teastáil a aghaidh a thabhairt orthu.
Ní thugtar treoracha dinimice agus luas agus ba cheart don stiúrthóir banna iad a roghnú de réir mar a mheasann sé is iomchuí. Mar shampla, is féidir Uimh 15 a úsáid le haghaidh cleachtadh "nótaí fada" chun ton agus stamina a fhorbairt trí crescendo agus diminuendo a chur le gach nóta ag luas mall oiriúnach.
Tá na corail go léir i gceithre chuid, dáileadh mar seo a leanas: -
Soprano: Cornet Soprano, Cornet Solo, Cornet Repiano, Corn Flugel, Euphonium, Meall Meall
Alto: 2ú Cornet, 3ú Cornet, Solo Horn, 1ú Horn
Tenor: 2ú Corn, 1ú Baritone, 2ú Baritone
Bass: Bass Trombón, Eb Bass, Bb Bass
Chun an rannán trombón a choinneáil i gcomhchuibhiú trí chuid, roinnfidh an 1ú agus an 2ú Trombónna na codanna Soprano agus Tenor eatarthu.
Tá sé i gceist leis na téamh-suas a fhorbairt:-
Coibhéis, intinn, comhcheangal agus feasacht idirthréimhseach (1, 2, 3, 13, 14, 15)
Comhcheangal agus comhcheangal (20, 21, 22)
Solúbthacht (23, 24, 25)
eochair nua agus síniú ama (27, 28, 29, 30)


Published for the exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery (Winter 1990-1) "The Raj: India and the British, 1600-1947", this catalogue examines the relationship between British and Indian society over the whole period of the British presence in India, from the founding of the East India Company in 1660 to the withdrawal of the British and Partition in 1947. It depicts the wealth, productivity and complex civilization of the India of the great Mughals and shows how Europeans, including the English, were drawn to its shores, seeking the privilege of trading in its fine muslins, printed cottons and spices. The English East India Company had long insisted on sovereignty within its commercial bases on Indian soil, and a significant body of opinion argued for more secure territorial holdings in the subcontinent.;The catalogue attempts to illustrate and analyse the history of India and the British for over 300 years with more than 500 illustrations of the weapons, fabrics, coinage, books, drawings, paintings, prints, sculpture, manuscripts, miniatures, jewellery and maps featured in the exhibition. The book is an illustrated history of India and a contribution both to Indian history and to an understanding of the European experience of colonialism
Available at Library.

Foilsíodh an catalóg seo le haghaidh an taispeántais ag an National Portrait Gallery (Ghaeilge 1990-1) "The Raj: India and the British, 1600-1947", agus scrúdaíonn sé an caidreamh idir sochaí na Breataine agus na hIndia thar thréimhse iomlán láithreacht na Breataine san India, ó bhunaíodh an Chompánach Indiach Thoir i 1660 go dtí tarraingt siar na Breataine agus an Roinn i 1947. Léiríonn sé saibhreas, táirgiúlacht agus sibhialtacht chasta na hIndia de na Mughals móra agus léiríonn sé conas a tharraing na hEorpaigh, lena n-áirítear na Sasanaigh, chuig a gcóstaí, ag lorg an phribhléid trádála ina muslins fíneáil, cotton clóite agus spíosraí. Bhí an Chompánach Oirthear na hIndia Béarla ag éileamh ar cheannasacht laistigh dá mbunaíochtaí tráchtála ar ithir na hIndia, agus bhí comhlacht suntasach tuairimí ag argóint ar mhaithe le sealúchais chríochacha níos sábháilte sa fho-chríoch. Tá an catalóg ag iarraidh stair na hIndia agus na Breataine a léiriú agus a anailísiú ar feadh níos mó ná 300 bliain le níos mó ná 500 léargas ar na hairm, na fabraicí, na monaí, na leabhair, na líníochtaí, na péinteálacha, na priontaí, na deilbh, na lámhscríbhinní, na mion-imleachtaí, na seodra agus na léarscáileanna atá le feiceáil sa taispeántas. Is stair léargasta é an leabhar ar an India agus is ranníocaíocht é don stair Indiach agus do thuiscint ar thaithí na hEorpa ar choilíneacht
Ar fáil sa Leabharlann.


Have you ever wondered how something so tiny can turn into something so beautiful? A butterfly starts its journey in the humblest of ways. It starts out as a tiny egg that with the naked eye would be easily missed. In that egg resides the genetic make up for what will one day be a butterfly. We all have to start somewhere, right?
Butterfly raising is a journey. It can be frustrating at times, but oh so delightful if you stick with it. Like a caterpillar, you devour books and information to care for your precious soon to be butterflies. The metamorphosis takes place as you apply your knowledge and then that knowledge allows all those once distant dreams to take flight.
What came first the egg or the butterfly? Well, in this case it all starts with a fertilized egg from a mother butterfly. This female Gulf Fritillary is curling up her abdomen and depositing a egg on her host plant passionvine.
For starts with butterfly gardening you are going to need flowers and lots of them. Be diverse and imaginative. Be observant. And lastly, learn to be flexible because butterfly raising can be unpredictable.
Next, you are going to need host plants. A host plant is what a female butterfly will lay eggs on. Each butterfly has specific plants she will lay eggs on. For example a Monarch (pictured below) will only lay eggs on Milkweed (pictured above). There are more than one kind of Milkweed that the Monarchs will lay on. The variety above is tropical milkweed that will grow happily in Florida and in the north can be grown as an annual. Milkweeds also make great nectar sources for a large number of butterflies including the skipper which is pictured above. If you are keen on going native, Common Milkweed is native to much of the eastern United States, but be fore warned that it does not transplant well.
Now, the moment you’ve been waiting for. How exactly do you raise a caterpillar into a butterfly? For starts you are going to need a “home” for your just hatched caterpillar. I’ve used everything from peanut containers to salad containers. Caterpillars need to breathe so to solve that I cut a rectangle in the lid and then glued window screening over it. Just be sure the holes are small enough so the caterpillars don’t escape.
Caterpillars need food and lots of it! Be prepared for some mega munching machines. These Black Swallowtails will gladly dine on parsley, dill, fennel, and carrots which have given them a bad name. They have been called “The Parsley Worm.” I scrunch my nose at such a name. They are butterflies thank you very much! That “parsley worm” turns into the beautiful butterfly happily resting on my face below.
Butterflies in their teenage stage (caterpillar) are sure to make you smile from time to time. This is the rear end of a Black Swallowtail caterpillar that has a surprising resemblance to a frowning face!
When the caterpillar has reached its full size and guzzled up a lot of food, it will find a place to hang and make a chrysalis. This Monarch caterpillar has attached itself with silk to the lid of my rearing container.
The caterpillar sheds off its exoskeleton and underneath is a gem known as a chrysalis. Inside the caterpillar will turn into a butterfly. It will stay inside 10 – 14 days, but this can vary by species. Ten to fourteen days is the average length for a Monarch to emerge.
I’ve labeled for you the cremaster which is attached to the silk piece that the caterpillar spun before making the chrysalis.
And then one day, you notice a change. You see crystal clear the pattern of butterfly wings! The chrysalis can no longer hide the butterfly that is waiting to burst forth in a glorious display. All that remains is the rays of sun to heat up the chrysalis and give it energy to push open the chrysalis “door.”
And there you have it. A beautiful Monarch butterfly!
I hope you loved this how to style entry on how to raise butterflies. Check back in a couple of weeks to read more of my adventures. My life is an adventure so who knows what I will write about next.
To support my work you can purchase a copy of my book or simply click the “like” button at the following link. In my book you will learn about the life cycles of 10 common butterfly species through pictures and facts. You will also learn more about how to raise butterflies plus several butterfly garden and conservatory tours. It is a great resource for teachers and includes activity pages that can be copied for classrooms. https://www.createspace.com/4083202

An ndearna tú smaoineamh riamh ar conas is féidir le rud chomh beag sin athrú go rud chomh álainn? Tosaíonn an t-eitleán ar a thuras ar an mbealach is humble. Tosaíonn sé mar ubh beag a bheadh éasca a fheiceáil le súile nocht. Sa uibhe sin tá an t-eagrán géiniteach a bheidh ina bhrattarla lá amháin. Ní mór dúinn go léir a thosú áit éigin, ceart?
Is turas é an t-ardú liomach. Is féidir leis a bheith frustrach uaireanta, ach oh chomh taitneamhach má tá tú ag cloí leis. Cosúil le caterpillar, déileálann tú le leabhair agus le faisnéis chun aire a thabhairt do do luachmhar go luath a bheith i mbratalóga. Tarlaíonn an metamorphosis mar a chuireann tú d'eolas i bhfeidhm agus ansin ligfidh an t-eolas sin do na aislingí fadtéarmacha sin eitilt.
Cé acu a tháinig ar dtús, an ubh nó an butterfly? Bhuel, sa chás seo tosaíonn sé go léir le huibheacha feithilte ó mháthair-flibheirt. Tá an Fritillary banchloch seo curling suas a bolg agus a thaisceadh uibhe ar a plandaí óstach passionvine.
Chun tús a chur le gairdíníocht na mbrathair beidh gá le bláthanna agus go leor acu. Bí éagsúil agus samhlaitheach. Bí aireach. Agus ar deireadh, foghlaim a bheith solúbtha mar is féidir le máistir na mbrathair a bheith gan choinne.
Ansin, beidh ort plandaí óstach a bheith agat. Is ar phlanda óstach a leagfaidh an féileacán babhta uibheacha. Tá plandaí sonracha ag gach bráithreacha ar a ndéanfaidh sí uibheacha. Mar shampla, ní chuirfidh Monarch (sa phictiúr thíos) uibheacha ach ar Milkweed (sa phictiúr thuas). Tá níos mó ná cineál amháin de Milkweed go mbeidh na Monarchs a leagan ar. Is é an éagsúlacht thuas ná milchweed trópaiceach a fhásfaidh go sona sásta i Florida agus sa tuaisceart is féidir é a fhás mar cheann bliantúil. Is foinse iontach neictraí iad na milchweeds do líon mór liomacháin lena n-áirítear an scipeoir atá sa phictiúr thuas. Má tá tú ag iarraidh dul dúchasach, tá an Milkweed Coitianta dúchasach go mór de chuid na Stát Aontaithe thoir, ach bíodh tú ar an eolas nach ndéanann sé trasphlandú go maith.
Anois, an nóiméad a bhí tú ag fanacht. Conas a thógann tú caterpillar go díreach i butterfly? Chun tús a chur leis, beidh ort "cás" a chur ar fáil do do chaitríon atá díreach tar éis teacht as an bpáirc. Tá gach rud a úsáid mé ó choimeádáin phéintín chun coimeádáin salada. Caterpillars gá chun anáil ionas go réiteach go bhfuil mé a ghearradh ceartchearnach sa chlúdach agus ansin glue scáileán fuinneog os a chionn. Bí cinnte go bhfuil na hoileáin beag go leor ionas nach éireoidh na caterpillars.
Caithtear bia ar an gcatairpiléir agus go leor de! Bí réidh le haghaidh roinnt meaisíní mega munching. Beidh na Swallowtails Dubha seo ag ithe go sásta ar parsley, dill, fennel, agus carróga a thug droch-ainm dóibh. Tá siad a dtugtar The Worm Parsley. I scrunch mo shrón ar ainm den sórt sin. Tá siad butterflies go raibh maith agat go mór! Déantar an "worm parsley" sin a athrú go dtí an bpattarlóig álainn ag cur sos sona ar mo aghaidh thíos.
Tá an t-eitleán i gcéim na déagóirí (caterpillar) cinnte go gcuirfidh sé gáire ort ó am go ham. Is é seo an deireadh cúl de caterpillar Swallowtail Black go bhfuil cosúlacht ionadh le aghaidh frowning!
Nuair a bheidh an caterpillar tar éis a mhéid iomlán a bhaint amach agus go leor bia a chur suas, gheobhaidh sé áit chun crochadh agus chrysalis a dhéanamh. Tá an caterpillar Monarch seo ceangailte leis féin le síoda le clúdach mo choimeádán ardaithe.
Tá an caterpillar a exoskeleton agus faoi bhun gem ar a dtugtar chrysalis. Taobh istigh den caterpillar beidh athrú i bpatterfly. Fanfaidh sé taobh istigh de 10-14 lá, ach d'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith éagsúil de réir speiceas. Is é deich go ceathair lá an meán-fhada le haghaidh Monarch a éirí amach.
Tá an cremaster lipéadaithe agam duit atá ceangailte leis an píosa síoda a rinne an caterpillar sula ndearna sé an chrysalis.
Agus ansin lá amháin, tú faoi deara athrú. Feictear go soiléir an patrún sciathán sciathán! Ní féidir leis an chrysalis an bratach a cheilt a thuilleadh atá ag fanacht le briseadh amach i taispeántas glórmhar. Níl le déanamh ach na gealaí na gréine chun an chrysalis a théamh agus dó fuinnimh a thabhairt chun an chrysalis a bhrú ar oscailt.
Agus tá sé agat. A maraí Monarch álainn!
Tá súil agam gur thaitin sé seo leat conas a chur isteach ar conas a ardú féileacáin. Seiceáil ar ais i gceann cúpla seachtain chun níos mó de mo eachtraí a léamh. Is eachtra é mo shaol mar sin cé a fhios cad a scríobhfaidh mé faoi seo chugainn.
Chun tacú le mo chuid oibre is féidir leat cóip de mo leabhar a cheannach nó cliceáil ar an gcnaipe like ag an nasc seo a leanas. Sa leabhar seo, foghlaimfidh tú faoi timthriallta saoil 10 speiceas coitianta féileacán trí phictiúir agus fíricí. Foghlaimfidh tú freisin níos mó faoi conas maraibh a chothú chomh maith le roinnt gairdín maraibh agus turais i gcoimeádán. Is acmhainn iontach é do mhúinteoirí agus tá leathanaigh ghníomhaíochta ann ar féidir iad a chóipeáil do sheomraí ranga. https://www.createspace.com/4083202


The urgency to adopt green living and save the environment is something that is much talked about today. But with the urgent need, we all need to focus on what includes green living and how we can put ideas into practice. To start at an individual level, we all have to think of the environment and our duty towards it. Here is an easy guide to developing a conscious understanding of how to save the environment.
The whole debate on what is degrading environment today is limited to our conversations, social media types, but on a practical level, nothing effective has been done yet. There is a lot that has to start at the individual level, at homes, in schools, in offices, and in the local environment. What we lack in is the fact that we are forgetting our roles as individuals and are focusing on what the government or the authorities are doing. To save the environment, it is necessary that each of the citizens become well aware of his / her obligations towards nature and contribute maximally to save the same.
The first step is something very basic that has been taught to us in our primary schools. This step involves our basic understanding of why do we need to save or conserve the nature today. We are very well aware of the various threats to the environment and us humans are contributing to it in some way or the other. So, let us go back to our primary class lessons and develop an attitude to recycling whatever possible and in a way that is energy efficient. For example, an individual can dump the garbage in two separate bins of degradable and not – biodegradable waste, and send the now – biodegradable waste to recycling plants. The same will help in reducing the amount of waste generated and also the recycled products can be used by the consumers again.
Another option that we are aware but seldom use is of reusing products that we often regard as waste. For example, the waste paper and the waste bottles can be used in many creative ways. Through this, an example can be set for our future generation to benefit from making the use of best out of waste.
The third step can be of reducing the use of natural resources, for example, coal, petroleum, gas, and we have to control our consumption and not exert such a pressure on the environment that we disturb the whole balance of nature. By reducing our consumption of the electricity and water, we can help in the sustainable development of the human kind.
Each of the individuals use different transport vehicles to reach their destination, thus, through using public transits the people will not only help in reducing the chances of traffic congestion but will also contribute to reducing the air pollution and saving the petrol. Thus, an individual rather than using his or her personal automobile must use metro rails, buses, taxis, or autos.
Starting from the living room to workplaces, an individual must try to save energy by switching off the unnecessary turned on fans and lights. India already faces a challenge of energy and electricity shortage thus it will be highly beneficial if each of the individuals attempt to save the wastage of electricity.
Water is undoubtedly a scarce and essential element; thus, it becomes necessary to save the same. Many of the geologists argue that water being the most important element of living, it is necessary that people start using water in an adequate manner. The people must try to save the water as much as they can and help in saving the environment. The people can also conserve water through implementing rainwater harvesting. Rain harvesting is a combination of traditional and modern approach; wherein a mechanism is used to collect rainwater, and the same is used for daily purposes. Moreover, water can be conserved through taking some simple steps, including cook water in as little water as possible, close the tap when water is not being used and taking five-minute showers rather than taking baths.
Many governmental and not – governmental agencies have been working hard towards conserving the forest, however, the same seems to fail without the help of citizens. Thus, it is necessary that each of the citizens become well aware of the significance of plantation. It is a well-known fact that if each plant a single tree on every special occasion, the planet will become much greener and the environment will be automatically saved. The plantation is likely to help in reducing the level of greenhouse gasses and minimizing the negative effect of air pollution.
Authorities have outlined numerous plans and programs to help in saving the environment. Through integrating and being well aware of these programs, the people can minimize the efforts of authorities and effectively help in attaining maximal benefits. The government can just frame policies; it is the responsibility of each and every citizen that he, she collate with the same, and male these programs highly successful.
The concept of being smart consumers is not new; the same involves the consumption and use of products that have longevity and are energy efficient. Many of the environment experts believe that through only through buying environmentally friendly products, the efforts toward saving environment can be easily achieved. However, the companies themselves have been trying to advertise their products as the most energy efficient and environmentally friendly one; it is the responsibility of people that they recognize the best out of them and hence, help in saving environment maximally.
Being aware of the disadvantages and benefits of the daily practices is one of the easiest ways through which each of the citizens can help the humankind in sustainable development. Each of the citizens must try to be well aware of the programs and policies that the government has outlined so that the same can be worked upon and adequately executed. Moreover, the well aware citizens can make other aware as well.
It is evident that there are numerous ways through which an individual can greatly help in saving the environment; however, the same requires a high level of awareness and determination.

Tá an práinn chun maireachtáil ghlas a ghlacadh agus an timpeallacht a shábháil ina rud a bhfuil go leor cainte faoi inniu. Ach leis an ngá práinneach, ní mór dúinn go léir díriú ar an méid a chuimsíonn maireachtáil ghlas agus conas is féidir linn smaointe a chur i ngníomh. Chun tús a chur le leibhéal aonair, ní mór dúinn go léir smaoineamh ar an gcomhshaol agus ar ár gceangal chuige. Seo treoir éasca chun tuiscint chonaic a fhorbairt ar conas an timpeallacht a shábháil.
Tá an díospóireacht ar fad faoi cad atá ag díghrádú an chomhshaoil inniu teoranta do ár gcainteanna, cineálacha na meán sóisialta, ach ar leibhéal praiticiúil, níl aon rud éifeachtach déanta go fóill. Tá go leor ann a chaithfidh tosú ar leibhéal an duine aonair, sa bhaile, sa scoil, san oifig, agus sa timpeallacht áitiúil. Is é an rud atá ag teip orainn ná go bhfuilimid ag dearmad ar ár róil mar dhaoine aonair agus go bhfuilimid ag díriú ar an méid atá á dhéanamh ag an rialtas nó ag na húdaráis. Chun an timpeallacht a shábháil, tá sé riachtanach go mbeidh gach saoránach ar an eolas go maith faoina oibleagáidí i leith an dúlra agus go gcuirfidh sé le go leor chun an rud céanna a shábháil.
Is é an chéad chéim rud an-bhunaidh a mhúin muid inár bpríomhscoileanna. Baineann an chéim seo lenár dtuiscint bhunúsach ar an gcúis go gcaithfimid an nádúr a shábháil nó a chaomhnú inniu. Tá a fhios againn go maith go bhfuil bagairtí éagsúla ar an gcomhshaol agus go bhfuil muidne, na daoine, ag cur leis ar bhealach éigin nó ar bhealach eile. Mar sin, déanaimis dul ar ais chuig ár gcuid ceachtanna bunscoile agus cur chuige a fhorbairt maidir le hathchúrsáil a dhéanamh ar cibé rud is féidir agus ar bhealach atá éifeachtúil ó thaobh fuinnimh de. Mar shampla, is féidir le duine aonair an dramhaíl a dhumpáil i dhá dhúnadh ar leithligh dramhaíola in-athghiniúna agus neamh-bith-athghiniúna, agus an dramhaíl atá anois in-bith-athghiniúna a sheoladh chuig gléasraí athchúrsála. Cabhróidh sé seo leis an méid dramhaíola a ghinitear a laghdú agus is féidir leis na tomhaltóirí na táirgí athchúrsáilte a úsáid arís.
Rogha eile atá ar eolas againn ach nach n-úsáidtear go minic ná táirgí a athúsáidtear a mheasann muid go minic mar dhramhaíl. Mar shampla, is féidir an páipéar dramhaíola agus na buidéil dramhaíola a úsáid ar go leor bealaí cruthaitheacha. Trí seo, is féidir sampla a leagan síos dár gclár sa todhchaí chun tairbhe a bhaint as an úsáid is fearr a bhaint as dramhaíl.
Is féidir leis an tríú céim a bheith ina laghdú ar úsáid acmhainní nádúrtha, mar shampla, guail, peitriliam, gáis, agus ní mór dúinn ár n-úsáid a rialú agus ní gá go gcuirfimid brú den sórt sin ar an gcomhshaol go gcuirfimid isteach ar chothromaíocht uile na nádúire. Trí laghdú a dhéanamh ar ár n-úsáid leictreachais agus uisce, is féidir linn cabhrú le forbairt inbhuanaithe an chine daonna.
Baineann gach duine úsáid as feithiclí iompair éagsúla chun a gceann scríbe a bhaint amach, agus dá bhrí sin, trí úsáid a bhaint as idirthurais phoiblí ní amháin go gcabhróidh na daoine le seansanna trédhearcachta tráchta a laghdú ach cuideoidh siad freisin le truailliú an aeir a laghdú agus an gásáil a shábháil. Dá bhrí sin, ní mór do dhuine aonair a fheithicil féin a úsáid ach rails meitreo, busanna, tacsaí nó gluaisteáin a úsáid.
Ag tosú ón seomra suí go dtí na háiteanna oibre, ní mór do dhuine aonair iarracht a dhéanamh fuinneamh a shábháil trí na fainéirí agus na soilse nach gá a bheith ar siúl a mhúchadh. Tá dúshlán ag an India cheana féin maidir le heolas agus easpa leictreachais agus mar sin beidh sé an-tairbheach má dhéanann gach duine iarracht an dramhaíl leictreachais a shábháil.
Is é an t-uisce, gan amhras, eilimint gann agus riachtanach; dá bhrí sin, tá sé riachtanach é a shábháil. Deir go leor de na geolaithe gurb é an t-uisce an t-eileamaint is tábhachtaí den saol, tá sé riachtanach go dtosóidh daoine ag úsáid uisce ar bhealach leordhóthanach. Ní mór do dhaoine iarracht a dhéanamh an t-uisce a shábháil chomh fada agus is féidir agus cabhrú le timpeallacht a shábháil. Is féidir leis na daoine uisce a chaomhnú trí bhailiú uisce báistí a chur i bhfeidhm. Is éard atá i mbailiú báistí meascán de chur chuige traidisiúnta agus nua-aimseartha; ina n-úsáidtear meicníocht chun báistí a bhailiú, agus úsáidtear an rud céanna chun críocha laethúla. Ina theannta sin, is féidir uisce a chaomhnú trí roinnt céimeanna simplí a dhéanamh, lena n-áirítear uisce a chócaráil sa mhéid is lú uisce is féidir, an tap a dhúnadh nuair nach bhfuil uisce á úsáid agus cith a dhéanamh ar feadh cúig nóiméad in ionad cith.
Tá go leor gníomhaireachtaí rialtais agus neamhrialtasacha ag obair go crua chun an fhoraois a chaomhnú, ach is cosúil go bhfuil an rud céanna ag teip gan cabhair ó shaoránaigh. Dá bhrí sin, tá sé riachtanach go mbeadh gach saoránach ar an eolas go maith faoi thábhacht na plandaíochta. Is fíric ar eolas go maith é go ndéanfaidh gach duine crann amháin a phlandaí ar gach ócáid speisialta, go mbeidh an phláinéid i bhfad níos glas agus go sábhálfar an timpeallacht go huathoibríoch. Is dócha go gcabhróidh an plandaíocht le leibhéal na ngás ceaptha teasa a laghdú agus le héifeacht dhiúltach truaillithe aeir a íoslaghdú.
Tá go leor pleananna agus cláir curtha ar bun ag údaráis chun cuidiú leis an gcomhshaol a shábháil. Trí na cláir seo a chomhtháthú agus a bheith ar an eolas go maith, is féidir leis na daoine iarrachtaí na n-údarás a íoslaghdú agus cuidiú go héifeachtach chun na tairbhí is mó a bhaint amach. Is féidir leis an rialtas ach beartais a chur i bhfeidhm; is freagracht atá ar gach saoránach go ndéanann sé, sí comhoiriúnú leis an gcéanna, agus go n-éireoidh go mór leis na cláir seo.
Ní haon rud nua é an coincheap a bhaineann le bheith ina thomhaltóirí cliste; baineann an rud céanna le tomhaltas agus úsáid táirgí a bhfuil fad saoil acu agus atá éifeachtúil ó thaobh fuinnimh de. Creideann go leor saineolaithe comhshaoil gur féidir na hiarrachtaí chun an timpeallacht a shábháil a bhaint amach go héasca ach trí tháirgí neamhdhíobhálach don chomhshaol a cheannach. Mar sin féin, tá na cuideachtaí féin ag iarraidh a gcuid táirgí a fhógairt mar an ceann is éifeachtaí ó thaobh fuinnimh agus comhshaoil de; is freagracht atá ar dhaoine go n-aithníonn siad an chuid is fearr a bhaineann leo agus dá bhrí sin, cuidiú le sábháil an chomhshaoil a mhéad is féidir.
Tá a bheith ar an eolas faoi mhíbhuntáistí agus buntáistí na gcleachtas laethúil ar cheann de na bealaí is éasca trína bhféadfaidh gach saoránach cabhrú leis an gcine daonna i bhforbairt inbhuanaithe. Caithfidh gach saoránach iarracht a dhéanamh a bheith ar an eolas go maith faoi na cláir agus na beartais a d'éirigh leis an rialtas a leagan amach ionas gur féidir leis an gcéanna a bheith ag obair air agus a chur i bhfeidhm go leordhóthanach. Ina theannta sin, is féidir leis na saoránaigh atá ar an eolas a chur ar an eolas daoine eile freisin.
Is léir go bhfuil go leor bealaí ann ar féidir le duine aonair cuidiú go mór leis an gcomhshaol a shábháil; áfach, éilíonn an rud céanna ardleibhéal feasachta agus diongbháilteachta.


Having a sick child is a very difficult experience for any parent or caregiver. To help alleviate anxiety, try to understand your own feelings, perceptions and fears about hospitalization before talking to your child. Do not be afraid to ask for help and identify people in your life who can be your support systems. Talk with your child’s health care team about his or her treatment plan and learn about the tests and procedures involved in your child’s care and recovery.
Hospitals can be a frightening place for a child. Preparing your child in advance of his or her hospital stay may reduce anxiety by setting clear expectations. It will also help your child cope and establish trust with you and the people he or she meets in the hospital.
It is common to see changes in a child’s behavior before, during or after hospitalization. Children’s responses to hospitalization and medical procedures will differ depending on their age, the procedure being done and their past experiences with medical care.
Here are some ways to prepare your child for a more comfortable hospital stay:
The siblings of patients can also face unique challenges during their brother’s or sister’s hospitalization. Issues may arise due to:
As a result, siblings may eat or talk less, withdraw, act out in attention-seeking ways, have outbursts of pent-up feelings and/or start acting in a more immature manner than normal.

Is eispéireas an-deacair é leanbh tinn a bheith agat d'aon thuismitheoir nó do dhuine a thugann aire dó. Chun cabhrú le imní a mhaolú, déan iarracht do chuid mothúchán féin, do bhreithniú agus do eagla féin faoi ospidéalú a thuiscint sula labhraíonn tú le do leanbh. Ná bíodh eagla ort cabhair a iarraidh agus daoine a aithint i do shaol a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina gcórais tacaíochta duit. Labhair le foireann chúram sláinte do pháiste faoi phlean cóireála agus faigh eolas faoi na tástálacha agus na nósanna imeachta a bhaineann le cúram agus le téarnamh do pháiste.
Is féidir le hoispidéil a bheith ina áit scanrúil do leanbh. D'fhéadfadh ullmhú do pháiste roimh ré le haghaidh a chónaithe san ospidéal imní a laghdú trí ionchais shoiléir a leagan síos. Cabhróidh sé freisin le do leanbh dul i ngleic agus muinín a bhunú leat féin agus leis na daoine a bhuaileann sé nó sí san ospidéal.
Tá sé coitianta athruithe a fheiceáil i ngníomh an linbh roimh, le linn nó tar éis an ospidéil. Beidh freagraí leanaí ar ospidéalú agus ar nósanna imeachta leighis difriúil ag brath ar a n-aois, ar an nós imeachta atá á dhéanamh agus ar a dtaithí roimhe seo le cúram leighis.
Seo roinnt bealaí chun do leanbh a ullmhú le haghaidh fanacht ospidéil níos compordaí:
D'fhéadfadh dúshláin uathúla a bheith ag deartháireacha othair freisin le linn a gcuid deartháir nó deirfiúr a bheith ospidéil. D'fhéadfadh go dtarlódh saincheisteanna mar gheall ar:
Mar thoradh air sin, d'fhéadfadh siblíní ithe nó labhairt níos lú, tarraingt siar, gníomhú ar bhealaí chun aird a lorg, mothúcháin a bheith acu a bhfuil mothúcháin á gcumhdach acu agus / nó tosú ag gníomhú ar bhealach níos neamhfásta ná mar is gnách.


Generally, a human being is programmed to sleep during the night time, in the daily interval of 24 hours. Even if you might be better paid by your boss during the night hours, you also might endanger your health.
If you usually work during night shifts, you must have noticed that you have problems concentrating, memorizing information or doing normal activities without feeling exhausted, irritated and sometimes dizzy. You should also know that in some cases, working in night shifts can also lead to the development of severe diseases, such as cancer.
Diseases you risk to develop by working in night shifts
50 years ago only 2% of people around the world used to sleep just 6 hours or less per night. Nowadays, the number of those who prefer to be active during night time has increased to 28 %.
Researchers believe that the most dangerous jobs for our health are those of air traffic controllers, truck drivers, pilots or sailors. Having a lower degree of risk of developing diseases there are the jobs of factory workers, policemen, firemen, doctors, nurses, hotel employees or all the other people choosing to work in night shifts.
Night shifts affect the body natural rhythm, slowing down the metabolism and in the same time consuming our energy. Therefore, people who chose to work during night shifts are prone to obesity. The exposure to artificial light during the night is an important factor contributing to the process of gaining weight in an unexpected manner.
Scientists believe that this factor could explain why people gain weight despite keeping a balanced diet.
The hypothesis was confirmed by the tests made on mice, which managed to gain weight even though their food intake was unchanged. At the end of the study, these mice were 33% more corpulent than those who had been exposed to day light.
In addition, “night birds” are more likely to develop cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and cancer. The theoretical basis of this research is represented by the fact that the melatonin (which inhibits the tumor growth) is suppressed by the exposure to light at night.
Even if the effects of melatonin in cancer development in humans are not yet well understood, you should be more careful with the way you treat your body.
Moreover, you should know that the perfect environment for a restful sleep is characterized by:
- a dark room (you should avoid the light of lamps or of that coming from the TV);
- the temperature should be high enough so that a blanket is sufficient to make you feel comfortable;
- quiet atmosphere;
- comfort – condition determined by your mattress, pillow or linen;
- avoid the consumption of coffee or alcohol before sleeping. Also, bear in mind that smoking or taking sedative drugs induce snoring and nocturnal apnea.
The mental and physical status during a typical day depends, undoubtedly, on our sleep. Depending on its quality and quantity, we can wake up very energetic and ready to face new challenges or tired, angry and frustrated with no desire to accomplish everything we have in mind.
Incoming search terms:
- disease caused by night

Go ginearálta, tá duine cláraithe chun codladh i rith na hoíche, sa tréimhse laethúil 24 uair an chloig. Fiú má tá tú ag íoc níos fearr le do sheanfhear le linn na n-uaireanta oíche, d'fhéadfadh tú do shláinte a chur i mbaol freisin.
Má oibríonn tú de ghnáth le linn na hoibre oíche, ní mór go bhfaca tú go bhfuil deacrachtaí agat díriú, faisnéis a mheabhrú nó gníomhaíochtaí gnáth a dhéanamh gan mothú tuirseach, irritated agus uaireanta dizzy. Ba cheart duit a bheith ar an eolas freisin go bhféadfadh sé go dtiocfadh galair thromchúiseacha, mar shampla ailse, as obair oíche i gcásanna áirithe.
Ailse a bhfuil tú i mbaol a fhorbairt trí bheith ag obair i n-aimsir oíche
50 bliain ó shin ní raibh ach 2% de dhaoine ar fud an domhain ag codladh ach 6 uair nó níos lú in aghaidh na hoíche. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá líon na ndaoine a bhfuil sé níos fearr leo a bheith gníomhach i rith na hoíche tar éis méadú go 28%.
Creideann taighdeoirí gurb iad na poist is contúirteacha dár sláinte iad na poist sin a bhaineann le rialtóirí aerfhithíochta, tiománaithe trucailí, píolótaí nó seoltóirí. Tá leibhéal níos ísle riosca ag daoine a bhfuil baol orthu galar a fhorbairt ann, agus is iad sin postanna oibrithe na monarcha, póilíní, dóiteoirí, dochtúirí, altraí, fostaithe óstáin nó na ndaoine eile go léir a roghnaíonn obair i n-athruithe oíche.
Bíonn tionchar ag na hoibreacha oíche ar rithim nádúrtha an choirp, ag moilliú an mheitibólachais agus ag an am céanna ag caitheamh ár n-fhuinneamh. Dá bhrí sin, tá daoine a roghnaíonn obair le linn na hoibre oíche seans maith go mbeidh siad saill. Is fachtóir tábhachtach é an nochtadh do sholas saorga le linn na hoíche a chuireann le próiseas an mheáchain a fháil ar bhealach gan choinne.
Creideann eolaithe go bhféadfadh an fachtóir seo a mhíniú cén fáth a bhfaigheann daoine meáchan in ainneoin a bheith ag ithe aiste bia cothrom.
Deimhníodh an hipitéis trí thástálacha a rinneadh ar fhéacha, a d'éirigh leo meáchan a fháil cé nach raibh a n-iontógáil bia ag athrú. Ag deireadh an staidéir, bhí na lucha seo 33% níos corpulent ná iad siúd a bhí nochtaithe do sholas an lae.
Ina theannta sin, tá seans níos mó ann go bhforbróidh 'eolaithe oíche' galair chroí-aitheitheacha, diaibéiteas agus ailse. Is é bunús teoiriciúil an taighde seo ná go gcuirtear cosc ar an melatonin (a chuireann cosc ar fhás an úir) trí nochtadh do sholas san oíche.
Fiú mura bhfuil tuiscint mhaith fós ar éifeachtaí melatonin ar fhorbairt ailse i ndaoine, ba cheart duit a bheith níos cúramach leis an mbealach a gcaitheann tú le do chorp.
Ina theannta sin, ba cheart duit a fhios a bheith agat go bhfuil an timpeallacht is fearr le haghaidh codlata suaimhneach mar seo a leanas:
- seomra dorcha (ba cheart duit solas lampaí nó an tsolais a thagann ón teilifís a sheachaint);
- ba chóir go mbeadh an teocht ard go leor ionas go mbeidh cóireáil leordhóthanach le go mbraitheann tú compordach;
- atmaisféar ciúin;
- comhfhurtacht  staid a chinntear ag do mhátra, do chúlán nó do línéadach;
- ná caife nó alcól a ól roimh an chodladh. Cuimhnigh freisin go gcuireann caitheamh tobac nó drugaí suaimhneacha le snorking agus apnea oíche.
Is cinnte go mbraitheann ár riocht meabhrach agus fisiceach le linn an lae ar ár gcodladh. Ag brath ar chaighdeán agus ar chainníocht an lae, is féidir linn éirí an-láidir agus réidh chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar dhúshláin nua nó tuirseach, feargach agus frustrach gan aon fonn gach rud atá againn i gcuimhne a chur i gcrích.
Téarmaí cuardaigh iontrála:
- galar a tharlaíonn san oíche


Climate variability and change and their health effects in small island states : information for adaptation planning in the health sector
Small island states are the countries likely to be most vulnerable to climate variability and long-term climate change, particularly extreme weather and climate events (such as cyclones, floods and droughts) and sea-level rise. Many small island states share characteristics that increase their vulnerability, these include their small sizes, isolation, limited fresh water and other natural resources, fragile economies, often dense populations, poorly developed infrastructures and limited financial and human resources. To understand better the potential health impacts of climate variability and change in small island states and to build capacity to cope with climate change through adaptation planning, a series of workshops and a conference were organized by the World Health Organization (WHO) in partnership with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)(WHO 2000; Aron et al. 2003; WHO 2003). This reportsynthesizes the information presented and identifies key recommendations for improving the health sector’s capacity to anticipate and prepare for climate variability and change.
There is ample evidence that many small island states currently are vulnerable to climate variability. Climate change projections increase the level of concern because models suggest that small island states will experience not only warmer temperatures, but also increased climate variability.The consequences of increased climate variability are likely to be related to changes in rainfall,soil moisture budgets,prevailing winds (speed and direction),regional and local sea levels and patterns ofwave action. El Niño events are likely to strengthen the shortterm and interannual variations. In addition, global mean sea level is projected to increase by 0.09 m to 0.88 m by 2100.To understand better the potential human health consequences of these projected changes, the following questions were addressed.
Download the full report
Climate variability and change and their health effects in small island states [pdf 1.04Mb]
Publishing and ordering information
By K.L. Ebi, N.D. Lewis, C.F. Corvalán.
© World Health Organization 2005
ISBN 92 4 159379 2
48 pages, English only

Athrú agus athruithe aeráide agus a n-éifeachtaí sláinte i stáit oileáin bheaga: faisnéis le haghaidh pleanála oiriúnaithe san earnáil sláinte
Is iad na stáit oileáin bheaga na tíortha is dóichí a bheidh an-socair do athléimneacht aeráide agus d'athrú aeráide fadtéarmach, go háirithe aimsir agus imeachtaí aeráide iomarcacha (mar shampla sioclóin, tuilte agus triomaigh) agus ardú leibhéal na farraige. Tá tréithe ag go leor stáit oileáin bheaga a mhéadaíonn a leochaileacht, lena n-áirítear a méideanna beaga, a n-aonar, uisce úr teoranta agus acmhainní nádúrtha eile, geilleagair bhuana, daonra dlúth go minic, bonneagair neamhfhorbartha agus acmhainní airgeadais agus daonna teoranta. Chun tuiscint níos fearr a fháil ar thionchar fhéideartha na héagsúlachta agus na hathraithe aeráide ar shláinte i stáit oileáin bheaga agus chun acmhainn a thógáil chun déileáil le hathrú aeráide trí phleanáil oiriúnaithe, d'eagraigh an Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Sláinte (EDS) sraith ceardlanna oibre agus comhdháil i gcomhpháirtíocht leis an Eagraíocht Meitéareolaíoch Domhanda (EMD) agus Clár Comhshaoil na Náisiún Aontaithe (UNEP) ((EDS 2000; Aron et al. 2003; WHO 2003). Sa tuarascáil seo déantar achoimre ar an bhfaisnéis a chuirtear i láthair agus sainaithnítear príomhmholtaí chun feabhas a chur ar chumas na hearnála sláinte dul i ngleic le héagsúlacht agus le hathrú aeráide agus ullmhú dóibh.
Tá go leor fianaise ann go bhfuil go leor stáit oileáin bheaga leochaileach faoi láthair do athrú aeráide. Tá an leibhéal imní ag méadú de réir na dtáirgí a bhaineann le hathrú aeráide toisc go léiríonn samhlacha nach mbeidh teochtaí níos teo ach ag stáit oileáin bheaga, ach freisin go mbeidh athrú níos mó ar an aeráid. Is dócha go mbeidh baint ag iarmhairtí an athraithe níos mó ar an aeráid le hathruithe ar thitimhiotail, ar bhuiséid taise talún, ar na gaotha is mó a bhíonn i bhfeidhm (luath agus treo), ar leibhéil na farraige réigiúnacha agus áitiúla agus ar na patrúin a bhaineann le gníomhaíocht tonnta. Is dócha go gcuirfidh imeachtaí El Niño na hathruithe gearrthéarmach agus idirbhliana chun cinn. Ina theannta sin, táthar ag súil go méadóidh meánleibhéal na farraige 0.09 m go 0.88 m faoi 2100. Chun tuiscint níos fearr a fháil ar na hiarmhairtí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag na hathruithe réamh-mheasta seo ar shláinte an duine, díríodh ar na ceisteanna seo a leanas.
Íoslódáil an tuarascáil iomlán
Athrú aeráide agus a héifeachtaí sláinte i stáit oileáin bheaga [pdf 1.04Mb]
Faisnéis a fhoilsiú agus a ordú
Le K.L. Ebi, N.D. Lewis, C.F. Corvalán.
© Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Sláinte 2005
ISBN 92 4 159379 2 (Chlárú)
48 leathanach, i mBéarla amháin


Almanac 1.0 Almanac calculates the equatorial coordinates of the sun, the moon, and the planets. From these it calculates the times of rise, set, and meridian transit for each of these celestial bodies. Additionally, it can calculate the times for twilight
Description: This application is an interpreter for the Zeno computer programming language. It requires Microsoft Windows 95 or later. It includes a text editor for creating, saving, and printing programs. The on-line Help feature includes a tutorial on the Zeno computer programming language and operating instructions for the interpreter. The Zeno programming language is easy to learn and user friendly. It is more like natural English than most other computer languages and this makes a Zeno program easy to write and easy to understand. The Zeno interpreter allows anyone to learn and quickly master structured programming methods. It may also be used for performing complex numerical calculations. A Zeno program is modular. The program module defines both the start and end of a program. All executable statements are contained within this module or within subprogram modules. Subprograms, procedures and functions, are used to create a program from small manageable pieces. Zeno allows you to define procedure modules and function modules as needed for your programs. The Zeno programming language supports a variety of data types. You may declare named variables and named constants; you may define your own data type using a type definition. Zeno has only two numerical data types; integers and floating point numbers. It has a boolean type, a character type, and a string type. It supports an array type, a record type and an enumerated type which you the programmer define. Global variable declarations and data type definitions must be located outside of the program and any subprogram modules. Declarations are limited to the scope in which they are defined.
CoronelDP's Electronic Computer Tutor 2011.8 This computer tutorial program has a computer glossary, teaches about hardware, lists troubleshooting tips, contains maintenance tips, gives an introduction to the Internet, basic
Education Helping Seniors Get Online Wadia Bajoka, a 71-year-old Iraqi immigrant, enjoys knitting, gardening, and baking pungent meat pies that she presents to guests in an old-fashioned display of hospitality.
Cutter 1.42. Let Your Computer Compute Back in the sixties, there were many scientists and journalists (both pessimistic and optimistic ones) supposing computers in near future would do artistic work

Almanac 1.0 Almanac ríomh na comhordanáidí equatorial an ghrian, an ghealach, agus na pláinéid. Óna gcuid seo, ríomhtar amanna an ardú, an leagan, agus an idirthurais meridian do gach ceann de na comhlachtaí spéir seo. Ina theannta sin, is féidir leis a ríomh na huaireanta do twilight
Tuairisc: Is léiritheoir é an feidhmchlár seo do theanga cláir ríomhaireachta Zeno. Éilíonn sé Microsoft Windows 95 nó níos déanaí. Áirítear leis eagarthóir téacs chun cláir a chruthú, a shábháil agus a phriontáil. Cuimsíonn an ghné Cabhair ar líne teagasc ar theanga cláir ríomhaire Zeno agus treoracha oibriúcháin don ateangaire. Tá an teanga cláir Zeno éasca le foghlaim agus cairdiúil d'úsáideoir. Tá sé níos mó cosúil le Béarla nádúrtha ná an chuid is mó teangacha ríomhaireachta eile agus déanann sé seo clár Zeno éasca a scríobh agus éasca a thuiscint. Ligeann an t-aistriúchán Zeno do dhuine ar bith modhanna cláir struchtúrtha a fhoghlaim agus a mhaistreacht go tapa. Is féidir é a úsáid freisin chun ríomhanna uimhriúla casta a dhéanamh. Tá clár Zeno modúlach. Sa mhódúl clár sainmhínítear tús agus deireadh clár. Tá na ráitis in-fheidhmithe go léir laistigh den mhódúl seo nó laistigh de mhódúl fochlár. Úsáidtear fochlár, nósanna imeachta agus feidhmeanna chun clár a chruthú ó phíosaí beaga inrialaithe. Ligeann Zeno duit modúl nós imeachta agus modúl feidhme a shainiú de réir mar is gá do do chláir. Tacaíonn teanga cláir Zeno le cineálacha éagsúla sonraí. Is féidir leat athróg ainmnithe agus seasmhach ainmnithe a dhearbhú; is féidir leat do chineál sonraí féin a shainiú ag baint úsáide as sainmhíniú cineál. Níl ach dhá chineál sonraí uimhriúla ag Zeno; líon iomlán agus uimhreacha pointe seolta. Tá sé de chineál Boolean, cineál carachtar, agus cineál sraith. Tacaíonn sé le cineál sraithe, cineál taifead agus cineál liostáilte a shainmhíníonn tú an cláróir. Ní mór dearbhúithe athraitheacha domhanda agus sainmhínithe cineálacha sonraí a bheith suite lasmuigh den chlár agus de modúl aon fhochlár. Tá dearbhuithe teoranta don raon feidhme ina ndéantar iad a shainiú.
Tá focallitir ríomhaire ag an gclár teagaisc ríomhaire seo, múineann sé faoi crua-earraí, liostaíonn sé leideanna dífhillteachta, tá leideanna cothabhála ann, tugann sé réamhrá ar an Idirlíon, bunriachtanais
Is breá le Wadia Bajoka, inimirceach Éireannach 71 bliain d'aois, cló, gairdíní, agus píosaí feola pianta a chur ar fáil do na hóstach i léargas sean-aimseartha fáilteachais.
Gearr 1.42. Lig do ríomhaire ríomhaireacht ar ais sna seascaidí, bhí go leor eolaithe agus iriseoirí (ceachtar pessimistic agus optimist amháin) a cheapann ríomhairí i todhchaí in aice láimhe a dhéanamh obair ealaíne


At the center of our solar system is an enormous nuclear generator. The Earth revolves around this massive body at an average distance of 93 million miles (149.6 million kilometers). It's a star we call the sun. The sun provides us with the energy necessary for life. But could scientists create a miniaturized version here on Earth?
It's not just possible -- it's already been done. If you think of a star as a nuclear fusion machine, mankind has duplicated the nature of stars on Earth. But this revelation has qualifiers. The examples of fusion here on Earth are on a small scale and last for just a few seconds at most.
To understand how scientists can make a star, it's necessary to learn what stars are made of and how fusion works. The sun is about 75 percent hydrogen and 24 percent helium. Heavier elements make up the final percent of the sun's mass. The core of the sun is intensely hot -- temperatures are greater than 15 million degrees Kelvin (nearly 27 million degrees Fahrenheit or just under 15 million degrees Celsius).
At these temperatures, the hydrogen atoms absorb so much energy that they fuse together. This isn't a trivial matter. The nucleus of a hydrogen atom is a single proton. To fuse two protons together requires enough energy to overcome electromagnetic force. That's because protons are positively charged. If you're familiar with magnets, you know that similar charges repel each other. But if you have enough energy to overcome this force, you can fuse the two nuclei into one.
What you're left with after this initial fusion is deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen. It's an atom with one proton and one neutron. Fusing deuterium with hydrogen creates helium-3. Fusing two helium-3 atoms together creates helium-4 and two hydrogen atoms. If you break all that down, it essentially means that four hydrogen atoms fuse to create a single helium-4 atom.
Here's where energy comes into play. A helium-4 atom has less mass than four hydrogen atoms collectively. So where does that extra mass go? It's converted into energy. And as Einstein's famous equation tells us, energy is equal to the mass of an object times the speed of light squared. That means the mass of the tiniest particle is equivalent to an enormous amount of energy.
So how can scientists create a star?

I lár ár gcóras gréine tá gineadóir núicléach ollmhór. Téann an Domhan timpeall an chomhlachta ollmhór seo ar thuras meán de 93 milliún míle (149.6 milliún ciliméadar). Is réalta é a ghlaoimid ar an ngrian. Soláthraíonn an ghrian an fuinneamh atá riachtanach dúinn chun maireachtáil. Ach an bhféadfaí eolaithe leagan miniatúrtha a chruthú anseo ar an Domhan?
Ní hamháin go bhfuil sé indéanta -- tá sé déanta cheana féin. Má smaoiníonn tú ar réalta mar mheaisín núicléach cumasc, tá an chine daonna dúblaíodh an nádúr réaltaí ar an Domhan. Ach tá cáilíochtaí ag an nochtadh seo. Tá na samplaí de chomhcheangal anseo ar an Domhan ar scála beag agus maireann siad ar feadh cúpla soicind ar a mhéad.
Chun a thuiscint conas a d'fhéadfadh eolaithe réalta a dhéanamh, tá sé riachtanach a fhoghlaim cad réaltaí déanta as agus conas a oibríonn cumasc. Tá thart ar 75 faoin gcéad hidrigine agus 24 faoin gcéad héiliam sa ghrian. Is iad na heilimintí níos troma a dhéanann an céatadán deiridh de mhais na gréine. Tá croí na gréine an-te - tá teochtaí níos mó ná 15 milliún céim Kelvin (beagnach 27 milliún céim Fahrenheit nó díreach faoi bhun 15 milliún céim Celsius).
Ag na teochtaí seo, glacann na héadrom hidrigine an oiread sin fuinnimh go ndéanann siad cumasc le chéile. Ní ábhar triviail é seo. Is é núicléas adhaidróin adamh prótóin amháin. Chun dhá phrótain a chomhcheangal le chéile, teastaíonn go leor fuinnimh chun neart leictreamaighnéadach a shárú. Sin toisc go bhfuil próitíní charged dearfach. Má tá tú eolach ar mhaighnéid, tá a fhios agat go ndéanann muirir den chineál céanna a chéile a dhíspreagadh. Ach má tá go leor fuinnimh agat chun an fórsa seo a shárú, is féidir leat an dá núicléas a chomhcheangal i gceann amháin.
Cad a fhágtar leat tar éis an cumasc tosaigh is deuterium, isotóp hidrigine. Is atóm é le prótan amháin agus neodrán amháin. Trí dhéitéiriam a chomhcheangal le hidrigine cruthaítear héiliam-3. Trí dhá adamh héiliam-3 a chomhcheangal le chéile cruthaítear héiliam-4 agus dhá adamh hidrigine. Má bhriseann tú go léir síos, ciallaíonn sé go bunúsach go bhfuil ceithre adamh hidrigine fuse a chruthú adamh heiliam-4 amháin.
Seo an áit a dtagann fuinneamh isteach. Tá níos lú mais ag adamh héiliam-4 ná ceithre adamh hidrigine le chéile. Mar sin, cá dtéann an mais bhreise sin? Tá sé a thiontú go fuinneamh. Agus mar a deir an chothromóid cáiliúil Einstein, tá fuinneamh comhionann le mais réad a amaduithe le luas an tsolais sa cheathrú. Ciallaíonn sé sin go bhfuil mais na bpáirtíne is lú comhionann le méid ollmhór fuinnimh.
Mar sin, conas is féidir le heolaithe réalta a chruthú?


Despite our inability to attenuate the course of many ocular diseases that can ultimately lead to loss or significantly decreased visual function, this report describes a potential technique to aid such patients in maximizing the use of the vision that remains.
The aim of this study was to demonstrate the applicability of utilizing sports vision training to improve objective and subjective visuomotor function in a low vision patient.
A 37-year-old woman with Usher syndrome presented with reduced central visual acuity and visual field. Although we were unable to reverse the damage resulting from her diagnosis, we were able to improve the use of the remaining vision. A 27 to 31% improvement in hand-eye coordination was achieved along with a 41% improvement in object tracking and visual concentration. Most importantly, following the 14-week training period, there was also a subjective improvement in the patient's appreciation of her visual ability.
The sports vision literature cites many examples in which sports vision training is useful in improving visuomotor and on-field performance. We hypothesized that these techniques may be used to aid not only athletes but also patients with low vision. Despite suffering from reduced acuity and a limited visual field, these patients often still have a significant amount of vision ability that can be used to guide motor actions. Using techniques to increase the efficient use of this remaining vision may reduce the impact of the reduced visual function and aid in activities of daily living.

In ainneoin ár n-éagmais chun dul chun cinn a mhaolú ar go leor galair súl a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina chúis le caillteanas nó le laghdú suntasach ar fheidhm amhairc, déantar cur síos sa tuarascáil seo ar theicníc a d'fhéadfadh cabhrú le hothair den sórt sin úsáid a bhaint as an radharc atá fágtha ar a mhéad is féidir.
Ba é aidhm an staidéir seo a léiriú go bhféadfaí oiliúint fís spóirt a úsáid chun feidhmiú oibiachtúil agus suibiachtúil visuomotor a fheabhsú i bpacient a bhfuil amharc lag aige.
Bean 37 bliain d'aois le siondróm Usher a léiríodh le géarchéim lárnach amhairc laghdaithe agus réimse amhairc. Cé nach raibh muid in ann an damáiste a bhí mar thoradh ar a diagnóis a aisiompú, bhíomar in ann úsáid an fís a bhí fágtha a fheabhsú. Rinneadh feabhas 27 go 31% ar chomhordú lámh-shúil mar aon le feabhas 41% ar rianú rudaí agus ar thionchar amhairc. Is é an rud is tábhachtaí ná gur tháinig feabhas suibiachtúil ar thuiscint an othair ar a cumas amhairc tar éis na tréimhse oiliúna 14 sheachtain.
Tá go leor samplaí luaite sa litríocht maidir le radharc spóirt ina bhfuil oiliúint radharc spóirt úsáideach chun feidhmíocht visuomotor agus ar an réimse a fheabhsú. D'fhógair muid gur féidir na teicnící seo a úsáid chun cabhrú le lúthchleasaithe ach freisin le hothair a bhfuil amharc íseal acu. In ainneoin go bhfuil géarchéim laghdaithe agus réimse amhairc teoranta acu, is minic a bhíonn méid suntasach cumas fís ag na hothair seo a d'fhéadfaí a úsáid chun gníomhartha mótair a threorú. D'fhéadfadh úsáid teicnící chun úsáid éifeachtach an fhíse atá fágtha seo a mhéadú tionchar an fheidhm fhíseach laghdaithe a laghdú agus cuidiú le gníomhaíochtaí an tsaoil laethúil.


Volume 13, Number 1
A Bitter Pill
The modern medicine chest is packed with stories of lifesaving drugs ingeniously drawn from unlikely species. So why haven’t drug companies—or conservationists— been able to cash in on nature’s pharmacy?
By Richard Conniff
Testing the Weather
The nascent science of climate attribution is making it clear that we’re no longer just talking about the weather—we’re creating it.
The strange case of the wildlife biologist turned cat poisoner is the latest round in a bitter battle over tens of millions of free-roaming feline hunters.
By John Carey
A Quiet Desert Storm
A home-grown strategy to hold onto water, battle climate change, and cope with scorching heat is turning vast tracts of sub-Saharan Africa green.
By Mark Hertsgaard
John Nielsen talks with Oliver Ryder about using stem-cell technology to save endangered species
How to Build a Living Seawall
Simple fixes bring marine life back to urban coastlines
Could giant farm-raised rats shrink the bushmeat trade?
The Once & Future City
World’s biggest proving ground for green technology
The Next Wave of Biofuels (print only)
The key to making fuel from seaweed comes straight from the gut
Creating electricity from excess pressure in water pipes
Share Your Ride
A new communal car concept clears the road and the air
When Enough Is Enough
By Fred Pearce
By David Malakoff
Species ride the shifting winds
World’s smallest vertebrate discovered
Children’s books less focused on nature
Illegal wildlife trade spreads disease
Vaccinating lions devastates cheetahs
Airports ideal for alternative energy installations
Where did that BP oil go?
Vacant houses are carbon sinks
Rising ocean CO2 drives fish crazy
Climate change traps narwhals in ice
By Carl Safina
Hungry for Land
A review of Fred Pearce’s The Land Grabbers
By Gaia Vince
Art & Science
Renewable energy can be beautiful
The Lost Bird Project
Sculptures memorialize extinct birds

Leabhar 13, Uimhir 1
Pillí Bitter
Tá an ciste leigheas nua-aimseartha lán le scéalta faoi dhrugaí a shábhálann beatha a tógadh go healóideach ó speicis nach dócha. Mar sin cén fáth nach raibh cuideachtaí cógaisíochta nó cosaintóirí in ann airgead a dhéanamh ar chógaslann na nádúire?
Le Richard Conniff
Ag Triail ar an Aimsir
Tá an eolaíocht atá ag teacht chun cinn maidir le hiontráil aeráide ag é a dhéanamh soiléir nach bhfuil muid ag caint faoi thitim an aimsir ach go bhfuil muid ag cruthú é.
Is é an cás aisteach den bithéiste fiadhúlra a thionóil cat poisoner an babhta is déanaí i gcath searbh thar na deich milliún sealgairí catine saor in aisce.
Le John Carey
Stoirm Chéile Sháithimh
Tá straitéis a fhásann sa bhaile chun uisce a choinneáil, athrú aeráide a chomhrac, agus déileáil le teas scorching ag casadh trátha ollmhóra san Afraic faoi bhun na Saháraí go glas.
Le Mark Hertsgaard
Labhraíonn John Nielsen le Oliver Ryder faoi theicneolaíocht na ngéibheanna a úsáid chun speicis atá i mbaol a shábháil
Conas Dúnmharc Beo a Thógáil
Tugann socruithe simplí saol muirí ar ais chuig cóstaí uirbeacha
An bhféadfadh rothaí ollmhóra a d'ardaigh feirme an trádáil feola fichille a laghdú?
An Chathair a Bhí & an Todhchaí
An talamh tástála is mó ar domhan do theicneolaíocht ghlais
An Tuairim Thosaigh ar Bhithbhreoslaí (clár cló amháin)
Tagann an eochair chun breosla a dhéanamh as algaí mara díreach ón intestine
Gcás leictreachais a chruthú ó ró-bhrú i bpíopaí uisce
Bíodh spraoi ag comhrá linn
Tá coincheap nua carr coitinn ag glanadh an bhóthair agus an bóthar
Nuair a bhíonn go leor go leor
Le Fred Pearce
Le David Malakoff
Ritheann speiceas na gaotha a athraíonn
An Vertebrate is lú ar domhan a fuarthas
Leabhair do leanaí nach bhfuil chomh dírithe ar an dúlra
Tá an trádáil neamhdhleathach ar ainmhithe fiáine ag scaipeadh galar
Tá an vacsaínú leóin ag cur báis ar cheetahs
Aerfoirt atá oiriúnach d'fhostúcháin fuinnimh malartacha
Cá bhfuil an ola BP a dul?
Is é an teach folamh sinc carbóin
Tá an t-océan ag ardú CO2 ag cur iasc as a intinn
Tá athrú aeráide ag cur narwhals i bpríosún
Le Carl Safina
Aonghartha ar Thalamh
Athbhreithniú ar The Land Grabbers le Fred Pearce
Le Gaia Vince
Ealaín & Eolaíocht
Is féidir le fuinneamh in-athnuaite a bheith álainn
An Tionscadal Éan Chaillte
Scultúir chun cuimhne a chur ar éin atá imithe as an saol


Write and 8- to 10- page research paper on a subject dealing with media law or ethics. (12 point Times, double space)
You can choose your own topic, but it must be approved by your instructor.
This research paper is to present facts, not opinions, on your subject and include citations of your sources. Please use MLA style for your research paper.
Here are some ideas for topics:
- Just past the 25th anniversary of the Supreme Court decision on Hazelwood vs. Kuhlmeier, evaluate the impacts this decision has had on the tension between student freedom of speech and press vs. school authority over student expression. Specifically look at the ways this decision concerning a high school case has influenced court decisions on college cases, such as Hosty v. Carter, and more recent cases.
- What is the state of censorship concerning freedom of expression for college students and freedom of press for college media. Evaluate current trends in censorship, state laws that protect college media from censorship, court cases concerning censorship, and the impacts on media at public and private universities.
- Research laws and ethics associated with online media, including blogs, social media and websites. Or, research these laws and determine what you need to know as a blogger or freelance journalist.
- Explain the Freedom of Information Act and how journalists have used it. What is the current climate of pubic records under the Obama administration, what are some recent court cases regarding the FOIA act, and research some successful and unsuccessful FOIA cases in college media.
- Peruse the Student Press Law Center website and look at various topics covered in its blog or issue. Does one interest you as a journalist?

Scríobh páipéar taighde 8 go 10 leathanach ar ábhar a bhaineann le dlí na meán nó le heitice. (Déanfar an t-am a lua sa chéad fhomhír de mhír 2).
Is féidir leat do thema féin a roghnú, ach ní mór go n-aontú leis an teagascóir.
Tá sé mar aidhm ag an bpáipéar taighde seo fíricí a chur i láthair, ní tuairimí, ar do ábhar agus luaiteoirí a áireamh i do fhoinsí. Bain úsáid as stíl MLA le do pháipéar taighde.
Seo roinnt smaointe le haghaidh ábhair:
- Díreach tar éis an 25ú bliain de chinneadh na Cúirte Uachtaraí ar Hazelwood vs. Kuhlmeier, meastóireacht a dhéanamh ar na tionchair a bhí ag an gcinneadh seo ar an teannas idir saoirse cainte agus preas na mac léinn vs. údarás na scoile thar léiriú na mac léinn. Féach go sonrach ar na bealaí ar chuir an cinneadh seo maidir le cás ardscoile tionchar ar chinntí cúirte ar chásanna coláiste, mar shampla Hosty v. Carter, agus cásanna níos déanaí.
- Cad é an staid cinsireachta maidir le saoirse cainte do mhic léinn coláiste agus saoirse na preasa do mheáin na coláiste. Measúnú a dhéanamh ar threochtaí reatha i ndíreáil, dlíthe stáit a chosnaíonn meáin choláiste ó dhíreáil, cásanna cúirte maidir le díreáil, agus na tionchair ar na meáin in ollscoileanna poiblí agus príobháideacha.
- Dlíthe agus eitice a bhaineann le meáin ar líne, lena n-áirítear blaganna, meáin shóisialta agus láithreáin ghréasáin, a thaighde. Nó, taighde a dhéanamh ar na dlíthe seo agus a chinneadh cad is gá duit a fhios mar bhlagálaí nó iriseoir neamhspleách.
- Mínigh an tAcht um Shaoráil Faisnéise agus conas a d'úsáid iriseoirí é. Cad é an aeráid reatha de thaifid phoiblí faoi rialtas Obama, cad iad roinnt cásanna cúirte le déanaí maidir leis an Acht FOIA, agus taighde a dhéanamh ar roinnt cásanna FOIA rathúla agus neamhthráthúla i meán na coláiste.
- Léigh go cúramach suíomh Gréasáin Ionad Dlí an Phreasa Ollscoile agus féach ar ábhair éagsúla a chuimsítear ina bhlag nó ina n-eisiúint. An bhfuil suim agat i gceann mar iriseoir?


All You Need to Know About Bursitis
Bursitis is an inflammatory disorder caused by trauma due to direct impact or repetitive injury. Besides trauma, other risk factors associated with developing bursitis include rheumatoid arthritis, pseudogout, and gout. Bursitis causes tenderness, and pain in the affected tendon or bone. The bursae sacs might swell, which makes movement difficult quite often. The foot, knee, elbow, and shoulder are some of the joints that are most commonly affected.
How Does Bursitis Develop and What is a Bursa?
Bursae (plural for bursa) are lubricated, thin cushions that are at the points of friction in between a bone and soft tissue that surrounds the bone, tendons, ligaments, muscles, and skin. A bursa is in between the bone and the tissue (e.g., skin, ligament, muscle) similar to a small water balloon with few drops of fluid inside of it. The following are essential characteristics of bursae:
- Healthy bursae are thin. For instance, a research study was conducted with reasonably large bursa that was in between the skin and kneecap that showed that the average measurements of the bursa were a couple of millimeters thick with an average diameter of around four centimeters.
- The size of bursae can vary depending on location in the body and the individual variation that present from person-to-person.
- Some bursae are right below the surface of the skin, but others are deep in soft tissue such as muscle (e.g., shoulder).
- There are around 160 bursae in an adult body.
- Some of these bursae are present at birth, while others develop later on due to frequent friction. For instance, most individuals develop a bursa after age 7 in the elbow (the olecranon bursa).
- Depending on the person, other bursae might develop. An individual who wears constricting shoes on a regular basis or whose foot anatomy is abnormal might develop a bursa on the outer part of the big toe joint.
The subdeltoid bursa (subacromial bursa) in the shoulder separates your supraspinatus tendon from your deltoid muscle and the overlying bone. Usually, inflammation of this bursa is the result of an injury to your surrounding structures, with the rotator cuff being the most common one. A shoulder bursitis can limit your shoulder’s range of motion, resulting in shoulder impingement syndrome, and eventual pain. Shoulder pain from a shoulder bursitis is often felt in front or side of your shoulder joint.
Elbow bursitis is a common cause of elbow pain. The most common form of elbow bursitis is the olecranon bursitis. The olecranon bursitis is located at the tip of the elbow. Olecranon bursitis is a common cause of pain at the tip of the elbow. As mentioned earlier, it is the result of a direct traumatic event or repetitive traumatic events. With an elbow bursitis, the elbow range of motion is limited and painful. Below characteristics are common in an inflamed elbow bursa:
- Quite often pain will be worse at night.
- Reaching activities or overhead lifting is uncomfortable.
- The most common type of bursitis is olecranon bursitis or bursitis of the tip of your elbow.
The Olecranon Bursa of the Elbow
The olecranon bursa lies between the skin and olecranon (bony tip of elbow). The olecranon bursa will develop at some point after seven years old.
Severe elbow bursitis might cause an inflamed olecranon bursa to swell significantly and can easily measure 2.5 cm wide and 6 to 7 cm long. A large olecranon bursa can appear as if you have a small golf ball or egg underneath your skin. Such site-specific, visible swelling might make it easy to diagnose elbow bursitis. However, one should not rush to self-diagnosis or quickly rule out elbow swelling as bursitis, as other more severe conditions like infections can complicate bursa.
Can Bursitis Develop in the Buttocks?
Yes, chronic back problems, prolonged tightness of the gluteal muscles, and trauma can irritate and inflame the ischiogluteal bursa. The ischogluteal bursa is an inconsistent bursa between the gluteus maximus and the ischial tuberosity. The ischial tuberosity lies in the most inferior portion of the buttocks, directly beneath the pubic bone. Prolonged sitting on a hard surface, bicycling for extended periods can irritate the ischiogluteal bursa. Ischiogluteal bursitis is also referred to as weaver’s bottom sometimes from the common position that the occupation uses. We have listed some of the most common findings in persons with ischiogluteal bursitis:
- Leg pain
- The individual has a hard time standing on their tiptoe on the side that is affected.
- The pain is worse when the individual is lying down, and their hip is passively bent.
- When sitting, the individual might elevate their painful buttock.
- Direct pressure on the area can cause a sharp pain.
- Pain might radiate down the back of the person’s thigh.
- Tenderness at pubic bone, which can be made worse by extending and bending the leg.
- The pain occurs when walking and sitting.
Hip Bursitis (Iliopsoas Bursitis)
The largest bursa in the body is iliopsoas bursa. It is deep to and in front of the hip joint. Usually, when bursitis occurs here, it is associated with having hip problems, like an injury (mainly from running) or arthritis.
Iliopsoas bursitis can cause significant leg pain, thigh pain, and hip pain. It can radiate (run down) the middle and front areas of your thigh down to the knee and then increases whenever the hip is rotated and extended. Please review the article published on Dynamic Chiropractic about Trochanteric bursitis treatment through clinical chiropractic.
Extension of your hip while walking can cause leg pain or hip pain so you might limit your stride on the side that is affected and take shorter steps. Also, there might be tenderness in your groin area. At times a mass might be felt that resembles a hernia. The individual might feel tingling or numbness in hip, thigh, and leg if the inflamed bursa compresses the adjacent nerves.
Thigh Bursitis or the Trochanteric Bursitis
The trochanteric bursa is located on the outer thigh over your hip. It might become inflamed and cause significant thigh pain and leg pain. This type of bursitis is quite common and most frequently occurs in middle-aged, overweight women.
Trochanteric bursitis causes aching, deep pain along the side of your hip that might extend into the side of your knee or your buttocks. Stretching, local pressure or activity may aggravate the pain. Pain is frequently worse at night and may make it hard to sleep on the side that is affected.
The knee has ten bursae, but it can be as many as 13, due to individual variations! Symptoms of knee bursitis can vary, depending on the severity of swelling. You may experience knee pain, tenderness, redness or a feeling of warmth in the knees. Often, it starts mild, but can progressively worsen when neglected. Knee bursitis sufferers often complain of a restricted range of motion, increased pain when kneeling or walking. Our advice to all knee pain sufferers is to visit one the best clinical chiropractors in Kula Lumpur and get a proper evaluation of your knee joint, meniscus, ligaments, muscles, and bursae.
The knee joint has ten named knee bursae that can cause pain. We have listed these for you below:
There are a total of five bursae in front of the knee:
- Supra-patellar bursa or the supra-patellar recess
- Prepatellar bursa
- Deep infra-patellar bursa
- Subcutaneous bursa (superficial bursa or infra-patellar bursa)
- Pre-tibial bursa
Looking from laterally (outer side of the knee), there are four bursae:
- Lateral gastrocnemius bursa or the sub-tendinous bursa
- Fibular bursa
- Fibulo-popliteal bursa
- Sub-popliteal bursa (sub-popliteal recess)
Medially (inner part of the knee), there are three bursae:
- Medial gastrocnemius bursa (sub-tendinous bursa)
- Anserine bursa
- Bursa semimembranosa
Retrocalcaneal bursitis or ankle bursitis may occur whenever the bursa underneath the Achilles tendon on the back of your heel becomes inflamed. Ankle bursitis is often caused by a local trauma that is associated with wearing high heels or a poorly designed shoe. It may also be caused by excessive amounts of walking. It might occur along with Achilles tendonitis as well. Ankle bursitis is a common source of ankle and foot pain.
An inflamed retrocalcaneal bursa frequently occurs with overuse injury in ice skaters, young athletes, and individuals who are just starting a new exercise program, including jumping or walking. Usually, the pain is on the back of a heel and will increase with resisted flexion or passive extension.
Are any home remedies available for bursitis?
Yes, and we will be glad to share it with you. The first and most important thing to remember about disorders of a bursa is that they are inflammatory processes. Inflammatory processes are always the result of micro or macro traumatic events. Micro-trauma is the repetitive things you do, while macro trauma pertains to an actual traumatic event. So, the home care for any traumatic pain, injury or disorder is protected, rest, ice, compress, and elevate. In other words, remember P-R-I-C-E:
- Protection in the form of padding, particularly for bursae that close to the surface of your skin on your knees and ankles.
- Rest the affected area when possible can help symptoms. Selective alternative forms of exercise activities that might eliminate painful motions. Swimming might be helpful.
- Ice can be quite effective in reducing pain and inflammation. Small ice packs, like frozen vegetable packages that are applied to the area for around 10 minutes two times per day at the light can help to decrease inflammation in the area.
- Compression and elevation might be helpful whenever possible to compress the area. You can apply an elastic bandage (particularly to elbows and knees). The area should be kept elevated over your heart to prevent blood from pooling.
Can a bursa be infected?
Yes, it can. And this is why you should never self-diagnosis your self. Always get an expert to assess your condition before getting care. Secondly, get care from a clinical team and not the unlearned or the inexperienced. It is your body and your health. Good health is more precious than wealth. Don’t take a chance.
Since an infectious process may cause bursitis, it is critical to have an accurate diagnosis. Fever is a sign that you need to seek immediate medical care since it might indicate infection. Other infection warning signs include severe tenderness or redness or constant warmth around the joint. Skin infections in the area (cellulitis) might mean the bursa also is infected. Visit one of our centers in Malaysia for the best bursitis treatment program in Malaysia.
Why would you seek care from our clinical teams?
Before treatment can be rendered, we need to identify the root cause of your condition. We have treated thousands of patients successfully; the key to our clinical successes when others fail is our understanding of spine and joint disorder. Our abilities to accurately diagnose your condition are unparalleled when it comes to issues involving the bursae. In short, our research-based non-surgical methods of care are better, because we treat the root-cause through holistic means. Our clinical teams of expert chiropractors and the best clinical physiotherapist team in Kuala Lumpur pay particular attention to the root cause of your condition. Chiropractic Specialty Center’s abilities to identify the root-cause are the primary reason when so many of our patients avoid flare-ups.
We have some of the best chiropractors and physiotherapist in Malaysia. In Malaysia, are experts you need for sports injury, joint, and non-surgical treatment. We treat sports and joint injuries through the collaborative efforts from our research-based clinical physiotherapies and some of the best chiropractors in Malaysia. If you are suffering from injury or pain, we are your best option. Our clinical team provides the best bursitis treatment program via technology and integrative holistic means to help you recover quickly.

Gach Rud a theastaíonn uait a bheith ar Eolas faoi Bursitis
Is neamhoird athlastach é bursitis a tharlaíonn mar gheall ar thráma mar gheall ar bhualadh díreach nó gortú athdhéanta. Chomh maith le trauma, tá fachtóirí riosca eile a bhaineann le bursitis a fhorbairt, lena n-áirítear ailse reamháiteacha, pseudogout, agus gout. Tá an t-easnamh seo mar thoradh ar thinneas agus pian sa tendon nó san fhuacht a bhfuil tionchar aige air. D'fhéadfadh na sacs bursae a bheith ag dul suas, rud a fhágann go mbíonn gluaiseacht deacair go minic. Tá an chos, an ghlúine, an chúlchúl agus an ghualainn ar chuid de na hailt is coitianta a mbíonn tionchar acu.
Conas a Fhorbraíonn Bursitis agus Cad é Bursa?
Is cúlraí tanaí lubricated iad bursae (plúrlach le haghaidh bursa) atá ag na pointí frith-iomaíochta idir cnámh agus fíochán bog a thimpeall an chnámh, na tendons, na ligaments, na matáin agus an chraiceann. Tá bursa idir an cnámh agus an fíochán (m.sh., craiceann, ligament, muscle) cosúil le balún uisce beag le cúpla titim sreabhach istigh ann. Is iad seo a leanas na saintréithe bunúsacha a bhaineann le bursae:
- Tá bursae sláintiúil tanaí. Mar shampla, rinneadh staidéar taighde le bursa réasúnta mór a bhí idir an craiceann agus an kneecap a léirigh go raibh tomhais mheán na bursa cúpla miliméadar tiubh le trastomhas meán thart ar cheithre ceintiméadar.
- Is féidir le méid na bursae athrú ag brath ar an suíomh sa chorp agus an éagsúlacht aonair a bhíonn ann ó dhuine go duine.
- Tá roinnt bursae díreach faoi dhromchla an chraiceann, ach tá daoine eile domhain i bhfíochán bog mar fhíochán muscle (m.sh.
- Tá thart ar 160 bursae i gcorp fásta.
- Tá cuid de na bursae seo i láthair ag an mbreith, agus forbraíonn cuid eile ina dhiaidh sin mar gheall ar thrioblóid go minic. Mar shampla, forbraíonn an chuid is mó daoine bursa tar éis 7 bliana d'aois sa chois (an bursa olecranon).
- Ag brath ar an duine, d'fhéadfadh bursae eile a fhorbairt. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh bursa ag duine a bhíonn ag caitheamh bróga a bhíonn ina mbrú go rialta nó a bhfuil anaitíocht neamhghnácha ag a chos ar an gcuid seachtrach den chomhpháirt mhóra an mhéar.
Déanann an bursa subdeltoid (bursa subacromial) i do ghualainn do tendon supraspinatus a scaradh ó do muscle deltoid agus an cnámh os cionn. De ghnáth, is é an tinneas seo den bursa a tharlaíonn de bharr díobhála do na struchtúir atá timpeall ort, agus is é an cuff rotator an ceann is coitianta. Is féidir le bursitis ghualainn raon gluaiseachta do ghualainn a theorannú, rud a fhágann go bhfuil siondróm impingement ghualainn agus pian sa deireadh. Is minic a bhraitheann pian scála ó bursitis scála i láthair nó ar thaobh do chomhéadan scála.
Is cúis choitianta le pian ar an gcodán é bursitis clog. Is é an cineál is coitianta de bursitis alán an bursitis olecranon. Tá an bursitis olecranon suite ag barr an chúlra. Is cúis choitianta é bursitis olecranon de pian ag barr an chonair. Mar a luadh roimhe seo, is é an toradh atá air ná imeacht traumatach díreach nó imeachtaí traumatacha athfhillteacha. Le bursitis alán, tá raon gluaiseachta alán teoranta agus pianmhar. Tá na saintréithe thíos coitianta i bursa ingne clog:
- Is minic a bhíonn an pian níos measa san oíche.
- Tá sé míchompordach gníomhaíochtaí a bhaint amach nó a ardú os cionn.
- Is é an cineál bursitis is coitianta ná bursitis olecranon nó bursitis ar cheann do chlé
An Bursa Olecranon ar an Elbow
Tá an bursa olecranon idir an craiceann agus an olecranon (spéire cnámh an chois). Déanfaidh an bursa olecranon forbairt ag pointe éigin tar éis seacht mbliana d'aois.
D'fhéadfadh bursitis elbow tromchúiseach a bheith ina chúis le bursa olecranon inflamed a bheith tuirseach go suntasach agus is féidir go n-amhróidh sé 2.5 cm ar leithead agus 6 go 7 cm ar fhad. Is féidir le bursa mór olecranon a bheith cosúil le liathróid gailf nó ubh beag atá agat faoi do chraiceann. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh sé éasca le diagnóis a dhéanamh ar bursitis alán. Mar sin féin, níor cheart go gcuirfeadh duine féin-dheineas air nó go gcuirfeadh sé tuirseach ar chlé ar chlé mar bursitis, mar is féidir le coinníollacha níos déine eile cosúil le haignéis casta a dhéanamh ar an bursa.
An Féidir le Bursitis a Fhorbairt sna Folláin?
Sea, is féidir le fadhbanna crónach cúl, teannas fada na matáin gluteal, agus trauma an bursa ischiogluteal a iontógáil agus a athlasadh. Is bursa neamhsheasmhach é an bursa isogluteal idir an gluteus maximus agus an tuberosity ischial. Tá an tuberosity ischial i gcuid is ísle de na buttocks, díreach faoi bhun an chnámh pubic. Is féidir le suí fada ar dhromchla crua, rothaíocht ar feadh tréimhsí fada a bheith irritating an bursa ischiogluteal. Tagraítear freisin do bursitis ischiogluteal mar bhun na fíodóireachta uaireanta ón seasamh coiteann a úsáideann an gairm. Tá liosta againn de na torthaí is coitianta i ndaoine a bhfuil bursitis ischiogluteal orthu:
- Pléas
- Tá sé deacair ar an duine seasamh ar a n-aghaidh ar an taobh a bhfuil tionchar aige air.
- Tá an pian níos measa nuair a bhíonn an duine ina luí, agus tá a hip bog go passively.
- Nuair a shuíonn, d'fhéadfadh an duine aonair a gcuid buttock pianmhar a ardú.
- Is féidir le brú díreach ar an limistéar pian géar a chur faoi deara.
- D'fhéadfadh pian a bheith ag scaipeadh síos an chúl an duine thigh.
- Teachtacht ag cnámh pubic, a d'fhéadfadh a bheith níos measa trí leathnú agus fleascadh an chos.
- Tarlaíonn an pian nuair a bhíonn tú ag siúl agus ag suí.
Bursitis Hip (Iliopsoas Bursitis)
Is é an bursa iliopsoas an bursa is mó sa chorp. Tá sé domhain go dtí agus os comhair an chomhpháirte hip. De ghnáth, nuair a tharlaíonn bursitis anseo, bíonn baint aige le fadhbanna hip a bheith aige, mar ghortú (go príomha ó rith) nó arthritis.
Is féidir le bursitis Iliopsoas pian suntasach cos, pian thigh, agus pian hip a chur faoi deara. Is féidir leis an sruth a bheith ag rith síos ó lár agus ó thaobh tosaigh do thigh go dtí an ghlúine agus ansin méadaíonn sé nuair a bhíonn an cnámh rotáilte agus sínte. Léigh an t-alt a foilsíodh ar Dynamic Chiropractic faoi chóireáil bursitis Trochanteric trí chiropractic cliniciúil.
D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh pian cos nó pian cnámh mar thoradh ar leathnú do chnámh agus tú ag siúl, mar sin d'fhéadfadh go gcuirfí teorainn le do stride ar an taobh a bhfuil tionchar aige agus céimeanna níos giorra a ghlacadh. Chomh maith leis sin, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh mothúchán i do cheantar na mbróige. Uaireanta d'fhéadfadh sé go mbraitheann sé masc a bhfuil cuma air ar hernia. D'fhéadfadh an duine a bheith ag mothú tingling nó numbness i hip, thigh, agus cos má tá an bursa inflamed compressing na néaróga in aice láimhe.
Bursitis Thigh nó Bursitis Trochanteric
Tá an bursa trochanteric suite ar an mbróg seachtrach os cionn do hip. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith inflamed agus a chur faoi deara pian thigh suntasach agus pian cos. Tá an cineál seo bursitis coitianta go leor agus is minic a tharlaíonn sé i measc mná meánaosta atá róthrom.
Bíonn bursitis trochanteric ag cur pian domhain, pian domhain ar feadh taobh do chnoic a d'fhéadfadh a leathnú isteach i taobh do ghlúine nó do ghualainn. D'fhéadfadh síneadh, brú áitiúil nó gníomhaíocht an pian a mhéadú. Is minic a bhíonn an pian níos measa san oíche agus d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith deacair codladh ar an taobh a bhfuil tionchar aige air.
Tá deich bursae ag an ghlúine, ach d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh 13, mar gheall ar athruithe aonair! Is féidir le hairíonna bursitis glúine a bheith éagsúil, ag brath ar thromchúis an athlasadh. Féadfaidh tú pian glúine, teannas, deargú nó mothú teasa a fháil sna glúine. Is minic a thosaíonn sé go hacair, ach d'fhéadfadh sé dul i ngeall ar a bheith níos measa de réir a chéile má dhéantar faillí air. Is minic a ghearann daoine a bhfuil bursitis glúine acu go bhfuil raon gluaiseachta teoranta acu, go bhfuil pian níos mó acu nuair a bhíonn siad ag glúine nó ag siúl. Is é ár gcomhairle do gach duine a bhfuil pian glúine orthu cuairt a thabhairt ar cheann de na chiropractors cliniciúla is fearr i Kula Lumpur agus measúnú cuí a dhéanamh ar do chomhpháirt glúine, meniscus, ligaments, matáin, agus bursae.
Tá deich n-ainmneacha bursae glúine ar an gcomhpháirte glúine a d'fhéadfadh pian a chur ar fáil. Tá siad liostaithe thíos:
Tá cúig bhúrsae ar fad os comhair an ghlúine:
- Bursa subrathellar nó an t-easc subrathellar
- Bursa Prepatellar
- Bursa infra-patellar domhain
- Bursa faoi chraiceann (bursa dromchla nó bursa infra-patellar)
- Bursa réamh-tibial
Ag féachaint ó thaobh (taobh amuigh den ghlúine), tá ceithre bursae ann:
- Bursa gastrocnemius taobh nó an bursa fo-tendinous
- Bursa Fibular
- Bursa Fibruil-Póipliteach
- Bursa fo-phobail (réas fo-phobail)
Go meánúil (an chuid istigh den ghlúine), tá trí bursae ann:
- Bursa gastrocnemius meánach (bursa fo-tendinous)
- Anserine bursa
- Bursa semimembranosa
Is féidir le bursitis retrocalcaneal nó bursitis ankle tarlú aon uair a bhíonn an bursa faoi tendon Achilles ar chúl do chúl inflamed. Is minic a bhíonn bursitis an chnoic mar thoradh ar trauma áitiúil a bhaineann le hiodráil ard nó bróga a bhfuil dearadh droch-chlaonta acu. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith mar thoradh ar iomarca siúlóide freisin. D'fhéadfadh sé tarlú in éineacht le tendonitis Achilles freisin. Is foinse coitianta pian an tsíleáin agus na coise é bursitis an tsíleáin.
Is minic a tharlaíonn bursa retrocalcaneal inflamed le gortaíocht ró-úsáid i sceiteoirí oighir, lúthchleasaithe óga, agus daoine aonair atá díreach ag tosú clár nua aclaíochta, lena n-áirítear léim nó siúl. De ghnáth, bíonn an pian ar chúl an chlé agus méadóidh sé le flexion resisted nó le síneadh éighníomhach.
An bhfuil aon leigheas baile ar fáil le haghaidh bursitis?
Sea, agus beidh áthas orainn é a roinnt leat. Is é an chéad rud agus is tábhachtaí a mheabhrú faoi neamhoird bursa ná go bhfuil siad próisis athlastacha. Is i gcónaí is é is cúis le micrea- nó maicreathrú é próisis athlastacha. Is é an micreathrú na rudaí athdhéanta a dhéanann tú, agus baineann an macra-thráma le himeacht traumatic iarbhír. Mar sin, an cúram baile le haghaidh aon pian traumatic, díobháil nó neamhoird atá cosanta, a chur ina luí, oighear, compress, agus ardú. I bhfocail eile, cuimhnigh P-R-I-C-E:
- Cosaint i bhfoirm padding, go háirithe i gcás bursae atá gar d' uachtar craiceann ar do ghlúine agus ar do chnoic.
- Is féidir leis an limistéar a bhfuil tionchar aige a chur ar scor nuair is féidir, chun na hairíonna a chabhrú. Gníomhaíochtaí eile a roghnú chun aclaíocht a dhéanamh a d'fhéadfadh gluaiseachtaí pianmhara a dhíchur. D'fhéadfadh snámh a bheith cabhrach.
- Is féidir le oighear a bheith go leor éifeachtach i laghdú pian agus athlasadh. Is féidir le pacáistí oighir bheaga, cosúil le pacáistí glasraí reoite a chuirtear i bhfeidhm ar an limistéar ar feadh thart ar 10 nóiméad dhá uair sa lá ag an solas cabhrú le tinneas athlastaithe sa limistéar a laghdú.
- D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh brú agus ardú cabhrach nuair is féidir chun an limistéar a chómhdach. Is féidir leat bandage elastic a chur i bhfeidhm (go háirithe ar chois agus ar ghlúine). Ba chóir an limistéar a choinneáil ar airde os cionn do chroí chun cosc a chur ar fhuil a charnadh.
An féidir le bursa a ionfhabhtaithe?
Sea, is féidir. Agus is é seo an fáth nár cheart duit féin-diagnóis a dhéanamh ort féin. Déan do staid a mheas ag saineolaí i gcónaí sula bhfaigheann tú cúram. Ar an dara dul síos, faigh cúram ó fhoireann chliniciúil agus ní ó dhaoine neamhfhoghlaimithe nó gan taithí. Is é do chorp agus do shláinte. Tá dea-shláinte níos luachmhaire ná saibhreas. Ná glac an deis.
Ós rud é gur féidir le próiseas ionfhabhtaithe bursitis a chur faoi deara, tá sé ríthábhachtach diagnóis chruinn a bheith agat. Is comhartha é teas go gcaithfidh tú cúram leighis a lorg láithreach ós rud é go bhféadfadh sé ionfhabhtú a léiriú. I measc comharthaí rabhaidh eile ionfhabhtaithe tá géarmhíleacht nó deargú nó teas buan timpeall an chomhpháirte. D'fhéadfadh ionfhabhtuithe craiceann sa cheantar (ceillithe) a bheith i gceist go bhfuil an bursa ionfhabhtaithe freisin. Tabhair cuairt ar cheann dár lárionaid sa Mhalaeisia chun an clár cóireála bursitis is fearr sa Mhalaeisia a fháil.
Cén fáth go mbeadh tú ag lorg cúraim ó ár bhfoirne cliniciúla?
Sula bhféadfar cóireáil a thabhairt duit, ní mór dúinn bunchúis do do riocht a aithint. Tá mílte othar cóireáilte againn go rathúil; is é an eochair dár rath cliniciúil nuair a theipeann ar dhaoine eile ár dtuiscint ar neamhoird spine agus comhpháirteanna. Tá ár gcumas chun do riocht a dhiagnóisiú go cruinn gan paraleal nuair a thagann sé chun saincheisteanna a bhaineann leis an bursae. Go hachomair, tá ár modhanna cúraim neamh-mhionsonraithe bunaithe ar thaighde níos fearr, toisc go ndéanaimid cóireáil ar an gcúis bhun le modhanna iomlánacha. Ár foirne cliniciúla de chiropractors saineolaithe agus an fhoireann fisiceolaí cliniciúil is fearr i Kuala Lumpur aird ar leith a thabhairt ar an gcúis bhun do riocht. Is é cumas an Ionaid Speisialta Chiropractic chun an chúis bhun a aithint an chúis phríomh nuair a sheachnaíonn an oiread sin dár n-othar flare-ups.
Tá cuid de na chiropractors agus fisiceolaithe is fearr againn sa Mhalaeisia. I Mhalaeisia, tá saineolaithe is gá duit le haghaidh díobháil spóirt, comhpháirteach, agus neamh-ghluaiseacht cóireáil. Déanaimid cóireáil ar ghortú spóirt agus comhpháirteanna trí iarrachtaí comhoibritheacha ó ár fisiotherapies cliniciúla bunaithe ar thaighde agus cuid de na chiropractors is fearr sa Mhalaeisia. Má tá tú ag fulaingt ó ghortú nó pian, táimid an rogha is fearr agat. Soláthraíonn ár bhfoireann cliniciúil an clár cóireála bursitis is fearr trí theicneolaíocht agus modhanna iomlánacha comhtháite chun cabhrú leat a fháil ar ais go tapa.