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Trade winds - wikipedia Trade winds Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the weather phenomenon . For other uses , see Tradewind . The westerlies ( blue arrows ) and trade winds ( yellow and brown arrows ) The trade winds are the prevailing pattern of easterly surface winds found in the tropics , within the lower portion of the Earth 's atmosphere , in the lower section of the troposphere near the Earth 's equator . The trade winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere , strengthening during the winter and when the Arctic oscillation is in its warm phase . Trade winds have been used by captains of sailing ships to cross the world 's oceans for centuries , and enabled European empire expansion into the Americas and trade routes to become established across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans . In meteorology , the trade winds act as the steering flow for tropical storms that form over the Atlantic , Pacific , and southern Indian Oceans and make landfall in North America , Southeast Asia , and Madagascar and eastern Africa , respectively . Trade winds also transport African dust westward across the Atlantic Ocean into the Caribbean Sea , as well as portions of southeastern North America . Shallow cumulus clouds are seen within trade wind regimes , and are capped from becoming taller by a trade wind inversion , which is caused by descending air aloft from within the subtropical ridge . The weaker the trade winds become , the more rainfall can be expected in the neighboring landmasses . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Cause 3 Weather effects 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) A Spanish galleon See also : Age of Discovery , Volta do Mar , and Age of sail The term trade winds originally derives from the early fourteenth century late Middle English word ' trade , ' meaning `` path '' or `` track . '' The Portuguese recognized the importance of the trade winds ( then the Volta do mar , meaning in Portuguese `` turn of the sea '' but also `` return from the sea '' ) in navigation in both the north and south Atlantic ocean as early as the 15th century . From West Africa , the Portuguese had to sail away from continental Portugal , that is , to west and northwest . They could then turn northeast , to the area around the Azores islands , and finally east to mainland Europe . They also learned that to reach South Africa , they needed to go far out in the ocean , head for Brazil , and around 30 ° S go east again . Following the African coast southbound means upwind in the Southern hemisphere . In the Pacific ocean , the full wind circulation , which included both the trade wind easterlies and higher - latitude Westerlies , was unknown to Europeans until Andres de Urdaneta 's voyage in 1565 . The captain of a sailing ship seeks a course along which the winds can be expected to blow in the direction of travel . During the Age of Sail , the pattern of prevailing winds made various points of the globe easy or difficult to access , and therefore had a direct effect on European empire - building and thus on modern political geography . For example , Manila galleons could not sail into the wind at all . By the 18th century the importance of the trade winds to England 's merchant fleet for crossing the Atlantic Ocean had led both the general public and etymologists to identify the name with a later meaning of ' trade ' , `` ( foreign ) commerce '' . Between 1847 and 1849 , Matthew Fontaine Maury collected enough information to create wind and current charts for the world 's oceans . Cause ( edit ) 3D map showing Hadley cells in relationship to trade winds on the surface . See also : Air mass , Hadley cell , Humidity , Intertropical Convergence Zone , Monsoon , Monsoon trough , Near - equatorial trough , and Prevailing winds As part of the Hadley cell circulation , surface air flows toward the equator while the flow aloft is towards the poles . A low - pressure area of calm , light variable winds near the equator is known as the doldrums , near - equatorial trough , intertropical front , or the Intertropical Convergence Zone . When located within a monsoon region , this zone of low pressure and wind convergence is also known as the monsoon trough . Around 30 ° in both hemispheres , air begins to descend toward the surface in subtropical high - pressure belts known as subtropical ridges . The subsident ( sinking ) air is relatively dry because as it descends , the temperature increases , but the absolute humidity remains constant , which lowers the relative humidity of the air mass . This warm , dry air is known as a superior air mass and normally resides above a maritime tropical ( warm and moist ) air mass . An increase of temperature with height is known as a temperature inversion . When it occurs within a trade wind regime , it is known as a trade wind inversion . The surface air that flows from these subtropical high - pressure belts toward the Equator is deflected toward the west in both hemispheres by the Coriolis effect . These winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere . Because winds are named for the direction from which the wind is blowing , these winds are called the northeasterly trade winds in the Northern Hemisphere and the southeasterly trade winds in the Southern Hemisphere . The trade winds of both hemispheres meet at the doldrums . As they blow across tropical regions , air masses heat up over lower latitudes due to more direct sunlight . Those that develop over land ( continental ) are drier and hotter than those that develop over oceans ( maritime ) , and travel northward on the western periphery of the subtropical ridge . Maritime tropical air masses are sometimes referred to as trade air masses . The one region of the Earth which has an absence of trade winds is the north Indian ocean . Weather effects ( edit ) Clouds which form above regions within trade wind regimes are typically composed of cumulus which extend no more than 4 kilometres ( 13,000 ft ) in height , and are capped from being taller by the trade wind inversion . Trade winds originate more from the direction of the poles ( northeast in the Northern Hemisphere , southeast in the Southern Hemisphere ) during the cold season , and are stronger in the winter than the summer . As an example , the windy season in the Guianas , which lie at low latitudes in South America , occurs between January and April . When the phase of the Arctic oscillation ( AO ) is warm , trade winds are stronger within the tropics . The cold phase of the AO leads to weaker trade winds . When the trade winds are weaker , more extensive areas of rain fall upon landmasses within the tropics , such as Central America . During mid-summer in the Northern Hemisphere ( July ) , the westward - moving trade winds south of the northward - moving subtropical ridge expand northwestward from the Caribbean sea into southeastern North America ( Florida and Gulf Coast ) . When dust from the Sahara moving around the southern periphery of the ridge travels over land , rainfall is suppressed and the sky changes from a blue to a white appearance which leads to an increase in red sunsets . Its presence negatively impacts air quality by adding to the count of airborne particulates . Although the Southeast USA has some of the cleanest air in North America , much of the African dust that reaches the United States affects Florida . Since 1970 , dust outbreaks have worsened due to periods of drought in Africa . There is a large variability in the dust transport to the Caribbean and Florida from year to year . Dust events have been linked to a decline in the health of coral reefs across the Caribbean and Florida , primarily since the 1970s . See also ( edit ) Intertropical Convergence Zone Winds in the Age of Sail Westerly wind burst Volta do mar References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carol G. Braham ; Enid Pearsons ; Deborah M. Posner ; Georgia S. Maas & Richard Goodman ( 2001 ) . Random House Webster 's College Dictionary ( second ed . ) . Random House . p. 1385 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 42560 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hermann R. Muelder ( 2007 ) . Years of This Land - A Geographical History of the United States . Read Books . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4067 - 7740 - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Derek Hayes ( 2001 ) . Historical atlas of the North Pacific Ocean : maps of discovery and scientific exploration , 1500 - 2000 . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55054 - 865 - 5 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Cyrus Cornelius Adams ( 1904 ) . A text - book of commercial geography . D. Appleton and company . p. 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary ( 2 ed . ) . p. 225 . Jump up ^ Derek Hayes ( 2001 ) . Historical atlas of the North Pacific Ocean : maps of discovery and scientific exploration , 1500 - 2000 . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 152 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55054 - 865 - 5 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Sverre Petterssen ( 1941 ) . Introduction to Meteorology . Mcgraw - Hill Book Company , Inc. p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4437 - 2300 - 8 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Doldrums '' . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Intertropical Convergence Zone '' . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Monsoon Trough '' . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Superior air '' . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( 2009 ) . `` trade winds '' . Glossary of Meteorology . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ralph Stockman Tarr and Frank Morton McMurry ( 1909 ). Advanced geography . W.W. Shannon , State Printing , pp. 246 . Retrieved on 2009 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ JetStream ( 2008 ) . `` How to read weather maps '' . National Weather Service . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Tropical air '' . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Trade air '' . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ John E. Oliver ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of world climatology . Springer . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 3264 - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Bob Rauber ( 2009 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Research - The Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean Campaign '' . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ James P. Terry ( 2007 ) . Tropical cyclones : climatology and impacts in the South Pacific . Springer . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 71542 - 1 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ G.E. Pieter & F. Augustinus . `` The influence of the trade winds on the coastal development of the Guianas at various scale levels : a synthesis '' . Marine Geology. 208 ( 2 - 4 ) : 145 -- 151 . Bibcode : 2004MGeol. 208 ... 145A . doi : 10.1016 / j. margeo. 2004.04. 007 . Jump up ^ Robert R. Steward ( 2005 ) . `` The Ocean 's Influence on North American Drought '' . Texas A&M University . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ John E. Oliver ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of world climatology . Springer . p. 185 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 3264 - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Science Daily ( 1999 - 07 - 14 ) . African Dust Called A Major Factor Affecting Southeast U.S. Air Quality . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Science Daily ( 2001 - 06 - 15 ) . Microbes And The Dust They Ride In On Pose Potential Health Risks . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Usinfo.state.gov ( 2003 ) . Study Says African Dust Affects Climate in U.S. , Caribbean . Archived 2007 - 06 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey ( 2006 ) . Coral Mortality and African Dust . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_winds&oldid=817251427 '' Categories : Climate patterns Atmospheric dynamics Wind Age of Sail Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 05 : 08 . 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what purpose did seasonal monsoon winds have on trade

enabled European empire expansion into the Americas and trade routes to become established across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans

strengthening during the winter and when the Arctic oscillation is in its warm phase

List of Nobel laureates in Physics - wikipedia List of Nobel laureates in Physics Jump to : navigation , search Front side ( obverse ) of the Nobel Prize Medal for Physics presented to Edward Victor Appleton in 1947 The Nobel Prize in Physics ( Swedish : Nobelpriset i fysik ) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of physics . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel ( who died in 1896 ) , awarded for outstanding contributions in physics . As dictated by Nobel 's will , the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members elected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10 , the anniversary of Nobel 's death . Each recipient receives a medal , a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Statistics 2 Laureates 3 See also 4 References 4.1 Notes 4.2 Citations 4.3 Sources 5 External links Statistics ( edit ) The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen , of Germany , who received 150,782 SEK , which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007 . John Bardeen is the only laureate to win the prize twice -- in 1956 and 1972 . Maria Skłodowska - Curie also won two Nobel Prizes , for physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911 . William Lawrence Bragg was , until October 2014 , the youngest ever Nobel laureate ; he won the prize in 1915 at the age of 25 . Two women have won the prize : Curie and Maria Goeppert - Mayer ( 1963 ) . As of 2017 , the prize has been awarded to 206 individuals . There have been six years in which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded ( 1916 , 1931 , 1934 , 1940 -- 1942 ) . Laureates ( edit ) Year Laureate Country Rationale 1901 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Germany `` in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him '' 1902 Hendrik Lorentz Netherlands `` in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena '' Pieter Zeeman Netherlands 1903 Antoine Henri Becquerel France `` for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity '' Pierre Curie France `` for their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel '' Maria Skłodowska - Curie Poland France 1904 Lord Rayleigh United Kingdom `` for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies '' 1905 Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard Austria - Hungary Germany `` for his work on cathode rays '' 1906 Joseph John Thomson United Kingdom `` for his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases '' 1907 Albert Abraham Michelson United States Poland `` for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid '' 1908 Gabriel Lippmann France `` for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference '' 1909 Guglielmo Marconi Italy `` for their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy '' Karl Ferdinand Braun Germany 1910 Johannes Diderik van der Waals Netherlands `` for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids '' 1911 Wilhelm Wien Germany `` for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat '' 1912 Nils Gustaf Dalén Sweden `` for his invention of automatic valves designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators in lighthouses and buoys '' 1913 Heike Kamerlingh - Onnes Netherlands `` for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led , inter alia , to the production of liquid helium '' 1914 Max von Laue Germany `` For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals '' , an important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy . 1915 William Henry Bragg United Kingdom `` For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays '' , an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography William Lawrence Bragg Australia United Kingdom 1916 Not awarded World War I 1917 Charles Glover Barkla United Kingdom `` For his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements '' , another important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy 1918 Max Planck Germany `` for the services he rendered to the advancement of physics by his discovery of energy quanta '' 1919 Johannes Stark Germany `` for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields '' 1920 Charles Édouard Guillaume Switzerland `` for the service he has rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel - steel alloys '' 1921 Albert Einstein Germany Switzerland `` for his services to theoretical physics , and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect '' 1922 Niels Bohr Denmark `` for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them '' 1923 Robert Andrews Millikan United States `` for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect '' 1924 Manne Siegbahn Sweden `` for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy '' 1925 James Franck Germany `` for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom '' Gustav Hertz Germany 1926 Jean Baptiste Perrin France `` for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter , and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium '' 1927 Arthur Holly Compton United States `` for his discovery of the effect named after him '' Charles Thomson Rees Wilson United Kingdom `` for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour '' 1928 Owen Willans Richardson United Kingdom `` for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him '' 1929 Louis Victor Pierre Raymond , 7th Duc de Broglie France `` for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons '' 1930 Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman India `` for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him '' 1931 Not awarded 1932 Werner Heisenberg Germany `` for the creation of quantum mechanics , the application of which has , inter alia , led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen '' 1933 Erwin Schrödinger Austria `` for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory '' Paul Dirac United Kingdom 1934 Not awarded 1935 James Chadwick United Kingdom `` for the discovery of the neutron '' 1936 Victor Francis Hess Austria `` for his discovery of cosmic radiation '' Carl David Anderson United States `` for his discovery of the positron '' 1937 Clinton Joseph Davisson United States `` for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals '' George Paget Thomson United Kingdom 1938 Enrico Fermi Italy `` for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation , and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons '' 1939 Ernest Lawrence United States `` for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it , especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements '' 1940 Not awarded World War II 1941 Not awarded World War II 1942 Not awarded World War II 1943 Otto Stern United States `` for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton '' 1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi United States Poland `` for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei '' 1945 Wolfgang Pauli Austria `` for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle , also called the Pauli principle '' 1946 Percy Williams Bridgman United States `` for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures , and for the discoveries he made there within the field of high pressure physics '' 1947 Edward Victor Appleton United Kingdom `` for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so - called Appleton layer '' 1948 Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett United Kingdom `` for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method , and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation '' 1949 Hideki Yukawa Japan `` for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces '' 1950 Cecil Frank Powell United Kingdom `` for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method '' 1951 John Douglas Cockcroft United Kingdom `` for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles '' Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton Ireland 1952 Felix Bloch Switzerland United States `` for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith '' Edward Mills Purcell United States 1953 Frits Zernike Netherlands `` for his demonstration of the phase contrast method , especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope '' 1954 Max Born West Germany `` for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics , especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction '' Walther Bothe West Germany `` for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith '' 1955 Willis Eugene Lamb United States `` for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum '' Polykarp Kusch United States Germany `` for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron '' 1956 John Bardeen United States `` for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect '' Walter Houser Brattain United States William Bradford Shockley United States 1957 Tsung - Dao Lee Republic of China `` for their penetrating investigation of the so - called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles '' Chen Ning Yang Republic of China 1958 Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov Soviet Union `` for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect '' Ilya Frank Soviet Union Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm Soviet Union 1959 Emilio Gino Segrè Italy United States `` for their discovery of the antiproton '' Owen Chamberlain United States 1960 Donald Arthur Glaser United States `` for the invention of the bubble chamber '' 1961 Robert Hofstadter United States `` for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons '' Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer West Germany `` for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name '' 1962 Lev Davidovich Landau Soviet Union `` for his pioneering theories for condensed matter , especially liquid helium '' 1963 Eugene Paul Wigner Hungary United States `` for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles , particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles '' Maria Goeppert - Mayer United States `` for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure '' J. Hans D. Jensen West Germany 1964 Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov Soviet Union `` for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics , which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser -- laser principle '' Alexander Prokhorov Soviet Union Charles Hard Townes United States 1965 Richard Phillips Feynman United States `` for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics ( QED ) , with deep - ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles '' Julian Schwinger United States Shin'ichirō Tomonaga Japan 1966 Alfred Kastler France `` for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms '' 1967 Hans Albrecht Bethe United States `` for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions , especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars '' 1968 Luis Walter Alvarez United States `` for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics , in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states , made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis '' 1969 Murray Gell - Mann United States `` for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions '' 1970 Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén Sweden `` for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto - hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics '' Louis Néel France `` for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics '' 1971 Dennis Gabor Hungary United Kingdom `` for his invention and development of the holographic method '' 1972 John Bardeen United States `` for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity , usually called the BCS - theory '' Leon Neil Cooper United States John Robert Schrieffer United States 1973 Leo Esaki Japan `` for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors , respectively '' Ivar Giaever United States Norway Brian David Josephson United Kingdom `` for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier , in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect '' Martin Ryle United Kingdom `` for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics : Ryle for his observations and inventions , in particular of the aperture synthesis technique , and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars '' Antony Hewish United Kingdom Aage Bohr Denmark `` for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection '' Ben Roy Mottelson Denmark Leo James Rainwater United States 1976 Burton Richter United States `` for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind '' Samuel Chao Chung Ting United States 1977 Philip Warren Anderson United States `` for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems '' Nevill Francis Mott United Kingdom John Hasbrouck Van Vleck United States 1978 Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa Soviet Union `` for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low - temperature physics '' Arno Allan Penzias United States `` for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation '' Robert Woodrow Wilson United States 1979 Sheldon Lee Glashow United States `` for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles , including , inter alia , the prediction of the weak neutral current '' Abdus Salam Pakistan Steven Weinberg United States 1980 James Watson Cronin United States `` for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K - mesons '' Val Logsdon Fitch United States 1981 Nicolaas Bloembergen Netherlands United States `` for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy '' Arthur Leonard Schawlow United States Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn Sweden `` for his contribution to the development of high - resolution electron spectroscopy '' 1982 Kenneth G. Wilson United States `` for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions '' Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar India United States `` for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars '' William Alfred Fowler United States `` for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe '' 1984 Carlo Rubbia Italy `` for their decisive contributions to the large project , which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z , communicators of weak interaction '' Simon van der Meer Netherlands 1985 Klaus von Klitzing West Germany `` for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect '' 1986 Ernst Ruska West Germany `` for his fundamental work in electron optics , and for the design of the first electron microscope '' Gerd Binnig West Germany `` for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope '' Heinrich Rohrer Switzerland Johannes Georg Bednorz West Germany `` for their important break - through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials '' Karl Alexander Müller Switzerland 1988 Leon Max Lederman United States `` for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino '' Melvin Schwartz United States Jack Steinberger United States 1989 Norman Foster Ramsey United States `` for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks '' Hans Georg Dehmelt United States Germany `` for the development of the ion trap technique '' Wolfgang Paul West Germany 1990 Jerome I. Friedman United States `` for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons , which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics '' Henry Way Kendall United States Richard E. Taylor Canada 1991 Pierre - Gilles de Gennes France `` for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter , in particular to liquid crystals and polymers '' 1992 Georges Charpak France Poland `` for his invention and development of particle detectors , in particular the multiwire proportional chamber '' 1993 Russell Alan Hulse United States `` for the discovery of a new type of pulsar , a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation '' Joseph Hooton Taylor , Jr . United States 1994 Bertram Brockhouse Canada `` for the development of neutron spectroscopy '' and `` for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter '' Clifford Glenwood Shull United States `` for the development of the neutron diffraction technique '' and `` for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter '' 1995 Martin Lewis Perl United States `` for the discovery of the tau lepton '' and `` for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics '' Frederick Reines United States `` for the detection of the neutrino '' and `` for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics '' David Morris Lee United States `` for their discovery of superfluidity in helium - 3 '' Douglas D. Osheroff United States Robert Coleman Richardson United States 1997 Steven Chu United States `` for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light . '' Claude Cohen - Tannoudji France William Daniel Phillips United States 1998 Robert B. Laughlin United States `` for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations '' Horst Ludwig Störmer Germany Daniel Chee Tsui Republic of China United States 1999 Gerard ' t Hooft Netherlands `` for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics '' Martinus J.G. Veltman Netherlands 2000 Zhores Ivanovich Alferov Russia `` for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high - speed - and optoelectronics '' Herbert Kroemer Germany Jack St. Clair Kilby United States `` for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit '' 2001 Eric Allin Cornell United States `` for the achievement of Bose -- Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms , and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates '' Carl Edwin Wieman United States Wolfgang Ketterle Germany 2002 Raymond Davis , Jr . United States `` for pioneering contributions to astrophysics , in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos '' Masatoshi Koshiba Japan Riccardo Giacconi Italy United States `` for pioneering contributions to astrophysics , which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources '' 2003 Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov Russia United States `` for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids '' Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg Russia Anthony James Leggett United Kingdom United States David J. Gross United States `` for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction '' Hugh David Politzer United States Frank Wilczek United States 2005 Roy J. Glauber United States `` for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence '' John L. Hall United States `` for their contributions to the development of laser - based precision spectroscopy , including the optical frequency comb technique '' Theodor W. Hänsch Germany 2006 John C. Mather United States `` for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation '' George F. Smoot United States 2007 Albert Fert France `` for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance '' Peter Grünberg Germany 2008 Makoto Kobayashi Japan `` for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature '' Toshihide Maskawa Japan Yoichiro Nambu Japan United States `` for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics '' 2009 Charles K. Kao Hong Kong United Kingdom United States `` for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication '' Willard S. Boyle Canada United States `` for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit -- the CCD sensor '' George E. Smith United States Andre Geim Russia United Kingdom Netherlands `` for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two - dimensional material graphene '' Konstantin Novoselov Russia United Kingdom 2011 Saul Perlmutter United States `` for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae '' Brian P. Schmidt Australia United States Adam G. Riess United States 2012 Serge Haroche France `` for ground - breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems . '' David J. Wineland United States 2013 François Englert Belgium `` for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles , and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle , by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN 's Large Hadron Collider '' Peter Higgs United Kingdom 2014 Isamu Akasaki Japan `` for the invention of efficient blue light - emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy - saving white light sources '' Hiroshi Amano Japan Shuji Nakamura Japan United States 2015 Takaaki Kajita Japan `` for the discovery of neutrino oscillations , which shows that neutrinos have mass '' Arthur B. McDonald Canada 2016 David J. Thouless United Kingdom United States `` for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter '' F. Duncan M. Haldane United Kingdom United States John M. Kosterlitz United Kingdom United States 2017 Rainer Weiss Germany United States `` for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves '' Kip Thorne United States Barry Barish United States See also ( edit ) List of Nobel laureates List of Nobel laureates by country List of physicists References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ A . The form and spelling of the names in the name column is according to nobelprize.org , the official website of the Nobel Foundation . Alternative spellings and name forms , where they exist , are given at the articles linked from this column . Where available , an image of each Nobel laureate is provided . For the official pictures provided by the Nobel Foundation , see the pages for each Nobel laureate at nobelprize.org . ^ B . The information in the country column is according to nobelprize.org , the official website of the Nobel Foundation . This information may not necessarily reflect the recipient 's birthplace or citizenship . ^ C. The citation for each award is quoted ( not always in full ) from nobelprize.org , the official website of the Nobel Foundation . The links in this column are to articles ( or sections of articles ) on the history and areas of physics for which the awards were presented . The links are intended only as a guide and explanation . For a full account of the work done by each Nobel laureate , please see the biography articles linked from the name column . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Alfred Nobel -- The Man Behind the Nobel Prize '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize Awarders '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Nobel Laureates Facts '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Women Nobel Laureates '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1902 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1904 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1905 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1906 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1907 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1908 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1910 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1911 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1912 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1913 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1914 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1915 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1917 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1918 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1919 '' . Nobel Foundation . 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Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1975 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1976 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1977 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1981 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1982 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1983 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1984 '' . Nobel Foundation . 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Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2005 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2006 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2007 '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2012 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2013 Press Release '' ( PDF ) . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2015 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2016 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2017 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 03 . Sources ( edit ) `` All Nobel Laureates in Physics '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nobel laureates in Physics . Official website of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Official website of the Nobel Foundation Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physics 1901 -- 1925 1901 Röntgen 1902 Lorentz / Zeeman 1903 Becquerel / P. Curie / M. Curie 1904 Rayleigh 1905 Lenard 1906 J.J. Thomson 1907 Michelson 1908 Lippmann 1909 Marconi / Braun 1910 Van der Waals 1911 Wien 1912 Dalén 1913 Kamerlingh Onnes 1914 Laue 1915 W.L. Bragg / W.H. Bragg 1916 1917 Barkla 1918 Planck 1919 Stark 1920 Guillaume 1921 Einstein 1922 N. Bohr 1923 Millikan 1924 M. Siegbahn 1925 Franck / Hertz 1926 -- 1950 1926 Perrin 1927 Compton / C. Wilson 1928 O. Richardson 1929 De Broglie 1930 Raman 1931 1932 Heisenberg 1933 Schrödinger / Dirac 1934 1935 Chadwick 1936 Hess / C.D. Anderson 1937 Davisson / G.P. Thomson 1938 Fermi 1939 Lawrence 1940 1941 1942 1943 Stern 1944 Rabi 1945 Pauli 1946 Bridgman 1947 Appleton 1948 Blackett 1949 Yukawa 1950 Powell 1951 -- 1975 1951 Cockcroft / Walton 1952 Bloch / Purcell 1953 Zernike 1954 Born / Bothe 1955 Lamb / Kusch 1956 Shockley / Bardeen / Brattain 1957 C.N. Yang / T.D. Lee 1958 Cherenkov / Frank / Tamm 1959 Segrè / Chamberlain 1960 Glaser 1961 Hofstadter / Mössbauer 1962 Landau 1963 Wigner / Goeppert - Mayer / Jensen 1964 Townes / Basov / Prokhorov 1965 Tomonaga / Schwinger / Feynman 1966 Kastler 1967 Bethe 1968 Alvarez 1969 Gell - Mann 1970 Alfvén / Néel 1971 Gabor 1972 Bardeen / Cooper / Schrieffer 1973 Esaki / Giaever / Josephson 1974 Ryle / Hewish 1975 A. Bohr / Mottelson / Rainwater 1976 -- 2000 1976 Richter / Ting 1977 P.W. Anderson / Mott / Van Vleck 1978 Kapitsa / Penzias / R. Wilson 1979 Glashow / Salam / Weinberg 1980 Cronin / Fitch 1981 Bloembergen / Schawlow / K. Siegbahn 1982 K. Wilson 1983 Chandrasekhar / Fowler 1984 Rubbia / Van der Meer 1985 von Klitzing 1986 Ruska / Binnig / Rohrer 1987 Bednorz / Müller 1988 Lederman / Schwartz / Steinberger 1989 Ramsey / Dehmelt / Paul 1990 Friedman / Kendall / R. Taylor 1991 de Gennes 1992 Charpak 1993 Hulse / J. Taylor 1994 Brockhouse / Shull 1995 Perl / Reines 1996 D. Lee / Osheroff / R. Richardson 1997 Chu / Cohen - Tannoudji / Phillips 1998 Laughlin / Störmer / Tsui 1999 ' t Hooft / Veltman 2000 Alferov / Kroemer / Kilby 2001 -- present 2001 Cornell / Ketterle / Wieman 2002 Davis / Koshiba / Giacconi 2003 Abrikosov / Ginzburg / Leggett 2004 Gross / Politzer / Wilczek 2005 Glauber / Hall / Hänsch 2006 Mather / Smoot 2007 Fert / Grünberg 2008 Nambu / Kobayashi / Maskawa 2009 Kao / Boyle / Smith 2010 Geim / Novoselov 2011 Perlmutter / Riess / Schmidt 2012 Wineland / Haroche 2013 Englert / Higgs 2014 Akasaki / Amano / Nakamura 2015 Kajita / McDonald 2016 Thouless / Haldane / Kosterlitz 2017 Weiss / Barish / Thorne Nobel Prizes Lists of Nobel laureates Prizes Chemistry Economics Literature Peace Physics Physiology or Medicine Laureates by subject Chemistry Economics Literature Peace Physics Physiology or Medicine by criterion African Arab Asian Black Female Latino and Hispanic Jewish by country Argentine Australian Belgian Bengali Chinese Danish Hungarian Indian Israeli Italian Japanese Korean Liberian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Spanish Swedish Turkish Welsh by religion Christian Jewish Muslim Non-religious by year By year by university affiliation University affiliation by occupation Head of Government and State Committees and organisations Nobel Foundation Nobel Committees Chemistry Economics Physics Physiology or Medicine Norwegian Nobel Committee Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet Related topics Controversies Other prizes Alfred Nobel Nobel Memorial Prize ( not one of the original Nobel Prizes ) . 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Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, of Germany

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Deadpool 2 - wikipedia Deadpool 2 Jump to : navigation , search Deadpool 2 Teaser poster Directed by David Leitch Produced by Simon Kinberg Ryan Reynolds Lauren Shuler Donner Written by Rhett Reese Paul Wernick Ryan Reynolds Based on Deadpool by Rob Liefeld Fabian Nicieza Starring Ryan Reynolds Josh Brolin Morena Baccarin Julian Dennison Zazie Beetz T.J. Miller Brianna Hildebrand Jack Kesy Stefan Kapičić Music by Tyler Bates Cinematography Jonathan Sela Edited by Craig Alpert Elísabet Ronaldsdóttir Production company Marvel Entertainment The Donners ' Company Genre Films Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) ( United States ) Country United States Language English Deadpool 2 is an upcoming American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Deadpool , distributed by 20th Century Fox . It is intended to be the eleventh installment in the X-Men film series , and a sequel to the 2016 film Deadpool . The film is directed by David Leitch from a script by Rhett Reese , Paul Wernick , and Ryan Reynolds , with Reynolds starring in the title role alongside Josh Brolin , Morena Baccarin , Julian Dennison , Zazie Beetz , T.J. Miller , Brianna Hildebrand , Jack Kesy , and Stefan Kapičić . In Deadpool 2 , Deadpool forms the team X-Force to protect a young mutant from Cable . Plans for a sequel to Deadpool began before that film 's release , and were confirmed in February 2016 . Though the original creative team of Reynolds , Reese , Wernick , and director Tim Miller were quickly set to return for the second film , Miller left the project in October 2016 due to creative differences with Reynolds , and was soon replaced by Leitch . An extensive casting search took place to fill the role of Cable , with Brolin ultimately cast ; the casting of Beetz as Domino was also noteworthy . Filming took place in British Columbia , Canada , from June to October 2017 . During filming , stunt woman Joi `` SJ '' Harris died in a motorcycle accident . Deadpool 2 is scheduled to be released in the United States on May 18 , 2018 . A sequel , Deadpool 3 , is in development . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Box office projection 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Premise Deadpool forms a team of mutants called the X-Force to protect young mutant Russell from the time - traveling soldier Cable . Cast Ryan Reynolds as Wade Wilson / Deadpool : A wisecracking mercenary with accelerated healing but severe scarring over his body after undergoing an experimental regenerative mutation . He forms the X-Force , a team of mutants . Josh Brolin as Nathan Summers / Cable : A time travelling cybernetic mutant soldier , `` in many ways the opposite of Deadpool '' . Director David Leitch called the dynamic between Cable and Deadpool `` sort of classic buddy - cop fare '' , and compared them to the characters portrayed by Nick Nolte and Eddie Murphy , respectively , in 48 Hrs. ( 1982 ) . Brolin signed a four - film deal to play the character , and described his appearance here as just the introduction for the character , with `` three more movies to reveal more . '' Morena Baccarin as Vanessa : An escort and Wilson 's fiancée . Julian Dennison as Russell : A young mutant being hunted by Cable . Dennison was the only actor that the creative team considered for the role , with Russell `` sort of a tailor - made character '' for the actor . Zazie Beetz as Neena Thurman / Domino : A mercenary with the mutant ability to manipulate luck , who joins Deadpool 's X-Force team . Leitch described the film 's version of the character as Beetz ' own `` real fun interesting take '' . Beetz began `` doing strength conditioning , so that 's like working out everyday '' when she got the role , for which she has to `` be shooting guns , I fight and a lot of that movement is full body and physical . '' T.J. Miller as Weasel : Wilson 's best friend , the owner of a bar frequented by mercenaries . Brianna Hildebrand as Negasonic Teenage Warhead : A teenage X-Man with the mutant power to detonate atomic bursts from her body , she is now a `` new level of X-Men '' after being a trainee in the first film . Hildebrand felt that `` it 's cool that she 's grown and matured and she still has so much of this essence of a punk kid '' from the first film , and added that the character would have a `` cooler '' costume in the sequel . Jack Kesy as Black Tom Cassidy : A mutant who can manipulate energy through plants . Stefan Kapičić as the voice of Colossus : An X-Man with the mutant ability to transform his entire body into organic steel . Kapičić described Colossus as one of the most important characters in the film , requiring a more intense process for Kapičić during recording for the character . He explained that Colossus would continue to try make Deadpool a better person and potential X-Man after doing so in the first film . Leslie Uggams and Karan Soni return from the first film as Deadpool 's elderly roommate Blind Al and the taxi driver Dopinder , respectively . The X-Force team also includes Terry Crews as Bedlam , Lewis Tan as Shatterstar , and Rob Delaney as Peter . Shioli Kutsuna , Eddie Marsan , and Bill Skarsgård have been cast in undisclosed roles . Production Development Producer Simon Kinberg revealed in September 2015 that discussions had begun regarding ideas for a sequel to Deadpool , which was set to be released in February 2016 . One idea was for the film to introduce the character Cable , who had previously been looked at to appear in the first Deadpool , and X-Men : Days of Future Past before that . Cable 's inclusion in the potential sequel was confirmed by the character Deadpool , breaking the fourth wall , in the post-credit scene of the first film . Domino , a character with connections to Cable in the comics , was also believed to be featured in the sequel . By the first film 's release , 20th Century Fox had green - lit a sequel , with writers Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick returning to write the screenplay . Though director Tim Miller and producer / star Ryan Reynolds were not confirmed for the sequel at the time , Fox was `` intent on keeping the creative team together '' . Miller and Reynolds ' involvement was confirmed at the 2016 CinemaCon that April , though Miller had still not formally signed on to direct the sequel yet . He began work developing the script with the writers , while Reynolds had signed a new contract granting him `` casting approval and other creative controls '' . It has to tonally and stylistically be as fresh and original ( as the first film ) . That 's a big challenge especially because they had 10 years to gestate on the first movie and we do n't have that kind of time on the second movie . That 's the biggest mandate going ( into ) the second film ... we have to resist the temptation to make it bigger . -- Producer Simon Kinberg on approaching Deadpool 2 In June 2016 , Kinberg said that a completed draft from Wernick and Rheese was expected `` soon '' , and that they were looking to begin filming the sequel at the beginning of 2017 . By August , Kyle Chandler was believed to be in the running to portray Cable . Testing of actresses for Domino had also begun by October , with the shortlist of actresses under consideration including Lizzy Caplan , Mary Elizabeth Winstead , Sienna Miller , Sofia Boutella , Stephanie Sigman , Sylvia Hoeks , Mackenzie Davis , Ruby Rose , Eve Hewson , and Kelly Rohrbach . The producers were particularly interested in casting a black or Latina actress in the role . At the end of October , Miller left the film over `` mutual creative differences '' with Reynolds . The rift between the pair was reportedly based on several factors , including Reynolds ' expanded creative control over the sequel ; Miller 's wish for a more stylized follow - up than the first film , versus Reynolds ' focus `` on the raunchy comedy style that earned the first movie its R rating '' ; and Miller 's intention to cast Chandler as Cable , which Reynolds opposed . Fox ultimately backed `` its marketable star '' over Miller , who had made his directorial debut with the first film . Miller denied these reported reasons , while Reynolds said , `` All I can really add is that I 'm sad to see him off the film . Tim 's brilliant and nobody worked harder on Deadpool than he did . '' A week after Miller 's departure , Fox was looking at David Leitch , Drew Goddard , Magnus Martens , and Rupert Sanders as potential replacements for the director . Leitch was the `` strong frontrunner '' for the role , and signed on to direct a month later . Reynolds , a fan of Leitch 's John Wick , said the director `` really understands those Deadpool sensibilities and where we need to take the franchise from here . '' He added that Leitch `` can make a movie on an ultra tight minimal budget look like it was shot for 10 -- 15 times what it cost . '' Pre-production Reese and Wernick had completed multiple drafts of the script by January 2017 , saying , `` It 's taken different twists and turns , but it 's really coalescing '' ; the film was still on track to begin filming that year . The pair felt a responsibility to explore the team X-Force , which includes Deadpool , Cable , and Domino in the comics , with Reese saying the sequel 's purpose `` is not to set up X-Force ( but ) it will likely set up X-Force . '' He did clarify that though the film will be `` populated with a lot of characters ... it is still Deadpool 's movie '' . The pair confirmed that Stefan Kapičić 's Colossus , Brianna Hildebrand 's Negasonic Teenage Warhead , and Karan Soni 's Dopinder would be returning from the first film to `` make at least an appearance '' , and that the film would not be exploring the details of Cable 's convoluted comic origins . By the next month , it had been noted that there had been few announcements from Fox regarding the film , and that a release date had not yet been set which was seen as unusual for sequels to popular films ( often studios `` announce sequels far too soon and with no idea what will happen '' ) , with the issue deemed to be the film 's script . Reynolds , Reese , and Wernick had been `` bunkered down , working on the script together , trying to cross the finish line and create something everyone is excited to make '' . At that time , Goddard joined the project to consult on the script . By the beginning of March 2017 , Michael Shannon had been in the running to portray Cable , but no longer could due to a scheduling conflict . David Harbour had screen - tested for the role , and Pierce Brosnan was believed to be in negotiations for a part in the film , potentially Cable . Reynolds announced shortly after that Zazie Beetz had been cast as Domino . Later in the month , Shannon was in the running to portray Cable again , and was considered the frontrunner , with Fox also looking at a shortlist of other actors that included Harbour . Brad Pitt had also been considered for the role , and expressed interest in taking it , but had `` moved on '' . Leitch soon addressed the potential casting of these actors , saying Shannon `` would make an incredible Cable ... If that happens , I would be through the roof '' ; and on Pitt , `` We had a great meeting with Brad , he was incredibly interested in the property . Things did n't work out schedule-wise . He 's a fan , and we love him , and I think he would 've made an amazing Cable . '' At the end of March , Morena Baccarin confirmed her return from the first film as Vanessa , and expressed interest in exploring the character 's Copycat persona from the comics in the sequel . Josh Brolin emerged as a `` surprise contender '' to play Cable in April , ahead of Shannon and Harbour , and was officially cast in the role . Brolin also portrays the Marvel Comics character Thanos , in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Leslie Uggams confirmed that she would be reprising her role of Blind Al from the first film , while Fox gave the sequel a June 1 , 2018 release date . Noting the release date , Leitch wanted to ensure that the film `` was worthy of a summer tentpole movie , and we knew we were going to be wedged in between some big films '' , specifically wanting to expand the action and make the general feeling of the film `` bigger '' than the first one . However , he wanted the film to have the same DNA as the original `` in terms of the tone , and the fun ... I love that challenge '' of combining that with the increased scope . The film uses Deadpool 's fourth wall - breaking to reference this release period , with Leitch calling these comments `` definitely fresh and timely when they come up . '' In May 2017 , Fox was reportedly looking to use a post-credits scene at the end of Deadpool 2 to introduce several other members of X-Force who would go on to star alongside Reynolds , Brolin , and Beetz in an X-Force film . Casting for the characters -- Sunspot , Feral , and Shatterstar -- would take place over the coming months , though Reese denied the accuracy of this report . Later , T.J. Miller confirmed that he would return from the first film as Weasel , and described the sequel as `` even more weaselicious '' than the first . He noted that Reynolds and the writers had `` really put the time in on the script '' to meet their own expectations for the sequel as well as those of fans . Jack Kesy also joined the cast , as Black Tom Cassidy . In June , Shioli Kutsuna was cast in a key role for the film . Filming Initial filming had begun by June 17 , 2017 , at Hatley Castle in Victoria , Canada , which is used to portray the X-Mansion in the X-Men films . Principal photography began in Vancouver on June 26 , under the working title Love Machine . Jonathan Sela served as cinematographer for the film . At the end of June , Reynolds revealed that Julian Dennison had been cast in the film . The next month , T.J. Miller said that he found the sequel to be funnier than the first film , and that `` it 's not going to be the same movie in a different location ( like The Hangover Part II ) . It 's got different stakes , different things happen , some pretty tragic , dark shit happens in the first part of the film , in the beginning , and the rest of the film is kind of dealing with that . '' By then , Kapičić had been working with Leitch on the set , and expected to continue contributing to Colossus through to April 2018 . On August 14 , stunt woman Joi `` SJ '' Harris died in a motorcycle accident after losing control and crashing into Shaw Tower . Harris , the first African - American female professional road racer , was working on the film as a stunt performer for the first time and had only joined the production a week before . Harris was not wearing a helmet because the character she was portraying , Domino , does not wear one in the scene , and there had not been time since she joined the film to create one for her to fit underneath the Domino wig . She had two full days of rehearsing the stunt as well as five more attempts on the day of the accident . Veteran stunt double Melissa Stubbs had been available and willing to do the stunt , but the inexperienced Harris was preferred due to her skin color being a match for Beetz . This decision was criticized by multiple stunt professionals , with many noting that Harris ' experiences racing motorcycles did not necessarily qualify her as an able stunt performer . Production on the film was shut down immediately after the incident , but resumed two days later . With this news also came reports that the film 's crew were `` enduring very long hours '' and were `` exhausted by the schedule '' , with a member of the studio confirming that some days had gone beyond the scheduled 12 -- 13 hours filming , up to 15 -- plus hours . Earlier in August , Reynolds revealed that Rob Delaney was at the film 's set , and Eddie Marsan revealed that he was also on set for a role in the film later in the month . Filming in Vancouver was expected to last until October 6 , with production on Deadpool 2 being officially completed on October 14 . Discussing the film 's action , having previously worked as a stunt coordinator , Leitch said that all stunts are `` variations on a theme '' with the same basic elements , but Deadpool allows you to `` subvert those basics , and there 's an expectation for a classic gag , but oops , maybe you get something else . '' He also felt that introducing Domino gave the film unique opportunities for action sequences taking advantage of her luck - based abilities , as well as focusing on Deadpool 's healing abilities and trying to use those to create interesting action . Post-production Fox revealed in November that the film was technically untitled at that point , and not officially known as Deadpool 2 as had been assumed ; the studio was temporarily referring to the film as The Untitled Deadpool Sequel . In January 2018 , the film 's release was moved up to May 18 , 2018 . A month later , Terry Crews was revealed to have a role in the film , the character Shatterstar was confirmed to be appearing , and the production returned to Vancouver for six days of reshoots under a new working title , Daisy . While some reports emerged by mid-March claiming that the reshoots were due to poor audience responses during test screenings of the film , and consisted of sweeping changes , the film was soon confirmed to be testing better than the original did , up to 98 out of 100 over three different tests ( compared to a maximum score of 91 during tests of the first film ) . Because of this , the reshoots were adding more of the elements that audiences responded positively to , including additional material featuring Cable and Domino . By the end of the month , two hours - worth of filming had taken place in Los Angeles for a then - secret cameo appearance , and the film 's first full trailer was released . Officially titling the film Deadpool 2 , the trailer also revealed that Crews was portraying Bedlam ; that Delaney was in the film , portraying Peter ; and that Bill Skarsgård also had a role . The film 's final trailer , released a month later , confirmed that Lewis Tan would portray Shatterstar , joining Domino , Bedlam , and Peter as members of the X-Force in the film . Music Deadpool composer Junkie XL chose not to return for the sequel due to Miller 's departure . In October 2017 , Tyler Bates was hired to write the score for the film . Release Deadpool 2 is set to be released in the United States on May 18 , 2018 . It was previously scheduled for release on June 1 of that year . Marketing For the Fox presentation at CineEurope 2017 in June , Reynolds made a video message featuring himself in costume as Deadpool from the film 's set . The first teaser poster , which pays homage to Norman Rockwell 's 1943 painting Freedom from Want , was released that November . Justin Carter of Comic Book Resources found it `` oddly appropriate for Deadpool 2 to co-opt ( this ) iconic work for a modern pop culture audience '' as it is `` true to Deadpool 's incredibly referential nature . '' Eric Diaz of Nerdist said , `` It strikes exactly the irreverent tone you 'd expect for the Deadpool sequel . '' The first footage from the film debuted the following week , at the end of a video where Reynolds ( in - character as Deadpool ) parodies Bob Ross and his television show The Joy of Painting . The video was described by The Hollywood Reporter 's Ryan Parker as `` completely out of left field '' and setting the tone perfectly for the film , though his colleague Graeme McMillan was less positive due to not knowing of Ross ( Deadpool co-creator Fabian Nicieza thought the fact that many in the audience would n't know of Ross made the video `` exactly the kind of quirky pop culture choice that works perfectly for Deadpool '' ) . Parker added , `` This trailer only showed a few seconds from the film , but fans will be talking about it all day '' because of the presentation , unlike `` any other trailer which would have shown so little of the product . '' Rather than pay for an expensive advertisement spot during Super Bowl LII , the film 's official Twitter account was used to `` live tweet '' the event with commentary as if the character Deadpool was watching it . A new trailer for the film was released later that week , focusing on introducing Cable . Parker felt that `` Reynolds and company have completely changed the trailer game . The formula of just showing some of the actual movie , but with a tiny story thrown in is such an incredible marketing idea . '' McMillan and their colleague Aaron Couch praised the trailer playing on the visual effects for Cable 's arm not being finished , noting it as a joke about the visual effects to remove Henry Cavill 's mustache from Justice League . The group collectively praised the overall marketing for the franchise , with McMillan suggesting that the campaign for the sequel may surpass that of the first Deadpool . A full trailer for the film , explaining its general plot , was released at the end of March . Forbes contributor Scott Mendelson called it `` pretty funny and mostly entertaining '' , but was disappointed in it being a `` conventional '' trailer compared to the more out - there videos previously released for the film . He explained that he thought the first film `` had a winning lead character and fine character - centric jokes , but a pretty generic origin story plot that eventually became the thing it was critiquing '' , and was concerned that the sequel would turn out to be `` a more standard ' superhero sequel ' sell '' . Mendelson also noted the inclusion of T.J. Miller in the trailer following the reveal of sexual misconduct allegations against the actor in late 2017 , calling it `` inevitable no matter how tarnished his reputation might be these days . '' The Hollywood Reporter group also noted the more traditional style of the trailer , but remained generally positive about the film and highlighted the supporting cast for the film as appearing in the trailer , including Brolin , Beetz , Kutsuna , and Crews . Also in March , a Twitter account was established for the character Peter and began to be regularly updated with `` tweets '' about his interests , including photos of the character beekeeping and preparing for his work as part of the X-Force team ( as seen in the film ) . A month later , Fox released the final trailer for the film , with Mendelson lamenting that it was as `` conventional '' as the previous trailer but finding it understandable that Fox not be seen to be hiding the film , and ultimately felt that the trailer indicated the film would be `` a pretty solid comic book sequel '' . The group at The Hollywood Reporter praised the final trailer as well , highlighting its references to X-Men Origins : Wolverine and the DC universe as well as its introduction of Peter . At the end of April , Leitch stated that alternate versions of jokes that had been cut from the film were included in the trailers , since `` only one can live in the movie , so we might have snuck a couple in sort of additional materials that people can discover . '' As part of a promotion for the film with beverage company Mike 's Harder , Sister Margaret 's School for Wayward Girls -- the fictional bar featured in the films -- will be emulated in pop - ups at the Alligator Lounge in New York from April 26 -- 28 and the Slipper Clutch in Los Angeles from May 10 -- 12 . The pop - ups will respectively serve pizza and chimichangas , traditionally Deadpool 's favorite food , as well as Deadpool - inspired Harder drinks . The campaign also includes the chance to win a trip to the film 's premiere through Harder , and the Los Angeles pop - up will benefit the nonprofit DTLA Film Festival . Box office projection Initial box office projections for the film in March 2018 expected it to gross $100 million over its opening weekend in the United States and Canada , with a final domestic total expected to be lower than that of the first film ( $363 million ) at around $242 million . On April 20 , 2018 , both Fandango and Regal Cinemas announced that Deadpool 2 was the best pre-selling R - rated film in their respective histories . By April 26 , opening weekend industry projections had reached upwards of $150 million . Sequel By November 2016 , with development underway on Deadpool 2 , Fox was also planning Deadpool 3 , which was said to include the team X-Force . With the confirmation that Leitch would direct Deadpool 2 , it was revealed that Fox was looking for a separate filmmaker to direct Deadpool 3 . In March 2017 , Reese clarified that though Deadpool 2 sets - up the X-Force team , a future film focused on the team would be separate from Deadpool 3 , `` so I think we 'll be able to take two paths . ( X-Force ) is where we 're launching something bigger , but then ( Deadpool 3 is ) where we 're contracting and staying personal and small . '' After the proposed acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney was announced in December 2017 , Disney CEO Bob Iger said that Deadpool would be integrated with the Marvel Cinematic Universe under Disney , and that the company would be willing to make future R - rated Deadpool films `` as long as we let the audiences know what 's coming '' . References ^ Jump up to : Anderton , Ethan ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Trailer Breakdown : What the F * cksicle Is This ? '' . / Film . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2018 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Booth , Kaitlyn ( April 15 , 2018 ) . `` New Deadpool 2 Footage Shown During the Various Walking Dead Shows '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Deadpool ' Sequel Already in the Works '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool ' Pop - Up Bar Coming to New York and L.A. '' The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Shawn ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` Long Range Tracking : ' Deadpool 2 , ' ' Book Club , ' & ' Show Dogs ' '' . BoxOffice . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Advance Ticket Sales Records : Fandango 's Best R - Rated Preseller Ever In First 24 Hours '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Tracking Suggests Raunchy Superhero Headed For $150 M+ Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Fox 's X-Men Issues : Jennifer Lawrence Unsigned , ' Deadpool ' Defections , ' Gambit ' on Hold '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Why Deadpool 3 And X-Force Will Be Very Different Projects '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Peter ; Hayes , Dade ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Disney - Fox Deal : Bob Iger Discusses Digital Future , James Murdoch , Hulu and $2 B Cost Savings '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool ' Can Stay R - Rated at Disney , Says Bob Iger '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . 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Fortnite - wikipedia Fortnite Jump to : navigation , search For the battle royale version of the game , see Fortnite Battle Royale . Fortnite European box art Developer ( s ) Epic Games People Can Fly Publisher ( s ) Epic Games Director ( s ) Darren Sugg Artist ( s ) Pete Ellis Composer ( s ) Rom Di Prisco Engine Unreal Engine 4 Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows macOS PlayStation 4 Xbox One iOS Release 2018 Genre ( s ) Survival Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Fortnite is a co-op sandbox survival game developed by Epic Games and People Can Fly and published by Epic Games . The game was released as a paid - for early access title for Microsoft Windows , macOS , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on July 25 , 2017 , with a full free - to - play release expected in 2018 . The retail versions of the game were published by Gearbox Publishing , while online distribution of the PC versions is handled by Epic 's launcher . Fortnite is set in contemporary Earth , where the sudden appearance of a worldwide storm causes 98 % of the world 's population to disappear , and zombie - like creatures rise to attack the remainder . Considered by Epic as a cross between Minecraft and Left 4 Dead , Fortnite has up to four players cooperating on various missions on randomly - generated maps to collect resources , build fortifications around defensive objectives that are meant to help fight the storm and protect survivors , and construct weapons and traps to engage in combat with waves of these creatures that attempt to destroy the objectives . Players gain rewards through these missions to improve their hero characters , support teams , and arsenal of weapon and trap schematics to be able to take on more difficult missions . The game is supported through microtransactions to purchase in - game currency that can be used towards these upgrades . A standalone mode , Fortnite Battle Royale , based on the battle royale game genre but based on the core Fortnite gameplay , was released for the same platforms in September 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Gameplay 3 Development 3.1 History 3.2 Art and design 4 Reception 4.1 Sales 4.2 Accolades 5 References 6 External links Synopsis One day , 98 % of Earth 's population suddenly disappeared , and the remaining population found the skies covered in dense clouds , creating chaotic storms that dropped husks , humanoid zombie - like creatures , that attacked the living . The survivors found ways to construct `` storm shields '' , a field that cleared the storm clouds from immediately overhead and reduced the attacks from husks , and used these to set up survivor bases across the globe . The player is a commander of one of these bases , charged with going out of the storm shield to find resources , survivors , and other allies to help expand their storm shield and find a way to return Earth to its normal state . Gameplay Currently , the paid - for product Fortnite provides two distinct modes : access to Fortnite Battle Royale , ( which is also available as a separate free - to - play title ) and the cooperative player - versus - environment `` Save the World '' , which is unique to the main Fortnite game . The `` Save the World '' mode is described as a co-op sandbox survival game and is about exploration , scavenging items , crafting weapons , building fortified structures , and fighting waves of encroaching monsters . Tim Sweeney , Epic 's founder , described the game as `` Minecraft meets Left 4 Dead '' . The game cycles between managing one 's resources at a safe home base , and then going out on missions to complete quests as to collect resources and obtain rewards to advance the game 's story . In the meta - game , the player has an inventory of weapon and trap schematics , hero characters , defender characters , and support characters , along with collected resources . Schematics are used to construct weapons and traps when on the field . Hero characters represent characters from one of four classes that the player can use while on a mission , as well as used to undertake resource - gathering missions making them unavailable to use until they return from the mission . Defender characters can be summoned to help with defense but only if there are less than four players on a mission . Support characters are used to form various non-playable squads that provide passive bonuses to the player 's attack strength , building speed , armor , and health , with additional benefits if the player can match certain characterization attributes within a squad . The player can spend different types of experience points and resources earned as mission rewards , from loot boxes ( represented as llama pinatas ) , or other sources to level up and evolve schematics and characters . For weapons and traps , this generally boosts their effectiveness as well as unlocking additional attribute bonuses , while leveling up hero characters will unlock special skills the character has while in the field . Schematics and characters are generally assigned a rarity , which determines how much they can be leveled and evolved . A player 's inventory of schematics and characters is limited , but players can opt to slot anyone they do not need into a collection book to gain rewards when certain collection sets are completed ; use one or more of these schematics or characters to transform them into a new random item , or simply retire them to gain back experience points and other resources to free up the inventory slots . The player also can spend skill points , earned by completing missions , and technology points , earned over time , to unlock new skills and technologies in the game 's skill and technologies trees . These can improve a player 's base attributes , attributes that are shared with the other players while on missions , unlock higher levels of evolution for schematics and characters , open up new squad positions , or unlock general skills that players can use in the field . Collectively , the player 's progress on these skill and technology trees , their squad composition , and their selected hero character make up the player 's current `` power level '' which relates to what difficulty of missions the player should take and the game 's matchmaking services . Also , players can review their current story progress and quests , which can include daily , side , and event quests , which when completed provide in - game currency or resources . Mission is currently divided between four world locations , some available only after progressing far enough in the story , and special locations for timed events and for the Survive the Storm mode . Within a location are several possible mission areas that show the type of mission , the terrain it takes place on , its difficulty rating relative to the player 's current power level , and whether the mission is currently under special `` storm '' conditions that throw random effects , like buffed husks or mini-bosses , into the mission but have potentially better rewards if completed . The player optionally can select a special site that automatically matches them with players at a similar power level and story progression on a random mission for added rewards . Most missions take place on procedurally - generated landscapes . Most missions are based on locating site ( s ) representing the objectives on the map , build up fortifications around those locations , and then face off against several waves of husks that will try to destroy the objectives . During completion of these missions , players are generally given a `` storm forecast '' to know where husks will spawn in as to enhance fortification in that direction , though this direction can change in more difficult missions . Other missions are time - limited , requiring the players to locate and help a number of survivors , build out several radar towers , or clear out various encampment of husks scattered around the map before time runs out . These missions encourage the players to explore the map and farm for resources ( either by searching objects or destroying them with an axe ) used to build the fortifications , weapons , ammunition , and traps needed to defend or attack the husks . Players also frequently need to seek out bluglo , a special resource that does not carry over between maps to activate certain mission objectives . Some missions are considered a loss if the objective is destroyed or time runs out , while other missions allow the players to rework their fortifications and start their defense again if the objective is destroyed . Maps will frequently have optional objectives that are discovered through exploration , such as human survivors that need help . Completing these successfully earn immediate in - game rewards such as resources , weapons , and traps . Missions themselves may provide bonus objectives , such as by completing the mission within a certain in - game period , using a limited number of fortification pieces , or saving more survivors than the minimum necessary , which affects the qualify of rewards the players receive after the successful completion of the main mission . During missions , players can make their fortifications from one of three base materials ( wood , brick , and metal ) , and in a number of configurations , including floors / ceilings , walls , stairs , and ramps ; players have the ability to edit these for more configurations , such as adding a door or window to a wall . Each fortification part can be upgraded with more resources of the same type to improve their durability , and when they are damaged , can be repaired by spending additional resources . Traps , which have a limited number of activation before they fall apart , can be placed on floors , walls , and ceilings , and arranged in means to make them more lethal or effective against husks . Traps may also include beneficial resources for players , such as healing pads , defender posts , and launch pads . Similarly , players can use a range of weapons but these have limited durability that drops as they are used or as a penalty if the player should be downed by husks and need to respawn without the help of allies . Players can construct new weapons , ammo , and traps from gathered resources , or find these from searching containers across the map . During missions , the game progresses through an accelerated day - night cycle ; during the day , the husks are more passive and do not generally pose immediate threats , while during the night , bands of husks may spawn in and will aggressively seek out players . One unique mission type is Storm Shield Defense missions . In each of the four world locations , the player is allocated a map that remains persistent , representing the site where their base 's storm shield generator is placed , and in the storm mode , the player must return to this map to expand the storm shield , requiring them to add a new objective to defend successfully to continue the story . At any time , the player can enter this map without starting the defense mission , and use their carried - over resources to build out the fortification and traps , or add resources to a special storage area for this map . Fortnite is also able to offer themed - events with a unique progression line , new locations , and rewards based on those themes . The first such event was its Halloween event , `` Fortnitemares '' , that offered Halloween - themed heroes , characters , weapons , and traps ( usable outside of the event ) by completing numerous objectives . Development History Fortnite was first revealed at the 2011 Spike Video Game Awards ( VGA ) , with Epic 's former design director Cliff Bleszinski introducing a trailer for the game . Donald Mustard , creative lead at Epic , said in 2017 that this announcement was `` three weeks after we came up with the idea , before we even made the game '' . The title , which started out as an internal game jam project , represents a departure from the company 's previous work . As Bleszinski explained during the Spike event , Epic wanted to `` switch things up a little bit and do something different and fun '' with Fortnite , describing it as `` a world where you explore , you scavenge , you build and ultimately you survive . '' In an interview with Engadget , he also echoed these statements , claiming that the game would be different from the Gears of War series : `` There 's no dudebros in it ... Not that there 's anything wrong with that , right ? But creatively for the team , Gears has been amazing for us . But it 's fun to kind of stretch our wings and do something that 's a little different from the usual . '' Epic Games Vice President of Publishing Mike Fischer said in 2015 that Epic recognized that they `` announced this game too soon '' , and that its lengthy development period was due to `` very good reasons . '' As the game was at its very preliminary stages at the VGA reveal , the goal of this reveal was to seek public interest in the title and potential publishing partners as to decide on the game 's release platforms and timeframe . During the July 2012 San Diego Comic Con , Epic announced that Fortnite would be an exclusive personal computer title , and the first one to be developed by Epic using their new Unreal 4 game engine , with a planned release in 2013 . The game 's development was originally started in the Unreal 3 engine , but as they progressed , they had seen the opportunity to work in several of the new feature sets and scripting language offered by Unreal 4 for Fortnite , while still running on most personal computers at that time . They further opted for personal computer exclusivity to avoid the difficulty of having to go through console certification , and as they planned to be constantly monitoring and tweaking the game , acting as a dungeon master , the personal computer approach would allow them to do this without restrictions normally set by console manfuctures . Bleszinski later clarified that they would not rule out release on other platforms as they developed the title . Fortnite cosplayers at Gamescom 2017 Fortnite 's development was spread among several of Epic 's satellite studios , and was also co-developed by the Polish studio People Can Fly , which had worked with Epic previously on earlier games , and had been fully acquired by Epic sometime in 2012 . People Can Fly were briefly renamed Epic Games Poland in 2013 as to align with Epic 's other studios . By March 2014 , there were about 90 developers working on the game . People Can Fly later returned to being an independent studio and their own name in 2015 , but continued to help Epic with Fortnite 's development . During Fortnite 's development , Epic had seen the game industry shifting to games as a service model . To help with this transition , the company brought in Tencent who had several games operating under this model . As part of this agreement , Tencent bought a significant share of ownership in Epic Games through stock acquisition around June 2012 . The shifting of Epic 's approach through Tencent led to the departure of some high - level staff later that year , including Bleszinski . Fortnite was seen as the spearhead for Epic 's games - as - a-service model as they collaborated with Tencent . This caused some road bumps in the development of Fortnite , according to Mustard . Fortnite 's development was also slowed as it was used as the testing ground for the new features of the Unreal 4 engine . By November 2013 , Epic confirmed that Fortnite would not release that year , nor offered a target released date , though affirmed the game was still in development by several of its studios . Fortnite was a feature in the May 2014 issue of Game Informer , revealing that the title would be released as a free - to - play game . By 2014 , Fortnite was at a `` pretty functional prototype '' with most of the Unreal 4 engine elements smoothed out , according to Mustard . Epic anticipated it would still take about three more years to complete , not only in polishing and balancing the game , but setting in place the necessary backend elements for the games - as - a-service model . To help support development and get player feedback , Epic used a series of closed alpha test periods . The game 's first closed alpha , called Online Test 1 , ran from December 2 to 19 , 2014 , while Online Test 2 ran from March 24 to April 14 , 2015 . Epic said the first alpha was designed to help it `` make sure all of our basic systems are working '' and establish `` a baseline for how people play in order to make Fortnite better . '' After being demoed at WWDC 2015 on Mac , Fortnite entered closed beta testing in the fall of 2015 . Approximately 50,000 players participated in these periods . Fortnite was being developed alongside Paragon , which Epic announced on November 2015 . As Paragon seemed to take Epic 's focus , leaving little news about Fortnite , CEO Tim Sweeney said in March 2016 that they were still committed to Fortnite once Paragon was launched and established , given that much of the work on Fortnite would take time to get the right balance for gameplay . `` We figure we should start with one major successful launch and do one at a time . Fortnite will be next . '' By June 2017 , Epic Games announced that Fortnite was now set for a 2018 release across Windows , macOS , and the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One consoles . Leading up to this free - to - play release , the game was offered as a paid early access period starting on July 25 , 2017 for all platforms ; players who pre-ordered Founder 's Packs were granted access to the game on July 21 . The lengthy period since the game 's alpha phases was ascribed to developing Fortnite as a games - as - a-service model , according to creative lead Donald Mustard . While the game had been in a playable state for the two years before this , Epic wanted to be able to develop ongoing content to players to keep them interested in the title , such as planning timed events with unique rewards , following in the approach used by games like League of Legends and Warframe . Since the game had already been announced earlier in 2014 through Game Informer , Epic opted not to use their Electronic Entertainment Expo time or space in June 2017 to re-announce the game , fearing that coverage of it would be lost in the deluge of other gaming news coming out of the event . Instead , the Epic marketing team worked with Twitch and other game streamers to provide them early copies of the game to play and promote on their channels in the weeks leading up to their target release date of July 25 , 2017 . However , a few weeks before this date , Epic recognized that the game was still not ready for release ; it was playable but not content complete . Rather than prolonging it further , Epic decided to release the game into paid early access on July 25 , 2017 , which would also allow them to get active feedback on the game as they progressed in development . At the time of the start of early access , Gearbox Software helped distribute the game on physical media . With the popularity of Fortnite Battle Royale , which was first released in early access around September 2017 and gained considerable attention by early 2018 , Epic split off a separate development team to focus on improvements for this mode . Epic said that their attention to Fortnite was causing some of their other games to see lower player populations , leading them to reduce development efforts on these games , particularly Paragon . By the end of January 2018 , Epic announced it was shutting down Paragon by April of that year , providing refunds to all players . Players on a Fortnite - dedicated Reddit forum had expressed concerns that a similar fate could befall the Save the World mode of Fortnite , as externally , the Save the World mode has not received the same attention in providing updates and improvements compared to the Battle Royale mode since that mode 's release . Epic 's Ed Zobrist said that as of March 2018 that the retention rates for `` Save the World '' have been high , and have grown since the release of Fortnite Battle Royale , and the company has since improved communications with the player base , such as providing development road maps and known bug lists . Art and design In their initial prototypes of the game , Epic had used creepier and darker designs for the husks and other enemies . Bleszinski said that they found this to create an `` exhaustive environment '' that was too grim , and designed to take the design in a more cartoonish approach , while still remaining creepy , so that players would enjoy spending time in the game 's world , without competing with games like DayZ . They used works from Pixar , Tim Burton , and Looney Tunes as inspiration for the designs . Fortnite uses procedural generation to build out the maps for each mission . The game also includes an `` AI director '' that monitors how players are progressing , and alters the challenges of the monsters it sends out to the players based on that progression , easing off if players are having greater difficulty in surviving . At one point , the game had a team - based player versus player mode , where each side attempted to build up a base around a central target while trying to attack the opponent 's target after breaking through their base . This did not make it into the final game . Epic currently has cross-platform play between PC and PS4 and has stated plans to allow separate Fortnite cross-platform support for Xbox One and personal computer users , but cross-platform play between all three platforms has not been announced . However , for a few hours during one day in September 2017 , players found they could cross-play between all three platforms . Epic later corrected this , calling it a `` configuration error '' . Reception Sales On July 26 , 2017 , it was announced that Fortnite had sold over 500,000 digital pre-order copies . On August 18 , 2017 , Epic confirmed that Fortnite had surpassed over a million players . Accolades Eurogamer ranked the game 32nd on their list of the `` Top 50 Games of 2017 '' . It was also nominated for `` Best Co-op Game '' in PC Gamer 's 2017 Game of the Year Awards , and for `` Best Spectator Game '' in IGN 's Best of 2017 Awards . Year Award Result Ref . 2017 The Game Awards 2017 Best Multiplayer Nominated 2018 16th Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Real - Time Project ( A Hard Day 's Night ) Nominated D.I.C.E. Awards Outstanding Achievement in Online Gameplay Nominated SXSW Gaming Awards Excellence in Multiplayer Nominated Excellence in Gameplay Nominated 14th British Academy Games Awards Best Evolving Game Nominated Best Multiplayer Nominated 22nd Annual Webby Awards People 's Voice Award for Best Multiplayer / Competitive Game Won References ^ Jump up to : Gilyadov , Alex ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Fortnite Hits 500,000 Digital Pre-Orders '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Fraser ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Epic pulls back the curtain ( and flesh ) on Fortnite 's monster design '' . PCGamesN . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greening , Chris ( October 22 , 2016 ) . `` Game Releases Calendar : 2016 Edition '' . Game Music Online . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` Epic Games ' ' Fortnite ' will be the developer 's first Unreal Engine 4 game '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( July 12 , 2013 ) . `` Epic : Fortnite is `` Minecraft meets Left 4 Dead '' `` . GameSpot . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2015 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lahit , Evan ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Hands - on with Fortnite co-op '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Kimberly ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Fortnite : Building A Fort To Withstand Chaos '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ McGee , Maxwell ( July 13 , 2012 ) . `` Epic 's Cliff Bleszinski and Tanya Jessen Talk Up Fortnite '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Purchase , Robert ( September 1 , 2012 ) . `` Fortnite detailed at PAX Prime ; Minecraft meets DayZ '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Connor ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` People Can Fly working on Fortnite , renamed Epic Games Poland '' . GamesRadar . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( August 12 , 2012 ) . `` Epic Games Buys Gears of War : Judgment Dev '' . IGN . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` People Can Fly now known as Epic Games Poland '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Bulletstorm dev People Can Fly regains independence '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Peel , Jeremy ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Why has Fortnite taken so long ? '' . PCGamesN . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Martin ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` The big Cliff Bleszinski interview '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` Epic on Fortnite release -- `` It wo n't be this year '' `` . GameSpot . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( April 9 , 2014 ) . `` Gears of War dev 's PC - exclusive Fortnite has Diablo - like looting '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McWhertor , Michael ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Epic Games kicks off Fortnite alpha on Dec. 2 '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ S. Good , Owen ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Fortnite kicks off second closed alpha with a livestream this afternoon '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tach , Dave ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Epic 's Fortnite coming to Mac , beta hits this fall '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Epic 's Fortnite Still in Development , But Paragon Comes First '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Charlie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Fortnite announces early access release , hands - on the unfinished game '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Fortnite Early Access has started for those who pre-ordered Founder 's Packs '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Valdes , Giancarlo ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` The Story Behind ' Fortnite 's ' Less Popular Mode '' . Glixel . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Gearbox to publish Epic 's Fortnite on disc '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fortnite : Battle Royale ' : The Evolution of World 's Largest Battle Royale Game '' . Glixel . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Fortnite 's Huge Success Means Its Studio 's Other Game Might Not Live On '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schreier , Jason ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` After Fortnite 's Massive Success , Epic Shuts Down Paragon '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hastings , Dan ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Could Fortnite 's Save The World mode be next on Epic 's kill list ? '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Winkie , Luke ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` How Fortnite PvE fans feel about Battle Royale taking over the game they love '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2018 . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Arini , Tini ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` The Evolution Of Fortnite To Something Less Creepy '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Good , Owen ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Epic 's free - to - play Fortnite delivers a suspense - filled finish '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Orland , Kyle ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Fortnite devs inadvertently prove cross-console play is possible '' . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Jordan ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` Fortnite Celebrates One Million Players ; New Survival Mode Announced '' . Dualshockers . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eurogamer staff ( December 27 , 2017 ) . `` Eurogamer 's Top 50 Games of 2017 : 40 -- 31 '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ PC Gamer staff ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Games of the Year 2017 : The nominees '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2018 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Spectator Game '' . IGN . December 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` The Game Awards 2017 Winners Headlined By Zelda : Breath Of The Wild 's Game Of The Year '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2018 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Wins Big '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2018 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` Game Of The Year Nominees Announced For DICE Awards '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Legend Of Zelda : Breath Of The Wild Wins Game Of The Year At DICE Awards '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNeill , Andrew ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Here Are Your 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Finalists ! '' . SXSW . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Winners Revealed '' . IGN . March 17 , 2018 . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2018 . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ deAlessandri , Marie ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Hellblade : Senua 's Sacrifice at forefront of BAFTA Games Awards nominations '' . The Market for Computer & Video Games . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makedonski , Brett ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` BAFTA names What Remains of Edith Finch its best game of 2017 '' . Destructoid . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` JAY - Z , RuPaul , Lady Gaga , Katy Perry & Kourtney Kardashian Among 2018 Webby Award Winners : See the Full List '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Retail versions published by Gearbox Publishing External links Official website ( hide ) Epic Games Games Jazz Jackrabbit series Jazz Jackrabbit Jazz Jackrabbit 2 Unreal series Unreal Tournament ( 1999 ) Tournament 2003 Championship Tournament 2004 Championship 2 : The Liandri Conflict Tournament 3 Tournament ( upcoming ) Gears of War series Gears of War Gears of War 2 Gears of War 3 Gears of War : Judgment Infinity Blade series Infinity Blade Infinity Blade II Infinity Blade III Other games ZZT Jill of the Jungle Kiloblaster Silverball Xargon Extreme Pinball 7th Legion Age of Wonders Shadow Complex Bulletstorm Robo Recall Paragon Fortnite ( Battle Royale ) Subsidiaries Current Chair Entertainment Former Safari Software Impossible Studios Titan Studios Pitbull Studio People Can Fly People Current Tim Sweeney Mark Rein Steve Polge Sjoerd De Jong Former Rod Fergusson Cliff Bleszinski Mike Capps Technology Unreal Engine Epic Citadel Related List of Unreal Engine games Make Something Unreal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fortnite&oldid=838517375 '' Categories : Cooperative video games Early access video games Epic Games games Free - to - play video games MacOS games PlayStation 4 games Survival video games Unreal Engine games Upcoming video games scheduled for 2018 Video games developed in Poland Video games developed in the United States Video games with cross-platform play Windows games Xbox One games PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from April 2018 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français Gaeilge Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 14 : 38 . 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Shortwave radio - wikipedia Shortwave radio Jump to : navigation , search `` Shortwave '' redirects here . For other uses , see Shortwave ( disambiguation ) . Grundig Satellit 400 solid - state , digital shortwave receiver , circa 1986 Shortwave radio is radio transmission using shortwave radio frequencies . There is no official definition of the band , but the range always includes all of the high frequency band ( HF ) , and generally extends from 1.7 -- 30 MHz ( 176.3 -- 10.0 m ) ; from the high end of the medium frequency band ( MF ) just above the mediumwave AM broadcast band , to the end of the HF band . Radio waves in the shortwave band can be reflected or refracted from a layer of electrically charged atoms in the atmosphere called the ionosphere . Therefore , short waves directed at an angle into the sky can be reflected back to Earth at great distances , beyond the horizon . This is called skywave or `` skip '' propagation . Thus shortwave radio can be used for very long distance communication , in contrast to radio waves of higher frequency which travel in straight lines ( line - of - sight propagation ) and are limited by the visual horizon , about 40 miles ( 64 km ) . Shortwave radio is used for broadcasting of voice and music to shortwave listeners over very large areas ; sometimes entire continents or beyond . It is also used for military over-the - horizon radar , diplomatic communication , and two - way international communication by amateur radio enthusiasts for hobby , educational and emergency purposes , as well as for long distance aviation and marine communications . Contents ( hide ) 1 Frequency classifications 2 History 2.1 Development 2.2 Amateur use of shortwave propagation 3 Propagation characteristics 4 Types of modulation 5 Users 6 Shortwave broadcasting 6.1 Frequency allocations 6.2 Advantages 6.3 Disadvantages 7 Shortwave listening 8 Shortwave broadcasts and music 9 Shortwave 's future 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Frequency classifications ( edit ) The widest popular definition of the shortwave frequency interval is the ITU Region 1 ( EU + Africa + Russia ... ) definition , and is the span 1.6 -- 30 MHz , just above the medium wave band , which ends approximately at 1.6 MHz . There are also other definitions of the shortwave frequency interval : 1.71 to 30 MHz in ITU Region 2 ( North and South America ... ) 1.8 ( 160 meter radio amateur band start ) to 30 MHz 2.3 ( 120 meter band start ) to 30 MHz 2.3 ( 120 meter band start ) to 26.1 MHz ( 11 meter band end ) In Germany and perhaps Austria the ITU Region 1 shortwave radio frequency interval can be subdivided in : de : Grenzwelle ( `` border waves '' ) : 1.605 -- 3.8 MHz In Germany these shortwave radio frequency intervals have also been seen used : the above other definitions History ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Radio amateurs carried out the first shortwave transmissions over a long distance before Guglielmo Marconi The name `` shortwave '' originated during the early days of radio in the early 20th century , when the radio spectrum was considered divided into long wave ( LW ) , medium wave ( MW ) and short wave bands based on the wavelength of the radio waves . Shortwave radio received its name because the wavelengths in this band are relatively shorter than 200 m ( 1,500 kHz ) which marked the original upper limit of the medium frequency band first used for radio communications . The broadcast medium wave band now extends above the 200 m / 1,500 kHz limit , and the amateur radio 1.8 MHz -- 2.0 MHz band ( known as the `` top band '' ) is the lowest - frequency band considered to be ' shortwave ' . Early long distance radio telegraphy used long waves , below 300 kilohertz ( kHz ) . The drawbacks to this system included a very limited spectrum available for long distance communication , and the very expensive transmitters , receivers and gigantic antennas that were required . It was also difficult to beam the radio wave directionally with long wave , resulting in a major loss of power over long distances . Prior to the 1920s , the shortwave frequencies above 1.5 MHz were regarded as useless for long distance communication and were designated in many countries for amateur use . Guglielmo Marconi , pioneer of radio , commissioned his assistant Charles Samuel Franklin to carry out a large scale study into the transmission characteristics of short wavelength waves and to determine their suitability for long distance transmissions . Franklin rigged up a large antenna at Poldhu Wireless Station , Cornwall , running on 25 kW of power . In June and July 1923 , wireless transmissions were completed during nights on 97 meters from Poldhu to Marconi 's yacht Elettra in the Cape Verde Islands . In September 1924 , Marconi transmitted daytime and nighttime on 32 meters from Poldhu to his yacht in Beirut . Franklin went on to refine the directional transmission , by inventing the curtain array aerial system . In July 1924 , Marconi entered into contracts with the British General Post Office ( GPO ) to install high speed shortwave telegraphy circuits from London to Australia , India , South Africa and Canada as the main element of the Imperial Wireless Chain . The UK - to - Canada shortwave `` Beam Wireless Service '' went into commercial operation on 25 October 1926 . Beam Wireless Services from the UK to Australia , South Africa and India went into service in 1927 . Shortwave communications began to grow rapidly in the 1920s , similar to the internet in the late 20th century . By 1928 , more than half of long distance communications had moved from transoceanic cables and longwave wireless services to shortwave and the overall volume of transoceanic shortwave communications had vastly increased . Shortwave stations had cost and efficiency advantages over massive longwave wireless installations , however some commercial longwave communications stations remained in use until the 1960s . Long distance radio circuits also reduced the load on the existing transoceanic telegraph cables and hence the need for new cables , although the cables maintained their advantages of high security and a much more reliable and better quality signal than shortwave . The cable companies began to lose large sums of money in 1927 , and a serious financial crisis threatened the viability of cable companies that were vital to strategic British interests . The British government convened the Imperial Wireless and Cable Conference in 1928 `` to examine the situation that had arisen as a result of the competition of Beam Wireless with the Cable Services '' . It recommended and received Government approval for all overseas cable and wireless resources of the Empire to be merged into one system controlled by a newly formed company in 1929 , Imperial and International Communications Ltd . The name of the company was changed to Cable and Wireless Ltd. in 1934 . Long - distance cables had a resurgence beginning in 1956 with the laying of TAT - 1 across the Atlantic Ocean , the first voice frequency cable on this route . This provided 36 high quality telephone channels and was soon followed by even higher capacity cables all around the world . These sounded the death knell of shortwave radio for commercial communications . Amateur use of shortwave propagation ( edit ) Hallicrafters SX - 28 shortwave receiver analog tuning dial , circa 1944 Amateur radio operators also discovered that long - distance communication was possible on shortwave bands . Early long - distance services used surface wave propagation at very low frequencies , which are attenuated along the path at wavelengths shorter than 1,000 meters . Longer distances and higher frequencies using this method meant more signal loss . This , and the difficulties of generating and detecting higher frequencies , made discovery of shortwave propagation difficult for commercial services . Radio amateurs may have conducted the first successful transatlantic tests in December 1921 , operating in the 200 meter mediumwave band ( near 1,500 kHz in the modern AM broadcast band ) -- the shortest wavelength then available to amateurs . In 1922 hundreds of North American amateurs were heard in Europe on 200 meters and at least 20 North American amateurs heard amateur signals from Europe . The first two - way communications between North American and Hawaiian amateurs began in 1922 at 200 meters . Although operation on wavelengths shorter than 200 meters was technically illegal ( but tolerated as the authorities mistakenly believed at first that such frequencies were useless for commercial or military use ) , amateurs began to experiment with those wavelengths using newly available vacuum tubes shortly after World War I . Extreme interference at the longer edge of the 150 -- 200 meter band -- the official wavelengths allocated to amateurs by the Second National Radio Conference in 1923 -- forced amateurs to shift to shorter and shorter wavelengths ; however , amateurs were limited by regulation to wavelengths longer than 150 meters ( 2 MHz ) . A few fortunate amateurs who obtained special permission for experimental communications at wavelengths shorter than 150 meters completed hundreds of long distance two way contacts on 100 meters ( 3 MHz ) in 1923 including the first transatlantic two way contacts . By 1924 many additional specially licensed amateurs were routinely making transoceanic contacts at distances of 6,000 miles ( 9,600 km ) and more . On 21 September 1924 several amateurs in California completed two - way contacts with an amateur in New Zealand . On 19 October amateurs in New Zealand and England completed a 90 minute two - way contact nearly halfway around the world . On 10 October the Third National Radio Conference made three shortwave bands available to U.S. amateurs at 80 meters ( 3.75 MHz ) , 40 meters ( 7 MHz ) and 20 meters ( 14 MHz ) . These were allocated worldwide , while the 10 meter band ( 28 MHz ) was created by the Washington International Radiotelegraph Conference on 25 November 1927 . The 15 meter band ( 21 MHz ) was opened to amateurs in the United States on 1 May 1952 . Propagation characteristics ( edit ) Formation of a skip zone Shortwave radio frequency energy is capable of reaching any location on the Earth as it is influenced by ionospheric reflection back to the earth by the ionosphere , ( a phenomenon known as `` skywave propagation '' ) . A typical phenomenon of shortwave propagation is the occurrence of a skip zone where reception fails . With a fixed working frequency , large changes in ionospheric conditions may create skip zones at night . As a result of the multi-layer structure of the ionosphere , propagation often simultaneously occurs on different paths , scattered by the E or F region and with different numbers of hops , a phenomenon that may be disturbed for certain techniques . Particularly for lower frequencies of the shortwave band , absorption of radio frequency energy in the lowest ionospheric layer , the D layer , may impose a serious limit . This is due to collisions of electrons with neutral molecules , absorbing some of a radio frequency 's energy and converting it to heat . Predictions of skywave propagation depend on : The distance from the transmitter to the target receiver . Time of day . During the day , frequencies higher than approximately 12 MHz can travel longer distances than lower ones . At night , this property is reversed . With lower frequencies the dependence on the time of the day is mainly due to the lowest ionospheric layer , the D Layer , forming only during the day when photons from the sun break up atoms into ions and free electrons . Season . During the winter months of the Northern or Southern hemispheres , the AM / MW broadcast band tends to be more favorable because of longer hours of darkness . Solar flares produce a large increase in D region ionization so high , sometimes for periods of several minutes , all skywave propagation is nonexistent . Types of modulation ( edit ) Further information : Modulation National Panasonic R3000 analog shortwave receiver , circa 1965 Several different types of modulation are used to impress information on a short - wave transmission . Amplitude modulation is the simplest type and the most commonly used for shortwave broadcasting . The instantaneous amplitude of the carrier is controlled by the amplitude of the signal ( speech , or music , for example ) . At the receiver , a simple detector recovers the desired modulation signal from the carrier . Single sideband transmission is a form of amplitude modulation but in effect filters the result of modulation . An amplitude - modulated signal has frequency components both above and below the carrier frequency . If one set of these components is eliminated as well as the residual carrier , only the remaining set is transmitted . This reduces power in the transmission , as roughly 2 / 3 of the energy sent by an AM signal is unnecessary to recover the information contained on it . It also reduces `` bandwidth '' , enabling about one - half the carrier frequency spectrum width to be used . The drawback is the receiver is more complicated , since it must re-create the carrier to recover the signal . Small errors in the detection process greatly affect the pitch of the received signal . As a result , single sideband is not used for music or general broadcast . Single sideband is used for long - range voice communications by ships and aircraft , Citizen 's Band , and amateur radio operators . Lower sideband ( LSB ) is generally used below 9 MHz and USB ( upper sideband ) above 9 MHz . Vestigal sideband transmits the carrier and one complete sideband , but filters out the other sideband . It is a compromise between AM and SSB , enabing simple receivers to be used , but requires almost as much transmitter power as AM . One advantage is only half the bandwidth of an AM signal is used . It can be heard in the transmission of certain radio time signal stations . Vestigial sideband is used for over the air Television Broadcasts both analog and digital . Continuous wave ( CW ) is on - and - off keying of a carrier , used for Morse code communications and Hellschreiber facsimile - based teleprinter transmissions . Narrow - band frequency modulation ( NBFM ) is used typically above 20 MHz . Because of the larger bandwidth required , NBFM is commonly used for VHF communication . Regulations limit the bandwidth of a signal transmitted in the HF bands , and the advantages of frequency modulation are greatest if the FM signal has a wide bandwidth . NBFM is limited to short - range transmissions due to the multiphasic distortions created by the ionosphere . Digital Radio Mondiale ( DRM ) is a digital modulation for use on bands below 30 MHz . Radioteletype , fax , digital , slow - scan television and other systems use forms of frequency - shift keying or audio subcarriers on a shortwave carrier . These generally require special equipment to decode , such as software on a computer equipped with a sound card . Users ( edit ) Portable shortwave receiver 's digital display tuned to the 75 meter band Some established users of the shortwave radio bands may include : International broadcasting primarily by government - sponsored propaganda , international news ( for example , the BBC World Service ) or cultural stations to foreign audiences : the most common use of all . Domestic broadcasting : to widely dispersed populations with few longwave , mediumwave and FM stations serving them ; or for specialty political , religious and alternative media networks ; or of individual commercial and non-commercial paid broadcasts . Oceanic air traffic control uses the HF / shortwave band for long distance communication to aircraft over the oceans and poles , which are far beyond the range of traditional VHF frequencies . Modern systems also include satellite communications , such as ADS - C / CPDLC `` Utility '' stations transmitting messages not intended for the general public , such as merchant shipping , marine weather , and ship - to - shore stations ; for aviation weather and air - to - ground communications ; for military communications ; for long - distance governmental purposes , and for other non-broadcast communications . Amateur radio operators at the 80 / 75 , 60 , 40 , 30 , 20 , 17 , 15 , 12 , and 10 - meter bands . Licenses are granted by authorized government agencies . Time signal and radio clock stations : In North America , WWV radio and WWVH radio transmit at these frequencies : 2.5 MHz , 5 MHz , 10 MHz , and 15 MHz ; and WWV also transmits on 20 MHz . The CHU radio station in Canada transmits on the following frequencies : 3.33 MHz , 7.85 MHz , and 14.67 MHz . Other similar radio clock stations transmit on various shortwave and longwave frequencies around the world . The shortwave transmissions are primarily intended for human reception , while the longwave stations are generally used for automatic synchronization of watches and clocks . Sporadic or non-traditional users of the shortwave bands may include : Clandestine stations . These are stations that broadcast on behalf of various political movements such as rebel or insurrectionist forces . They may advocate civil war , insurrection , rebellion against the government - in - charge of the country to which they are directed . Clandestine broadcasts may emanate from transmitters located in rebel - controlled territory or from outside the country entirely , using another country 's transmission facilities . Numbers Stations . These stations regularly appear and disappear all over the shortwave radio band but are unlicensed and untraceable . It is believed that Numbers Stations are operated by government agencies and are used to communicate with clandestine operatives working within foreign countries . However , no definitive proof of such use has emerged . Because the vast majority of these broadcasts contain nothing but the recitation of blocks of numbers , in various languages , with occasional bursts of music , they have become known colloquially as `` Number Stations '' . Perhaps the most noted Number Station is the `` Lincolnshire Poacher '' , named after the 18th century English folk song , which is transmitted just before the sequences of numbers . Unlicensed two way radio activity by individuals such as taxi drivers , bus drivers and fishermen in various countries can be heard on various shortwave frequencies . Such unlicensed transmissions by `` pirate '' or `` bootleg '' two way radio operators can often cause signal interference to licensed stations . Pirate radio broadcasters who feature programming such as music , talk and other entertainment , can be heard sporadically and in various modes on the shortwave bands . Over-the - horizon radar : From 1976 to 1989 , the Soviet Union 's Russian Woodpecker over-the - horizon radar system blotted out numerous shortwave broadcasts daily . Ionospheric heaters used for scientific experimentation such as the High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program in Alaska , and the Sura ionospheric heating facility in Russia . Shortwave broadcasting ( edit ) See International broadcasting for details on the history and practice of broadcasting to foreign audiences . See Shortwave relay station for the actual kinds of integrated technologies used to bring high power signals to listeners . Frequency allocations ( edit ) Main article : Shortwave bands The World Radiocommunication Conference ( WRC ) , organized under the auspices of the International Telecommunication Union , allocates bands for various services in conferences every few years . The last WRC took place in 2007 . At WRC - 97 in 1997 , the following bands were allocated for international broadcasting . AM shortwave broadcasting channels are allocated with a 5 kHz separation for traditional analog audio broadcasting . Metre Band Frequency Range Remarks 120 m 2.3 -- 2.495 MHz tropical band 90 m 3.2 -- 3.4 MHz tropical band 75 m 3.9 -- 4 MHz shared with the North American amateur radio 80m band 60 m 4.75 -- 5.06 MHz tropical band 49 m 5.9 -- 6.2 MHz 41 m 7.2 -- 7.6 MHz shared with the amateur radio 40m band 31 m 9.4 -- 9.9 MHz currently the most heavily used band 25 m 11.6 -- 12.2 MHz 22 m 13.57 -- 13.87 MHz 19 m 15.1 -- 15.8 MHz 16 m 17.48 -- 17.9 MHz 15 m 18.9 -- 19.02 MHz almost unused , could become a DRM band 13 m 21.45 -- 21.85 MHz 11 m 25.6 -- 26.1 MHz may be used for local DRM broadcasting Although countries generally follow the table above , there may be small differences between countries or regions . For example , in the official bandplan of the Netherlands , the 49 m band starts at 5.95 MHz , the 41 m band ends at 7.45 MHz , the 11 m band starts at 25.67 MHz , and the 120 , 90 and 60 m bands are absent altogether . Additionally , international broadcasters sometimes operate outside the normal WRC - allocated bands or use off - channel frequencies . This is done for practical reasons , or to attract attention in crowded bands ( 60m , 49m , 40m , 41m , 31m , 25m ) . The new digital audio broadcasting format for shortwave DRM operates 10 kHz or 20 kHz channels . There are some ongoing discussions with respect to specific band allocation for DRM , as it mainly transmitted in 10 kHz format . The power used by shortwave transmitters ranges from less than one watt for some experimental and amateur radio transmissions to 500 kilowatts and higher for intercontinental broadcasters and over-the - horizon radar . Shortwave transmitting centers often use specialized antenna designs ( like the ALLISS antenna technology ) to concentrate radio energy at the target area . Advantages ( edit ) Soviet shortwave listener in Borisoglebsk , 1941 Shortwave does possess a number of advantages over newer technologies , including the following : Difficulty of censoring programming by authorities in restrictive countries : unlike their relative ease in monitoring the Internet , government authorities face technical difficulties monitoring which stations ( sites ) are being listened to ( accessed ) . For example , during the attempted coup against Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev , when his access to communications was limited ( e.g. his phones were cut off , etc . ) , Gorbachev was able to stay informed by means of the BBC World Service on shortwave . Low - cost shortwave radios are widely available in all but the most repressive countries in the world . Simple shortwave regenerative receivers can be easily built with a few parts . In many countries ( particularly in most developing nations and in the Eastern bloc during the Cold War era ) ownership of shortwave receivers has been and continues to be widespread ( in many of these countries some domestic stations also used shortwave ) . Many newer shortwave receivers are portable and can be battery - operated , making them useful in difficult circumstances . Newer technology includes hand - cranked radios which provide power without batteries . Shortwave radios can be used in situations where Internet or satellite communications service is temporarily or long - term unavailable ( or unaffordable ) . Shortwave radio travels much farther than broadcast FM ( 88 -- 108 MHz ) . Shortwave broadcasts can be easily transmitted over a distance of several thousands of kilometers , including from one continent to another . Particularly in tropical regions , SW is somewhat less prone to interference from thunderstorms than medium wave radio , and is able to cover a large geographic area with relatively low power ( and hence cost ) . Therefore , in many of these countries it is widely used for domestic broadcasting . Very little infrastructure is required for long - distance two - way communications using shortwave radio . All one needs is a pair of transceivers , each with an antenna , and a source of energy ( such as a battery , a portable generator , or the electrical grid ) . This makes shortwave radio one of the most robust means of communications , which can be disrupted only by interference or bad ionospheric conditions . Modern digital transmission modes such as MFSK and Olivia are even more robust , allowing successful reception of signals well below the noise floor of a conventional receiver . Disadvantages ( edit ) Shortwave radio 's benefits are sometimes regarded as being outweighed by its drawbacks , including : In most Western countries , shortwave radio ownership is usually limited to true enthusiasts , since most new standard radios do not receive the shortwave band . Therefore , Western audiences are limited . In the developed world , shortwave reception is very difficult in urban areas because of excessive noise from switched - mode power adapters , fluorescent or LED light sources , internet modems and routers , computers and many other sources of radio interference . Shortwave listening ( edit ) A pennant sent to overseas listeners by Radio Budapest in the late 1980s Main article : Shortwave listening The Asia - Pacific Telecommunity estimates that there are approximately 600 million shortwave broadcast - radio receivers in use in 2002 . WWCR claims that there are 1.5 billion shortwave receivers worldwide . Many hobbyists listen to shortwave broadcasters . In some cases , the goal is to hear as many stations from as many countries as possible ( DXing ) ; others listen to specialized shortwave utility , or `` ute '' , transmissions such as maritime , naval , aviation , or military signals . Others focus on intelligence signals from numbers stations , stations which transmit strange broadcast usually for intelligence operations , or the two way communications by amateur radio operators . Some short wave listeners behave analogously to `` lurkers '' on the Internet , in that they listen only and never make any attempt to send out their own signals . Other listeners participate in clubs , or actively send and receive QSL cards , or become involved with amateur radio and start transmitting on their own . Many listeners tune the shortwave bands for the programmes of stations broadcasting to a general audience ( such as Radio Taiwan International , China Radio International , Voice of America , Radio France Internationale , BBC World Service , Voice of Korea , Radio Free Sarawak etc . ) . Today , through the evolution of the Internet , the hobbyist can listen to shortwave signals via remotely controlled or web controlled shortwave receivers around the world , even without owning a shortwave radio . Many international broadcasters offer live streaming audio on their websites and a number have closed their shortwave service entirely , or severely curtailed it , in favour of internet transmission . Shortwave listeners , or SWLs , can obtain QSL cards from broadcasters , utility stations or amateur radio operators as trophies of the hobby . Some stations even give out special certificates , pennants , stickers and other tokens and promotional materials to shortwave listeners . Shortwave broadcasts and music ( edit ) Composer Karlheinz Stockhausen Some musicians have been attracted to the unique aural characteristics of shortwave radio which -- due to the nature of amplitude modulation , varying propagation conditions , and the presence of interference -- generally has lower fidelity than local broadcasts ( particularly via FM stations ) . Shortwave transmissions often have bursts of distortion , and `` hollow '' sounding loss of clarity at certain aural frequencies , altering the harmonics of natural sound and creating at times a strange `` spacey '' quality due to echoes and phase distortion . Evocations of shortwave reception distortions have been incorporated into rock and classical compositions , by means of delays or feedback loops , equalizers , or even playing shortwave radios as live instruments . Snippets of broadcasts have been mixed into electronic sound collages and live musical instruments , by means of analogue tape loops or digital samples . Sometimes the sounds of instruments and existing musical recordings are altered by remixing or equalizing , with various distortions added , to replicate the garbled effects of shortwave radio reception . The first attempts by serious composers to incorporate radio effects into music may be those of the Russian physicist and musician Léon Theremin , who perfected a form of radio oscillator as a musical instrument in 1928 ( regenerative circuits in radios of the time were prone to breaking into oscillation , adding various tonal harmonics to music and speech ) ; and in the same year , the development of a French instrument called the Ondes Martenot by its inventor Maurice Martenot , a French cellist and former wireless telegrapher . Karlheinz Stockhausen used shortwave radio and effects in works including Hymnen ( 1966 -- 67 ) , Kurzwellen ( 1968 ) -- adapted for the Beethoven Bicentennial in Opus 1970 with filtered and distorted snippets of Beethoven pieces -- Spiral ( 1968 ) , Pole , Expo ( both 1969 -- 70 ) , and Michaelion ( 1997 ) . Cypriot composer Yannis Kyriakides incorporated shortwave numbers station transmissions in his 1999 ConSPIracy cantata . Holger Czukay , a student of Stockhausen , was one of the first to use shortwave in a rock music context . In 1975 , German electronic music band Kraftwerk recorded a full length concept album around simulated radiowave and shortwave sounds , entitled Radio - Activity . The The 's Radio Cineola monthly broadcasts drew heavily on shortwave radio sound . Shortwave 's future ( edit ) PC spectrum display of a modern software defined shortwave receiver Further information : Shortwave listening § Future of shortwave listening The development of direct broadcasts from satellites has reduced the demand for shortwave receiver hardware , but there are still a great number of shortwave broadcasters . A new digital radio technology , Digital Radio Mondiale ( DRM ) , is expected to improve the quality of shortwave audio from very poor to standards comparable to the FM broadcast band . The future of shortwave radio is threatened by the rise of power line communication ( PLC ) , also known as Broadband over Power Lines ( BPL ) , which uses a data stream transmitted over unshielded power lines . As the BPL frequencies used overlap with shortwave bands , severe distortions can make listening to analog shortwave radio signals near power lines difficult or impossible . Experts disagree on the future of shortwave . According to Andy Sennitt , former editor of the World Radio TV Handbook , `` shortwave is a legacy technology , which is expensive and environmentally unfriendly . A few countries are hanging on to it , but most have faced up to the fact that the glory days of shortwave have gone . Religious broadcasters will still use it because they are not too concerned with listening figures '' . However Thomas Witherspoon , editor of shortwave news site SWLingPost.com wrote that `` shortwave remains the most accessible international communications medium that still provides listeners with the protection of complete anonymity '' . According to Nigel Fry , head of Distribution for the BBC World Service Group , `` I still see a place for shortwave in the 21st century , especially for reaching areas of the world that are prone to natural disasters that destroy local broadcasting and Internet infrastructure '' . See also ( edit ) ALLISS -- a very large rotatable antenna system used in international broadcasting Amateur radio -- also uses the shortwave bands , but with power levels under 2 kW International broadcasting List of American shortwave broadcasters List of shortwave radio broadcasters Long wave Medium wave Shortwave bands -- shortwave spectrum allocation shortwave relay station -- the fundamental way in which programmes are broadcast on shortwave SSB -- a method of radio signal modulation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grundig Satellit 400 international / professional ShortWaveRadio.ch Jump up ^ Inconsistent article : itwissen.info : KW ( Kurzwelle ) SW ( short wave ) Quote : `` ... Der KW - Frequenzbereich ( SW ) liegt zwischen 3 MHz und 30 MHz ( < - 1 . definition ) ... Kurzwelle ist auch eine sendetechnische Bezeichnung für Rundfunk im Frequenzbereich zwischen 2 , 3 MHz und 26 , 1 MHz ( < - 2 . definition ) ... '' Jump up ^ oldtimeradio.de : Kleines Radio - Lexikon Quote : `` ... Kurzwellen , Kurzwellenbereich ... Wellenbereich , der von den Rundfunksendern ( je nach geographischer Lage ) von 11 bis 120 m = 26.100 bis 2.300 kHz ... '' Jump up ^ darc.de : Amateurfunk Frequenzen Quote : `` ... Grenzwelle ( Kurzwelle ) ... '' , de : Grenzwelle Quote : `` ... Als Grenzwelle wird der Frequenzbereich zwischen 1605 kHz und 3800 kHz bezeichnet , weil er auf der `` Grenze '' zwischen Mittelwelle und Kurzwelle liegt ... '' Jump up ^ Grundig Satellit 1000 TR6002 , schematic See at the bottom of the schematic , just below the transformer . In the schematic it is written that the first shortwave band starts at 1.6 MHz ( just after the band end of MW / AM ) : `` KW1 - SW1 - OC1 1 , 6 ... 5 , 0 MHz '' Jump up ^ Nebeker , Frederik ( 6 May 2009 ) . Dawn of the Electronic Age : Electrical Technologies in the Shaping of the Modern World , 1914 to 1945 . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 157 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 40974 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Bray , John ( 2002 ) . Innovation and the Communications Revolution : From the Victorian Pioneers to Broadband Internet . IET . pp. 73 -- 75 . ISBN 9780852962183 . Jump up ^ Beauchamp , K.G. ( 2001 ) . History of Telegraphy . IET . p. 234 . ISBN 0 - 85296 - 792 - 6 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Burns , R.W. ( 1986 ) . British Television : The Formative Years . IET . p. 315 . ISBN 0 - 86341 - 079 - 0 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Full text of `` Beyond the ionosphere : fifty years of satellite communication '' `` . Archive.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Peter J. Hugill ( 4 March 1999 ) . Global Communications Since 1844 : Geopolitics and Technology . JHU Press . pp. 129 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6074 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cable and Wireless Plc History Archived 2015 - 03 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Stormfax . Marconi Wireless on Cape Cod Jump up ^ `` 1921 -- Club Station 1BCG and the Transatlantic Tests '' . Radio Club of America . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Service Bulletin No. 72 , pp. 9 -- 13 '' . Bureau of Navigation , Department of Commerce . 1923 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived November 30 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Recommendations for Regulation of Radio : October 6 -- 10 , 1924 '' . Earlyradiohistory.us . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ http://www.twiar.org/aaarchives/WB008.txt Jump up ^ Karl Rawer : `` Wave Propagation in the Ionosphere '' . Kluwer , Dordrecht 1993 ISBN 0 - 7923 - 0775 - 5 Jump up ^ Panasonic / National ShortwaveRadio.ch Jump up ^ `` Feld Hell Club '' . Google Sites . Google . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ian Robertson Sinclair , Audio and Hi - Fi Handbook , Newnes , 2000 ISBN 0 - 7506 - 4975 - 5 pp. 195 -- 196 Jump up ^ Christopher H. Sterling ( March 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Radio 3 - Volume Set . Routledge . pp. 538 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 45649 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hearst Magazines ( January 1940 ) . Popular Mechanics . Hearst Magazines . pp. 62 -- . Jump up ^ `` IARU Monitoring System '' . iaru.org . International Amateur Radio Union ( IARU ) . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrew R. Yoder ( 2002 ) . Pirate Radio Stations : Tuning in to Underground Broadcasts in the Air and Online . McGraw Hill Professional . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 137563 - 4 . Jump up ^ Vladimir Bychkov ; Gennady Golubkov ; Anatoly Nikitin ( 17 July 2010 ) . The Atmosphere and Ionosphere : Dynamics , Processes and Monitoring . Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 104 -- . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 3212 - 6 . Jump up ^ Nationaal Frequentieplan Jump up ^ http://www.w4uvh.net/dxld7078.txt Jump up ^ Habrat , Marek . `` Odbiornik `` Roksana '' ( Radio constructor 's recollections ) `` . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived February 10 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Arlyn T. Anderson . `` Changes at the BBC World Service : Documenting the World Service 's Move From Shortwave to Web Radio in North America , Australia , and New Zealand '' , Journal of Radio Studies 2005 , Vol. 12 , No. 2 , Pages 286 -- 304 doi : 10.1207 / s15506843jrs1202_8 mentioned in ( 3 ) WWCR FAQ Jump up ^ Web - Controlled Radios DXing.com ^ Jump up to : Karl Heinrich Wörner ( 1973 ) . Stockhausen ; Life and Work . University of California Press . pp. 76 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 02143 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : David Sheppard ( 1 May 2009 ) . On Some Faraway Beach : The Life and Times of Brian Eno . Chicago Review Press . pp. 275 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55652 - 107 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : The Wire. C. Parker . 2000 . Jump up ^ Laura Dolp ( 13 July 2017 ) . Arvo Pärt 's White Light . Cambridge University Press . pp. 83 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 18289 - 9 . Jump up ^ Tim Barr ( 31 August 2013 ) . Kraftwerk : from Dusseldorf to the Future With Love . Ebury Publishing . pp. 98 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4481 - 7776 - 9 . Jump up ^ Radio Cineola www.thethe.com Archived December 18 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Careless , James . `` The Evolution of Shortwave Radio '' . Radio World . NewBay Media . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Halid Hrasnica ; Abdelfatteh Haidine ; Ralf Lehnert ( 14 January 2005 ) . Broadband Powerline Communications : Network Design . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 34 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 85742 - 7 . Ulrich L. Rohde , Jerry Whitaker `` Communications Receivers , Third Edition '' McGraw Hill , New York , NY , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 07 - 136121 - 9 . External links ( edit ) SWLing.com -- A beginner 's guide to shortwave radio listening . Glenn Hauser 's World of Radio website Space Weather and Radio Propagation Center View live and historical data and images of space weather and radio propagation . Short - wave radio , Snap and crackle goes pop , Life in the old wireless yet The Economist article describing pros and cons of short wave radio since the Cold War . `` Short - Wave Radio Telephone is Success in Tests '' Popular Mechanics , July 1931 , mid page experiments carried out for the French and British governments Que Escuchar en la Onda Corta en Español website Time signal stations Longwave BPC BPL BSF DCF77 JJY RBU RJH66 ( Beta ) RTZ MSF TDF WWVB Shortwave BPM BSF CHU HD2IOA HLA JN53DV RWM ROA WWV WWVH ( Hawaii , USA ) YVTO VHF / FM / UHF RDS CT Satellite GPS BeiDou Galileo GLONASS IRNSS QZSS Defunct HBG NAA WWVL OMA OLB5 VNG Y3S Analog and digital audio broadcasting Terrestrial Radio modulation AM FM COFDM Frequency allocations LW ( LF ) MW ( MF ) SW ( HF ) VHF ( low / mid / high ) L band ( UHF ) Digital systems CAM - D DAB / DAB+ DRM / DRM+ FMeXtra HD Radio CDR DVB - T2 Lite Satellite Frequency allocations C band K band L band S band Digital systems ADR DAB - S DVB - SH S - DMB SDR Commercial radio providers 1worldspace Sirius XM Holdings SiriusXM Canada Codecs AAC AMR - WB+ HDC HE - AAC MPEG - 1 Audio Layer II Subcarrier signals AMSS DirectBand PAD RDS / RBDS SCA / SCMO DARC Related topics Technical ( audio ) Audio data compression Audio signal processing Technical ( AM stereo formats ) Belar C - QUAM Harris Kahn - Hazeltine Magnavox Technical ( emission ) AM broadcasting AM expanded band Cable radio Digital radio Error detection and correction FM broadcast band FM broadcasting Multipath propagation Shortwave relay station Cultural History of radio International broadcasting Comparison of radio systems Radio spectrum ( ITU ) ELF 3 Hz / 100 Mm 30 Hz / 10 Mm SLF 30 Hz / 10 Mm 300 Hz / 1 Mm ULF 300 Hz / 1 Mm 3 kHz / 100 km VLF 3 kHz / 100 km 30 kHz / 10 km LF 30 kHz / 10 km 300 kHz / 1 km MF 300 kHz / 1 km 3 MHz / 100 m HF 3 MHz / 100 m 30 MHz / 10 m VHF 30 MHz / 10 m 300 MHz / 1 m UHF 300 MHz / 1 m 3 GHz / 100 mm SHF 3 GHz / 100 mm 30 GHz / 10 mm EHF 30 GHz / 10 mm 300 GHz / 1 mm THF 300 GHz / 1 mm 3 THz / 0.1 mm Electromagnetic spectrum Gamma rays X-rays Ultraviolet Visible Infrared Terahertz radiation Microwave Radio ← higher frequencies longer wavelengths → Visible ( optical ) Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red Microwaves W band V band Q band K band K band K band X band S band C band L band Radio EHF SHF UHF VHF HF MF LF VLF ULF SLF ELF Wavelength types Microwave Shortwave Medium wave Longwave Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepay mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Transmission media Coaxial cable Fiber - optic communication Optical fiber Free - space optical communication Molecular communication Radio waves Transmission line Network topology and switching Links Nodes Terminal node Network switching ( circuit packet ) Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space - division Frequency - division Time - division Polarization - division Orbital angular - momentum Code - division Networks ARPANET BITNET Cellular network Computer CYCLADES Ethernet FidoNet Internet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN NPL network Public Switched Telephone Radio Telecommunications equipment Television Telex WAN Wireless World Wide Web Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shortwave_radio&oldid=838127903 '' Categories : International broadcasting Radio terminology Guglielmo Marconi Radio spectrum Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Esperanto فارسی Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Malagasy मराठी Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 03 : 00 . 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