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Jessica Jones ( season 2 ) - wikipedia Jessica Jones ( season 2 ) Jump to : navigation , search Jessica Jones ( season 2 ) Promotional poster Starring Krysten Ritter Rachael Taylor Carrie - Anne Moss Eka Darville Leah Gibson J.R. Ramirez Country of origin United States Release Original network Netflix Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 List of Jessica Jones episodes The second season of the American web television series Jessica Jones , which is based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name , follows Jones as she takes on a new case after the events surrounding her encounter with Kilgrave . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise . The season will be produced by Marvel Television in association with ABC Studios and Tall Girls Productions , with Melissa Rosenberg serving as showrunner . Krysten Ritter stars as Jones , with Rachael Taylor , Carrie - Anne Moss , and Eka Darville also returning from the first season . They are joined by Leah Gibson and J.R. Ramirez . The second season was ordered in January 2016 , with filming beginning in April 2017 , back - to - back with the miniseries Marvel 's The Defenders . Filming concluded in September 2017 . The season is scheduled to be released on March 8 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Notable guests 2 Production 2.1 Development 2.2 Writing 2.3 Casting 2.4 Filming 3 Release 3.1 Marketing 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Further information : List of Jessica Jones characters Main ( edit ) Krysten Ritter as Jessica Jones Rachael Taylor as Patricia `` Trish '' Walker Carrie - Anne Moss as Jeri Hogarth Eka Darville as Malcolm Ducasse Leah Gibson as Ingrid J.R. Ramirez as Oscar Notable guests ( edit ) David Tennant as Kilgrave Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In January 2015 , Netflix COO Ted Sarandos stated that Jessica Jones the series was `` eligible to go into multiple seasons for sure '' and Netflix would look at `` how well ( they ) are addressing both the Marvel fanbase but also the broader fanbase '' in terms of determining if additional seasons would be appropriate . In July 2015 , Sarandos said some of the Defender series would `` selectively have multiple seasons as they come out of the gate , '' with series showrunner Melissa Rosenberg saying she was hopeful Jessica Jones would get an additional season before Marvel 's The Defenders . Rosenberg later expanded on this , saying that Marvel Television and Netflix were working out the placement of a potential second season , though `` ( i ) t might not be possible from a logistical standpoint '' to have a second season of Jessica Jones debut before The Defenders ; Sarandos later confirmed this to be the case , stating that the season would air after The Defenders released in 2017 . On January 17 , 2016 , Netflix ordered a second season of 13 episodes . Raelle Tucker joined the season as an executive producer and writer , replacing Liz Friedman from the first season , who departed the series to work on the pilot for the ABC series , Conviction . Writing ( edit ) Rosenberg and the season 's writers were halfway through the writing process by August 2016 , with the scripts completed by the end of October 2016 . With The Defenders releasing before the season , Rosenberg used the miniseries as an opportunity to help `` set up '' elements for the season , working with The Defenders executive producers and writers Doug Petrie and Marco Ramirez to do so . Rosenberg wanted to `` continue with ( the Jessica Jones ) character '' in the season , saying , `` She 's a very damaged character , her damage goes beyond ( David Tennant 's ) Kilgrave . There 's a lot to mine from in her backstory and in her present day situation '' . Actress Krysten Ritter said that the second season would evolve from the first , and that for Jones , `` The first season was in her head and the second season is in her heart , '' adding that Jones `` is in a pretty dark headspace '' at the beginning of the season and that the season would be `` more of an emotional thriller this time . '' On whether Tennant could return for the second season , Rosenberg said , `` Sure , when you have David Tennant , you want him around forever ... But the show is called Jessica Jones and the story is about Jessica 's arc and how does that play out in its best form ? '' It was noted that Kilgrave would be `` hard to top '' though , with Marvel Television head Jeph Loeb saying , `` One of the things that 's important about any Marvel show is your hero is often defined by how strong your antagonist is , '' with Rosenberg adding that the objective for the new villain , or villains , for the season would be not to match or do what was done with Kilgrave . As Kilgrave does appear in the season , Rosenberg felt it was important to have him return to `` be that mirror again '' for Jones , as he is `` such a part of her construction and her dilemma '' . Rosenberg also hoped to `` further expand on the ensemble and on Jessica 's world '' by giving more screen time to supporting characters , noting that in the first season , `` the trick of a show that 's called Jessica Jones ( is if ) she 's not in the scene , it 's not a guarantee that scene will end up in the final picture . You have to earn secondary character stories . You have to flesh them out enough so that they can eventually carry stories of their own '' in future seasons . She also wanted to continue to explore the relationship between Jones and Trish Walker , stating `` That is the core relationship in the piece . It is about female friendship , it is about how friends evolve -- they 're sisters , really -- and it 's about how they evolve and ping off each other . '' On Jones becoming famous after her heroics in the first season , Ritter said , `` She keeps her circle small because she does n't want people in her life , so there 's no textbook on how to deal with new popularity or new eyes on you . '' Speaking on the social issues she hoped to tackle in the season , after covering `` issues of choice , interracial relationships , domestic violence , ( and ) issues of consent '' while also exploring `` feminism and being a woman in this world '' in the first , Rosenberg said , `` I 'm not quite sure yet what the social issues are that we 're dealing with ( in season 2 ) . We 're just trying to find some resonance for ( Jessica Jones ) and a new place to push her , to give Krysten something new to play and really push the boundaries of the character . '' After much of the first season was taken from the Alias comic book , Rosenberg wanted to continue that trend with the second season , but acknowledged that `` the MCU is very different from the comics in terms of its mythology . In the books there were things building towards Civil War and all that , and here that 's not the case . The nature of that is we 're probably not going to be able to continue to do parallel storylines ( to Alias ) '' . On having Jones continue to struggle with the same issues in the second season , Loeb said , `` The end of the ( first season ) -- and it was one of the things that was very important when we talked about the end of the first ( season ) -- was that it was n't , ' Ooh , I triumphed and now I can get in my hovercar and join the Avengers . ' That was n't the story we were interested in telling . '' Rosenberg elaborated by comparing the Jessica Jones to her previous series Dexter , saying that she learned `` you can advance the character , but you never want to cure the character . With Dexter , the moment he felt guilt or accepted that he was ' bad , ' the show 's over . He 's no longer a sociopath . The equivalent for us would be if Jessica somehow recovered from the damage that had been done to her . People do n't just heal '' . She added that Jones ' killing of Kilgrave at the end of the first season was `` a life changing experience '' and something that would affect the character going forward . Rosenberg also stated that the season would be `` about digging deeper into this chaos and peeling back those layers ( of Jones ' life ) , just going to the core of her being '' after the first season focused on Jones ' trauma and facing her abuser . Casting ( edit ) After the season was ordered , several main cast members revealed that they would return for the second season , including Ritter as Jessica Jones , Rachael Taylor as Patricia `` Trish '' Walker , and Carrie - Anne Moss as Jeri Hogarth . Eka Darville also reprises his role as Malcolm Ducasse . In March 2017 , J.R. Ramirez was cast as Oscar , which was revealed in July after the airing of his character 's death on Power . By that month , Leah Gibson had also joined the cast , in the role of Ingrid . In April 2017 , Janet McTeer was cast in an undisclosed role , described as someone who has `` an enormous impact on Jessica 's life . '' In August , David Tennant was confirmed to be reprising his role as Kilgrave . Filming ( edit ) Filming began the week of April 3 , 2017 in New York City , once again using the working title Violet . This followed the end of production on The Defenders in March , with Ritter having indicated in May 2016 that the season would film back - to - back with The Defenders . Filming occurred at the Long Island Aquarium and Exhibition Center . Filming for the season wrapped on September 14 , 2017 . Approaching the second season , Rosenberg wanted to increase the number of female directors working on the series as a further push for representation . This was a goal that `` Marvel was completely on board with '' , and given the demand of many talented female directors at the time , the series ' producers looked to book only female directors first , and approach male directors later in the pre-production phase if needed . Another member of the production suggested that the series book only female directors for the season , which Rosenberg `` had n't contemplated ( as a ) concept prior to that conversation '' . She quickly made that the goal of the production , and in October 2016 , Rosenberg confirmed that all 13 episodes of the season would be directed by women . Release ( edit ) The second season of Jessica Jones is scheduled to be released on March 8 , 2018 , on the streaming service Netflix worldwide , in Ultra HD 4K and high dynamic range . Marketing ( edit ) In December 2017 , a teaser trailer for the season was released , along with announcing the season release date . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Arrant , Chris ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` JESSICA JONES Renewed For Second Season '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Beard , Jim ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Rachael Taylor Deals with Trish Walker 's Inner Demons in ' Marvel 's Jessica Jones ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Beard , Jim ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie - Anne Moss Pays for Hogarth 's Sins in ' Marvel 's Jessica Jones ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2016 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Jessica Jones Season 2 Set Photos Tease How Kilgrave Returns '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Latour , Rob ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jessica Jones ' Season 2 Adds ' Twilight ' Actress Leah Gibson ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dinh , Christine ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` J.R. Ramirez Joins ' Marvel 's Jessica Jones ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Jessica Jones : David Tennant to appear in season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix announces ' Daredevil , ' ' Bloodline , ' ' Kimmy Schmidt ' premiere dates '' . Zap2It . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2015 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix On Marvel Series Release Plan And If Punisher Could Get A Spinoff '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2015 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Krysten Ritter & Showrunner Melissa Rosenberg Talk ' Jessica Jones ' at NYCC '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2015 . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jessica Jones ' Showrunner Melissa Rosenberg Talks About Her Tough Heroine '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` New ' Jessica Jones , ' ' Daredevil ' and ' Punisher ' No Earlier Than 2018 ? '' . ScreenCrush . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Friedlander , Whitney ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jessica Jones ' Renewed for Season 2 on Netflix '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jessica Jones ' : Raelle Tucker Joins Netflix Series As Executive Producer '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dibdin , Emma ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` What To Expect From the Second Season of Jessica Jones '' . Esquire . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2016 . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( October 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jessica Jones ' Hires All Women Directors for Season 2 , Showrunner Says '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Jessica Jones Showrunner Melissa Rosenberg Previews The Defenders Aftermath And Season 2 Plans '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ge , Linda ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jessica Jones ' Showrunner on Season 2 : ' Her Damage Goes Beyond Killgrave ' '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Atkinson , S. ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jessica Jones ' Season 2 Clues From Krysten Ritter Should Get Fans Jonsin ' For New Episodes '' . Bustle . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Jessica Jones : David Tennant 's Kilgrave returns to torment Jessica in season 2 first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Do Jessica Jones and Luke Cage Have a Future ? Krysten Ritter Hopes So '' . E !. Archived from the original on January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` Jessica Jones boss teases Jessica - Trish dynamic in season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Jessica Jones ' EP Melissa Rosenberg On Luke Cage , Season 2 , ' Supergirl ' & Gender Parity In Hollywood '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2015 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ritter , Stephanie ( May 12 , 2016 ) . Jessica Jones Season Two Details Revealed ! ( Exclusive ! ) . Nerdist Industries . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` How Jessica Jones ' Final Triumph Is n't An Easy Resolution '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Jessica Jones : Rachael Taylor on Trish 's Potential Hellcat Future in Season 2 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jessica Jones ' Cast on Season 2 Possibilities , Sex Scenes , and ' Luke Cage ' '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberley ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Power 's J.R. Ramirez Breaks Down Julio 's Ultimate Mistake , Plus : What Marvel Show Is He Headed To ? '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , Jame ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Jessica Jones casts Oscar nominee in major season 2 mystery role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arrant , Christ ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Maleficent Actor Cast As ' Undisclosed Character ' For Jessica Jones ' 2nd Season '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2017 . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` The Defenders Has Finished Filming '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Russell , Scarlett ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` Defenders and Jessica Jones season 2 will be filmed back to back , says Krysten Ritter '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2016 . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zegers , Kelly ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix hit ' Jessica Jones ' films at Long Island Aquarium '' . Northforker . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ridgely , Charlie ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Filming Wraps on ' Jessica Jones ' Season 2 '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2017 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ramos , Dino - Ray ( December 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Jessica Jones ' : Season 2 Premiere Date Set For Netflix Superhero Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Jessica Jones '' . Netflix . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Marvel 's Jessica Jones on IMDb Marvel 's Jessica Jones at TV.com Jessica Jones Brian Michael Bendis Michael Gaydos Supporting characters Luke Cage Carol Danvers Jessica Drew Ben Urich Enemies Man Mountain Marko Purple Man Publications Alias The Pulse Jessica Jones In other media Jessica Jones season 1 characters Related articles Daily Bugle New Avengers Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War production Ant - Man and the Wasp Untitled Avengers film production Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 5 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold ... The Inhumans '' `` Those Who Would Destroy Us '' Netflix Daredevil season 1 characters Jessica Jones season 1 characters Luke Cage season 1 characters Iron Fist season 1 characters The Defenders The Punisher Hulu Runaways `` Reunion '' Freeform Cloak & Dagger Other Most Wanted New Warriors Other Short films Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King Digital series WHIH Newsfront Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot Tie - in comics Fury 's Big Week Cast and characters Film cast Television series cast Phil Coulson Erik Selvig Trevor Slattery Claire Temple Music Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Captain America : Civil War Luke Cage Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok MCU - inspired media Video games Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor : God of Thunder Captain America : Super Soldier Iron Man 3 Lego Marvel 's Avengers Attraction Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Book Portal Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jessica_Jones_(season_2)&oldid=818286262 '' Categories : Jessica Jones ( TV series ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 18 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when is season 2 of jessica jones being released

March 8, 2018

March 8, 2018

NFL win -- loss records - wikipedia NFL win -- loss records Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that NFL standings since AFL -- NFL merger be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since October 2017 . The following is a list of win -- loss records for each of the 32 active National Football League ( NFL ) teams . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regular season 2 Playoffs 3 Notes 4 References Regular season ( edit ) George Halas ( right ) of the Chicago Bears , who have recorded the most regular season wins . The following is a listing of all 32 current National Football League ( NFL ) teams ranked by their regular season win -- loss record percentage , accurate as of the end of the 2016 NFL regular season . For teams that previously played in the All - America Football Conference ( AAFC ) , their AAFC win - loss records are not included as the NFL does not officially count AAFC statistics despite the 1950 NFL -- AAFC merger . However , for teams that played in the American Football League ( AFL ) , their AFL win - loss records are included and officially counted by the NFL . Ties are registered as a half win and a half loss when calculating the win - loss record . Best win -- loss record in division Rank Team Won Lost Tied Pct . First NFL Season Total Games Division Dallas Cowboys 493 367 6 . 573 1960 866 NFC East Green Bay Packers 730 553 37 . 567 1921 1,320 NFC North Chicago Bears 744 568 42 . 565 1920 1,354 NFC North Miami Dolphins 439 341 . 563 1966 784 AFC East 5 New England Patriots 476 383 9 . 554 1960 868 AFC East 6 New York Giants 684 572 33 . 543 1925 1,289 NFC East 7 Denver Broncos 465 393 10 . 541 1960 868 AFC West 8 Minnesota Vikings 457 387 10 . 541 1961 854 NFC North 9 Baltimore Ravens 181 154 . 540 336 AFC North 10 San Francisco 49ers 522 450 14 . 537 1950 986 NFC West 11 Indianapolis Colts 502 441 7 . 532 1953 950 AFC South 12 Oakland Raiders 456 401 11 . 532 1960 868 AFC West 13 Pittsburgh Steelers 601 535 20 . 529 1933 1,156 AFC North 14 Kansas City Chiefs 447 409 12 . 522 1960 868 AFC West 15 Washington Redskins 586 572 28 . 506 1932 1,186 NFC East 16 Seattle Seahawks 325 318 . 505 1976 644 NFC West 17 Cleveland Browns 462 466 10 . 498 1950 938 AFC North 18 Los Angeles Chargers 426 431 11 . 497 1960 868 AFC West 19 Los Angeles Rams 544 554 21 . 496 1937 1,119 NFC West 20 Carolina Panthers 172 179 . 490 1995 352 NFC South 21 Philadelphia Eagles 555 591 26 . 485 1933 1,172 NFC East 22 Tennessee Titans 413 449 6 . 479 1960 868 AFC South 23 Buffalo Bills 400 460 8 . 465 1960 868 AFC East 24 Detroit Lions 544 641 32 . 460 1930 1,217 NFC North 25 Cincinnati Bengals 344 408 . 458 1968 756 AFC North 26 New York Jets 392 468 8 . 456 1960 868 AFC East 27 New Orleans Saints 338 427 5 . 442 1967 770 NFC South 28 Houston Texans 106 134 0 . 442 2002 240 AFC South 29 Jacksonville Jaguars 155 197 0 . 440 1995 352 AFC South 30 Atlanta Falcons 341 437 6 . 439 1966 784 NFC South 31 Arizona Cardinals 542 732 40 . 428 1920 1,314 NFC West 32 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 250 393 . 389 1976 644 NFC South Playoffs ( edit ) Members of the Baltimore Ravens franchise , the team with the highest playoff win -- loss percentage , during the Lombardi Trophy presentation following their Super Bowl XLVII victory Marvin Lewis , head coach of the Cincinnati Bengals , who have registered the lowest playoff win - loss percentage of all time The following is a listing of all 32 current National Football League ( NFL ) teams ranked by their playoff win - loss record percentage , accurate as of the end of Super Bowl LI . Best win -- loss record in division Team active in playoffs Rank Team Games Won Lost Pct . Last playoff appearance Division Baltimore Ravens 23 15 8 . 652 2014 AFC North New England Patriots 51 32 19 . 627 2016 AFC East Green Bay Packers 56 34 22 . 607 2016 NFC North 4 ( tie ) Pittsburgh Steelers 60 36 24 . 600 2016 AFC North 4 ( tie ) San Francisco 49ers 50 30 20 . 600 2013 NFC West 6 Oakland Raiders 44 25 19 . 568 2016 AFC West 7 Carolina Panthers 16 9 7 . 563 2015 NFC South 8 Dallas Cowboys 61 34 27 . 557 2016 NFC East 9 ( tie ) Washington Redskins 42 23 19 . 548 2015 NFC East 9 ( tie ) Denver Broncos 42 23 19 . 548 2015 AFC West 11 Seattle Seahawks 31 16 15 . 516 2016 NFC West 12 New York Giants 49 24 25 . 490 2016 NFC East 13 Indianapolis Colts 45 22 23 . 489 2014 AFC South 14 Miami Dolphins 41 20 21 . 488 2016 AFC East 15 Chicago Bears 35 17 18 . 486 NFC North 16 Buffalo Bills 29 14 15 . 483 1999 AFC East 17 New York Jets 25 12 13 . 480 AFC East 18 Philadelphia Eagles 40 19 21 . 475 2013 NFC East 19 Jacksonville Jaguars 11 5 6 . 455 2007 AFC South 20 Los Angeles Rams 43 19 24 . 442 NFC West 21 ( tie ) Arizona Cardinals 16 7 9 . 438 2015 NFC West 21 ( tie ) New Orleans Saints 16 7 9 . 438 2013 NFC South 23 Houston Texans 7 . 429 2016 AFC South 24 Tennessee Titans 33 14 19 . 424 2008 AFC South 25 Atlanta Falcons 22 9 13 . 409 2016 NFC South 26 Minnesota Vikings 47 19 28 . 404 2015 NFC North 27 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 15 6 9 . 400 2007 NFC South 28 Los Angeles Chargers 28 11 17 . 393 2013 AFC West 29 Cleveland Browns 31 11 20 . 355 2002 AFC North 30 Detroit Lions 20 7 13 . 350 2016 NFC North 31 Kansas City Chiefs 26 9 17 . 346 2016 AFC West 32 Cincinnati Bengals 19 5 14 . 263 2015 AFC North Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For example , the Browns ' regular season win -- loss record does not include a 47 -- 4 -- 3 record compiled in the All - America Football Conference from 1946 to 1949 , nor does their playoff record include the 5 -- 0 record compiled during the same period . Likewise , the 49ers ' AAFC regular season win -- loss record of 38 -- 14 -- 2 , nor their 1 - 1 AAFC playoff record are officially counted Jump up ^ The Patriots played as the `` Boston Patriots '' from 1960 -- 1970 , before adopting the `` New England Patriots '' name , which they have played under since the 1971 season . The team was also briefly known as the `` Bay State Patriots '' prior to the 1971 season . Jump up ^ The Colts played under the `` Baltimore Colts '' name from 1953 -- 1983 , before relocating to Indianapolis and adpoting their current `` Indianapolis Colts '' name , which they have played under since the 1984 season . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Franchise Encyclopedias '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports - Reference . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Daniel ; Emmons , Mark ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` 49ers great Joe Perry and the stats that do n't count '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots -- Team History '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dewdney , Mike ( February 21 , 2012 ) . `` The Rise and Fall of the Bay State Patriots '' . Chris Creamer 's Sports Logos . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hensley , Jamison ( March 28 , 2014 ) . `` 30 years on , Baltimore better without Colts '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NFL_win -- loss_records&oldid = 805735592 '' Categories : National Football League lists Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from October 2017 All articles to be merged Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017 , at 08 : 57 . About Wikipedia

who is the most losing team in nfl history

Arizona Cardinals

George Halas

Texas Bowl - wikipedia Texas Bowl Jump to : navigation , search `` AdvoCare V100 Bowl '' and `` AdvoCare Bowl '' redirect here . For the bowl game that AdvoCare previously sponsored ( 2009 -- 13 ) , see Independence Bowl . Texas Bowl Academy Sports + Outdoors Texas Bowl Stadium NRG Stadium Location Houston , Texas Operated 2006 -- present Conference tie - ins Big 12 , SEC Previous conference tie - ins Big East / C - USA / MWC ( alternating years ) ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Big Ten ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Payout US $ 3 million per team ( as of 2015 ) Preceded by Houston Bowl Sponsors Meineke Car Care ( 2011 -- 2012 ) AdvoCare ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Academy Sports + Outdoors ( 2017 - present ) Former names Texas Bowl ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Meineke Car Care Bowl of Texas ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Texas Bowl ( 2013 ) AdvoCare V100 Texas Bowl ( 2014 -- 2016 ) 2016 matchup Texas A&M vs. Kansas State ( Kansas State 33 -- 28 ) 2017 matchup Missouri vs Texas ( Texas 33 -- 16 ) The Texas Bowl , officially the Academy Sports + Outdoors Texas Bowl for sponsorship purposes , is a post-season NCAA - sanctioned Division I FBS college football bowl game first held in 2006 in Houston , Texas . The bowl replaced the defunct Houston Bowl , which played annually from 2000 to 2005 , and before that the Bluebonnet Bowl , the first bowl game in Houston , played from 1959 through 1987 . From 2011 to 2012 , the game was sponsored by Meineke Car Care and officially known as the Meineke Car Care Bowl of Texas . The game was then officially the AdvoCare V100 Texas Bowl from 2014 to 2016 , with AdvoCare as the title sponsor . Since 2017 , the game has been sponsored by Academy Sports + Outdoors . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Replacing the Houston Bowl 1.2 Texas Bowl introduction 1.3 Sponsors 1.4 Conference tie - ins 1.5 Issues 2 Game results 3 MVPs 4 Most appearances 5 Appearances by conference 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Replacing the Houston Bowl ( edit ) Speculation surfaced questioning the long - term survival of the former Houston Bowl . The three - year contract with EV1.net expired on December 31 , 2005 , leaving the bowl game without a title sponsor . A college football official told the Houston Chronicle that the bowl was in danger of ceasing operations , as a result of the game losing its title sponsor and because the Houston Bowl still owed roughly $600,000 to the Big 12 and Mountain West conferences following the 2005 game . However , the NCAA approved Lone Star Sports & Entertainment , a division of the Houston Texans , who also play in Reliant Stadium , to take over game management . In July 2006 , the NFL Network acquired TV rights and naming rights to the bowl . Texas Bowl introduction ( edit ) The Texas Bowl name and logo were officially unveiled on August 10 , 2006 , at a press conference along with conference affiliations for the bowl spots . The Big 12 , Big East and Conference USA will be affiliated with the game , as well as Texas Christian University of the Mountain West . The 2006 matchup featured teams from the Big 12 and Big East Conferences . On December 3 , 2006 , Rutgers accepted an invitation to play Kansas State in the inaugural Texas Bowl . `` We 're ecstatic about having Rutgers , '' Texas Bowl director David Brady said . `` This is a top - 15 team that was three yards away from a BCS game . We could n't be happier to have them here . '' 2010 marked the eleventh consecutive year a bowl game has played in Houston , and the 40th year overall with a bowl game there ( the Bluebonnet Bowl lasted 29 years ) . It was also announced on December 30 , 2009 , that ESPN Plus would take over as part owner and operator of the game , while Lone Star Sports and Entertainment will maintain a stake in the bowl , and would be carried on ESPN . Sponsors ( edit ) On April 12 , 2011 , ESPN announced Meineke Car Care signed a three - year title sponsorship deal beginning in 2011 , changing name of the bowl to the Meineke Car Care Bowl of Texas . On February 12 , 2014 , it was announced that AdvoCare will be the title sponsor for the bowl game . That sponsorship concluded after the 2016 game . On November 15 , 2017 , Academy Sports + Outdoors became the new title sponsor of the bowl . Conference tie - ins ( edit ) On May 17 , 2007 , it was announced Conference USA would have a team in the 2007 Texas Bowl . The Texas Bowl has a rotating commitment with the Big East Conference and Conference USA for 2006 -- 09 while the Big 12 Conference will have a team in all four of those games . In 2007 , TCU took the place of the Big 12 team when Kansas and Oklahoma were put into the BCS , and Houston , a `` home team , '' represented C - USA . The conferences would receive $612,500 each as per the rules of the agreements as usually , the Big East ( or Big 12 ) would have received $750,000 for playing and C - USA would have received a $500,000 stipend for their team playing . Issues ( edit ) According to Sports Illustrated , in 2008 the bowl required Western Michigan University to purchase 11,000 tickets at full price in order to accept the invitation to play in the bowl . The university was only able to sell 548 tickets at that price , forcing it to accept a $462,535 loss , before travel expenses , to pay for the privilege of playing in the bowl . Game results ( edit ) Season Date Time ( CST ) Teams Attendance TV 2006 December 28 7 : 00 PM Rutgers 37 Kansas State 10 52,210 NFL Network 2007 December 28 7 : 00 PM TCU 20 Houston 13 62,097 2008 December 30 7 : 00 PM Rice 38 Western Michigan 14 58,880 2009 December 31 2 : 30 PM Navy 35 Missouri 13 69,441 ESPN December 29 5 : 00 PM Illinois 38 Baylor 14 68,211 2011 December 31 11 : 00 AM Texas A&M 33 Northwestern 22 68,395 2012 December 28 8 : 00 PM Texas Tech 34 Minnesota 31 50,386 2013 December 27 5 : 00 PM Syracuse 21 Minnesota 17 32,327 2014 December 29 8 : 00 PM Arkansas 31 Texas 7 71,115 2015 December 29 8 : 00 PM LSU 56 Texas Tech 27 71,307 2016 December 28 8 : 00 PM Kansas State 33 Texas A&M 28 68,412 2017 December 27 8 : 00 PM Texas 33 Missouri 16 67,820 MVPs ( edit ) Year MVP Team Position 2006 Ray Rice Rutgers RB 2007 Andy Dalton TCU QB 2008 Chase Clement Rice QB 2009 Ricky Dobbs Navy QB Mikel Leshoure Illinois RB 2011 Ryan Tannehill Texas A&M QB 2012 Seth Doege Texas Tech QB 2013 Terrel Hunt Syracuse QB 2014 Brandon Allen Arkansas QB 2015 Leonard Fournette LSU RB 2016 Jesse Ertz Kansas State QB 2017 Michael Dickson Texas Most appearances ( edit ) Teams with multiple appearances Rank Team Appearances Record T1 Kansas State 1 -- 1 T1 Texas 1 -- 1 T1 Texas A&M 1 -- 1 T1 Texas Tech 1 -- 1 T1 Minnesota 0 -- 2 T1 Missouri 0 -- 2 Teams with a single appearance Won : Arkansas , Illinois , LSU , Navy , Rice , Rutgers , Syracuse , TCU Lost : Baylor , Houston , Northwestern , Western Michigan Appearances by Conference ( edit ) Through the December 2017 playing , there have been 12 games ( 24 total appearances ) . Rank Conference Appearances Wins Losses Pct . Big 12 9 5 . 444 T2 SEC . 500 T2 Big Ten . 250 C - USA . 500 T5 ACC 0 1.000 T5 Big East 0 1.000 T5 Independents 0 1.000 T5 Mountain West 0 1.000 T5 MAC 0 . 000 Jump up ^ Rutgers ( 2006 ) appeared as a member of the Big East . Following the 2013 split of the original Big East along football lines , the FBS schools reorganized as the new American Athletic Conference , which retains the charter of the original Big East . Jump up ^ Navy ( 2009 ) See also ( edit ) List of college bowl games List of Texas Bowl broadcasters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` College Bowl Game Payouts '' . statisticbrain.com. 2015 . Jump up ^ Duarte , Joseph ( 18 April 2006 ) . `` Houston Bowl in jeopardy '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Network gets bowl game in Houston '' . NFL.com. 20 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 23 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Ana ( 29 August 2006 ) . `` Texas Bowl Board of Directors announced '' . houstontexans.com ( Press release ) . Jump up ^ Duarte , Joseph ( 3 December 2006 ) . `` Rutgers to play in inaugural Texas Bowl '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Rittenberg , Adam ( 12 April 2011 ) . `` Texas Bowl gains new title sponsor '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ Cook , Kara ( 11 February 2014 ) . `` Advocare , LSSE excited for Texas Bowl partnership '' . houstontexans.com . Jump up ^ `` ACADEMY SPORTS + OUTDOORS NAMED THE NEW TITLE SPONSOR OF THE TEXAS BOWL '' . academytexasbowl.com ( Press release ) . November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Austin ; Wetzel , Dan ( 15 November 2010 ) . `` Does It Matter ? '' . Sports Illustrated . p. 47 . External links ( edit ) Official Website Texas Bowl 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 NRG Stadium ( 2006 -- present ) Broadcasters Previous Bowls Bluebonnet Bowl Houston Bowl NCAA Division I FBS bowl games College Football Playoff Championship Game Cotton Fiesta Orange Peach Rose Sugar Other bowl games Alamo Arizona Armed Forces Bahamas Belk Birmingham Boca Raton Cactus Camellia Camping World Citrus Cure Dollar General Famous Idaho Potato Foster Farms Frisco Gasparilla Hawaii Heart of Dallas Holiday Independence Las Vegas Liberty Military Music City New Mexico New Orleans Outback Pinstripe Quick Lane Sun TaxSlayer Texas All - Star games East -- West Shrine Game NFLPA Collegiate Bowl Senior Bowl Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas_Bowl&oldid=817734724 '' Categories : College football bowls Texas Bowl American football in Texas Annual events in Texas Annual sporting events in the United States Sports competitions in Texas Sports in Houston Recurring sporting events established in 2006 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 07 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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American wine - wikipedia American wine Jump to : navigation , search American wine has been produced for over 300 years . Today , wine production is undertaken in all fifty states , with California producing 89 percent of all US wine . The United States is the fourth - largest wine producing country in the world after France , Italy , and Spain . The North American continent is home to several native species of grape , including Vitis labrusca , Vitis riparia , Vitis rotundifolia , and Vitis vulpina . But the wine making industry is based on the cultivation of the European Vitis vinifera , which was introduced by European settlers . With more than 1,100,000 acres ( 4,500 km ) under vine , the United States is the sixth-most planted country in the world after France , Italy , Spain , China and Turkey . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Wine regions 2.1 Production by state 3 Appellation system 3.1 Appellation labeling laws 3.2 Semi-generic wines 3.3 Fighting varietals 4 Other U.S. labeling laws 5 Three - tier distribution 6 Largest producers 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of American wine Sparkling wine made from a second label of Pleasant Valley Wine Company in New York which was the first bonded winery in the United States . The first Europeans to explore North America , a Viking expedition from Greenland , called it Vinland because of the profusion of grape vines they found . The earliest wine made in what is now the United States was produced between 1562 and 1564 by French Huguenot settlers from Scuppernong grapes at a settlement near Jacksonville , Florida . In the early American colonies of Virginia and the Carolinas , wine making was an official goal laid out in the founding charters . However , settlers discovered that the wine made from the various native grapes had flavors which were unfamiliar and which they did not like . This led to repeated efforts to grow the familiar European Vitis vinifera varieties , beginning with the Virginia Company exporting French vinifera vines with French vignerons to Virginia in 1619 . These early plantings met with failure as native pest and vine disease ravaged the vineyards . In 1683 , William Penn planted a vineyard of French vinifera in Pennsylvania ; it may have interbred with a native Vitis labrusca vine to create the hybrid grape Alexander . One of the first commercial wineries in the United States was founded in 1787 by Pierre Legaux in Pennsylvania . A settler in Indiana in 1806 produced wine made from the Alexander grape . Today French - American hybrid grapes are the staples of wine production on the East Coast of the United States . The Kentucky General Assembly on November 21 , 1799 passed a bill to establish a commercial vineyard and winery . The vinedresser for the vineyard was John James Dufour , formerly of Vevey , Switzerland . The vineyard was located overlooking the Kentucky River in Jessamine County in what is known as Blue Grass country of central Kentucky . Dufour named it First Vineyard on November 5 , 1798 . The vineyard 's current address in 5800 Sugar Creek Pike , Nicholasville , Kentucky . The first wine from First Vineyard was consumed by subscribers to the vineyard at John Postelthwaite 's house on March 21 , 1803 . Two 5 - gallon oak casks of wine were taken to President Thomas Jefferson in Washington , D.C. in February 1805 . The vineyard continued until 1809 , when a killing freeze in May destroyed the crop and many vines . The Dufour family abandoned Kentucky and migrated west to Vevay , Indiana , a center of a Swiss - immigrant community . In California , the first vineyard and winery was established in 1769 by the Franciscan missionary Junípero Serra near San Diego . Later missionaries carried vines northward ; Sonoma 's first vineyard was planted around 1805 . California has two native grape varieties , but they make very poor quality wine . The California Wild Grape ( Vitis californicus ) does not produce wine - quality fruit , although it sometimes is used as rootstock for wine grape varieties . The missionaries used the Mission grape . ( In South America , this grape is known as criolla or `` colonialized European '' . ) Although a Vitis vinifera variety , it is a grape of `` very modest '' quality . Jean - Louis Vignes was one of the early settlers to use a higher quality vinifera in his vineyard near Los Angeles . The first winery in the United States to become commercially successful was founded in Cincinnati , Ohio in the mid-1830s by Nicholas Longworth . He made a sparkling wine from Catawba grapes . By 1855 Ohio had 1500 acres in vineyards , according to travel writer Frederick Law Olmsted , who said it was more than in Missouri and Illinois , which each had 1100 acres in wine . German immigrants from the late 1840s had been instrumental in building the wine industry in those states . In the 1860s , vineyards in the Ohio River Valley were attacked by Black rot . This prompted several winemakers to move north to the Finger Lakes region of western New York . During this time , the Missouri wine industry , centered on the German colony in Hermann , was expanding rapidly along both shores of the Missouri River west of St. Louis . By the end of the century , the state was second to California in wine production . In the late 19th century , the phylloxera epidemic in the West and Pierce 's disease in the East ravaged the American wine industry . Prohibition in the United States began when the state of Maine became the first state to go completely dry in 1846 . Nationally , Prohibition was implemented after ratification by the states of the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920 , which forbade the manufacturing , sale and transport of alcohol . Exceptions were made for sacramental wine used for religious purposes , and some wineries were able to maintain minimal production under those auspices , but most vineyards ceased operations . Others resorted to bootlegging . Home winemaking also became common , allowed through exemptions for sacramental wines and production for home use . Following the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 , operators tried to revive the American wine making industry , which was nearly ended . Many talented winemakers had died , vineyards had been neglected or replanted with table grapes , and Prohibition had changed Americans ' taste in wines . During the Great Depression , consumers demanded cheap `` jug wine '' ( so - called dago red ) and sweet , fortified ( high alcohol ) wine . Before Prohibition dry table wines outsold sweet wines by three to one , but afterward , the ratio of demand changed dramatically . As a result , by 1935 , 81 % of California 's production was sweet wines . For decades , wine production was low and limited . Leading the way to new methods of wine production was research conducted at the University of California , Davis and some of the state universities in New York . Faculty at the universities published reports on which varieties of grapes grew best in which regions , held seminars on winemaking techniques , consulted with grape growers and winemakers , offered academic degrees in viticulture , and promoted the production of quality wines . In the 1970s and 1980s , success by Californian winemakers in the northern part of the state helped to secure foreign investment from other winemaking regions , most notably the Champenois of France . Winemakers also cultivated vineyards in Oregon and Washington , on Long Island in New York , and numerous other new locales . Americans became more educated about wines and increased their demand for high - quality wine . All 50 states now have some acreage in vineyard cultivation . By 2004 , 668 million gallons ( 25.3 million hectoliters ) of wine were consumed in the United States . Today , the U.S. produces over 800 million gallons of wine a year , of which California produces more than 84 % , followed by Washington , New York , Pennsylvania , and Oregon . In the second decade of the 21st century , the US wine industry faces the growing challenges of competition from international exports and managing domestic regulations on interstate sales and shipment of wine . Wine regions ( edit ) The Pacific Northwest includes in the winemaking regions of Washington State where varieties like Cabernet Sauvignon are grown . There are nearly 3,000 commercial vineyards in the United States , and at least one winery in each of the 50 states . West Coast -- More than 90 % of the total American wine production occurs in the states of California , Washington and Oregon . Rocky Mountain Region -- Notably Idaho and Colorado Southwestern United States -- Notably Texas and New Mexico Midwestern United States -- Notably Missouri and Illinois Great Lakes region -- Notably Michigan , northern New York and Ohio East Coast of the United States -- Notably western New York State and eastern Long Island , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Virginia , North Carolina and Florida . Production by state ( edit ) Production of still wine per state in 2016 was as follows : 2016 production of still wine State Production ( gal ) Production ( % ) Alabama 34,966 0.004 % Arizona 190,008 0.024 % Arkansas 246,363 0.031 % California 680,272,512 84.354 % Colorado 556,994 0.069 % Connecticut 134,517 0.017 % Florida 1,634,103 0.203 % Georgia 276,144 0.034 % Idaho 497,007 0.062 % Illinois 391,805 0.049 % Indiana 1,411,540 0.175 % Iowa 335,522 0.042 % Kansas 104,129 0.013 % Kentucky 2,176,059 0.270 % Louisiana 38,232 0.005 % Maine 48,222 0.006 % Maryland 436,185 0.054 % Massachusetts 792,884 0.098 % Michigan 2,576,238 0.319 % Minnesota 331,946 0.041 % Missouri 993,831 0.123 % Montana 33,445 0.004 % Nebraska 120,366 0.015 % New Hampshire 159,316 0.020 % New Jersey 1,832,325 0.227 % New Mexico 749,818 0.093 % New York 27,969,308 3.468 % North Carolina 1,903,060 0.236 % Ohio 5,938,738 0.736 % Oklahoma 70,204 0.009 % Oregon 11,822,972 1.466 % Pennsylvania 12,405,181 1.538 % South Carolina 77,842 0.010 % South Dakota 139,738 0.017 % Tennessee 1,279,752 0.159 % Texas 1,907,299 0.237 % Vermont 2,172,526 0.269 % Virginia 2,157,395 0.268 % Washington 40,747,190 5.053 % West Virginia 40,733 0.005 % Wisconsin 1,129,405 0.140 % Others 312,051 0.039 % Sum 806,447,891 100 % Appellation system ( edit ) Further information : American Viticultural Area The early American appellation system was based on the political boundaries of states and counties . In September 1978 the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco and Firearms ( now Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau ) developed regulations to establish American Viticultural Areas ( AVA ) based on distinct climate and geographical features . In June 1980 , the Augusta AVA in Missouri was established as the first American Viticultural Area under the new appellation system . For the sake of wine labeling purposes , all the states and county appellations were grandfathered in as appellations . There were 187 distinct AVAs designated under U.S. law as of April 2007 . Appellation labeling laws ( edit ) In order to have an AVA appear on a wine label , at least 85 % of the grapes used to produce the wine must be grown in the AVA . With the larger state and county appellations the laws vary depending on the area . For a County Appellation , 75 % of the grapes used must be from that county . If grapes are from two or three contiguous counties , a label can have a multi-county designation so long as the percentages used from each county are clearly on the label . For the majority of U.S. States the State Appellation requires 75 % of the grapes in the wine to be grown in the state . Texas requires 75 % , but if an AVA is used like `` Texas Hill Country '' or `` Texas High Plains , '' 85 % Texas grapes must be used . California and Oregon require 100 % . If grapes are from two to three contiguous states a wine can be made under a multi-state designations following the same requirements as the multi-county appellation . American wine or United States is a rarely used appellation that classifies a wine made from anywhere in the United States , including Puerto Rico and Washington , D.C. . Wines with this designation are similar to the French wine vin de table and can not include a vintage year . By law this is the only appellation allowed for bulk wines exported to other counties . Semi-generic wines ( edit ) An example of American wines using semi-generic labels of burgundy , chablis , etc . Current U.S. laws allow American made wines to be labeled as `` American Burgundy '' or `` California champagne '' , even though these names are restricted in Europe . U.S. laws only restrict usage to include the qualifying area of origin to go with these semi-generic names . Other semi-generic names in the United States include Claret , Chablis , Chianti , Madeira , Malaga , Marsala , Moselle , Port , Rhine wine , Sauternes ( commonly spelled on U.S. wine labels as Sauterne or Haut Sauterne ) , Sherry and Tokay . European Union officials have been working with their U.S. counterparts through World Trade Organization negotiations to eliminate the use of these semi-generic names . FIGHTING varietals ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Fighting varietal is a term that originated in California during the late - 1970s as a marketing response to combat overt pressure from European wine producers . The term was coined to separate traditional domestic jug wine , whimsical brands , and imports , from premium wine production in the U.S. The U.S. dollar in the early 1980s was trading with such historic strength , it was dominating world currency markets , eventually leading to the first coordinated agreement between Central Banks in 1985 to intervene and depreciate the Dollar in what is now termed the Plaza Accord . European wines with centuries of history supporting them found it easy to compete with wine production in the U.S. on quality since the U.S. had only decades in real development of its vineyards and wine production techniques . With better quality and lower price , European wines had a substantial advantage over domestic producers which potentially slowed the growth of U.S. wine producing regions . While European consumers understood the types of grapes grown in their regions , U.S. wine consumers found European labeling standards confusing . California wineries saw that as the opportunity and coordinated together to sell varietals , named for the variety of grapes in the bottle , as a means of educating the consumer and making the product easier to understand . The actual term was coined referencing the `` fight '' against imported wines in the U.S. market using `` varietals '' instead of brands or regions for content identification . While many different people have been given credit for the origination of the term , it is unlikely a conclusive author will ever be confirmed . Other U.S. labeling laws ( edit ) In the United States , at least 95 % of grapes must be from a particular vintage for that year to appear on the label . Prior to the early 1970s , all grapes had to be from the vintage year . All labels must list the alcohol content based on percentage by volume . For bottles labeled as varietals at least 75 % of the grape must be of the variety . In Oregon , the requirement is 90 % . American wine labels are also required to list if they contain sulfites and carry the Surgeon General 's warning about alcohol consumption . Three - tier distribution ( edit ) Following the repeal of Prohibition , the United States federal government allowed each state to regulate its own production and sale of alcohol . For the majority of states this led to the development of a three - tier distribution system between the producer , wholesaler and consumer . Depending on the state there are some exceptions , with wineries allowed to sell directly to consumers on site at the winery or to ship wine across state lines . Some states allow interstate sales through e-commerce . In the 2005 case of Granholm v. Heald , the Supreme Court of the United States struck down state laws banning interstate shipments but allowing in - state sales . This Supreme Court decision meant that states could decide to allow both out - of - state wine sales and in - state sales , or ban both together . Convenience stores and retail stores are large distributors of wine , with over 175,000 outlets that sell wine across the United States . In addition , there are around 332,000 other locations ( bars , restaurants , etc . ) that sell wine , contributing to the $30 + billion in annual sales over the past three years . In 2010 , the average monthly per - store sales of wine jumped to nearly $12,000 from $9,084 in 2009 . The average gross margin dollars from wine increased to $3,324 from $2,616 in the year prior , with gross margin percentages up to an average 28.2 percent in 2010 , versus 27 percent in 2009 . Largest producers ( edit ) As of 2005 The largest producers of American wine . E & J Gallo Winery - Accounts for more than a quarter of all U.S. wine sales and is the second largest producer in the world . Constellation Brands - With foreign wine holdings Constellation is the largest producer in the world and includes Robert Mondavi Winery and Columbia Winery in its portfolio The Wine Group - San Francisco - based business which owns the Franzia box wine label , Concannon Vineyard and Mogen David kosher wine . Bronco Wine Company - Owners of the Charles Shaw wine `` Two Buck Chuck '' line which accounts for nearly 5 million of Bronco 's annual average 9 million cases per year . Diageo - UK based company with American holdings in Sterling Vineyards , Beaulieu Vineyard and Chalone Vineyard Brown - Forman Corporation - Owners of the Korbel Champagne Cellars brand Beringer Blass - Australian based wine division of Foster 's Group and owner of the Beringer wine and Stags ' Leap Winery brands Jackson Wine Estates - Owners of the Kendall - Jackson brand See also ( edit ) Wine portal American Viticultural Area Globalization of wine Judgment of Paris References ( edit ) Jump up ^ United States Department of Agriculture `` Global Wine Report August 2006 Archived April 8 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , '' pp. 7 - 9 ^ Jump up to : T. Stevenson , The Sotheby 's Wine Encyclopedia Fourth Edition , pg 462 , Dorling Kindersly , 2005 ISBN 0 - 7566 - 1324 - 8 ^ Jump up to : H. Johnson & J. Robinson The World Atlas of Wine pg 268 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 ISBN 1 - 84000 - 332 - 4 ^ Jump up to : J. Robinson , ed . The Oxford Companion to Wine , Third Edition p. 719 ; Oxford University Press , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 860990 - 6 Jump up ^ Littell 's Laws of Kentucky Vol. 2 , pp. 268 - 270 Jump up ^ The Swiss Settlement of Switzerland County , Indiana , page 293 , Day Journal of J.J. Dufour Jump up ^ Kentucky Gazette , March 29 , 1803 Jump up ^ Library of Congress Doc # 25644 Letters of Jefferson and Doc # 25657 Letters of Jefferson Jump up ^ John James Dufour , The Swiss Settlement of Switzerland County , Indiana , page XVII ; and John James Dufour , The American Vine - Dressers Guide , page 10 ISBN 2 - 940289 - 00 - X Jump up ^ J. Robinson , ed . The Oxford Companion to Wine Third Edition , p. 756 ; Oxford University Press , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 860990 - 6 Jump up ^ Frederick Law Olmsted , A Journey through Texas ( 1859 ) , pp. 6 - 7 , at Open Library.org , Library of Congress Jump up ^ Section 29 of the Volstead Act ( 27 U.S.C. § 46 ) Jump up ^ J. Robinson , ed . The Oxford Companion to Wine Third Edition , p. 720 ; Oxford University Press , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 860990 - 6 Jump up ^ D. Shaw & A. Bahney , The New York Times ( October 31 , 2003 ) JOURNEYS ; Welcome to Napa Nation Jump up ^ `` Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau : Statistical Report -- Wine ( Reporting Period : January 2016 - December 2016 ) , 17 May 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ H. Johnson & J. Robinson The World Atlas of Wine pg 269 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 ISBN 1 - 84000 - 332 - 4 Jump up ^ Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau U.S. Viticultural Areas Archived 2015 - 03 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Updated as of 4 / 23 / 2007 Jump up ^ `` Texas Wine Labeling , What Exactly is Texas Wine ? Texas Wine Lover '' . txwinelover.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : T. Stevenson The Sotheby 's Wine Encyclopedia Fourth Edition pg 464 Dorling Kindersly 2005 ISBN 0 - 7566 - 1324 - 8 Jump up ^ `` FIGHTING VARIETALS - September 12 , 1988 '' . money.cnn.com . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ T. Stevenson The Sotheby 's Wine Encyclopedia Fourth Edition pg 465 - 466 Dorling Kindersly 2005 ISBN 0 - 7566 - 1324 - 8 Jump up ^ Jancis Robinson , ed . The Oxford Companion to Wine , Third Edition p. 721 ; Oxford University Press , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 860990 - 6 Jump up ^ `` A Toast to Wine '' . SpareFoot . August 8 , 2013 . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Category Close Up : Pouring on the Profits - NACS Online -- Magazine -- Past Issues -- 2011 -- November 2011 '' . www.nacsonline.com . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ T. Stevenson The Sotheby 's Wine Encyclopedia Fourth Edition pg 468 Dorling Kindersly 2005 ISBN 0 - 7566 - 1324 - 8 Further reading ( edit ) Clarke , Oz . Oz Clarke 's New Encyclopedia of Wine . NY : Harcourt Brace , 1999 . Johnson , Hugh . Vintage : The Story of Wine . NY : Simon & Schuster , 1989 . Taber , George M. Judgment of Paris : California vs. France and the Historic 1976 Paris Tasting that Revolutionized Wine . NY : Scribner , 2005 . External links ( edit ) Appellation America.com U.S. wine region and AVA portal All American Wineries U.S. winery and vineyard guide Free the Grapes : State wine shipment laws Doubtless as Good : Thomas Jefferson 's Dream for American Wine Fulfilled An online exhibition from the National Museum of American History , Smithsonian Institution American wine States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Wine by country Africa Algeria Egypt Ethiopia Morocco Namibia South Africa Tanzania Tunisia Asia Armenia Azerbaijan Bhutan China Georgia India Iran Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Lebanon Nepal Palestine Philippines Vietnam Europe Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom North America Canada Mexico United States Oceania Australia New Zealand South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Paraguay Peru Uruguay Agriculture in the United States History History African - American history Industries Almond Apple Banana Blueberry Cherry Christmas tree Citrus Corn Cotton Maple syrup Onion Pepper Rice Spinach Strawberry Tea Tomato Wheat Wine State - specific Idaho New York State - specific by type Aquaculture in Alaska Aquaculture in Hawaii Aquaculture in Maine Coffee in Hawaii Garlic in California Pistachios in California Walnuts in California Law and politics Agricultural policy Packers and Stockyards Act Capper - Volstead Act Grain Futures Act 1929 Agricultural Marketing Act 1938 Agricultural Adjustment Act National School Lunch Act of 1946 Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 1956 Soil Bank Act Food and Agricultural Act of 1962 1964 Food Stamp Act Food Security Act of 1985 Food , Agriculture , Conservation , and Trade Act of 1990 1990 Wetlands Reserve Program Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act Agricultural Risk Protection Act of 2000 2002 Grassland Reserve Program Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_wine&oldid=821499010 '' Categories : American wine American cuisine Agriculture in the United States Wine by country Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español Français Nederlands 日本 語 Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 21 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Game of Thrones ( season 8 ) - wikipedia Game of Thrones ( season 8 ) Jump to : navigation , search Game of Thrones ( season 8 ) Promotional poster Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States Release Original network HBO Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 List of Game of Thrones episodes The eighth and final season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones was announced by HBO in July 2016 . Unlike the first six seasons that each had ten episodes and the seventh that had seven episodes , the eighth season will have only six episodes . Like the previous season , it will largely consist of original content not found currently in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series , and will instead adapt material Martin has revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series , The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring . The season will be adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . Filming officially began on October 23 , 2017 . The season is scheduled to premiere in 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Supporting cast 3 Production 3.1 Crew 3.2 Writing 3.3 Filming 3.4 Episodes 3.5 Music 4 References 5 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 68 TBA David Nutter Dave Hill 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 69 TBA David Nutter Bryan Cogman 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 70 TBA Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 71 TBA David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 72 5 TBA Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 73 6 TBA David Benioff & D.B. Weiss David Benioff & D.B. Weiss 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys Targaryen ) Main cast ( edit ) Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington as Jon Snow Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Conleth Hill as Varys Carice van Houten as Melisandre Jerome Flynn as Bronn Joe Dempsie as Gendry Supporting cast ( edit ) Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce Marc Rissmann as Harry Strickland Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss will serve as showrunners for the eighth season . The directors for the eighth season were announced in September 2017 . Miguel Sapochnik , who previously directed `` The Gift '' and `` Hardhome '' on season 5 , as well as `` Battle of the Bastards '' and `` The Winds of Winter '' on season 6 will return as director . He will divide up direction of the first five episodes with David Nutter , who had directed two episodes on seasons two , three and five . The final episode of the show will be directed by Benioff and Weiss , who have previously directed one episode each . At the show 's South by Southwest panel on March 12 , 2017 , Benioff and Weiss announced the writers for the show to be Dave Hill ( episode 1 ) and Bryan Cogman ( episode 2 ) . The showrunners will then divide up the screenplay for the remaining four episodes amongst themselves . Writing ( edit ) Writing for the eighth season started with a 140 - page outline . Benioff said that the divvying up process and who should write what section became more difficult , being that `` this would be the last time that we would be doing this . '' Filming ( edit ) In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , HBO programming president Casey Bloys stated that instead of the series finale being a feature film , the final season would be `` six one - hour movies '' on television . He continued , `` The show has proven that TV is every bit as impressive and in many cases more so , than film . What they 're doing is monumental . '' Filming officially began on October 23 , 2017 . Episodes ( edit ) Co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss have said that the seventh and eighth season would likely consist of fewer episodes , stating that after season six , they were `` down to our final 13 episodes after this season . We 're heading into the final lap . '' Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show 's usual 12 to 14 month time frame , as Weiss said , `` It 's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule . '' HBO confirmed in July 2016 , that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes , and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule . Benioff and Weiss later confirmed that the eighth season will consist of six episodes , and is expected to premiere later than usual for the same reason . Benioff and Weiss spoke about the end of the show , saying , `` From the beginning we 've wanted to tell a 70 - hour movie . It will turn out to be a 73 - hour movie , but it 's stayed relatively the same of having the beginning , middle and now we 're coming to the end . It would have been really tough if we lost any core cast members along the way , I 'm very happy we 've kept everyone and we get to finish it the way we want to . '' The season is set to air in 2019 . Music ( edit ) Ramin Djawadi is set to return as the composer of the show for the eighth season . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 30 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO confirms season 8 will be last '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( July 30 , 2016 ) . `` HBO Confirms ' Game of Thrones ' Will End With Eighth Season '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` George R.R. Martin revealed 3 huge shocks to Game of Thrones producers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 : Directors revealed for all episodes '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' DP Fabian Wagner on Zack Snyder 's Cut , Superman 's Black Suit & ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Collider . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carson , Biz ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` The final season of ' Game of Thrones ' will only be six episodes '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones Will Return in 2019 '' . HBO . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Stars Score Hefty Pay Raises for Season 8 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Liam Cunningham ( Davos ) talks about the filming schedule for Game of Thrones Season 8 '' . Winteriscoming.net . January 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Avery ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sophie Turner Drops Massive Spoiler About Sansa Stark 's Fate In Season 8 '' . Hollywood Life . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morton , Ashley ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Maisie Williams Thinks Arya Went Hunting for Trouble This Season '' . Making Off Game of Thrones . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , Jack ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 filming looks to be underway as cast members spotted in Belfast '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , John ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` There 's a new tag team in town . 💪 Hope you enjoyed season 7 . Thanks for watching and we 'll be back . The wait starts now . 😊 # gameofthrones # GOT '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Actor Says Cut Scene Would 've Explained Confusing Finale Moment '' . HuffPost . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Actor Rory McCann Says He 's Already Training For Cleganebowl '' . HuffPost . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Comic Con Stockholm 2017 - Iain Glen Q&A '' . Youtube . October 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kinkaid , Ben ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` What News From Westeros ? Everything we know about Game Of Thrones Season 8 '' . GQ . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 : Melisandre return confirmed as fans theorise on character storyline '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nolan , Emma ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 cast : Who will be in the final series ? '' . Daily Express . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Deen , Sarah ( March 24 , 2018 ) . `` Game Of Thrones star Joe Dempsie is scared he 'll get drunk and reveal final season secrets '' . Metro . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Night 's Watch WILL be in Game of Thrones season 8 , confirms Lord Commander actor '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Medeiros , Madison ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Attention Cleganebowl Fans : The Hound & The Mountain Are Already Bashing Each Other IRL '' . Refinery29 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 casting announcement debunks fan theory '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Liz Shannon ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 8 : Everything We Know About the Final Season '' . Indiewire . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morton , Ashley ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Everything You Missed From Game of Thrones at SXSW 2017 '' . Making Game of Thrones . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ James Hibberd , James Hibberd ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO clarifies prequels , final seasons plan '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 filming looks to be underway as cast members spotted in Belfast '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Creators Mull Shorter Final Seasons ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Considering Shorter Final Seasons '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO announces summer return , 7 episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones producers confirm final season only 6 episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Composer Says You 're Not Hearing What You Think You Are '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Game of Thrones -- official US site Game of Thrones -- official UK site Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones_(season_8)&oldid=837831661 '' Categories : Game of Thrones Upcoming television seasons Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages فارسی Français Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 09 : 13 . 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what is final season of game of thrones

the eighth season

July 2016

Vikram Samvat - Wikipedia Vikram Samvat Jump to : navigation , search It has been requested that the title of this article be changed to Bikram Sambat . Please see the relevant discussion on the discussion page . Do not move the page until the discussion has reached consensus for the change and is closed . It has been suggested that Bikrami calendar be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since October 2017 . Vikram Samvat ( Hindi : विक्रम सम्वत् , Nepali : विक्रम सम्वत् ) ( abbreviated as V.S. ( or VS ) or B.S. ( or BS ) ) ; Listen ( help info ) ) is the historical Hindu calendar of India and Nepal . It uses lunar months and solar sidereal year ( see : Vedic time keeping ) . It is used as the official calendar in Nepal . The Vikram Samvat has two alternative systems . It started in 56 BCE in southern ( purnimanta ) and 57 -- 56 BCE in northern ( amanta ) systems of Hindu calendar . The Shukla Paksha in both systems coincides , most festivals occur in the Shukla Paksha . The era is named after King Vikramaditya of India . The lunisolar Vikram Samvat calendar is 56.7 years ahead ( in count ) of the solar Gregorian calendar . For example , the year 2074 VS began in 2017 CE and will end in 2018 CE . The Rana rulers of Nepal made Vikram Samvat the official Hindu calendar in 1901 CE , which started as Samvat 1958 . In Nepal , the new year begins with the first day of the month of Baishakh , which usually falls within the months of April -- May in the Gregorian calendar . The first day of the new year is passionately celebrated in a historical carnival that takes place every year in Bhaktapur , called Bisket Jatra.As before , from 2007 AD Nepal Sambat is recognized as the national calender . In India , the reformulated Saka Calendar is officially used ( although not for computing the dates of the traditional festivals ) , although in the Hindi version of the Preamble of the Constitution of India , the date of adoption of the constitution , 26 November 1949 , is presented in Vikram Samvat ( Margsheersh Shukla Saptami Samvat 2006 ) . There have been calls for the Vikram Samvat to replace Saka as India 's official calendar . Contents ( hide ) 1 Divisions of a year 1.1 Lunar metrics 2 History 2.1 Vikramaditya legends 2.2 Historicity of the legends 3 Culture 4 Converting Vikram Samvat to CE 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Divisions of a year ( edit ) The classical Vikram Samvat uses lunar months and solar sidereal years . Because 12 months do not match a sidereal year exactly , correctional months ( adhika māsa ) are added , or occasionally subtracted ( kshaya masa ) . Lunar metrics ( edit ) A Tithi or lunar day is defined as the time it takes for the longitudinal angle between the moon and the Sun to increase by 12 ° . Tithis begin at varying times of day and vary in duration from approximately 19 to approximately 26 hours . A Paksa ( also Pakṣa ) or lunar fortnight consists of 15 tithis . A Māsa or lunar month ( approximately 29.5 days ) is divided into 2 Pakṣa s : the one between new moon and full moon ( waxing ) is called gaura ( bright ) or Śukla Pakṣa ; the one between full moon and new moon ( waning ) Kṛiṣhṇa ( dark ) or Vadhya Pakṣa A Ṛitu ( or season ) is 2 Māsa An Ayana is 3 Ṛitus A year is two Ayanas ( 1 ) Months of the Nepali Bikram Samvat : In North India India the Vikram samvat starts from Chaitra . No . Name Nepali Hindi Days Corresponding Gregorian months Baishakh बैशाख बैशाख 30 / 31 ( 30.950 exactly ) mid-April to mid-May Jestha जेठ जेष्ठ 31 / 32 ( 31.429 exactly ) mid-May to mid-June Ashadh असार आषाढ़ 31 / 32 ( 31.638 exactly ) mid-June to mid-July Shrawan साउन श्रावण or सावन 31 / 32 ( 31.463 exactly ) mid-July to mid-August 5 Bhadra भदौ भाद्र or भादो 31 / 32 ( 31.012 exactly ) mid-August to mid-September 6 Ashwin असोज आश्विन or कुआर / क्वार 30 / 31 ( 30.428 exactly ) mid-September to mid-October 7 Kartik कार्तिक कार्तिक 29 / 30 ( 29.879 exactly ) mid-October to mid-November 8 Mangsir मंसिर मार्ग or मंसिर / अगहन 29 / 30 ( 29.475 exactly ) mid-November to mid-December 9 Poush पुष पौष or पुष / पूस 29 / 30 ( 29.310 exactly ) mid-December to mid-January 10 Magh माघ माघ 29 / 30 ( 29.457 exactly ) mid-January to mid-February 11 Falgun फागुन फाल्गुन 29 / 30 ( 29.841 exactly ) mid-February to mid-March 12 Chaitra चैत चैत्र 30 / 31 ( 30.377 exactly ) mid-March to mid-April The exact length of each month is the time taken by the Sun to move through a full zodiac sign . History ( edit ) Vikramaditya legends ( edit ) The Jain monk Kalakacharya and the Saka King ( Kalakacharya Katha manuscript , Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya , Mumbai ) According to popular tradition , the legendary king Vikramaditya of Ujjain established the Vikrama Samvat era after defeating the Śakas . Kalakacharya Kathanaka ( `` An account of the monk Kalakacharya '' ) by the Jain sage Mahesarasuri gives the following account : Gandharvasena , the then - powerful king of Ujjain , abducted a nun called Sarasvati , who was the sister of the monk ( citation missing ) . The enraged monk sought the help of the Śaka ruler King Sahi in Sistan . Despite heavy odds but aided by miracles , the Śaka king defeated Gandharvasena and made him a captive . Sarasvati was repatriated , although Gandharvasena himself was forgiven . The defeated king retired to the forest , where he was killed by a tiger . His son , Vikramaditya , being brought up in the forest , had to rule from Pratishthana ( modern Paithan in Maharashtra ) . Later on , Vikramaditya invaded Ujjain and drove away the Śakas . To commemorate this event , he started a new era called the `` Vikrama era '' . The Ujjain calendar started around 58 -- 56 BCE , and the subsequent Shaka era calendar was started in 78 CE at Pratishthana . Historicity of the legends ( edit ) The association of the era beginning in 57 BCE with Vikramaditya is not found in any source before the 9th century CE . The earlier sources call this era by various names , including Kṛṭa ( 343 CE and 371 CE ) , Kritaa ( 404 CE ) , the era of the Malava tribe ( 424 CE ) , or simply , Samvat . The earliest known inscription that calls the era `` Vikrama '' is from 842 CE . This inscription of Chauhana ruler Chandamahasena was found at Dholpur , and is dated Vikrama Samvat 898 , Vaishakha Shukla 2 , Chanda ( 16 April 842 CE ) . The earliest known inscription that associates this era with a king called Vikramaditya is dated 971 CE . The earliest literary work that connects the era to Vikramaditya is Subhashita - Ratna - Sandoha ( 993 - 994 CE ) by the Jain author Amitagati . For this reason , multiple authors believe that the Vikram Samvat was not started by Vikramaditya , who might be a purely legendary king or the title adopted by a later king who renamed the era after himself . V.A. Smith and D.R. Bhandarkar believed that Chandragupta II adopted the title Vikramaditya , and changed the name of the era to `` Vikrama Samvat '' . According to Rudolf Hoernlé , the king responsible for this change was Yashodharman : Hoernlé also believed that he conquered Kashmir , and is same person as the `` Harsha Vikramaditya '' mentioned in Kalhana 's Rajatarangini . Earlier , some scholars believed that the Vikrama Samavat corresponded to the Azes era of the Indo - Scythian ( Śaka ) king King Azes . However , this was disputed by Robert Bracey following discovery of an inscription of Vijayamitra , which is dated in two eras . The theory seems to be now thoroughly discredited by Falk and Bennett , who place the inception of the Azes era in 47 -- 46 BCE . Culture ( edit ) The traditional New Year of Vikram Samvat is one of the many festivals of Nepal , marked by parties , family gatherings , the exchange of good wishes , and participation in rituals to ensure good fortune in the coming year . It occurs in mid-April each year , and coincides with the traditional new year in Assam , Bengal , Burma , Cambodia , Kerala , Kashmir , Manipur , Odisha , Punjab , Sri Lanka , Tamil Nadu and Thailand . In addition to Nepal , the Vikram Samvat calendar is also recognized in North and East India , and in Gujarat among Hindus . In Buddhist communities , the month of Baishakh is associated with Vesak or Buddha 's Birthday . It commemorates the birth , Enlightenment and passing of Gautama Buddha on the first full moon day in May , except in a leap year when the festival is held in June . Although this festival is not held on the same day as Pahela Baishakh , the holidays typically fall in the same month ( Baishakh ) of the Bengali , Hindu , and Theravada Buddhist calendars , and are related historically through the spread of Hinduism and Buddhism in South Asia . In Gujarat , the second day of Diwali is celebrated as the first day of the Vikram Samvat calendar which is the first day of the month Kartik . Converting Vikram Samvat to CE ( edit ) While an approximate conversion can be made by subtracting 56 or 57 , a precise computation requires identification of the version of Vikam Samvat that was used : Year expired ( default ) or current Kartikadi ( older or western India ) or Chaitradi ( modern Northern India ) . Kartikadi starts 7 months later in Kartika . Until 12th century Kartikadi year was common even in North India . Months Amanta ( south ) or Purminata ( North ) . Amanta Chaitra Krishna Paksha is Purminata Vaishakh Krishna Paksha . For the Shukla Paksh , the month is the same . Software named Pancanga is available to make the calculations . Thus the date Vikram 1208 ( Kartikadi , expired ) , Vaishakh Krishna 5 ( Purnimanta ) , Thursday , is equivalent to Vikram 1209 ( Chaitradi , expired ) , Chaitra Krishna 5 ( Amanta ) , and to Thursday March 27 , 1152 . See also ( edit ) Bikrami calendar Hindu calendars Vira Nirvana Samvat References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richard Salomon ( 1398 ) . Indian Epigraphy : A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit , Prakrit , and the other Indo - Aryan Languages . Oxford University Press . pp. 181 -- 183 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 535666 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Ashvini Agrawal ( 1989 ) . Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas . Motilal Banarsidass Publ . pp. 174 -- 175 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0592 - 7 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of New Year 's Holidays Worldwide , William D. Crump , Publisher McFarland , 2014 p. 38 Jump up ^ `` Vikram Samvat should be declared national calendar '' . The Free Press Journal . 15 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2014 . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Burgess , Ebenezer Translation of the Sûrya - Siddhânta : A text - book of Hindu astronomy , with notes and an appendix Originally published : Journal of the American Oriental Society 6 ( 1860 ) 141 -- 498 Chapter 14 , Verse 12 Jump up ^ Burgess , Chapter 14 , Verse 10 Jump up ^ Burgess , Ebenezer Translation of the Sûrya - Siddhânta : A text - book of Hindu astronomy , with notes and an appendix Originally published : Journal of the American Oriental Society 6 ( 1860 ) 141 -- 498 , Chapter 14 , Verse 9 ^ Jump up to : M. Srinivasachariar ( 1974 ) . History of Classical Sanskrit Literature . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 94 -- 111 . ISBN 9788120802841 . Jump up ^ Alf Hiltebeitel ( 2011 ) . Reading the Fifth Veda : Studies on the Mahābhārata . BRILL . p. 103 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 18566 - 6 . Jump up ^ Falk and Bennett ( 2009 ) , pp. 197 - 215 . Jump up ^ `` Gujarat CM to exchange Diwali - New Year greetings with people '' . 19 October 2014 . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Pancanga ( version 3.14 ) Jump up ^ On a Jain Statue in the Horniman Museum , F. Kielhorn , Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland , 1898 , p. 101 - 102 Further reading ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Vikramaditya . Harry Falk and Chris Bennett ( 2009 ) . `` Macedonian Intercalary Months and the Era of Azes . '' Acta Orientalia 70 , pp. 197 -- 215 . `` The Dynastic Art of the Kushan '' , John Rosenfield . `` Samvat '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . ( hide ) Calendars Systems Lunar Lunisolar Solar In wide use Astronomical Bengali Chinese Ethiopian Gregorian Hebrew Hindu Iranian Islamic ISO Unix time In more limited use Akan Armenian Assyrian Bahá'í ( Badí ' ) Balinese pawukon Balinese saka Berber Buddhist Burmese Chinese Coptic Gaelic Germanic Heathen Georgian Hebrew Hindu or Indian Vikram Samvat Saka Igbo Iranian Jalali ( medieval ) Hijri ( modern ) Zoroastrian Islamic Fasli Tabular Jain Japanese Javanese Korean Juche Kurdish Lithuanian Malayalam Mongolian Melanau Nanakshahi Nepal Sambat Nisg̱a'a Oromo Romanian Somali Sesotho Slavic Slavic Native Faith Tamil Thai lunar solar Tibetan Vietnamese Xhosa Yoruba Types Runic Mesoamerican Long Count Calendar round Christian variants Julian Revised Liturgical year Eastern Orthodox Saints Historical Attic Aztec Tonalpohualli Xiuhpohualli Babylonian Bulgar Byzantine Celtic Cham Culāsakaraj Egyptian Florentine French Republican Germanic Greek Hindu Inca Macedonian Maya Haab ' Tzolk'in Muisca Pentecontad Pisan Rapa Nui Roman calendar Rumi Soviet Swedish Turkmen By specialty Holocene ( anthropological ) Proleptic Gregorian / Proleptic Julian ( historiographical ) Darian ( Martian ) Dreamspell ( New Age ) Discordian / Pataphysical ( surreal ) Proposals Calendar reform Hanke -- Henry Permanent International Fixed Pax Positivist Symmetry454 Tranquility World New Earth Time Fictional Discworld Greyhawk Middle - earth Stardate Star Wars ( Galactic Standard Calendar ) Displays and applications Electronic Perpetual Wall Year naming and numbering Terminology Era Epoch Regnal name Regnal year Year zero Systems Ab urbe condita Anno Domini / Common Era Anno Mundi Assyrian Before Present Chinese Imperial Chinese Minguo Human Era Japanese Korean Seleucid Spanish Yugas Satya Treta Dvapara Kali Vietnamese List of calendars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vikram_Samvat&oldid=822253746 '' Categories : Specific calendars Nepali calendar Hindu calendar Memorials to Vikramaditya Calendar eras Observances set by the Vikram Samvat calendar Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from October 2017 All articles to be merged Use dmy dates from June 2017 Use Indian English from June 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles containing Hindi - language text Articles containing Nepali - language text Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Brezhoneg Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Frysk Furlan Galego ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių मैथिली Македонски मराठी მარგალური Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 08 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

vikram samvat calender is official in which country

Nepal

Nepal

There 's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He 's Elvis - wikipedia There 's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He 's Elvis Jump to : navigation , search This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( March 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` There 's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop , Swears He 's Elvis '' Single by Kirsty MacColl from the album Desperate Character A-side `` There 's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He 's Elvis '' B - side `` Hard To Believe There 's a Guy ... ( country version ) '' Released May 1981 Format 7 '' Vinyl Genre Country pop Label Polydor Songwriter ( s ) Kirsty MacColl / Philip Rambow Producer ( s ) Barry Farmer Kirsty MacColl singles chronology `` Keep Your Hands Off My Baby '' ( 1981 ) `` There 's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop , Swears He 's Elvis '' ( 1981 ) `` See That Girl '' ( 1981 ) `` Keep Your Hands Off My Baby '' ( 1981 ) `` There 's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He 's Elvis '' ( 1981 ) `` See That Girl '' ( 1981 ) `` There 's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He 's Elvis '' was Kirsty MacColl 's first hit single , charting in the UK at # 14 in 1981 , and remaining in the charts for nine weeks . It reached # 9 in the Irish charts . A promotional version was released in the USA , which instead referenced a truck stop as opposed to the very British chip shop , but this was only available to DJs and did not get a full release . Norwegian singer Elisabeth Andreasson covered the song on her 1981 country album Angel of the Morning , with lyrics in Swedish by Hasse Olsson as `` Killen ner ' på Konsum svär att han är Elvis '' ( `` The guy down Konsum '' swears he 's Elvis ) . Track listing ( edit ) `` There 's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He 's Elvis '' ( K. MacColl / P. Rambow ) `` Hard to Believe '' ( K. MacColl ) `` There 's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He 's Elvis ( country version ) '' ( K. MacColl / P. Rambow ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` There 's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He 's Elvis - Kirsty MacColl '' . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` There 's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He 's Elvis 7 '' single - Kirsty MacColl `` . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Information at Svensk mediedatabas External links ( edit ) freeworld - Kirsty MacColl fansite Kirsty MacColl Studio albums Desperate Character Kirsty MacColl Kite Electric Landlady Titanic Days Tropical Brainstorm Compilations Galore Notable singles `` They Do n't Know '' `` Keep Your Hands Off My Baby '' `` There 's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He 's Elvis '' `` You Still Believe in Me '' `` Terry '' `` A New England '' `` Days '' `` Do n't Come The Cowboy With Me Sonny Jim ! '' `` Walking Down Madison '' `` Soho Square '' With The Pogues `` Fairytale of New York '' Related articles Ewan MacColl Steve Lillywhite Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=There%27s_a_Guy_Works_Down_the_Chip_Shop_Swears_He%27s_Elvis&oldid=799608311 '' Categories : 1981 singles 1981 songs Elisabeth Andreassen songs Kirsty MacColl songs Songs written by Kirsty MacColl Songs about Elvis Presley Polydor Records singles Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from March 2008 All articles lacking reliable references Talk About Wikipedia Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 19 : 12 . About Wikipedia

who wrote there's a guy works down the chip shop lyrics

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Honda Fit - wikipedia Honda Fit Jump to : navigation , search Honda Fit Overview Manufacturer Honda Also called Honda Jazz Production 2001 -- present Body and chassis Class Supermini ( B ) Body style 5 - door hatchback Layout Front - engine , front - wheel - drive or four - wheel - drive ( Japan ) Platform Honda Global Small Car Chronology Predecessor Honda Logo Honda Capa Honda Civic ( hatchback only , North America until 2016 ) Honda S - MX The Honda Fit ( Japanese : ホンダ ・ フィット , Honda Fitto ) , also marketed as the Honda Jazz ( Japanese : ホンダ ・ ジャズ , Honda Jazu ) , is a five - door , front - engine , front - wheel drive B - segment subcompact car manufactured and marketed by Honda since 2001 and now in its third generation . Marketed worldwide and manufactured at ten plants in eight countries , sales reached almost 5 million by mid-2013 . Sharing Honda 's global small - car platform with the City , Airwave , Mobilio , Mobilio Spike , Freed and Freed Spike , the Fit is noted for its one - box or monospace with an interior design concept that achieves a re-configurable cargo volume competitive with larger vehicles . Honda released hybrid petrol - electric versions of the Fit in Japan in October 2010 and in Europe in early 2011 . Honda released the Fit EV , a limited production all - electric version , in the United States in July 2012 and in Japan the following month . By 2012 , Honda Fit was produced in 12 countries , including Japan , Brazil , China , India and Indonesia . Honda uses the nameplate `` Jazz '' in Europe , Oceania , the Middle East , Africa , and most parts of Asia -- and the name `` Fit '' in Japan , Sri Lanka , China , Taiwan , and the Americas . Contents ( hide ) 1 First Generation GD Series , GD1 / 2 / 3 / 4 ( 2001 -- 2008 ) 1.1 Drivetrain and platform 1.2 Interior packaging concept 1.3 Production 1.4 Safety 2 Second Generation GE Series , GE6 / 7 / 8 / 9 ( 2009 -- 2014 ) 2.1 Fit Hybrid ( 2010 ) 2.2 Fit Shuttle and Fit Shuttle hybrid ( 2011 ) 3 Third Generation GK Series ( 2014 -- present ) 3.1 2018 model facelift 3.2 Safety 4 Sales 4.1 Marketing 5 Fit EV 5.1 Concept vehicle 5.2 Demonstration program 5.3 Production model 6 Awards and recognition 7 Racing 8 See also 9 References 10 External links First generation gd series , gd1 / 2 / 3 / 4 ( 2001 -- 2008 ) ( edit ) First Generation ( GD Series ) Overview Production 2001 -- 2008 Assembly Suzuka , Japan Ayutthaya , Thailand Karawang , Indonesia Santa Rosa , Philippines Guangzhou , China ( Guangqi Honda ) Sumaré , Brazil ( Honda Brazil ) Designer Mitsuhiro Honda ( 1999 ) Body and chassis Related Honda Airwave Honda City / Fit Aria Powertrain Engine 1.2 L L12A I4 ( petrol ) 1.3 L L13A I4 ( petrol ) 1.5 L L15A I4 ( petrol ) Transmission 5 - speed manual 5 - speed automatic CVT automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 2,450 mm ( 96.5 in ) Length 3,845 mm ( 151.4 in ) ( Worldwide ) 4,000 mm ( 157.4 in ) ( U.S. & Canada ) Width 1,675 mm ( 65.9 in ) Height 1,525 mm ( 60.0 in ) Curb weight 1,084 kg ( 2,390 lb ) The Honda Fit debuted in June 2001 in Japan and immediately became a big hit . At its introduction in 2001 , it won the Car of the Year Japan Award . By December 2001 , it had outsold the Toyota Corolla , and ranked first in sales for nine out of twelve months in 2002 . It subsequently was introduced in Europe ( early 2002 ) , Australia ( late 2002 ) , South America ( early 2003 ) , South Africa and South - East Asia ( 2003 ) , China ( Sep 2004 ) , and Mexico ( late 2005 ) . The Fit 's fuel tank under the front seat and compact rear suspension have enabled the rear seats to fold especially low , creating a flexible and regularised cargo volume that is large for its class . See : Honda Fit : diagram with forward fuel tank location and rear seat folded , into space typically occupied by the fuel tank . A production model for the United States and Canada debuted on January 8 , 2006 at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit . The car was released in Canada on 3 April 2006 , and in the U.S. on 20 April 2006 as a 2007 model year car . In the North American markets , the first generation Fit was replaced after only two model years by a new 2009 model , which was released for Japan in November 2007 as a 2008 model . Subsequent iterations would maintain the same platforms worldwide . Models The first generation Fit was sold in 6 variations whilst its City / Fit Aria sedan sibling was sold in 4 variations . All first generation Fit / Jazz models throughout the world utilized the following distinct codes , found in the vehicle 's identification number ( VIN ) : Fit / Jazz GD1 : 1.3 L L13A i - DSI Inline - four engine 2WD ( Europe : 1.4 L ) GD2 : 1.3 L L13A i - DSI Inline - four engine 4WD ( Japan only ) GD3 : 1.5 L L15A VTEC Inline - four engine 2WD GD4 : 1.5 L L15A VTEC Inline - four engine 4WD ( Japan only ) GD5 : 1.2 L L12A Inline - four engine ( Europe ) GE3 : 1.3 L L13A i - DSI Inline - four engine 2WD ( 2007 Europe 1.4 L model . Made in China ) Drivetrain and platform ( edit ) Depending on the region , the Fit is available with a 1.2 - , 1.3 - ( in Europe referred as 1.4 L model ) , 1.5 - litre i - DSI engine , or 1.5 - litre VTEC engine . All four engines are based on Honda 's L - series engine family . The eight - valve i - DSI ( intelligent dual and sequential ) engines use two spark plugs per cylinder , allowing petrol to burn more completely ; therefore , fuel consumption and emissions are reduced while maximum torque at mid-range rpm is maintained . The 1.5 L VTEC engine has the typical 16 - valve configuration that can maximise output at high rpm . Iinterior Honda Fit 's L - series of engines also provides the castings and reciprocating mass for Honda Marine 's 75 and 90 horsepower ( 67 kW ) outboard motors , the BF75 and the BF90 . The engines are mated to a five - speed manual , five - speed automatic , and continuously variable transmission ( CVT ) , depending on the region ( CVT not offered in United States prior to 2015 ) . Two forms of the CVT are offered : the regular , and the CVT - 7 . The CVT - 7 offers a smooth , continuous flow of power , or seven simulated `` gears '' controlled by paddle shifters on the steering column . The Fit uses Honda 's Global Small Car platform , which is also used by the Fit Aria / City ( a sedan version of the Fit ) , the Airwave ( a station wagon version of the Fit Aria / City ) , the Mobilio , and the Mobilio Spike . Interior packaging concept ( edit ) External images Honda Fit fuel tank location Ultra Seat ( Normal mode ) Ultra Seat ( Tall mode ) Ultra Seat ( Utility mode ) Ultra Seat ( Long mode ) Ultra Seat ( Refresh mode ) Ultra Luggage ( Regular mode ) Ultra Luggage ( Tall mode ) Ultra Luggage ( Upper / lower mode ) The Fit 's central fuel tank location under the front rather than rear seats -- combined with a compact , semi-independent , H - shaped torsion beam rear suspension -- allows for a lower load platform and increased cargo volume . Noted for its `` class leading utilization of interior space and maximum flexibility for people or cargo , '' the Fit offered approximately twice the storage space behind its rear seat compared with the Toyota Yaris hatchback . Ultra Seat : The fuel tank and rear suspension layout also allows a multiple - mode seating system , marketed by Honda as Ultra Seat ( Asia ) and Magic Seat ( North America , Oceania ) , with four seating modes -- and a fifth in certain markets : Normal : seats are in their normal position with seating for five . Utility : Either section ( or both ) of the 60 : 40 split rear seat folds and lowers onto itself , creating a flat load surface and increased cargo area . Long : The rear seat behind the passenger folds down similar to utility mode , but the front passenger seat folds backward , leaving an area that can hold items as long as 2.4 meters ( 7.9 ft ) . Tall : Either section ( or both ) of the rear seat cushion fold up against the rear seat back , allowing for an area of 1.28 meters ( 4.2 ft ) in height . Refresh : With the headrest of the front seat removed , the front seat back can be folded down to form a lounge - style sitting area . ( available in certain markets ) According to the Fit 's chief engineer , Kohei Hitomi , the Magic / Ultra seating system 's design `` came about after the design team had spent long hours watching people in supermarkets and how they stored their things . '' Ultra Luggage : In certain markets , Honda offers the Fit / Jazz without a spare tyre , a system marketed as Ultra Luggage , where the spare tyre well is used as part of a ' Tall ' mode cargo area behind the rear seats . A flexible flap allows three configurations of rear storage : Regular , Tall and Upper / Lower mode . Production ( edit ) The first generation Fit was produced at six locations , in Suzuka , Japan ; Sumaré , Brazil ; Guangzhou , China ; Ayutthaya , Thailand ; Karawang , Indonesia ; and Laguna , Philippines . Models produced in Japan were for Honda 's home market , Europe , some Asian markets , Australia ( till the end of 2005 ) , Canada and the United States . Models for the Malaysian , Singaporean and Vietnamese markets are produced in Thailand . The Brazilian factory supplied Mexico , all of Latin America and the Caribbean . Chinese models were sold in mainland China , and products from a dedicated export plant were exported to some left - hand - drive European markets , while Jazz models in Hong Kong were imported from Japan . Japan JDM - spec Honda Fit . Two engines ( 1.3 i - DSI and 1.5 VTEC ) were offered , each with a number of trim lines ranging from the basic `` Y '' to the sporty `` S '' . The 1.3 L i - DSI was available with only the regular CVT automatic . The 1.5 L VTEC model with the CVT - 7 was added in September 2002 . A five - speed manual was added in June 2004 for FWD model with the larger engine . Unique to the Japanese market , the Fit is also available in 4WD . Starting at a price of about JPY1 , 123,000 is the basic 1.3 Y model . At the top of the range is the 1.5 W four - wheel - drive version for JPY1 , 743,000 . A bewildering range of options and accessories are available at most levels , including Honda 's HDD GPS Navigation System called Internavi with its 6.5 - inch ( 170 mm ) colour screen . This system incorporates TV and FM radio . In Japan , the Fit replaced the market segment previously served by the Honda Civic and shared a platform with the Honda City when the Civic no longer complied with Japanese Government dimension regulations when the Civic exceeded the 1700mm width dimension . Europe Like Japan , the European market also has two engines available . The European - only 1.2 i - DSI is offered as the base model in many countries , and can be purchased only with a five - speed manual transmission . The 1.4 i - DSI is identical to the 1,339 cc 1.3 i - DSI sold in Japan , but marketed as a 1.4 L to differentiate it from the smaller 1.2 L engine ( ironically , at 1,244 cc , it is closer to 1.3 L than the bigger one is to 1.4 L ) . 1.4 L models started out well - equipped with the 5 - speed manual standard and the CVT - 7 available as an option . All European models have Anti-lock braking system ( ABS ) with disc brakes on the front wheels and drum brakes or disc brakes on the rear ones . Side airbags are standard on some high end models . The car has a good reputation in Europe with the UK 's biggest automotive survey , performed by the motoring show Top Gear , revealing that the Honda Jazz was the second best vehicle on UK roads ( after the Honda S2000 ) , as voted by UK car owners in 2006 . The popularity of the Jazz has made it Honda 's best - selling model in the region , comprising 30 % of all European Honda sales . Top Gear also stated that Honda Jazz ( and the Toyota Yaris ) is the closest to reality car that money can buy , meaning that a Honda Jazz can cover the majority of the automotive needs that man has today . China Local production and sale of the Fit ( Hatchback ) in China started in September 2004 , roughly one year after the launch of the sedan version ' Fit saloon ' ( City / Fit Aria ) in September 2003 . The trims are similar to those in Japan ; with the combination of 1.3 i - DSI , 1.5 VTEC , five - speed manual , and CVT , there are four models in total . United States and Canada 2007 Honda Fit base and Sport ( U.S. ) The Fit went on sale in the United States and Canada in April 2006 for model year 2007 , replacing the Civic hatchback for North America and becoming that market 's chief entry - level subcompact . The Civic continues to grow in size and price and was reclassified as a compact ( larger than a subcompact ) in 2001 . In keeping with Honda 's safety initiative , the Fit was offered in North America with power windows , standard side airbags , side - curtain airbags , and ABS , in addition to the mandatory front airbags . Due to differing safety regulations , North American Fits have larger bumpers , and a longer front clip , than the rest of the world , resulting in a slight increase in overall length . For the 2008 model , US models feature the Tire Pressure Monitoring System ( TPMS ) to alert the driver of low pressure in any of the four stock wheels . Unlike some systems , the system in the 2008 Fit notifies the driver that a tyre is low , but not which tyre . The Fit narrowly missed qualifying for the Canadian government 's $1,000 rebate , which is only offered for cars that meet the new federal fuel efficiency rating . Honda Canada Inc. decided to reimburse consumers the rebate for 2007 , and a revision to the federal ratings allowed the 2008 Fit to qualify for the $1,000 rebate . The Fit was offered in two variants in the United States ( Base and Sport ) , and three in Canada ( DX , LX and Sport ) . Differences were primarily limited to cosmetics and standard equipment , since all models shared the same 1.5 L 109 hp ( 81 kW ) engine and standard five - speed manual transmission . A conventional five - speed automatic transmission was optional , instead of the CVT automatic found throughout the rest of the world . The Fit Sport received paddle shifters mounted behind the steering - wheel when ordered with the automatic . For 2006 , 27,934 Fits were sold in the United States . A total of 56,432 Fits were sold in the United States in 2007 . The 2008 Honda Fit was largely unchanged from the 2007 with the exception of the TPMS and new windshield wipers that abandon the large rubber blade design to a more traditional rigid plastic with thin rubber blade design . MSRP was also increased by roughly US $100 . Total sales in the United States for the year were 79,794 , an increase of almost 41 % over previous year . Reception Honda marketed the Fit as `` Small is the New Big '' . Car and Driver magazine described that `` ( n ) ot only is it endowed with an impressive array of standard features and an upscale interior , but its dynamics rival the responses of cars with much fancier pedigrees and price tags . '' The magazine even cited its lane - change number of 71.4 mph edged the best run by a Ferrari F430 Spider F1 tested . And the car was included in Car and Driver 's 10 Best Lists for three times . In May 2006 , Fit was placed first in a Car and Driver comparison of seven economy cars that included Nissan Versa and Toyota Yaris . Consumer Guide said in its review , `` While prices seem steep for a subcompact ( compared to the Toyota Yaris and Nissan Versa ) , this is one in name and exterior size only ; it 's really a small wagon that challenges some compact SUVs for room while getting significantly better fuel economy '' . Mexico Fit , sourced from Brazil , was launched in October 2005 . Fit is currently ( 2014 ) made in Mexico . Brazil Honda started local production and sale of Fit in April 2003 when Brazil became the second production base , after Japan , for Fit . In Brazil , though initially was available with the 1.3 L i - DSI engine only , eventually the Fit has the same engines as the Japanese models ( all Brazilian Honda cars have engines imported from Japan ) and there are three trim levels available . Base model LX features the 1.35 i - DSI engine ( which is marketed as 1.4 in Brazil ) and driver side airbag . The second model in the range , the LXL , features the same engine from the LX , but adds some extra equipment : passenger side airbag and ABS . Top model EX has essentially the same equipment as the LXL , but comes with the 1.5 VTEC engine . All models are available with the five - speed manual or the regular CVT automatic . There are neither side airbags nor side curtains available for the Brazilian version . Also , the radio antenna is positioned differently , as it is near the front of the roof . Honda started selling the 2007 model in February 2006 with new bumpers and some cosmetic changes . Alcohol ( ethanol ) and gasoline hybrid Fit : Honda Brazil began sales in mid-December 2006 , only for the 1.35 i - DSI. 80 hp ( 60 kW ) at 100 % gasoline and 83 hp ( 62 kW ) at 100 % alcohol . It also works with any intermediary mix rate . There is an additional gasoline fuel tank on the right side under the triangle window for low temperature starts . Honda Fit was awarded by Quatro Rodas magazine as Best Buy in 2005 and 2006 , and as the car with happiest buyers in 2004 , 2005 , 2006 and 2007 . South Africa Launched in 2003 , it was sold as the Jazz in South Africa . It is available with the 1.3 i - DSI ( badged as a 1.4 ) or 1.5 VTEC engines both offered with either manual or CVT ( automatic ) transmission . Chile All Honda Fits sold in Chile are built in Brazil , except for a few early 2004 models . Until 2007 , all three Brazilian trim levels were available LX , LXL and EX , with five - speed manual or CVT automatic transmissions , but for 2008 models , the 1.5 - liter 16 - valve VTEC engine is no longer available , while the Brazilian LXL , with 1.35 - liter 8 - valve i - DSI engine , is sold as EX . No alcohol powered engines are available in Chile . Australia 2004 - 06 Honda Jazz ( Australia ) The Jazz / Fit offering in Australia follows , to a degree , the Japanese versions ( excluding the 4WD models ) , and was released in Australia in October 2002 . The base model GLi is powered by a 1.34 - litre i - DSI engine , and includes air - conditioning , a CD player , two front airbags , ABS brakes , EBD , a trip computer , remote central locking , a transponder coded immobilizer , power steering , windows and mirrors . Standard is a five - speed manual gearbox , with the CVT auto an optional extra . The VTi adds the 1.5 - litre VTEC engine , `` sports '' trim , and side mirror - mounted turning indicators . Optional is the 7 - speed version of the CVT auto with Formula 1 inspired gear shift paddles on the steering wheel ; the VTi - S has a `` sports '' body kit , fog lamps , and 15 - inch ( 380 mm ) alloy wheels . A `` dot '' on the `` J '' in Jazz on the rear of the first - generation model indicates whether it is powered by a 1.5 - or 1.3 - litre engine . The 1.5 - litre version ( VTi ) has a blue dot and 1.3 - litre version ( GLi ) has a red dot . The second - generation models can be differentiated by the presence ( VTi ) or absence ( GLi ) of audio controls on the steering wheel . The body kit for the VTi - S has changed since its introduction in 2003 . The picture to the right illustrates the differences . The white Jazz VTi - S in the middle is a December 2003 model , while the left silver Jazz is a 2004 VTi with optional bodykit , the right silver Jazz is a 2004 model VTi - S . Since its introduction to Australia , the Jazz has been imported from Japan . However , in late 2005 , Honda Australia began importing the Jazz from Thailand . The cheaper production costs allowed Honda to make significant price cuts across the Jazz range , although the color range has been reduced to six ( compared to 12 in Japan ) . In 2006 , the Australian Honda Jazz received a minor cosmetic facelift . At this stage , a free trade agreement between Australia and Thailand resulted all Australian Honda Jazz models being made in the Thailand factory . The model and trip variants remained the same , excluding the cosmetic changes . All models were upgraded to LED tail lamps as standard and also the 1.3 L Gli Jazz models have its antenna mounted at the front just above the front windscreen . The VTi 1.5 L engine and body remained the same with the addition of a sports collapsible antenna mounting on the rear roof . The CVT paddle shift system was altered for easier use . The paddle system is down gears on the left and up gears on the right . The previous model had a shifter for both up down at the 3 o'clock and 9 o'clock positions . The VTi - S is mechanically similar to the VTi but has a sports body kit . In addition , the LED tail lamps are smoked giving a more ' sporty ' look . Malaysia Post-2006 facelift Honda Jazz in Malaysia . The Malaysian version is available in two variants , the 1.5 i - DSI and 1.5 VTEC . Both are equipped with CVT - 7 and are front wheel drive . No manual transmission is offered . Unlike the Australian market , which had different trims for the Jazz e.g. , ( GLi ( Base Model with 1.3 motor ) , VTi ( 1.5 VTEC motor without Bodykit ) and VTi - S ( Sports Model with Bodykit ) ) , the Malaysian Jazz models were either the 1.3 iDSi or the 1.5 VTEC . Choices now are 1.4 iDSi and 1.5 VTEC . The VTEC model is equipped with Honda Modulo Bodykit . Standard equipment on both models includes air - conditioning , driver and front passenger air - bags , CD / radio head unit , ABS brakes , EBD , trip computer , central locking , power - assisted windows , power - assisted side mirrors , power - assisted steering , reflector halogen headlamps , and folding seats . Optional extras can be purchased from Honda Dealers / Service Centers all around Malaysia at retail price . A three - year warranty is standard for all Jazz models purchased from authorized Honda dealers in Malaysia . Initially the Jazz was sold as a CBU model ( fully imported from Japan ) . Variants included the 1.3 iDSi and the 1.5 VTEC model . Subsequently , Malaysia received units built in Thailand . The main and most noticeable difference were rear disc brakes . Japanese models incorporated rear drum brakes . In early 2006 , the Jazz underwent a facelift ( introduced earlier in Japan ) . The new version included new front fascia and bumpers , new rear bumper , new side skirts , side - mirror - mounted indicators / turn signals , rear LED brake lights , rear LED third brake light , body - colored housing headlamps and minor interior changes . The motor remained unchanged . Singapore Sold as the Jazz in Singapore by the authorised dealer and Fit by parallel importers . 1.5 L i - DSI variant is offered for the Jazz while the Fit sold by parallel importers is available in 1.3 L only . CVT or five - speed manual transmissions are offered in Singapore . Thailand Introduced in November 2003 for local production and sold as the Jazz in Thailand . Thailand became the third production base to produce Fit , after Japan and Brazil . Initially it was available only with a 1.5 L i - DSI engine , which it shared with City ( Fit Aria ) , and either a five - speed manual transmission or CVT . It is available in two variants , the 1.5 i - DSI and 1.5 VTEC . Both of them are FF layout with CVT - 7 or five - speed manual transmission offered . Jazz 's Engine Figures L4 8 valves i - DSI : Max Power 65 kW ( 87 hp ) at 5,500 rpm , Max Torque 131 N ⋅ m ( 97 lb ⋅ ft ) at 2,700 rpm L4 16 valves VTEC : Max Power 81 kW ( 109 hp ) at 5,800 rpm , Max Torque 143 N ⋅ m ( 105 lb ⋅ ft ) at 4,800 rpm Indonesia The Jazz was first imported from Japan under the name Fit in 2002 , but due to the high price it was not very popular . In late 2003 , Honda decided to import the Fit from Thailand , badged as the Jazz , to Indonesia at a much lower price . After the release , the Jazz was an instant success and became the best - selling car in Indonesia after the Toyota Innova , Toyota Avanza and Daihatsu Xenia . It was offered in only one trim with the 1.5 i - DSI engine mated to either a 5 - speed manual or a CVT transmission . In early 2005 , a VTEC model was offered with added rear disc brakes , ABS , EBD and airbags . Since 2005 , all Jazz models were built at Honda 's Karawang factory . Philippines Sold as the Jazz in the Philippines from 2004 up to 2008 ( 1st generation ) . It is available with three trim lines : 1.3 L - five - speed manual , power steering , without air bag 1.3 S - five - speed manual / seven - speed CVT , all - power , ABS , dual SRS air bag 1.5 S - five - speed manual / seven - speed CVT ( 2005 ) , all - power , ABS , dual SRS air bag and 2 engine configurations : L13A i - DSI 1,339 cc SOHC 8 - valve L15A VTEC 1,496 cc SOHC 16 - valve 2004 models were imported from Thailand , while 2005 -- 08 models were built in Honda 's plant in Laguna . Safety ( edit ) 2007 Honda Fit NHSTA crash scores : Frontal Driver : Frontal Passenger : Side Driver : Side Rear Passenger : Rollover : Europe NCAP tested on 2004 Honda Jazz 1.4 SE ( RHD ) model : Awarded stars Honda Jazz became the supermini to have the best overall performance for combined safety in its class . Second generation ge series , ge6 / 7 / 8 / 9 ( 2009 -- 2014 ) ( edit ) Second Generation ( GE Series ) Overview Also called Honda Jazz Production 2007 -- 2014 Assembly Suzuka , Mie , Japan Ayutthaya , Thailand Karawang , Indonesia Pingtung , Taiwan Guangzhou , China ( Guangqi Honda ) Greater Noida , India ( Honda India ) Swindon , England ( Honda UK ) Sumaré , Brazil ( Honda Brazil ) Designer Daisuke Sawai ( 2004 ) Body and chassis Related Honda City Honda Insight Honda Freed Powertrain Engine 1.2 L L12A I4 ( petrol ) 1.3 L L13A I4 ( petrol ) 1.5 L L15A I4 ( petrol ) Transmission 5 - speed manual 6 - speed manual 5 - speed automatic CVT automatic ( Japan ) Dimensions Wheelbase 2,500 mm ( 98.4 in ) Length 3,985 mm ( 156.9 in ) ( 2009 -- 11 ) 4,100 mm ( 161.4 in ) ( 2012 -- 13 ) 4,410 mm ( 173.6 in ) ( Fit Shuttle ) Width 1,695 mm ( 66.7 in ) Height 1,525 mm ( 60.0 in ) 1,540 mm ( 60.6 in ) ( Fit Shuttle ) Curb weight 1,070 kg ( 2,359 lb ) The second generation Fit debuted on 17 October 2007 at the Tokyo Motor Show . At its introduction in 2007 , it won the Car of the Year Japan Award for the second time . The vehicle offered a longer wheelbase than its predecessor and is wider and longer overall . Overall height is unchanged , while interior height increased by . 3 in . Multi-mode seating and cargo configurations were retained ( US models were no longer capable of Refresh / Relax Mode until the following gen ) , with redesigned headrests enabling more convenient folding of the rear seats . The cabin featured greater interior volume , and boot capacity decreased from 21.3 to 20.6 cubic feet ( 0.58 m ) . Facelift Honda Jazz VTi ( Australia ) Two engines were offered in the second generation Fit . A 1.3 L ( 79 cu in ) i - VTEC produces 98 hp ( 73 kW ) at 6,000 rpm and 98 lbf ⋅ ft ( 133 N ⋅ m ) at 4,500 rpm . This engine was offered in both European and Asian markets . A 1.5 L ( 92 cu in ) i - VTEC engine was also offered and produces a maximum output of 117 hp ( 87 kW ) at 6,600 rpm and 106 lbf ⋅ ft ( 144 N ⋅ m ) at 4,800 rpm . This was the only engine available in the American market . A five - speed manual , five - speed automatic ( 4WD only ) and CVT transmission were available . The chassis was re-engineered , with structural rigidity increased by 164 percent over the first generation Fit . `` We are very aware that the predecessor was a little firm , so we spent a lot of time fixing that . But we believe we 've got it just right now . '' -- Hitomi The second generation Fit featured improved ride and handling . By 2012 , the Honda Fit was produced in 12 countries , including Japan , Brazil , China , India and Indonesia . Fit hybrid ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Sales of the Fit Hybrid began in Japan in October 2010 . The hybrid version started at ¥ 1.59 million ( around US $20,000 ) , the lowest price for a gasoline - hybrid electric vehicle sold in Japan . The Fit Hybrid featured a 1.3 - litre engine and electric motor , with an estimated fuel economy of 3.3 litres per 100 kilometres ( 86 mpg ; 71 mpg ) measured in accordance with Japanese 10 -- 15 cycle . The car used a parallel hybrid system that works in tandem with the gasoline engine . The parallel hybrid system is simple and lightweight while enhancing driving performance and fuel economy . The European version , called Jazz Hybrid , was unveiled at the 2010 Paris Motor Show and became available in early 2011 . The Honda Fit / Jazz for the European and Japanese markets featured revised headlamps , new front grille , a leather seating option and a new Lime Green exterior color choice . Fuel economy estimated in accordance with European standard is around 65 miles per imperial gallon ( 4.3 L / 100 km ; 54 mpg ) and CO emissions of 104 g / km . It has the lowest carbon emission of automatic car in the B - segment . When the car is driven in a low and steady speed , the car switches to EV mode and releases no carbon emission : the engine shuts down and the car is powered solely by the electric motor . A compact Intelligent Power Unit ( IPU ) is located under the rear cargo area , the Jazz Hybrid maintains the same fully adjustable seating configuration as the gasoline - powered model and the same spacious area for optimum utilization and storage . With the fuel tank placed in the center plus an ultra-thin electric motor and compact IPU , it claims to achieve an efficient weight distribution . In an interview , Kohei Hitomi , the project leader of Fit hybrid , admitted that lowering CO further will affect some attributes that buyers of the car value : a bigger electric motor and battery sacrifice spaces utility , and improving aerodynamics might make side mirrors smaller . He said there are benefits for customers to keep all the versatility . The drivetrain is the same drive system as the Honda Insight . The advantages of the system are low cost , low weight and that it can be combined with either manual transmission or continuous variable transmission . The car is better suited than its diesel competitors in areas where superminis are most common : city centres . It is more economical in urban conditions . Thanks to the instant torque of the electric motor , it has a much better engine response . The hybrid version was not available in the U.S. According to Koichi Kondo , Executive Vice President of Honda : `` As for the future , it 's open to question . We will carefully be watching the market situation . '' Hitomi , as reported by Automotive News , believed that the second generation Fit offered in North American market had very good fuel mileage as it was and questioned if buyers were willing to pay extra for marginal mileage gains . Honda Jazz Hybrid Honda Jazz Hybrid It is reported about 86,000 Fit Hybrid are sold in 2011 . In Malaysia , the Fit hybrid was called Jazz hybrid . Honda introduced the hybrid model to Malaysia in March 2012 . Honda had planned to produce the Jazz hybrid in Malaysia by the end of 2012 . Honda was the largest hybrid vehicle seller in Malaysia in 2011 and by 2012 Malaysia was Honda 's largest hybrid vehicle market in Southeast Asia . It was reported that Honda would introduce the Fit hybrid to China during 2012 . The Jazz hybrid was launched in Thailand in July 2012 , the first hybrid in the country 's sub-compact market . First time buyers of the car were eligible for Thai government 's first car tax rebate . The hybrid model is assembled in Thailand . New model of Fit Hybrid was launched in Japan in 2013 . It is equipped with Honda 's next - generation sport hybrid i - DCD system that combines a 97 kW ( 130 hp ) , 156 N m ( 115 lb ft ) 1.5 - liter direct injection engine combined with a 22 kW ( 30 hp ) 160 N m ( 118 lb ft ) Honda H1 motor . Powertrains are shared with Honda Vezel and Honda Grace Hybrid . Fit Shuttle and Fit Shuttle hybrid ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Honda Fit Shuttle Honda Fit Shuttle Hybrid The Fit Shuttle is a compact station wagon derived from the second generation Fit and is available in Japan 's domestic market . The Shuttle is also a successor to the station wagon variant of first generation Fit , sold as the Airwave . The car leverages the efficient packaging of Fit and Fit hybrid . The launch of the car in June 2011 was pushed back from March as a result of the earthquake and tsunami in Japan on March 11 , 2011 . Production of the car was transferred from Honda 's Sayama plant in Saitama Prefecture to Suzuka plant in Mie Prefecture as a result of power rationing after the quake . Production began in early May 2011 . The Fit Shuttle was shortlisted for Car of The Year Japan 2012 . Its drivetrains are shared with the Fit . The Fit Shuttle has a 1.5 L i - VTEC engine with 120 hp ( 89 kW ) , which is optional in Japan 's Fit . A hybrid version , the Fit Shuttle hybrid , is also available , with a 1.3 L i - VTEC engine with IMA . Continuously variable transmission is the only transmission available for FWD models . A five - speed auto transmission is standard on four - wheel - drive models . The fuel efficiency of the station wagon and its hybrid variant was enhanced to be the same as that of Fit and Fit hybrid by reducing engine friction , front brake rolling resistance , improvement in aerodynamics and improvement of control efficiency of the hybrid system . All models feature ECON Mode for enhancing real - world fuel economy . Hybrid model has Eco Assist ( Ecological Drive Assist System ) to help the driver engage in fuel - efficient driving practices . It went on sale on June 16 , 2011 , in Japan . The Fit Shuttle comes with a double - hinged two - piece load floor that both allows access to an under - floor storage bin and also functions as a divider for the cargo area . Through better sound dampening and insulation , the Fit Shuttle is pledged to be as quiet as a mid-size sedan . Japan JDM - spec interior Japanese sales began in October 2007 . Facelifted models , and the hybrid version , arrived in October 2010 . Models available in Japan are the 1.3 L and 1.5 L variants consisting of the 13G , 15XH and the top - of - the - line RS . In 2007 , aftermarket tuner Mugen , introduced a new line of accessories for the Japanese market 2008 Honda Fit . On 17 January 2008 , they introduced the Mugen Fit F154SC at the 2008 Tokyo Auto Salon . The F154SC has a supercharger installed onto the stock L15A engine that raises base horsepower of the 1.5 L ( 92 cu in ) I4 to 150 hp ( 112 kW ) and 136 lb ⋅ ft ( 184 N ⋅ m ) . Other upgrades include full coilover suspension , exhaust , intake , and brakes . Body modifications include a widened track to feed more air into the engine bay . North America 2010 Honda Fit base ( US ) 2012 Honda Fit base ( US ) Although the second generation Honda Fit was introduced in the Japanese market in 2007 , the first generation Fit was still sold in the North American market for the 2008 model year . The second generation Fit for the North American market was unveiled on 19 March 2008 , at the 2008 New York International Auto Show for the 2009 model year . The North American Fit 's front overhang is several inches longer to improve U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) crash test ratings . The engine is a 1.5 L ( 92 cu in ) i - VTEC 4 - cylinder with 117 horsepower at 6600 rpm mated to a five - speed manual transmission or a five - speed automatic transmission . The second generation Honda Fit went on sale in North America around August 26 , 2008 , for the 2009 model year . It was considered the most expensive within the subcompact class when equipped as such , but was also described as modestly priced . It was reported in September 2009 that Honda is considering producing the Fit in North America in response to the increasing strength of the Japanese yen against the U.S. dollar . For the 2011 models , Vehicle Stability Assist , cruise control , remote entry and USB audio interface became standard across all trim levels . In addition , the Fit Sport now comes with carpeted floor mats . As of the 2011 model year , the base Fit comes with a remote entry , 15 - inch wheels with covers , power windows , power locks , cruise control , a tilt and telescoping steering wheel , a 160 - watt AM / FM / CD audio system with four speakers , a USB audio interface , a 12 - volt power outlet , and other features . The Fit Sport adds a ground appearance package , 16 - inch ( 410 mm ) alloy wheels , paddle shifters , a navigation system , a security system , fog lights , chrome exhaust finisher , a leather - wrapped steering wheel , steering wheel - mounted audio controls , floor mats , a 6 - speaker AM / FM / CD audio system , and other features . 2010 Honda Fit Sport 2012 Honda Fit Sport ( US ) For 2012 , the Fit features revised floor , front fenders , A-pillars , and front corner - window glass . The Fit Sport features a revised grille , dark `` machined surface '' finish alloy wheels , a black monochrome theme interior with chrome accents . The base model receives body - color exterior mirrors ( previously black ) , standard security system and new wheel covers for 2012 . Canadian trims include the DX ( two speakers , black door handles and side mirrors ) , DX - A ( adds factory - installed air conditioning ) , LX ( adds among other things , body - colored door handles and side mirrors , 15 - inch lightweight alloy wheels from the 2006 -- 11 Civic Hybrid and DX - G , rear spoiler , power locks and remote entry , two speakers for a total of four , cruise control ) , and Fit Sport ( adds USB jack and Vehicle Stability Assist ) . The Fit Sport is similar to its American counterpart , however a navigation system is not offered as an option . There are plans to build subcompact cars , which many rumoured to be Fit , in Honda 's new plant in Mexico . NHTSA Crash Test Ratings : Frontal Driver and Passenger : Side Driver Impact : Side Rear Passenger Impact : Rollover : Brazil The Sumare - built new Fit was introduced in October 2008 in Brazil at the Sao Paulo Auto Show . There are four versions : LX and LXL , with the 1.35 - liter ( marketed as 1.4 ) 16V engine , and EX and EXL , with the 1.5 - liter 16V engine . Both engines have VTEC and flex fuel capabilities as standard . Manual and automatic -- both five - speed -- gearboxes are offered ; CVT is no longer available . Malaysia The Jazz is sold in Malaysia currently in one variant . It comes with a 1.5 L i - VTEC engine with an automatic gearbox . Only available in S variant , it comes in a blue - black upholstery interior trim , 4 - speaker CD / MP3 / WMA player with USB and AUX jack , immobiliser and 4 Corner Reverse Sensors . It retails at an estimated RM 74,800 . Singapore JDM - spec Honda Fit RS The 2008 Fit is available from parallel importers and the authorised dealer in Singapore . The parallel import Fit is available in 1.3 G and GF that comes with an optional sunroof and the 1.5 RS version which packs 120 PS . The RS version has different bumpers , bigger 16 - inch rims and has smoked LED tail lamps . The authorised dealer sells the Jazz in two variants 1.3 L and the 1.5 L having similar specifications as the parallel imported Fit but does not adopt the RS grade for the 1.5 model . The Jazz was launched later from the authorised dealer in 2009 . Thailand The Fit is available in Thailand as the Jazz . The second generation model has been unveiled on March 23 , 2008 . 3 trim levels will be offered with S , V and SV . Cars with the S trim level will have 5 - speed manual and 5 - speed automatic transmission while the V and SV trims with only automatic transmissions . All trim levels have the 1.5 - liter 16V engine with i - VTEC , ABS and CD / MP3 radio . Jazz in Thailand gets a facelift in January 2011 with new front grille and rear bumper , sees an addition of front dual airbags across the range and front fog lamps in SV models . In early 2012 Thai government allowed to import Jazz ( and Accord ) from Japan to serve buyers in Thailand without excise tax , due to the flood in Honda plant in Ayudhaya province ; the Japan spec Fit came with HID headlamps and 6 airbags . The Jazz hybrid was launched in Thailand in July 2012 , the first hybrid in the country 's sub-compact market . First time buyers of the car are eligible for Thai government 's first car tax rebate . The Jazz that is built in Thailand will be shipped to serve customers in Malaysia , Philippines and Australia . Philippines The second - generation Jazz was launched around October 2008 , with two trim levels ; available in 1.3 S and 1.5 V models . The 1.3. S is available in 5 speed manual or 5 speed automatic while the 1.5. V is only available in 5 speed automatic with paddle shifters and receives a different style alloy wheels fog lights is not installed between the two trims it is a choice for the owners to add fog lights to the Jazz in 2011 a facelift version has launched receiving new designed front bumpers for both 1.3 . And 1.5 . Variants and new designed alloy wheels for both variants fog lights is now available in the 1.5 . Variant and new colors has been added Brilliant Orange ( 1.5. V only ) and Fresh Lime for both variants . Indonesia Similar with Thailand , the Honda Fit is called the Honda Jazz . The general market for the Honda Jazz are students , urban - people , and small families who needed a small , fuel - efficient , Spacious Cabin and trendy car . The first generation Honda Jazz was a huge success , sold by Honda Prospect Motor ( HPM ) introduced in late quarter of 2003 . The Honda Jazz is manufactured completely knocked down ( CKD ) in Honda 's Karawang Plant , West Java , Indonesia . The second generation Jazz was introduced in the middle of 2008 , sold in S and RS ( Road Sailing ) versions . The RS has added airbags , ABS , EBD , a different head unit and body kit with bigger wheels . In 2008 , the total sales of Honda Jazz in Indonesia was 24.969 unit , ranked 5th in total for the best - selling passenger car in Indonesia . In 2009 , sales fell to 15,713 as economic activities slowed but sales ranking improved to the fourth best - selling passenger car of the country . It was also Honda 's best - selling car in Indonesia . As of the end of November 2010 , sales of Jazz totaled 20,581 unit for the year . As of the June 2014 , totaled 228.500 unit Honda Jazz were sales ( from early 2004 ) , making the car leader in the segment . In mid-2011 the Jazz underwent a minor change including the redesigned front grill , new front / rear bumper , and a LED taillights. and early 2013 the Jazz went a minor changes including new headlamp and taillights accent , added upper spoiler as standard , new wheels , new audio system , and ' RS ' badge on the grille . India Launched as Jazz in India in June 2009 with 26 per cent import content . It is manufactured by Honda Siel Cars India Limited at its factory in Greater Noida . In India the car is powered by 1.2 L i - VTEC engine . Honda Cars India postpones Next - Gen Jazz launch citing production limitations . Honda expects the launch of Next - Gen Jazz in India sometime during the next fiscal in 2015 . Australia Pre-facelift Honda Jazz VTi - S ( Australia ) The second generation Fit ( sold as the Jazz ) is available in Australia , albeit initially without electronic stability control ( known as Vehicle Stability Control in Honda nomenclature ) . Honda introduced the feature at the end of 2010 . Stability Control has since become standard on all Jazzes sold . Until the end of 2011 the Australian Jazz was sourced from Thailand . However , due to the 2011 flooding in Thailand , Honda Australia sourced two special editions of Jazz from Japan from early 2012 until Honda 's plant in Thailand resumed production . The Japan - produced Vibe and Vibe S replaced the existing GLi and VTi prefixed models . Europe On July 28 , 2008 , Honda UK announced that the second generation Jazz would be on sale from October 17 , 2008 . The new model will be sold with two new engine variants ; a 90 PS 1.2 - litre i - VTEC petrol capable of 55.4 miles per imperial gallon ( 5.10 L / 100 km ; 46.1 mpg ) ( combined ) and with low CO emissions of 120 g / km ; and a 100 PS 1.4 - litre i - VTEC petrol engine capable of 53.3 miles per imperial gallon ( 5.30 L / 100 km ; 44.4 mpg ) ( combined ) and with similarly low CO emissions of 123 g / km . Honda also announced the introduction of an optional new `` I - SHIFT '' semi-automatic gearbox replacing the traditional automatic CVT gearbox that had been available on the previous model . Production of the Jazz for European markets moved from Japan to Honda 's UK plant in Swindon on 7 October 2009 . Facelifted models and the new hybrid model went on sale on 1 February 2011 . Aerodynamics improvement help the Cd drop from 0.336 to 0.330 . Engine modifications result in a drop of carbon emission of two grams to 123 g / km for 1.2 L engine and 126 g / km for 1.4 L engine respectively . CVT transmission will also be available on cars with the larger engine . Third generation gk series ( 2014 -- present ) ( edit ) Third Generation ( GK Series ) Overview Production 2013 -- present Model years 2014 -- present Assembly Yorii , Japan Sumaré , Brazil Ayutthaya , Thailand Pingtung , Taiwan Karawang , Indonesia Malacca , Malaysia Guangzhou , China ( Guangqi Honda ) Celaya , Guanajuato , Mexico ( from Feb 2014 ) Tapukara , India ( from Jan 2015 ) Designer Riku Wada ( 2010 ) Body and chassis Related Honda City Honda HR - V Honda Freed Honda Shuttle Acura CDX Powertrain Engine 1.2 L L12B i - VTEC I4 petrol 1.3 L L13B Earth Dreams i - VTEC I4 1.5 L L15A I4 ( petrol ) 1.5 L L15B1 I4 ( petrol ) 1.5 L L15B Earth Dreams i - VTEC I4 1.5 L i - DTEC diesel Transmission 5 - speed manual ( China Only ) 6 - speed manual 7 - speed semi-automatic ( DCT ) CVT automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 2,530 mm ( 99.6 in ) Length 3,955 mm ( 155.7 in ) Width 1,695 mm ( 66.7 in ) Height 1,525 -- 1,550 mm ( 60.0 -- 61.0 in ) Curb weight 1,020 -- 1,080 kg ( 2,249 -- 2,381 lb ) 1,080 -- 1,170 kg ( 2,381 -- 2,579 lb ) ( Hybrid ) The third generation Fit retains the overall design concept of previous generations , notably the center - located fuel tank and multi-configuration interior concept , marketed as Magic Seating . Honda 's all - new `` Global Small Car Platform '' employing ultra-high strength 780 MPa yield steel for 27 % of its bodywork -- and a shorter overall length ( - 1.6 inches ) , longer wheelbase ( + 1.2 inch ) increased rear legroom ( + 4.8 inches ) and increased passenger volume ( + 4.9 cu ft ) compared to its previous generation . Body panels are both welded and bolted to the frame in a hybrid monocoque and spaceframe fusion -- and rear torsion beam suspension is more compact , no longer using an anti-sway bar to maximize interior and cargo space . The HR - V shares its platform with the Fit . Honda Jazz VTi - L ( Australia ) Interior Japan Japan models went on sale on September 6 , 2013 . Models available in Japan range from the 13G , 15X , RS and hybrid . The Fit Hybrid uses an Earth Dreams 1.5 - liter Atkinson cycle DOHC i - VTEC engine paired with a 7 - speed DCT ( dual - clutch transmission ) and an internal high - output motor , IPU ( Intelligent Power Unit ) with lithium - ion battery , electric servo braking system with variable servo ratio control . Compared to the outgoing IMA hybrid , the new hybrid can now run fully on electric while driving , making it on par with Toyota Prius . Japanese cycle fuel consumption go as low as 37 km / L for the facelift base model . Non-hybrid models include the 13G ( Earth Dreams 1.3 - liter Atkinson cycle DOHC i - VTEC engine and CVT transmission ) , 15X ( Earth Dreams 1.5 - liter direct injection DOHC i - VTEC engine ) , RS ( Earth Dreams 1.5 - liter direct injection DOHC i - VTEC engine ) . The RS variant just like the outgoing model , features cosmetic enhancements featuring a sporty all round bodykit , 16 inch wheels , red interior stitching and sports pedals . North America The U.S. model debuted at the 2014 North American International Auto Show and went on sale in June as a 2015 model year vehicle . The third generation model replaces the previous SOHC engine with an all - new 1.5 - liter DOHC i - VTEC engine featuring direct injection and an intake cam using continuously variable cam phasing with a variable lift dual cam lobe profile . Transmission options include a 6 - speed manual or continuously variable transmission ( CVT ) with available paddle shifters adopted from the Civic . Fuel mileage ratings for automatic models are 33 / 41 / 36 mpg ( LX model , city / highway / combined ) or 32 / 38 / 35 mpg ( EX and EX-L trim levels ) . All Fits trim levels include a multi-angle rear - view backup camera ; higher trims include dynamic guidelines . Honda 's LaneWatch passenger side - view mirror camera is also optional . Malaysia Malaysian third - gen B - segment hatch Honda Jazz is available in S , E and V variants . Regardless of which variant , all variant get a non-direct - injected 1.5 - litre SOHC i - VTEC engine developing 120 PS at 6,600 rpm and 145 Nm of torque at 4,600 rpm ( 200 rpm lower than in the outgoing Jazz ) and an ' Earth Dreams ' CVT . Honda launched the Jazz Hybrid in June 2017 , as the facelift version . Honda gives 8 - year unlimited mileage warranty on the battery . Indonesia Indonesian models of third generation Honda Jazz was launched in June 2014 and went on sale in the beginning of July . It is available in three types : the A , S , and E ( RS ) , with either manual or CVT transmissions , and a special edition called Black Top Limited Edition which was launched at Indonesian International Motor Show in September 2014 . India The new - generation Honda Jazz was rolled out on 8 July 2015 from the stables of Japanese automaker in India . Powering the new - gen Honda Jazz is a 1.2 - litre , i - VTEC motor churning a peak power of 90 ps and a 1.5 - litre i - DTEC , earth dreams diesel engine having a power of 100 ps. India is the first and the only market where Jazz has been offered in diesel as well . The diesel engine is mated to a 6 speed manual transmission . The hatchback has been offered in 5 regular variants ( E , S , SV , V and VX ) in manual transmission and 2 variants ( S and V ) in CVT ( continuously variable transmission ) . The upper V trim in CVT comes with first in segment , steering mounted paddle shifters offering 7 virtual manual selection . At the time of launch , the lowest E variant in petrol was priced at 5.31 lakhs while the top end VX variant was priced at 7.29 lakhs ( ex-showroom , New Delhi ) . The E variant in diesel was tagged at 6.5 lakhs while VX diesel priced 8.59 lakhs ( ex-showroom , New Delhi ) . Philippines In the Philippines the 3rd generation Honda Jazz was launched in 2014 available in three trims the base which is the 1.5. E available in 5 speed manual or CVT like the Honda City the manual transmission receives full - wheel disc cover while the E CVT receives a different wheel design , the high - end variants 1.5. VX and 1.5. VX+ receive unique designed alloy wheels , touch - screen panel with AUX / USB connection , HDMI connectivity , HSA ( hill start assist ) , VSA ( vehicle stability assist ) , smart key w / push start / stop button , automatic climate control , mirror with side turning lights , center console with armrest and ESS ( emergency stop signal ) the VX+ receives side - curtain airbags , and all models receive ECON button , sporty illumination gauge and the four types of modes , namely Utility , Long , Tall and Refresh mode . 2018 model facelift ( edit ) The third generation Fit / Jazz received a facelift which was unveiled in Japan on May 12 , 2017 , in Thailand on May 19 and in Malaysia on June 6 . The US model was unveiled on June 12 . The facelifted third generation Fit went on sale in Japan on June 29 . It was also launched in Indonesia on July 26 . Front Rear Safety ( edit ) IIHS scores Category Rating Moderate overlap frontal offset Good Small overlap frontal offset Acceptable Side impact Good Roof strength Good Vehicle structure rated `` Acceptable '' Strength - to - weight ratio : 6.13 + 2015 Fit NHTSA scores Overall : Frontal Driver : Frontal Passenger : Side Driver : Side Passenger : Side Pole Driver : Rollover : / 14.7 % Honda Fit Hybrid Sales ( edit ) Japanese sales of the first generation Fit greatly exceeded the original monthly sales target of 8,000 units on debut . By December 2001 , it had outsold the Toyota Corolla , and ranked first in sales for nine out of twelve months in 2002 . With a total sales of 250,790 for the year of 2002 , it became the best - selling vehicle in Japan , which is a first for a Honda model . By September 2003 , a little more than two years after the car was first sold , Fit reached 500,000 sales in Japanese market . After a minor model change that went on sale on June 11 , 2004 , Honda announced that , in about 2 weeks ' period after its introduction , the company received orders from customers totaled around 13,000 units . By November 2007 , in less than 6 months after minor model change , cumulative sales of Fit reached one million units in Japan . The second generation has been the top selling car in Japan since its official launch in November 2007 . By September 2010 , cumulative sales in Japan reached 1.5 million units . Year Hatchback Aria ( sedan ) Total Rank in Japan 104,298 n / a 6 2002 250,790 1,231 2003 182,285 14,623 149,503 6,992 2005 125,894 5,450 2006 101,793 5,238 2007 116,561 n / a 2008 174,910 n / a 2009 157,324 n / a By December 2004 , cumulative global sales of Fit / Jazz reached 1 million units . On 17 July 2007 , Honda announced that as of the end of June more than 2 million Fit / Jazz units had been sold worldwide since its introduction . Japan accounts for the largest percentage of sales , with 962,000 units sold in the home market . Europe is next with 417,000 units . The U.S. accounts for 77,000 cars since introduction in 2006 . Honda expected to sell 33,000 vehicles in the U.S. for the 2007 model year , but exceeded these expectations and sold 40,000 . Honda plans to put 70,000 Fits on the U.S. roads for the 2008 model year . In the first half of 2008 , Honda and other manufacturers were surprised by the rapid shift towards smaller cars in the United States . Sales of Fit during the first five months of the year jumped 64 % compared with that of 2007 . Production of 2009 Fit for the United States market was to increase from 60,000 to 80,000 cars . Further increase in supply for the United States market is limited by Honda 's production capacity of 500,000 a year for all markets . Honda announced that by the end of July 2009 , worldwide sales of Fit / Jazz reached 3 million . One year later , global cumulative sales reached 3.5 million units in July 2010 . Calendar Year US 2006 27,934 2007 56,432 2008 79,794 2009 67,315 54,354 2011 59,235 2012 49,346 2013 53,513 2014 59,340 2015 52,724 2016 56,630 2017 49,454 Marketing ( edit ) In April 2006 , Honda Australia started promoting the Honda Jazz with Village Green , an animated television commercial , in 30 second and 60 second versions . The 60 second ad was inspired by Thomas the Tank Engine . The campaign was developed by Foote Cone Belding Melbourne , by creative director / art director Scott Lambert , copywriter Mark Ringer and agency producer Mandi Wright . The animated ad was directed by Michael Cusack at Anifex , with director of photography / producer Richard Chataway . In April 2006 , American Honda and its ad agency RPA launched the all - new small car , the Honda Fit , with six five - second and two 30 - second TV ads , with the slogan ' The Fit Is Go ' . These ads ran only briefly as demand quickly outstripped supply . In September 2008 , RPA ( Rubin Postaer and Associates ) announced it had started a national advertising campaign for Honda Fit , beginning September 29 . The list of ads include `` Mecha - Mosquitoes , '' ( broke 9 / 21 ) `` Defense Mechanism '' ( breaks 10 / 2 ) and `` Bats '' ( breaks 9 / 28 ) , produced by Digital Domain . As part of the campaign , the vehicle also appeared in Gossip Girl , 90210 , America 's Next Top Model , Smallville and Everybody Hates Chris . Print ads `` Gas Hogs '' and `` Cavernous '' will be featured in popular magazines . A dedicated marketing site was built to communicate top product features through games and interactive experiences . The campaign continued the slogan ' The Fit Is Go ' . Fit EV ( edit ) Concept vehicle ( edit ) 2013 model year Honda Fit EV electric car unveiled at the 2011 LA Auto Show . The Honda Fit EV concept electric car has its global debut in the 2010 Los Angeles Auto Show . The concept uses a motor derived from the FCX Clarity hydrogen fuel cell vehicle that , in sport mode , gives the driving feel of a car with a 2 - liter gasoline / petrol engine . The vehicle is paired with an exclusive interactive key fob that enable the driver to view the battery 's state of charge , initiate charging , and activate the vehicle 's climate control all without a cell - phone or an Internet connection . The vehicle can also pair with mobile app and web site that allows drivers to set the vehicle 's charging schedule for the best utility rates , locates charging stations and provides 24 / 7 roadside assistance . Demonstration Program ( edit ) Honda started the Electric Vehicle Testing Program in the cities of Saitama , Kumagaya and Chichibu , Saitama Prefecture , and Amakusa area , Kumamoto Prefecture , Japan , for its next - generation personal mobility products , including Fit EV in December 2010 . A demonstration program with pre-production vehicles began in Guangzhou , China in early November 2011 . Another program , called Honda Electric Vehicle Demonstration Program , is taking place in California , in partnership with Stanford University , the city of Torrance and Google . The electric vehicle joins Google 's GFleet , a car - sharing service for employees . Stanford uses the electric vehicle to study differences in the psychological and physical reaction of using battery - electric vehicles and driving a traditional gasoline - powered vehicle . The first 2013 Fit EV demonstrator was delivered to the city of Torrance in January 2012 . Stanford and Google received their demonstrators in February 2012 . Production model ( edit ) Honda Fit EV badge The production 2013 model year Fit EV was unveiled at the November 2011 Los Angeles Show . Vehicles for the U.S. market were limited to 1,100 units through October 2014 . Honda began deliveries of the Fit EV in the United States in July 2012 , and the car was available only through leasing at a price of US $389 per month for three years , based on base price of US $36,625 , and later the monthly lease payment was reduced to US $259 for all customers effective from June 2013 . Initial availability was limited to California and Oregon , and sales were scheduled to begin in selected markets in Massachusetts , Connecticut , Maryland , New York , and New Jersey by late February 2013 . Certified dealers for Fit EV increased from 36 to 200 by the middle of 2013 . The Fit EV was released through leasing to local government and corporate customers in Japan in August 2012 . Availability in Japan was limited to 200 units during its first two years . The car is based on the Fit compact car platform , powered by a lithium - ion battery pack combined with an AC synchronous , permanent magnet coaxial traction motor and low - friction reduction gearbox borrowed from the Honda FCX Clarity hydrogen fuel cell vehicle . Honda said the Fit EV concept had an all - electric range of 70 to 100 miles ( 110 to 160 km ) and a top speed of 90 miles per hour ( 140 km / h ) . Honda also said that recharging the Fit EV will take 12 hours from a 120 - volt outlet and four hours with a 240 - volt supply . Electrical engine of Honda Fit EV The United States Environmental Protection Agency official range is 82 mi ( 132 km ) and the agency rated the Fit EV combined fuel economy at 118 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent ( 2.0 L / 100 km ) , at the time , the highest of any electric car available in the U.S. market , topping the Mitsubishi i MiEV , rated with a combined 112 MPGe ( 2.1 L / 100 km ) . The Fit EV was surpassed in December 2012 by the Scion iQ EV , a two - seater , with a rating of 121 MPGe combined . Energy consumption is 29 kW h per 100 miles , and the fuel economy rating for city driving is 132 MPGe ( 1.8 L / 100 km ) and 105 MPGe ( 2.2 L / 100 km ) for highway . Under the Japanese JC08 test , the Fit EV achieved the current best AC energy consumption rate of 106 Wh / km and a range of 225 km ( 140 mi ) . The Fit EV employs Toshiba 's SCiB batteries that can be recharged to 80 % capacity in 15 minutes and can be recharged up to 4,000 times , more than 2.5 times that of other Li - ion batteries . The battery cells use lithium titanate oxide in the anode , providing rapid charge times and extending battery life . It also provides stable discharge from extremely cold ( - 30 ° C ) to high temperature above 40 ° C. According to Honda , the SCiB battery can charge in about half the time of a typical Li - ion battery . The Honda Fit EV , like the Honda CR - Z hybrid , will have three distinct driving modes : econ , normal , and sport . Honda explained that `` econ '' mode will extend the driving range by 17 % compared to the normal mode ; in sport mode , the Fit EV imitates the acceleration of a small car with a 2.0 - liter gasoline engine . The production version is equipped with a 20 kWh lithium - ion battery and 92 kW coaxial electric motor . The new electric motor is up to 98 percent efficient , contrast to the typical 15 percent efficiency of a gasoline engine . Honda estimates the Fit EV range at 123 mi ( 198 km ) for city driving , and 76 mi ( 122 km ) for combined city and highway . The battery can be recharged in four hours from a 240 - volt outlet . In July 2014 Honda announced the end of production of the Fit EV for the 2015 model , together with the Honda Insight hybrid and the Honda FCX Clarity hydrogen fuel - cell car . A total of 1,070 new units were leased in the U.S. through April 2015 . In March 2015 Honda offered a two - year lease extension to existing lessees , and also to new customers on used cars , at a reduced priced of US $199 a month with no down payment . In both cases there is no purchase option at the end of the lease . Awards and recognition ( edit ) Japan Car of the Year for the years 2001 -- 02 and 2007 -- 08 Japan Car of the Year 30th Anniversary Special Award `` Best 3rd Decade Car '' : 1st generation Fit / Jazz RJC Car of the Year Award 2002 Car and Driver 's Best Small Car in its 2007 -- 13 10 Best lists . Top Gear Survey 2006 : Best Small Car Top Gear Survey 2006 : Second Best of all cars in the survey ( After the Honda S2000 ) IGN Best of 2006 Awards : Killer B - segment Award Greenercars. org 's One of the Greenest Vehicles of 2007 and 2008 MotorWeek Drivers ' Choice Awards 2007 -- Best Small Car MotorWeek Drivers ' Choice Awards 2007 -- Best of the Year MotorWeek Drivers ' Choice Awards 2009 -- Best Small Car Best Economy Car for 2008 , U.S. News & World Report Top 10 Urban Vehicles for 2008 - Cars.com 2009 Car of the Year Finalist , Motor Trend 2010 Best Overall Value by Consumer Reports 2010 Best Hatchback for the Money , U.S. News & World Report 2011 Best Overall Value by Consumer Reports 2012 Best Overall Value by Consumer Reports 2012 Best Cars for Families Awards - No. 1 in Affordable Small Cars Racing ( edit ) The Honda Fit was one of the cars listed as eligible for the SCCA World Challenge 's touring car B - spec class for the 2012 season onward . Fit engines are also used in another SCCA class , the F1600 Championship Series . See also ( edit ) Honda EV Plus Honda L - series engine References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Honda Begins Sales of All - New Fit and Fit Hybrid in Japan '' . Honda Motor ( Press release ) . 2010 - 10 - 08 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Yoshio , Takahashi . `` Honda Fit to Break Civic Record ? '' . The Wall Street Journal - Japan Real Time . Dow Jones . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Lim , Anthony ( 18 July 2012 ) . `` Nissan Note -- second - gen mini MPV debuts '' . paultan.org . Archived from the original on 3 February 2014 . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Nissan has announced the arrival of an all - new Note , and the second - generation mini MPV will take the fight to the likes of the Honda Jazz in Japan , beginning early September . Jump up ^ Torr , Feann ( 7 July 2005 ) . `` Road Test : Mitsubishi Colt '' . Web Wombat . Archived from the original on 3 February 2014 . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Its main competitors are the more upmarket Honda Jazz and Mazda2 models ( ... ) Jump up ^ Lyon , Peter ( 12 November 2002 ) . `` Mitsubishi Colt '' . Auto Express . Archived from the original on 3 February 2014 . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Outside , the Colt is slightly bigger than key rival the Honda Jazz in virtually every department . Crucially , though , it still fails to outclass the Honda in terms of cabin space . ^ Jump up to : Eric Loveday ( Oct 8 , 2010 ) . `` Honda prices 2011 Fit Hybrid at $19,310 ; cheapest gas - electric in Japan '' . Autoblog Green . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Stephen ( 2010 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Honda Jazz Hybrid Will Get Paris Premiere '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Zach McDonald ( 2012 - 07 - 20 ) . `` Honda Registers First Fit EV Delivery '' . Plugincars.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Honda News ( 2012 - 08 - 31 ) . `` Honda begins lease sales of Fit EV in Japan '' . Green Car Congress . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Honda Fit '' . Topspeed . In order to help maximise Fit 's useable interior space , Honda located the fuel tank in a central location towards the middle of the vehicle . This allows the cargo floor in the rear of Fit to be relatively low , thus increasing the interior volume . Jump up ^ `` Honda 's Next Generation of Outboards '' . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2007 Honda Fit '' . Top Gear , 05.16. 2006 , Mike Huslea & Anthony Kodack . ^ Jump up to : `` 2007 Honda Fit Review '' . JB car pages . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Test Drive : 2007 Honda Fit Sport '' . Canadian Driver , Greg Wilson , April 21 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Second Generation Honda Jazz '' . Motortrader.com , August 20 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New Second Generation Honda Jazz Details '' . Paultan.org , October 22 , 2007 , Paul Tan . Jump up ^ `` Honda Automobile ( China ) Co. , Ltd . Begins Auto Exports '' . Honda . 2005 - 06 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Adds a 1.5 L Model to the Popular `` Fit '' Small Car Line - up `` . Honda . 2002 - 09 - 12 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Top Gear Survey 2006 - Honda Jazz '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Begins Production of `` Fit '' Hatchback in China `` . Honda . 2004 - 09 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Honda Fit Review '' . JB car pages . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Chris Vander Doelen , Windsor Star ( April 5 , 2007 ) . `` Honda Fit may drop safety for rebate '' . Vancouver Sun . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Lavrinc , Damon ( 2007 - 07 - 09 ) . `` Mazda still mulling over Mazda2 , while Honda dealers clamor for more Fits '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Honda Reports 2008 Annual and December Monthly Sales '' ( Press release ) . Honda . 2009 - 01 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Honda Fit Subcompact Proves that Small is the New Big '' . The Auto Channel . 2007 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Csaba Csere and Tony Swan . `` 2007 10Best Cars - 10Best Cars '' . Car and Driver . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Decade in Review : 10Best of the Aughties - Feature '' . Car and Driver . December 2009 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ JOHN PHILLIPS ( May 2006 ) . `` 2007 Dodge Caliber vs. 2007 Honda Fit , 2006 Hyundai Accent , 2006 Kia Rio5 , 2007 Nissan Versa , 2006 Suzuki Reno , 2007 Toyota Yaris '' . Car and Driver . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Honda Fit Full Review '' . Consumer Guide Auto . 2008 - 11 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Amyot Bachand ( 2008 - 06 - 26 ) . `` 2008 Honda Fit LX Review '' . Auto123.com . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Annual Report 2006 '' . Honda Motor Company . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times ( 24 February 2014 ) . `` Mexico becoming a driving force in auto production '' . latimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Sales of Locally Produced Honda Fit to begin in Brazil '' . Honda . 2003 - 04 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Begins Production and Sales of Small Car `` Jazz '' in Thailand `` . Honda . 2003 - 11 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Safercar.gov 2007 Honda Fit 4 - dr w / SAB '' . Safercar.gov . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Jazz - test 2004 '' . Euro NCAP . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz Safety `` Top of the Class '' `` . Autoweb. 2004 - 07 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Tadeo , Patrick Everett ( 2013 - 03 - 29 ) . `` Do the Thais Know Something That We Do n't ? '' . Top Gear Philippines . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Honda Fit Specs '' . JB car pages . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 Honda Fit Specs '' . JB car pages . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Lyon , Peter ( 2007 - 09 - 20 ) . `` First Drive : 2009 Honda Fit -- The Big Success Gets Bigger '' . Edmunds . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Kubota , Yoko ( Sep 21 , 2012 ) . `` Honda aims to nearly double car sales in four years '' . Reuters . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Makiko Kitamura and Yuki Hagiwa ( 2010 - 10 - 08 ) . `` Honda Unveils Fit Hybrid , Considers Overseas Output '' . Bloomberg . ^ Jump up to : `` Honda announces the new Jazz Hybrid , the first hybrid model in the Thai sub-compact automobile market segment '' ( Press release ) . Honda Automobile ( Thailand ) . Jul 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lee Sibbald ( 2010 - 09 - 30 ) . `` Honda 's Jazz hybrid becomes lowest CO emitting automatic B - segment car '' . The Fleet Directory UK . Jump up ^ `` Lower - emission Jazz to come , says Honda '' . What Car ? . 2010 - 09 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Richard Aucock ( 2010 - 09 - 30 ) . `` Paris : Honda defends Jazz Hybrid '' . Car Dealer magazine UK . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Flip - Flops on U.S. Release of Honda Fit Hybrid '' . Hybrid Cars.com. 2010 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Honda to assemble hybrids in Thailand '' . Reuters . May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Premalatha Jayaraman ( Mar 16 , 2012 ) . `` Honda aims to sell 10,000 hybrid vehicles this year '' . The Sun Daily . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Honda to begin Jazz hybrid production in Malaysia ; adding second production line '' . Green Car Congress . Jul 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Honda to introduce three hybrids to China market this year , local production of EVs '' . GreenCarCongress . Apr 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Honda Jazz Hybrid sub-compact launch for a clean and green future '' . Rush Lane . Jul 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Honda Jazz Hybrid at Bt768 , 000 '' . The Nation . Jul 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Honda begins assembling Fit Hybrid in Thailand '' . GreenCarCongress . Jul 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Honda begins sales of new Fit Shuttle and Fit Shuttle hybrid in Japan ; same fuel economy as smaller Fit '' . Green Car Congress . 2011 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Honda To Launch Fit Wagon After 3 - Month Delay '' . Nikkei . 2011 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Jeff Glucker ( Jun 16 , 2011 ) . `` Honda Fit Shuttle goes on sale in Japan in gas and hybrid spec '' . Autoblog . Jump up ^ `` Car of the Year Japan 2012 Top Ten Contenders Announced '' . Integrity Exports . 2011 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Shuttle Liftoff : Honda Fit Shuttle Hits Dealers in Japan , Rakes In 7000 Orders '' . Automobile Magazine . 2011 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Neff , John ( 2007 - 10 - 22 ) . `` Mugen lays hands upon 2008 Honda Fit / Jazz '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lavrinc , Damon ( 2008 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Honda Fit F154SC concept by Mugen '' . Autoblog . Weblogs , Inc . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Ramsey , Jonathon ( 2008 - 03 - 19 ) . `` New York 2008 : 2009 Honda Fit gets in shape '' . Autoblog . Weblogs , Inc . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Siler , Wes ( 2008 - 03 - 19 ) . `` 2009 Honda Fit Is Go , Again '' . Jalopnik . Gawker Media . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Bell , Damon . `` The Consumer Guide to 2009 Subcompact Cars '' . Consumer Guide Automotive . HowStuffWorks . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . The most expensive subcompact , the top - trim - level Honda Fit with an optional navigation system , has a still - modest base price of $18,760 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Fit production could shift to Ohio '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Honda Fit Receives More Standard Features ; VSA Added to All Models '' . theautochannel.com . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Honda Fit Review '' . JB car pages . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Honda Fit Receives Updates and More Features '' ( Press release ) . American Honda Motor Co . Aug 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Josh Jacquot ( Sep 5 , 2011 ) . `` Honda : What 's New for 2012 '' . InsideLine . Jump up ^ Honda Canada Inc. `` 2015 Honda Fit '' . honda.ca . Jump up ^ Mike Ramsey ( Aug 13 , 2011 ) . `` Honda Plans Mexico Plant '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` NHTSA Rankings for 2009 Honda Fit '' . National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ N. Madhavan ( 2011 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Lively new hope '' . Business Today ( India ) . Jump up ^ `` Press Releases '' . Honda Car India . 2009 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Cars India postpones Next - Gen Jazz launch to next year '' . CarTrade . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Australia confirms 2011 Jazz and City will receive stability control '' . Themotorreport . ^ Jump up to : `` Honda Jazz Vibe Arrives From Japan To Fill Australian Supply '' . Themotorreport . Jan 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tim Beissmann ( March 1 , 2012 ) . `` Honda Australia draws ' line in the sand ' in 2012 '' . Car Advice . Jump up ^ `` The Official Honda Jazz Website ( UK ) '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` UK Honda Jazz production begins -- Autocar.co.uk '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Jazz hybrid from 16k '' . Autoexpress . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Davey G. ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Smaller , Larger '' . Autoweek. 64 ( 9 ) : 28 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Jazz 2014 specifications ( Thailand ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` 2015 US - spec Honda Fit launched in Detroit '' . worldcarfans . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Honda Fit introduced with `` Earth Dreams '' engine , CVT , new body construction `` . sae.org . Jump up ^ `` Honda Fit specs in Japan '' . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Worldwide - September 5 , 2013 `` Honda to Release all - New Fit and Fit Hybrid in Japan '' `` . honda.com . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/174741-2015-honda-fit-brings-more-tech-to-the-subcompact-market-navigation-for-60-anyone The 2015 Fit was manufactured in Honda 's new Mexico plant . Due to growing pains , the 2015 Fit ( and HR - V also assembled at the plant ) suffered high rates of assembly error . Honda responded to poor quality control by selling 2017 Fits in the U.S. that came from a plant in Japan . The HR - V continues to be assembled in Mexico . Jump up ^ http://paultan.org/2014/07/16/2014-honda-jazz-launched/ Jump up ^ `` 2017 Honda Jazz facelift launched in Malaysia - 1.5 L and Sport Hybrid i - DCD variants , from RM74 , 800 '' . Paul Tan 's Automotive News . 2017 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ I myself witnessed the launching ceremony of Honda Jazz in India . Jump up ^ http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/refreshed-2018-honda-fit-launches-next-month-with-more-aggressive-styling-new-sport-trim-and-available-honda-sensing-300471496.html Jump up ^ `` Vehicle details '' . iihs.org . Jump up ^ `` NHTSA scores '' . Safercar.gov . Jump up ^ `` Honda Fit Ranked Best - selling Vehicle in 2002 in Japan '' . Honda . 2003 - 01 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cumulative Sales of Honda Fit Reach 1.5 Million Units in Japan , 3.5 Million Units Worldwide '' . Honda Motor ( Press release ) . 2010 - 10 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Orders Received for Newly Introduced Fit '' . Honda . 2004 - 06 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Nunez , Alex ( 2007 - 07 - 18 ) . `` Honda : 2,000,000 Fits sold worldwide '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Abuelsamid , Sam ( 2008 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Honda boosting Fit production to meet U.S. demand '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Honda December Sales '' . Hondanews.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` American Honda December 2010 Sales '' . Hondanews.com. 2011 - 01 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Honda December 2012 Sales '' . Hondanews.com. 2011 - 01 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ http://www.honda.com/newsandviews/article.aspx?id=7530-en Jump up ^ `` Honda Division Breaks Annual Auto Sales Record as Honda and Acura Brands Set Numerous New Sales Marks '' . Honda Newsroom . Jump up ^ http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/american-honda-sets-new-all-time-annual-sales-record-300199570.html Jump up ^ http://www.hondanews.com/releases/-american-honda-sets-all-time-sales-records-powered-by-demand-for-cars-and-trucks?page=2 Jump up ^ `` Honda Jazz Cars Ever So Nice '' . The Inspiration Room . 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Fit Is Go with Animation '' . The Inspiration Room . 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Rubin Postaer and Associates / Digital Domain ( for Honda ) ( 2008 - 10 - 16 ) . `` Honda Fit Commercial : `` Mecha Mosquitoes '' `` . YouTube . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Rubin Postaer and Associates / Digital Domain ( for Honda ) ( 2008 - 10 - 16 ) . `` Honda Fit Commercial : `` Defense Mechanism '' `` . YouTube . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Rubin Postaer and Associates / Digital Domain ( for Honda ) ( 2008 - 10 - 16 ) . `` Honda Fit Commercial : `` Bats '' `` . YouTube . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Ad Campaign for the All - New Honda Fit Flaunts Fierce , City - Smart Style : Honda 's Integrated National Ad Campaign Includes TV , Print , Interactive and Outdoor '' . rpa.com. 2008 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Fit Animation Again '' . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Garrett , Jerry ( 2010 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Honda Fit EV : An All - Electric Concept '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` First Look : Honda Fit EV Concept '' . Motor Trend . 2010 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Susan ( Nov 17 , 2010 ) . `` L.A. Auto Show : Honda unveils Fit EV , available in 2012 '' . The Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Honda announces second plug - in vehicle testing program ; Japan joins US , China may follow '' . Green Car Congress . Dec 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Honda to Start Electric Vehicle Testing Program with Saitama Prefecture - Honda 's Next - Generation Personal Mobility Test Vehicles and Charging Facilities Make Public Debut '' ( Press release ) . Honda . Dec 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Yoshio Takahashi ( Dec 21 , 2010 ) . `` Honda Eyes China 's Electric Car Market '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Honda Starts Electric Vehicle Testing Program with Kumamoto Prefecture '' ( Press release ) . Honda . Dec 24 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Honda begins demonstration testing of Fit EV concepts in Guangzhou ; targeting EV production in China before end of 2012 '' . Green Car Congress . 2011 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Josie Garthwaite ( 2010 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Google 's GFleet To Provide Testing Ground for Electric Cars '' . earth2tech . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Honda ( 2011 - 09 - 20 ) . `` Honda releases more details on Fit electric concept '' . AutoblogGreen . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09 . See the Press Release for details about the Advanced Technology Demonstration Program in the USA . Jump up ^ Liane Yvkoff ( Feb 8 , 2012 ) . `` Google and Stanford early adopters of Honda Fit EV '' . Cnet.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Honda begins deliveries of 2013 Fit EV ; first unit to City of Torrance '' . Green Car Congress . 2012 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Danny King ( 2012 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Honda sends more Fit EVs to Google , Stanford University for testing '' . Autoblog Green . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 17 . See details in Honda Press Release . Jump up ^ `` Honda will debut production Fit EV , 4th generation CR - V at LA Auto Show '' . Green Car Congress . 2011 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Tori Tellem ( 2011 - 11 - 16 ) . `` In Search of the Perfect Fit , Honda Goes Electric '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ingram , Antony. `` 2014 Honda Fit EV : Model Year Ends Early As Last Cars Are Built '' . GreenCarReports . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Fit EV Pricing '' . NADAguides.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Honda cuts US lease price for Fit EV to $259 / mo '' . GreenCarCongress . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Philippe Crowe ( 2013 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Fit EV Heading East '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Frank Markus ( Dec 5 , 2011 ) . `` First Drive : 2013 Honda Fit EV '' . Motor Trend . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 Honda Fit EV '' . Fueleconomy.gov . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Sebastian Blanco ( 2012 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Honda Fit EV rated at 118 MPGe with 82 - mile range by EPA * UPDATE '' . Autoblog Green . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Brad Berman ( 2012 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Honda Fit EV Beats Competitors on MPGe and Range '' . PluginCars.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Brad Berman ( 2012 - 12 - 07 ) . `` 2013 DOE - EPA Fuel Economy Guide Includes 14 Plug - in Models '' . PluginCars.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ US DoE and US EPA . `` Most Efficient EPA Certified Vehicles '' . Fueleconomy.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Honda Media Room ( 2012 - 06 - 06 ) . `` 2013 Honda Fit EV receives EPA fuel economy rating of 118 MPGe ; highest yet '' . Green Car Congress . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Toshiba 's SCiB battery for the Fit EV '' . Green Car Congress . Nov 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Addison , John ( 2010 - 11 - 30 ) . `` New Honda Fit EV likely to cost less than Nissan LEAF '' . CleantechBlog . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ John Voelcker ( 2014 - 07 - 29 ) . `` Honda Ends Three Green Models For 2015 : Insight , Fit EV , FCX Clarity '' . Green Car Reports . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Jeff Cobb ( 2013 - 01 - 08 ) . `` December 2012 Dashboard '' . HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 09 . See the section : December 2012 Plug - in Electric Car Sales Numbers Jump up ^ Cole , Jay ( 2014 - 01 - 03 ) . `` December 2013 Plug - In Electric Vehicle Sales Report Card '' . InsideEvs.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Jeff Cobb ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) . `` December 2014 Dashboard '' . HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Jeff Cobb ( 2015 - 05 - 02 ) . `` April 2015 Dashboard '' . HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 20 . Only 1 Honda Fit EV was leased during the first four months of 2015 . Jump up ^ Sebastian Blanco ( 2015 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Honda Fit EV lease drops to $199 a month , but there 's a catch '' . Autoblog.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Car of the Year '' ( PDF ) . 2009 - 10 - 21 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Greenest Vehicles awards '' . Greenercars.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` MotorWeek Best Small Car '' . Mpt.org . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` MotorWeek Best of the Year '' . Mpt.org . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Hardigree , Matt ( 2007 - 12 - 17 ) . `` U.S. News & World Report Names Best Cars for 2008 '' . Jalopnik . Gawker Media . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10s and More More Top 10s '' . Cars.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Motor Trend Car of the Year : The Contenders are revealed , what 's your pick ? '' . Motor Trend Blog . Motor Trend . 2008 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Frank Filipponio ( Feb 23 , 2010 ) . `` Despite recalls , Consumer Reports names Honda Fit , Toyota Prius Best Values '' . Autoblog . Jump up ^ Deaton , Jamie Page ( 2009 - 12 - 11 ) . `` Best Cars for the Money 2010 '' . U.S. News Rankings and Reviews . U.S. News & World Report . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ James Healey ( Feb 28 , 2011 ) . `` Consumer Reports lauds Honda Fit for value , rips Jeep Wrangler '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Honda Fit tops list of best value cars '' . The Boston Globe . Mar 25 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Best Cars for Families Awards '' . U.S. News Rankings and Reviews . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Look up fit in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Honda Fit , Honda Jazz and Honda Fit EV . 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American Honda Motor Co . Honda Motor Co. v. 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what is the weight of a honda fit

1,020–1,080 kg

5 - door hatchback

Loop ( graph Theory ) - wikipedia Loop ( graph Theory ) Jump to : navigation , search A graph with a loop on vertex 1 In graph theory , a loop ( also called a self - loop or a `` buckle '' ) is an edge that connects a vertex to itself . A simple graph contains no loops . Depending on the context , a graph or a multigraph may be defined so as to either allow or disallow the presence of loops ( often in concert with allowing or disallowing multiple edges between the same vertices ) : Where graphs are defined so as to allow loops and multiple edges , a graph without loops or multiple edges is often distinguished from other graphs by calling it a `` simple graph '' . Where graphs are defined so as to disallow loops and multiple edges , a graph that does have loops or multiple edges is often distinguished from the graphs that satisfy these constraints by calling it a `` multigraph '' or `` pseudograph '' . In a graph with one vertex , all edges must be loops . Such a graph is called a bouquet . Contents ( hide ) 1 Degree 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Degree ( edit ) For an undirected graph , the degree of a vertex is equal to the number of adjacent vertices . A special case is a loop , which adds two to the degree . This can be understood by letting each connection of the loop edge count as its own adjacent vertex . In other words , a vertex with a loop `` sees '' itself as an adjacent vertex from both ends of the edge thus adding two , not one , to the degree . For a directed graph , a loop adds one to the in degree and one to the out degree . See also ( edit ) Loops in Graph Theory Cycle ( graph theory ) Graph theory Glossary of graph theory Loops in Topology Möbius ladder Möbius strip Strange loop Klein bottle References ( edit ) Balakrishnan , V.K. ; Graph Theory , McGraw - Hill ; 1 edition ( February 1 , 1997 ) . ISBN 0 - 07 - 005489 - 4 . Bollobás , Béla ; Modern Graph Theory , Springer ; 1st edition ( August 12 , 2002 ) . ISBN 0 - 387 - 98488 - 7 . Diestel , Reinhard ; Graph Theory , Springer ; 2nd edition ( February 18 , 2000 ) . ISBN 0 - 387 - 98976 - 5 . Gross , Jonathon L , and Yellen , Jay ; Graph Theory and Its Applications , CRC Press ( December 30 , 1998 ) . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 3982 - 0 . Gross , Jonathon L , and Yellen , Jay ; ( eds ) ; Handbook of Graph Theory . CRC ( December 29 , 2003 ) . ISBN 1 - 58488 - 090 - 2 . Zwillinger , Daniel ; CRC Standard Mathematical Tables and Formulae , Chapman & Hall / CRC ; 31st edition ( November 27 , 2002 ) . ISBN 1 - 58488 - 291 - 3 . External links ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from the NIST document : Black , Paul E. `` Self loop '' . Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loop_(graph_theory)&oldid=815655329 '' Categories : Graph theory Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Polski Português Русский Simple English Українська 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 05 : 43 . About Wikipedia

an edge that is between a vertex and itself is a

loop (also called a self-loop or a "buckle")

connects a vertex to itself

The Little Couple - wikipedia The Little Couple Jump to : navigation , search The Little Couple Genre Reality Starring Bill Klein Jennifer Arnold - Klein William Rijin Klein Zoey Nidhi Klein Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 134 Production Executive producer ( s ) Eric Schotz Ruth Rivin Melissa Tallerine Producer ( s ) Elizabeth Massie Oliver Oertel Sonya Gay Bourn Editor ( s ) Adrian Herrera Paul Yates Ryan Ely Scott Reynolds Camera setup Multiple Running time 22 to 24 minutes Production company ( s ) LMNO Productions Release Original network TLC Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release May 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 26 ) -- present External links Website www.thelittlecouple.net The Little Couple is an American reality television series on TLC that debuted May 26 , 2009 . The series features Bill Klein , a businessman , and Dr. Jennifer Arnold , a neonatologist , who both have skeletal dysplasia . Arnold is 96.5 cm ( 3'2 `` ) and Klein 122 cm ( 4 feet ) tall . They moved from New York City , after Jen completed her pediatric residency and masters of medical education at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Television appearances 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2009 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2009 -- 10 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2010 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 2011 ) 3.5 Season 5 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 3.6 Season 6 ( 2014 ) 3.7 Season 7 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 3.8 Season 8 ( 2016 ) 4 References Production ( edit ) The show begins with the couple having just moved to Houston , Texas , where the series has documented the customized building of their home and attempts to have a child . Arnold is a neonatologist who works at the Texas Children 's Hospital , and Klein is a medical supplies and telemarketing businessman . They were originally introduced in a one - hour TLC special , Little People : Just Married . Season 1 of the show premiered on May 26 , 2009 . Season 2 premiered on October 27 , 2009 . On February 22 , 2010 , TLC renewed The Little Couple for a third season consisting of 20 episodes . The mid-season finale aired after 9 episodes on July 27 , 2010 , and season 3 returned on October 12 , 2010 . It was announced on Facebook that the show would be returning for its 4th season on May 31 , 2011 . Again , the season was split , with the second half of season 4 premiering on September 27 , 2011 . In February 2012 , Klein opened Rocky&Maggie in Rice Village Houston . named after their pets Chihuahua Rocky and rescue mutt terrier Maggie . Arnold 's mother Judy manages the store . Season 5 began on March 20 , 2012 , and follows Klein and Arnold as they move into their custom - built dream home and launch a brand - new business . In March 2013 , they adopted their son , Will , from Hohhot , China . The adoption of their son , who also has dwarfism , is featured in Season 5 . On October 15 , 2013 , they adopted a daughter , Zoey , also a little person , from Delhi , India . The series went into an hiatus on June 4 , 2013 , and returned on August 13 , 2013 . In December 2013 , Arnold revealed that she was diagnosed with a rare form of cancer , stage 4 choriocarcinoma , due to a non-viable pregnancy she had suffered in September 2013 . She allowed the cameras to document her struggle . Season 6 premiered on March 4 , 2014 . It features Zoey 's adoption , Arnold 's cancer treatment , Will 's fourth birthday , baptisms , the holiday season , and Arnold 's 40th birthday . The new season of The Little Couple premiered on September 19 , 2017 . Television appearances ( edit ) The Oprah Winfrey Show ( March 9 , 2009 ) The Today Show ( July 7 , 2009 ) The Dr. Oz Show ( October 1 , 2009 ) Good Day L.A. ( December 16 , 2009 ) The Wendy Williams Show ( May 25 , 2010 ) ABC News ( May 25 , 2010 ) KHOU Great Day Houston ( August 19 , 2010 ) The Doctors ( 2008 TV series ) ( October 6 , 2010 ) ABC 13 ( November 18 , 2010 ) Good Day L.A. ( August 2 , 2011 ) KHOU : Great Day Houston ( August 2 , 2011 ) Extreme Makeover : Home Edition ( October 16 , 2011 ) KHOU : Great Day Houston ( November 23 , 2011 ) KHOU : Great Day Houston ( February 2 , 2012 ) Fox News ( March 19 , 2012 ) Anderson ( March 20 , 2012 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 14 May 26 , 2009 August 4 , 2009 18 October 27 , 2009 February 23 , 2010 19 June 1 , 2010 December 7 , 2010 24 May 31 , 2011 November 1 , 2011 5 35 March 20 , 2012 October 15 , 2013 6 16 March 4 , 2014 June 17 , 2014 7 12 December 2 , 2014 June 30 , 2015 8 10 January 5 , 2016 March 8 , 2016 Season 1 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date 0 0 `` Little People : Just Married '' January 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 19 ) Bill Klein and Jennifer Arnold are introduced in this one - hour special following them before , during , and after their wedding . `` Bill Moves to Houston '' May 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 26 ) Jen has started her new job in Houston , and Bill is ready to move to Texas from New York . They take a road trip , with a stop in New Orleans on the way . `` Jen 's Birthday '' May 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 26 ) Bill wants to make Jen 's birthday special , giving her flowers and jewelry and going to pick up her new specially - modified car . `` Gym , Spa , Shop ' Til Bill Drops '' June 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 02 ) Bill is finally in Houston . He decides to spend a Saturday morning at the gym , while Jen opts for a spa day with friends . `` Work & Play in Galveston '' June 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 02 ) Jen gives a presentation at a conference in Galveston . Bill goes along , hoping to spend some time with his wife . 5 5 `` House Hunting '' June 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 09 ) Bill and Jen start house hunting , but they want very different things . Jen wants to be near the city , and Bill wants to be in the suburbs . 6 6 `` One Year Anniversary '' June 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 09 ) Bill and Jen spend their first anniversary together , but they worry about the medical bills from Bill 's recent surgery . 7 7 `` Leavin ' on a Jet Plane '' June 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 16 ) Jen is left alone in Houston while Bill goes on a business trip to Baltimore . 8 8 `` While the Cat 's Away '' June 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 23 ) While Bill goes to Las Vegas for his brother 's bachelor party , Jen 's mother visits her daughter in Houston and Jen deals with critically ill patients at the hospital . 9 9 `` Bill 's Honey - Do List '' June 30 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 30 ) Jen makes Bill a honey - do list of home chores . Later , they learn about parenthood when they visit a teenager with dwarfism . 10 10 `` Hawaii Here We Come : Part 1 '' July 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 07 ) Bill and Jen are off to Hawaii for vacation . To be continued ... 11 11 `` Hawaii Here We Come : Part 2 '' July 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 14 ) Bill and Jen continue to enjoy their vacation in Hawaii and participate in hula lessons , attend a luau and do lots of shopping . 12 12 `` The Big Bang Theory '' July 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 21 ) Jen and Bill decide to work on their personal security after a break - in in their apartment complex . Jen takes a self - defense class , while Bill goes to the shooting range . 13 13 `` Wedding Bells Are Ringing '' July 28 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 28 ) Bill and Jen go to Walt Disney World for Bill 's brother 's wedding . 14 14 `` Maybe a Baby ? '' August 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 04 ) Bill and Jen want to have children someday , so they head to the doctor to discuss the health concerns about Jen having a baby . Season 2 ( 2009 -- 10 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date 15 `` Waiting to Exhale '' October 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 27 ) Jen goes to the doctor to determine her lung capacity , but Bill decides to go to a football game which may keep him from being with Jen when the results come in . 16 `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' October 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 27 ) Jen and Bill get invited to throw out the first pitch at a Houston Astros game , so Jen practices her pitching at a picnic with new friends . 17 `` Rocky 's Revenge '' November 3 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 03 ) Bill is fed up with Rocky 's antics , and wants him to get some training , while Jen plans on adopting a new dog . 18 `` Fish Tales '' November 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 10 ) While in Orlando for a bridesmaid dress - fitting , Jen and Bill decide to have a contest to see who can catch the bigger fish . 5 19 `` Off to See Dr. Oz '' November 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 17 ) Jen and Bill go to New York City to discuss skeletal dysplasia on The Dr. Oz Show , but their nerves start to get the best of them as they get closer to going before the cameras . 6 20 `` New York State of Mind '' November 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 24 ) Jen and Bill pay tribute to New York City firefighters killed September 11 , 2001 , including Bill 's own uncle Dennis . Things get emotional when Bill and Jen visit her close friend Manju , who just had a baby . 7 21 `` Boston Bound '' December 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 01 ) Jen has to take a business trip to Boston , and enlists Bill to come with her , but they lose track of time and things turn chaotic . 8 22 `` All Work and Some Play '' December 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 08 ) While still in Boston , Jen attends a medical simulation training while Bill visits one of his company 's call centers in Albany , New York . 9 23 `` To Build or Buy ? '' December 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 15 ) Bill and Jen are looking to buy a house , but they are having difficulty deciding whether to buy an existing structure , or build a new one . They enlist Jen 's mother for help in the decision . 10 24 `` On Track for Bill 's Birthday '' December 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 22 ) Jen has a big surprise in store for Bill 's 35th birthday . 11 25 `` Honey , Are You Wearing That ? '' January 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 05 ) Jen is asked to emcee a Texas Children 's Hospital charity golf tournament of doctors and patients who don their worst pants . The hospital CEO invites Bill to join his golf foursome . 12 26 `` The Grand Opening '' January 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 12 ) Jen prepares her staff for the grand opening of the Simulation Center at Texas Children 's Hospital . Bill heads to New York City to work on re-branding his company . 13 27 `` Now We 're Cooking '' January 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 19 ) Bill and Jen take a gourmet cooking class at Well Done Cooking Classes . Jen and Bill meet with their builder to sign the final paperwork on their new home . 14 28 `` Houston , We Have a Problem '' January 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 26 ) Rain clouds threaten to ruin Bill and Jen 's plans for a fun - filled weekend with their friends . 15 29 `` Baby Steps '' February 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 02 ) Jen and Bill head to Los Angeles to learn the genetic risks of having a baby and explore the possibility of finding a surrogate mother . 16 30 `` Three Shops and a Baby Doc '' February 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 09 ) When Jen and Bill go shopping , he finds a store that caters to men of his stature . Jen awaits results from a fertility specialist . 17 31 `` Family Matters '' February 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 16 ) Bill and Jen prepare to spend some special time with both their families . Jen makes an emotional visit to a patient undergoing chemotherapy . 18 32 `` Before We Build , We Rent '' February 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 23 ) Things get crazy when Jen and Bill move into their temporary rental . Bill loses the watch that Jen gave him on their anniversary . Rocky sneaks under the fence of the new backyard . Season 3 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 33 `` Breaking New Ground '' June 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 01 ) N / A Bill and Jen each get a new look for summer . The couple must choose windows and plumbing fixtures for their new home . 34 `` Testing , Testing '' June 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 08 ) N / A Miguel pours the foundation for Jen and Bill 's future home . The couple has tests to determine if they can have a baby . 35 `` There 's an Art to It '' June 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 15 ) N / A The couple celebrates their second wedding anniversary . In honor of being together for two years , Bill gives Jen two of everything , including flowers and cards . 36 `` Runway Dreams '' June 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 22 ) N / A The couple goes to their first fashion show , which features spring dresses celebrity designer , Chloe Dao . Chloe also surprises Jen by showing how she will make a dress for her . 5 37 `` Spotlight on Jen '' June 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 29 ) N / A Jen is asked to speak at a pediatric conference in Atlanta . Jen gets to show off her custom - made gown at the gala reception . 6 38 `` It 's Comedy Tonight ! '' July 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 13 ) N / A While Bill and Jen are in New York City for a celebration , Bill takes a comedy class and performs on stage . 7 39 `` A House Taking Shape '' July 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 20 ) N / A Bill and Jen can feel what their new house is going to look like . Bill goes to his brother 's bachelor party while Jen does another overnight at TCH . 8 40 `` Just the Facts , Please '' July 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 27 ) N / A Bill heads off to a sales conference in Waterloo , Iowa . Bill and Jen finish their on - line profile . Jen spends a long day at the NICU . 9 41 `` A Little FAQ '' July 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 27 ) N / A Bill and Jen field viewer questions . 10 42 `` New House , New Hormones ! '' October 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 12 ) N / A Jen and Bill check up on the construction of their new home . And later on , it 's time for Jen 's first fertility medication . 11 43 `` Cruisin ' to the Caribbean '' October 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 12 ) N / A Bill , Jen , and the entire family are invited by Bill 's brother to go on a cruise to the Bahamas . 12 44 `` We Have a Project '' October 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 19 ) 1.14 Jen 's parents consider moving to Houston with the prospect of Jen and Bill giving them a grandchild . 13 45 `` Rocky 's Companion '' October 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 26 ) 1.15 Jen 's hip pain keeps her from helping on chore day . Also , Bill steps up while Jen scopes out dog adoption sites online . 14 46 `` What 's Up Doctors ? '' November 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 02 ) 1.29 Bill and Jen are headed to Los Angeles for Jen 's appearance on the talk show , The Doctors . 15 47 `` Great Egg - Spectations '' November 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 09 ) 1.14 Jen and Bill are in Los Angeles for their first attempt to retrieve some of Jen 's eggs . 16 48 `` Las Vegas Tails '' November 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 16 ) N / A Jen , Bill and the pets are in Las Vegas to meet Jen 's parents . Bill and Dave attend the PetZoo convention to start making contacts for their pet boutique . 17 49 `` 24 Hours in the NICU '' November 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 23 ) 1.14 Jen is in the NICU for a 24 - hour on call service . 18 50 `` Pushing the House Forward '' November 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 30 ) 1.59 Jen is needed on a case at the hospital leaving Bill to communicate her visions for the look of the house . 19 51 `` This Changes Everything '' December 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 07 ) N / A A big week for the couple ; Bill 's parents are in town , and a big conversation with Dr. Boostanfar is on the horizon . The couple learn that Jen 's hormone shots are not doing as well as they first expected . Season 4 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 52 `` Third Time 's a Charm ? '' May 31 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 31 ) 1.19 The discovery of two fertile eggs leave Bill and Jen to wonder if there will be a reason to celebrate . 53 `` Any Way We Want It '' May 31 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 31 ) 1.23 Bill and Jen travel to Atlanta to speak about adapting and customizing things in a life with special needs ; they prove life can be less of a struggle and more of a joy ride . 54 `` Yee Haw ! '' June 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 07 ) N / A Jen and her parents check out the legendary Houston Rodeo . 55 `` Off the Deep End '' June 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 07 ) N / A Jen is on a 24 - hour call for work . Bill checks out the pool . 5 56 `` Home Stretch '' June 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 14 ) 1.09 Jen 's mom is in town for her birthday . Bill makes a surprise birthday cake in the shape of a horse . 6 57 `` Dr. Arnold Goes to Washington '' June 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 14 ) 1.01 Jen is asked to give a keynote speech at a simulation conference . 7 58 `` Hooray for Hollywood ! '' June 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 21 ) 1.40 Jen and Bill fly to Los Angeles for a quick procedure that turns into a waiting game . 8 59 `` It 's Valentine 's Day ? '' June 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 28 ) 1.22 Tension is high as Jen and Bill wait for Jen 's eggs to grow large enough for extraction . 9 60 `` In - Laws ! Incoming ! '' July 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 05 ) 1.01 Jen 's parents are moving to Houston but need to find a place to stay until they settle . 10 61 `` Another Egg - Cellent Attempt '' July 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 12 ) 1.12 After a long day in the NICU , Jen and Bill are off to Los Angeles for another attempt at extracting eggs . 11 62 `` Big Apple Anniversary '' July 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 19 ) 1.08 Jen and Bill are celebrating their third anniversary in New York City 12 63 `` New House Delays '' July 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 26 ) 1.07 There are several weeks before Jen and Bill can move into their new house . 13 64 `` The Match Game '' August 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 02 ) 1.20 Bill and Jen are asked to speak to kids about bullying at a local school . It 's time for Bill and Jen to meet their potential surrogate face - to - face . 14 65 `` Will You Be My Surrogate ? '' September 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 27 ) 1.31 The Little Couple meet Cindy and James , the couple that may be their surrogate family . 15 66 `` See You Later , Alligator ? '' September 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 27 ) 1.01 While Bill goes camping , Jen works with a local interior designer . 16 67 `` Uncle Bill '' October 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 04 ) 1.09 The couple heads to Florida to meet the newest member of the Klein family . The baby reinforces Bill and Jen 's desire that they are ready to become parents . 17 68 `` Mother Knows Best '' October 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 04 ) 1.04 Jen 's mom is in town to help the couple pack up their rental house . The interior designer shows them his design plans for the new house . 18 69 `` There 's No Place Called Home '' October 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 11 ) 1.14 Bill and Jen are desperately trying to find a suitable temporary living situation while their custom home nears completion . Dave and Judy , Jen 's parents , are arriving from Florida . 19 70 `` You Bowl Me Over '' October 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 11 ) 1.21 Jen , Bill , Judy , Dave and their five dogs are still living in a rental apartment . To blow off steam , the family goes bowling . 20 71 `` Home at Last '' October 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 18 ) 1.15 The Little Couple is just days away from owning a custom - built dream home . 21 72 `` It 's All by Design ! '' October 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 18 ) 1.25 The Little Couple is on the verge of moving into their new home and getting pregnant at the same time . 22 73 `` The Start of Something Big '' October 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 25 ) 1.12 Bill and Jen ' must decide if they are willing to have their two embryos go through genetic testing . 23 74 `` A Little More Q & A '' October 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 25 ) 1.14 Bill and Jen take viewer questions and an inside view of the past four seasons . 24 75 `` Are We Pregnant ? '' November 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 01 ) 1.50 Bill and Jen 's embryos have thawed and now it 's time to transfer them to their surrogate . Season 5 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 76 `` Getting Back on Track '' March 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 20 ) 1.11 Bill and Jen are ready to move forward following their surrogate 's miscarriage . 77 `` A Little Thanks '' March 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 20 ) 1.01 Bill and Jen celebrate the first Thanksgiving in their new home by hosting a dinner for friends . 78 `` Can We Deck the Halls ? '' March 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 27 ) 1.28 Jen hires a decorating service to come out and transform their new house into a Texas - sized holiday display . 79 `` Man Cave ; Woman Cave '' March 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 27 ) 1.21 Bill and Jen find that there 's a few more details that can use a personal touch in their new home . Bill refinished the floor of the garage and Jen decorates her closet . 5 80 `` Four Little Embryos '' April 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 03 ) 0.80 Bill and Jen head back to California for another procedure to transfer embryos to their surrogate , Cindy . 6 81 `` A Store is Born '' April 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 03 ) 0.82 Bill needs to renovate his new pet store and hire employees . Judy helps Bill interview potential employees and Jen gives her opinion on the design . 7 82 `` A Very Klein Christmas '' April 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 10 ) 0.87 Bill and Jen are having a big holiday celebration with both their families in their new house . 8 83 `` Ready , Set , Relax ! '' April 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 10 ) 0.84 Between their recent surrogacy attempt and the busy holidays , life has become very stressful for Bill and Jen . Bill takes Jen to Galveston for a surprise weekend at the beach . 9 84 `` Grand Opening Weekend '' April 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 17 ) 0.68 It 's Grand Opening Weekend for Bill 's new pet store . Jen finds out she needs to get to Los Angeles for an egg extraction during the celebration . 10 85 `` New Leash on Life '' April 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 17 ) 0.87 Jen and Bill put the recent egg retrieval behind them and focus on their crazy work schedules . Jen is inspecting a new addition to the hospital . Bill brings a pet psychic to the pet store . 11 86 `` The Cocktail Party '' April 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 24 ) 0.76 Jen and Bill host a cocktail reception in their home to celebrate the hospital and fire department coming together . 12 87 `` A Little Bit Country '' May 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 01 ) 0.81 Bill decides to go with Jen to Nashville where she is the keynote speaker at a health care conference . 13 88 `` A Little State Pride '' May 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 08 ) 0.72 Jen and Bill take a road trip from Houston to San Antonio . The couple reminisces about their first year in Houston and plans for a family . 14 89 `` Adopting a New Approach '' May 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 15 ) 0.77 Jen and Bill have set up a meeting with an organization dedicated to finding parents for children with handicaps . 15 90 `` The Golden Son '' April 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 30 ) 1.48 Jen and Bill meet with the founder of the adoption agency Rainbow Kids , in the interest of pursuing international adoption . 16 91 `` And His Name Is ... '' April 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 30 ) 1.55 Jen and Bill are officially matched with a little boy from China . 17 92 `` An Adoption Twist '' May 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 07 ) 1.55 Jen and Bill baby - proof the home . Jen gets some adoption news that could change everything . 18 93 `` Baby Proofing '' May 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 07 ) 1.79 Bill and Jen receive final approval from the Chinese government to adopt their son and decide upon the name for the daughter they are in the process of adopting from India . 19 94 `` Countdown to China '' May 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) 1.49 Bill and Jen are just days away from picking up their son in China . 20 95 `` Road to Parenthood '' May 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) 1.52 Jen and Bill reflect on their journey as they leave for China to pick up their adopted son . 21 96 `` William , Here We Come ! '' May 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) 2.01 Jen and Bill fly to China to meet their adopted son . 22 97 `` Best Day Yet ! '' May 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 28 ) 1.20 Jen and Bill nervously wait to meet their son William for the first time . 23 98 `` Finally a Family '' June 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 04 ) 2.01 Before the couple can leave China with newly - adopted son , they must fly to Guangzhou , where William undergoes a medical examination and receives his U.S. citizenship documents . 24 99 `` Welcome Home , Will ! '' August 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 13 ) 2.50 Jen and Bill return to the states as new parents , and experience family firsts . 25 100 `` Family Fun in Florida '' August 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 20 ) 1.92 Jen and Bill bring Will to meet the Klein family in Florida . Bill 's brother shares surprise news . 26 101 `` Our Five Year Anniversary '' August 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 20 ) 1.86 The couple celebrates a five - year anniversary in St. Petersburg , Florida . Will has his first visit at the beach . Note : This picks up from the previous episode . 27 102 `` Back to Work ! '' August 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 27 ) 2.13 Jen and Bill have been parents for several weeks and Jen returns to work . Bill faces his first day alone with Will . 28 103 `` Check - Up Time '' August 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 27 ) 2.18 Will goes to see the experts on his skeletal condition . Jen and Bill hope he wo n't have to endure the numerous surgeries they have experienced . 29 104 `` A Mother 's Day Surprise '' September 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) 1.80 Jen is stuck working at the hospital on her first Mother 's Day . Bill and Will make some special handmade and homemade surprises for her . 30 105 `` Will on Wheels '' September 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 10 ) 1.69 Jen decides to surprise Will with a new tricycle . Bill and Jen consider vehicle options for when they have two children . 31 106 `` Bill 's First Father 's Day '' September 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ) 2.18 Jen has some surprises planned for Bill 's first Father 's Day . Will is scheduled for medical procedures and Bill is surprised when they celebrate early . 32 107 `` Will 's First Surgery '' September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) 2.22 Bill and Jen knew Will would be faced with various medical challenges and procedures ; they are quickly learning that being a patient and being a parent of the patient feel very different . 33 108 `` Time Out for Will '' October 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 01 ) 2.07 The couple receives promising news from India about their pending adoption ; Jen wants to get in more bonding time with Will before they add to their family . 34 109 `` Making a Splash '' October 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 08 ) 2.01 Will navigates his new home with confidence ; with the hazards of a pool Bill and Jen decide its time for him to learn to swim . 35 110 `` Countdown to India '' October 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 15 ) 2.19 Bill and Jen prepare for the trip to India to adopt their daughter , Zoey . Season 6 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No. in season No. in series Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 111 `` Zoey Makes 4 '' March 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 04 ) 3.89 Jen and Bill go on a trip to India to pick up their adopted daughter , Zoey , but they wonder how Will will react upon meeting his new baby sister . 112 `` The Unexpected '' March 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 11 ) 3.16 Jen begins to feel ill on the way to New Delhi while she and Bill are in India to pick up their daughter , Zoey . She must make a difficult decision in which she has to leave New Delhi and return to the U.S , affecting the whole family . 113 `` We 're in This Together '' March 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 18 ) 3.21 Jen finds out she has cancer and must go through treatment . Afterwards , the family decorates for Christmas . 114 `` Our First Christmas '' March 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 25 ) 3.28 Jen and Bill celebrates their first Christmas as parents . 5 115 `` Our New Normal '' April 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 01 ) 3.27 Bill and Jen 's household has changed dramatically and they balance between family time and medical necessity . 6 116 `` Ring the Bell ! '' April 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 08 ) 2.83 The Couple looks back at the challenges they faced with their new family , all while battling a rare cancer . Jen receives news from her oncologist . 7 117 `` San Fran , Here We Come ! '' April 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 15 ) 2.76 Jen goes to San Francisco to give a speech at a conference , but it turns into a family vacation when Bill , Will and Zoey tag along to make sure she follows her doctor 's orders to take it easy . 8 118 `` Tea Time with Zoey '' April 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 22 ) 2.65 Bill takes Will to work so that Jen can spend some quality time with Zoey . 9 119 `` Will 's Birthday Party '' April 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 29 ) 2.28 Will turns 4 , and Jen and Bill plan a safari - theme party at the zoo , being it is his first time celebrating his birthday in the U.S. 10 120 `` Just What the Doctor Ordered '' May 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 06 ) 2.54 Health and well - being checkups for the Kleins include Will 's weekly speech therapy ; Zoey 's basic screenings ; and physical therapy for Jen to improve her strength . 11 121 `` A Grand Time with Grandma '' May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 2.79 Jen goes back to work and helps organize a press conference to announce her illness and discuss her treatment . Later , she and Bill head to New York so his mother can meet Zoey . 12 122 `` Back to Business '' May 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 20 ) 2.06 Bill goes to Orlando for a Pet Expo with his mother - in - law , while Jen catches up on meetings and projects at the hospital , but also has to watch the kids and care for her mother 's three dogs . 13 123 `` All You Wanted to Know '' May 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 27 ) 2.53 The Little Couple looks back on how their lives have changed , answering questions and sharing insight into parenting with rare behind the scene moments . 14 124 `` First Easter Together '' June 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 03 ) 2.85 Bill teaches the kids the art of dyeing eggs while Jen does rounds at the hospital ; the kids get dressed up and the family heads to a farm . 15 125 `` Jen 's Big 4 - 0 '' June 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 10 ) 2.90 Jen gets ready to turn 40 and thinks the family are going to the beach in Galveston , Texas , but Bill has a surprise in store for her milestone birthday . 16 126 `` I Do ... Again '' June 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 17 ) 3.06 Bill reveals the vow renewal he has been planning and high winds put the ceremony in jeopardy . Season 7 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No. in season No. in series Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 127 `` Have a Little Faith '' December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) 2.61 Will and Zoey are baptized in Florida . Later , the family takes a trip to Washington , D.C. 128 `` Device Free Day '' December 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 09 ) 2.09 The family goes to the beach in Galveston , Texas , for some time away from their electronic gadgets . Bill and Will head to the pier to try to catch some fish for supper . Later , Jen goes for her six - month oncology checkup . 129 `` First Week of School '' December 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 16 ) 2.00 The first day of preschool gives Jen a chance to take some memorable photos . Later the kids take swim lessons , but Zoey is quite apprehensive . 130 `` Zoey 's Birthday Party '' December 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 23 ) 1.65 Zoey 's about to turn 3 , so Jen plans a birthday party with a farm theme in honor of her daughter 's favorite song , `` Old MacDonald Had a Farm . '' Also : a family trip to Delaware for the kids ' annual checkups . 5 131 `` Bill 's Birthday Surprise '' December 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 30 ) 2.48 A trip to a pumpkin patch helps Will and Zoey learn about Halloween before Bill has to leave for back surgery . Later , Bill gets a surprise from Jen and the kids for his 40th birthday . 6 132 `` Bill 's Surgery '' January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) 2.46 Bill has surgery on his back . Will and Zoey go trick - or - treating for the first time on Halloween . 7 133 `` Lift Off ! '' May 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 26 ) 2.17 Will and Zoey help Bill recover . Bill and Jen enjoy some time for themselves . Visiting Johnson 's Space Center . 8 134 `` A Little Holiday Spirit '' June 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 02 ) 1.70 Bill and Jen spend time with Will and Zoey for Christmas time . 9 135 `` New Adventures '' June 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 09 ) 1.64 The kids try extracurricular activities . Will learns karate and Zoey learns ballet . 10 136 `` Will 's 5th Birthday ! '' June 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 16 ) 1.59 Bill works on getting his strength back . Celebrating Will 's 5th birthday . 11 137 `` An Open Book '' June 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 23 ) 1.66 The family heads to NYC to introduce their new book , have some fun , and attend some doctor appointments . 12 138 `` A Little Q&A '' June 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 30 ) 1.44 Jen and Bill answer questions from their fans about their lives and feelings . Season 8 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No. in season No. in series Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 127 `` Zoey 's 4th Birthday '' January 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) 2.61 In the Season 10 premiere , Zoey 's about to turn 4 , and Jen decides on a princess tea party theme for her celebration , but Bill worries that her planning is a bit over the top . 128 `` Back to School '' January 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) 2.09 The kids get haircuts as the new school year approaches . Also : Bill takes Will grocery shopping for his lunches ; and Jen and Zoey go for a mani - pedi . 129 `` Safety First ! '' January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) N / A A visit to a fire station gives Will the thrill of meeting firefighters and riding in a fire truck . Meanwhile , Will and Zoey take a swimming lesson . 130 `` A Fashion Show '' January 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) N / A A fashion show for dogs is an ambitious undertaking for Bill 's pet store , but he worries that the attendance could be sparse . Also : The family visit the Children 's Museum of Houston . 5 131 `` Big Family Changes '' February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) N / A Jen 's parents are moving to Florida , the family helps with their garage sale , where Will and Zoey provide cold beverages with a lemonade stand . 6 132 `` A Little Trip to the Big Easy '' February 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 09 ) N / A A photo shoot for the cover of Jen and Bill 's new book is harder than it looks when they need the kids to pose for the picture . Later , the family takes a trip to New Orleans , where Jen is slated to deliver a speech . 7 133 `` All Aboard ! '' February 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 16 ) N / A Jen tackles a huge project at the hospital , so Bill takes the kids to a mini-bowling alley while she 's working overtime . 8 134 `` Mr. Mom '' February 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) N / A Jen 's filmed by `` Jeopardy ! '' at the hospital as a guest clue presenter . Later , she goes to San Diego on a business trip , leaving Bill to take care of the kids , so he plans to make pizzas , play games , visit the community garden and get tattoos . 9 135 `` New Challenges '' March 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) N / A Jen and Bill have a night out just for adults at a local escape room . Meanwhile , Zoey has her first Indian dance lesson ; and the family attends a Chinese lantern festival in Houston . 10 136 `` A Little 4 - 1 - 1 '' March 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 08 ) N / A Bill and Jen answer questions and go over topics like parenting , issues from being little people , and having their own television show . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` TLC Heats Up Summer Schedule with New Premieres '' . The Futon Critic. April 27 , 2009 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Srikameswaran , Anita ( August 7 , 2001 ) . `` Meet Dr. Arnold '' . Post-Gazette . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ George , Cindy ( May 24 , 2009 ) . `` Houston doc 's tale to be featured in TV 's Little Couple '' . The Houston Chronicle . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Hare , Kate ( June 18 , 2009 ) . `` ' The Little Couple ' takes on the world '' . The Sudbury Star . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 22 , 2010 ) . `` The Little Couple Renewed For Third Season By TLC '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ ' The Little Couple official Facebook page ' May 6 , 2011 Jump up ^ http://rockyandmaggies.blogspot.com/ Jump up ^ http://www.yelp.com/biz/rocky-and-maggies-pet-shop-houston Jump up ^ http://blog.chron.com/apetschronicle/2012/02/little-couples-pet-shop-opens-in-houston-this-weekend/ Jump up ^ http://www.fidofriendly.com/blog/stars-of-the-little-couple-tv-show-announce-rocky-and-maggies-pet-shop Jump up ^ http://www.chron.com/life/article/Little-Couple-opens-pet-shop-in-Rice-Village-3413604.php Jump up ^ `` TLC 's `` The Little Couple '' returns for Season 5 on March 20 `` . channelguidemag.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://hookedonhouses.net/2012/05/14/the-little-couple-on-tlc-build-a-big-new-house The Little Couple 's Custom House Jump up ^ `` ' The Little Couple ' adopts a child '' . The Houston Chronicle . March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` TLC 's ' The Little Couple ' Breaks Records , Has Best - Rated Episode Ever to Date '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` 100th Episode of ' Little Couple ' to Air Tuesday , August 13 on TLC '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ `` The Little Couple 's Jen Arnold Reveals Cancer Diagnosis '' . Jump up ^ http://wonderwall.msn.com/tv/little-couple-star-gives-positive-cancer-update-1795464.story ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Little Couple ' Season 6 to Premiere Tuesday , March 4 on TLC '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 10 - 19 - 10 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 10 - 26 - 10 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 11 - 2 - 10 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 11 - 9 - 10 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 11 - 23 - 10 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 11 - 30 - 10 '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 5 - 31 - 11 '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 6 - 14 - 11 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 6 - 21 - 11 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 6 - 28 - 11 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 7 - 5 - 11 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 7 - 12 - 11 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 7 - 19 - 11 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 7 - 26 - 11 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 8 - 2 - 11 '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 9 - 27 - 11 '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 10 - 4 - 11 '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 10 - 11 - 11 '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 10 - 18 - 11 '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 10 - 25 - 11 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 11 - 1 - 11 '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 3 - 20 - 12 '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 3 - 27 - 12 '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 4 - 3 - 12 '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 4 - 10 - 12 '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 4 - 17 - 12 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 4 - 24 - 12 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 5 - 1 - 12 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 5 - 8 - 12 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 5 - 15 - 12 '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 4 - 30 - 13 '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 5 - 7 - 13 '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 5 - 14 - 13 '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 5 - 21 - 13 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 6 - 4 - 13 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 8 - 13 - 13 '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 8 - 20 - 13 '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 8 - 27 - 13 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 9 - 3 - 13 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 9 - 10 - 13 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : 9 - 17 - 13 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : 9 - 24 - 13 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : 10 - 1 - 13 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : 10 - 8 - 13 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : 10 - 15 - 13 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings and Broadcast Finals : 3 - 4 - 14 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings and Broadcast Ratings : 3 - 11 - 14 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings and Broadcast Finals : 3 - 18 - 14 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings and Broadcast Finals : 3 - 25 - 14 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings and Broadcast Finals : 4 - 1 - 14 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings and Broadcast Finals : 4 - 8 - 14 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings and Broadcast Finals : 4 - 15 - 14 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings and Broadcast Finals : 4 - 22 - 14 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings and Broadcast Finals : 4 - 29 - 14 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings and Broadcast Finals : 5 - 6 - 14 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings and Broadcast Finals : 5 - 13 - 14 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings and Broadcast Finals : 5 - 20 - 14 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings and Broadcast Finals : 5 - 27 - 14 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings and Broadcast Finals : 6 - 3 - 14 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings and Broadcast Finals : 6 - 10 - 14 '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings and Broadcast Finals : 6 - 17 - 14 '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 25 Tuesday Originals : 12.2. 14 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 25 Tuesday Originals : 12.9. 14 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 Tuesday Originals : 12.16. 14 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 Tuesday Originals : 12.23. 14 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 Tuesday Originals : 12.30. 14 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 Tuesday Originals : 1.6. 15 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Tuesday Originals : 5.26. 15 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Tuesday Originals : 6.2. 15 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Tuesday Originals : 6.9. 15 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Tuesday Originals : 6.16. 15 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Tuesday Originals : 6.23. 15 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Tuesday Originals : 6.30. 15 '' . Showbuzz Daily . The Little Couple Starring Bill Klein Jennifer Arnold Episodes Little Couple : Just Married TLC original programming 7 Little Johnstons 10 Years Younger 48 Hours 90 Day Fiancé All About Sex Breaking Amish Buying Naked Cake Boss Curvy Brides Extreme Cheapskates Four Weddings Gypsy Sisters A Haunting Home Sweet Bus I Am Jazz I Found The Gown Leah Remini : It 's All Relative The Little Couple Little People , Big World Long Island Medium Long Lost Family Love , Lust or Run My 600 - lb Life My Big Fat Fabulous Life My Big Fat Gypsy Wedding My Big Fat American Gypsy Wedding My Giant Life My Strange Addiction Next Great Baker Kate Plus 8 Kindred Spirits OutDaughtered Outrageous 911 Our Little Family Paranormal Lockdown Randy to the Rescue Say Yes to the Dress Say Yes to the Dress : Atlanta Say Yes to the Dress : Bridesmaids Say Yes to the Dress : Randy Knows Best Say Yes to the Dress : The Big Day Secretly Pregnant Sex Sent Me to the ER Something Borrowed , Something New The Willis Family Too Close to Home Untold Stories of the E.R. Who Do You Think You Are ? See also Template : Former TLC Programming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Little_Couple&oldid=809296566 '' Categories : 2000s American television series 2010s American television series 2009 American television series debuts American reality television series English - language television programs Television shows set in Texas TLC ( TV network ) programs Works about dwarfism Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 07 : 39 . About Wikipedia

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May 26, 2009

Winx Club ( season 1 ) - wikipedia Winx Club ( season 1 ) Jump to : navigation , search Winx Club ( season 1 ) Country of origin Italy No. of episodes 26 Release Original network Rai 2 Original release 28 January ( 2004 - 01 - 28 ) -- 26 March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 26 ) Season chronology Next → Season 2 List of Winx Club episodes Season 1 of Winx Club an Italian animated series , premiered on Rai 2 on 28 January 2004 and concluded on 26 March 2004 , airing 26 episodes . The series focuses on Bloom , a 16 - year - old girl from Earth who discovers she has magical abilities , as she enrolls in Alfea , a school for fairies in the land of Magix . Along with her newfound friend Stella , a 17 - year - old fairy princess she meets apartment roommates Flora , Musa , and Tecna , and they form the Winx Club . During their adventures , they become good friends and get to know some of the boys from another school called Red Fountain , but also encounter some adversaries , including a trio of witches called The Trix . The series has been broadcast to countries worldwide , with Rai providing an English - language dub . The Cinelume / Rai English dub was also used as an alternate English language track on several European DVD releases and on streaming services such as Netflix . In the United States , the show was re-dubbed in English and edited by 4Kids TV . It premiered on Fox under the programming block FoxBox on 19 June 2004 , and concluded on 11 December 2004 . The 4Kids episodes were made available on home media by Funimation . The original opening theme was `` Under the Sign of Winx '' and the closing theme was `` The Girls of the Winx Club '' . For the 4Kids version , the theme song was `` We are the Winx ! '' by 4Kids 5 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Nickelodeon specials 3 Home media 4 References Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Winx Club episodes No . overall No. in season Italian Title / RAI English Title 4Kids English title Italian air date American air date `` Una Fata a Gardenia '' / `` An Unexpected Event '' `` It Feels Like Magic '' 28 January 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 28 ) 19 June 2004 While on summer vacation , Bloom , an ordinary 16 - year - old high school girl living on Earth , encounters a battle between a 17 - year - old fairy named Stella and an ogre named Knut . As Stella 's magic scepter is stolen , Bloom intervenes , discovering that she has magical powers and manages to turn the tide . Stella invites Bloom to attend Alfea , a school for fairies , to fully master her new powers . Knut returns with more ghouls and a troll , launching a surprise attack at Bloom 's home . Stella and Bloom call in the Specialists , a group of boys from Magix at Red Fountain , a school for boys , who capture the troll and defeat Knut . Sky , Brandon , Timmy , and Riven . The next morning , Bloom has agreed to go to Alfea . `` Benvenuti a Magix ! '' / `` Welcome to Magix ! '' `` More Than High School '' 30 January 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 30 ) 26 June 2004 Bloom arrives at Alfea , under the name Princess Varanda of Callisto , a student who had declined her admission . She is introduced to her apartment mates , Musa , Tecna , and Flora . The girls then go for a day out in Magix City . While calling her parents , she spots Knut spying on her friends , and follows him . She learns that Knut is working for the Trix : three witches from the school of Cloud Tower named Icy , Darcy , and Stormy . After pitifully trying to defend herself , Bloom is captured by the Trix , but the other girls rescue her . Bloom reveals her real name . When the girls are caught sneaking back into school , Bloom confesses her real name to Headmistress Faragonda and discipline head Griselda , but Faragonda forgives her transgression and lets her attend the school . The girls agree on Bloom 's name for their group : The Winx . `` L'anello di Stella '' / `` Alfea College for Fairies '' `` Save the First Dance '' 2 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 02 ) 3 July 2004 Alfea and the neighboring boys school , Red Fountain , prepare for a ball to begin the school year . However , Headmistress Griffon of Cloudtower plans to spoil the ball as revenge for being excluded . She picks The Trix 's suggestion of replacing the magic egg gifts with snake - rat eggs . While Bloom prepares her dress for the ball , she spots the Trix casting a spell on the eggs , so she tells her friends , and they reverse the spell in time for the ball . Later Bloom spots the Trix trying to steal Stella 's ring , and tries to fight them off , transforming in a fairy for the first time . Although the Trix are able to escape , the other Winx girls inform Bloom that Stella 's ring is safe and that they swapped the contents of the case with a baby duck ( Pepe ) that bonds with Icy . `` La palude di Melmamora '' / `` The Black - Mud Swamp '' `` The Voice of Nature '' 4 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 04 ) 10 July 2004 As part of Professor Palladium 's field trip , the class must navigate the Black - Mud Swamp to reach a clearing in the Gloomy - Wood Forest by listening to nature and without using any magic . The boys from Red Fountain are transporting a troll prisoner but the Trix cause their aircraft to crash land , and the troll is freed . The Winx and the Red Fountain boys end up meeting in the swamp , and must work together , despite their differences , to find their way out . They encounter the troll who is harassing some other Alfea fairies , and chase him off , however , the Trix find the troll and send him away . Although the Red Fountain boys failed to deliver the troll , they remark they are starting to feel like a team . The Winx girls , although they finished last in their assignment , are commended by their teachers for their helping others . 5 5 `` Appuntamento al buio '' / `` Date with Disaster '' `` Date with Disaster '' 6 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 06 ) 17 July 2004 While the Winx are on kitchen duty , Stella is invited on a date with Prince Sky ( Brandon ) at the brand - new Black Lagoon restaurant and also asks for help on picking out an outfit . While selecting her attire , Stella decides not to wear the ring of Solaria and gives it to Bloom for safekeeping ( believing she wo n't need her magic powers ) . The next morning , Stella starts acting completely different , becoming irritable and refusing to say antything about last night . During classes , Bloom notices that Stella is absent and goes back to their dorm to check , only to find Stella has torn the room apart ! An enraged Stella begins asks Bloom where her ring is , and eventually blasts her when she does n't say . Stella then suddenly vanishes , leaving the other four to find Prince Sky at Redfountain for information . To their shock , Sky says he worked out all night and he never wrote the invitation . The Winx then decide to find the Black Lagoon , only it does n't show up on Tecna 's map , and no one in the city seems to know where it is . Just as Musa is ready to quit , a strange man gives them the exact location . The girls find a beautiful restaurant on the edge of town , though Flora finds it strange how the gorgeous tree feels dead . She quickly reveals that an illusion has been cast ; revealing a run - down shack . The Winx venture inside and find Stella who begins attacking them ! The girls transform , and quickly learn that the entire date was a plot by the Trix . They sent the fake invitation and kidnapped her to get her ring of Solaria ! However , when she did n't wear it , they sent Darcy disguised as Stella back to Alfea to find it . The Trix also reveal the real Stella trapped in magic energy rings and force Bloom into an ultimatum ; hand over the ring or Icy will kill Stella . In the end , Bloom decides Stella is more important , transforms out of fairy form and gives them the ring , while also beginning her role as the unofficial leader . 6 6 `` Missione a Torrenuvola '' / `` Mission at Cloudtower '' `` Secret Guardian '' 9 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 09 ) 24 July 2004 After returning to Alfea , Bloom researches the Ring of Solaria , hoping to find out what made the Trix go to such lengths to get it . Meanwhile , the Trix use a spell on the ring , hoping to access an extremely powerful magic known as the Dragon Flame , only to have their spell blow up in their faces as the ring proves negative ! An infuriated Icy throws the ring away and plans to begin the search all over again . Back at Alfea , Bloom learns more on the ring of Solaria , but also learns about the Dragon Flame . Bloom then turns to Faragonda for answers , who tells her that the Dragon Flame was the energy of the Great Dragon , who created the magical universe and later rested on the planet Domino . That night , the Winx plan to infiltrate Cloud Tower to retrieve Stella 's ring ( since she ca n't transform without it ) . Using the same secret tunnel the Trix used earlier , the girls sneak into Cloudtower without a hitch while the Trix are out . After searching their room , Stella finds her ring , but the tunnel does n't reopen and the Winx are forced to find the main exit without getting caught . While exploring , the Winx stumble upon Cloudtower 's archive which contains history on every person in the Magic dimension . A curious Bloom spots a book with her name on it and tries to read more on her past , but quickly regrets it when it turns into a trap that alerts Headmistress Griffin ! The Winx try to make a hasty escape , but Griffin sends Bako monsters to scare them out ! After using their magic to fight the monsters , the Winx are led to a dead end . In a panic to destroy the last monster , Stella accidentally sets the room on fire ! As the Winx begin to suffocate , a mysterious voice guides Bloom to an exit , allowing them to leave Cloudtower . Though the ring was recovered , the Winx are busted since Griffin already called Faragonda hours ago . As punishment , Faragonda temporarily extracts all their powers . 7 7 `` A che servono gli amici ? '' / `` Friends in Need '' `` Grounded '' 11 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 11 ) 31 July 2004 The Winx have lost all their magic as punishment for sneaking into Cloudtower , but to make matters worse , Griselda tasks them with cleaning the entire school without their magic ( or technology , much to Tecna 's dismay ) while the rest of the students and faculty go to a concert . Problems continue as Tecna struggles with no gadgets to help her , causing her to wear a bucket on her head and attempt to use a broom , while Musa , Stella and Bloom have a water fight , wasting their time , energy and supplies . In order to make the punishment lighter , the girls secretly invite the boys from Redfountain over after everyone has left , claiming to be throwing an all - night party . Meanwhile , the Trix use the opportunity to sneak into a near - empty Alfea to find the real source of the Dragon Flame . The boys arrive and instead learn they 'll be working as janitors , though they still play music as they work . Soon after , the Trix teleport to Alfea and summon the vacuums to guide them towards the Dragon Flame , while distracting the gang by summoning a monster . The Winx and specialists quickly meet their distraction , and while the boys try to fight with their weapons , their quickly knocked aside . The Winx , despite having no magic , manage to outsmart the beast by using floor cleaner . Unable to find the Dragon Flame , the Trix depart to Cloudtower , unseen by anyone while the Specialists head back to Redfountain . The next morning , Faragonda sees the damage and hears the story from the Winx and as a reward for defeating an adversary using only wits and resourcefulness , the Winx 's powers are returned to them . 8 8 `` La festa della rosa '' / `` A Friendship Sundered '' `` The Day of the Rose '' 13 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 13 ) 7 August 2004 During the Rose Festival , both Bloom and Riven unwittingly fall into a trap by the Trix to divide the close relationship between the Specialists and the Winx . In the end , Riven thinks that Darcy has saved him in a racing crash and he blames Bloom for what happened then gets mad at his friends for believing Bloom over him and transfers out of the squad of Specialists along with Darcy . 9 9 `` Il tradimento di Riven '' / `` Betrayed ! '' `` Spelled '' 16 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 16 ) 14 August 2004 There are hostilities between the Winx due to Stella 's behavior , and Musa 's feelings for Riven are strained . In a fight with the Trix , the possessor of the Dragon 's Flame is revealed to be Bloom . 10 10 `` La fiamma del drago '' / `` Bloom Tested '' `` Magical Reality Check '' 18 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 18 ) 21 August 2004 It 's time for Bloom 's magical midterm test in a virtual reality machine . The Trix mess with the computer so they can enter it and test her to be sure of Bloom is indeed the one who possesses the Dragon Flame . 11 11 `` Il regno delle ninfe '' / `` The Monster and The Willow '' `` Junior League '' 20 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 20 ) 28 August 2004 Flora experiments with her plants to study for her test . Stella ( who had her clothes torn apart by a plant ) and Tecna ( who was attacked by a plant ) tell Flora to move the plants . She moves them to Black - Mud Swamp . Flora seeks help from the Water Nymphs in finding a special plant . The Water Nymphs tell the Winx about a monster which has been terrorizing them and the Winx decide to fight it . 12 12 `` Miss Magix '' 23 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 23 ) 4 September 2004 On the day before a big test , Stella enters a beauty contest . Lucy from Cloud Tower does too , with help from the Trix , who want to play a bad prank on Lucy by first making her pretty , sabotaging the performances of the other contestants , and then breaking the spell in front of everyone once she has earned the Miss Magix prize . In the end , Stella wins and kept her promise to Bloom , which was to study all night for the test the next morning . Although Stella makes a few mistakes but because she studied after the pageant , she passes . 13 13 `` La figlia del fuoco '' / `` A Great Secret Revealed '' `` Meant to Be '' 25 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 25 ) 11 September 2004 Bloom returns to Earth during spring break . She discovers she can read people 's auras , and she casts her doubts on a pending business deal regarding her mother 's flower shop . A vision was unlocked while putting out a fire in her mother 's flower shop . She also discovers that Mike found her as a baby while tackling a fire , meaning Bloom 's not Mike and Vanessa 's biological daughter . 14 14 `` Il segreto di Bloom '' / `` Bloom 's Dark Secret '' `` Witch Trap '' 27 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 27 ) 18 September 2004 Bloom 's curiosity about her past and magical powers begin to interfere with her confidence and she arranges to go to Cloud Tower with Brandon to seek answers . Bloom meets a kind witch named Mirta . 15 15 `` Voci dal passato '' / `` Honor Above All '' `` Pushing the Envelope '' 1 March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 01 ) 25 September 2004 A pending test by Professor Wizgiz worries the Winx Club . Bloom accidentally finds the answers to the test . 16 16 `` Il nemico nell'ombra '' / `` Cold Spell '' `` The Nightmare Monster '' 3 March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 03 ) 2 October 2004 In another attempt to harness the power of the Dragon 's Flame , the Trix send a nightmare monster to terrorise the dreams of the Winx . 17 17 `` Il segreto di Brandon '' / `` Secrets Within Secrets '' `` Royal Heartbreak '' 5 March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 05 ) 9 October 2004 During festivities at Redfountain , Bloom encounters Princess Diaspro , who claims she is betrothed to Brandon , whom she keeps calling Sky . Bloom finds out that Sky and Brandon switched identities , because `` Sky '' wanted to live a normal life for once . 18 18 `` Addio Magix ! '' / `` The Font of Dragon Fire '' `` Senior Witches Go to Earth '' 8 March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 08 ) 16 October 2004 Upset about the events at Redfountain , Bloom returns to Earth . The Trix take advantage of the situation and attack her on Earth . The witches reveal to Bloom that she is the surviving heir to planet Domino ( Sparks ) , and they steal the Dragon Fire from her . 19 19 `` Attacco ad Alfea '' / `` The Fall of Magix '' `` The Army of Decay '' 10 March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 10 ) 23 October 2004 Bloom returns to Alfea following the events on Earth . The Trix take control of Cloud Tower and summon the Army of Decay to take control of Magix . 20 20 `` La scomparsa di Bloom '' / `` Mission to Domino '' `` Sparks of Hope '' 12 March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 12 ) 30 October 2004 To counter the powerful magic possessed by the Trix , the Winx Club go to planet Domino hoping to find the Dragon 's Flame . Redfountain is attacked by the Army of Decay . 21 21 `` Trappola di ghiaccio '' / `` The Crown of Dreams '' `` The Frozen Palace '' 15 March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 15 ) 6 November 2004 In the ruins of Domino ( Sparks ) , the Winx are attacked during their exploration . In Magix , Redfountain is destroyed by the Trix . 22 22 `` Il ritorno di Riven '' / `` Storming Cloudtower '' `` Mission to Cloud Tower '' 17 March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 17 ) 13 November 2004 The Army of Decay forces the retreat of the population to Alfea . The Winx go to Cloud Tower in attempt to retrieve the power of the Dragon 's Flame from the Trix . Riven rejoins the Specialists . 23 23 `` Fuga da Torrenuvola '' / `` Power Play '' `` The Search for the Flame '' 19 March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 19 ) 20 November 2004 The Trix torment the Winx for being unable to find the power of the Dragon 's Flame on Domino ( Sparks ) . The cadre and staff of Cloud Tower escape to Alfea . 24 24 `` Il mistero del lago '' / `` The Witches ' Siege '' `` Battle for Alfea '' 22 March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 22 ) 27 November 2004 The Army of Darkness launches an attack on Alfea . Bloom is guided to Lake Fortress of Light / Roccaluce by a mysterious voice . 25 25 `` Il sonno di Magix '' / `` The Ultimate Challenge '' `` The Great Witch Invasion '' 24 March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 24 ) 4 December 2004 The first attack on Alfea fails . Bloom follows the spirit of her older - sister Daphne and regains her Dragon Fire powers . The Trix lead the Army of Decay in a final attack on Alfea . 26 26 `` Battaglia finale '' / `` The Witches ' Downfall '' `` Fire and Ice '' 26 March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 26 ) 11 December 2004 As the Army of Darkness approaching Alfea and the Trix seeking to take complete control of the Magix Dimension , the Winx , except Bloom and including Alfea 's students and teachers take action to fend off the Trix from completely destroying algae to the ground before the Trix use the powers of the Dragon . RC1 RC1 `` Attack of the Senior Witches '' N / A 22 May 2004 A clip show episode made by 4Kids Entertainment featuring scenes from episodes 18 , 19 and 20 where the Trix attack Alfea , serving as a sneak preview to the first season . Nickelodeon specials ( edit ) Nickelodeon developed four one - hour television specials to summarize the first two seasons . They premiered on June 27 , 2011 . Home media ( edit ) List of Winx Club DVD releases Release name No. of episodes Company Release date Notes Vol. 1 Welcome To Magix ! 5 Funimation 12 July 2004 4kids dub of season 1 episodes 1 -- 5 Vol. 2 The Power Of Dragon Fire 6 Funimation 15 November 2005 4kids dub of season 1 episodes 6 -- 11 Vol. 3 Bloom 's Secret Past 5 Funimation 17 January 2006 4kids dub of season 1 episodes 12 -- 16 Vol. 4 Stolen Dragon Fire 5 Funimation 23 May 2006 4kids dub of season 1 episodes 17 -- 21 Vol. 5 Battle For Alfea 5 Funimation 29 August 2006 4kids dub of season 1 episodes 22 -- 26 The Original Complete Season 1 26 Cinedigm 25 March 2014 Cinelume dub of season 1 episodes 1 -- 26 Realm Of Magix : The Original Season 1 , Vol. 1 13 Cinedigm 25 March 2014 Cinelume dub of season 1 episodes 1 -- 13 Defeating The Trix : The Original Season 1 , Vol. 2 13 Cinedigm 25 March 2014 Cinelume dub of season 1 episodes 14 -- 26 Official Season Slogan : Bloom 's Secret Past , References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BelieveInWinx Vault ( September 28 , 2012 ) . The 4Kids 5 : Winx Club - We Are The Winx ! ( Music Video ) HQ ! . YouTube . Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/06/09/global-hit-animated-series-winx-club-comes-to-nickelodeon-starting-june-27/ ( hide ) Winx Club Iginio Straffi TV series Seasons 3 ( Enchantix ) 4 ( The Power of Believix ) 5 ( Beyond Believix ) 6 ( Bloomix ) 7 Films The Secret of the Lost Kingdom ( 2007 ) Magical Adventure ( 2010 ) Winx Club : The Mystery Of The Abyss ( 2014 ) Related Characters Rainbow S.r.l. PopPixie World of Winx Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winx_Club_(season_1)&oldid=838366180 '' Categories : Winx Club Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Magyar Português Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 15 : 23 . About Wikipedia

when does bloom find out who she is

Addio Magix!" / "The Font of Dragon Fire

16 - year - old girl from Earth

Robbie Coltrane - wikipedia Robbie Coltrane Jump to : navigation , search Robbie Coltrane OBE Coltrane in April 2007 Anthony Robert McMillan ( 1950 - 03 - 30 ) 30 March 1950 ( age 67 ) Rutherglen , South Lanarkshire , Scotland Nationality British Alma mater University of Edinburgh Occupation Actor , Author Years active 1979 -- present Height 6 ft 1 in ( 185 cm ) Spouse ( s ) Rhona Gemmell ( m . 1999 -- 2003 ) Children Robbie Coltrane , OBE ( born Anthony Robert McMillan ; 30 March 1950 ) is a Scottish actor and author . He is known for his roles as Rubeus Hagrid in the Harry Potter films , as Valentin Dmitrovich Zukovsky in the James Bond films GoldenEye and The World Is Not Enough , and as Dr. Eddie `` Fitz '' Fitzgerald in the British TV series Cracker during the 1990s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography and awards 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Other awards 5 References 6 External links Early life and Education ( edit ) Coltrane was born Anthony Robert McMillan in Rutherglen , South Lanarkshire , Scotland , the son of Jean Ross ( née Howie ) , a teacher and pianist , and Ian Baxter McMillan , a general practitioner who also served as a forensic police surgeon . He has an older sister , Annie , and a younger sister , Jane . Coltrane is the great - grandson of Scottish businessman Thomas W. Howie and the nephew of businessman Forbes Howie . He was educated at Glenalmond College , an independent school in Perthshire , from which he was nearly expelled after hanging the prefects ' gowns from the school clocktower . Though he later described his experiences there as deeply unhappy , he played for the rugby First XV , was head of the school 's debating society and won prizes for his art . From Glenalmond , Coltrane went on to Glasgow School of Art , where he was ridiculed for `` having an accent like Prince Charles '' ( of which he quickly disposed , though not before gaining the nickname `` Lord Fauntleroy '' ) , and thereafter the Moray House College of Education ( part of the University of Edinburgh ) in Edinburgh , Scotland . Coltrane later called for private schools to be banned and used to be known as `` Red Robbie '' , rebelling against his conservative upbringing through involvement with Amnesty International , Greenpeace , the Labour Party and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament . Career ( edit ) Coltrane in costume in the 1980s Coltrane moved into acting in his early twenties , taking the stage name Coltrane ( in tribute to jazz saxophonist John Coltrane ) and working in theatre and comedy . Appearing in the 1981 BBC television comedy series A Kick Up the Eighties , his comic skills also brought him roles in The Comic Strip Presents ( 1982 ) series and the comedy sketch shows Alfresco ( 1983 -- 1984 ) and Laugh ? ? ? I Nearly Paid My Licence Fee ( 1984 ) . Coltrane moved into roles in films such as Flash Gordon ( 1980 ) , Death Watch ( 1980 ) , Balham , Gateway to the South ( 1981 ) , Scrubbers ( 1983 ) , Krull ( 1983 ) , The Supergrass ( 1985 ) , Defence of the Realm ( 1985 ) , Absolute Beginners ( 1986 ) , Mona Lisa ( 1986 ) and appeared as `` Annabelle '' in The Fruit Machine ( 1988 ) . On television , he appeared in The Young Ones , Tutti Frutti ( 1987 ) , as Samuel Johnson in Blackadder ( 1987 ) ( a role he later reprised in the more serious Boswell and Johnson 's Tour of the Western Islands ( 1993 ) ) , and in a number of stand - up and sketch comedy shows . He played the part of Falstaff in Kenneth Branagh 's Henry V ( 1989 ) He co-starred with Eric Idle in Nuns on the Run ( 1990 ) , and played the Pope in The Pope Must Die ( 1991 ) . He also played a would - be private detective obsessed with Humphrey Bogart in the TV play The Bogie Man . His roles continued in the 1990s with the TV series Cracker ( 1993 -- 1996 , returning in 2006 for a one - off special ) , in which he starred as forensic psychologist Dr. Edward `` Fitz '' Fitzgerald . The role won him three BAFTA awards . Roles in bigger films followed ; the James Bond films GoldenEye ( 1995 ) and The World Is Not Enough ( 1999 ) , a supporting role in From Hell ( 2001 ) , as well as half - giant Rubeus Hagrid in the Harry Potter films ( 2001 -- 2011 ) . J.K. Rowling , author of the Harry Potter series , had Coltrane at the top of her list to play Hagrid and , when asked whom she would like to see in the role , responded `` Robbie Coltrane for Hagrid '' in one quick breath . There is also an unnamed 8ft actor who stands in for the 6ft 1in Coltrane in some scenes . Coltrane has also presented a number of documentary programmes for the British ITV network based around his twin passions for travel and transportation . Coltrane in a Cadillac ( 1993 ) saw him cross North America from Los Angeles to New York behind the wheel of a 1951 Cadillac Series 62 coupe convertible , a journey of 3,765 miles ( 6,059 km ) which he completed in 32 days . In 1997 , Coltrane appeared in a series of six programmes under the title Coltrane 's Planes and Automobiles , in which he extolled the virtues of the steam engine , the diesel engine , the supercharger , the V8 engine , the two - stroke engine , and the jet engine . In these programmes he dismantled and rebuilt several engines . He also single - handedly removed the engine from a Trabant car in 23 minutes . In August 2007 , Coltrane presented a series for ITV called B - Road Britain , in which he travelled from London to Glasgow , stopping in towns and villages along the way . Coltrane was voted No. 11 in ITV 's TV 's 50 Greatest Stars and sixth in a poll of 2000 adults across the UK to find the ' most famous Scot ' , behind the Loch Ness Monster , Robert Burns , Sean Connery , Robert the Bruce and William Wallace . Personal life ( edit ) Coltrane married Rhona Gemmell on 11 December 1999 . The couple have two children : son Spencer ( b . 1992 ) , and daughter Alice ( b . 1998 ) . Filmography and Awards ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1980 Flash Gordon Man at air field 1980 Death Watch Limousine Driver 1982 Britannia Hospital Striking worker on picket line Non-speaking role Ghost Dance George Krull Rhun 1984 Chinese Boxes Harwood 1985 National Lampoon 's European Vacation Man in bathroom 1985 Supergrass , The The Supergrass Det . Sgt . Troy 1985 Defence of the Realm Leo McAskey 1986 Caravaggio Scipione 1986 Mona Lisa Thomas Eat the Rich Jeremy 1988 Fruit Machine , The The Fruit Machine Annabelle 1989 Henry V Falstaff 1989 Bert Rigby , You 're a Fool Sid Trample 1989 Let It Ride Ticket Seller 1989 Danny , the Champion of the World Victor Hazell 1989 Slipstream Montclaire 1990 Midnight Breaks Fat 1990 Nuns on the Run Charlie McManus / Sister Inviolata 1990 Perfectly Normal Alonzo Turner 1991 Pope Must Die , The The Pope Must Die The Pope 1991 Triple Bogey on a Par Five Hole Steffano Baccardi Oh , What a Night Todd Nominated -- Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role 1993 Boswell & Johnson 's Tour of the Western Isles Dr. Samuel Johnson 1993 Adventures of Huck Finn , The The Adventures of Huck Finn Duke 1995 GoldenEye Valentin Dmitrovich Zukovsky 1997 Buddy Dr. Bill Lintz 1998 Frogs for Snakes Al 1998 Montana The Boss 1999 World Is Not Enough , The The World Is Not Enough Valentin Dmitrovich Zukovsky 1999 Message in a Bottle Charlie Toschi 2001 Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Rubeus Hagrid Nominated -- BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor 2001 On the Nose Delaney 2001 From Hell Sergeant Peter Godley 2002 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Rubeus Hagrid Nominated -- Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Ensemble Acting Ocean 's Twelve Matsui Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Rubeus Hagrid Van Helsing : The London Assignment Mr. Hyde voice Van Helsing Mr. Hyde voice 2005 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Rubeus Hagrid 2006 Stormbreaker The Prime Minister of Europe 2006 Provoked Lord Edward Foster 2007 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Rubeus Hagrid 2008 Tale of Despereaux , The The Tale of Despereaux Gregory voice 2008 Brothers Bloom , The The Brothers Bloom The Curator 2009 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Rubeus Hagrid 2009 Gooby Gooby voice Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Rubeus Hagrid 2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Rubeus Hagrid 2012 Brave Lord Dingwall voice Great Expectations Mr. Jaggers 2014 Effie Doctor Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1979 Play for Today Jimmie `` Waterloo Sunset '' 1980 The Lost Tribe Border Post Guard `` Keep Us Alive '' 1981 Metal Mickey Jason `` Mickey the Demon Barber '' 1981 -- 1984 A Kick Up the Eighties All ten episodes 1981 Keep It in the Family Mr. Conway `` A Matter of Principle '' 1982 Sin on Saturday 1982 Five Go Mad in Dorset Female shopkeeper / Male gypsy Season 1 , Episode 1 of The Comic Strip Presents Are You Being Served Dynamite - truck driver on CB Radio `` Calling All Customers '' Alfresco various 1984 The Young Ones Doctor in Episode `` Bambi '' , Bouncer in Episode `` Oil '' Blackadder the Third Samuel Johnson `` Ink and Incapability '' Tutti Frutti Danny McGlone Nominated -- British Academy Television Award for Best Actor 1988 Blackadder 's Christmas Carol The Spirit of Christmas 1989 The Robbie Coltrane Special LWT comedy Special 1990 Danny Champion of the World Victor Hazell 1991 Screen One Psychiatrist Liam Kane `` Alive And Kicking '' 1993 The Legend of Lochnagar The old man TV film , voice 1993 -- 1995 2006 Cracker Dr. Eddie ' Fitz ' Fitzgerald Three British Academy Television Awards for Best Actor ( 1994 , 1995 and 1996 ) Broadcasting Press Guild Award for Best Actor Royal Television Society Award for Best Actor -- Male Nominated -- CableACE Award for Best Actor in a Movie or Miniseries For episode `` Brotherly Love '' ( parts I , II and III ) . 1997 Coltrane 's Planes and Automobiles 6 - part Documentary 1998 Ebb - Tide , The The Ebb - Tide Capt . Chisholm 1999 Alice in Wonderland Ned Tweedledum 2003 Comic Relief : The Big Hair Do Hagrid 2003 The Planman Jack Lennox QC Pride James Frasier Michael Moon `` Goodnight , Seattle '' 2005 Still Game Davie Season 4 Episode 3 : `` Dial - A-Bus '' 2006 Cracker : Nine Eleven Dr. Eddie ' Fitz ' Fitzgerald 2007 Robbie Coltrane -- B Road Britain TV Documentary 2009 Murderland D.I. Douglas Hain 2009 The Gruffalo The Gruffalo TV film ( children 's ) , voice 2011 Lead Balloon Donald Series 4 Episode 4 : `` Off '' Series 4 Episode 5 : `` Blade '' Series 4 Episode 6 : `` End '' 50 Greatest Harry Potter Moments Himself Narrator The Gruffalo 's Child The Gruffalo TV film ( children 's ) , voice 2016 National Treasure Paul Finchley TV film Nominated -- British Academy Television Award for Best Actor Other Awards ( edit ) Won Evening Standard British Film Award -- Peter Sellers Award for Comedy 1990 . He was awarded the OBE ( Officer of the Order of the British Empire ) in the 2006 New Year Honours for his services to drama . In 2011 was honoured for his `` outstanding contribution '' to film as the British Academy Scotland Awards ( `` BAFTA Scotland Awards '' ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Robbie Coltrane Biography ( 1950 -- ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Robbie Coltrane 's magical career '' . BBC News . 31 December 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Robbie Coltrane biography '' . Tiscali.co.uk . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Paton , Maureen ( 20 March 2003 ) . `` ' Hagrid ? I 'm just Dad ' '' . London : Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Scotland on Sunday '' . Scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dr Edward `` Fitz '' Fitzgerald `` . Crackertv.co.uk . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` j.k. rowling '' . Neatorama . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Alderson , Andrew ( 11 November 2001 ) . `` ' They really do look as I 'd imagined they would inside my head ' '' . The Sunday Telegraph . Accio-quote.org . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . ( Accio Quote ! , the Largest Archive of J.K. Rowling quotes on the web ) Jump up ^ Ezard , John ( 5 June 2002 ) . `` Size means everything as Harry 's big secret slips out '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Femia , Will ( 13 November 2001 ) . `` Chat Flashback : The cinematic debut of Rubeus Hagrid '' . MSNBC . NBC News . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . In real life , I 'm 6'1 '' -- each way pretty well , north and south and east and west , unfortunately Jump up ^ The Robbie Coltrane Special at the Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ `` The Gruffalo 's Child '' . BBC One . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robbie Coltrane . Robbie Coltrane on IMDb Robbie Coltrane biography and credits at the British Film Institute 's Screenonline The Comic Strip Ade Edmondson Rik Mayall Nigel Planer Peter Richardson Dawn French Jennifer Saunders Alexei Sayle Keith Allen Robbie Coltrane Pete Richens Select episodes and films Five Go Mad in Dorset The Bullshitters : Roll Out The Gunbarrel The Supergrass Eat the Rich The Strike Mr. Jolly Lives Next Door The Yob Did n't You Kill My Brother ? South Atlantic Raiders GLC : The Carnage Continues ... The Pope Must Die Detectives on the Edge of a Nervous Breakdown Churchill : The Hollywood Years The Hunt for Tony Blair Related articles Bad News Bad News ( album ) Bootleg 20th Century Coyote French and Saunders BAFTA TV Award for Best Actor Paul Rogers ( 1955 ) Peter Cushing ( 1956 ) Michael Gough ( 1957 ) Michael Hordern ( 1958 ) Donald Pleasence ( 1959 ) Patrick McGoohan ( 1960 ) Lee Montague ( 1961 ) Rupert Davies ( 1962 ) Harry H. 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Justice of the peace - wikipedia Justice of the peace Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Taos County , New Mexico . Justice of the Peace Montoyo hears a minor case . ( 1941 ) A justice of the peace ( JP ) is a judicial officer , of a lower or puisne court , elected or appointed by means of a commission ( letters patent ) to keep the peace . In past centuries the term commissioner of the peace was often used with the same meaning . Depending on the jurisdiction , such justices dispense summary justice or merely deal with local administrative applications in common law jurisdictions . Justices of the peace are appointed or elected from the citizens of the jurisdiction in which they serve , and are ( or were ) usually not required to have any formal legal education in order to qualify for the office . Some jurisdictions have varying forms of training for JPs . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Modern use 2.1 Australia 2.1. 1 Queensland 2.1. 2 Victoria 2.1. 2.1 Bail justices 2.1. 3 New South Wales 2.1. 4 South Australia 2.1. 5 Western Australia 2.2 Belgium 2.3 Canada 2.3. 1 British Columbia 2.3. 2 Northwest Territories 2.3. 3 Ontario 2.3. 4 Quebec 2.3. 5 Yukon 2.4 Hong Kong 2.5 India 2.6 Ireland 2.7 Jamaica 2.8 Malaysia 2.9 New Zealand 2.10 Pakistan 2.11 Singapore 2.12 Sri Lanka 2.13 Tonga 2.14 United Kingdom 2.14. 1 England and Wales 2.14. 2 Scotland 2.14. 3 Northern Ireland 2.15 United States 2.15. 1 Arizona 2.15. 2 Arkansas 2.15. 3 Massachusetts , Connecticut , Vermont 2.15. 4 Minnesota 2.15. 5 New York 2.15. 6 New Hampshire 2.15. 7 Texas 2.15. 8 Replacement with other courts 3 See also 4 References History ( edit ) In 1195 , Richard I ( `` the Lionheart '' ) of England and his Minister Hubert Walter commissioned certain knights to preserve the peace in unruly areas . They were responsible to the King for ensuring that the law was upheld and preserving the `` King 's peace '' . Therefore , they were known as `` keepers of the peace '' . An act of 1327 had referred to `` good and lawful men '' to be appointed in every county in the land to `` guard the peace '' ; such individuals were first referred to as conservators of the peace , or wardens of the peace . The title justice of the peace derives from 1361 , in the reign of Edward III . The `` peace '' to be guarded is the sovereign 's , the maintenance of which is the duty of the Crown under the royal prerogative . Justices of the peace still use the power conferred or re-conferred on them since 1361 to bind over unruly persons `` to be of good behaviour '' . The bind over is not a punishment , but a preventive measure , intended to ensure that people thought likely to offend will not do so . The justices ' alternative title of `` magistrate '' dates from the 16th century , although the word had been in use centuries earlier to describe some legal officials of Roman times . In the centuries from the Tudor period until the onset of the Industrial Revolution , the JPs constituted a major element of the English ( later British ) governmental system , which had been termed sometimes squirearchy ( i.e. , dominance of the land - owning gentry ) . For example , historian Tim Blanning notes that while in Britain the royal prerogative was decisively curbed by the Bill of Rights 1689 , in practice the central government in London had a greater ability to get its policies implemented in the rural outlying regions than could contemporary absolute monarchies such as France -- a paradox due especially to JPs belonging to the same social class as the Members of Parliament and thus having a direct interest in getting laws actually enforced and implemented on the ground . Being an unpaid office , undertaken voluntarily and sometimes more for the sake of renown or to confirm the justice 's standing within the community , the justice was typically a member of the gentry . The justices of the peace conducted arraignments in all criminal cases , and tried misdemeanours and infractions of local ordinances and bylaws . Towns and boroughs with enough burdensome judicial business that could not find volunteers for the unpaid role of justice of the peace had to petition the Crown for authority to hire a paid stipendiary magistrate . The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 stripped the power to appoint normal JPs from those municipal corporations that had it . This was replaced by the present system , where the Lord Chancellor nominates candidates with local advice , for appointment by the Crown . Until the introduction of elected county councils in the 19th century , JPs , in quarter sessions , also administered the county at a local level . They fixed wages , regulated food supplies , built and controlled roads and bridges , and undertook to provide and supervise locally those services mandated by the Crown and Parliament for the welfare of the county . Women were not allowed to become JPs in the United Kingdom until 1919 , the first woman being Ada Summers , the Mayor of Stalybridge , who was a JP ( Ex officio ) by virtue of her office . In October 1920 Ada was appointed a JP officially , alongside other pioneers like Miriam Lightowler OBE in Halifax Emily Murphy of Edmonton , Canada , preceded her by some three and a half years . Now in the UK , 50 % of JPs are women . In special circumstances , a justice of the peace can be the highest governmental representative , so in fact ' gubernatorial ' , in a colonial entity . This was the case in the Tati Concessions Land , a gold - mining concession ( territory ) in the Matabele kingdom , until its annexation by the British Bechuanaland protectorate . See also : Magistrates ' court ( Russia ) Modern use ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) A justice of the peace in Australia is typically someone of good stature in the community who is authorised to witness and sign statutory declarations and affidavits and to certify copies of original documents . Criteria for appointment vary widely , depending on the state . Queensland ( edit ) In the state of Queensland , a `` justice of the peace ( qualified ) '' has the additional powers to issue search warrants and arrest warrants and , in conjunction with another justice of the peace ( qualified ) constitute a magistrates ' court for exercising powers to remand defendants in custody , grant bail , and adjourn court hearings . Some justices are appointed as justice of the peace ( magistrates ' court ) , usually in remote aboriginal communities , to perform many of the functions that might otherwise fall to a stipendiary magistrate . In Queensland , a lawyer may be appointed as a Justice of the Peace without further education or qualification and has the full powers of a JP ( Magistrate 's Court ) . A commissioner for declarations ( C. dec ) has powers limited to witnessing documents , witnessing statutory declarations , witnessing affidavits , witnessing and administering oaths and affirmations . The first woman to become a JP in Queensland was Matilda ( Maud ) Hennessey of Mackay on 24 April 1918 . Victoria ( edit ) Justices of the peace and bail justices , who are also volunteers , are appointed to serve a semi-judicial function in all areas of the Victorian community . The main official roles in the Victorian community include witnessing statutory declarations , witnessing affidavits and hearing bail matters outside court hours ( bail justices only ) . The first woman to become a JP in Victoria was Mary Catherine Rogers who , in 1920 , became the first woman councillor in Australia when she was elected in the City of Richmond . Justices of the peace ( JPs ) provide a service to the community as independent witnesses of statutory declarations , powers of attorney and affidavits . JPs , who are also volunteers , are selected through an extensive interview , written exam and practical testing . They are recommended by the state attorney - general and appointed by the governor - in - council , and it is their job to authorise and witness statutory declarations and affidavits within the state of Victoria . There are currently around 4,800 JPs serving in all areas of the state . Bail justices ( edit ) The role of a bail justice is to hear bail applications ( under the Bail Act 1977 ) and to hear applications for interim accommodation orders for children ( under the Children and Young Persons Act 1989 ) within Victoria . Bail justices , once appointed , may remain in their role until they turn 70 years of age ( although they must be under 65 at the time of their appointment ) . They are often required to attend call outs and rule on bail applications or protection applications for children in danger on weekends and late at night when the courts are closed , but they can also witness Victorian statutory declarations and affidavits . Candidates must successfully complete a three - day training course run by the Department of Justice . Bail justices , who are also volunteers , also have some limited powers under federal legislation , including the power to conduct interstate extradition hearings and extending question time for federal police . Bail Justices may use the post-nominals BJ after their names . New South Wales ( edit ) The most common functions performed by a justice of the peace in New South Wales are to witness the signing of a statutory declaration , witness the signing of an affidavit and certify that a copy of an original document is a true copy . JPs are appointed by the Governor of New South Wales for five - year terms . They are volunteers , who come from all walks of life and all sections of the community . JPs are people who are trusted to be honest , careful and impartial when performing the functions of a JP . They must not charge a fee or accept a gift for providing JP services , tell people what to write in a statutory declaration or affidavit or write it for them or give them legal advice . Ways to find a JP in New South Wales include : 1 . Search the JP Public Register . The register lists all JPs for each postcode area and provides a telephone contact number for JPs who serve the community directly . 2 . Check a public listing of scheduled JP services to find when JPs are available at scheduled times and locations across the state . South Australia ( edit ) In South Australia , there are two types of justices : justice of the peace and special justices . A justice of the peace ( JP ) in South Australia is typically someone of good stature in the community who is authorised to witness and sign statutory declarations , affidavits , waiver rights , search warrants , drug warrants , divorce documents , and to certify copies of original documents and to witness the signing of power of attorney and guardianship documents , providing the JP is satisfied with the capability of the signatory . A Special Justice ( SJ ) is a higher level of justice of the peace in South Australia ; they sit on the bench of the magistrates ' court hearing cases in the petty sessions division . The South Australian Attorney - General has set up a web site to locate justices of the peace . The majority of metropolitan and many regional Councils ( Local Government authorities ) have a rotational justice of the peace in residence at nominated times . Western Australia ( edit ) Justices of the peace in Western Australia are appointed by the Governor who authorises them to carry out a wide range of official administrative and judicial duties in the community . As well as presiding in the Magistrates Court , justices of the peace are regularly called upon by the WA Police to sign search warrants and authorise the issuing of summonses . The administrative tasks include witnessing affidavits and documents such as wills and statutory declarations . ' Visiting justices ' are a special group of justices of the peace , appointed to preside over cases within the prison system . Belgium ( edit ) In Belgium , the justice of the peace ( French : juge de paix , Dutch : vrederechter ) is a law - trained judge who sits the lowest Court of record with original jurisdiction over small claims ( less than € 2500 ) matters of civil , commercial , and family law , including : tenancy and lease disputes , neighborhood disputes ( party structures , trespassing , noise pollution ) , apartment buildings , small deceased estates , alimony , guardianships & adoption , and the commitment of mental patients and oversight of their care . Litigants may opt either for conciliation or trial . Lawyers may act as locum tenens JPs . Canada ( edit ) In Canada , justices of the peace play a role in the administration of justice at the provincial level . Justices are generally appointed by the lieutenant governors of Canada 's provinces , and by the commissioners of Canada 's territories , on the advice of their relevant premier or Attorney General . Canada made the first appointment in the then British Empire of a woman as a magistrate , namely Emily Murphy , who was sworn in as a police magistrate in the Women 's Court of the City of Edmonton ( Alberta ) on 19 June 1916 . British Columbia ( edit ) In British Columbia , pursuant to the Provincial Court Act , all judges are justices of the peace , and hence all of them are peace officers . Northwest Territories ( edit ) In the Northwest Territories , justices may hear summary conviction matters , municipal by - laws , and certain criminal matters . However , in more populated provinces justices usually preside over bail hearings and provincial offences courts . When not in a court session , a justice can perform other judicial functions , such as issuing search warrants . Ontario ( edit ) In Ontario , justices perform a wide variety of duties related to criminal and regulatory law , at the federal , provincial and municipal levels . Ontario JP wear a green sash versus red worn by judges . Quebec ( edit ) In Quebec , there are two type of justices of the peace , administrative justice of the peace and presiding justice of the peace . Administrative justice of the peace are court officers appointed by the Minister of Justice , and perform duties such as receiving criminal informations and issuing warrants . Presiding justice of the peace are appointed by commission under the Great Seal , and can try some criminal matters and issue warrants . They are appointed from advocates of at least ten years ' standing and serve full - time until the age of 70 . Yukon ( edit ) In Yukon , justices of the peace are lay officers of the court . They sit in the Justice of the Peace Court , which is part of the Territorial Court of Yukon . Hong Kong ( edit ) In Hong Kong , the historical functions of justices of the peace have been replaced by full - time , legally qualified magistrates . Nowadays , justices of the peace are essentially titles of honour given by the Government to community leaders , and to certain officials while they are in their terms of offices . They have no judicial functions , and their main duties include visiting prisons , institutions for young offenders and drug addicts , psychiatric hospitals , remand homes , places of refuge , reception and detention centres , administering statutory declarations , and serving as members of advisory panels . India ( edit ) In India , justices of the peace do exist , but they no longer occupy a prominent post . One of the famous justices in India was Kavasji Jamshedji Petigara . Maharaja Prabirendra Mohan Tagore son of Maharaja Sir Prodyut Kumar Tagore KCSI of Calcutta was designated Justice of the Peace in 1932 . He played a great part in saving more than 200 Muslim lives during the infamous riots in 1947 during the partition of India , by sheltering the Muslims in the Calcutta locality and most importantly in his palace itself . Ireland ( edit ) Justices of the peace existed in Ireland prior to 1922 , sitting in a bench under the supervision of resident magistrates at petty sessions to try minor offences summarily , and with a county court judge ( in his capacity of chairman of quarter sessions ) and jury to try more serious offences at quarter sessions . In the Irish Free State the position was effectively abolished by the District Justices ( Temporary Provisions ) Act 1923 and permanently abolished by the Courts of Justice Act 1924 . Their judicial powers were replaced by full - time , legally qualified district justices ( now called district judges ) and their quasi-judicial powers by lay Peace Commissioners . Peace commissioners may sign statutory declarations , and may issue summons and search warrants to the Garda Síochána ( Irish police ) . A Peace Commissioner can not sign an Affidavit , in Ireland that function is performed by a Commissioner for Oaths . Jamaica ( edit ) A justice of the peace ( JP ) , according to the Ministry of Justice , is a person of unquestionable integrity who seeks to promote and protect the rights of the individual and helps to provide justice to persons in a particular community . Additionally , the JP serves as a justice in petty court sessions , attends juvenile court sessions , issues summonses , considers applications for bail , explains and signs legal documents , sits on licensing panels , and gives counsel / advice . Any Jamaican citizen that can speak and write English is eligible to become a JP . Any club / organisation / citizen can recommend someone to become JP for a community . JPs are chosen under the Governor - General 's discretion . Malaysia ( edit ) In Malaysia , justices of the peace have largely been replaced in magistrates ' courts by legally qualified ( first - class ) stipendiary magistrates . However , state governments continue to appoint justices of the peace as honours . In 2004 , some associations of justices of the peace pressed the federal government to allow justices of the peace to sit as second - class magistrates in order to reduce the backlog of cases in the courts . New Zealand ( edit ) A Justice of the Peace in New Zealand is someone of good stature in the community who is authorized to witness and sign statutory declarations and affidavits as well as certify documents . They may also perform citizenship ceremonies and act as a Visiting Justice in prisons the function of which is to record a prisoner 's grievance and decide on its validity . They have certain powers to issue search warrants , and ( in conjunction with another justice of the peace ) may try minor criminal trials in the district court and exercise powers to remand defendants in custody , grant bail , and adjourn court hearings . They are nominated for office by local Members of Parliament and appointed by the Governor General . Appointment is for life and a JP must take the Oath of Allegiance and the Judicial Oath . Pakistan ( edit ) Sections 22 , 22 - A and 22 - B of the Code of Criminal Procedure Code , 1898 provide for the appointment of justices of the peace by the provincial governments , their powers and duties respectively . However , seldom are justices of the peace appointed in Pakistan outside the judiciary . Session and additional session judges act as ex-officio justices of the peace as per Section 25 of the Code of Criminal Procedure , 1898 . An Ex-officio Justice of the Peace may issue appropriate directions to the police authorities concerned on a complaint regarding - ( i ) non-registration of a criminal case ; ( ii ) transfer of investigation from one police officer to another ; and ( iii ) neglect , failure or excess committed by a police authority in relation to its functions and duties . Such functions being quasi-judicial in nature could not be termed as executive , administrative or ministerial. ( PLD 2016 Supreme Court 581 ) It is pertinent to note however , as many academics have pointed out , that there is great utility in the appointment of such justices especially in rural areas where enmity between rival groups can lead to the inability of registration of cognizable offences and biased judicial proceedings . Singapore ( edit ) A justice of the peace in Singapore derives his powers from statute law . He is appointed by the President of the Republic of Singapore , under the provisions of section 11 ( l ) of the Subordinate Courts Act ( Cap. 321 ) . The President may revoke the appointment of any justice of the peace . A newly appointed justice of the peace is required by section 17 of the Subordinate Courts Act , to take the oath of office and allegiance as set out in the schedule to the Subordinate Courts Act , before exercising the functions of his office . In their role , JPs serve as visiting justices of Singapore prisons , mediators or referees in the subordinate courts . They may also solemnise marriages in the Registry of Marriages or perform the duties of the magistrate conferred on them by any written law . Sri Lanka ( edit ) In Sri Lanka , Justice of the Peace ( JP ) is an honorary post , with authorization to witness and sign statutory declarations and affidavits . Persons appointed as a Justice of the Peace may use the post-nominal JP . Current appointments are made under the Judicature Act No 02 of 1978 , by the Minister of Justice at his / her discretion by publishing a list in the Gazette and appointee taking oaths before a high court , district court judge or magistrate with registrar of the supreme court recording it . Any citizen of Sri Lanka can apply to the Ministry of Justice giving his or her credentials to be appointed as a justice of the peace . However , the applicant should be one who has served the public and carries out social service and should be of good standing . The President of Sri Lanka and his / her officers are ex officio justices of the peace . A justice of the peace , who is an Attorney at law can be appointed as an unofficial magistrate . The post was introduced in the British colonial era , during which time appointments were made by the Governor until 1938 , after which appointments were made by the Legal Secretary until 1947 . After Ceylon gained its independence in 1948 , appointments were made by the Governor General and the Minister of Justice . Justice of the Peace had the power to administer oaths and affirmations per the Courts Ordinance No. 1 on 1889 section 84 and they could formally appoint members of the public to act as special police officers in times of turmoil and riots . Since certain government officers were ex-officio justices of the peace , this allowed British colonial officers to appoint special police officers from the European planters in times of crisies such as the 1915 riots . The Village Councils Law ( No. 6 of 1964 ) made the Chairman of the Village Council an ex officio justices of the peace for that village area . Tonga ( edit ) In 2014 , for the first time , Justices of the Peace were authorized in Tonga . JPs are appointed by the Crown , but the Lord Chief Justice regulates their duties and defines their powers . The first JPs were warranted with duties including granting bail ; issuing search warrants and subpoenas ; taking affidavits , declarations and oaths ; and having the power to witness documents . Term of office is one year and officials can be reappointed . The initial 19 JPs appointed were : ' Aisea Ta'ofi and Sione Hinakau of Niuatoputapu ; ' Inoke Tuaimei'api of Niuafo'ou ; Siosiua Hausia from ʻEua ; Sione Palu , Sione Fakahua , Me'ite Fukofuka and Kisione Taulani of Ha'apai ; Salesi Kauvaka , Viliami Pasikala , Haniteli Fa'anunu , Meli Taufaeteau and Moleni Taufa from Vava'u ; and Salote Fukofuka , ' Amelia Helu , ' Ofa Likiliki , Tevita Fakatou , Sioape Tu'iono and Semisi Tongia of Tongatapu . United Kingdom ( edit ) England and Wales ( edit ) This article is part of the series : Courts of England and Wales Law of England and Wales Administration ( show ) Ministry of Justice Secretary of State for Justice Her Majesty 's Courts and Tribunals Service Judges ' Council Civil and family courts ( show ) Supreme Court of the United Kingdom Privy Council Court of Appeal Master of the Rolls Court of Appeal judge High Court of Justice President of the Queen 's Bench President of the Family Division Chancellor of the High Court High Court judge County courts List of county court venues County Court Business Centre District judge Family Court Court of Protection Court of Chivalry Criminal courts ( show ) Supreme Court of the United Kingdom Court of Appeal Lord Chief Justice Court of Appeal judge High Court of Justice President of the Queen 's Bench High Court judge Crown Court List of Crown Court venues Circuit judge Recorder Magistrates ' courts District judge Justice of the Peace / Lay magistrates Criminal prosecution ( show ) Attorney General Director of Public Prosecutions Crown Prosecution Service Legal profession ( show ) Bar Council Barrister Law Society of England and Wales Solicitor Solicitor Advocate Main article : Magistrate ( England and Wales ) A magistrates ' court in England and Wales is composed of a bench of ( usually three ) JPs or magistrates , who dispense summary justice : that is they decide on offences which carry up to six months in prison , to a maximum of one year of imprisonment over not less than two indictable offences , or an unlimited fine . They are advised on points of law and procedure by a legally qualified justices ' clerk and their assistants . No formal qualifications are required but magistrates need intelligence , common sense , integrity and the capacity to act fairly . Membership is widely spread throughout the local area and drawn from all walks of life . All magistrates are carefully trained before sitting and continue to receive training throughout their service . Magistrates are unpaid volunteers but they may receive allowances to cover travelling expenses and subsistence . Lay justices or magistrates must sit for a minimum of 26 sessions ( half - days ) per year , but some sit as much as a day a week , or possibly more . Magistrates can sit alone to hear issues such as warrant applications or many traffic offences under the new Single Justice Procedure . In addition to the lay justices , there are a small number of district judges , formerly known as stipendiary magistrates . These are legally qualified , full - time members of the magistracy and hear cases alone , without any other magistrates on the bench . It is important to distinguish the district judge ( magistrates ' court ) from the district judges who usually sit in the county court . Magistrates ' courts today can deal with minor offences ( fines of up to £ 5,000 , or imprisonment of up to six months for a single offence or 12 months for consecutive sentences , or both ) and handle over 95 % of the criminal cases in England and Wales and Northern Ireland . With more serious offences , magistrates are responsible for indictment and committal to the Crown Court ( a task in former times dealt with by a grand jury ) . Magistrates also have a civil jurisdiction , such as a family jurisdiction . Although they had a licensing jurisdiction dealing liquor , betting and clubs licensing applications , this was transferred under the Licensing Act 2003 to local authorities . The magistrates now act in licensing matters only as an appeal court from the decisions of the local authority . Cardiff Magistrates ' Court is the only court in the country which deals with offences under the Companies Act , such as for late filing of accounts or directors ' offences . Westminster Magistrates ' Court has special responsibilities for dealing with all terrorism and extradition offences throughout the UK . Until the Courts Act 2003 came into force , magistrates were tied to a particular area ( see magistrates ' courts committee , commission area , petty sessions area ) . This has now been changed such that they are assigned to local justice areas , but less strongly . The Courts Act provides the current framework for appointment of the justices , which is done by the Lord Chancellor in the name of sovereign . Justices can also be removed by the same mechanism . District judges ( magistrates ' court ) -- previously known as stipendiary magistrates -- must have a seven years ' general legal qualification , and are appointed by the sovereign on the advice of the Lord Chancellor . Before 1714 , magistrates were liable to be approached at any time and in any place by people legally recognised as paupers , appealing for aid if parish authorities refused to provide any . It was relatively common for these magistrates to write out , on the spot , an order requiring aid to be granted . Scotland ( edit ) See also : Judiciary of Scotland Within the Scottish legal system justices of the peace are lay magistrates who currently sit in the justice of the peace courts . These courts were introduced in 2009 as a replacement for the district courts ( established in 1975 ) , which in turn replaced burgh police courts . Justices sit alone or in threes with a qualified legal assessor as convener or clerk of court . They handle many cases of breaches of the peace , drunkenness , minor assaults , petty theft , and offences under the Civic Government ( Scotland ) Act 1982 . The maximum sentencing power of a justice of the peace is 60 days imprisonment , or a fine up to £ 2,500 , or both , and the ability to disqualify drivers . In 2006 , the Scottish Government announced its intention to unify the management of the sheriff and district courts in Scotland , but retaining lay justices , as part of its initiative to create a unified judiciary under the Lord President . Following the passage of the Criminal Proceedings etc . ( Reform ) ( Scotland ) Act 2007 the justice of the peace courts were implemented on a sheriffdom - by - sheriffdom basis . In Glasgow , the volume of business required the employment of three solicitors as `` stipendiary magistrates '' who sat in place of the lay justices . The stipendiary magistrates ' court had the same sentencing power as the summary sheriff court in summary proceedings , which was the ability to sentence an offender to up to 1 year in prison or fine them up to £ 10,000 . Stipendiary magistrates were replaced by summary sheriffs . Northern Ireland ( edit ) In Northern Ireland , the situation initially continued as it had in pre-1922 Ireland . However , justices of the peace no longer sat out of petty sessions after 1935 ( Summary Jurisdiction and Criminal Justice Act ( Northern Ireland ) 1935 ) . Since then , magistrates ' courts in Northern Ireland have consisted of legally qualified resident magistrates ( now known as district judges ( magistrates ' courts ) ) sitting alone , except in cases involving children , where two lay panelists sat with the magistrate . Justices of the peace were confined to the power to conduct committal hearings , bind persons over to the peace , sign warrants , summons , and other official documents . They were appointed by the Lord Chancellor on the recommendation of a committee in each county court division . The Justice ( Northern Ireland ) Act 2002 introduced a new office of lay magistrate , to sit alongside resident magistrates at magistrates ' courts in certain matters . Unlike in England and Wales , `` lay magistrate '' is the official title of the position , to distinguish from existing justices of the peace who do not sit in the magistrates ' courts . The first lay magistrates were appointed in 2005 . Two lay magistrates sit with the district judge ( magistrates ' court ) in criminal proceedings involving children ( replacing the former lay panelists ) and Family Proceedings Court matters . The district judge ( magistrates ' court ) , who is a barrister or solicitor of at least seven years standing , presides over the bench . Most criminal justice functions of JPs were transferred to lay magistrates . It is expected that there will be no further appointments of justices of the peace in Northern Ireland , although those already appointed retain the title and any functions not transferred to lay magistrate under the 2002 Act . United states ( edit ) In some US states , the justice of the peace is a judge of a court of limited jurisdiction , a magistrate , or a quasi-judicial official with certain statutory or common law magisterial powers . Some states have special qualifications or unique features for the office . The justice of the peace typically presides over a court that hears misdemeanor cases , traffic violations , and other petty criminal infractions . The justice of the peace may also have authority over cases involving small debts , landlord and tenant disputes , or other small claims court proceedings . Proceedings before justices of the peace are often faster and less formal than the proceedings in other courts . In some jurisdictions a party convicted or found liable before a justice of the peace may have the right to a trial de novo before the judge of a higher court rather than an appeal strictly considered . A justice of the peace also performs civil marriages . Arizona ( edit ) A justice of the peace has the same jurisdiction as a municipal magistrate with respect to traffic and misdemeanor cases and restraining orders , though over cases whose affairs are not contained within the confines of a single municipality . Additionally , the Justice Court hears cases involving county ordinances ( ordinances enacted by the board of supervisors that apply only to unincorporated areas ) , civil lawsuits up to a limit of $10,000 , small claims cases up to $2,500 , and issues evictions , called writs of restitution ( after a forcible detainer or special detainer action ( eviction ) being successfully completed by a landlord ) . Justices of the peace , also called JPs , or Judges of the Justice Court , are elected in partisan elections for four - year terms from specific districts called precincts . They have the same authority and responsibility as all other judges in the state with respect to performing marriages , administrating oaths , adhering to the code of judicial conduct , and all aspects of justice administration . However , Arizona law does not require justices of the peace to be lawyers . Many justices of the peace are not legally trained , although all are required by the Arizona Supreme Court to complete a course at the Arizona Judicial College . As with JPs , municipal judges in Arizona are not required to be lawyers . Arkansas ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Arkansas , a justice of the peace is an elected official equivalent to a county commissioner or county supervisor in some other states . Arkansas JPs sit on a county quorum court , composed of 9 , 11 , 13 or 15 JPs . The quorum court is a part - time body , elected from single - member districts , that has overall responsibility for county affairs . Among their responsibilities are passing the budget , creating new ordinances ( at the misdemeanor level ) , setting property tax millage levels , and working with other elected officials . The full - time elected county administrator , who presides over the quorum court , is the county judge . Neither JPs nor the county judge have any judicial authority , though they do have the power to preside over civil marriages . Justices of the peace are elected every two years to these partisan offices . Massachusetts , Connecticut , Vermont ( edit ) Justices of the peace in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts are often called on to perform marriages and , especially same - sex marriages , which certain religious officials are not willing to oversee . Justices of the peace in Connecticut can preside over same - sex marriages . Unlike Massachusetts , Connecticut JPs are not penalized for refusing to perform such ceremonies . Justices of the peace in Connecticut , Massachusetts , and Vermont have the same general oath - giving powers as a notary public . Louisiana Are elected to serve six year terms as the judicial authority of a ward or district . Have jurisdiction in civil matters when the amount in dispute does not exceed $5,000 . Do not have jurisdiction when a title to real estate is involved , when the state or any political subdivision is a defendant , or in successions or probate matters . Can perform marriage ceremonies Minnesota ( edit ) In Minnesota , the history of justices of the peace dates back hundreds of years to a time when they were considered to be some of the most powerful officials in terms of the authority that they had to influence change in a community . In modern times though , official justices of the peace are no longer present in Minnesota , but because of their history many current officials are still referred to as justices of the peace by a vast majority of Minnesotans . For example , while the authority to perform marriages in Minnesota was once reserved almost exclusively for justices of the peace , today that authority now lies with officials such as judges , court administrators , and ordained wedding officiants Nevertheless , it remains commonplace throughout the state for each of these types of officials to be referred to as a justice of the peace in the context of marriage . Another example of a current official who is often referred to as a justice of the peace is a notary public . Their responsibilities are largely related to acting as an official witness to an event , such as the signing of an important document , which is a responsibility that was once reserved for a justice of the peace . So while justices of the peace no longer exist in Minnesota in any official capacity , there are certainly some officials who can relate to being referred to as a justice of the peace simply due to the functions they perform . New York ( edit ) Justice courts are courts in New York State that handle traffic tickets , criminal matters , small claims and local code violations such as zoning . Though justice courts constitutionally are part of the New York State Unified Court System , state law generally makes justice courts independent of New York 's Office of Court Administration ( OCA ) and instead makes Justice Courts the responsibility of their sponsoring localities . Town justice courts are often called Town Court , and village justice courts are often called Village Court . City courts in New York State handle mostly the same types of cases but are not justice courts . The official title for judges in Justice Courts is Justice , the same as in New York Supreme Court . However , in common usage , most people , including lawyers , call them Judge . Justices in Justice Court do not have to be lawyers . The vast majority are not . Many of these courts are in small towns and villages where none of the residents are lawyers . In the larger towns , the justices are almost always lawyers . While Justices and their court clerks receive training from OCA , there is tremendous variability in how cases are handled . This includes court procedures and substantive results . Some courts will dismiss a traffic ticket if the officer does not appear for a trial , while others will adjourn the matter to give the officer another chance . In some courts the police prosecute their own tickets , while in others an Assistant District Attorney from the county or a town or village attorney will prosecute the tickets . This may even vary by the type of officer , with State Troopers and Deputies prosecuting their tickets and a town attorney prosecuting tickets written by the town police . Larger towns can have very busy caseloads , including several sessions a week with dozens of cases at each session , and people may have to wait hours before their cases are heard . In some small towns the caseload is extremely light , and a court might meet once a month and have only a few cases . All criminal prosecutions that occur in towns and villages are commenced in a justice court . Misdemeanors are handled exclusively in the justice court , while felonies generally move up to County Court before the case moves forward . Similar matters in some places outside New York are handled by a justice of the peace . New Hampshire ( edit ) New Hampshire justices of the peace are commissioned magisterial officers , appointed by the Governor and Executive Council to terms of five years , with the power to administer oaths , acknowledge instruments , perform marriage ceremonies and , effective January 1 , 2008 , solemnize civil unions for same - sex couples . They may also order compulsory mental examinations for good cause , act as a magisterial official regarding enforcement complaints on orders for isolation or quarantine issued by the Commissioner of Health and Human Services , administer oaths of office to public officials , take depositions and issue subpoenas . New Hampshire justices of the peace are also authorized , upon a showing of probable cause supported by affidavit , to issue arrest warrants , search warrants , administrative inspection warrants and by court appointment , to fix and receive bail in criminal cases . Texas ( edit ) In Texas , JP 's are elected on a partisan ballot every four years . Texas does not require a JP to be an attorney in good standing . However , JP 's are required to be `` well versed in the law '' and take mandatory classes to retain their office . New JP 's are required to take 80 hours of legal state mandated classes the first year , and 20 hours each year thereafter during their tenure in office . Sections 18 and 19 of Article V of the Texas Constitution , as well as Chapters 27 and 28 of the Texas Government Code , outline the duties of these Courts and their officers . Under Section 18 , the number of JP 's ( and associated constables ) is dependent on the size of the county : For counties with populations less than 18,000 ( as determined by the census ) , the entire county shall be one JP precinct , unless the Commissioners ' Court determines that more are needed , in which case the court can divide the county into no more than four JP precincts . For counties with populations at least 18,000 but less than 50,000 , the number of JP precincts shall be no less than two nor more than eight . For counties with populations 50,000 or greater , the number of JP precincts shall be no less than four nor more than eight . In any county with population less than 150,000 , if any precinct contains a city with 18,000 or more population , that precinct shall have two JP 's . In any county with population 150,000 or greater , each JP precinct may have more than one JP . Special provisions apply to Chambers and Randall counties ( must have no fewer than two nor more than six precincts ) and to Mills , Reagan , and Roberts ( the Constable office is abolished , with the Sheriff 's office performing all duties ) . Section 19 sets forth the minimum jurisdiction of the JP court : Original jurisdiction in `` criminal matters of misdemeanor cases punishable by fine only '' ( under the Texas Penal Code such offenses are called `` Class C '' misdemeanors , generally involving traffic offenses or public intoxication ; however , in jurisdictions with a municipal court , if the traffic offense is written by a municipal police officer the municipal court will have jurisdiction , whereas if the offense is written by a state or county officer the JP court will hear the case ) , Exclusive jurisdiction in `` civil matters where the amount in controversy is $200 or less '' , and `` Such other jurisdiction as may be provided by law '' . Under this provision , the Legislature has raised the top limit on civil matters to $10,000 and assigned the JP courts , among others , the right to hear cases involving eviction as well as cases involving foreclosure and liens against personal property where the amount falls within the ( revised ) JP Court 's jurisdiction . JP cases are appealed to the county court level ; the appeal results in a trial de novo . In criminal cases , cases beginning in justice court can not be appealed beyond the county level court unless the fine is more than $100 or a constitutional matter is asserted . In smaller counties without a coroner , the JP has the duty to perform inquests . The JP is also called out for any unattended deaths in the county . A JP in a large precinct in a large county will work 5 days a week , 8 or more hours daily . Their duties will include , but are not necessarily limited to the following : Trials of civil matters , both to a 6 - person jury and to the bench , with an amount in controversy not exceeding $10,000.00 . Trials of criminal matters involving traffic violations and class C misdemeanors punishable by fine only . Pre-trial motion dockets and show cause hearings are held , and all discovery must be approved by the Judge in advance in civil cases . All criminal matters are controlled by the rules of criminal procedure and evidence . A much more restricted and smaller set of rules apply in civil matters unless in the Judges discretion , it is believed to be in the best interests of justice to apply the standard rules of evidence and procedure . The court has the exclusive jurisdiction of evictions . A Texas JP Judge will also magistrate prisoners and set bail . The Judge will hear juvenile violations such as truancy , and underage drinking and smoking . Warrants of Arrest , Alias , Search and Capias Profine are issued . Protective Orders can issue and result in jail time if violated . Several administrative matters are heard including the finding of a Dangerous Dog , Occupational Drivers License and tow hearings . Many writs are issued such as writs of re-entry to apartments , possession of realty and to reinstate utilities a landlord may have turned off . A JP has contempt power of $100 and up to 3 days in jail per occurrence . A JP is also authorized to perform marriage ceremonies . Replacement with other courts ( edit ) In many states , the office of justice of the peace has been abolished or transferred to another court , such as the magistrate court . In larger cities , cases may be heard in a municipal court which has jurisdiction only within that city . Most efforts to abolish the office of justice of the peace have been led by the American Bar Association , which views non-lawyer judges as no longer necessary , as there are now far more persons with formal legal education than in the past when justices of the peace were first used . California formerly had justice of the peace courts staffed by lay judges , but began phasing them out after a landmark 1974 decision in which the Supreme Court of California unanimously held that it was a violation of federal due process ( under the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution ) to allow a non-lawyer to preside over a criminal trial which could result in incarceration of the defendant . The court specifically recognized that in the aftermath of Gideon v. Wainwright ( 1963 ) , it made no sense to allow a case to be tried before a layperson incapable of understanding the legal arguments of the attorney to whom the defendant was entitled under Gideon . The remaining justice courts ( as well as municipal courts ) were eliminated by the passage of Proposition 220 in June 1998 , which merged all lower courts within the state judicial branch into the superior courts ( the courts of general jurisdiction ) . Under current California law , all California judges must be licensed attorneys . Notably , the Supreme Court of the United States sharply disagreed with California 's analysis of the Fourteenth Amendment in the landmark case of North v. Russell , 427 U.S. 328 ( 1976 ) , in which the court held that Kentucky 's use of nonlawyer judges in its police courts was not a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees of due process and equal protection of the laws . See also ( edit ) District court ( Scotland ) Notary public Magistrate Courts of Canada Justice Courts ( New York ) Solicitor General Peace Commissioner the office that replaced justice of the peace in Ireland Justices of the Peace Act References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Charles Austin Beard . The Office of Justice of the Peace in England in Its Origin and Development . AMS Press , 1967. < https://books.google.com/books/about/The_office_of_justice_of_the_peace_of_En.html?id=lyGyAAAAIAAJ > Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Conservator '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 977 . Jump up ^ `` Justices of the Peace Act 1361 '' . Opsi.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 16 April 2009 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Magistrate '' . Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford University Press . 1989 . Jump up ^ Tim Blanning , `` The Pursuit of Glory : Europe 1648 - 1815 '' , Penguin , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Calderdale companion '' . http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com . June 1958 . Retrieved 18 Dec 2017 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Byrne Hope Sanders , `` Emily Murphy : Crusader '' , Macmillan , Toronto , 1945 ; Jump up ^ Christine Mander , `` Emily Murphy : Rebel '' , Simon & Pierre , Toronto , 1985 ^ Jump up to : `` Queensland Government '' . Jump up ^ `` Queensland Government Department of Justice and Attorney - General '' . Jump up ^ `` Queensland Justices Association '' . Jump up ^ `` MACKAY WOMAN J.P. '' Daily Mercury . 60 , ( 4733 ) . Queensland , Australia . 31 December 1927 . p. 3 . Retrieved 20 January 2018 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` OUR FIRST LADY C.P.S. '' The Daily Mail ( 4753 ) . Queensland , Australia . 30 March 1918 . p. 8 . Retrieved 20 January 2018 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` LABOR WOMAN 'S DEATH '' . Daily Standard ( 6156 ) . Queensland , Australia . 8 October 1932 . p. 5 . Retrieved 20 January 2018 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ Regulation , Justice , Department of Justice and . `` Become a justice of the peace or bail justice '' . www.justice.vic.gov.au . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Regulation , Justice , Department of Justice and . `` Home '' . www.justice.vic.gov.au . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ http://www.jp.nsw.gov.au/jp/findjp.html,c=y Archived 2014 - 09 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Branch , J.P. `` Role of a Justice of the Peace '' . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Northwest Territories Courts '' . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Gallant , Jacques ( 10 April 2016 ) . `` Only five of 14 new justices of the peace have a law degree : Does that make sense ? '' . Retrieved 27 December 2017 -- via Toronto Star . Jump up ^ `` About Justice of the Peace , Government of Hong Kong '' . Info.gov.hk. 1 April 2000 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` District Justices ( Temporary Provisions ) Act , 1923 , Section 4 '' . Irishstatutebook.ie . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` So you want to become a peace commissioner ? '' . The Post . Ireland . 20 February 2005 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 74 Justices of the Peace appointed '' . Singapore Law Watch . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Justices of the Peace and Unofficial Magistrates . Jump up ^ Nadaraja , Tambyah ( 27 December 1972 ) . `` The Legal System of Ceylon in Its Historical Setting '' . Brill Archive . Retrieved 27 December 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Village Councils Law ( No. 6 of 1964 ) - Sect 24 '' . www.commonlii.org . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 19 Justices of Peace appointed for the first time '' . Nuku'alofa , Tonga : Tonga Broadcasting Commission . 20 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 1 April 2015 . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Judicial Profiles -- Magistrates Jump up ^ `` CPS : Extradition '' . The Crown Prosecution Service . Archived from the original on 27 November 2013 . Retrieved 25 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Charlesworth , Lorie ( November 2010 ) . `` England 's early ' Big Society ' : parish welfare under the Old Poor Law '' . History & Policy . United Kingdom : History & Policy . Retrieved 9 December 2010 . Jump up ^ UK Parliament . District Courts ( Scotland ) Act 1975 as amended ( see also enacted form ) , from legislation.gov.uk . Jump up ^ UK Parliament . Civic Government ( Scotland ) Act 1982 as amended ( see also enacted form ) , from legislation.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Justices of the Peace - Judicial Office Holders - About the Judiciary - Judiciary of Scotland '' . www.scotland-judiciary.org.uk . Judicial Office for Scotland . 2017 . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Scottish Parliament . Criminal Proceedings etc . ( Reform ) ( Scotland ) Act 2007 as amended ( see also enacted form ) , from legislation.gov.uk. `` The Scottish Ministers may by order establish courts of summary criminal jurisdiction to be known as justice of the peace courts . '' Jump up ^ `` What happens at a Scottish criminal court case - mygov. scot '' . www. mygov. scot . Scottish Government . 13 April 2017 . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Summary Sheriffs '' . www.scotland-judiciary.org.uk . Judicial Office for Scotland . 2017 . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . The 2014 Act also abolished the office of stipendiary magistrate ... Part - time stipendiary magistrates will become part - time summary sheriffs from 1 April : J Kevin Duffy , Colin Dunipace , J Euan Edment , Sukhwinder Gill , David Griffiths , Diana McConnell . Jump up ^ The Irish Times ( PDF ) http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/special/2000/justice/11.pdf . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.law.qub.ac.uk/schools/SchoolofLaw/Education/handbooks/Filetoupload,150353,en.pdf Archived 2012 - 01 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Smith , Chester H. `` Justice of the Peace System in the United States , The . '' 15 Cal . L. Rev. 118 ( 1926 ). < http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3925&context=californialawreview > Jump up ^ `` Minnesota County History '' Archived 2011 - 12 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Wedding Officiant & Justice of the Peace '' . Ceremonies by Greg . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Minnesota Secretary of State -- Notary Public `` '' . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Section 455 - A :3 Powers '' . Gencourt.state.nh.us. 1 January 2000 . Archived from the original on 21 May 2010 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` HB 0437 '' . Gencourt.state.nh.us . Archived from the original on 27 March 2013 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Section 135 - C : 28 Involuntary Emergency Admission Examination '' . Gencourt.state.nh.us . Archived from the original on 22 May 2010 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CHAPTER 141 - C COMMUNICABLE DISEASE '' . Gencourt.state.nh.us . Archived from the original on 21 May 2010 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Section 42 : 2 Before Whom '' . Gencourt.state.nh.us. 31 August 1969 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2010 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Section 21 : 25 Sworn ; Public Officers '' . Gencourt.state.nh.us . Archived from the original on 1 February 2010 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Section 517 : 2 Before Whom '' . Gencourt.state.nh.us . Archived from the original on 1 February 2010 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Section 516 : 3 Issue of Summons by Justices or Judges '' . Gencourt.state.nh.us. 11 June 2007 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2010 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Section 516 : 4 Issue , for Depositions '' . Gencourt.state.nh.us . Archived from the original on 1 March 2010 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Section 592 - A : 5 Justice of the Peace Throughout the State '' . Gencourt.state.nh.us. 23 September 1957 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2010 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Section 592 - A : 8 Warrants '' . Gencourt.state.nh.us . Archived from the original on 21 May 2010 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Section 595 - A : 1 Issuance of Search Warrants ; Purposes '' . Gencourt.state.nh.us. 29 August 1969 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2010 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Section 595 - B : 2 Requirements for Issue '' . Gencourt.state.nh.us. 9 August 1991 . Archived from the original on 28 January 2010 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Section 597 : 2 Release of a Defendant Pending Trial '' . Gencourt.state.nh.us . Archived from the original on 23 February 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Section 597 : 15 Appointment '' . Gencourt.state.nh.us . Archived from the original on 22 May 2010 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Section 597 : 15 - a District Courts '' . Gencourt.state.nh.us . Archived from the original on 22 May 2010 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FAMILY CODE CHAPTER 2 . THE MARRIAGE RELATIONSHIP '' . www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Vanlandingham , Kenneth E. `` Decline of the Justice of the Peace , The . '' 12 U. Kan . L. Rev. 389 ( 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Gordon v. Justice Court , 12 Cal . 3d 323 ( 1974 ) . Jump up ^ See also Young v. Konz , 88 Wash. 2d 276 , 558 P. 2d 791 ( 1977 ) , on rehearing , 91 Wash. 2d 532 , 588 P. 2d 1360 ( 1979 ) . Jump up ^ The possible ambiguity of the North v. Russell holding is suggested by the West Virginia Supreme Court case State ex rel . Collins v. Bedell , 460 S.E. 2d 636 ( W. Va . 1995 ) : `` ( I ) n North v. Russell ... the Supreme Court of the United States determined that Kentucky procedures provided for a trial de novo , which included the right to a trial by jury , before a lawyer - judge ; therefore , the Supreme Court found it unnecessary to decide whether the proceeding before a lay officer , which resulted in a sentence of thirty days in jail for driving under the influence , violated the constitutional rights of the defendant . '' Bedell , 460 S.E. 2d at 643 -- 644 . 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what is the job of justice of the peace

a judicial officer, of a lower or puisne court, elected or appointed by means of a commission (letters patent) to keep the peace.

a judicial officer

49th Academy Awards - wikipedia 49th Academy Awards Jump to : navigation , search 49th Academy Awards Date March 28 , 1977 Site Dorothy Chandler Pavilion Los Angeles , California , U.S. Hosted by Richard Pryor Ellen Burstyn Jane Fonda Warren Beatty Produced by William Friedkin Directed by Marty Pasetta Highlights Best Picture Rocky Most awards All the President 's Men and Network ( 4 ) Most nominations Network and Rocky ( 10 ) TV in the United States Network ABC Duration 3 hours , 38 minutes ← 48th Academy Awards 50th → The 49th Academy Awards were presented Monday , March 28 , 1977 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles , California . The ceremonies were presided over by Richard Pryor , Ellen Burstyn , Jane Fonda , and Warren Beatty . This Academy Awards ceremony is notable for Peter Finch becoming the first posthumous winner of an Oscar for acting , a feat matched only by fellow Australian Heath Ledger 32 years later ; Finch had suffered a fatal heart attack in mid-January . Beatrice Straight set another record by becoming the actor with the shortest performance ever in a film to win an acting Oscar , with only five minutes and two seconds of screen - time in Network . Network , along with All the President 's Men , were the two biggest champs of the ceremony with four Oscars each , but Best Picture and Best Director ultimately went to Rocky . Piper Laurie was nominated for Best Supporting Actress for Carrie ( 1976 ) , her first role since her Best Actress - nominated performance in The Hustler ( 1961 ) , thus being nominated for two consecutive roles , fifteen years apart . Network became the second film ( after A Streetcar Named Desire ) to win three acting Oscars , and the last , as of the 90th Academy Awards , to receive five acting nominations . It was also the eleventh of fifteen films ( to date ) to receive nominations in all four acting categories . This year 's Academy Awards is also notable for the first ever female nominee for Best Director , Lina Wertmüller for Seven Beauties . To date , four further female directors have been nominated : Jane Campion for The Piano in 1993 , Sofia Coppola for Lost in Translation in 2003 , Kathryn Bigelow for The Hurt Locker in 2009 ( the first to win the award ) , and Greta Gerwig for Lady Bird in 2017 . Barbra Streisand received her second Academy Award , composing music for the love theme `` Evergreen '' , the first woman to be honored as a composer . No honorary awards were given this year . ABC had the Oscars from 1960 -- 70 and had regained them for 1976 . For the second straight year , the ceremony was scheduled directly opposite the NCAA championship basketball game on NBC , won by Marquette in Al McGuire 's final game as head coach . The two events conflicted again five years later in 1982 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Winners and nominees 1.1 Special Achievement Award 1.2 Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award 1.3 Multiple nominations and awards 2 Presenters and performers 2.1 Presenters 2.2 Performers 3 See also 4 References Winners and Nominees ( edit ) Peter Finch , Best Actor winner Faye Dunaway , Best Actress winner Jason Robards , Best Supporting Actor winner Beatrice Straight , Best Supporting Actress winner Winners are listed first , highlighted in boldface and indicated with a double dagger ( ) . Best Picture Best Director Rocky -- Robert Chartoff and Irwin Winkler , producers All the President 's Men -- Walter Coblenz , producer Bound for Glory -- Robert F. Blumofe and Harold Leventhal , producers Network -- Howard Gottfried , producer Taxi Driver -- Julia Phillips and Michael Phillips , producers John G. Avildsen -- Rocky Alan J. Pakula -- All the President 's Men Ingmar Bergman -- Face to Face Sidney Lumet -- Network Lina Wertmüller -- Seven Beauties Best Actor Best Actress Peter Finch -- Network as Howard Beale Robert De Niro -- Taxi Driver as Travis Bickle Giancarlo Giannini -- Seven Beauties as Pasqualino William Holden -- Network as Max Schumacher Sylvester Stallone -- Rocky as Rocky Balboa Faye Dunaway -- Network as Diana Christensen Marie - Christine Barrault -- Cousin Cousine as Marthe Talia Shire -- Rocky as Adriana Pennino Sissy Spacek -- Carrie as Carrie White Liv Ullmann -- Face to Face as Jenny Isaksson Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress Jason Robards -- All the President 's Men as Ben Bradlee Ned Beatty -- Network as Arthur Jensen Burgess Meredith -- Rocky as `` Mickey '' Goldmill Laurence Olivier -- Marathon Man as Dr. Christian Szell Burt Young -- Rocky as Paulie Pennino Beatrice Straight -- Network as Louise Schumacher Jane Alexander -- All the President 's Men as Judy Graham Hoback Jodie Foster -- Taxi Driver as Iris Steensma Lee Grant -- Voyage of the Damned as Lillian Rosen Piper Laurie -- Carrie as Margaret White Best Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen Best Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium Network -- Paddy Chayefsky Cousin Cousine -- Jean - Charles Tacchella and Danièle Thompson The Front -- Walter Bernstein Rocky -- Sylvester Stallone Seven Beauties -- Lina Wertmüller All the President 's Men -- William Goldman based on the book by Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward Bound for Glory -- Robert Getchell based on the book by Woody Guthrie Fellini 's Casanova -- Federico Fellini and Bernardino Zapponi based on the autobiography Histoire de ma vie by Giacomo Casanova The Seven - Per - Cent Solution -- Nicholas Meyer based on his novel Voyage of the Damned -- David Butler and Steve Shagan based on the book by Gordon Thomas and Max Morgan Witts Best Documentary Feature Best Documentary Short Subject Harlan County , USA -- Barbara Kopple Hollywood on Trial -- David Helpern Off the Edge -- Michael Firth People of the Wind -- Anthony Howarth and David Koff Volcano : An Inquiry into the Life and Death of Malcolm Lowry -- Donald Brittain and John Kramer Number Our Days -- Lynne Littman and Barbara Myerhoff American Shoeshine Blackwood The End of the Road Universe Best Live Action Short Film Best Animated Short Film In the Region of Ice -- Peter Werner Kudzu -- Marjorie Anne Short The Morning Spider -- Julian Chagrin and Claude Chagrin Nightlife -- Claire Wilbur and Robin Lehman Number One -- Dyan Cannon and Vince Cannon Leisure -- Suzanne Baker Dedalo -- Manfredo Manfredi The Street -- Caroline Leaf and Guy Glover Best Original Score Best Original Song Score or Adaptation Score The Omen -- Jerry Goldsmith Obsession -- Bernard Herrmann ( posthumous nomination ) The Outlaw Josey Wales -- Jerry Fielding Taxi Driver -- Bernard Herrmann ( posthumous nomination ) Voyage of the Damned -- Lalo Schifrin Bound for Glory -- Leonard Rosenman Bugsy Malone -- Paul Williams A Star Is Born -- Roger Kellaway Best Original Song Best Sound `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' from A Star Is Born -- Music by Barbra Streisand ; Lyrics by Paul Williams `` Ave Satani '' from The Omen -- Music and Lyrics by Jerry Goldsmith `` Come to Me '' from The Pink Panther Strikes Again -- Music by Henry Mancini ; Lyrics by Don Black `` Gonna Fly Now '' from Rocky -- Music by Bill Conti ; Lyrics by Carol Connors and Ayn Robbins `` A World That Never Was '' from Half a House -- Music by Sammy Fain ; Lyrics by Paul Francis Webster All the President 's Men -- Dick Alexander , Les Fresholtz , Arthur Piantadosi and Jim Webb King Kong -- William McCaughey , Aaron Rochin , Jack Solomon and Harry W. Tetrick ( posthumous nomination ) Rocky -- Bud Alper , Lyle J. Burbridge , William McCaughey and Harry W. Tetrick ( posthumous nomination ) Silver Streak -- Harold M. Etherington , Donald O. Mitchell , Richard Tyler and Douglas Williams A Star Is Born -- Robert Glass , Robert Knudson , Tom Overton and Dan Wallin Best Foreign Language Film Best Costume Design Black and White in Color ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Cousin Cousine ( France ) Jacob the Liar ( East Germany ) Nights and Days ( Poland ) Seven Beauties ( Italy ) Fellini 's Casanova -- Danilo Donati Bound for Glory -- William Ware Theiss The Incredible Sarah -- Anthony Mendleson The Passover Plot -- Mary Wills The Seven - Per - Cent Solution -- Alan Barrett Best Art Direction Best Cinematography All the President 's Men -- Art Direction : George Jenkins ; Set Decoration : George Gaines The Incredible Sarah -- Art Direction : Elliot Scott ; Set Decoration : Norman Reynolds The Last Tycoon -- Art Direction : Gene Callahan and Jack T. Collis ; Set Decoration : Jerry Wunderlich Logan 's Run -- Art Direction : Dale Hennesy ; Set Decoration : Robert De Vestel The Shootist -- Art Direction : Robert F. Boyle ; Set Decoration : Arthur Jeph Parker Bound for Glory -- Haskell Wexler King Kong -- Richard H. Kline Logan 's Run -- Ernest Laszlo Network -- Owen Roizman A Star Is Born -- Robert L. Surtees Best Film Editing Rocky -- Richard Halsey and Scott Conrad All the President 's Men -- Robert L. Wolfe Bound for Glory -- Robert C. Jones and Pembroke J. Herring Network -- Alan Heim Two - Minute Warning -- Eve Newman and Walter Hannemann Special Achievement Award ( edit ) Carlo Rambaldi , Glen Robinson , and Frank Van der Veer for the visual effects of King Kong L.B. Abbott , Glen Robinson , and Matthew Yuricich for the visual effects of Logan 's Run Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award ( edit ) Pandro S. Berman Multiple nominations and Awards ( edit ) These films had multiple nominations : 10 nominations : Network and Rocky 8 nominations : All The President 's Men 6 nominations : Bound for Glory 4 nominations : Seven Beauties , A Star is Born and Taxi Driver 3 nominations : Cousin Cousine and Voyage of the Damned 2 nominations : Carrie , Face to Face , Fellini 's Casanova , The Incredible Sarah , King Kong , Logan 's Run , The Omen and The Seven - Per - Cent Solution The following films received multiple awards . 4 wins : All the President 's Men and Network 3 wins : Rocky 2 wins : Bound for Glory Presenters and performers ( edit ) The following individuals , listed in order of appearance , presented awards or performed musical numbers . Presenters ( edit ) Name Role Simms , Hank Hank Simms Announcer of the 49th annual Academy Awards Mirisch , Walter Walter Mirisch ( AMPAS President ) Gave opening remarks welcoming guests to the awards ceremony Chase , Chevy Chevy Chase Explains the voting rules to the public O'Neal , Tatum Tatum O'Neal Presenter of the award for Best Supporting Actor Feldman , Marty Marty Feldman Presenter of the Short Films Awards Scheider , Roy Roy Scheider Presenter of the Special Achievement Award Keller , Marthe Marthe Keller Presenter of the award for Best Art Direction Ali , Muhammad Muhammad Ali Sylvester Stallone Presenters of the award for Best Supporting Actress Holden , William William Holden Presenter of the award for Best Film Editing Skelton , Red Red Skelton Presenter of the award for Best Sound Tyson , Cicely Cicely Tyson Presenter of the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award to Pandro S. Berman Sutherland , Donald Donald Sutherland Presenter of the award for Best Cinematography Bailey , Pearl Pearl Bailey Presenter of the award for Best Foreign Language Film Ann - Margret Presenter of the Music Awards Hellman , Lillian Lillian Hellman Presenter of the Documentary Awards Diamond , Neil Neil Diamond Presenter of the award for Best Original Song Mailer , Norman Norman Mailer Presenter of the Writing Awards Moreau , Jeanne Jeanne Moreau Presenter of the award for Best Director Dobson , Tamara Tamara Dobson Presenter of the award for Best Costume Design Ullmann , Liv Liv Ullmann Presenter of the award for Best Actor Fletcher , Louise Louise Fletcher Presenter of the award for Best Actress Nicholson , Jack Jack Nicholson Presenter of the award for Best Picture Performers ( edit ) Name Role Performed Conti , Bill Bill Conti Musical arranger and conductor Orchestral Ann - Margret , Ann - Margret Performer `` Magic Circle ( It All Started in Someone 's Head ) `` Albert , Edward Edward Albert Performer `` A World That Never Was '' from Half a House Vereen , Ben Ben Vereen Performer `` Gonna Fly Now '' from Rocky Jones , Tom Tom Jones Performer `` Come to Me '' from The Pink Panther Strikes Again Vivante , Tony Tony Vivante Performer `` Ave Satani '' from The Omen Streisand , Barbra Barbra Streisand Performer `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' from A Star Is Born Ann - Margret , Ann - Margret Performer `` Magic Circle ( Reprise ) '' ( hide ) Academy Awards Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Most wins per ceremony Oscar season Governors Awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting Pre-show Awards of Merit Best Picture Director Actor Actress Supporting Actor Supporting Actress Adapted Screenplay Original Screenplay Animated Feature Documentary Feature Foreign Language Film Animated Short Film Documentary Short Subject Live Action Short Film Cinematography Costume Design Film Editing Makeup and Hairstyling Original Score Original Song Production Design Sound Editing Sound Mixing Visual Effects Special awards Governors Awards Academy Honorary Award Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Special Achievement Academy Award Academy Scientific and Technical Awards Academy Award of Merit ( non-competitive ) Scientific and Engineering Award Technical Achievement Award John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation Gordon E. Sawyer Award Student Awards Student Academy Award Former awards Merit Awards Assistant Director Dance Direction Story Special Awards Academy Juvenile Award Ceremonies ‡ ( List Book ) 1927 / 28 1928 / 29 1929 / 30 1930 / 31 1931 / 32 1932 / 33 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 Footnote ‡ Dates and years listed for each ceremony were the eligibility period of film release in Los Angeles County . For the first five ceremonies , the eligibility period was done on a seasonal basis , from August to July . For the 6th ceremony , held in 1934 , the eligibility period lasted from August 1 , 1932 to December 31 , 1933 . Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935 , the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31 . Book Portal See also ( edit ) 34th Golden Globe Awards 1976 in film 19th Grammy Awards 28th Primetime Emmy Awards 29th Primetime Emmy Awards 30th British Academy Film Awards 31st Tony Awards References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Official Academy Awards ® Database Jump up ^ `` The 49th Academy Awards ( 1977 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=49th_Academy_Awards&oldid=834282163 '' Categories : Academy Awards ceremonies 1976 film awards 1977 in Los Angeles 1977 in American cinema March 1977 events 1976 awards in the United States Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Български Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska ไทย 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 21 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Melbourne Cup - Wikipedia Melbourne Cup Jump to : navigation , search For the most recent occurrence of the race , see 2017 Melbourne Cup . Melbourne Cup Group I race Engraving of the finish line at the 1881 Melbourne Cup Location Flemington Racecourse Melbourne , Victoria , Australia Inaugurated 1861 ( List of Melbourne Cup winners ) Race type Thoroughbred -- Flat racing Sponsor Emirates Airline Website Flemington Racecourse Race information Distance 3,200 metres ( 2.0 miles ) Surface Turf Track Left - handed Qualification Three - year - olds and up Weight Handicap Purse A $ 6,200,000 ( 2017 ) The Melbourne Cup is Australia 's most prestigious annual Thoroughbred horse race . It is a 3,200 metre race for three - year - olds and over , conducted by the Victoria Racing Club on the Flemington Racecourse in Melbourne , Victoria as part of the Melbourne Spring Racing Carnival . It is the richest `` two - mile '' handicap in the world , and one of the richest turf races . The event starts at 3pm on the first Tuesday in November and is known locally as `` the race that stops a nation '' . The Melbourne Cup has a long tradition with the first race held in 1861 over two miles ( 3.219 km ) but was shortened to 3,200 metres ( 1.988 mi ) in 1972 when Australia adopted the metric system . This reduced the distance by 18.688 metres ( 61.312 ft ) , and Rain Lover 's 1968 race record of 3 : 19.1 was accordingly adjusted to 3 : 17.9 . The present record holder is the 1990 winner Kingston Rule with a time of 3 : 16.3 . Archer , the inaugural winner of the Melbourne Cup Contents ( hide ) 1 Qualifying and race conditions 1.1 Weight penalties 1.2 Fees 1.3 Balloting conditions 1.4 Quarantine 2 Prize money and trophies 2.1 Prize money 2.2 Trophies 2.2. 1 Melbourne Cup Tour 3 History 3.1 Early years 3.2 Recent years 3.3 Timeline of notable events 3.4 Public holiday 4 Results and records 4.1 Most wins by a horse 4.2 Most wins by a jockey 4.3 Most wins by a trainer 4.4 Most wins by an owner 4.5 Other records 5 Attendance 6 Off the track 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Further reading 10 External links Qualifying and race conditions ( edit ) 1932 & 1934 winner Peter Pan ridden by jockey Darby Munro , won twice The race is a quality handicap for horses 3 years old and over , run over a distance of 3,200 metres , on the first Tuesday in November at Flemington Racecourse . The minimum handicap weight is 50 kg . There is no maximum weight , but the top allocated weight must not be less than 57 kg . The weight allocated to each horse is declared by the VRC Handicapper in early September . The Melbourne Cup race is a handicap contest in which the weight of the jockey and riding gear is adjusted with ballast to a nominated figure . Older horses carry more weight than younger ones , and weights are adjusted further according to the horse 's previous results . Weights were theoretically calculated to give each horse an equal winning chance in the past , but in recent years the rules were adjusted to a `` quality handicap '' formula where superior horses are given less severe weight penalties than under pure handicap rules . Weight penalties ( edit ) After the declaration of weights for the Melbourne Cup , the winner of any handicap flat race of the advertised value of A $55,000 or over to the winner , or an internationally recognised Listed , Group , or Graded handicap flat race , shall carry such additional weight ( if any ) , for each win , as the VRC Handicapper shall determine . Fees ( edit ) Entries for the Melbourne Cup usually close during the first week of August . The initial entry fee is $600 per horse . Around 300 to 400 horses are nominated each year , but the final field is limited to 24 starters . Following the allocation of weights , the owner of each horse must on four occasions before the race in November , declare the horse as an acceptor and pay a fee . First acceptance is $960 , second acceptance is $1,450 and third acceptance is $2,420 . The final acceptance fee , on the Saturday prior to the race , is $45,375 . Should a horse be balloted out of the final field , the final declaration fee is refunded . Balloting conditions ( edit ) The race directors retain the absolute discretion to exclude any horse from the race , or exempt any horse from the ballot on the race , but in order to reduce the field to the safety limit of 24 , horses are balloted out based on a number of factors which include : prize money earned in the previous two years , wins or placings in certain lead - up races allocated handicap weight The winner of the following races are exempt from any ballot : Lexus Stakes ( formerly Saab Quality and registered as The Hotham Handicap ) LKS Mackinnon Stakes ( until 2015 ) Cox Plate Caulfield Cup The Bart Cummings ( from 2015 ) Doncaster Cup ( UK ) Irish St. Leger ( IRE ) Tenno Sho ( Spring ) ( JPN ) Sankei Sho All Comers ( JPN ) Arlington Million ( USA ) San Juan Capistrano Handicap ( USA ) Australian Stayers Challenge The limitation of 24 starters is stated explicitly to be for safety reasons . However , in the past far larger numbers were allowed - the largest field ever raced was 39 runners in 1890 . Quarantine ( edit ) International horses ( New Zealand not included ) that are entered for the Melbourne Cup must undergo quarantine in an approved premises in their own country for a minimum period of 14 days before travelling to Australia . The premises must meet the Australian Government Standards . The Werribee International Horse Centre at Werribee racecourse is the Victorian quarantine station for international horses competing in the Melbourne Spring Racing Carnival . The facility has stabling for up to 24 horses in five separate stable complexes and is located 32 km from the Melbourne CBD . Prize money and trophies ( edit ) Prize money ( edit ) The total prize money for the 2017 race is A $ 6,200,000 , plus trophies valued at $175,000 . The first 10 past the post receive prizemoney , with the winner being paid $3.6 million , second $900,000 , third $450,000 , fourth $250,000 , fifth $175,000 , with sixth through to tenth place earning $125,000 . Prizemoney is distributed to the connections of each horse in the ratio of 85 percent to the owner , 10 percent to the trainer and 5 percent to the jockey . The 1985 Melbourne Cup , won by `` What a Nuisance '' , was the first race run in Australia with prize money of $1 million . The Cup currently has a $500,000 bonus for the owner of the winner if it has also won the group one Irish St. Leger run the previous September . Melbourne Cup Year Prize Money 2017 $6,200,000 2016 $6,200,000 2015 $6,200,000 2014 $6,200,000 2013 $6,200,000 2012 $6,200,000 2011 $6,175,000 $6,000,000 2009 $5,500,000 2008 $5,500,000 2007 $5,000,000 2006 $5,000,000 2005 $5,000,000 $4,600,000 Trophies ( edit ) The 1976 cup won by Van der Hum . The winner of the first Melbourne Cup in 1861 received a gold watch . The first Melbourne Cup trophy was awarded in 1865 and was an elaborate silver bowl on a stand that had been manufactured in England . The first existing and un-altered Melbourne Cup is from 1866 , presented to the owners of The Barb ; as of 2013 , it is in the National Museum of Australia . The silver trophy presented in 1867 , now also in the National Museum of Australia , was also made in England but jewellers in Victoria complained to the Victorian Racing Club that the trophy should have been made locally . They believed the work of Melbournian , William Edwards , to be superior in both design and workmanship to the English made trophy . No trophy was awarded to the Melbourne Cup winner for the next eight years . In 1876 Edward Fischer , an immigrant from Austria , produced the first Australian - made trophy . It was an Etruscan shape with two handles . One side depicted a horse race with the grandstand and hill of Flemington in the background . The opposite side had the words `` Melbourne Cup , 1876 '' and the name of the winning horse . A silver - plated base sporting three silver horses was added in 1888 , but in 1891 the prize changed to being a 15 - inch - high ( 380 mm ) , 24 - inch - long ( 610 mm ) trophy showing a Victory figure offering an olive wreath to a jockey . From 1899 the trophy was in the form of silver galloping horse embossed on a 3 - foot - long ( 0.91 m ) plaque , although it was said to look like a greyhound by some people . The last Melbourne Cup trophy manufactured in England was made for the 1914 event . It was a chalice centred on a long base which had a horse at each end . The trophy awarded in 1916 , the first gold trophy , was a three - legged , three - armed rose bowl . The three - handled loving cup design was first awarded in 1919 . In that year the Victorian Racing Club had commissioned James Steeth to design a trophy that would be in keeping with the prestige of the race , little realising that it would become the iconic Melbourne Cup still presented today . In the Second World War years ( 1942 , 1943 and 1944 ) the winning owner received war bonds valued at 200 pounds . A new trophy is struck each year and becomes the property of the winning owner . In the event of a dead heat a second cup is on hand . The present trophy is hand spun from 1.65 kg of 18 - carat gold . The winning trainer and jockey also receive a miniature replica of the cup ( since 1973 ) and the strapper is awarded the Tommy Woodcock Trophy , named after the strapper of Phar Lap . Melbourne Cup tour ( edit ) In 2003 an annual tour of the Melbourne Cup trophy was initiated to provide communities across Australia and New Zealand with an opportunity to view the Cup trophy and highlight the contribution the Melbourne Cup has made to the Australia 's social , sporting and racing culture . Each year , communities in Australia and New Zealand apply for the cup to tour to their community and the tour also takes in cities around the world as part of the Victoria Racing Club 's strategy to promote the Melbourne Cup and the Melbourne Cup Carnival internationally . The Tour has visited schools and aged - care and hospital facilities , and participated in community events and celebrations including race days across Australia and New Zealand . History ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) Frederick Standish , member of the Victorian Turf Club and steward on the day of the first Cup , was credited with forming the idea to hold a horse race and calling it the `` Melbourne Cup '' . Seventeen horses contested the first Melbourne Cup on Thursday 7 November 1861 , racing for the modest prize of 710 gold sovereigns ( £ 710 ) cash and a hand - beaten gold watch , winner takes all . The prize was not , as some have suggested , the largest purse up to that time . A large crowd of 4,000 men and women watched the race , although it has been suggested this was less than expected because of news reaching Melbourne of the death of explorers Burke and Wills five days earlier on 2 November . Nevertheless , the attendance was the largest at Flemington on any day for the past two years , with the exception of the recently run Two Thousand Guinea Stakes . The winner of this first Melbourne Cup race was a 16.3 hand bay stallion by the name of Archer in a time of 3.52. 00 , ridden by John Cutts , trained by Etienne de Mestre , and leased ( and consequently raced in his own name ) by de Mestre . As a lessee de Mestre `` owned '' and was fully responsible for Archer during the lease . Archer was leased from the `` Exeter Farm '' of Jembaicumbene near Braidwood , New South Wales . His owners were Thomas John `` Tom '' Roberts ( a good school - friend of de Mestre 's ) , Rowland H. Hassall ( Roberts ' brother - in - law ) , and Edmund Molyneux Royds and William Edward Royds ( Roberts ' nephews ) . The inaugural Melbourne Cup of 1861 was an eventful affair when one horse bolted before the start , and three of the seventeen starters fell during the race , two of which died . Archer , a Sydney `` outsider '' who drew scant favour in the betting , spread - eagled the field and defeated the favourite , and Victorian champion , Mormon by six lengths . Dismissed by the bookies , Archer took a lot of money away from Melbourne , ' refuelling interstate rivalry ' and adding to the excitement of the Cup . The next day , Archer was raced in and won another 2 mile long distance race , the Melbourne Town Plate . It has become legend that Archer walked over 800 km ( over 500 miles ) to Flemington from de Mestre 's stable at `` Terara '' near Nowra , New South Wales . However , newspaper archives of the day reveal that he had travelled south from Sydney to Melbourne on the steamboat City Of Melbourne , together with de Mestre , and two of de Mestre 's other horses Exeter and Inheritor . Before being winched aboard the steamboat for the trip to Melbourne , the horses had arrived in Sydney in September 1861 . Archer travelled to Melbourne by steamboat again the following year ( 1862 ) to run in the second Melbourne Cup . This time he won 810 gold sovereigns ( £ 810 ) cash and a gold watch before a crowd of 7,000 , nearly twice the size of the previous years large crowd in a time of 3.47. 00 , taking to two the number of Melbourne Cup wins by this horse . Archer had already won the 1862 AJC Queen Elizabeth Stakes in Randwick , Sydney , and returned to win his second Melbourne Cup carrying 10 stone 2 pounds . He defeated a field of twenty starters by eight lengths , a record that has never been beaten , and that was not matched for over 100 years . Mormon again running second . Winning the Melbourne Cup twice was a feat not repeated until more than seventy years later when Peter Pan won the race in 1932 and 1934 , and winning the Melbourne Cup two years in a row was a feat not repeated until more than 30 years later when Rain Lover won in 1968 and 1969 . Archer travelled to Melbourne by steamboat yet again the next year ( 1863 ) . Despite his weight of 11 stone 4 pounds , Archer would have contested the third cup in 1863 , but due to a Victorian public holiday trainer Etienne de Mestre 's telegraphed acceptance form arrived late , and Archer was scratched on a technicality . In protest of this decision and in a show of solidarity , many of de Mestre 's owners boycotted the third race and scratched their horses in sympathy . As a result , the Melbourne Cup of that year ran with only 7 starters , the smallest number in the history of the Cup . In 1865 , Adam Lindsay Gordon wrote a verse in which the Melbourne Cup winner was called Tim Whiffler . Two years later in 1867 two horses with the name Tim Whiffler ran in the Melbourne Cup . ( The year before in 1866 two horses with the same name , Falcon , also ran in the Melbourne Cup . ) To distinguish between the two Tim Whifflers they were called `` Sydney '' Tim Whiffler and `` Melbourne '' Tim Whiffler . `` Sydney '' Tim Whiffler actually won the Cup . He was trained by Etienne de Mestre , and like Archer before him raced in de Mestre 's name but was leased from the `` Exeter Farm '' . As early as 1865 , Cup day was a half - holiday in Melbourne for public servants and bank officials . Various businesses also closed at lunchtime . It took some years before the purpose of the declared holiday was acknowledged in the Victoria Government Gazette . The Gazette of 31 October 1873 announced that the following Thursday ( Cup Day ) be observed as a bank and civil ( public ) service holiday . The Melbourne Cup was first run on a Tuesday in 1875 , the first Tuesday in that month . On 7 November 1876 , the three - year - old filly , Briseis , owned and trained by James Wilson Snr. , won in a time of 3.36. 25 . Briseis then went on to create a record that is never likely to be equalled , winning the VRC Derby , the Melbourne Cup and the VRC Oaks in the space of six days . She was ridden in the Melbourne Cup by the tiny featherweight figure of jockey Peter St. Albans . In 1876 at the recorded age thirteen ( he was actually twelve , being 8 days short of his thirteenth birthday ) , Peter St. Albans is also the youngest person ever to win a Melbourne Cup . Before 75,000 at Flemington Briseis , with St Albans in the saddle , comfortably won by 1 length in the biggest field of all time . `` At 4 o'clock the starter released the 33 runners and they swept down the long Flemington straight in a thundering rush . Briseis , ridden by what one writer termed a mere child , ( in the Cup ) captured a rare double , the Victoria Race Club Derby and the Melbourne Cup . Shouts and hurrahs were heard , hats were thrown in the air and one excited individual fell on his back in the attempt to do a somersault . The boy who rode the winner was carried around the pack and is the hero of the day , '' reported the `` Australasian Sketcher '' in 1876 . Both Peter St. Albans and Briseis have now become racing legends , and Briseis is regarded as one of the greatest mares foaled in Australia . Briseis was n't the only sensation surrounding the 1876 Melbourne Cup . Two months before the event , on Saturday 9 September , the City of Melbourne sailed for Melbourne from Sydney with a cargo including 13 racehorses , many of whom were considered serious contenders for the Melbourne Cup . The following day the ship ran into a savage storm and was hit by several rogue waves , with Nemesis ( the winner of the 1876 AJC Metropolitan Handicap in Randwick , Sydney and favourite for the Cup , owned by John Moffat ) and Robin Hood ( another favourite , owned by Etienne de Mestre ) being among the 11 horses that were killed . Betting on the big race was paralysed . To the dismay and anger of the public , bookmakers , showing no feeling , presented a purse ( loaded with coins ) to the captain as token of their appreciation for his part in saving them many thousands of pounds in bets already laid on the favourites who had perished . Perhaps they should have kept their money , however . The outsider Briseis comfortably won by 1 length in the biggest field of all time , and in an extremely good time , so it is unlikely that the horses who perished could have beaten her . 1877 is also the year that the trainer Etienne de Mestre won his fourth Melbourne Cup with Chester owned by Hon . James White . In 1878 , as in previous years De Mestre fielded more than one horse . He entered the favourite Firebell ( owned by W.S. Cox ) who finished last , Chester ( owned by Hon . James White ) the previous year 's winner who fell , and Calamia ( owned by de Mestre ) who , though less fancied , won easily by two lengths . First prize was £ 1,790 , the crowd was 80,000 and there were 30 starters . De Mestre 's 1878 win with Calamia brought to 5 the number of Melbourne Cups he had won . This record was not to be matched for nearly 100 years when the trainer Bart Cummings won his fifth Melbourne Cup in 1975 . Bart Cummings , regarded as the best Australian horse trainer of all time , went on to win 12 Melbourne Cups to 2008 . Martini - Henry , the 1883 Melbourne Cup winner In 1883 , the hardy New Zealand bred , Martini - Henry won the VRC Derby , the Melbourne Cup and on the following Monday retained his undefeated record by winning Mares ' Produce Stakes . Phar Lap winning the Melbourne Cup Race from Second Wind and Shadow King on 5 November 1930 . Phar Lap , the most famous horse in the world of his day , won the 1930 Melbourne Cup at 11 / 8 odds on , the shortest priced favourite in the history of the race . He had to be hidden away at Geelong before the race after an attempt was made to shoot him and only emerged an hour before the race time of the Cup . Phar Lap also competed in 1929 and 1931 , but came 3rd and 8th respectively , despite heavy favouritism in both years . There are a few legends of the first Aboriginal jockey to ride a Melbourne Cup . It was believed to be John Cutts who won the first and second cups in 1861 and 1862 riding Archer . He was reputedly an Aboriginal stockman born in the area where Archer was trained , but was actually John ' Cutts ' Dillon , the son of a Sydney clerk , a jockey who rode for many trainers in his long career , and who was one of the best known , best liked and most respected jockeys in New South Wales . It is thought that Peter St. Albans was the first Aboriginal jockey to win the cup , on Briseis in 1876 . Because St. Albans was not quite 13 years old , the jockey was too young to ride in the cup . Thus , to allow him to race Briseis in the Cup , it was argued his birthdate and parents were unknown , and from this the legend of him being Aboriginal grew . Both these legends , however , can definitely be disproved , and history had to wait nearly another 100 years . The first jockey of Indigenous heritage to ride a Melbourne Cup winner was Frank Reys in 1973 on Gala Supreme , who had a Filipino father and a half - Aboriginal mother . Recent years ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : Delta Blues wins 2006 Melbourne Cup Makybe Diva wins the Melbourne Cup Efficient wins Melbourne Cup Viewed wins the 2008 Melbourne Cup The race has undergone several alterations in recent years , the most visible being the entry of many foreign - trained horses . Most have failed to cope with the conditions ; the three successful `` foreign raids '' include two by Irish trainer Dermot K. Weld successful in 1993 and 2002 , and one in 2006 by Katsumi Yoshida of Japan 's renowned Yoshida racing and breeding family . The attraction for foreigners to compete was , primarily , the low - profile change to the new `` quality handicap '' weighting system . The 1910 Melbourne Cup was won by Comedy King , the first foreign bred horse to do so . Subsequent foreign bred horses to win Cup were Backwood 1924 ; Phar Lap 1930 ; Wotan 1936 Belldale Ball 1980 ; At Talaq 1986 ; Kingston Rule 1990 ; Vintage Crop 1993 ; Jeune 1994 ; Media Puzzle 2002 ; Makybe Diva 2003 , 2004 , 2005 ; Americain 2010 and Dunaden 2011 . The 1938 Melbourne Cup was won by trainer Mrs. Allan McDonald , who conditioned Catalogue . Mrs McDonald was a successful trainer in New Zealand , however , at the time women were not allowed to compete as trainers in Australia so her husband 's name was officially recorded as the winning trainer . The 2001 edition was won by New Zealand mare Ethereal , trained by Sheila Laxon , the first woman to formally train a Melbourne Cup winner . She also won the Caulfield Cup , a 2,400 metre race also held in Melbourne , and therefore has won the `` Cups Double '' . Maree Lyndon became the first female to ride in the Melbourne Cup , when she partnered Argonaut Style in 1987 , in which she ran second last in the 21 horse field . In 2004 , Makybe Diva became the first mare to win two cups , and also the first horse to win with different trainers , after David Hall moved to Hong Kong and transferred her to the Lee Freedman stables . The 2005 Melbourne Cup was held before a crowd of 106,479 . Makybe Diva made history by becoming the only horse to win the race three times . Trainer Lee Freedman said after the race , `` Go and find the youngest child on the course , because that 's the only person here who will have a chance of seeing this happen again in their lifetime . '' Due to the 2007 Australian Equine influenza outbreak , believed to have been started by a horse brought into Australia from Japan , neither Delta Blues nor Pop Rock participated in the 2007 Melbourne Cup . Both horses had been stabled in Japan . Corowa , NSW trained `` Leica Falcon '' also was not be permitted to race in Victoria , despite Corowa being close to the Victorian border . Leica Falcon was ordained as the new staying star of Australian racing in 2005 when he ran fourth in both the Caulfield Cup and in Makybe Diva 's famous third Melbourne Cup victory . But serious leg injuries saw the horse not race for another 20 months . Efficient , the previous year 's VRC Derby winner , won the race . In 2013 , Damien Oliver returned from an eight - month ban , after betting against his own mount at a previous race meet , to win his 3rd Melbourne cup . 180 degree panorama of the racecourse Timeline of Notable events ( edit ) 1861 - The very first Melbourne Cup was held with 17 runners . The eventful race ( a horse bolted prior to the start and 3 horses fell during the race of which 2 had to be put down ) was won by Archer . 1862 - Archer became the first horse to win the race twice . 1863 - The smallest ever Melbourne Cup field of only 7 runners contested the race after several horses were scratched in sympathy with Etienne de Mestre 's champion Archer being ruled out of the race on a technicality . 1869 - The Victorian Racing Club introduced the four - day Spring Racing Carnival format . 1870 - The race was postponed a week . 1875 -- The first time the race was held on the first Tuesday in November . 1876 - The youngest jockey in the history of the race Peter St. Albans won on Briseis aged 13 ( officially ) , but actually 12 years 11 months 23 days . 1882 -- The first bookmakers were licensed at Flemington . 1888 -- The first Gold whip was presented to the winning Cup jockey ( Mick O'Brien ) . 1890 - The largest ever Melbourne Cup field of 39 runners contested the race with the champion Carbine ( horse ) winning and setting a weight carrying record of 10 st 5 lb ( 66 kg ) , which is unlikely to ever be beaten . He carried 53 lb ( 24 kg ) more than second placed horse Highborn . 1894 -- Strand starts were introduced to Flemington . 1896 -- The Melbourne Cup was first filmed . This race was won by Newhaven . 1915 -- First woman owner to win was Mrs E.A. Widdis with Patrobas . 1916 -- The race was postponed until the following Saturday . 1925 -- The first radio broadcast of the Melbourne Cup was made by the Australian Broadcasting Company . 1930 - The legendary Phar Lap won his Melbourne Cup ( after a 3rd placing the previous year ) , as the shortest priced favourite in history and the only favourite to win at ' odds on ' ( 8 / 11 ) . 1931 -- The first year the totalisator operated at the Melbourne Cup . The Totalisator Agency Board was introduced in 1961 . It was also the last of 3 Melbourne Cups that Phar Lap contested , where the handicappers allotted him 10 st 10 lb ( 68 kg ) , the heaviest weight ever carried in the race . He only managed to finish 8th behind White Nose . 1941 - Skipton would be the last 3yo to win the race until 2017 . At the time 3yo 's had won more Melbourne Cups than any other age group , but changes to qualifying conditions resulted in less 3 yo 's contesting the race . 1942 -- 44 -- The Melbourne Cup was run on Saturdays during the war years . 1948 -- The photo finish camera was first used in Melbourne Cup . Rimfire beat Dark Marne . However , many on - course punters believe the result should have been reversed , and it was later found that the camera was incorrectly aligned . 1958 -- The first Cup start from starting stalls . 1960 -- For the first time the race was televised live to Sydney . 1962 -- `` Fashions on the Field '' was first held at the Carnival . 1972 - The Melbourne Cup distance was updated to the metric 3,200 metres from the previous imperial distance of 2 miles which meant the race effectively became 18.6 metres shorter . The race was won by the George Hanlon trained 40 - 1 outsider Piping Lane ridden by John Letts and carrying only 48 kg . 1985 -- The first sponsored Melbourne Cup , and the first million dollar Cup , with $650,000 for the winner . 1987 -- First female jockey to ride in the cup was Maree Lyndon on Argonaut Style . Dunaden : 2011 Melbourne Cup winner , painted by Charles Church 1993 -- The Dermot Weld trained Irish gelding Vintage Crop became the first Northern hemisphere trained horse to win the Melbourne Cup and the first Irish horse . 2001 -- Sheila Laxon , was the first woman trainer to officially win the Melbourne Cup . However , Mrs. A. McDonald ( 1938 ) with Catalogue was really the first woman trainer to win . Women then could not be registered as trainers in Australia , and it was her husband who was the registered trainer . Mrs. McDonald 's win was as a female trainer of a female owned horse . 2003 -- First Australian female jockey to ride in the cup was Clare Lindop on Debben . 2003 -- The first Melbourne Cup Tour was conducted around Australia , and the biggest crowd , of 122,736 , is recorded at Flemington . 2005 -- Makybe Diva became the only horse so far to win the Melbourne Cup three times . 2008 -- The `` Cup King '' , Bart Cummings , took his 12th win in the Melbourne Cup with Viewed 2010 - 150th anniversary . Americain becomes the first French - trained horse to win the race , and Gerald Mosse the first French jockey . 2011 - French based horse Dunaden wins from Red Cadeaux in the closest finish ever . 2012 - The first seven finishers in the race were bred in Ireland . 2013 - Trainer Gai Waterhouse became the first Australian female trainer to train the winner of the race when Fiorente won . Her father , legendary trainer Tommy J. Smith was also a Melbourne Cup Winning trainer ( Toparoa in 1955 and Just A Dash in 1981 ) . 2014 - Two horses die due to racing in the 2014 Melbourne Cup . Cup favourite Admire Rakti , who was carrying the heaviest weight since Think Big ( 1975 ) , died of heart failure in his stall after the race , and Araldo broke his leg and had to be euthanised after being spooked by a flag in the crowd after the race . 2015 - First woman jockey to win the cup was Michelle Payne on Prince of Penzance who became only the 4th horse to win at odds of 100 - 1 . Red Cadeaux , the only horse to finish 2nd in the race on 3 occasions , and a public favourite , did not finish due to a fetlock injury and unfortunately had to be euthanised 2 weeks later . 2016 - Lloyd Williams ( businessman ) becomes the first owner to have 5 Melbourne Cup winners and Jockey Kerrin McEvoy the Jockey with the greatest timespan between his first and second Melbourne Cup winners ( 16 years between 2000 and 2016 ) as Almandin wins the cup narrowly over Heartbreak City . 2017 - Rekindling becomes the first 3yo to win the Melbourne Cup since Skipton in 1941 . Michelle Payne , was the first woman jockey to win the Melbourne Cup Public holiday ( edit ) Melbourne Cup day is a public holiday for all working within metropolitan Melbourne and some parts of regional Victoria , but not for some country Victorian cities and towns which hold their own spring carnivals . For Federal Public Servants it is also observed as a holiday in the entire state of Victoria , and from 2007 to 2009 also in the Australian Capital Territory known as Family and Community Day replacing Picnic Day . The Melbourne cup captures the public 's imagination to the extent that people whether at work , home , school , or out and about usually stop to watch or listen to the great race . Many people from outside of Melbourne take a half or full day off work to celebrate the occasion . Many people feel that the day should be a national public holiday as Sick leave is said to increase on the day and productivity wanes . As early as 1865 , Cup day was a half - holiday in Melbourne for public servants and bank officials . Various businesses also closed at lunchtime . It took some years before the purpose of the declared holiday was acknowledged in the Victoria Government Gazette . The Gazette of 31 October 1873 announced that the following Thursday ( Cup Day ) be observed as a bank and civil ( public ) service holiday . Horse Makybe Diva won three Melbourne Cups Results and records ( edit ) Main articles : List of Melbourne Cup winners and List of Melbourne Cup placings Most wins by a horse ( edit ) 3 -- Makybe Diva ( 2003 , 2004 , 2005 ) 2 -- Think Big ( 1974 , 1975 ) 2 -- Rain Lover ( 1968 , 1969 ) 2 -- Peter Pan ( 1932 , 1934 ) 2 -- Archer ( 1861 , 1862 ) Most wins by a jockey ( edit ) 4 -- Bobby Lewis ( 1902 , 1915 , 1919 , 1927 ) 4 -- Harry White ( 1974 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 ) Most wins by a trainer ( edit ) 12 -- Bart Cummings ( 1965 , 1966 , 1967 , 1974 , 1975 , 1977 , 1979 , 1990 , 1991 , 1996 , 1999 , 2008 ) 5 -- Etienne de Mestre ( 1861 , 1862 , 1867 , 1877 , 1878 ) 5 -- Lee Freedman ( 1989 , 1992 , 1995 , 2004 , 2005 ) Most wins by an owner ( edit ) 6 -- Lloyd Williams ( 1981 , 1985 , 2007 , 2012 , 2016 , 2017 ) 4 -- John Tait ( 1866 , 1868 , 1871 , 1872 ) 4 -- Etienne de Mestre ( 1861 * , 1862 * , 1867 * , 1878 ) * The winners of these years were leased . 4 -- Dato Tan Chin Nam ( 1974 , 1975 , 1996 , 2008 ) Other records ( edit ) Record winning time -- 3.16. 30 Kingston Rule ( 1990 ) Widest winning margin -- 8 lengths by Archer in 1862 and Rain Lover in 1968 . Heaviest weight carried by winner -- Carbine in 1890 with 10 stone 5 pounds ( 66 kg ) Makybe Diva holds the record for a mare with 58 kg in 2005 . The horse to carry the heaviest weight of all time was Phar Lap ( 10 stone 10 pounds , or 68 kg ) in 1931 when he ran 8th . Longest odds winners -- Four horses have won at 100 -- 1 : The Pearl ( 1871 ) , Wotan ( 1936 ) , Old Rowley ( 1940 ) , and Prince of Penzance ( 2015 ) . Shortest odds winner -- Phar Lap at 8 / 11 in 1930 . Favourites record -- 34 of 150 favourites ( 23 % ) have won the Melbourne Cup . Most runners -- 39 ( 1890 ) Fewest runners -- 7 ( 1863 ) Most attempts -- Shadow King made six attempts to win the cup in seven years between 1929 and 1935 . He ran 6th , 3rd , 2nd , 3rd , 2nd and 4th . Attendance ( edit ) The horse show as well as fashion show of Melbourne Cup takes place on the lawn The event is one of the most popular spectator events in Australia , with sometimes over 110,000 people , some dressed in traditional formal raceday wear and others in all manner of exotic and amusing costumes , attending the race . The record crowd was 122,736 in 2003 . The 1926 running of the Cup was the first time the 100,000 mark had been passed . Today the record at Flemington is held by the 2006 Victoria Derby when almost 130,000 attended . In 2007 , a limit was placed on the Spring Carnival attendance at Flemington Racecourse and race - goers are now required to pre-purchase tickets . Every year more and more people travel to Flemington Racecourse , in 2016 there was A 7.8 per cent increase in the number of out - of - state individuals ( 80,472 ) attending the Melbourne Cup Carnival ; 2017 - 90,536 2016 - 97,479 2015 - 101,015 2014 - 100,794 2013 - 104,169 2012 - 106,162 2011 - 105,979 2010 -- 110,223 2009 -- 102,161 2008 -- 107,280 2007 -- 102,411 2006 -- 106,691 2005 -- 106,479 2004 -- 98,161 2003 -- 122,736 ( record ) Off the track ( edit ) Finalists in Fashions On The Field at the 2013 race . Play media 1965 ABC news report on Jean Shrimpton 's visit to the Melbourne Cup . ' Fashions On The Field ' is a major focus of the day , with substantial prizes awarded for the best - dressed man and woman . The requirement for elegant hats , and more recently the alternative of a fascinator , almost single - handedly keeps Melbourne 's milliners in business . Raceday fashion has occasionally drawn almost as much attention as the race itself , The miniskirt received worldwide publicity when model Jean Shrimpton wore a white shift version of one on Derby Day during Melbourne Cup week in 1965 . Flowers , especially roses are an important component of the week 's racing at Flemington . The racecourse has around 12,000 roses within its large expanse . Over 200 varieties of the fragrant flower are nurtured by a team of up to 12 gardeners . Each of the major racedays at Flemington has an official flower . Victoria Derby Day has the Corn Flower , Melbourne Cup Day is for the Yellow Rose , Oaks Day highlights the Pink Rose and Stakes Day goes to the Red Rose . In the Melbourne metropolitan area , the race day has been a gazetted public holiday since 1877 , but around both Australia and New Zealand a majority of people watch the race on television and gamble , either through direct betting or participating in workplace cup `` sweeps '' . In 2000 , a betting agency claimed that 80 percent of the adult Australian population placed a bet on the race that year . In 2010 it was predicted that $183 million would be spent by 83,000 tourists during the Spring Racing Carnival . In New Zealand , the Melbourne Cup is the country 's single biggest betting event , with carnival race - days held at several of the country 's top tracks showing the cup live on big screens . It is commonly billed as The race that stops a nation , but it is more accurately The race that stops two nations , as many people in New Zealand , as well as Australia , pause to watch the race . The Race That Stops The Nation is a poem about Australia 's fascination with the Melbourne Cup . Sydney born writer Vivienne McCredie wrote it in 1986 . It was read out on an evening poetry radio program run by Kel Richards at the time and later published ( 2005 ISBN 978 - 0 - 9758311 - 0 - 6 ) . Copies are in the State Library of NSW and the National Library of Australia . See also ( edit ) Horse racing portal Melbourne portal List of Melbourne Cup placings List of Melbourne Cup winners Melbourne Cup Challenge / Frankie Dettori Racing videogame Melbourne Spring Racing Carnival Thoroughbred racing in Australia Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Difficult to deny a ballotfree pass '' . Theage.com.au. 2008 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ More Qualifying Races For Melbourne Cup Archived 2 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Australian Stayers Challenge Archived 16 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Quarantine Facility '' . Racingvictoria.net.au . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Work begins on Werribee Quarantine Centre '' . Racingandsports.com.au . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Melbourne Cup trophy , JustHorseRacing . Retrieved 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Melbourne Cup 2012 Betting , Odds , Tips , News , Horses , Weights , Weather & Info Online '' . Racenet. 2013 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1867 Melbourne Cup and Queen 's Plate trophies : National Museum of Australia '' . Nma.gov.au. 2013 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : 1866 Melbourne Cup : Earliest Melbourne Cup trophy , National Museum of Australia , accessed 9 November 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Cup : The loving cup trophy '' . Melbournecup.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ The Age . The Choux Choux Express . Published 16 October 2011 , Retrieved 17 October 2011 Jump up ^ The Loving Cup , Victoria Racing Club Archived 18 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ABC Bullion wins production rights for the prestigious Emirates Melbourne Cup Trophy '' . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Melbourne Cup Tour Jump up ^ `` Melbourne Cup Tour : Melbourne Cup Carnival '' . Melbournecup.com. 2013 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` First Past the Post : The Melbourne Cup of 1861 '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How Some of Australia 's Top Races Got Their Names '' . Logan Livestock Insurance Agency . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : The Masters Touch , Racing with Etienne de Mestre , Winner of 5 Melbourne Cups by Keith W. Paterson , Published by Keith W. Paterson ( Nowra ) ( 2008 ) ( ISBN 9780646500287 ) Jump up ^ `` The history of the Cup dates back to 1861 , the resultant brain child of Captain Frederick Standish , one time VRC Chairman and former Chief Commissioner of Police in Victoria . As a former member of the Victoria Turf Club he conceptually founded the great race with the club committed to offering modest prize - money and a hand beaten gold watch . The conditions for the race would state `` a sweepstakes of 20 sovereigns '' ( starters ) `` , 10 sovereigns forfeit '' ( acceptance ) `` or 5 sovereigns if declared '' ( nominated ) `` , with 200 sovereigns added money ''. Flemington Racetrack Archived 21 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Archer at Thoroughbred Heritage.com '' . Tbheritage.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Shoalhaven Hall of Sporting Fame Archived 28 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Binney , Keith Robert ( 2005 ) . Horsemen of the First Frontier ( 1788 -- 1900 ) and the Serpent 's Legacy . Volcanic Productions . p. 367 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 44865 - X . Jump up ^ Australian Government -- Culture and recreation -- Melbourne Cup Archived 12 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Melbourne Cup Research Guide -- Notable Winners '' . Guides.slv.vic.gov.au. 2012 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Archer took the boat '' . Smh.com.au. 2008 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : On This Day In Shoalhaven Archived 17 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Australian Racing Museum -- E de Mestre '' . Racingmuseum.com.au . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Einstein Factor -- Australian Broadcasting Company '' . Abc.net.au. 2007 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Jones '' . 2gb.com. 2012 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Melbourne Cup Research Guide -- Holiday '' . Guides.slv.vic.gov.au. 2012 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Melbourne Cup Facts And Statistics '' . Races.com.au . Jump up ^ `` Peter St. Albans '' . Smh.com.au. 2004 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Newspaper report on the sinking of the SS City of Melbourne '' . Paperspast.natlib.govt.nz . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Binney , Keith Robert ( 2005 ) . Horsemen of the First Frontier ( 1788 -- 1900 ) and the Serpent 's Legacy . Volcanic Productions . p. 389 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 44865 - X . Jump up ^ Cavanough , Maurice , `` The Melbourne Cup '' , Jack Pollard P / L , North Sydney , 1976 Jump up ^ `` The Most Famous Racehorses in History '' . Retrieved 4 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Flemington Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Masters Touch , Racing with Etienne de Mestre , Winner of 5 Melbourne Cups by Keith W. Paterson , Published by Keith W. Paterson ( Nowra ) ( 2008 ) ( ISBN 9780646500287 ) , Page 46 Jump up ^ Race May 13th 2008 09 : 34 ( 2008 - 05 - 13 ) . `` Aboriginal jockeys who won Melbourne Cup '' . Racingwrite.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The wonder filly and a boy who carved their names into history '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 1 November 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Reys '' . Theage.com.au. 2005 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://www.racingvictoria.net.au/Racing/race.aspx?meet_code=383411&race_code=523106 Jump up ^ 2006 Melbourne Cup result Jump up ^ `` Dictionary of New Zealand Biography '' . Dnzb.govt.nz . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Peake , Wayne ( 6 November 2015 ) . `` Michelle Payne defies horse racing 's long history as a sport of blokes '' . The Conversation . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.racingvictoria.net.au/Racing/race.aspx?meet_code=363373&race_code=437688 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ 2004 Melbourne Cup result Jump up ^ 2005 Melbourne Cup result Jump up ^ `` Japanese horses unlikely to travel to Australia for Melbourne Cup because of equine influenza '' . International Herald Tribune . 26 August 2007 . Retrieved 27 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2GB radio '' . 2gb.com. 2012 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The wonder filly and a boy who carved their names into history '' . Smh.com.au. 2004 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Melbourne Cup ( 1896 ) Pt1 The Crowd Milling Pre-Race '' . YouTube . Retrieved 26 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Melbourne Cup ( 1896 ) Pt2 The Horses Being Prepared '' . YouTube . Retrieved 26 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Melbourne Cup ( 1896 ) Pt3 The Race Itself '' . YouTube . Retrieved 26 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Australian Racing Information Archived 20 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Americain stuns So You Think to win Melbourne Cup '' . The Australian . 2 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Melbourne Cup at Racing Victoria '' . Racingvictoria.net.au . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Grief and horror after Admire Rakti and Araldo 's death puts Melbourne Cup in firing line '' . News.com.au . News Limited . 5 November 2014 . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Red Cadeaux euthanised after succumbing to injuries '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` ACT workers to get Melbourne Cup day off '' . Archived from the original on 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Victoria Government Gazette 31 October 1873 '' . Jump up ^ `` Melbourne Cup Research Guide '' . Jump up ^ `` Melbourne Cup Trivia '' . Progroupracing.com.au . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` From the horse 's mouth '' . The Age . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Melbourne Cup Stats '' . Melbournecup.racingandsports.com.au . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Record Derby Day crowd -- Horse Racing -- Sport -- theage.com.au '' . Melbourne : www.theage.com.au. 5 November 2006 . Retrieved 5 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Spring Carnival crowd numbers to be capped '' . Jump up ^ https://www.flemington.com.au/news/2017-03-29/melbourne-cup-carnival-delivers-record-economic-benefit Jump up ^ https://www.flemington.com.au/news/2017-11-11/melbourne-cup-carnival-once-again-delivers-outstanding-results . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Melbourne Cup Carnival attendance records '' . Jump up ^ `` Melbourne Cup had it all for 107,000 fans '' . 5 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 9 December 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 23 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ' Flair ' features fashion 's fabulous and fickle '' . Melbourne : The Age . 5 February 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Icons of England : The Miniskirt and Women 's Lib '' . Icons.org.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Tab Limited : 2000 Melbourne Cup ( via Wayback Machine ) '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 26 December 2004 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Money Matters '' . news.com.au. 2010 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Melbourne Cup looming large '' . Jump up ^ Quay , Phillip ( 3 November 2009 ) . `` Melbourne Cup preview -- The prime picks '' . Auckland , New Zealand : Television New Zealand Limited . Retrieved 4 November 2009 ... Viewed , who is poised to make it back - to - back wins in the race that stops two nations , scheduled for 5pm ( NZ time ) Further reading ( edit ) Ahern , Bill ( 1988 ) . A Century of Winners : The Saga of 127 Melbourne Cups ( new ed . ) . Brisbane : Boolarong Press . ISBN 086439070X . Howell , Stephen , ed. ( 2010 ) . The story of the Melbourne Cup , Australia 's greatest race . Docklands , Vic. : Slattery Media Group . ISBN 9780980597363 . Power , Danny ( 2013 ) . The Modern Melbourne Cup : How our great race changed for the world . Docklands , Vic : Geoff Slattery Media Group . ISBN 9780987500267 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Melbourne Cup . Official Melbourne Cup Carnival website Melbourne Cup Results Since 1861 Melbourne Cup Exemption Races Flemington on Cup Day from the National Museum of Australia New Zealand and the Melbourne Cup ( NZHistory.net.nz ) The Melbourne Cup Research Guide Recordings of Ken Howard calling the 1941 and 1952 Melbourne Cup were added to the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia 's Sounds of Australia registry in 2011 . Early silent films of the 1896 Melbourne Cup race provided by Australian Screen Online Melbourne Cup 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 List of winners Detailed list of placings ( since 1998 ) Events in the Melbourne City Centre Note : this includes events held in the Melbourne City Centre and its immediate surrounds , not the Greater Melbourne metropolitan area Summer All : Summer Fun in the City of Melbourne December : Australian Dancesport Championships Boxing Day Test Carols by Candlelight Myer Christmas Parade January : Australian Open Midsumma Festival Melbourne International Boat Show One Day International Cricket February : St Kilda Festival Herald Sun Tour White Night festivals Autumn March : Australian Grand Prix Coates Hire Melbourne 400 Melbourne Fashion Festival Melbourne Food and Wine Festival Moomba Waterfest Melbourne Queer Film Festival April : ANZAC Day parade AFL ANZAC Day clash Logie Awards Melbourne International Comedy Festival Melbourne International Flower and Garden Show May : Melbourne Jazz Fringe Festival Logie Awards Winter All : Melbourne Winter Masterpieces series June : AFL Queen 's Birthday clash Melbourne International Animation Festival Australian International Motor Show Melbourne International Jazz Festival July : State of Design Festival Melbourne International Film Festival Open House Melbourne Run Melbourne August : Melbourne Day Melbourne Underground Film Festival Melbourne Writers Festival Craft Cubed Spring September : AFL Grand Final Melbourne Fringe Festival Melbourne International Festival of Brass Royal Melbourne Show Melbourne Spring Fashion Week October : Around the Bay in a Day Melbourne Festival Melbourne Marathon Festival Melbourne Spring Racing Carnival Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix November : Head of the Yarra Melbourne Cup Carnival City2Sea Coordinates : 37 ° 47 ′ 26.98 '' S 144 ° 54 ′ 42.22 '' E  /  37.7908278 ° S 144.9117278 ° E  / - 37.7908278 ; 144.9117278 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melbourne_Cup&oldid=817211880 '' Categories : Festivals in Melbourne Melbourne Cup Public holidays in Australia Group 1 stakes races in Australia Open long distance horse races Flemington Racecourse Recurring sporting events established in 1861 1861 establishments in Australia The Emirates Group November sporting events Spring ( season ) events in Australia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use dmy dates from September 2013 Use Australian English from September 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Coordinates not on Wikidata Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Simple English Tiếng Việt 吴语 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 22 : 50 . 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who has trained the most melbourne cup winners

Bart Cummings

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Mapp v. Ohio - wikipedia Mapp v. Ohio Jump to : navigation , search Mapp v. Ohio Supreme Court of the United States Argued March 29 , 1961 Decided June 19 , 1961 Full case name Dollree Mapp v. State of Ohio Citations 367 U.S. 643 ( more ) 81 S. Ct. 1684 ; 6 L. Ed . 2d 1081 ; 1961 U.S. LEXIS 812 ; 86 Ohio L. Abs. 513 ; 16 Ohio Op . 2d 384 ; 84 A.L.R. 2d 933 Prior history Defendant convicted , Cuyahoga County , Ohio Court of Common Pleas ; affirmed , Ohio Court of Appeals ; affirmed , Ohio Supreme Court 166 N.E. 2d 387 ( Ohio 1960 ) Subsequent history Rehearing denied , 368 U.S. 871 ( 1961 ) Holding The Fourth Amendment prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures , as applied to the states through the Fourteenth , excludes unconstitutionally obtained evidence from use in criminal prosecutions . Ohio Supreme Court reversed . Court membership Chief Justice Earl Warren Associate Justices Hugo Black Felix Frankfurter William O. Douglas Tom C. Clark John M. Harlan II William J. Brennan , Jr . Charles E. Whittaker Potter Stewart Case opinions Majority Clark , joined by Warren , Black , Douglas , Brennan Concurrence Black Concurrence Douglas Concurrence Stewart Dissent Harlan , joined by Frankfurter , Whittaker Laws applied U.S. Const . amends. IV , XIV This case overturned a previous ruling or rulings Wolf v. Colorado ( 1949 ) Mapp v. Ohio , 367 U.S. 643 ( 1961 ) , was a landmark case in criminal procedure , in which the United States Supreme Court decided that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment , which protects against `` unreasonable searches and seizures , '' may not be used in state law criminal prosecutions in state courts , as well as in federal criminal law prosecutions in federal courts as had previously been the law . The Supreme Court accomplished this by use of a principle known as selective incorporation ; in Mapp this involved the incorporation of the provisions , as interpreted by the Court , of the Fourth Amendment which are applicable only to actions of the federal government into the Fourteenth Amendment due process clause which is applicable to actions of the states . Contents ( hide ) 1 Circumstances of the case 2 Decision 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Circumstances of the case ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dollree Mapp was an employee in the illegal gambling rackets dominated by Cleveland rackets kingpin Shon Birns . On May 23 , 1957 , police officers in Cleveland , Ohio , received an anonymous tip by phone that Virgil Ogletree , a numbers operator who was wanted for questioning in the bombing of rival numbers racketeer and future boxing promoter Don King 's home three days earlier , might be found at Mapp 's house , as well as illegal betting slips and equipment employed in the `` California Gold '' numbers operation set up by Mapp 's boyfriend Edward Keeling . Three officers went to the home and asked for permission to enter , but Mapp , after consulting her lawyer by telephone , refused to admit them without a search warrant . Two officers left , and one remained , watching the house from across the street . Thirteen hours later , four cars full of police arrived and knocked on the door . When she did n't answer , they forced the door . Mapp asked to see the alleged warrant and was shown a piece of paper which she snatched away from an officer , putting it inside her dress . The officers struggled with Mapp and recovered the piece of paper which was not seen by her or her lawyers again , and was not introduced as evidence in any of the ensuing court proceedings . When asked about the warrant during oral argument at the Supreme Court , the Cleveland prosecutor arguing the case cautiously deflected the question , which the court did not press . As the search of Mapp 's second - floor , 2 - bedroom apartment began , police handcuffed her for being belligerent . The police searched the house thoroughly , and discovered Ogletree , who was subsequently cleared on the bombing charge , hiding in the apartment of the downstairs tenant , Minerva Tate . In the search of Mapp 's apartment and in a footlocker in the basement of the house police found a quantity of `` California Gold '' betting slips and paraphernalia . They also found a pistol and a small quantity of pornographic books and pictures which Mapp stated a previous tenant named Morris Jones had left behind . Mapp was arrested , charged , and cleared on a misdemeanor charge of possessing numbers paraphernalia ; but several months later , after she refused to testify against Shon Birns , Edward Keeling and their associates at their trial that October for the attempted shakedown of Don King , she was prosecuted for possession of the books , found guilty at a 1958 trial of `` knowingly having had in her possession and under her control certain lewd and lascivious books , pictures , and photographs in violation of 2905.34 of Ohio 's Revised Code '' , and sentenced to one to seven years in prison . Mapp then appealed her case to the Supreme Court , on the grounds that the police had no probable cause to suspect her of having the books . She stated that the 4th Amendment should be incorporated to the state and local level . She argued that the police could n't use the books as evidence in trial because they were found without a warrant and therefore illegally recovered . Mapp is the first to call upon this law . Decision ( edit ) The U.S. Supreme Court voted 5 - 3 in favor of Mapp . The Court overturned the conviction , and five justices found that the States were bound to exclude evidence seized in violation of the 4th Amendment . This ruling officially applied the exclusionary rule to the states . See also ( edit ) United States Bill of Rights Fruit of the poisonous tree Exclusionary rule References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Zotti , Priscilla . Injustice for All ( Peter Lang , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Mapp v. Ohio , 367 U.S. 643 ( U.S. 1961 ) . Jump up ^ Duignan , Brian ( 2012 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Mapp v. Ohio '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica Inc . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/367/643#writing - Jump up ^ Williams , Bob . `` Dolly Mapp Sheds Glamour Gal Role '' , Cleveland Call and Post , Nov. 23 , 1957 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ http://www.infoplease.com/us/supreme-court/cases/ar19.html Further reading ( edit ) Long , Carolyn ( 2006 ) . Mapp v. Ohio : Guarding Against Unreasonable Searches and Seizures . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1441 - 9 . Stewart , Potter ( 1983 ) . `` The Road to Mapp v. Ohio and beyond : The Origins , Development and Future of the Exclusionary Rule in Search - and - Seizure Cases '' . Columbia Law Review . 83 ( 6 ) : 1365 -- 1404 . doi : 10.2307 / 1122492 . JSTOR 1122492 . Zotti , Priscilla H. Machado ( 2005 ) . Injustice for All : Mapp vs. Ohio and the Fourth Amendment . New York : Peter Lang . ISBN 0 - 8204 - 7267 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Mapp v. Ohio Archival source documents relating to the Mapp case at Cleveland Memory Dollree Mapp , Who Defied Police Search in Landmark Case , Is Dead - New York Times `` Supreme Court Landmark Case Mapp v. Ohio '' from C - SPAN 's Landmark Cases : 12 Historic Supreme Court Decisions ( hide ) United States 4th Amendment case law Scope of the Fourth Amendment What constitutes a search ? Ex parte Jackson ( 1878 ) Boyd v. United States ( 1886 ) Gouled v. United States ( 1921 ) Burdeau v. McDowell ( 1921 ) Hester v. United States ( 1924 ) United States v. Lee ( 1927 ) Olmstead v. United States ( 1928 ) Goldman v. United States ( 1942 ) On Lee v. United States ( 1952 ) Abel v. United States ( 1960 ) Silverman v. United States ( 1961 ) Lewis v. United States ( 1966 ) Hoffa v. United States ( 1966 ) Katz v. United States ( 1967 ) Terry v. Ohio ( 1968 ) United States v. White ( 1971 ) California Bankers Association v. Schultz ( 1974 ) Smith v. Maryland ( 1979 ) Walter v. United States ( 1980 ) United States v. Knotts ( 1983 ) United States v. Place ( 1983 ) Illinois v. Andreas ( 1983 ) United States v. Jacobsen ( 1984 ) Oliver v. United States ( 1984 ) United States v. Karo ( 1984 ) California v. Ciraolo ( 1986 ) Dow Chemical Co. v. United States ( 1986 ) United States v. Dunn ( 1987 ) California v. Greenwood ( 1988 ) Florida v. Riley ( 1989 ) Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n ( 1989 ) United States v. Verdugo - Urquidez ( 1990 ) United States v. Bond ( 2000 ) Kyllo v. United States ( 2001 ) Illinois v. Caballes ( 2005 ) United States v. Jones ( 2012 ) Florida v. Jardines ( 2013 ) Klayman v. Obama ( 2013 ) ACLU v. Clapper ( 2013 ) What constitutes a seizure ? Counselman v. Hitchcock ( 1892 ) Hale v. Henkel ( 1906 ) Terry v. Ohio ( 1968 ) United States v. Mendenhall ( 1980 ) Florida v. Royer ( 1983 ) United States v. Jacobsen ( 1984 ) INS v. Delgado ( 1984 ) Michigan v. Chesternut ( 1988 ) Brower v. County of Inyo ( 1989 ) California v. Hodari D. ( 1991 ) Florida v. Bostick ( 1991 ) Soldal v. Cook County ( 1992 ) United States v. Drayton ( 2002 ) Brendlin v. California ( 2007 ) Fourth Amendment standing Jones v. United States ( 1960 ) Rakas v. Illinois ( 1978 ) Minnesota v. Olson ( 1990 ) Minnesota v. Carter ( 1998 ) Byrd v. United States ( 2018 ) Probable Cause Dumbra v. United States ( 1925 ) Brinegar v. United States ( 1949 ) Draper v. United States ( 1959 ) Aguilar v. Texas ( 1964 ) Spinelli v. United States ( 1969 ) Hill v. California ( 1971 ) Illinois v. Gates ( 1983 ) Ornelas v. United States ( 1996 ) Whren v. United States ( 1996 ) Maryland v. Pringle ( 2003 ) Florida v. Harris ( 2013 ) Reasonable suspicion : Investigative detentions and frisks Terry v. Ohio ( 1968 ) Sibron v. New York ( 1968 ) Adams v. Williams ( 1972 ) United States v. Brignoni - Ponce ( 1975 ) Delaware v. Prouse ( 1979 ) Michigan v. DeFillippo ( 1979 ) Brown v. Texas ( 1979 ) Ybarra v. Illinois ( 1979 ) United States v. Cortez ( 1981 ) United States v. Place ( 1983 ) Michigan v. Long ( 1983 ) United States v. Hensley ( 1985 ) United States v. Sokolow ( 1989 ) Alabama v. White ( 1990 ) Minnesota v. Dickerson ( 1996 ) Illinois v. Wardlow ( 2000 ) Florida v. J.L. ( 2000 ) United States v. Arvizu ( 2002 ) Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada ( 2004 ) Arizona v. Johnson ( 2009 ) Prado Navarette v. California ( 2014 ) Heien v. North Carolina ( 2014 ) Warrant Requirement Steele v. United States ( 1925 ) Johnson v. United States ( 1948 ) Franks v. Delaware ( 1978 ) Ybarra v. Illinois ( 1979 ) Maryland v. Garrison ( 1987 ) Groh v. Ramirez ( 2004 ) United States v. Grubbs ( 2006 ) Los Angeles County v. Rettelle ( 2006 ) Mere evidence rule Boyd v. United States ( 1886 ) Hale v. Henkel ( 1906 ) Gouled v. United States ( 1921 ) Marron v. United States ( 1927 ) Warden v. Hayden ( 1967 ) Neutral and detached magistrate Coolidge v. New Hampshire ( 1971 ) Shadwick v. City of Tampa ( 1972 ) Connally v. Georgia ( 1977 ) Warrants directed at third parties Zurcher v. Stanford Daily ( 1978 ) Knock - and - announce Wilson v. Arkansas ( 1995 ) Richards v. Wisconsin ( 1997 ) United States v. Ramirez ( 1998 ) United States v. Banks ( 2003 ) Presence of media Wilson v. Layne ( 1999 ) Exceptions to Warrant Requirement Exigent circumstances Warden v. Hayden ( 1967 ) United States v. Chadwick ( 1977 ) Michigan v. Tyler ( 1978 ) Payton v. New York ( 1980 ) Welsh v. Wisconsin ( 1986 ) Brigham City v. Stuart ( 2006 ) Kentucky v. King ( 2011 ) Consent searches Amos v. United States ( 1921 ) Bumper v. North Carolina ( 1968 ) Schneckloth v. Bustamonte ( 1973 ) United States v. Matlock ( 1974 ) Illinois v. Rodriguez ( 1990 ) Georgia v. Randolph ( 2006 ) Fernandez v. California ( 2014 ) Plain view Coolidge v. New Hampshire ( 1971 ) Arizona v. Hicks ( 1987 ) Horton v. California ( 1990 ) Minnesota v. Dickerson ( 1993 ) Vehicle searches Carroll v. United States ( 1925 ) Chambers v. Maroney ( 1970 ) Cardwell v. Lewis ( 1974 ) Arkansas v. Sanders ( 1979 ) United States v. Ross ( 1982 ) California v. Carney ( 1985 ) Florida v. Jimeno ( 1991 ) California v. Acevedo ( 1991 ) Wyoming v. Houghton ( 1999 ) Florida v. White ( 1999 ) Collins v. Virginia ( 2018 ) Searches incident to arrest Agnello v. United States ( 1925 ) Harris v. United States ( 1947 ) Trupiano v. United States ( 1948 ) United States v. Rabinowitz ( 1950 ) Chimel v. California ( 1969 ) United States v. Robinson ( 1973 ) United States v. Chadwick ( 1977 ) New York v. Belton ( 1981 ) Knowles v. Iowa ( 1998 ) Thornton v. United States ( 2004 ) Arizona v. Gant ( 2009 ) Riley v. California ( 2014 ) Breathalyzers , blood samples , DNA Schmerber v. California ( 1966 ) Cupp v. Murphy ( 1973 ) Missouri v. McNeely ( 2013 ) Maryland v. King ( 2013 ) Birchfield v. North Dakota ( 2016 ) Protective sweeps Maryland v. Buie ( 1990 ) Inventory searches South Dakota v. Opperman ( 1976 ) Illinois v. Lafayette ( 1983 ) Border searches Almeida - Sanchez v. United States ( 1973 ) United States v. Ortiz ( 1975 ) United States v. Martinez - Fuerte ( 1976 ) United States v. Ramsey ( 1977 ) United States v. Montoya De Hernandez ( 1985 ) United States v. Flores - Montano ( 2004 ) `` Special needs '' searches : Checkpoints Michigan Department of State Police v. Sitz ( 1990 ) City of Indianapolis v. Edmond ( 2000 ) Illinois v. Lidster ( 2004 ) `` Special needs '' searches : Students , employees , and patients New Jersey v. T.L.O. ( 1985 ) O'Connor v. Ortega ( 1987 ) Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n ( 1989 ) National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab ( 1989 ) Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton ( 1995 ) Chandler v. Miller ( 1997 ) Ferguson v. City of Charleston ( 2001 ) Board of Education v. Earls ( 2002 ) Safford Unified School District v. Redding ( 2009 ) City of Ontario v. Quon ( 2010 ) `` Special needs '' searches : Property of probationers and parolees Griffin v. Wisconsin ( 1987 ) United States v. Knights ( 2001 ) Samson v. California ( 2006 ) Administrative inspections Frank v. Maryland ( 1959 ) Camara v. Municipal Court ( 1967 ) See v. City of Seattle ( 1967 ) Marshall v. Barlow 's , Inc. ( 1978 ) Donovan v. Dewey ( 1980 ) New York v. Burger ( 1983 ) Michigan v. Clifford ( 1984 ) City of Los Angeles v. Patel ( 2015 ) Searches in jails and prisons Bell v. Wolfish ( 1979 ) Hudson v. Palmer ( 1984 ) Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders ( 2012 ) Searches at sea United States v. Villamonte - Marquez ( 1983 ) Warrantless arrests Gerstein v. Pugh ( 1975 ) United States v. Watson ( 1976 ) Payton v. New York ( 1980 ) Welsh v. Wisconsin ( 1983 ) Minnesota v. Olson ( 1990 ) County of Riverside v. McLaughlin ( 1991 ) Atwater v. City of Lago Vista ( 2001 ) Devenpeck v. Alford ( 2004 ) Virginia v. Moore ( 2008 ) Seizures Distinguishing stops and arrests Dunaway v. New York ( 1979 ) Florida v. Royer ( 1983 ) United States v. Place ( 1983 ) United States v. Sharpe ( 1985 ) Seizure of premises awaiting warrant Illinois v. McArthur ( 2001 ) Detention incident to search Michigan v. Summers ( 1981 ) Muehler v. Mena ( 2005 ) Bailey v. United States ( 2013 ) Detention during vehicle stop Pennsylvania v. Mimms ( 1977 ) Maryland v. Wilson ( 1997 ) Rodriguez v. United States ( 2015 ) Excessive force Tennessee v. Garner ( 1985 ) Graham v. Connor ( 1989 ) Scott v. Harris ( 2007 ) Plumhoff v. Rickard ( 2014 ) Remedies Exclusionary rule Origins Adams v. New York ( 1904 ) Weeks v. United States ( 1914 ) Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States ( 1920 ) Impeachment exception Agnello v. United States ( 1925 ) Walder v. United States ( 1954 ) United States v. Havens ( 1980 ) James v. Illinois ( 1990 ) Good - faith exception United States v. Leon ( 1984 ) Massachusetts v. Sheppard ( 1984 ) Illinois v. Krull ( 1987 ) Herring v. United States ( 2009 ) Davis v. United States ( 2011 ) Independent source Segura v. United States ( 1984 ) Murray v. United States ( 1988 ) Inevitable discovery Nix v. Williams ( 1984 ) Attenuation Wong Sun v. United States ( 1963 ) Utah v. Strieff ( 2016 ) No - knock searches Hudson v. Michigan ( 2006 ) Use outside criminal trials Kaufman v. United States ( 1969 ) United States v. Calandra ( 1974 ) Stone v. Powell ( 1976 ) INS v. Lopez - Mendoza ( 1984 ) Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole v. Scott ( 1998 ) Civil suit Federal Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents ( 1971 ) Anderson v. Creighton ( 1987 ) State 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Monroe v. Pape ( 1961 ) Malley v. Briggs ( 1986 ) ( hide ) Incorporation against States Unreasonable search and seizure Wolf v. Colorado ( 1949 ) Rochin v. California ( 1952 ) Irvine v. California ( 1954 ) Elkins v. United States ( 1960 ) Mapp v. Ohio ( 1961 ) Warrant requirements Ker v. California ( 1963 ) Aguilar v. Texas ( 1964 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mapp_v._Ohio&oldid=819300745 '' Categories : United States Supreme Court decisions that overrule a prior Supreme Court decision Cuyahoga County , Ohio United States Supreme Court cases United States Fourth Amendment case law 20th century American trials 1961 in United States case law Incorporation case law American Civil Liberties Union litigation United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court Cleveland Division of Police Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 16 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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who was involved in the mapp vs ohio case

Dollree Mapp

Dollree

Lynne Hobbs - wikipedia Lynne Hobbs Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Lynne Hobbs EastEnders character Portrayed by Elaine Lordan Duration 2000 -- 2004 First appearance Episode 2003 18 September 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 18 ) Last appearance Episode 2756 2 July 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 02 ) Created by Tony Jordan Introduced by John Yorke Spin - off appearances Slaters in Detention ( 2003 ) Classification Former ; regular Profile Other names Lynne Slater Occupation Café worker ( show ) Family Father Charlie Slater Mother Viv Slater Sisters Kat Slater Little Mo Mitchell Belinda Peacock Husband Garry Hobbs ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Daughters Vivienne Hobbs Grandmothers Mo Harris Uncles Harry Slater Nephews Freddie Mitchell Nieces Zoe Slater Lynne Hobbs ( also Slater ) is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders , played by Elaine Lordan from September 2000 to July 2004 . Lynne is a fierce judge of right and wrong , although she is not always able to practise what she preaches . She has a turbulent relationship with husband Garry ( Ricky Groves ) , but despite her complaints about him , it ends up being Lynne 's adultery that puts their relationship in jeopardy long before Garry strays . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 1.1 Backstory 1.2 2000 -- 2004 2 Creation and development 3 In popular culture 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) Backstory ( edit ) Lynne is the eldest of the Slater sisters and she arrives in Albert Square in 2000 with her family : father Charlie ( Derek Martin ) ; sisters Kat ( Jessie Wallace ) , Little Mo ( Kacey Ainsworth ) and Zoe ( Michelle Ryan ) , and grandmother Mo ( Laila Morse ) . Unlike Little Mo and Zoe , Lynne is aware that Zoe is in fact Kat 's daughter and helps keep the family secret until Kat reveals the truth to Zoe . 2000 -- 2004 ( edit ) Lynne is in a relationship with hapless mechanic Garry Hobbs ( Ricky Groves ) and spends much of her time despairing over Garry 's inability to fully commit to their relationship . All Lynne really wants is to marry Garry , settle down and raise a family but while Garry loves Lynne , he is reluctant to lose his `` bachelor status '' and he spends much of his time dodging Lynne 's ' hints ' about marriage . However , Lynne ( and the rest of the Slaters ) wear Garry down and the two eventually get engaged . Lynne works in Ian Beale 's ( Adam Woodyatt ) café and often clashes with co-worker , Janine Butcher ( Charlie Brooks ) , who regularly slacks off work and flirts with Garry to irritate her . This culminates in Lynne eventually getting Janine fired and the two become enemies thereafter . In 2001 , Lynne becomes friends with womanising club owner Beppe di Marco ( Michael Greco ) and she often babysits his son , Joe ( Jake Kyprianou ) . Lynne and Beppe soon become attracted to each other and have sex on the eve of Lynne 's wedding to Garry . Beppe feels Garry does not deserve Lynne and tries to stop Lynne marrying him by turning up at the register office and starting a fight with Garry . Lynne is tempted but goes through with the wedding . Beppe sends Steve Owen ( Martin Kemp ) to give her a note , but he throws it away . The marriage does not go smoothly , however , and in 2002 Lynne strays again , this time with ex-lover Jason James ( Joseph Millson ) . Jason is Lynne 's ex-fiancé , who jilted her on their wedding day and fled to Dubai . After a chance meeting , the two rekindle their relationship as Jason wants to reconcile and almost persuades her to leave Garry and move away with him . However , at the last minute , Lynne changes her mind and chooses to stay with her family instead of following her heart . Garry forgives Lynne as he is desperate to hang onto her but the trust has gone from their relationship . In 2003 , another affair jeopardises Lynne 's marriage , but this time it is Garry who strays . Garry has drunken sex with Laura Beale ( Hannah Waterman ) and she gets pregnant . Laura 's husband , Ian , reveals to her that he has had a vasectomy so the baby can not be his and throws her out so she turns to Garry for support , thinking he is her baby 's father . Lynne has been trying for a baby and struggles to forgive Garry for having a baby with another woman , throwing him out so he moves in with Laura to support her during her pregnancy . Lynne finally comes round and forgives Garry after she gets jealous when he has sex with Lynne 's sister , Belinda Peacock ( Leanne Lakey ) . Lynne and Garry reconcile and in 2004 , Lynne becomes pregnant and a scan confirms that she is expecting a girl , that they plan to name her Vivienne after Lynne 's late mother , Viv ( April Martin ) . However , disaster strikes when a fairground ride collapses in Albert Square and Lynne is trapped under the debris . She survives but suffers severe abdominal pain and Garry is told that Lynne needs an emergency caesarian to save her and the baby . Terrified of losing Lynne and their daughter , Garry agrees but only Lynne survives . The baby is stillborn but Lynne also needed an emergency hysterectomy so she can not have any more children . When Lynne is told the tragic news , she is devastated and blames Garry for consenting to surgery and can not even bring herself to look at him . On the day of Vivienne 's funeral , Lynne decides that her marriage to Garry is over , feeling that life for her in Walford is simply a reminder of what she has lost . She leaves that day to go and stay with her aunt Jean and her departure leaves Garry a broken man . Lynne 's last appearance is in July 2004 . Lynne and Garry divorce and in 2007 , the Slaters hear that Lynne is engaged . In January 2011 , Charlie leaves Walford to live with Lynne . In January 2016 , Lynne attends Charlie 's funeral off - screen . Creation and development ( edit ) In 2000 , EastEnders ' executive producer John Yorke decided to introduce the `` classic '' Slater family . He felt the show needed to go back to its roots and bring back some traditional values . BBC 's head of drama , Mal Young commented , `` We do not have enough solid families in the soap , there were a lot of fractured families and people who were alone . '' The family were created as a replacement for the di Marco family , who were axed by Yorke . The family consisted of , grandmother Mo Harris ( Laila Morse ) , father Charlie ( Derek Martin ) , his four children , Lynne ( Elaine Lordan ) , Kat ( Jessie Wallace ) , Little Mo ( Kacey Ainsworth ) , Zoe ( Michelle Ryan ) , as well as Lynne 's boyfriend Garry Hobbs ( Ricky Groves ) . It later transpired that Kat was the mother of Zoe , after being raped by her uncle Harry Slater ( Michael Elphick ) . Lordan was cast in the role of Lynne after the character was developed at an improvisation session for thirty actors and actresses earlier in the year . The character was described as `` feisty '' , `` a loud mouth '' and `` lazy '' . On 15 December 2003 , it was announced that Lynne would be departing the following year . The decision was a mutual decision between Lordan and show producers and Lynne departed in July 2004 . In popular culture ( edit ) The character of Lynne Hobbs has been spoofed in the cartoon sketch show 2DTV . Also , impressionist Alistair McGowan has impersonated Lynne working in the cafe , in his comedy show , The Big Impression . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Seven move in to Albert Square '' . BBC News Online . BBC Online . 30 August 2000 . Retrieved 7 September 2010 . Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/3321345.stm External links ( edit ) Lynne Hobbs at BBC Online EastEnders characters Present and future characters Kathy Beale Sharon Watts Ian Beale Dot Cotton Martin Fowler Phil Mitchell Sonia Fowler Robbie Jackson Mel Owen Billy Mitchell Mo Harris Kat Slater Patrick Trueman Louise Mitchell Bobby Beale Stacey Slater Jean Slater Honey Mitchell Denise Fox Max Branning Janet Mitchell Shirley Carter Jay Brown Rainie Cross Masood Ahmed Jack Branning Whitney Dean Tiffany Butcher Kim Fox Cora Cross Tina Carter Linda Carter Mick Carter Charlie Cotton ( hide ) Past characters AJ Ahmed Della Alexander Johnny Allen Ruby Allen Aunt Sal Tom Banks Geoff Barnes Clare Bates Debbie Bates Laurie Bates Nigel Bates Cindy Beale Jane Beale Laura Beale Lou Beale Lucy Beale Pete Beale Peter Beale Steven Beale Polly Becker Adam Best Manda Best Abi Branning Alice Branning April Branning Bradley Branning Derek Branning Jim Branning Lauren Branning Suzy Branning Tanya Branning Aidan Brosnan Diane Butcher Frank Butcher Janine Butcher Liam Butcher Mo Butcher Pat Butcher Ricky Butcher Kelvin Carpenter Tony Carpenter Nancy Carter Stan Carter Zsa Zsa Carter Lorna Cartwright Barry Clark Christian Clarke Paul Coker Richard Cole Julie Cooper Ashley Cotton Charlie Cotton ( 1986 ) Dotty Cotton Nick Cotton Stella Crawford Beppe di Marco Bruno and Luisa di Marco Gianni di Marco Rosa di Marco Ray Dixon Jase Dyer Huw Edwards Steve Elliot Nellie Ellis Barry Evans Natalie Evans Roy Evans Fatboy Ferreira family Conor Flaherty Mary Flaherty Fred Fonseca Arthur Fowler Lisa Fowler Mark Fowler Michelle Fowler Pauline Fowler Ruth Fowler Vicki Fowler Chelsea Fox Libby Fox Joanne Francis Jodie Gold Vanessa Gold Marge Green Nina Harris Dexter Hartman Julie Haye Alex Healy Christine Hewitt Ted Hills Tony Hills Garry Hobbs Lynne Hobbs Lofty Holloway Vincent Hubbard Andy Hunter Alan Jackson Bianca Jackson Billie Jackson Blossom Jackson Carmel Jackson Carol Jackson Naima Jeffery Saeed Jeffery Al Jenkins Greg Jessop Lucas Johnson Danielle Jones Naomi Julien Gita Kapoor Sanjay Kapoor Karim family Yusef Khan Tony King Harold Legg Donna Ludlow Joe Macer Ryan Malloy Jill Marsden Afia Masood Amira Masood Shabnam Masood Syed Masood Tamwar Masood Zainab Masood Lilly Mattock Josie McFarlane Poppy Meadow Darren Miller Demi Miller Keith Miller Mickey Miller Rosie Miller Rob Minter Archie Mitchell Ben Mitchell Danny Mitchell Glenda Mitchell Grant Mitchell Jamie Mitchell Kate Mitchell Little Mo Mitchell Peggy Mitchell Ronnie Mitchell Roxy Mitchell Sam Mitchell Tiffany Mitchell Vinnie Monks Alfie Moon Anthony Moon Danny Moon Eddie Moon Jake Moon Michael Moon Nana Moon Spencer Moon Tyler Moon Trevor Morgan Rod Norman Andy O'Brien Mercy Olubunmi Ali Osman Mehmet Osman Sue Osman Steve Owen Annie Palmer George Palmer Lola Pearce Minty Peterson Frankie Pierre Paul Priestly Irene Raymond Louise Raymond Simon Raymond Terry Raymond Dennis Rickman Binnie Roberts Roly Willy Roper Matthew Rose Colin Russell Mandy Salter Trevor Short Lydia Simmonds Ethel Skinner Charlie Slater Sean Slater Zoe Slater Leon Small Babe Smith Gus Smith Mary Smith Dan Sullivan Gavin Sullivan Dawn Swann Celestine and Etta Tavernier Clyde Tavernier Hattie Tavernier Jules Tavernier Kelly Taylor Heather Trott Anthony Trueman Paul Trueman Yolande Trueman Owen Turner Angie Watts Chrissie Watts Den Watts Wellard Carl White Carly Wicks David Wicks Dean Wicks Joe Wicks Kevin Wicks Lorraine Wicks Simon Wicks Debbie Wilkins Cindy Williams James Willmott - Brown Willy May Wright Lists of characters By year : 1985 1986 2017 2018 Others : Flaherty family Dickens Hill inmates The Banned band members Characters from spin - offs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lynne_Hobbs&oldid=838104750 '' Categories : EastEnders characters Fictional characters introduced in 2000 Female characters in television Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Use dmy dates from March 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Gaeilge Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 23 : 33 . 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who was kat slater's sisters in eastenders

Lynne

Jessie Wallace

A Good Day to Die Hard - wikipedia A Good Day to Die Hard Jump to : navigation , search A Good Day to Die Hard Theatrical release poster Directed by John Moore Produced by Alex Young Wyck Godfrey Written by Skip Woods Based on Characters by Roderick Thorp Starring Bruce Willis Jai Courtney Sebastian Koch Rasha Bukvić Cole Hauser Yuliya Snigir Music by Marco Beltrami Cinematography Jonathan Sela Edited by Dan Zimmerman Production company Giant Pictures TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date January 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 31 ) ( Leicester Square ) February 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 14 ) ( United States ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Russian Budget $92 million Box office $304.7 million A Good Day to Die Hard is a 2013 American action thriller film and the fifth installment in the Die Hard film series . The film was directed by John Moore and written by Skip Woods , and stars Bruce Willis as John McClane . The main plot finds McClane travelling to Russia to get his estranged son , Jack , an undercover CIA agent , out of prison . He is soon caught in the crossfire of a global terrorist plot . Alongside Willis , the film also stars Jai Courtney , Cole Hauser , Yuliya Snigir and Sebastian Koch as the film 's villain . Talks of a fifth Die Hard film began before the release of the fourth installment , Live Free or Die Hard , with Willis affirming that the latter would not be the last in the series , but pre-production did not start until September 2011 , when John Moore was officially announced as the director . Filming began in April 2012 , primarily in Budapest , Hungary . A Good Day to Die Hard premiered in Los Angeles on January 31 , 2013 , coinciding with the unveiling of a Die Hard mural at the Fox Lot , and was released in certain East and Southeast Asian countries on February 7 and in the United States and Canada on February 13 . It is the first Die Hard film to use Dolby Atmos Surround Mixing and the first to also be released in IMAX theaters . A Good Day to Die Hard was a box office success but received overwhelmingly negative reviews for its implausible action sequences , cinematography , weak plot , cliched script , and lack of characterization , although the special effects were praised . It is the first film produced by TSG Entertainment , since distributor 20th Century Fox 's departure from Dune Entertainment upon the completion of their distribution contract at the end of 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Pre-production 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Home media 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In Moscow , Viktor Chagarin , a high - ranking , but corrupt , Russian official plans to incriminate former billionaire and government whistleblower Yuri Komarov in an imminent rigged trial unless Komarov hands over a secret file believed to contain evidence incriminating Chagarin . Separately , Jack McClane , who has been arrested after an assassination attempt , negotiates for a shorter sentence by offering to testify against Komarov . Meanwhile , Jack 's father , NYPD Detective John McClane , who has not been in touch with his son for several years , has learned his son is in trouble and , taken to the airport by his daughter Lucy McClane , flies to Russia to help . As John arrives and approaches the courthouse where Komarov is on trial , a bomb explosion , orchestrated by Chagarin 's henchman Alik , occurs in the courthouse and Jack breaks free with Komarov . Seeing his son , John confronts him , but their dispute is cut short as Alik and his men chase them in a US Cougar MRAP through the streets of Moscow . John , Jack , and Komarov manage to escape . Hiding in a safe house , John finds out that his son is a CIA officer and has been on an undercover operation for the past three years . Jack 's partner , Collins , demands the file 's location from Komarov so that the CIA can bring Chagarin down . Komarov eventually agrees on condition that he and his daughter are given safe passage out of Russia . Collins is eventually shot and killed while the McClanes and Komarov come under heavy gunfire from Chagarin 's men , but they escape . They make their way to a hotel in the city to fetch the key to the vault containing the file . There they meet up with Komarov 's daughter , Irina , as earlier planned . John grows suspicious of her shifty behavior , and is proven correct when Alik and his men burst in and tie John and Jack up , while Komarov is taken as a hostage , and Irina confesses to informing on them for the `` millions of dollars '' to be gained . Jack breaks free of his ties and kills the nearest guards using a Russian gun - knife , allowing the two to kill most of the men . Alik and Irina , with Komarov still their hostage , return in a Mil Mi - 24 helicopter and try to kill them , but the two escape a second time . That night , the two steal a car full of firearms and drive to Pripyat , Ukraine , where the vault with the file is located . However , Komarov , Irina , and Alik have preceded them . In a twist , the file is revealed never to have existed : the drawer with the file supposedly inside is in fact a secret passage to a Chernobyl vault containing € 1 billion worth of weapons - grade uranium . Once inside the vault , Komarov kills Alik and calls Chagarin to gloat and to listen as Chagarin is killed by a henchman of Komarov 's . At this point , John and Jack enter the vault , discover Komarov 's true plot , and capture him . Irina , with another henchman , comes to her father 's aid . As they attempt to escape , Jack follows Komarov , while John goes after Irina , who is escaping on a Mil Mi - 26 helicopter . Irina tries to protect her father by firing the helicopter 's guns at Jack . John is able to bring the helicopter out of balance by driving a truck out of the hangar section , still shackled by a chain , via the open rear ramp ; he is later thrown off into the building . Komarov remarks that Jack will get to watch his father die , prompting Jack to hurl him off the rooftop into the path of the spinning helicopter rotors , killing him . As Jack and John reunite inside the building , Irina tries to avenge her father by ramming the helicopter , now out of ammunition , into the building in a suicide attack . Father and son survive by leaping off the building into a large pool of water , as the helicopter crashes and explodes , killing Irina . In the end , the McClanes return home and reunite with Lucy on the tarmac . Cast ( edit ) Bruce Willis as John McClane Jai Courtney as John `` Jack '' McClane , Jr . Sebastian Koch as Yuri Komarov Yuliya Snigir as Irina Komarova Sergei Kolesnikov as Viktor Chagarin Radivoje Bukvić as Alik Mary Elizabeth Winstead as Lucy McClane Additional cast members include CIA operatives : Aldis Hodge as Lt. Foxy and Cole Hauser as Mike Collins . Amaury Nolasco appears as Murphy , an NYPD detective and McClane 's friend . Roman Luknár makes an apperance as Anton , a business associate of Chagarin . Ganxsta Zolee makes a brief cameo as a MRAP driver . Production ( edit ) Pre-production ( edit ) Production was formally announced in 2010 , with X-Men Origins : Wolverine and The A-Team writer Skip Woods confirmed as the film 's screenwriter . Noam Murro was originally attached to direct the film but left production to direct the 300 prequel , 300 : Rise of an Empire . John Moore was subsequently drafted in to replace him . The film was originally titled `` Die Hard 24 / 7 '' . The media speculated that the film would be a crossover between the Die Hard and 24 series , with Kiefer Sutherland to reprise his role as Jack Bauer alongside John McClane . This was never confirmed by the studio , and the film 's title was later revealed to be A Good Day to Die Hard -- with no further mention of any involvement from the 24 series -- with a release date of February 14 , 2013 . Casting ( edit ) Bruce Willis returned as John McClane , and has expressed a desire to shoot A Good Day to Die Hard and a sixth installment in the series before retiring the character . When casting the role of Jack McClane , the studios considered several actors , including Liam Hemsworth and James Badge Dale , before ultimately settling on Australian actor Jai Courtney . Mary Elizabeth Winstead also appeared in the film , reprising her role as McClane 's daughter Lucy . However all her scenes were cut from the Extended release . Sebastian Koch played the film 's primary antagonist , Yuri Komarov , while Yuliya Snigir and Cole Hauser featured as secondary characters Irina and Collins . The cast was completed by actors Amaury Nolasco as a friend of McClane , Pasha D. Lychnikoff as a taxi driver , and Megalyn Echikunwoke , Anne Vyalitsyna , and Ivan Kamaras in smaller roles . Filming ( edit ) Production began in Hungary in April 2012 , with the capital Budapest standing in for Moscow . A military shooting range near Hajmáskér was used for shooting live ammunition , while vehicular stunts were shot at the Hungaroring , a Formula One racing circuit in Mogyoród . In July 2012 , a fire broke out on the set while shooting an aerial stunt , though no one was injured and shooting resumed after a short delay . In creating the film 's visual style , Moore wanted the camera work to be almost entirely handheld , using three 4 Perforation 35mm Arri cameras equipped with long lenses to capture tight close - ups , for Moore explained , `` McClane is in a strange world , with little or no initial control over his environment . He 's unable to anticipate things as he normally might . He 's caught off guard , and we want the camera to mimic that surprise and confusion . '' Moore also chose to create as many of the film 's effects on camera as possible , only using visual effects to enhance elements or paint in backgrounds . Post-production ( edit ) A specially censored version was prepared for theatrical release in the United Kingdom , which was cut for language and violence in order to attain a 12A at the request of the distributors . The U.S. version is rated R and is uncut . The film 's audio was mixed in Dolby Atmos surround sound . In February 2013 , director Moore began work on a director 's cut , which was later released on Blu - ray . Soundtrack ( edit ) A Good Day to Die Hard : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Marco Beltrami Released February 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 19 ) Genre Film score Label Sony Classical Producer Marco Beltrami Marco Beltrami , who had composed the soundtrack for the previous film , Live Free or Die Hard , returned to score A Good Day to Die Hard . Beltrami again incorporates Michael Kamen 's material from the first three films into his score . Beltrami only had six weeks in which to write the music , and new scenes were still being shot as the music was being recorded . In the end , he wrote around 120 minutes of music , with 80 of those minutes making it into the final film . The soundtrack album was released on February 14 , 2013 digitally and in retailers by Sony Classical . Five orchestrators were involved : Pete Anthony , Jon Kull , Dana Niu , Rossana Galante , Andrew Kinny . The orchestra was conducted by Pete Anthony . The score was programmed by Buck Sanders , with additional music composed by Marcus Trumpp and Brandon Roberts . All music composed by Marco Beltrami . No . Title Length 1 . `` Yuri Says , `` привет '' '' 2 : 19 2 . `` Getting Yuri to the Van '' 2 : 14 3 . `` Jack Makes the Call '' 2 : 53 4 . `` Everyone to the Courthouse '' 3 : 09 5 . `` Court Adjourned '' 2 : 19 6 . `` Truckzilla ( Act 1 ) '' 3 : 38 7 . `` Yippie Kay Yay , Mother Russia ! '' 1 : 54 8 . `` Truckzilla ( Act 2 ) '' 2 : 00 9 . `` Father & Son '' 1 : 24 10 . `` To the Safe House '' 1 : 51 11 . `` Regroup '' 2 : 30 12 . `` Leaving the Safe House '' 1 : 59 13 . `` Getting to the Dance Floor '' 1 : 34 14 . `` Too Many Kolbasas on the Dance Floor '' 3 : 53 15 . `` What 's So Funny ? '' 2 : 30 16 . `` McClanes Get the Bird '' 3 : 00 17 . `` Scumbags '' 2 : 05 18 . `` Entering Chernobyl '' 4 : 07 19 . `` Into the Vault '' 2 : 17 20 . `` Rubbed Out at the Spa '' 2 : 07 21 . `` Sunshine Shootout '' 1 : 37 22 . `` Get to the Choppa ! '' 2 : 59 23 . `` Chopper Takedown '' 3 : 26 24 . `` It 's Hard to Kill a McClane '' 2 : 59 25 . `` Triple Vodka Rhapsody '' 1 : 55 26 . `` McClane 's Brain '' 2 : 00 Release ( edit ) # 46 TruSpeed Porsche GT3 during a race of the 2012 Supercup ( that ran as a support to the 2012 USGP ) promoting the release date on February 14 , 2013 . On January 31 , 2013 , 20th Century Fox held a special tribute to the 25th anniversary of the Die Hard series by unveiling a mural of a scene from Die Hard ( 1988 ) on Sound Stage 8 of the Fox Lot . Afterward , the premiere screening of A Good Day to Die Hard was shown . Two additional premieres were held in Europe leading up to the film 's commercial release : one in Berlin , Germany on February 4 and the second in London , England on February 7 . A Good Day to Die Hard was commercially released first in Indonesia on February 6 , 2013 , and then opened in certain East and Southeast Asian territories on February 7 . In the United States and Canada , the film was distributed to 2,328 theaters for night showings on February 13 . Select theaters also held a one - time special marathon of all Die Hard films to lead up to A Good Day to Die Hard 's nationwide release , with Bruce Willis making a personal appearance at one of these marathons in New York City to thank fans . The film then expanded to a total of 3,553 theaters , including IMAX theaters , on February 14 . Reception ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 14 % based on 219 reviews , with an average rating of 3.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A Good Day to Die Hard is the weakest entry in a storied franchise , and not even Bruce Willis ' smirking demeanor can enliven a cliched , uninspired script . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 28 out of 100 , based on 40 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . On both websites , the film ranked lowest among the Die Hard films . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale , the lowest score of the franchise . A.O. Scott of The New York Times described A Good Day to Die Hard as `` a handful of extended set pieces -- each more elaborate and therefore somehow less exciting than the last -- linked by a simple - minded plot and a handful of half - clever lines . '' Though complimenting the special effects , he criticizes the direction of John Moore , the lack of style , and writes that `` everything that made the first Die Hard memorable -- the nuances of character , the political subtext , the cowboy wit -- has been dumbed down or scrubbed away entirely . '' Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter expressed similar sentiments , particularly of the direction , for which he says that Moore `` has directed these sequences in a way that makes the incidents look so far - fetched and essentially unsurvivable that you can only laugh '' . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a 2 / 5 and remarked that it lacked `` inspiration '' , and that the onscreen rivalry of Willis and Courtney was `` more irritant than enticement . '' Richard Roeper , standing in for Roger Ebert on Ebert 's website , rated the film one and a half stars out of four , criticizing the implausibility of the action sequences , as well as the film 's lack of sufficient characterization for McClane and the villains as compared to the other films in the series . He says that `` McClane has been stripped of any real traces of an actual three - dimensional character , '' and that the film `` never giv ( es ) us a chance to get the least bit involved with any of these characters . '' Among the rare positive reviews , Robbie Collin for The Telegraph remarked that `` Yet even though the ride finally stalls , A Good Day To Die Hard has been thrustingly outrageous enough in its earlier moments to coast to the finish line on momentum . '' . Chris Tookey of the Daily Mail tabloid paper described the film as `` ... as stupid in its way as The Expendables 1 and Taken 2 , and nowhere near the quality of the first three Die Hards . But if you approach it as I did , in a mood for preposterous action and massive explosions , it does deliver escapist entertainment and it 's mercifully shorter than Die Hard 4 . In a week as bad as this in the cinema , it is the only new movie I would have paid to see . '' Tookey then gave the final verdict as being `` Entertaining , but dumb . '' along with a 3 / 5 star rating . Daniel M. Kimmel , writing for the New England Movies Weekly , found the film to be better than Live Free or Die Hard and states that the car chase scene `` is well worth the price of admission . '' With a 3.5 / 5 rating , Kimmel summed up his review saying , `` it 's probably a good day to end the series at last , but it 's an action - packed and entertaining finale . '' Rick Groen of The Globe and Mail criticized the action scenes as being `` messy '' , but concluded his review saying that the film `` continues the franchise without undue embarrassment . '' Peter Howell of The Toronto Star remarked that Willis and Courtney made a strong estranged family duo and that the film had a nice drinking game routine going for it with how many times McClane exclaims `` I 'm on vacation ! '' during the running time . Box Office ( edit ) A Good Day to Die Hard grossed $67,349,198 in North America and $237,304,984 in other territories for a worldwide total of $304,654,182 , collecting more than three times its $92 million budget . In North America , A Good Day to Die Hard grossed an estimated $840,000 from its night showings at 2,328 locations on Wednesday , February 13 , 2013 . The next day , at an additional 1,225 locations , the film managed to accumulate $8,239,116 , opening at # 2 behind Safe Haven . However , for the whole 4 - day Presidents ' Day weekend , A Good Day to Die Hard opened in first place with $28,640,657 , bringing its total at that point to $36,879,773 . Overseas , A Good Day to Die Hard grossed $10,860,000 in its first weekend . Opening in seven Asian markets at 1,182 locations a week before North America 's release ( February 6 -- 7 ) to take advantage of the Chinese New Year holiday , the majority of the film 's gross came from South Korea , with the film also setting a Fox record in Indonesia and a series record in Hong Kong . Home media ( edit ) A Good Day to Die Hard was released on DVD and Blu - ray on June 4 , 2013 . There is an extended cut that is only available on the Blu - ray version . It features a longer car chase through Moscow and some other slightly extended scenes . It also completely removes Lucy from the film . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` A Good Day to Die Hard ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . February 14 , 2013 . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Philip ( 2013 - 02 - 05 ) . `` A Good Mural to DIE HARD '' . Crave Online . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Good Day To Die Hard International Release Dates ' '' . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Good Day to Die Hard Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Good Day to Die Hard ( 2013 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CNET Networks . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` John Moore to Direct Dire Hard 5 '' . IFTN . Retrieved 2 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Die Hard 24 / 7 Originally Involved John McClane & Jack Bauer ? '' . firstshowing.net. 2010 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 2011 - 10 - 12 ) . `` Fox Moves Ahead With New ' Die Hard ' and ' Percy Jackson ' Films '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Willis Back For Two More Die Hard Movies '' . MovieHole.com . October 20 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Die Hard ' Search For Bruce Willis ' Son Down To Four Actors '' . Deadline Hollywood . 2011 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ' Die Hard 5 ' casts ' Spartacus ' star as John McClane 's son '' . Entertainment Weekly . 2012 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Mary Elizabeth Winstead to Return as John McClane 's Daughter in A Good Day To Die Hard '' . Collider.com. 2012 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.movie-censorship.com/report.php?ID=175700 ^ Jump up to : `` A Good Day to Die Hard ' Finds a Couple of Male and Female Villains '' . firstshowing.net. 2012 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Cole Hauser Joins Bruce Willis In A Good Day To Die Hard '' . deadline.com. 2012 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( 2012 - 05 - 14 ) . `` Latest in ' Die Hard ' series adds two '' . Variety . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` A Good Day to Die Hard Adds Anne Vyalitsyna '' . MovieWeb. 2012 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Willis Film Causes Traffic Restrictions In Budapest '' . www.xpatloop.com/. 2012 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` BorsOnline - Sztárhírek - Pletyka - Krimi - Politika - Sport - Celeb - Éles fegyverrel lőttek Bruce Willisék '' . Borsonline.hu. 2012 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Index - Kultúr - Éles lőszert használt Bruce Willis koptere '' . Index.hu. 2012 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Péter Farkas ( 8 May 2012 ) . `` Szalay Balázs hirtelen távozott a Hungaroring menedzsmentjéből '' ( Balázs Szalay suddenly quits the management of Hungaroring ) . f1hirek.hu ( in Hungarian ) . Budapest , Hungary : Origo Média és Kommunikációs Szolgáltató Zrt . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Real - Life Disaster Action ! Fire Erupts on Die Hard 5 Set '' . E ! Online . 2012 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` ' ARRI Rental Credits : A Good Day To Die Hard - Die Hard 5 2012 '' . arri - rental . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' A Good Day to Die Hard ' brings the action genre to the extreme '' . gmanetwork.com . Retrieved 25 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' A Good Day To Die Hard '' BBFC database entry `` . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Good Day to Die Hard ' to Get Dolby Atmos Mix '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 3 January 2013 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` John Moore Talks A Good Day To Die Hard - Empire Magazine '' . Jump up ^ `` Filmtracks : A Good Day to Die Hard ( Marco Beltrami ) '' . filmtracks.com . Jump up ^ `` Sony Classical to Release Marco Beltrami 's ' A Good Day to Die Hard ' Score '' . FILM MUSIC REPORTER. 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Good Day to Die Hard ' Soundtrack Details '' . filmmusicreporter. 18 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Good Day to Die Hard ' German Premiere '' . Yahoo . movies.yahoo.com . February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Good Day to Die Hard ' London premiere '' . SeattlePI.com . Hearst Communications Inc . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gregg Kilday ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` Box Office Report : ' Die Hard ' Collects $840,000 at Midnight Screenings '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Five - Film Die Hard Marathon Coming to Theaters February 13 '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline . January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ken Lombardi ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` Bruce Willis has `` A Good Day to Die Hard '' `` . CBS News . cbsnews.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ A.O. Scott ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` When Action Is the Family Business '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Todd McCarthy ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` A Good Day to Die Hard : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Turan ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` Movie Review : ' A Good Day to Die Hard ' an uninspired effort '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` A GOOD DAY TO DIE HARD ( R ) '' . rogerebert.suntimes.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Robbie Collin ( 14 February 2013 ) . `` Bruce Willis in A Good Day to Die Hard , review '' . Telegraph.co.uk . London . Jump up ^ `` A Good Day to Die Hard review : New Bruce Willis film is an explosive escape from reality - Daily Mail Online '' . Mail Online . London . February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daniel M. Kimmel ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` Review -- A Good Day To Die Hard '' . New England Movies Weekly . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rick Groen ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` A Good Day to Die Hard : More messy than hard , but not dead yet '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Good Day to Die Hard review : Feel the love '' . thestar.com . Toronto . 14 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` February 15 - 18 , 2013 '' . Box Office Mojo . February 19 , 2013 . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rick Groen ( February 10 , 2013 ) . `` Foreign Box Office : ' Django Unchained ' Remains No. 1 , But ' Die Hard ' Steals Weekend '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Good Day to Die Hard Blu - ray Blu - ray + DVD + Digital Copy '' . March 21 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website A Good Day to Die Hard on IMDb A Good Day to Die Hard at Box Office Mojo A Good Day to Die Hard at Rotten Tomatoes A Good Day to Die Hard at Metacritic Die Hard Films Die Hard Die Hard 2 Die Hard with a Vengeance Live Free or Die Hard A Good Day to Die Hard Characters John McClane Video games Die Hard Die Hard Arcade Die Hard Trilogy Die Hard Trilogy 2 : Viva Las Vegas Die Hard : Nakatomi Plaza Die Hard : Vendetta Other Die Hard : Year One The Detective novel film Nothing Lasts Forever 58 Minutes Dynamite Cop Val Verde Roderick Thorp Films directed by John Moore Behind Enemy Lines ( 2001 ) Flight of the Phoenix ( 2004 ) The Omen ( 2006 ) Max Payne ( 2008 ) A Good Day to Die Hard ( 2013 ) I.T. ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Good_Day_to_Die_Hard&oldid=836526640 '' Categories : 2013 films 2010s action thriller films 2010s sequel films American action thriller films American films American sequel films Central Intelligence Agency in fiction Die Hard ( film series ) English - language films Films scored by Marco Beltrami Films about families Films about nuclear war and weapons Films about terrorism Films directed by John Moore Films set in Moscow Films set in New York City Films set in Ukraine Films set in Washington , D.C. Films shot in Budapest IMAX films Russian - language films TSG Entertainment films Hidden categories : CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 09 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

the cast of a good day to die hard

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Category : Bodies of water of Uruguay - wikipedia Help Category : Bodies of water of Uruguay Jump to : navigation , search Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bodies of water in Uruguay . This category has the following 4 subcategories , out of 4 total . ► Bays of Uruguay ‎ ( 1 P ) ► Lakes of Uruguay ‎ ( 5 P ) ► Rivers of Uruguay ‎ ( 2 C , 35 P ) ► Springs of Uruguay ‎ ( 1 P ) Pages in category `` Bodies of water of Uruguay '' This category contains only the following page . This list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) . Bay of Montevideo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Bodies_of_water_of_Uruguay&oldid=756422847 '' Categories : Landforms of Uruguay Bodies of water by country Water in Uruguay Bodies of water of South America by country Talk Help About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch فارسی 한국어 Magyar Português Türkçe اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 24 December 2016 , at 03 : 52 . About Wikipedia

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Super Bowl XXXIX - wikipedia Super Bowl XXXIX Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl XXXIX New England Patriots ( AFC ) Philadelphia Eagles ( NFC ) 24 21 Total NE 0 7 7 10 24 PHI 0 7 7 7 21 Date February 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 06 ) Stadium Alltel Stadium , Jacksonville , Florida MVP Deion Branch , Wide Receiver Favorite Patriots by 7 Referee Terry McAulay Attendance 78,125 Future Hall of Famers Patriots : None Eagles : Brian Dawkins , Terrell Owens Ceremonies National anthem The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy , the U.S. Naval Academy , the U.S. Air Force Academy , and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy , and U.S. Army Herald Trumpets . Coin toss Youth football players from Jacksonville : Tyler Callahan , Tyler Deal , Lawrence McCauley , and Jacob Santana ; New Orleans NFL Junior Player Development coach Tamaris Jackson Halftime show Paul McCartney TV in the United States Network Fox Announcers Joe Buck , Troy Aikman , Cris Collinsworth , Pam Oliver and Chris Myers Nielsen ratings 41.1 ( est. 86 million viewers ) Market share 62 Cost of 30 - second commercial $2.3 million ← XXXVIII Super Bowl XL → Super Bowl XXXIX was an American football game played between the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion New England Patriots and the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Philadelphia Eagles to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 2004 season . The Patriots defeated the Eagles by the score of 24 -- 21 . The game was played on February 6 , 2005 , at Alltel Stadium in Jacksonville , Florida , the first time the Super Bowl was played in that city . The Patriots , who entered the Super Bowl after compiling a 14 -- 2 regular season record , became the first team since the 1997 -- 1998 Denver Broncos to win consecutive Super Bowls . New England also became the second team after the Dallas Cowboys to win three Super Bowls in four years . The Eagles were making their second Super Bowl appearance after posting a 13 -- 3 regular season record . The game was close throughout , with the teams battling to a 14 -- 14 tie by the end of the third quarter . The Patriots then scored 10 points in the 4th quarter with Corey Dillon 's 2 - yard touchdown run and Adam Vinatieri 's 22 - yard field goal . The Eagles then cut their deficit to 24 -- 21 , with quarterback Donovan McNabb 's 30 - yard touchdown pass to receiver Greg Lewis , with 1 : 48 remaining in the game but could not sustain the comeback . Overall , New England forced four turnovers , while Patriots wide receiver Deion Branch was named Super Bowl MVP for recording 133 receiving yards and tied the Super Bowl record with 11 catches . To avoid the possibility of an incident similar to the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show during the previous year , the league selected Paul McCartney as a `` safe '' choice to perform during Super Bowl XXXIX 's halftime . The broadcast of the game on Fox was watched by an estimated 86 million viewers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Patriots seek to become a dynasty 1.2 Eagles return to the Super Bowl 1.3 Playoffs 1.4 Super Bowl pregame news 2 Television and entertainment 2.1 Pregame ceremonies 2.2 Halftime show 2.3 Theme 2.4 Presidential appearances 3 Game summary 3.1 First Quarter 3.2 Second Quarter 3.3 Third Quarter 3.4 Fourth Quarter 3.5 Box score 3.6 Statistical overview 4 Aftermath 5 Final statistics 5.1 Statistical comparison 5.2 Individual leaders 6 Starting lineups 7 Commercials 8 Player bonuses 9 Officials 10 Notes and references 11 External links Background ( edit ) The field of Super Bowl XXXIX before kickoff NFL owners voted to award Super Bowl XXXIX to Jacksonville during their November 1 , 2000 meeting held in Atlanta . Patriots seek to become a dynasty ( edit ) Main article : 2004 New England Patriots season New England finished the regular season with a record of 14 -- 2 , bested only by the Steelers ' 15 -- 1 mark , and ranking 7th in yards gained ( 5,773 ) and fourth in points scored ( 437 ) . The Patriots ' major acquisition prior to the season was veteran running back Corey Dillon , who joined the team after playing 7 seasons with the Cincinnati Bengals . In his first 6 seasons in the league , Dillon averaged over 1,250 rushing yards per year , including setting a single - game rushing record ( 278 yards , but has since been broken ) against the Denver Broncos on October 22 , 2000 . In 2003 , however , injuries , conflicts with the Bengals ' management and coaching staff , and other off - field problems limited him to just 541 yards during the season . By the end of the 2003 season , Dillon had lost his starting job to running back Rudi Johnson , and thus demanded to be traded . Although many observers questioned how effective the 30 - year - old Dillon would be after recovering from his injuries as well as his ability to function in a team environment , the Patriots decided to sign the running back in exchange for a second - round draft pick . Dillon became a significant offensive weapon for the 2004 Patriots , recording 1,635 rushing yards ( franchise record ) and 12 touchdowns , both career highs , and was named to the Pro Bowl for the fourth time in his career . He also caught 15 passes for 103 yards and another touchdown . His contributions helped lead the team to break the NFL record for the most consecutive regular season victories ( 18 ) , the record for the most consecutive overall victories ( 21 ) and earned the second best regular season record during the year at 14 -- 2 . The team 's only losses during the year were to the Pittsburgh Steelers , who ended up with the league 's best regular season record at 15 -- 1 , and a 29 -- 28 loss to the Miami Dolphins on ABC 's Monday Night Football . Another weapon in the Patriots ' offensive backfield was running back Kevin Faulk , who rushed for 255 yards , recorded 26 receptions for 248 yards , returned 20 punts for 113 yards , returned 4 kickoffs for 73 yards , and scored 3 total touchdowns . Fullback Patrick Pass also emerged as a big contributor , rushing for 141 yards , catching 28 passes for 215 yards , and gaining another 115 yards on kickoff returns . Pro Bowl quarterback Tom Brady remained at the helm of the Patriots offense , completing 288 out of 474 ( 60.8 percent ) of his passes for 3,692 yards , 28 touchdowns , and 14 interceptions . Although wide receiver Deion Branch , New England 's major deep threat , missed most of the season because of injuries , he did record 35 receptions for 454 yards and 4 touchdowns . Wide receiver David Givens ended up being the team 's leading receiver with 56 catches for 874 yards and 3 touchdowns . Wide receiver David Patten also contributed with 44 receptions for 800 yards and 7 touchdowns , and tight end Daniel Graham had 30 receptions for 364 yards and 7 touchdowns . On special teams , pro bowl kicker Adam Vinatieri had the best season of his career , leading the NFL in field goals made ( 31 ) , field goal percentage ( 93.9 ) and scoring ( 141 points ) On defense , the Patriots were plagued by injuries , especially in their secondary . Defensive backs Tyrone Poole and Ty Law suffered season - ending injuries , while safety Eugene Wilson , who led the team with 4 interceptions , missed several games . In order to compensate for the losses , the following players were promoted to starters : Rookie cornerback Randall Gay , who did not play at all in the first 3 games of the season , and did not start until the 6th week . Cornerback Asante Samuel , who normally only played in dime formations . Safety Earthwind Moreland , who came off of the team 's practice squad and had only played in three games in his entire 5 - year NFL career . Veteran wide receiver Troy Brown . Head Coach Bill Belichick used Brown in the secondary during training camp , gave him playing time there during the preseason and saw Brown did very well . With their patchwork secondary , the Patriots ranked just 17th in passing yards allowed ( 3,400 ) and 22nd in completions allowed ( 315 ) . However , they did rank 7th in interceptions ( 20 ) and 10th in fewest passing touchdowns allowed ( 18 ) . Most importantly , New England continued to win despite the injuries . Brown actually turned out to be very effective playing as a defensive back , ranking second on the team with 3 interceptions . Safety Rodney Harrison was also an impact player , leading the team with 138 tackles while also recording 3 sacks and 2 interceptions . Up front , the Patriots ' defensive line was anchored by Pro Bowler Richard Seymour , who recorded 5 sacks and 1 fumble recovery . New England also still had their trio of impact veteran linebackers : Pro Bowler Tedy Bruschi ( 122 tackles , 3.5 sacks , 3 interceptions , and 70 return yards ) , Willie McGinest ( 9.5 sacks , 1 fumble recovery , and 1 interception ) , and Mike Vrabel ( 71 tackles and 5.5 sacks ) , along with Ted Johnson . Vrabel also frequently played at the tight end position during offensive plays near the opponent 's goal line , recording 2 touchdown receptions . Eagles return to the Super Bowl ( edit ) Main article : 2004 Philadelphia Eagles season The Eagles gained the 2004 NFC Super Bowl berth after 3 consecutive defeats in the NFC Championship Game to the St. Louis Rams , Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( who won Super Bowl XXXVII that year ) , and Carolina Panthers , respectively . The Eagles hired Andy Reid as their head coach in 1999 following two straight losing seasons . That same year , they used their first - round pick in the NFL draft ( the second overall ) to select quarterback Donovan McNabb . Although they finished the 1999 regular season with a 5 -- 11 record , they became a playoff team in 2000 , with McNabb throwing for 3,365 yards and 21 touchdowns while also rushing for 629 yards and another 6 touchdowns . The Eagles achieved the best regular season record in the conference during the combined 2001 , 2002 , and 2003 seasons with a total of 35 wins out of 48 games , but lost the NFC Championship Game in each of those 3 years . Prior to the 2004 season , the Eagles traded for wide receiver Terrell Owens to be the impact player to help get them to the Super Bowl . Owens joined the team after 8 seasons with the San Francisco 49ers . He was considered one of the top receivers in the league , but he was also widely considered a troublemaker because of controversial touchdown celebrations and his tendency to berate his teammates during media interviews . Nevertheless , Owens became the Eagles ' deep - ball threat , finishing the season with 77 receptions for 1,200 yards and 14 touchdowns . McNabb had the best season of his career in 2004 , completing 300 out of 469 ( 64 percent ) passes for 3,875 yards , 31 touchdowns , and 8 interceptions , making him the first quarterback to ever throw for more than 30 touchdowns and fewer than 10 interceptions in a season . He also rushed for 220 yards and 3 touchdowns . Wide receiver Todd Pinkston was also a reliable target , recording 36 catches for 676 yards . Philadelphia 's running game was not as strong as their passing attack , ranking just 24th in the league in rushing yards ( 1,639 ) . Running back Brian Westbrook led the team with 812 rushing yards and 3 touchdowns , however he also led all NFL running backs in receiving with 73 receptions for 706 yards and 6 touchdowns . Veteran running back Dorsey Levens was also a big contributor with 410 rushing yards . The Eagles ' offensive line was led by Pro Bowl tackles Tra Thomas and Jon Runyan and center Hank Fraley . Three of their four starters in the defensive secondary were named to the Pro Bowl : Cornerback Lito Sheppard ( 1 sack , 5 interceptions , 172 return yards and 2 touchdowns ) , safety Michael Lewis ( 88 tackles , 2 forced fumbles , 1 sack , and 1 interception ) and safety Brian Dawkins ( 3 sacks , 2 forced fumbles , 1 fumble recovery , and 4 interceptions for 40 return yards ) , while their fourth starter , cornerback Sheldon Brown , also enjoyed a solid year ( 89 tackles , 3 sacks , 1 forced fumble , and 2 interceptions ) . Their defensive line was anchored by Pro Bowl defensive tackle Corey Simon ( 5.5 sacks ) and defensive ends Jevon Kearse ( 7.5 sacks , Pro Bowl ) and Derrick Burgess . Pro Bowl middle linebacker Jeremiah Trotter , who only started 9 games , recorded 69 tackles and 1 sack . The Eagles started the 2004 regular season with seven straight wins before suffering a loss to the 15 - 1 Steelers . After that , they finished the season with a 13 -- 3 record . Their only other 2 losses were in their last 2 games of the season , when they decided to rest all of their starters because they had already clinched the NFC # 1 seed , and thus home - field advantage in the playoffs . However , during a December 19 , 12 -- 7 win over the Dallas Cowboys , Owens was seriously injured on a `` horse - collar tackle '' by Cowboys defensive back Roy Williams and had to miss the rest of the regular season and the playoffs . Playoffs ( edit ) Main article : 2004 -- 05 NFL playoffs Despite the loss of Owens , the Eagles beat the Minnesota Vikings , 27 -- 14 , and the Atlanta Falcons , 27 -- 10 , in the playoffs with relative ease . McNabb recorded 21 out of 33 completions for 286 yards and two touchdowns , while receiver Freddie Mitchell scored two touchdowns in the victory over the Vikings . Although Minnesota quarterback Daunte Culpepper threw for 316 yards , the Eagles defense recorded 2 interceptions , 2 sacks , and a forced fumble . McNabb then completed 17 out of 26 passes for 180 yards and two touchdowns in the win over the Falcons . The Eagles defense held dual - threat quarterback Michael Vick to only 136 passing yards , 26 rushing yards , and no touchdowns , while also recording an interception , 4 sacks , and a forced fumble on Vick . McNabb had an average passer rating of 111.3 in the two games , with 466 passing yards , 35 rushing yards , 4 touchdowns , and no turnovers . Safety Brian Dawkins was also an important player , recording a sack and a forced fumble against the Vikings , followed by an interception and a forced fumble against the Falcons in the NFC Championship Game . Meanwhile , the Patriots defeated the Indianapolis Colts , 20 -- 3 , holding the league 's highest scoring team with 522 total points to just one field goal , Indianapolis ' lowest point total since their opening game of the 2003 season . Colts quarterback Peyton Manning threw for 4,557 yards during the regular season , and set NFL records for most touchdown passes in a regular season ( 49 ) and highest quarterback rating ( 121.4 ) . Running back Edgerrin James gained 2,031 combined rushing and receiving yards and scored 9 touchdowns . Wide receivers Marvin Harrison , Reggie Wayne , and Brandon Stokley each recorded over 1,000 receiving yards and 10 touchdowns . However , the Patriots limited Manning to 238 passing yards with 1 interception and no touchdowns , and James to just 39 rushing yards . The Patriots also held possession of the ball for 37 : 43 , including 21 : 26 in the second half , and recorded three long scoring drives that each took over 7 minutes off the clock . One reason New England was able to hold the ball so long was because of Dillon 's rushing . He finished the game with 23 carries for 144 yards and 5 receptions for 17 yards . The Patriots then defeated the first seeded Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Championship Game , 41 -- 27 . Although Pittsburgh had beaten New England , 34 -- 20 , during the regular season and led the league in fewest total yards allowed , they could not stop the Patriots . Brady threw for 207 yards and 2 touchdowns ; Dillon rushed for 73 yards and a touchdown ; and Branch , who was coming off of his injuries , recorded 4 receptions for 116 yards and a touchdown , along with 37 rushing yards and another touchdown on 2 carries . Steelers quarterback Ben Roethlisberger ( who had struggled the previous week against the New York Jets ) was intercepted 3 times , and running back Jerome Bettis , Pittsburgh 's leading rusher , was held to just 64 yards . Super Bowl pregame News ( edit ) Owens was cleared to play in Super Bowl XXXIX , defying doctors orders by playing on his injured ankle containing 2 screws and a metal plate . The other major story was the Patriots ' potential loss of both their offensive coordinator and defensive coordinator at the end of the season , and how it might affect the team in 2005 . On December 12 , 2004 , about a month and a half before the game , New England offensive coordinator Charlie Weis signed a contract to become the head coach of Notre Dame starting in the 2005 season . Rumors were also circulating that defensive coordinator Romeo Crennel would also leave the team to become the head coach of the Cleveland Browns ( which ended up being true as Crennel and the Browns agreed to a contract a couple of weeks after the Super Bowl ) . Due to injuries at the tight end spot , the Eagles were forced to sign Jeff Thomason , a former tight end who was working construction at the time , to a one - game contract for the Super Bowl . Thomason saw time during several plays , although never had a ball thrown his way . This was his third Super Bowl , playing in two with the Green Bay Packers during Andy Reid 's days as a Packer assistant . With this appearance the Patriots became the 8th team to make it to the Super Bowl for the 5th time . They joined the Dallas Cowboys , Denver Broncos , Pittsburgh Steelers , San Francisco 49ers , Miami Dolphins , Washington Redskins , and Oakland / Los Angeles Raiders . They would be joined by the Green Bay Packers in 2011 and the New York Giants in 2012 . The Eagles were trying to win their first NFL title since 1960 and the first championship for the city of Philadelphia since Moses Malone 's `` fo ' , fi ' , fo ' '' during the 76ers run to the 1983 NBA Championship . With President George W. Bush being inaugurated for a second time in January , the Eagles were also trying to end a losing streak -- teams in the city of Philadelphia had lost six straight championships during presidential inauguration years , beginning with the 76ers loss in 1977 . The streak included the Eagles in Super Bowl XV in 1981 . 1989 was not included in that streak , but 1977 , 1981 , 1985 ( Flyers ) , 1993 ( Phillies ) , 1997 ( Flyers ) , and 2001 ( 76ers ) were . Television and entertainment ( edit ) The game was televised in the United States by Fox , with play - by - play announcer Joe Buck and color commentators Cris Collinsworth and Troy Aikman . Pam Oliver ( Patriots sideline ) and Chris Myers ( Eagles sideline ) served as sideline reporters . This marked the first time since Super Bowl I that none of the network commentators had ever called a Super Bowl game before ( although Collinsworth had worked three prior Super Bowl telecasts as a pregame analyst ) . This was the last game that Cris Collinsworth broadcast as a member of the Fox NFL team , as he chose to sign with NBC in the following off - season . James Brown hosted all the events with help from his fellow Fox NFL Sunday cast members Terry Bradshaw , Howie Long , and Jimmy Johnson . Jillian Barberie served as weather and entertainment reporter . Following the game , Fox aired a special episode of The Simpsons ( `` Homer and Ned 's Hail Mary Pass '' ) and the series premiere of American Dad ! ( `` Pilot '' ) , except in Philadelphia and Boston , where local newscasts delayed the premieres by an hour . Pregame ceremonies ( edit ) Before the game , performances came from the Black Eyed Peas , Earth Wind & Fire , Charlie Daniels , John Fogerty , and Gretchen Wilson . Shortly before kickoff , Alicia Keys sang `` America the Beautiful , '' paying tribute to Ray Charles , who died in June 2004 . The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy , the U.S. Naval Academy , the U.S. Air Force Academy , and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy ( including members of The Idlers ) sang the national anthem accompanied by the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets . This was the first time in more than 30 years that all four service academies sang together -- the last time was at the second inauguration of President Richard Nixon in 1973 . The traditional military missing man formation flyby was this year performed by a pair of F / A-18 Super Hornets from VFA - 106 at NAS Oceana and a pair of the Air Force 's newest fighters , the F - 22 Raptor , flying from Tyndall AFB , the training base for the Raptor . The earlier military flyby during the veterans ' salute was conducted by 2 T - 6 Texan trainers and a B - 25 Mitchell bomber . The coin toss ceremony featured youth football players from Jacksonville : Tyler Callahan , Tyler Deal , Lawrence McCauley , and Jacob Santana ; and New Orleans NFL Junior Player Development coach Tamaris Jackson . They were billed as the first non-celebrities to participate in the coin toss . For the third straight year , each team took the field en masse , following a tradition the Patriots had started in Super Bowl XXXVI . In prerecorded video segments , Andover , Massachusetts native Michael Chiklis introduced the Patriots , and Philadelphia - born Will Smith introduced the Eagles . Halftime show ( edit ) Paul McCartney performed during the halftime show Paul McCartney performed during the halftime show ; his selection by the NFL , the show 's producers , Don Mischer Productions , and the show 's sponsor , Ameriquest Mortgage , was considered to be a `` safe '' choice , as it avoided the possibility for an incident similar to that which sparked the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy the previous year . McCartney 's set consisted of these songs : `` Drive My Car '' `` Get Back '' `` Live and Let Die '' from his career with Wings . `` Hey Jude '' Theme ( edit ) Taking the concept a step further , for the first time , a theme was tied to the event : Building Bridges , as symbolized by the theme logo , represented by the Main Street Bridge , one of the seven bridges that crosses over the St. Johns River in the host city , and according to the League , symbolized the bridging of a nation under the NFL football umbrella . The theme was also used by Jacksonville - area nonprofit Fresh Ministries in a major event entitled `` Bridges of Peace , '' featuring city officials asking the people to unite for the Super Bowl and heal the wounds of segregation . Presidential appearances ( edit ) Former Presidents George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton appeared in support of their bipartisan effort to raise money for relief of the December 26 , 2004 tsunami in southeast Asia through the USA Freedom Corps , an action which former President Bush described as `` transcending politics . '' Game Summary ( edit ) The Eagles on offense First quarter ( edit ) On the first drive of the game , Eagles quarterback Donovan McNabb fumbled while being sacked by New England linebacker Willie McGinest , and the Patriots recovered the ball at Philadelphia 's 34 - yard line . Fortunately for the Eagles , coach Andy Reid 's instant replay challenge overruled the fumble ; officials ruled that McNabb had been down by contact before the ball came out of his hands . Later in the quarter after each team had punted twice , McNabb completed a 30 - yard pass to Terrell Owens , with a roughing the passer penalty adding 9 yards , moving the ball inside the Patriots 20 - yard line . However , linebacker Mike Vrabel sacked McNabb for a 16 - yard loss on the next play . On the following play , the Eagles once again appeared to turn the ball over : McNabb 's pass was intercepted in the end zone by Patriots defensive back Asante Samuel , but it was nullified by an illegal contact penalty on linebacker Roman Phifer , moving the ball back inside the 20 and giving the Eagles a first down . However , McNabb 's second chance was wasted as he threw an interception to safety Rodney Harrison on the next play . This was Donovan McNabb 's first red zone interception of the season . The Eagles defense then forced New England to a three - and - out on their ensuing possession , and Philadelphia got great field position by receiving the punt at the Patriots 45 - yard line . But once again , they gave up another turnover : tight end L.J. Smith lost a fumble while being tackled by defensive back Randall Gay , and Eugene Wilson recovered the ball at the 38 . Brady takes the snap Brady throws a pass Second quarter ( edit ) The Eagles defense once again forced New England to punt , and got the ball back at their own 19 - yard line . Aided by a pair of completions from McNabb to wide receiver Todd Pinkston for gains of 17 and 40 yards , the Eagles drove 81 yards in nine plays and scored on McNabb 's six - yard touchdown pass to Tight End LJ Smith , taking a 7 -- 0 lead with 9 : 55 left in the second quarter . It was the first time New England trailed during the entire postseason . On their ensuing drive , the Patriots moved the ball to the Eagles four - yard line , mainly on plays by running back Corey Dillon , who caught two screen passes for 29 yards and rushed for 25 . But quarterback Tom Brady fumbled the ball on a fake handoff Play - action pass and Philadelphia defender Darwin Walker recovered it . However , the Eagles could not take advantage of the turnover and had to punt after 3 plays . Eagles punter Dirk Johnson 's punt went just 29 yards , giving the Patriots the ball at Philadelphia 's 37 - yard line . The Patriots then drove 37 yards to score on Brady 's 4 - yard pass to receiver David Givens with 1 : 10 remaining in the period , tying the game 7 -- 7 by halftime . It was only the second halftime tie in Super Bowl history and the first time both of the game 's first two quarters ended tied . Third quarter ( edit ) On the opening drive of the second half , Patriots wide receiver Deion Branch caught 4 passes for 71 yards on a drive that ended with Brady 's 2 - yard touchdown pass to Vrabel , who lined up at the tight end spot on the play . The Eagles later tied the game with 3 : 39 left in the third period with a 74 - yard , 10 - play drive that was capped by McNabb 's 10 - yard touchdown pass to running back Brian Westbrook . For the first time in Super Bowl history , the game was tied going into the fourth quarter . Fourth quarter ( edit ) Early in the final period , the Patriots put together a 9 - play , 66 - yard scoring drive that was keyed by 3 plays from running back Kevin Faulk , who caught 2 passes for 27 combined yards and rushed once for 12 . Dillon capped off the drive with a 2 - yard touchdown run to give the Patriots a 21 -- 14 lead . Then after forcing another Eagles punt , Branch made a spectacular catch , taking the ball out of the hands of cornerback Sheldon Brown . The 19 yard gain , and a roughing - the - passer penalty on Philadelphia defensive lineman Corey Simon on the same play , set up kicker Adam Vinatieri 's 22 - yard field goal with 8 : 43 left in the game to increase the score 24 -- 14 in favor of New England . In all three Patriots ' Super Bowl wins in the decade , they held a double digit lead in the 4th quarter . The Eagles responded with a long McNabb completion to Owens . However , after reaching the New England 36 - yard line , McNabb fired a pass over the head of Dorsey Levens , where Tedy Bruschi was waiting to intercept it at the Patriots 24 - yard line . At this point , there was only 7 : 20 to play in the game , with the Patriots still up by 10 points . The Eagles did force New England to punt , and got the ball back at their own 21 - yard line , but with 5 : 40 left in the game . The Eagles then drove 79 yards in 13 plays , however they used a full huddle for the entire drive . McNabb 's 30 - yard touchdown pass to receiver Greg Lewis cut the deficit to 24 - 21 . Because the Eagles used a full huddle , the drive consumed 3 : 52 of the clock , and only 1 : 48 remained in the game by the time Lewis scored . Because of this , many sportswriters later criticized the Eagles for not immediately going to a no - huddle offense at the start of the possession . Anecdotal reports later came out alleging that McNabb was suffering from dry - heaves , and teammates Jon Ritchie and Lito Sheppard have gone on record years later that McNabb was suffering from dry - heaves or vomiting , though no video evidence exists and the stories have not been confirmed . Hank Fraley said in an interview the day after the game that McNabb was `` almost puking '' due to two large hits from Tedy Bruschi and Jarvis Green on back - to - back plays . McNabb himself denies that he was vomiting or dry - heaving during the final drive , and Brian Westbrook later claimed that McNabb was merely `` coughing . '' The Eagles failed to recover their ensuing onside kick attempt , with Christian Fauria catching the ball cleanly and sliding down to seal possession for New England . The Patriots then played it safe by running the ball 3 times and forcing Philadelphia to use all of its timeouts . New England punter Josh Miller then pinned the Eagles back at their own 4 - yard line with just 46 seconds left in the game . Philadelphia then tried one last desperate drive to win or tie the game . But on first down , McNabb was pressured into making a rushed pass to Westbrook at the line of scrimmage . Instead of dropping the pass to stop the clock , Westbrook made the mistake of catching the ball and was immediately tackled for no gain , keeping the clock running and forcing the Eagles to run back to the line of scrimmage for their next play with no huddle . On second down , McNabb threw an incomplete pass intended for Owens . Finally on third down , McNabb threw a pass that deflected off of the outstretched fingertips of Smith and into the arms of Harrison for an interception with nine seconds left . Tom Brady took a knee to run out the clock , clinching the 3rd Super Bowl title in 4 years for the Patriots , and in the eyes of many establishing themselves as a dynasty . Adam Vinatieri warms up before the game An Eagles offensive play Philadelphia kicks off after scoring a touchdown Brian Westbrook 's touchdown catch ( photo 1 of 2 ) Brian Westbrook 's touchdown catch ( photo 2 of 2 ) Box score ( edit ) Super Bowl XXXIX : New England Patriots 24 , Philadelphia Eagles 21 Total Patriots ( AFC ) 0 7 7 10 24 Eagles ( NFC ) 0 7 7 7 21 at Alltel Stadium , Jacksonville , Florida Date : February 6 , 2005 Game time : 6 : 38 p.m. EST Game weather : 59 ° F ( 15 ° C ) , clear ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP NE PHI 9 : 55 9 81 4 : 36 PHI L.J. Smith 6 - yard touchdown reception from Donovan McNabb , David Akers kick good 0 7 1 : 10 7 37 3 : 15 NE David Givens 4 - yard touchdown reception from Tom Brady , Adam Vinatieri kick good 7 7 11 : 04 9 69 3 : 56 NE Mike Vrabel 2 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Vinatieri kick good 14 7 3 : 35 10 74 4 : 17 PHI Brian Westbrook 10 - yard touchdown reception from McNabb , Akers kick good 14 14 13 : 44 9 66 4 : 51 NE Corey Dillon 2 - yard touchdown run , Vinatieri kick good 21 14 8 : 40 8 43 3 : 49 NE 22 - yard field goal by Vinatieri 24 14 1 : 48 13 79 3 : 52 PHI Greg Lewis 30 - yard touchdown reception from McNabb , Akers kick good 24 21 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 24 21 Statistical overview ( edit ) The Patriots score their second touchdown of the game McNabb completed 30 out of 51 passes for 357 yards and 3 touchdowns , but threw 3 interceptions and was sacked four times . McNabb 's 357 yards are tied with Joe Montana for the fifth most in Super Bowl history and third most of any quarterback , as Tom Brady holds the top spot with 505 yards in Super Bowl LII and Kurt Warner holds the following 3 spots . Westbrook was the Eagles leading rusher with 44 yards , while also catching 6 passes for 70 yards and a touchdown and returning 3 punts for 19 yards . Pinkston caught 4 passes for 82 yards , while Owens was the Eagles ' top receiver with 9 catches for 122 yards , however neither of them scored a touchdown . Brady completed 23 out of 33 passes for 236 yards and 2 touchdowns . Dillon was the top rusher of the game with 75 yards and a touchdown , and had 3 catches for 31 yards . Running back Kevin Faulk contributed 38 rushing yards and 27 receiving yards . Branch 's Super Bowl record 11 catches tied Cincinnati Bengals ' Dan Ross in Super Bowl XVI and San Francisco 49ers ' Jerry Rice in Super Bowl XXIII . Coincidentally , all three would later be traded to the Seattle Seahawks : Ross in 1985 , Rice in 2004 and Branch in 2006 . Branch 's combined 21 catches in Super Bowls XXXVIII and XXXIX are the most in back - to - back Super Bowls . Branch also became the third offensive player ever to win Super Bowl MVP honors without scoring a touchdown or throwing a touchdown pass . The other two players were Joe Namath in Super Bowl III and Fred Biletnikoff in Super Bowl XI . Branch and Terrell Owens each had 100 yards receiving , marking the third time in Super Bowl history , one player from each team had over 100 yards in a Super Bowl . Michael Irvin and Andre Reed were the first in Super Bowl XXVII , and Branch and Muhsin Muhammad the second a year earlier in Super Bowl XXXVIII . Branch also became the fourth player to have at least 100 yards receiving in back - to - back Super Bowls , joining John Stallworth , Jerry Rice and Antonio Freeman . Also , Mike Vrabel and David Givens became just the 14th and 15th players to score a touchdown in consecutive Super Bowls . Vrabel is the most surprising person on this list because he is a linebacker and he scored his on offense . They also became just the 7th and 8th players to catch a touchdown in back - to - back Super Bowls . With the victory , Tom Brady became just the fourth quarterback to win at least three Super Bowls , along with Terry Bradshaw , Joe Montana and Troy Aikman . Brady also became the fourth quarterback to throw a touchdown pass in three different Super Bowls . Other quarterbacks to do it were Terry Bradshaw , Joe Montana and John Elway , with Kurt Warner later accomplishing the feat during Super Bowl XLIII . The Patriots joined the Dallas Cowboys as the only teams in NFL history to win three Super Bowls in a span of four years . Aftermath ( edit ) The Patriots ' Super Bowl win was the third championship for Boston - area sports teams in 12 months , following the Patriots winning Super Bowl XXXVIII the year before and the Red Sox winning the World Series -- first in 86 years -- three months earlier . This marked the first time since 1989 -- 1990 in the San Francisco Bay Area that the same market has had 2 Super Bowl and World Series winners in 12 months . The Patriots would later appear in Super Bowl XLII and Super Bowl XLVI , losing both to Eli Manning 's New York Giants , before winning Super Bowl XLIX against the Seattle Seahawks , 28 -- 24 , ten years later and Super Bowl LI against the Atlanta Falcons , 34 - 28 , two years later . The latest Super Bowl win for the Patriots makes it ten titles among the four Boston teams ( 5 by the Patriots , 3 by the Red Sox , and one each by the Celtics and Bruins ) since 2002 . For the Eagles , with the loss , the city of Philadelphia would not see its first championship since the 76ers swept the 1983 NBA Finals until the next time their city 's teams played for a championship , when the Phillies won the 2008 World Series . The Eagles did not return to the Super Bowl until 2017 , also with a 13 - 3 record , and defeating the Falcons and Vikings in the playoffs . The Eagles and the Patriots met again in Super Bowl LII , following the 2017 season , with the Eagles taking their revenge 41 -- 33 . This is the last time that a team has won back - to - back Super Bowls , with the Patriots losing their second playoff game a year later and then , for the next eight years , every team either losing their first playoff game or missing them altogether . The streak was broken in 2014 when the Seahawks defeated the Panthers and ultimately advanced to the Super Bowl , only to lose to a Patriots goal line stand . The next year , the Patriots , having faltered down the stretch , entered those playoffs as the second seed behind the Broncos , who then defeated New England in the AFC Title Game that year en route to a title of their own in Super Bowl 50 . Two years later , the Patriots , defending champions themselves from Super Bowl LI , returned to repeat their title only to lose the aforementioned Super Bowl LII . Final statistics ( edit ) Sources : NFL.com Super Bowl XXXIX , Super Bowl XXXIX Play Finder NE , Super Bowl XXXIX Play Finder Phi Statistical comparison ( edit ) New England Patriots Philadelphia Eagles First downs 21 24 First downs rushing 6 First downs passing 14 18 First downs penalty Third down efficiency 4 / 12 9 / 16 Fourth down efficiency 0 / 0 0 / 0 Net yards rushing 112 45 Rushing attempts 28 17 Yards per rush 4.0 2.6 Passing -- Completions -- attempts 23 / 33 30 / 51 Times sacked -- total yards 2 -- 17 4 -- 33 Interceptions thrown 0 Net yards passing 219 324 Total net yards 331 369 Punt returns -- total yards 4 -- 26 3 -- 19 Kickoff returns -- total yards 4 -- 63 5 -- 114 Interceptions -- total return yards 3 -- 5 0 -- 0 Punts -- average yardage 7 -- 45.1 5 -- 42.8 Fumbles -- lost 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 Penalties -- yards 7 -- 47 3 -- 35 Time of possession 31 : 37 28 : 23 Turnovers Individual leaders ( edit ) Patriots Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Tom Brady 23 / 33 236 0 110.2 Patriots Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Corey Dillon 18 75 25 4.17 Kevin Faulk 8 38 0 12 4.75 Patrick Pass 0 0 0 0.00 Tom Brady − 1 0 − 1 - 1.00 Patriots Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Deion Branch 11 133 0 27 12 Corey Dillon 31 0 16 David Givens 19 13 7 Kevin Faulk 27 0 14 Troy Brown 17 0 12 Daniel Graham 7 0 7 Mike Vrabel 2t David Patten 0 0 0 0 Eagles Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Donovan McNabb 30 / 51 357 75.4 Eagles Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Brian Westbrook 15 44 0 22 2.93 Dorsey Levens 0 1.00 Donovan McNabb 0 0 0 0.00 Eagles Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Terrell Owens 9 122 0 36 14 Brian Westbrook 7 60 15 11 Todd Pinkston 82 0 40 7 Greg Lewis 53 30t 5 L.J. Smith 27 9 8 Freddie Mitchell 11 0 11 Josh Parry 0 Dorsey Levens 0 0 0 0 Completions / attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted Starting lineups ( edit ) Source : Hall of Fame ‡ New England Position Position Philadelphia Offense David Givens WR Todd Pinkston Matt Light LT Tra Thomas Joe Andruzzi LG Artis Hicks Dan Koppen Hank Fraley Stephen Neal RG Jermane Mayberry Brandon Gorin RT Jon Runyan Daniel Graham TE L.J. Smith Deion Branch WR Terrell Owens ‡ Tom Brady QB Donovan McNabb Corey Dillon RB Brian Westbrook Patrick Pass FB Josh Parry Defense Rosevelt Colvin OLB LDE Derrick Burgess Vince Wilfork NT LDT Corey Simon Jarvis Green RE RDT Darwin Walker Mike Vrabel OLB RDE Jevon Kearse Tedy Bruschi ILB WLB Keith Adams Roman Phifer ILB MLB Jeremiah Trotter Willie McGinest OLB SLB Dhani Jones Randall Gay LCB Lito Sheppard Asante Samuel RCB Sheldon Brown Rodney Harrison SS Michael Lewis Eugene Wilson FS Brian Dawkins ‡ Commercials ( edit ) As usual , the television coverage of this year 's Super Bowl was the showcase for the most expensive commercials in television -- both to produce and to buy airtime ( at the rate of $2.4 million US for 30 seconds ) . One ad that drew the ire of many -- including the NFL -- was for the internet domain provider Go Daddy , which tweaked the controversial halftime of the previous year 's game with a mock censorship hearing featuring a comely woman , Nikki Cappelli ( played by WWE Wrestler Candice Michelle ) , having a `` wardrobe malfunction '' . Fox pulled the second airing of the ad , scheduled for the two - minute warning of the fourth quarter , along with a five - second plug , and it was replaced with a promo for The Simpsons . The Scottsdale , Arizona - based World Wide Web domain registration company got a refund on the second ad . Another popular ad was made by the NFL . It featured players who were not in the Super Bowl , headlined by Pittsburgh Steelers rookie quarterback Ben Roethlisberger being at a beach resort , depressed he did not make it in . Joe Montana comforted Roethlisberger , and soon both Montana and Roethlisberger joined many other players in different locations in an off - key yet rousing edition of `` Tomorrow '' from the musical Annie . The commercial ended with the tagline : `` Tomorrow , we 're all undefeated again . '' Roethlisberger went on to lead the Steelers to victory in Super Bowl XL the very next season . The top ad , as chosen by the USA Today Super Bowl Ad Meter was for Anheuser - Busch 's Bud Light featuring a timid skydiver making his first jump getting enticed with a six - pack of the product . This ad was ranked second on ADBOWL . The highest ranked commercial by ADBOWL was Anheuser - Busch 's `` Applause . '' For the first time since the campaign started in Super Bowl XXI , no `` I 'm going to Disney World ! '' ad aired following Super Bowl XXXIX . Player bonuses ( edit ) Each member of the Patriots received a payment of $68,000 for winning the game . The Eagles each received $36,500 . When adjusted for inflation , the Patriots salary was actually less than the $15,000 paid to members of the Green Bay Packers for winning Super Bowl I in 1967 . That amount of money in 1967 equated to approximately $85,000 in 2005 . Officials ( edit ) Referee : Terry McAulay # 77 first Super Bowl Umpire : Carl Paganelli # 124 first Super Bowl Head Linesman : Gary Slaughter # 30 first Super Bowl Line Judge : Mark Steinkerchner # 84 second Super Bowl ( XXXVII ) Field Judge : Tom Sifferman # 118 third Super Bowl ( XXXVII , XXXVIII ) Side Judge : Rick Patterson # 15 second Super Bowl ( XXXV ) Back Judge : Tony Steratore # 112 first Super Bowl Alternate Referee : Ed Hochuli # 85 ( referee for XXXII , XXXVIII ) Alternate Umpire : Garth DeFelice # 53 Alternate Field Judge : Larry Rose # 128 Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ DiNitto , Marcus ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` Super Bowl Betting History -- Underdogs on Recent Roll '' . Sporting News . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . Vegas Insider . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX Box Score : New England 24 , Philadelphia 21 '' . NFL.com . National Football League . February 7 , 2005 . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Super Bowl Nielsen TV Ratings , 1967 -- 2009 -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hack , Damon ( February 7 , 2005 ) . `` The Dynasty Is Official '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dallas won the Super Bowl after the 1992 , ' 93 and ' 95 seasons . Jump up ^ Player Bio , Patriots . `` Deion Branch '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History : 1991 - 2000 '' . NFL.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tadych , Frank ( February 18 , 2005 ) . `` Position Breakdown : Running Backs '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Super Bowl XXXIX Veneziano , John . Super Bowl XXXIX Game Program . NFL Publishing . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Quarterbacks of the Modern Era , Version 1.0 '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ CBS , CBS Sports . `` Donovan McNabb , QB '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Shapiro , Leonard ( February 7 , 2005 ) . `` Patriots Grab Share of NFL History '' . Washington Post . p . A1 . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Ken ( June 2 , 2010 ) . `` Two cities that could use a CUP '' . Ottawa Citizen . p . B3 . Jump up ^ Byron , Master Sgt . David ( February 1 , 2005 ) . `` Super Bowl goes super blue '' . Air Force Print News . af.mil . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cadets to sing at Super Bowl XXXIX '' . Air Force Print News . af.mil . January 25 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Mucha , Peter ( August 8 , 2014 ) , Yes , McNabb puked at Super Bowl , ex-fullback says Jump up ^ Florio , Mike ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Lito Sheppard says McNabb puked during Super Bowl '' . Pro Football Talk . National Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tanier , Mike ( 2015 ) . `` NFL URBAN LEGENDS : DONOVAN MCNABB 'S SUPER PUKE '' . Bleacher Report . Atlanta , Georgia : Turner Broadcasting System , Inc. ( published August 5 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Game - Time Temperatures '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX -- National Football League Game Summary '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . February 6 , 2005 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A Super Bowl share not so super paying MSNBC.com . Accessed September 27 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Super Bowl XXXIX . Super Bowl official website 2006 NFL Record and Fact Book . Time Inc . Home Entertainment . ISBN 1 - 933405 - 32 - 5 . 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Twelve - step program - wikipedia Twelve - step program Jump to : navigation , search A twelve - step program is a set of guiding principles outlining a course of action for recovery from addiction , compulsion , or other behavioral problems . Originally proposed by Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) as a method of recovery from alcoholism , the Twelve Steps were first published in the 1939 book Alcoholics Anonymous : The Story of How More Than One Hundred Men Have Recovered from Alcoholism . The method was adapted and became the foundation of other twelve - step programs . As summarized by the American Psychological Association , the process involves the following : admitting that one can not control one 's alcoholism , addiction or compulsion ; recognizing a higher power that can give strength ; examining past errors with the help of a sponsor ( experienced member ) ; making amends for these errors ; learning to live a new life with a new code of behavior ; helping others who suffer from the same alcoholism , addictions or compulsions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 History 3 Twelve Steps 4 Twelve Traditions 5 Process 6 Sponsorship 7 Effectiveness 8 Criticism 8.1 Confidentiality 8.2 Cultural identity 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Scholarly publications Overview ( edit ) Twelve - step methods have been adapted to address a wide range of alcoholism , substance - abuse and dependency problems . Over 200 self - help organizations -- often known as fellowships -- with a worldwide membership of millions -- now employ twelve - step principles for recovery . Narcotics Anonymous was formed by addicts who did not relate to the specifics of alcohol dependency . Demographic preferences related to the addicts ' drug of choice has led to the creation of Cocaine Anonymous , Crystal Meth Anonymous and Marijuana Anonymous . Behavioral issues such as compulsion for , and / or addiction to , gambling , crime , food , sex , hoarding , debting and work are addressed in fellowships such as Gamblers Anonymous , Overeaters Anonymous , Sexaholics Anonymous and Debtors Anonymous . Auxiliary groups such as Al - Anon and Nar - Anon , for friends and family members of alcoholics and addicts , respectively , are part of a response to treating addiction as a disease that is enabled by family systems . Adult Children of Alcoholics ( ACA or ACOA ) addresses the effects of growing up in an alcoholic or otherwise dysfunctional family . Co-Dependents Anonymous ( CoDA ) addresses compulsions related to relationships , referred to as codependency . History ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see History of Alcoholics Anonymous . Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) , the first twelve - step fellowship , was founded in 1935 by Bill Wilson and Dr. Robert Holbrook Smith , known to AA members as `` Bill W . '' and `` Dr. Bob '' , in Akron , Ohio . In 1946 they formally established the twelve traditions to help deal with the issues of how various groups could relate and function as membership grew . The practice of remaining anonymous ( using only ones first names ) when interacting with the general public was published in the first edition of the AA Big Book . As AA chapters were increasing in number during the 1930s and 1940s , the guiding principles were gradually defined as the Twelve Traditions . A singleness of purpose emerged as Tradition Five : `` Each group has but one primary purpose -- to carry its message to the alcoholic who still suffers '' . Consequently , drug addicts who do not suffer from the specifics of alcoholism involved in AA hoping for recovery technically are not welcome in `` closed '' meetings unless they have a desire to stop drinking alcohol . The principles of AA have been used to form many numbers of other fellowships specifically designed for those recovering from various pathologies ; each emphasizes recovery from the specific malady which brought the sufferer into the fellowship . Twelve steps ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see List of Twelve Step alternate wordings . The following are the original twelve steps as published by Alcoholics Anonymous : We admitted we were powerless over alcohol -- that our lives had become unmanageable . Came to believe that a Power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity . Made a decision to turn our will and our lives over to the care of God as we understood Him . Made a searching and fearless moral inventory of ourselves . Admitted to God , to ourselves , and to another human being the exact nature of our wrongs . Were entirely ready to have God remove all these defects of character . Humbly asked Him to remove our shortcomings . Made a list of all persons we had harmed , and became willing to make amends to them all . Made direct amends to such people wherever possible , except when to do so would injure them or others . Continued to take personal inventory , and when we were wrong , promptly admitted it . Sought through prayer and meditation to improve our conscious contact with God as we understood Him , praying only for knowledge of His will for us and the power to carry that out . Having had a spiritual awakening as the result of these steps , we tried to carry this message to alcoholics , and to practice these principles in all our affairs . In some cases , where other twelve - step groups have adapted the AA steps as guiding principles , step one is uniquely different for each organization , these are sometimes altered to emphasize principles important to those particular fellowships , or to remove gender - biased language . Twelve Traditions ( edit ) Main article : Twelve Traditions The Twelve Traditions accompany the Twelve Steps . The Traditions provide guidelines for group governance . They were developed in AA in order to help resolve conflicts in the areas of publicity , politics , religion and finances . Alcoholics Anonymous ' Twelve Traditions are : Our common welfare should come first ; personal recovery depends upon AA unity . For our group purpose there is but one ultimate authority -- a loving God as He may express Himself in our group conscience . Our leaders are but trusted servants ; they do not govern . The only requirement for AA membership is a desire to stop drinking . Each group should be autonomous except in matters affecting other groups or AA as a whole . Each group has but one primary purpose -- to carry its message to the alcoholic who still suffers . An AA group ought never endorse , finance , or lend the AA name to any related facility or outside enterprise , lest problems of money , property , and prestige divert us from our primary purpose . Every AA group ought to be fully self - supporting , declining outside contributions . Alcoholics Anonymous should remain forever non-professional , but our service centers may employ special workers . AA , as such , ought never be organized ; but we may create service boards or committees directly responsible to those they serve . Alcoholics Anonymous has no opinion on outside issues ; hence the AA name ought never be drawn into public controversy . Our public relations policy is based on attraction rather than promotion ; we need always to maintain personal anonymity at the level of press , radio , and films . Anonymity is the spiritual foundation of all our traditions , ever reminding us to place principles before personalities . Process ( edit ) In the twelve - step program human structure is symbolically represented in three dimensions : physical , mental , and spiritual . The problems the groups deal with are understood to manifest themselves in each dimension . For addicts and alcoholics the physical dimension is best described by the allergy - like bodily reaction resulting in the compulsion to continue using substances after the initial use . The statement in the First Step that the individual is `` powerless '' over the substance - abuse related behavior at issue refers to the lack of control over this compulsion , which persists despite any negative consequences that may be endured as a result . The mental obsession is described as the cognitive processes that causes the individual to repeat the compulsive behavior after some period of abstinence , either knowing that the result will be an inability to stop or operating under the delusion that the result will be different . The description in the First Step of the life of the alcoholic or addict as `` unmanageable '' refers to the lack of choice that the mind of the addict or alcoholic affords concerning whether to drink or use again . The illness of the spiritual dimension , or `` spiritual malady , '' is considered in all twelve - step groups to be self - centeredness . The process of working the steps is intended to replace self - centeredness with a growing moral consciousness and a willingness for self - sacrifice and unselfish constructive action . In twelve - step groups , this is known as a spiritual awakening or religious experience . This should not be confused with abreaction , which produces dramatic , but ephemeral , changes . In twelve - step fellowships , `` spiritual awakening '' is believed to develop , most frequently , slowly over a period of time . In accordance with the First Step , twelve - step groups emphasize self - admission by members of the problem they are recovering from . It is in this spirit that members often identify themselves along with an admission of their problem , often as `` Hi , I 'm ( first name only ) , and I 'm an alcoholic '' . Sponsorship ( edit ) A sponsor is a more experienced person in recovery who guides the less - experienced aspirant ( `` sponsee '' ) through the program 's twelve steps . New members in twelve - step programs are encouraged to secure a relationship with at least one sponsor who both has a sponsor and has taken the twelves steps themselves . Publications from twelve - step fellowships emphasize that sponsorship is a `` one on one '' nonhierarchical relationship of shared experiences focused on working the Twelve Steps . According to Narcotics Anonymous : Sponsors share their experience , strength , and hope with their sponsees ... A sponsor 's role is not that of a legal adviser , a banker , a parent , a marriage counselor , or a social worker . Nor is a sponsor a therapist offering some sort of professional advice . A sponsor is simply another addict in recovery who is willing to share his or her journey through the Twelve Steps . Sponsors and sponsees participate in activities that lead to spiritual growth . Experiences in the program are often shared by outgoing members with incoming members . This rotation of experience is often considered to have a great spiritual reward . These may include practices such as literature discussion and study , meditation , and writing . Completing the program usually implies competency to guide newcomers which is often encouraged . Sponsees typically do their Fifth Step , review their moral inventory written as part of the Fourth Step , with their sponsor . The Fifth Step , as well as the Ninth Step , have been compared to confession and penitence . Michel Foucault , a French philosopher , noted such practices produce intrinsic modifications in the person -- exonerating , redeeming and purifying them ; relieves them of their burden of wrong , liberating them and promising salvation . The personal nature of the behavioral issues that lead to seeking help in twelve - step fellowships results in a strong relationship between sponsee and sponsor . As the relationship is based on spiritual principles , it is unique and not generally characterized as `` friendship '' . Fundamentally , the sponsor has the single purpose of helping the sponsee recover from the behavioral problem that brought the sufferer into twelve - step work , which reflexively helps the sponsor recover . A study of sponsorship as practiced in Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous found that providing direction and support to other alcoholics and addicts is associated with sustained abstinence for the sponsor , but suggested that there were few short - term benefits for the sponsee 's one - year sustained abstinence rate . Effectiveness ( edit ) See also : Effectiveness of Alcoholics Anonymous , Effectiveness of Crystal Meth Anonymous , Effectiveness of Gamblers Anonymous , Effectiveness of Narcotics Anonymous , Effectiveness of Neurotics Anonymous , Effectiveness of Nicotine Anonymous , and Effectiveness of self - help groups for mental health Alcoholics Anonymous is the largest of all the twelve - step programs ( from which all other twelve - steps programs are derived ) , followed by Narcotics Anonymous ; the majority of twelve - step members are recovering from addiction to alcohol or other drugs . The majority of twelve - step programs , however , address illnesses other than substance addiction . For example , the third - largest twelve - step program , Al - Anon , assists family members and friends of people who have alcoholism and other addictions . About twenty percent of twelve - step programs are for substance addiction recovery , the other eighty percent address a variety of problems from debt to depression . It would be an error to assume the effectiveness of twelve - step methods at treating problems in one domain translates to all or to another domain , therefore readers are directed to relevant sections in each group 's article . Criticism ( edit ) See also : Alcoholics Anonymous : Criticism , Gamblers Anonymous § Criticism , Narcotics Anonymous § Controversies , Gamblers Anonymous : Criticism , Narcotics Anonymous : Controversies , and Overeaters Anonymous : Criticism The criticisms of twelve - step groups are as varied as the pathologies they address . People have attended twelve - step meetings , only to find success eluded them . Their varied success rate and the belief in a Higher Power suggested in them , are common criticisms of their universal applicability and efficacy . Confidentiality ( edit ) The Twelve Traditions encourage members to practice the spiritual principle of anonymity in the public media and members are also asked to respect each others ' confidentiality . This is a group norm , however , and not legally mandated ; there are no legal consequences to discourage those attending twelve - step groups from revealing information disclosed during meetings . Statutes on group therapy do not encompass those associations that lack a professional therapist or clergyman to whom confidentiality and privilege might apply . Professionals and paraprofessionals who refer patients to these groups , to avoid both civil liability and licensure problems , have been advised that they should alert their patients that , at any time , their statements made in meetings may be disclosed . Cultural identity ( edit ) One review warned of detrimental iatrogenic effects of twelve - step philosophy and labeled the organizations as cults , while another review asserts that these programs bore little semblance to religious cults and that the techniques used appeared beneficial to some . Another study found that a twelve - step program 's focus on self - admission of having a problem increases deviant stigma and strips members of their previous cultural identity , replacing it with the deviant identity . Another study asserts that the prior cultural identity may not be replaced entirely , but rather members found adapted a bicultural identity . See also ( edit ) Addiction recovery groups Drug rehabilitation Effectiveness of Alcoholics Anonymous Group psychotherapy List of twelve - step groups Self - help groups for mental health Recovery model References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : VandenBos , Gary R. ( 2007 ) . APA dictionary of psychology ( 1st ed . ) . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association . ISBN 1 - 59147 - 380 - 2 . OCLC 65407150 . Jump up ^ Bill W. ( June 2001 ) . Alcoholics Anonymous ( 4th ed . ) . Alcoholics Anonymous World Services . ISBN 1 - 893007 - 16 - 2 . OCLC 32014950 . Jump up ^ Narcotics Anonymous ( 1987 ) . `` Chapter 8 : We Do Recover '' . Narcotics Anonymous ( 4th ed . ) . Van Nuys , CA : Narcotics Anonymous World Service Office . ISBN 0 - 912075 - 02 - 3 . OCLC 14377415 . Jump up ^ Crnkovic , A. Elaine ; DelCampo , Robert L. ( March 1998 ) . `` A Systems Approach to the Treatment of Chemical Addiction '' . Contemporary Family Therapy . Springer Science + Business Media . 20 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 36 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1025084516633 . ISSN 1573 - 3335 . Jump up ^ Hartigan , Francis ( 2001 ) . Bill W. : A Biography of Alcoholics Anonymous Cofounder Bill Wilson . pp. 161 -- 162 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 28391 - 1 . OCLC 42772358 . Jump up ^ http://www.barefootsworld.net/aatraditions-gv1946.html ^ Jump up to : `` The Twelve Traditions '' . The A.A. Grapevine . Alcoholics Anonymous . 6 ( 6 ) . November 1949 . ISSN 0362 - 2584 . OCLC 50379271 . Jump up ^ Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions . Hazelden . February 2002 . ISBN 0 - 916856 - 01 - 1 . OCLC 13572433 . Jump up ^ `` For Anyone New Coming to A.A. ; For Anyone Referring People to A.A '' . Alcoholics Anonymous World Services , Inc . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved June 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Vaillant , George E. ( 2002 ) . `` Singleness of Purpose '' ( PDF ) . About AA : A Newsletter for Professionals ( Fall / Winter ) . Jump up ^ Bill W. ( June 2001 ) . `` Chapter 5 : How It Works '' . Alcoholics Anonymous ( PDF ) ( 4th ed . ) . Alcoholics Anonymous World Services . ISBN 1 - 893007 - 16 - 2 . OCLC 32014950 . Jump up ^ `` World Service Board of Trustees Bulletin # 13 : Some thoughts regarding our relationship to Alcoholics Anonymous '' . Narcotics Anonymous World Services . February 23 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2007 . Retrieved October 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NA History Chronology '' . January 13 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2009 . Retrieved October 7 , 2007 . 1953 : ... this committee met regularly ... From the beginning ... 12 Steps ... 12 Traditions ... All Steps had ' We ' Jump up ^ `` The 12 Steps of Recovery '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Twelve Steps of Marijuana Anonymous '' . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bill W. ( April 1946 ) . `` Our A.A. Experience Has Taught Us That : '' . The A.A. Grapevine . Alcoholics Anonymous . 2 ( 11 ) . ISSN 0362 - 2584 . OCLC 50379271 . ^ Jump up to : Kurtz LF , Chambon A ( 1987 ) . `` Comparison of self - help groups for mental health '' . Health & Social Work . 12 ( 4 ) : 275 -- 83 . PMID 3679015 . ^ Jump up to : Ronel , Natti ( 2000 ) . `` From Self - Help to Professional Care : An Enhanced Application of the 12 - Step Program '' . The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science . 36 ( 1 ) : 108 -- 122 . doi : 10.1177 / 0021886300361006 . ISSN 1552 - 6879 . OCLC 1783135 . Jump up ^ Alcoholics Anonymous ( 2001 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Chapter 2 : There Is a Solution '' . Alcoholics Anonymous ( PDF ) ( 4th ed . ) . Alcoholics Anonymous World Services . p. 21 . ISBN 1893007162 . OCLC 32014950 . At some stage of his drinking career , he begins to lose all control of his liquor consumption , once he starts to drink . Jump up ^ Alcoholics Anonymous ( 2001 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Chapter 2 : There Is a Solution '' . Alcoholics Anonymous ( PDF ) ( 4th ed . ) . Alcoholics Anonymous World Services . p. 21 . ISBN 1893007162 . OCLC 32014950 . These observations would be academic and pointless if ( he ) never took the first drink , thereby setting the terrible cycle in motion . Therefore , the main problem ... centers in his mind ... The fact is that most alcoholics ... have lost the power of choice in drink ... unable , at certain times , to bring into ( his ) consciousness with sufficient force the memory of the suffering and humiliation of a month or even a week ago . ( He ) is without defense against the first drink . Jump up ^ Roehe , Marcelo V. ( 2004 ) . `` Religious Experience in Self - Help Groups : the neurotics anonymous example '' . Psicologia em Estudo ( in Portuguese ) . 9 ( 3 ) : 399 -- 407 . doi : 10.1590 / S1413 - 73722004000300008 . ISSN 1413 - 7372 . Jump up ^ Marmor J ( 1980 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Recent trends in psychotherapy '' . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 137 ( 4 ) : 409 -- 16 . doi : 10.1176 / ajp. 137.4. 409 . PMID 6987904 . Jump up ^ Alcoholics Anonymous ( 1976 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Appendix II . Spiritual Experience '' . Alcoholics Anonymous . Alcoholics Anonymous World Services . ISBN 0916856593 . OCLC 32014950 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Terrell ( February 2000 ) . `` Stigmatizing Indebtedness : Implications for Labeling Theory '' . Symbolic Interaction. 23 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 46 . doi : 10.1525 / si. 2000.23. 1.29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sponsorship Q&A ( pamphlet ) '' ( PDF ) . New York : Alcoholics Anonymous World Services . Jump up ^ `` NYCMA : What is a Sponsor ? '' . New York Crystal Meth Anonymous Intergroup . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved October 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` # SLAA Online Group of Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous : Sponsorship Online '' . February 5 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Overeaters Anonymous Unity Intergroup Website : Sponsorship '' . September 19 , 2007 . Retrieved October 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Narcotics Anonymous ( 2004 ) . `` Sponsorship , Revised ( pamphlet ) : What does a sponsor do ? '' ( PDF ) . Van Nuys , CA : Narcotics Anonymous . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The A.A. Group ... Where it all begins How a group Functions How to get started '' ( PDF ) . P - 16 The A.A. Group ... where it all begins . Alcoholics Anonymous World Services , Inc . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Questions & Answers on Sponsorship '' ( PDF ) . P - 15 Questions & Answers on Sponsorship . Alcoholics Anonymous World Services , Inc . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kriz , Kerri - Lynn Murphy ( May 2002 ) . The Efficacy of Overeaters Anonymous in Fostering Abstinence in Binge - Easting Disorder and Bulimia Nervosa . Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University . Jump up ^ Morenberg , Adam ( July 2004 ) . Governing Wayward Consumers : Self - Change and Recovery in Debtors Anonymous ( PDF ) ( Master of Arts , Sociology ) . Tampa , Florida : University of South Florida . OCLC 56564118 . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2015 . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crape , Byron L. ; Latkin , Carl A. ; Laris , Alexandra S. ; Knowlton , Amy R. ( February 2002 ) . `` The effects of sponsorship in 12 - step treatment of injection drug users '' . Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 65 ( 3 ) : 291 -- 301 . doi : 10.1016 / S0376 - 8716 ( 01 ) 00175 - 2 . PMID 11841900 . Jump up ^ `` NCJRS Abstract : National Criminal Justice Reference Service '' . Ncjrs.gov . February 1 , 2002 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Makela , Klaus ( 1996 ) . Alcoholics Anonymous as a Mutual - help Movement : A Study in Eight Societies . University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 0 - 299 - 15004 - 6 . Jump up ^ Saulnier , Christine Flynn ( 1996 ) . `` Images of the Twelve - Step Model , and Sex and Love Addiction in an Alcohol Intervention Group for Black Women '' . Journal of Drug Issues . 26 ( 1 ) : 95 -- 123 . doi : 10.1177 / 002204269602600107 . Jump up ^ Brandsma , Jeffrey M. ; Dicarli , M ( 1976 ) . `` Toward a More Rational Alcoholics Anonymous '' . Rational Living . 11 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 37 . doi : 10.1016 / j. nuclcard. 2007.06. 118 . ISSN 0034 - 0049 . OCLC 1763461 . PMID 17826317 . ^ Jump up to : Levine , Betsy ; Kellen , Bonnie ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 18 : Debtors Anonymous and Psychotherapy '' . In Benson , April Lane . I shop , therefore I am : compulsive buying and search for shelf . pp. 431 -- 454 . ISBN 0765702428 . OCLC 301650820 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Coleman P ( 2005 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Privilege and confidentiality in 12 - step self - help programs . Believing the promises could be hazardous to an addict 's freedom '' . The Journal of Legal Medicine . 26 ( 4 ) : 435 -- 74 . doi : 10.1080 / 01947640500364713 . PMID 16303734 . Jump up ^ Alexander , F. ; Rollins , M. ( 1985 ) . `` Alcoholics Anonymous : the unseen cult '' . California Sociologist . Los Angeles : California State University . 17 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 48 . ISSN 0162 - 8712 . OCLC 4025459 . Jump up ^ Wright , Kevin B. ( 1997 ) . `` Shared ideology in Alcoholics Anonymous : a grounded theory approach '' . Journal of Health Communication . 2 ( 2 ) : 83 -- 99 . doi : 10.1080 / 108107397127806 . PMID 10977242 . Jump up ^ Levinson , David ( 1983 ) . `` Current status of the field : an anthropological perspective on the behavior modification treatment of alcoholism '' . Recent Developments in Alcoholism . Recent Developments in Alcoholism. 1 : 255 -- 61 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4613 - 3617 - 4_14 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4613 - 3619 - 8 . PMID 6680227 . Jump up ^ Wilcox , D.M. ( 1998 ) . `` Chapter 7 : Language , Culture , and Belief '' . Alcoholic thinking : Language , culture , and belief in Alcoholics Anonymous . Westport , CT : Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 109 -- 124 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 96049 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) Scholarly publications ( edit ) Borman , P.D. , & Dixon , D.N. ( Fall 1998 ) . `` Spirituality and the 12 steps of substance abuse recovery '' . Journal of Psychology & Theology. 26 ( 3 ) : 287 -- 291 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Freimuth , M. ( 199 ) . `` Psychotherapists ' beliefs about the benefits of 12 - step groups '' . Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly . 14 ( 3 ) : 95 -- 102 . doi : 10.1300 / J020V14N03_08 . Freimuth , M. ( July 2000 ) . `` Integrating group psychotherapy and 12 - step work : A collaborative approach '' . International Journal of Group Psychotherapy. 50 ( 3 ) : 297 -- 314 . PMID 10883547 . Harris , J. , Best , D. , Gossop , M. , Marshall , J. , Man , L. - H. , Manning , V. ; et al. ( March 2003 ) . `` Prior alcoholics anonymous ( AA ) affiliation and the acceptability of the twelve steps to patients entering UK statutory addiction treatment '' . Journal of Studies on Alcohol . 64 ( 2 ) : 257 -- 261 . PMID 12713200 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Humphreys , K. ( May 2006 ) . `` The trials of Alcoholics Anonymous '' . Addiction. 101 ( 5 ) : 617 -- 618 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1360 - 0443.2006. 01447. x . PMID 16669879 . Kurtz , L.F. , & Fisher , M. ( May 2003 ) . `` Twelve - step recovery and community service '' . Health & Social Work . 28 ( 2 ) : 137 -- 145 . doi : 10.1093 / hsw / 28.2. 137 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Lile , B. ( 2003 ) . `` Twelve step programs : An update '' . Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment . 2 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 24 . Morgenstern , J. , Bux , D. , Labouvie , E. , Blanchard , K.A. , & Morgan , T.J. ( November 2002 ) . `` Examining mechanisms of action in 12 - step treatment : The role of 12 - step cognitions '' . Journal of Studies on Alcohol . 63 ( 6 ) : 665 -- 672 . PMID 12529066 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Sheehan , T. ( 2004 ) . `` Twelve Step Facilitation : A Necessary Treatment for Offenders '' . Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice. 4 ( 3 ) : 71 -- 81 . doi : 10.1300 / J158v04n03_05 . Sias , S.M. , & Goodwin , L.R. , Jr . ( Apr 2007 ) . `` Students ' reactions to attending 12 - step meetings : Implications for counselor education '' . Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling. 27 ( 2 ) : 113 -- 126 . doi : 10.1002 / j. 2161 - 1874.2007. tb00025. x . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Simkin , D.R. ( January 1996 ) . `` Twelve - step treatment from a development perspective '' . Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America . 5 ( 1 ) : 165 -- 175 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twelve-step_program&oldid=813212660 '' Categories : Twelve - step programs Addiction and substance abuse organizations Alcohol abuse Drug rehabilitation Spirituality Support groups Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2017 CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Ido Interlingua Íslenska עברית Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 13 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what is step 1 of the 12 step program

We admitted we were powerless over alcohol—that our lives had become unmanageable.

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Typeface Anatomy - wikipedia Typeface Anatomy Jump to : navigation , search Typographic parts of a glyph : 1 ) x-height ; 2 ) ascender line ; 3 ) apex ; 4 ) baseline ; 5 ) ascender ; 6 ) crossbar ; 7 ) stem ; 8 ) serif ; 9 ) leg ; 10 ) bowl ; 11 ) counter ; 12 ) collar / link / neck ; 13 ) loop ; 14 ) ear ; 15 ) tie ; 16 ) horizontal bar ; 17 ) arm ; 18 ) vertical bar ; 19 ) cap height ; 20 ) descender line . Typeface anatomy describes the graphic elements that make up printed letters in a typeface . Contents ( hide ) 1 Strokes 2 Terminals 3 Space 4 Proportions 5 Metal type era 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Strokes ( edit ) The strokes are the components of a letterform . Strokes may be straight , as in klvwxz , or curved , as in cos . If straight , they may be horizontal , vertical , or diagonal ; if curved , open or closed . Typographers also speak of an instroke , where one starts writing the letter , as at the top of acf , and an outstroke , where the pen leaves off , as at the bottom of cejkty . Typefaces are born from the struggle between rules and results . Squeezing a square about 1 % helps it look more like a square ; to appear the same height as a square , a circle must be measurably taller . The two strokes in an X are n't the same thickness , nor are their parallel edges actually parallel ; the vertical stems of a lowercase alphabet are thinner than those of its capitals ; the ascender on ad is n't the same length as the descender on ap , and so on . For the rational mind , type design can be a maddening game of drawing things differently in order to make them appear the same . Hoefler & Frere - Jones A main vertical stroke is called a stem . The letter m has three , the left , middle , and right stems . The central stroke of an s is called the spine . When the stroke is part of a lowercase and rises above the height of an x ( called the x height ) , it is called an ascender . Letters with ascenders are bdfhkl . A stroke which drops below the baseline is a descender . Letters with descenders are gjpqy . An arching stroke is called a shoulder as in the top of an R or sometimes just an arch , as in hnm . A closed curved stroke is called a bowl in bdopq DOPQ ; B has two bowls . A trailing outstroke , as in jy JQR is called a tail . The inferior diagonal stroke in K is called leg . A short horizontal stroke , as in the center of ef and the middle stroke of EF , is called a bar . When the strokes connect as in A and H or cross strokes as in t is also known as crossbar . A longer horizontal stroke at the top or bottom , as in ET , is called an arm . The bottom of the two - story g is called a loop ; the very short stroke at the top is called the ear . ij each have a dot , jot , or tittle . Angles of strokes are called apices if at the top and vertices if at the bottom . w has one apex and two vertices ; v has one vertex . The font shown in the example is stressed : strokes have varying widths . In this example , the stroke at the top of the g is thinner at the top and bottom than on the sides -- a vertical stress . Terminals ( edit ) The terminals ( ends ) of instrokes and outstrokes often end in serif or sans - serif . A seriffed terminal may be described as a wedge , bulbous , teardrop , slab , etc. , depending on the design of the type . Sorting typefaces can be practical based on its look . A clue feature is to define the serif style . Some designs also have spurs , which are smaller than serifs and appear on angles rather than at a terminal , as on e or G . Space ( edit ) Areas of negative space ( white space ) formed by straight or curved strokes are called counters . Closed counters are found in abdegopq ABDOPQR , and open counters in acefhmnrstu . The close counter in e is also named eye . Angles of white space , as in w , are corners ( w has three corners ) ; the term is not used for angles of strokes . The small corner formed by a serif , whether curved or angular , is called the serif bracket . Proportions ( edit ) A subtle change in proportion impacts weight , perception , measure , and legibility . The letterform height compared to its stroke width modifies the aspect ; this slight change in weight sometimes helps to create emphasis . The disparity between thick and thin strokes , known as stress , alters optical perception . As an example , the initial san serif typefaces used a constantly thin stroke . The technological advances allow drawing thinner strokes . Condense type occupies less space than expanded type , then the text written on a page can be reduced to half a page. The capline and x-height ratio improve or decrease word legibility . Metal type era ( edit ) During the late metal type period , many fonts ( particularly in American typefounding ) were issued to `` common line '' . This meant that they were made to standardised proportions , so that fonts of different typefaces could be mixed with no difficulty . This made it possible to mix typefaces from completely different genres such as sans - serifs and serifs and have the cap height , baseline and linespacing match perfectly , something not possible with most digital fonts . It even allowed mixing of different sizes of type with a consistent baseline . It however had the disadvantage of often forcing typefaces to be issued with cropped descenders compared to historical typefaces , to allow tight linespacing . A `` script line '' or `` art line '' was used for more delicate fonts with long descenders . Titling capitals , meanwhile , were issued taking up the whole space of the metal type area , with no room for descenders . See also ( edit ) Type design Type foundry Typography Typesetting References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Studer , Anton ( 29 February 2016 ) . `` Is What I See What I Get ? -- Math & Optics in Type Design '' . Typographica . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Bob ; Day , Ben ; Meggs , Philip ( 2007 ) . Typographic Design : Form and Communication . United States of America : John Wiley & Sons . p. 31 . ISBN 9780471783909 . Jump up ^ Pecina , Martin ; Březina , David ( 2008 ) . `` Type Anatomy 1.0 '' . Typomil . Jump up ^ `` Introducing Ideal Sans '' . Fonts by Hoefler & Co. 4 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Bosler , Denise ( 2012 - 05 - 16 ) . Mastering Type : The Essential Guide to Typography for Print and Web Design . F + W Media , Inc. p. 31 . ISBN 1440313717 . individual parts such as the spine of the S ^ Jump up to : Dean , Paul ( 11 April 2008 ) . `` eXtreme Type Terminology . Part Three : The ' Black Art ' '' . I Love Typography . ^ Jump up to : Collen , Stephen . `` Anatomy of Type : A Graphic Guide to 100 typefaces . '' Harper Design , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dean , Paul ( 27 March 2008 ) . `` eXtreme Type Terminology . Part 2 : Anatomy of a Letterform '' . I Love Typography . Further reading ( edit ) Gaskell , Philip ( January 1976 ) . `` A nomenclature for the letterforms of roman type '' . Visible Language . 10 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 51 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Examples of typography terms . Armannsson , Sigurdur ( 6 July 2009 ) . `` Wallpaper : Font Anatomy '' . Font.is . Full - size image ( 1920 × 1200 ) Dean , Paul ( 2008 ) . eXtreme Type Terminology -- Part 1 , Part 2 , Part 3 , Part 4 and Part 5 Devroye , Luc . `` Hoefler & Frere - Jones '' . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Frere - Jones , Tobias . `` Typeface Mechanics : 001 '' . Frere - Jones Type . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Frere - Jones , Tobias . `` Typeface Mechanics : 002 '' . Frere - Jones Type . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Coles , Stephen . `` The Anatomy of Type '' . Blog for Coles ' 2012 book The Anatomy of Type : A Graphic Guide to 100 Typefaces . `` Glossary '' . FontShop . Monotype . ( hide ) Typography terminology Page Canons of page construction Column Even working Margin Page numbering Pagination Pull quote Recto and verso Paragraph Alignment Justification Leading River Sentence spacing Widows and orphans Character Typeface anatomy Counter Diacritics Dingbat Glyph Initial Kerning Letter - spacing Ligature Subscript and superscript Swash Text figures Tittle Capitalization ALL CAPS Camel Case Letter case Petite caps Small caps Visual distinction Italics Oblique Bold Color Underline Blackboard bold Blackletter Infɑnt Vertical aspects Ascender Baseline Cap height Descender Median Overshoot x-height Classifications Roman type Antiqua ( old style ) Didone ( modern ) Sans - serif Script Serif Slab serif Transitional Reverse - contrast Blackletter type Fraktur Rotunda Schwabacher Textualis Gaelic type Insular Uncial Specialist Record type Punctuation Dashes Hanging punctuation Hyphen - minus Hyphenation Prime mark Quotation mark Typesetting Calligraphy etaoin shrdlu Font computer monospaced Font catalog Letterpress Lorem ipsum Microtypography Movable type Pangram Phototypesetting Punchcutting Type color Type design Typeface Microprint list Typographic units Agate Cicero Em En Figure space Measure Paren space Pica Point traditional point - size names Thin space Digital typography Character encoding Font formats Hinting Rasterization Typesetting software Typographic features Web typography Related Intentionally blank page Style guide Type foundry Commons Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typeface_anatomy&oldid=835865029 '' Categories : Typography Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 07 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what is the cross on a letter t called

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Philadelphia Eagles - Wikipedia Philadelphia Eagles Jump to : navigation , search Philadelphia Eagles Current season Established July 8 , 1933 ; 84 years ago ( July 8 , 1933 ) First season : 1933 Play in Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Headquartered in the NovaCare Complex Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1933 -- present ) Eastern Division ( 1933 -- 1949 ) American Conference ( 1950 -- 1952 ) Eastern Conference ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Capitol Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Midnight green , Silver , Black , White Fight song Fly , Eagles Fly Mascot Swoop Personnel Owner ( s ) Jeffrey Lurie Christina Weiss Lurie Chairman Jeffrey Lurie CEO Jeffrey Lurie President Don Smolenski General manager Howie Roseman Head coach Doug Pederson Team history Philadelphia Eagles ( 1933 -- 1942 ; 1944 -- present ) Phil - Pitt `` Steagles '' ( 1943 ) Team nicknames The Birds Championships League championships ( 4 ) NFL championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 3 ) 1948 , 1949 , 1960 Super Bowl championships ( 1 ) 2017 ( LII ) Conference championships ( 4 ) NFL Eastern : 1960 NFC : 1980 , 2004 , 2017 Division championships ( 13 ) NFL East : 1947 , 1948 , 1949 NFC East : 1980 , 1988 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2010 , 2013 , 2017 Playoff appearances ( 25 ) NFL : 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1960 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1995 , 1996 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 , 2017 Home fields Baker Bowl ( 1933 -- 1935 ) Philadelphia Municipal Stadium ( 1936 -- 1939 , 1941 ) Connie Mack Stadium ( 1940 , 1942 -- 1957 ) Franklin Field ( 1958 -- 1970 ) Veterans Stadium ( 1971 -- 2002 ) Lincoln Financial Field ( 2003 -- present ) The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football franchise based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The Eagles compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . They are Super Bowl champions , having won Super Bowl LII , their fourth NFL title , after winning in 1948 , 1949 , and 1960 . The franchise was established in 1933 as a replacement for the bankrupt Frankford Yellow Jackets , when a group led by Bert Bell secured the rights to an NFL franchise in Philadelphia . Bell , Chuck Bednarik , Bob Brown , Brian Dawkins , Reggie White , Steve Van Buren , Tommy McDonald , Greasy Neale , Pete Pihos , Sonny Jurgensen , and Norm Van Brocklin have been inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame . The team has an intense rivalry with the New York Giants . This rivalry is the oldest in the NFC East and is among the oldest in the NFL . It was ranked by NFL Network as the number one rivalry of all - time and Sports Illustrated ranks it amongst the Top 10 NFL rivalries of all - time at number four , and according to ESPN , it is one of the fiercest and most well - known rivalries in the American football community . They also have a bitter rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys , which has become more high - profile since the 1960s , as well as a historic rivalry with the Washington Redskins . Their rivalry with the Pittsburgh Steelers is another bitter rivalry , roughly dating back to 1933 , that mostly arises from the two teams ' statuses as being from opposite ends of the same state . The team consistently ranks in the top three in attendance and has sold out every game since the 1999 season . In a Sports Illustrated poll of 321 NFL players , Eagles fans were selected the most intimidating fans in the NFL . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1931 -- 1960 1.2 1961 -- 1975 1.3 1976 -- 1984 1.4 1985 -- 1993 1.5 Lurie era ( 1994 -- present ) 1.5. 1 Andy Reid era ( 1999 -- 2012 ) 1.5. 1.1 2004 Season and Super Bowl XXXIX 1.5. 1.2 2005 - 2012 1.5. 2 Chip Kelly era ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 1.5. 2.1 Doug Pederson era ( 2016 -- present ) 1.5. 3 2016 1.5. 3.1 2017 : First Super Bowl championship 2 Season records 3 Rivalries 3.1 New York Giants 3.2 Dallas Cowboys 3.3 Washington Redskins 3.4 Pittsburgh Steelers 4 Logo and uniforms 5 Training camp 6 Fight song 7 Fans 7.1 Devotion 7.2 Bad behavior 8 Eagles cheerleaders 9 Current roster 10 List of Philadelphia Eagles players ( past and present ) 11 Awards and honors 11.1 Retired numbers 11.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 11.3 Eagles Hall of Fame 11.4 75th anniversary team 11.5 John Wanamaker Athletic Award ( Philadelphia Sports Congress ) 11.6 Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame 11.7 Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame 12 Franchise records 12.1 Passing 12.2 Rushing 12.3 Receiving 12.4 Other 12.5 Returning 12.6 Defense 12.7 Exceptional performances 13 Coaches of note 13.1 Current staff 14 Radio and television 14.1 Eagles radio affiliates 15 Media and cultural reference 16 See also 17 Notes and references 18 Sources 19 External links Franchise history Main article : History of the Philadelphia Eagles 1931 -- 1960 `` Concrete Charlie '' Midway through the 1931 season , the Frankford Yellow Jackets went bankrupt and ceased operations . After more than a year of searching for a suitable replacement , the NFL granted an expansion franchise to a syndicate headed by Bert Bell and Lud Wray and awarded them the franchise rights of the failed Yellow Jackets organization . The Bell - Wray group had to pay an entry fee of $3,500 ( equal to $40,230 today ) and assumed a total debt of $11,000 that was owed to three other NFL franchises . Drawing inspiration from the Blue Eagle insignia of the National Recovery Administration -- the centerpiece of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal -- Bell and Wray named the new franchise the Philadelphia Eagles . Neither the Eagles nor the NFL officially regard the two franchises as the same , citing the aforementioned period of dormancy . Furthermore , almost no Yellow Jackets players were on the Eagles ' first roster . The Eagles , along with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the now - defunct Cincinnati Reds , joined the NFL as expansion teams . In 1937 , the Eagles moved to Shibe Park ( renamed Connie Mack Stadium in 1954 ) and played their home games at the stadium through 1957 , except for the 1941 season , which was played at Municipal Stadium , where they had played from 1936 to 1939 . To accommodate football at Shibe Park during the winter , management set up stands in right field , parallel to 20th Street . Some 20 feet high , these `` east stands '' had 22 rows of seats . The goalposts stood along the first base line and in left field . The uncovered east stands enlarged capacity of Shibe Park to over 39,000 , but the Eagles rarely drew more than 25 to 30,000 . The Eagles struggled over the course of their first decade , enduring repeated losing seasons . In December 1940 , Pittsburgh Steelers owner Art Rooney sold his franchise to Alexis Thompson for $160,000 and then used half of the proceeds to buy a half interest in the Eagles from Bell , his longtime friend . Soon after , Bell and Rooney traded the Eagles franchise to Thompson and moved it to Pittsburgh ( as the `` Steelers '' ) , while Thompson moved the Steelers franchise to Philadelphia ( as the `` Eagles '' ) . In 1943 , when manpower shortages stemming from World War II made it impossible to fill the roster , the team merged with the Pittsburgh Steelers forming the `` Phil - Pitt Eagles '' and were known as the `` Steagles . '' ( The merger , never intended as a permanent arrangement , was dissolved at the end of the 1943 season . ) By the late 1940s , head coach Earle `` Greasy '' Neale and running back Steve Van Buren led the team to three consecutive NFL Championship Games , winning two of them in 1948 and 1949 . Those two championships mark the Eagles as the only NFL team ever to win back - to - back championships by shutouts , defeating the Chicago Cardinals , 7 -- 0 , in 1948 -- in a blizzard -- and the Los Angeles Rams , 14 -- 0 , in 1949 . After the 1957 season , the Eagles moved from Connie Mack Stadium to Franklin Field at the University of Pennsylvania . Franklin Field would seat over 60,000 for the Eagles , whereas Connie Mack had a capacity of 39,000 . The stadium switched from grass to AstroTurf in 1969 . It was the first NFL stadium to use artificial turf . In 1960 , the Eagles won their third NFL championship , under the leadership of future Pro Football Hall of Famers Norm Van Brocklin and Chuck Bednarik ; the head coach was Buck Shaw . The 1960 Eagles , by a score of 17 -- 13 , became the only team to defeat Vince Lombardi and his Green Bay Packers in the playoffs . Dick Vermeil , Eagles head coach from 1976 to 1982 1961 -- 1975 The Eagles had a decent 1961 season and then fell on hard times in 1962 . Jerry Wolman , after consulting his longtime friend Brandon Sturrock , bought the franchise in 1963 from the `` Happy Hundred '' , a group of investors who owned the team from 1949 -- 1963 , for $5,505,000 ( equal to $44,004,098 today ) . In 1969 , Leonard Tose bought the Eagles from Wolman for $16,155,000 ( equal to $107,807,505 today ) , then a record for a professional sports franchise . Tose 's first official act was to fire Coach Joe Kuharich after a disappointing 24 -- 41 -- 1 record during his five - year reign . He followed this by naming former Eagles receiving great Pete Retzlaff as General Manager and Jerry Williams as coach . The Eagles defeated the Cowboys in the 1980 NFC Championship Game and earned their first Super Bowl appearance . With the merger of the NFL and AFL in 1970 , the Eagles were placed in the NFC East Division with their archrivals the New York Giants , the Washington Redskins , and the Dallas Cowboys . Their heated rivalry with the Giants is the oldest of the NFC East rivalries , dating all the way back to 1933 and is often named as one of the best rivalries in the NFL . 1976 -- 1984 In 1976 , Dick Vermeil was hired from UCLA to coach the Eagles , who had only one winning season from 1962 -- 1975 . Starting in 1978 , head coach Dick Vermeil and quarterback Ron Jaworski led the team to four consecutive playoff appearances . Vermeil 's 1980 team won their first NFC East title . They were matched up against their hated rival the Dallas Cowboys in the NFC Championship game , which they won 20 -- 7 . However , the Eagles lost to the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XV in 1981 . The following year , the Eagles were eliminated in the wildcard round at home against the New York Giants . In the aftermath of the disappointing and strike - shortened season of 1982 , head coach Dick Vermeil resigned , claiming that he was `` burned out '' . Vermeil was replaced by defensive coordinator Marion Campbell . In January 1983 , Tose announced that his daughter , Susan Fletcher , the Eagles ' vice president and legal counsel , would eventually succeed him as primary owner of the Eagles . Then in 1984 , rumors were circulating that Leonard Tose was thinking about moving the team to Phoenix , Arizona due to financial reasons . 1985 -- 1993 This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1985 , Tose was forced to sell the Eagles to Norman Braman and Ed Leibowitz , highly successful automobile dealers from Florida , for a reported $65 million ( equal to $147,899,134 today ) to pay off his more than $25 million ( equal to $56,884,282 today ) in gambling debts at Atlantic City casinos . Philadelphia football struggled through the Marion Campbell years of the mid-1980s and was marked by a malaise in fan participation . However , in the 1985 Supplemental draft , the Eagles acquired the rights to Memphis Showboats ' elite pass rusher Reggie White . In 1986 , the arrival of head coach Buddy Ryan and his fiery attitude rejuvenated team performance and ignited the fan base , but the Eagles failed to win a playoff game during Ryan 's tenure . Possibly the worst of these losses was the so - called Fog Bowl in 1988 against the Chicago Bears , which happened to be Ryan 's former team that he helped lead to a Super Bowl XX victory as defensive coordinator . Ryan was fired on January 7 , 1991 , after an upset home playoff loss to the Redskins . Offensive coordinator Rich Kotite was promoted to head coach three days later . After All Pro defensive tackle Jerome Brown was killed in an automobile accident , the team and fanbase became dedicated to `` bring it home for Jerome '' in the 1992 season . Kotite did lead the Eagles to a playoff victory against the New Orleans Saints during the 1992 season , but they lost all - time sacks leader Reggie White to free agency in the offseason . Kotie 's contract was not renewed after a disappointing 1994 season in which the Eagles went 7 -- 9 , losing their last seven games after starting the season 7 -- 2 . From 1988 to 1996 , the Eagles qualified for the playoffs during six out of those nine seasons , but they won the NFC East only once , in 1988 . Among the team 's offensive stars during that period were quarterback Randall Cunningham , tight end Keith Jackson , and running back Herschel Walker . But the `` Gang Green '' defense is possibly what defined the team , led by Reggie White , Jerome Brown , Clyde Simmons , Seth Joyner , Wes Hopkins , Mike Golic , Byron Evans , Eric Allen , Andre Waters and Mark McMillian . Lurie era ( 1994 -- present ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Andy Reid speaks with Jeff Garcia in a game against the Redskins . Jeffrey Lurie bought the Eagles on May 6 , 1994 from then - owner Norman Braman for an estimated $185 million . The club is now estimated to be the 17th most valuable sports team , worth $1.314 billion , as valuated in 2014 by Forbes . In Lurie 's first season as owner , the team only had 7 wins , but that was followed by a 10 win season in 1995 . Besides the 10 wins and a playoff berth , 1996 was an eventful year . The uniforms changed from the classic shade of Kelly Green to a darker midnight green , quarterback Randall Cunningham left after 11 seasons , and future fan favorite 13 - year starter Brian Dawkins was drafted in the 2nd round . After slipping to 6 -- 9 -- 1 , and then to 3 -- 13 , head coach Ray Rhodes was fired after four seasons . Andy Reid era ( 1999 -- 2012 ) Jeffrey Lurie has been owner since 1994 . In 1999 , the Eagles hired head coach Andy Reid and drafted quarterback Donovan McNabb . From 1999 until 2004 , the team continually improved , going from 5 -- 11 in 1999 , returning to the playoffs in with an 11 -- 5 record in 2000 , surpassing the Buccaneers in the Wild Card round before losing in the divisional . Moreover , the Eagles played in four straight NFC Championship Games between 2001 and 2004 . In 2001 , the Eagles stayed at 11 -- 5 , beating the Buccaneers and Bears to advance to the NFC championship , where they lost to the St. Louis Rams . In 2002 , the Eagles drafted running back Brian Westbrook , got the 1st round bye with the 2nd seed in the NFC with a 12 -- 4 record , but the Tampa Bay Buccaneers got their revenge in the Championship and eliminated the Eagles . In 2003 , they won the NFC first seed , but Westbrook went down in Week 17 , culminating in a loss to the Carolina Panthers in their 3rd straight NFC Championship . 2004 season and Super Bowl XXXIX In 2004 , the Philadelphia Eagles had their best season since 1960 , going 13 -- 1 before resting their starters and losing their next 2 , clinching the 1st seed for the second year in a row . McNabb set career highs , completing 64 % of his passes for 3,875 yards , though he did n't play all 16 games . McNabb became the first quarterback ever to throw more than 30 touchdowns and fewer than 10 interceptions in a season . His success could be attributed to the fact that he had a reliable receiver , Terrell Owens , who got 1,200 yards and 14 touchdowns in 14 games . After beating the Vikings and Falcons the Eagles advanced to Super Bowl XXXIX , where they dueled the New England Patriots . Although McNabb threw 3 touchdown passes and 357 yards in the game , and the score was tied 14 -- 14 going into the fourth quarter , the Patriots outscored the Eagles and scored ten straight points . McNabb completed a 30 - yard touchdown pass , and the Eagles defense held the Patriots to a 3 and out , but a crucial interception with 46 seconds left on the clock secured their fate . 2005 - 2012 Brian Dawkins was one of the premier safeties in the NFL , and earned him the role of Eagles ' defensive captain , and a mainstay on the Eagles . The team took a step back in 2005 with a 6 -- 10 record . McNabb had played with a sports hernia and a broken thumb , starting 4 -- 2 but losing three in a row , before McNabb finally succumbs to injury and is out for the rest of the season . For obnoxious behavior and a feud with McNabb , Owens was suspended after 7 games , eventually being cut . In 2006 , the team lost McNabb 10 games in and went into turmoil , but Westbrook stepped up , and the Eagles earned their fifth NFC East title under Coach Reid , with a 10 -- 6 record and a win in the wild card round , but they had an 8 -- 8 2007 season . In 2008 , the team won their 500th game , and they also drafted DeSean Jackson , a receiving threat when paired with McNabb . On January 11 , 2009 , the team defeated the defending Super Bowl champion and 1st seed New York Giants 23 -- 11 en route to their 5th NFC Championship Game in 8 years and 5th in the 10 years the Eagles have been coached by Andy Reid . In the 2008 NFC Championship Game , the Eagles made a rally , going from 24 -- 6 at halftime to 25 -- 24 with three minutes left in the 4th , but they lost to the Arizona Cardinals by a score of 32 -- 25 after quarterback Kurt Warner scored a last minute touchdown . As of the conclusion of the 2016 season , during the Lurie era , the Eagles are 1 -- 4 in conference championship games and 0 -- 1 in Super Bowls . On August 13 , 2009 , the Eagles signed quarterback Michael Vick . On December 6 , 2009 , Andy Reid became only the 5th coach in NFL history to win 100 or more games with a single team in a single decade . The other four are Tom Landry , Don Shula , Tony Dungy , and Bill Belichick , all Super Bowl winners . McNabb finally had a complete receiving corps , between first round draft pick Jeremy Maclin , DeSean Jackson 's 1,000 yard season , and Brent Celek ranking among the top 5 tight ends in the league . Without Brian Dawkins , defensive end Trent Cole stepped up and became the dominant force on defense with 12 sacks , earning him his second trip to the Pro Bowl and All - Pro honors . In 2009 , the Eagles started 5 -- 4 , but moved up to 11 -- 4 , and could clinch the NFC 2nd seed if they won their next game . After a shutout at the hands of the Dallas Cowboys in week 17 , the Eagles missed the 1st round bye. but with a record of 11 -- 5 , but they were the NFC 6th seed and they narrowly made the playoffs . In the 2009 NFC Wild Card Game , the Eagles played against the Cowboys for the second consecutive week and lost 34 -- 14 . Despite many errors from many players , and a great season before the breakdown in Dallas , McNabb took the brunt of the blow and was heavily criticized . Coach Andy Reid said up until April 1 , 2010 , that McNabb would remain the starter . On March 5 , 2010 , Brian Westbrook was cut from the Eagles after eight seasons with the team . On April 4 , 2010 , the team traded long - time starting quarterback Donovan McNabb to the Washington Redskins in exchange for a second round draft pick . Kevin Kolb was immediately named the starter , but after suffering a concussion in week 1 against the Packers , Vick took over as the starter . Vick led the Eagles to its sixth NFC East division title in ten seasons . With a record of 10 -- 6 the Eagles clinched the 3rd seed and had to play a Wild Card Playoff Game . During the 2010 NFC Wild Card Game , the Eagles faced off against the eventual Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers and lost 21 -- 16 . The 2011 season for the Eagles was a major disappointment , as they only managed to finish 8 -- 8 and did not qualify for the playoffs , although they did win the last 4 games of the season . Because of several free agent acquisitions , Vince Young , a back up quarterback , stated that the Eagles were a Dream Team . The Philadelphia fan base and faithful never did concur with the comment as some national outlets may comment . Many Eagles fans believe that Vince Young saying that the Eagles were a ' Dream Team ' is the reason that the Eagles had such a horrible season . Eagles fans had high expectations going into the 2012 season . The Eagles started off winning three out of their four first games , but that changed when they lost the next eight games , and were eliminated from the playoff hunt . They only won one out of their last four games . After a loss to the New York Giants on December 30 , 2012 , longtime head coach Andy Reid was fired after fourteen seasons with the team . Chip Kelly era ( 2013 -- 2015 ) On January 16 , 2013 , the Eagles brought in University of Oregon head coach Chip Kelly to succeed Reid as head coach after a 4 -- 12 season . The Philadelphia Eagles named Michael Vick starting quarterback going into the 2013 season with much promise running Chip Kelly 's fast - paced spread offense . The 2013 season proved to be more successful for the Eagles . A hamstring injury took Michael Vick out after a 1 -- 3 start , but his backup , Nick Foles , led the team to a 10 -- 6 regular season record , and its seventh NFC East title in 13 seasons . Before throwing his first interception in Week 14 , Foles threw 19 touchdowns , which was just one shy of the all - time NFL record of consecutive touchdowns without an interception to start a season , set earlier in the season by Peyton Manning . Foles also tied Manning for most touchdown passes in a single - game with seven against the Oakland Raiders which also made him the youngest player in NFL history to throw that many touchdowns in a game . Foles finished the regular season with 27 touchdown passes and only 2 interceptions , giving him the then - best TD - INT ratio in NFL history . ( That record was later broken by Tom Brady , in the 2016 season . ) He also finished with a 119.0 passer rating , third highest in league history behind only Aaron Rodgers in 2011 and Peyton Manning in 2004 . He was also only the second quarterback in NFL history to have a game in which he topped 400 passing yards and a perfect passer rating . LeSean McCoy finished his Pro Bowl season as the league 's top rusher with 1,607 rushing yards ( also a franchise record ) and 2,146 total yards from scrimmage , also best in the NFL . As a whole , the Eagles offense scored 51 touchdowns , most in franchise history passing the previous season high set back in 1948 . The Eagles opened the 2014 season winning their first three games and making NFL history as the only team ever to trail by ten or more points in their first three games and come back to win . Nick Foles struggled with turnovers , but ultimately did well and led the Eagles to a 6 -- 2 record , before breaking his collarbone , resulting in his job getting taken over by Mark Sanchez , who outplayed Foles despite facing more playoff teams . The Eagles held the divisional title from week one to week 15 against the Cowboys . After going 9 -- 3 with their crucial win over the Cowboys , the Eagles lost their next 3 , and a week after losing the NFC East title , they lost an upset against the 3 -- 11 Redskins and were eliminated from playoff contention with the Cowboys ' win over the Colts . Following the 2014 season , Chip Kelly was given total control and made some controversial moves . He traded LeSean McCoy , who had become the team 's all - time leading rusher after the 2014 season , for linebacker Kiko Alonso , a player Kelly coached at Oregon who had missed the entire 2014 season . He also cut ten - year veteran and starter , Trent Cole , who was still a consistent threat on defense and was second only to legend Reggie White on the Eagles all - time sack list . He also made a trade where the highly successful Nick Foles was traded for Sam Bradford , who had missed the entire 2014 season with an ACL tear . Kelly tried to re-sign Jeremy Maclin , who had stepped up as the team 's leading wide receiver , but he signed with the Kansas City Chiefs instead . However , the Eagles also acquired league leading rusher DeMarco Murray , which not only helped the Eagles , but hurt their rivals , the Dallas Cowboys . They also obtained Super Bowl champion Byron Maxwell , who left the Seattle Seahawks in free agency to sign a six - year , $63 million contract . The first two games of the season were disastrous , as they started 0 -- 2 . Bradford had a 2 -- 4 TD - INT ratio , Maxwell was constantly beaten by Falcons receiver Julio Jones , and Murray was held to 11 yards on 21 carries . After Murray was injured , Ryan Mathews rushed for over 100 yards in a Week 3 win against the New York Jets . Kelly made Murray the unquestioned starter and although Murray 's play improved over the season , he never regained his dominant form and was held to a career low 3.6 yards per carry average . On December 29 , 2015 , with one game left in the season , head coach Chip Kelly was released by the Eagles . Offensive Coordinator Pat Shurmur was named Interim Coach for the final game against the rival New York Giants , which Shurmur won 35 -- 30 . Former player and current running backs coach Duce Staley was the first coach to be interviewed for the opening head coaching job on January 2 , 2016 . Doug Pederson era ( 2016 -- present ) 2016 Carson Wentz made his debut in the 2016 season The Eagles hired Chiefs offensive coordinator Doug Pederson as their next head coach . The team made the official announcement on January 18 , 2016 . Eagles owner Jeffrey Lurie said in a statement : `` Doug is a strategic thinker , a compelling leader and communicator , and someone who truly knows how to get the best out of his players . All of these factors were what initially attracted us to Doug and we believe that he is the right man to help us achieve our ultimate goal . '' Pederson had been with the Chiefs for the preceding three years after spending the four seasons previous to those with the Eagles . He served as a quality control assistant for the Eagles in 2009 and 2010 before being promoted to quarterbacks coach for the 2011 and 2012 seasons . He was praised for his work with Chiefs quarterback Alex Smith over the preceding few seasons , particularly 2015 , as the Chiefs moved into the top 10 in scoring offense . At the end of the 2015 season , the Eagles had the 13th pick in the 2016 NFL Draft . They traded Byron Maxwell , Kiko Alonso , and their pick to the Miami Dolphins for the # 8 pick . Later , they traded the # 8 pick , their third - round pick , their fourth - round pick , a 2017 first - round pick , and a 2018 second - round pick to the Cleveland Browns for the # 2 pick and a 2017 fourth - round pick . They used the # 2 pick to draft North Dakota State quarterback Carson Wentz . On September 3 , 2016 , the Eagles traded starting quarterback Sam Bradford to the Minnesota Vikings , who had lost Teddy Bridgewater for the season , for a 2017 first - round pick and a 2018 fourth - round pick . Following the trade , the Eagles named Wentz the starting quarterback for Week 1 of the 2016 season . First - time head coach Pederson led the Eagles to a 3 -- 0 start to the season . His rookie quarterback started with 5 touchdowns , no interceptions and over 255 yards per game . The Week 4 bye took a toll on the Eagles , and they lost four out of the next five games , including a loss to every rival team in their division . They also lost right tackle Lane Johnson to a 10 - game suspension following the Week 5 loss againist the Lions which damaged Carson Wentz 's hot start . In those four games , their average margin of loss was just under 5 points . Pederson and the Eagles won just 3 of their last 7 games . Those included gruesome road losses against the Seattle Seahawks , the Cincinnati Bengals , and the Baltimore Ravens . Although Wentz started off the season well , the 6 -- 5 quarterback finished with a TD -- INT ratio of 16 : 14 . The rookie head coach and rookie quarterback tandem led the Eagles to a disappointing year , finishing with a 7 -- 9 record and coming in last in the division . 2017 : first Super Bowl Championship During the following offseason , the team made several acquisitions on the offensive side of the ball . The Eagles either traded or released notable players from the Chip Kelly era like Ryan Mathews , Matt Tobin , Allen Barbre , Jordan Matthews and Marcus Smith II . They signed more notable players to improve its wide receiver corps that have struggled the last two seasons like Alshon Jeffery , and Torrey Smith as well as 2016 Super Bowl champion , Legarrette Blount . They also added veterans on defense such as Patrick Robinson , Chris Long , Corey Graham , Tim Jernigan and Ronald Darby . The team addressed its defense mostly in the draft , using its top three picks on defensive players . The Eagles drafted Derek Barnett with the 14th overall pick . The Eagles had completely revamped their offense and strengthened their defense heading into the 2017 season . They opened the season on the road versus the Washington Redskins and won the game 30 -- 17 . The team lost to the Kansas City Chiefs the following week , 27 -- 20 , in Pederson 's return to face Andy Reid . The Eagles then won six consecutive games , including signature wins at the Carolina Panthers , 28 -- 23 , and versus the Washington Redskins , 34 -- 24 , in a Monday Night contest . On the morning of October 31 , 2017 , just before the NFL trade deadline , the Eagles made a blockbuster move sending a fourth - round pick to the Miami Dolphins for star running back Jay Ajayi . The move immediately paid dividends for the Eagles heading into their next game versus the Denver Broncos as Ajayi rushed for 77 yards on just eight attempts including a 46 - yard TD near the end of the second quarter . Ajayi and Wentz led the Eagles to a 51 -- 23 rout of the top defense in the NFL . Foles in the Huddle before leaving the field before Super Bowl LII . The Eagles headed into their bye week with the best record in the NFL ( 8 -- 1 ) , and with Wentz leading the NFL MVP discussion with an NFL - leading 23 touchdowns to 5 interceptions . During their bye , the Eagles signed former Giants offensive tackle Will Beatty and former Saints linebacker Dannell Ellerbe to not only add depth but also players with Super Bowl experiences . Coming off of the bye week , the Philadelphia Eagles entered a Sunday night showdown with the defending NFC East champion Dallas Cowboys . The Eagles came out sluggish and trailed 9 -- 7 at the half . The team exploded in the second half though , rattling off 30 unanswered points to soundly defeat their rival by a final score of 37 -- 9 . The Eagles were rolling on a nine - game winning streak after a huge blowout win over the Chicago Bears . The Eagles traveled to Seattle in Week 13 in a huge Sunday Night showdown against Russell Wilson and the Seattle Seahawks . The Eagles struggled throughout the whole game , blowing many scoring opportunities and allowing Wilson to throw 3 touchdowns . The Eagles lost 24 -- 10 , ending their win streak . However , the Eagles bounced back in Week 14 win over the Los Angeles Rams in a tough 43 -- 35 win . However , Carson Wentz left the game in the third quarter with a knee injury . It was later found out that Wentz tore his ACL , ending his MVP caliber season . Backup Nick Foles would once again take over as starting quarterback . In Foles 's first start against the New York Giants , he would lead them back from a 20 -- 7 deficit and score 4 touchdowns and win the game 34 -- 29 . Foles struggled in the last two games of the season against the Oakland Raiders and the Dallas Cowboys , and threw a touchdown and 2 interceptions in that span . Despite this , the Eagles finished 13 -- 3 and secured the top seed in the NFC . The Eagles opened as the underdogs , the first time in history that a No. 1 seed has opened up the postseason as an underdog . Despite this , Foles would lead the Eagles past the Atlanta Falcons in the Divisional Round 15 -- 10 . In the next game Foles and the Eagles annihilated the Minnesota Vikings 38 -- 7 in the NFC Championship nicknamed the Minneapolis Massacre , mocking the Minneapolis Miracle from their previous playoff victory . Foles had his best game since week 15 and threw for 352 passing yards and 3 touchdowns including an impressive flea flicker touchdown pass . This win marked the franchise 's third Super Bowl appearance and a berth in Super Bowl LII for a 2005 rematch against Tom Brady and the New England Patriots . With Foles at the helm , the Eagles started off the game strong , leading the Patriots 22 -- 12 at halftime . In the second half the Patriots gained momentum and for the first time took the lead in the 4th quarter 33 -- 32 . The Eagles rallied back and scored an 11 - yard Touchdown to tight end Zach Ertz . Later the Eagles converted on a 46 - yard field goal by Jake Elliott to lead 41 -- 33 . On the final play of the game with 9 seconds left , Brady threw a hail - mary pass directed toward tight end Rob Gronkowski which was bobbled by Patrick Robinson before being dropped in the end - zone as time expired , securing the win for the Eagles 41 -- 33 , and ending the 58 - year long championship drought . This would be Philadelphia 's first Super Bowl win and their fourth league championship ( their first championship since 1960 ) . Foles won Super Bowl MVP going 28 -- 43 with 373 passing yards , 3 touchdowns , and an interception . Nick Foles became the first backup quarterback to start and win a Super Bowl since his opponent Tom Brady won as the backup for Drew Bledsoe in 2001 . Season records Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles seasons Regular season record ( all - time ) : 568 -- 594 -- 26 Playoff record ( all - time ) : 22 -- 21 ( last appearance after beating New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII ) Most points in a season : 474 points ( 2014 ) NFL championships won : 4 ( 3 before the 1967 NFL - AFL merger created the Super Bowl ) Super Bowls won : 1 out of 3 appearances Passing leader ( all - time ) : Donovan McNabb -- 32,873 yards Rushing leader ( all - time ) : LeSean McCoy -- 6,792 yards Receiving leader ( all - time ) : Harold Carmichael -- 8,978 yards Winningest coach ( all - time ) : Andy Reid -- 130 wins Top player by approximate value ( all - time ) : Donovan McNabb -- 126 AV Rivalries New York Giants Main article : Eagles -- Giants rivalry One of the NFL 's oldest , this rivalry began on October 15 , 1933 when the Giants defeated the newly founded Eagles 56 -- 0 . The Giants lead the all - time series 84 -- 82 -- 2 . Three of the best known comebacks against the Giants are labeled as `` Miracle In The Meadowlands -- Herm Edwards '' , `` Miracle In The Meadowlands II -- Brian Westbrook '' and `` Miracle In The New Meadowlands -- DeSean Jackson '' . Dallas Cowboys Main article : Cowboys -- Eagles rivalry The Cowboys have been one of the Eagles ' biggest rivals . The Eagles won the first game in this rivalry 27 -- 25 on September 30 , 1960 . Dallas leads the all - time series 63 -- 51 -- 0 . They have been close in recent years , with Dallas winning 12 games from 2006 to the present while the Eagles have also won 12 . There is much hostility between the two teams ' fan bases , with incidents such as the 1989 Bounty Bowl . Washington Redskins Main article : Eagles -- Redskins rivalry Not as big as the rivalries between the Giants and Cowboys , that with division rivals Washington Redskins is still fierce . It started in 1934 when the Washington Redskins were first known as the Boston Redskin ; the Redskins defeated the Eagles 6 -- 0 , and lead the all - time series 85 -- 76 -- 6 . The rivalry has been very even since 2010 overall . However , the Eagles swept the Redskins during the 2017 season for the first time since the 2013 season . Pittsburgh Steelers Main article : Eagles -- Steelers rivalry The Eagles and Pittsburgh Steelers are both located in Pennsylvania and began play in 1933 . From that season , through 1966 , this was a major rivalry for both teams as both were part of the same division . In 1967 , they were placed in separate divisions but remained in the same conference for three years . Finally , in 1970 , the Steelers ( along with the Cleveland Browns and Baltimore Colts ) moved to the American Football Conference while the Eagles stayed with the rest of the old - line NFL teams in the National Football Conference . As a result , the Eagles and Steelers no longer played each other every year . Currently they are scheduled to meet once every four years in the regular season , the most recent meeting being in 2016 at Philadelphia , with the Eagles winning 34 - 3 . The Steelers have lost nine straight games on the road against the Eagles dating back to 1966 , which was also the start of the Super Bowl era . The Eagles lead the all - time series 47 -- 28 -- 3 . Logo and uniforms See also : Uniform ( American football ) and footnote about Eagles ' uniform numbers . For several decades , the Eagles ' colors were kelly green , silver , and white . In 1954 , the Eagles , along with the Baltimore Colts , became the second team ever in the NFL to put a logo on their helmets , with silver wings on a kelly green helmet . In 1969 , the team wore two helmet versions : Kelly green with white wings in road games , and white with kelly green wings at home . From 1970 to ' 73 , they wore the white helmets with Kelly green wings exclusively before switching back to Kelly green helmets with silver wings . By 1974 , Joseph A. Scirrotto Jr. designed the silver wings took on a white outline , and this style on a kelly green helmet became standard for over two decades . From 1948 -- 95 , the team logo was an eagle in flight carrying a football in its claws , although from ' 69 -- 72 , the eagle took on a more stylized look . As the design was similar to the Apollo 11 emblem , and its moon - landing craft was dubbed Eagle , players wore the flight 's mission patch on their jerseys during 1969 . In 1973 , the team 's name was added below the eagle , which returned to its pre - ' 69 look . However , both the logo and uniforms were radically altered in 1996 . The primary kelly green color was changed to a darker shade , officially described as `` midnight green . '' Silver was practically abandoned , as uniform pants moved to either white or midnight green . The traditional helmet wings were changed to a primarily white color , with silver and black accents . The team 's logo combination ( the eagle and club name lettering ) also changed in 1996 , with the eagle itself limited to a white ( bald eagle ) head , drawn in a less realistic , more cartoon - based style , and the lettering changing from calligraphic to block letters . Since the 1996 alterations , the team has made only minor alterations , mostly relating to jersey / pant combinations worn during specific games . For example , in 1997 , against the San Francisco 49ers , the team wore midnight green jerseys and pants for the first of only two occasions in team history . The second occasion was in 2002 , during the final regular season game at Veterans Stadium , a win over the division - rival Washington Redskins . A year later , in the first two games of the 2003 season ( both home losses to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New England Patriots ) , the Eagles wore white jerseys with white pants . Since 2003 , the white jerseys along with white pants have been worn during preseason games . The 2003 season also saw the first ( though only subtle ) change to the 1996 - style uniform . On both white and green jerseys , black shadows and silver trim were added to both the green and white numbering . The stripe on the pants changed from black - green - black to black - silver - green on the white pants , and from a solid black stripe to one stripe of black , another of silver , with one small white stripe in between for the midnight blue pants . The 2003 season also saw the team debut black alternate jerseys , with a green ( instead of black ) shadow on white numbers , and silver trim . These black jerseys have been worn for two selected home games each season ( usually the first home game after bye week and the season finale ) . In the 2003 and 2004 regular season home finales , the team wore the green road pants with the black alternate jerseys , but lost each game . Since then , the Eagles have only worn the black jerseys with the white pants . However , due to the special 75th anniversary uniforms serving as the `` alternates '' for one game in 2007 , the Eagles could not wear the alternate black jersey that season per league rules ( alternate uniforms are permitted twice per season but only one can be used ) . The black jerseys with white pants , however , re-appeared for the 2008 Thanksgiving night game against the Arizona Cardinals . The black jerseys were most recently used in a December 21 , 2016 game against the New York Giants , in which they won 24 - 19 . From 2006 -- 2013 , the Eagles have only worn the alternate black jerseys once a season and for the last November home game , but did not use them in 2007 , 2010 , and 2011 . For the 2007 and 2010 seasons , the Eagles used throwback uniforms in place of the black alternates for their anniversary to commemorate past teams . The team also started wearing black shoes exclusively in 2004 . Since 2014 , the Eagles have worn the black jersey twice per season . In 2016 , they wore the black jersey three times . To celebrate the team 's 75th anniversary , the 2007 uniforms featured a 75th - season logo patch on the left shoulder . In addition , the team wore `` throwback '' jerseys in a 2007 game against the Detroit Lions . The yellow and blue jerseys , the same colors found on Philadelphia 's city flag , are based on those worn by the Philadelphia Eagles in the team 's inaugural season , and were the same colors used by the former Frankford Yellow Jackets franchise prior to their suspension of operations in 1931 . The Eagles beat Detroit , 56 -- 21 . The Philadelphia Eagles wear their white jerseys at home for preseason games and daytime games in the first half of the regular season from September to mid-October when the temperature is warmer . In night contests in the first half of the regular season , the Eagles do not need to wear white at home since the temperature is cooler . However , there have been exceptions , such as the home opener against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2003 and the Washington Redskins in 2007 that were played at night . In late October or beginning in November , the Eagles start to wear their colors at home ( although they have done it earlier before ) , be it the midnight green jerseys or a third jersey . On one occasion the Eagles wore white at home after October in a meeting against the Dallas Cowboys on November 4 , 2007 to make the Cowboys wear their road blue jerseys . Since moving to Lincoln Financial Field in 2003 , the Eagles have worn white at home for at least their home opener , with the exceptions for the 2010 home opener ( see next paragraph ) , the 2011 home opener against the New York Giants , the 2016 home opener against the Cleveland Browns , and the 2017 home opener against the Giants . In the 2010 season against the Green Bay Packers , on September 12 , 2010 , the Eagles wore uniforms similar to the ones that were worn by the 1960 championship team in honor the 50th anniversary of that team . In weeks 4 and 6 of the 2010 season , the Eagles wore their white jerseys in a match - up against the Washington Redskins and Atlanta Falcons respectively before reverting to their midnight green jerseys for the rest of their home games . For the 2011 season , the Eagles did not wear white for any of their home games . For the 2012 season Nike took over from Reebok as the NFL 's official apparel licensee but the Eagles decided that they would not be adopting Nike 's `` Elite 51 '' uniform technology . Aside from the Nike logo replacing the Reebok logo , the only other change is the league - wide revision of the NFL shield on the uniform ( replacing the NFL Equipment logo ) , other than that the uniforms essentially remain unchanged . The Eagles also revived their black alternate jersey . For the 2013 season , the Eagles started to wear white pants , as an alternate to their green pants , with their white jerseys , in the regular season . For the 2014 season the Eagles have officially adopted the `` Elite 51 '' style uniform from Nike . Recently the team has discussed bringing back the `` Kelly Green '' uniforms similar to the uniforms worn in the 1960 NFL Championship season and which were last worn in the 2010 season opener vs. Green Bay . Traditionally kelly green , silver and white had been the official team color until 1996 season when it switched to the current `` Midnight Green '' uniforms . But due to the NFL rules and restrictions having a team go through a waiting period before any major uniform changes and alterations can be made , it would most likely be quite some time before any uniform changes are officially made . In Week 6 of 2014 against the New York Giants , the team introduced black pants to complement their black jerseys , giving them a blackout uniform set , the Eagles won the game 27 -- 0 . The victory was their first shutout in 18 years . The blackout uniform was most recently worn in a Week 16 victory , 19 - 10 , against the Raiders in 2017 . The Eagles are 6 -- 3 in their blackout uniforms : winning three times against the Giants and once against each of the Minnesota Vikings , Denver Broncos , and Oakland Raiders , and losing against the Seattle Seahawks , Arizona Cardinals , and Green Bay Packers . Training camp The Eagles previously held their preseason training camp from the end of July through mid-August each year at Lehigh University in Bethlehem , Pennsylvania in the Lehigh Valley . With the addition of new head coach Chip Kelly , the Eagles recently moved their training camp to the NovaCare Complex in Philadelphia . Training camps were previously held at Chestnut Hill Academy in 1935 , Saint Joseph 's University in 1939 and 1943 , Saranac Lake from 1946 -- 1948 , Hershey from 1951 -- 1967 , Albright College from 1968 -- 1972 , Widener University from 1973 -- 1979 , and West Chester University from 1980 -- 1995 . Fight song Further information : Fly , Eagles Fly This fight song is heard during Eagles ' home games after touchdowns and before the team is introduced prior to kickoff . Fans Full house at `` The Linc '' for a playoff game in January 2011 An Eagles fan in attendance at U.S. Bank Stadium celebrates following the team 's victory at Super Bowl LII . Eagles fans celebrating along Benjamin Franklin Parkway at the Eagles victory parade Devotion Although the method may vary , studies that attempt to rank the 32 fan bases in the NFL consistently place Eagles fans among the best in the league , noting their `` unmatched fervor . '' Eagles fans have numerous dedicated web communities , ranking the Eagles just behind the Phillies as the dominant Philadelphia sports presence on the web . The American City Business Journals , which conducts a regular study to determine the most loyal fans in the NFL , evaluates fans based primarily on attendance - related factors , and ranked Eagles fans third in both 1999 and 2006 . The 2006 study called the fans `` incredibly loyal '' , noting that they filled 99.8 % of the seats in the stadium over the previous decade . Forbes placed the Eagles fans first in its 2008 survey , which was based on the correlation between team performance and fan attendance . ESPN.com placed Eagles fans fourth in the league in its 2008 survey , citing the connection between the team 's performance and the mood of the city . The last home game which was blacked out on television in the Philadelphia market as a result of not being sold out was against the Arizona Cardinals on Sunday , September 12 , 1999 , which was Andy Reid 's first home game as new head coach of the Eagles . The studies note that -- win or lose -- Eagles fans can be counted on to pack their stadium . As of August 2008 , the team had sold out 71 consecutive games , and 70,000 were on the team 's waiting list for season tickets . Despite finishing with a 6 -- 10 record in the 2005 season , the Eagles ranked second in the NFL in merchandise sales , and single - game tickets for the next season were sold out minutes after phone and Internet lines opened . Eagles fans have also been known to chant the famous , `` E-A-G-L-E-S -- Eagles ! ! '' at Flyers , Phillies , and 76ers games when the team is getting blown out late in a game and a loss is inevitable , signifying their displeasure with the given team 's performance , and that they are instead putting their hope into the Eagles . Bad behavior Along with their fierce devotion , Eagles fans have a reputation for bad behavior and sports - related violence , especially when the team plays its rivals . In If Football 's a Religion , Why Do n't We Have a Prayer ? , Jereé Longman described the fans of the 700 Level of Veterans Stadium as having a reputation for `` hostile taunting , fighting , public urination and general strangeness . '' So many incidents occurred at a 1997 game against the 49ers that at the following home game , Judge Seamus McCaffery began presiding over a temporary courtroom at the stadium ; 20 suspects came before him that day . Fan behavior improved after the team 's move to Lincoln Financial Field , and `` Eagles Court '' ended in December 2003 . Eagles Cheerleaders Eagles Cheerleaders doing a routine in 2008 . Main article : Philadelphia Eagles Cheerleaders The team also has its own cheerleading squad , which performs a variety of dance moves for the fans and the Eagles on the sideline . The squad also releases a swimsuit calendar each year , and is the first squad in the league to release the calendar on the Android and iOS mobile systems . Current roster Philadelphia Eagles roster view talk Quarterbacks 9 Nick Foles 7 Nate Sudfeld 11 Carson Wentz Running backs 26 Jay Ajayi 30 Corey Clement 34 Donnel Pumphrey 28 Wendell Smallwood Wide receivers 13 Nelson Agholor 19 Rashard Davis 18 Shelton Gibson 10 Mack Hollins 17 Alshon Jeffery 16 Bryce Treggs 14 Mike Wallace 89 Greg Ward Jr . -- Dom Williams -- Marquess Wilson Tight ends 85 Billy Brown 86 Zach Ertz -- Joshua Perkins -- Richard Rodgers -- Adam Zaruba Offensive linemen 79 Brandon Brooks G 78 Darrell Greene G -- Taylor Hart T 65 Lane Johnson T 62 Jason Kelce C 71 Jason Peters T 73 Isaac Seumalo G -- Jon Toth C 72 Halapoulivaati Vaitai T 67 Chance Warmack G 61 Stefen Wisniewski G Defensive linemen 96 Derek Barnett DE 77 Michael Bennett DE 91 Fletcher Cox DT -- Winston Craig DT 55 Brandon Graham DE 93 Timmy Jernigan DT 56 Chris Long DE 51 Steven Means DE 94 Haloti Ngata DT 98 Elijah Qualls DT -- Aziz Shittu DT 97 Destiny Vaeao DT Linebackers 53 Nigel Bradham OLB 47 Nathan Gerry OLB 54 Kamu Grugier - Hill OLB 58 Jordan Hicks MLB 95 Mychal Kendricks OLB -- Corey Nelson OLB 59 Joe Walker MLB -- Paul Worrilow OLB Defensive backs -- De'Vante Bausby CB -- Elie Bouka CB 21 Ronald Darby CB 32 Rasul Douglas CB -- Randall Goforth CB 27 Malcolm Jenkins SS 22 Sidney Jones CB 35 D.J. Killings CB 23 Rodney McLeod FS 42 Chris Maragos FS 31 Jalen Mills CB 49 Tre Sullivan S Special teams 4 Jake Elliott K -- Cameron Johnston P 45 Rick Lovato LS Reserve lists Currently vacant Rookies in italics Roster updated April 16 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 68 Active , Inactive → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA List of Philadelphia Eagles players ( past and present ) Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles players Awards and honors Retired numbers Philadelphia Eagles retired numbers No . Player Position Years played 5 Donovan McNabb QB 1999 -- 2009 15 Steve Van Buren HB 1944 -- 1951 20 Brian Dawkins 1996 -- 2008 40 Tom Brookshier CB 1953 -- 1961 44 Pete Retzlaff RB , WR , TE 1956 -- 1966 60 Chuck Bednarik LB , C 1949 -- 1962 70 Al Wistert OT 1943 -- 1951 92 Reggie White DE 1985 -- 1992 99 Jerome Brown DT 1987 -- 1991 Notes : Posthumous honors . Despite not being retired , no one has worn Randall Cunningham 's No. 12 since he left the Eagles . Pro Football Hall of Famers Eagles legend Steve Van Buren Main article : List of Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees Eagles in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Players No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted 60 Chuck Bednarik C -- LB 1949 -- 1962 1967 33 Ollie Matson RB 1964 -- 1966 1972 76 Bob Brown OT 1964 -- 1968 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1957 -- 1963 1998 80 Cris Carter WR 1987 -- 1989 2013 85 James Arthur `` Art '' Monk WR 1995 2008 95 Richard Dent DE 1997 2011 35 Pete Pihos TE -- DE 1947 -- 1955 1970 89 Mike Ditka TE 1967 -- 1968 1988 54 Jim Ringo 1964 -- 1967 1981 86 Bud Grant WR -- DE 1951 -- 1952 1994 11 Norm Van Brocklin QB 1958 -- 1960 1971 56 Bill Hewitt End - FB 1937 -- 1939 , 1943 1971 15 Steve Van Buren HB 1944 -- 1951 1965 87 Claude Humphrey DE 1979 -- 1981 2014 92 Reggie White DE 1985 -- 1992 2006 9 Sonny Jurgensen QB 1957 -- 1963 53 Alex Wojciechowicz C -- DT 1946 -- 1950 1968 80 James Lofton WR 1993 2003 20 Brian Dawkins 1996 - 2008 2018 Coaches and Executives Name Positions Seasons Inducted Bert Bell Owner / Founder 1933 -- 1940 1963 Wayne Millner Assistant Coach 1951 1968 Earle `` Greasy '' Neale Head Coach 1941 -- 1950 1969 Mike McCormack Head Coach 1973 -- 1975 1984 Eagles Hall of Fame See also : Category : American football museums and halls of fame . In 1987 , the Eagles Honor Roll was established . Every Eagles player who had by then been elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame was among the inaugural induction class . By 2012 , the Honor Roll had been retitled as the Eagles Hall of Fame . Players are considered for induction three years after their retirement from the NFL , and there have been 41 inductees into the Eagles Hall of Fame as of 2015 . Eagles Hall of Fame Year No . Name Position ( s ) Tenure 60 Chuck Bednarik C -- LB 1949 -- 1962 -- Bert Bell Founder - Owner 1933 -- 1940 17 Harold Carmichael WR 1971 -- 1983 56 Bill Hewitt TE -- DE 1936 -- 1939 , 1943 9 Sonny Jurgensen QB 1957 -- 1963 33 Ollie Matson RB 1964 -- 1966 31 Wilbert Montgomery RB 1977 -- 1984 -- Earle `` Greasy '' Neale Head Coach 1941 -- 1950 35 Pete Pihos TE -- DE 1947 -- 1955 54 Jim Ringo 1964 -- 1967 11 Norm Van Brocklin QB 1958 -- 1960 15 Steve Van Buren HB 1944 -- 1951 53 Alex Wojciechowicz C -- DT 1946 -- 1950 1988 66 Bill Bergey LB 1974 -- 1980 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1957 -- 1963 1989 40 Tom Brookshier CB 1954 -- 1961 44 Pete Retzlaff TE 1956 -- 1966 1990 22 Timmy Brown RB 1960 -- 1967 1991 76 Jerry Sisemore OT 1973 -- 1987 75 Stan Walters OT 1975 -- 1983 1992 7 Ron Jaworski QB 1977 -- 1986 1993 28 Bill Bradley S -- P 1969 -- 1976 1994 -- Dick Vermeil Head Coach 1976 -- 1982 1995 -- Jim Gallagher Team Executive 1949 -- 1995 82 Mike Quick WR 1982 -- 1990 99 Jerome Brown DT 1987 -- 1991 1999 -- Otho Davis Head Trainer 1973 -- 1995 1948 NFL Championship team 1949 NFL Championship team 76 Bob Brown OT 1964 -- 1968 2005 92 Reggie White DE 1985 -- 1992 2009 70 Al Wistert OT 1943 -- 1951 12 Randall Cunningham QB -- P 1985 -- 1995 2011 21 Eric Allen CB 1988 -- 1994 -- Jim Johnson Defensive Coordinator 1999 -- 2008 2012 -- Leo Carlin Ticket Manager 1960 -- 2015 20 Brian Dawkins 1996 -- 2008 23 Troy Vincent CB 1996 -- 2003 2013 5 Donovan McNabb QB 1999 -- 2009 2015 36 Brian Westbrook RB 2002 -- 2009 55 Maxie Baughan LB 1960 -- 1965 2016 54 Jeremiah Trotter LB 1998 -- 2001 , 2004 -- 2006 , 2009 - Merrill Reese Radio Play by Play 1977 -- Present 2017 David Akers 1999 - 2010 75th anniversary team Philadelphia Eagles 75th Anniversary Team ( 2007 ) Offense McNabb ( QB ) Van Buren ( RB ) Byars ( FB ) Carmichael ( WR ) McDonald ( WR ) Pihos ( TE ) Thomas ( LT ) Key ( LG ) Bednarik ( C ) Andrews ( RG ) Runyan ( RT ) Defense Simmons ( DE ) White ( DE ) J. Brown ( DT ) Johnson ( DT ) Bednarik ( MLB ) Joyner ( OLB ) Wojciechowicz ( OLB ) Allen ( CB ) Vincent ( CB ) Waters ( SS ) Dawkins ( FS ) Special teams T. Brown ( KR ) Westbrook ( PR ) Akers ( PK ) Landeta ( P ) Papale ( ST ) Coach Andy Reid John Wanamaker Athletic Award ( Philadelphia Sports Congress ) See footnote Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Main article : Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame See : Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame # Football Franchise records Source : pro-football-reference.com Eagles Franchise Page Passing Statistic Regular season Playoffs Rookie Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Completions 2801 Donovan McNabb 379 Carson Wentz 2016 37 Mark Sanchez 2014 - 12 - 20 @ WAS Sam Bradford 2015 - 12 - 26 WAS 341 Donovan McNabb 73 Donovan McNabb 2008 30 Donovan McNabb 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE 379 Carson Wentz 2016 36 Carson Wentz 2016 - 12 - 04 @ CIN Pass Attempts 4746 Donovan McNabb 607 Carson Wentz 2016 62 Randall Cunningham 1989 - 10 - 02 @ CHI Nick Foles 2014 - 10 - 26 @ ARI 577 Donovan McNabb 121 Donovan McNabb 2008 54 Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI 607 Carson Wentz 2016 60 Carson Wentz 2016 - 12 - 04 @ CIN Passing Yards 32873 Donovan McNabb 3916 Donovan McNabb 2008 464 Donovan McNabb 2004 - 12 - 05 GNB 3752 Donovan McNabb 892 Donovan McNabb 2008 407 Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI 3782 Carson Wentz 2016 381 Nick Foles 2012 - 12 - 09 @ TAM Passing TDs 216 Donovan McNabb 33 Carson Wentz 2017 7 Nick Foles 2013 - 11 - 03 @ OAK 24 Donovan McNabb 7 Donovan McNabb Ron Jaworski 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET Donovan McNabb 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI / > Nick Foles 2018 - 01 - 21 MIN 2018 - 02 - 04 NNWE 16 Carson Wentz 2016 Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL Donovan McNabb 2000 - 01 - 02 STL Intercepted 151 Ron Jaworski 26 Sonny Jurgensen 1962 6 Bobby Thomason 1956 - 10 - 21 CRD Pete Liske 1971 - 09 - 26 DAL 17 Donovan McNabb 7 Ron Jaworski 1980 Ron Jaworski 1981 - 01 - 25 NOAK Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI Donovan McNabb 2004 - 01 - 18 CAR 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE 17 Davey O'Brien 1939 Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 15 RAM Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 18 @ GNB Brad Goebel 1991 - 10 - 13 NOR Passer Rating 94.2 + Nick Foles 119.2 # Nick Foles 2013 158.3 * Donovan McNabb 2007 - 09 - 23 DET Nick Foles 2013 - 11 - 03 @ OAK 83.6 # Jeff Garcia 132.4 * Rodney Peete 1995 143.3 * Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET 79.3 # Carson Wentz 2016 131.7 * Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL Sacked 422 Randall Cunningham 72 Randall Cunningham 1986 12 Donovan McNabb 2007 - 09 - 30 @ NYG 48 Donovan McNabb 12 Donovan McNabb 2003 8 Donovan McNabb 2004 - 01 - 11 GNB 38 John Reaves 1972 7 Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 29 NYG Yds / Pass Att 8.71 + Sonny Jurgensen 9.12 # Nick Foles 2013 16.29 * Sonny Jurgensen 1962 - 11 - 25 DAL 6.5 # Donovan McNabb Randall Cunningham 10.2 * Norm Van Brocklin 1960 10.8 * Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET 6.73 # John Reaves 1972 12.47 * Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 22 @ WAS Pass Yds / Game 266.1 + Sam Bradford 278.6 # Donovan McNabb 2005 - 234.5 # Donovan McNabb 407 * Randall Cunningham 1988 - 242.7 # Nick Foles 2012 - + = min . 500 attempts , # = min . 100 attempts , ∗ = minimum 15 attempts , Rushing Statistic Regular season Playoffs Rookie Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Rush Attempts 1465 Wilbert Montgomery 353 Ricky Watters 35 Heath Sherman 1990 - 11 - 12 WAS 141 Wilbert Montgomery 68 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 26 Wilbert Montgomery 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 182 Po James 1972 28 Charlie Garner 1994 - 10 - 09 WAS Rush Yards 6792 LeSean McCoy 1607 LeSean McCoy 2013 217 LeSean McCoy 2013 - 12 - 08 DET 591 Brian Westbrook 312 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 194 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 637 LeSean McCoy 2009 178 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR Rush Yds / Att 6.62 Randall Cunningham 7.98 Randall Cunningham 1990 11.63 Timmy Brown 1965 - 11 - 07 @ CLE 5.86 Donovan McNabb 7.79 Brian Westbrook 2006 7.46 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 4.9 Bryce Brown 2012 9.37 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR Rushing TDs 69 Steve Van Buren 17 LeSean McCoy 2011 Wilbert Montgomery 1979 - 10 - 07 WAS 1982 - 12 - 19 HOU LeSean McCoy 2010 - 09 - 19 @ DET 6 Wilbert Montgomery Wilbert Montgomery 1980 Brian Westbrook 2006 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN 1981 - 12 - 27 NYG Ken Keller 1956 LeSean McCoy 2009 Bryce Brown 2012 Wilbert Montgomery 1977 - 12 - 18 NYJ James Joseph 1991 - 11 - 04 NYG Charlie Garner 1994 - 10 - 02 @ SFO Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR 2012 - 12 - 02 @ DAL Rush Yds / Game 79 Ricky Watters 100.4 LeSean McCoy 2013 - 74 Wilbert Montgomery 128.5 Brian Westbrook 2006 - 70.1 Mike Hogan 1976 - ∗ = minimum 15 attempts , # = min . 100 attempts , + = min . 500 attempts Receiving Statistic Regular season Playoffs Rookie Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Receptions 589 Harold Carmichael 90 Brian Westbrook 2007 13 Jeremy Maclin 2011 - 09 - 18 @ ATL Zach Ertz 2017 - 01 - 01 DAL 38 Chad Lewis 19 Brent Celek 2008 10 Brent Celek 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI 81 Keith Jackson 1988 11 Junior Tautalatasi 1986 - 11 - 09 NYG Receiving Yds 8,978 Harold Carmichael 1409 Mike Quick 237 Tommy McDonald 1961 - 12 - 10 NYG 465 Harold Carmichael 211 Kevin Curtis 2008 146 Jeremy Maclin 2010 - 01 - 09 @ DAL 912 DeSean Jackson 2008 177 Hank Baskett 2006 - 12 - 31 ATL Yds / Rec 19.16 + Tommy McDonald 21.44 # Ben Hawkins 1967 52.5 * DeSean Jackson 2010 - 12 - 12 @ DAL 16.03 # Harold Carmichael 23.5 * Donte ' Stallworth 2006 30.5 * Kevin Curtis 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI 21.09 # Hank Baskett 2006 28.5 * Fred Barnett 1990 - 10 - 15 MIN Receiving TDs 79 Harold Carmichael 14 Terrell Owens Ben Hawkins 1969 - 09 - 28 PIT 6 Harold Carmichael Harold Carmichael 1979 Brent Celek 2008 Harold Carmichael 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI Fred Barnett 1993 - 01 - 03 @ NOR Chad Lewis 2005 - 01 - 23 ATL Brent Celek 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI 9 Calvin Williams 1990 ( 9 times ) Rec Yds / Game 70.3 + DeSean Jackson 90.4 # Ben Hawkins 1967 - 66.4 # Harold Carmichael 146 * Jeremy Maclin 2009 - 64.3 # Don Looney 1940 - ∗ = minimum 4 receptions , # = min . 20 receptions , + = min . 200 receptions Other Statistic Regular season Playoffs Rookie Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Total TDs 79 Harold Carmichael 20 LeSean McCoy 2011 Ben Hawkins 1969 - 09 - 28 PIT Wilbert Montgomery 1978 - 09 - 10 @ WAS 1979 - 10 - 07 WAS Brian Westbrook 2008 - 11 - 27 ARI 6 Brian Westbrook Wilbert Montgomery Harold Carmichael Harold Carmichael 1979 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 Duce Staley 2001 Brian Westbrook 2006 Brent Celek 2008 ( 8 times ) 9 Calvin Williams 1990 Corey Clement 2017 - 11 - 05 DEN Yds from Scrimmage 9,785 Brian Westbrook 2146 LeSean McCoy 2013 249 Timmy Brown 1962 - 12 - 16 @ STL 925 Brian Westbrook 443 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 208 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 878 Charle Young 1973 189 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR All Purpose Yds 12,049 Timmy Brown 2428 Timmy Brown 1963 341 Timmy Brown 1962 - 12 - 16 @ STL 953 Brian Westbrook 443 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 208 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 940 Steve Van Buren 1944 231 Kevin Bowman 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL Returning Statistic Regular season Playoffs Career Season Game Career Season Game Kick Returns 169 Timmy Brown 54 Allen Rossum 1999 8 Derrick Witherspoon 1996 - 11 - 24 @ ARI Allen Rossum 1999 - 11 - 21 IND Quintin Demps 2008 - 11 - 09 NYG 22 Brian Mitchell 11 Brian Mitchell 2001 6 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 01 - 27 @ STL Kick Ret Yds 4,483 Timmy Brown 1347 Allen Rossum 1999 253 Derrick Witherspoon 1996 - 11 - 24 @ ARI 522 Brian Mitchell 239 Brian Mitchell 2001 128 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 01 - 27 @ STL Yds / KR 27.74 Josh Huff 33.25 Steve Van Buren 1944 61 Jake Elliott 2017 - 09 - 24 25.29 J.R. Reed 26.8 Brian Mitchell 2002 31.25 Brian Mitchell 2003 - 01 - 19 TAM Kick Ret TDs 5 Timmy Brown Timmy Brown 1966 Derrick Witherspoon Timmy Brown 1966 - 11 - 06 DAL 0 Punt Returns 148 Wally Henry 54 Wally Henry 1981 9 Larry Marshall 1977 - 09 - 18 TAM 16 Brian Mitchell 8 Wally Henry 1979 John Sciarra 1980 6 John Sciarra 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL Punt Ret Yds 1369 Brian Mitchell 567 Brian Mitchell 2002 140 Alvin Haymond 1968 - 10 - 06 @ WAS 174 DeSean Jackson 122 DeSean Jackson 2008 109 DeSean Jackson 2009 - 01 - 04 @ MIN Yds / PR 14.71 Ernie Steele 20.44 Ernie Steele 1942 33 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 11 - 25 @ SFO 15.82 DeSean Jackson 17.43 DeSean Jackson 2008 21.8 DeSean Jackson 2009 - 01 - 04 @ MIN Punt Ret TDs DeSean Jackson Darren Sproles Brian Westbrook 2003 DeSean Jackson 2009 Darren Sproles 2014 , 2015 ( 8 times ) 0 Total Return Yds 4,997 Timmy Brown 1729 Brian Mitchell 2002 234 Vai Sikahema 1992 - 11 - 22 @ NYG 657 Brian Mitchell 296 Brian Mitchell 2001 159 Brian Mitchell 2003 - 01 - 19 TAM Defense Statistic Regular season Playoffs Career Season Game Career Season Game Interceptions 34 Bill Bradley Brian Dawkins Eric Allen 11 Bill Bradley 1971 Don Burroughs 1961 - 12 - 03 @ PIT Nate Ramsey 1965 - 11 - 28 @ STL Jim Nettles 1965 - 12 - 12 @ PIT Joe Scarpati 1966 - 10 - 23 @ NYG 5 Herm Edwards Roynell Young 1980 Damon Moore 2001 Herm Edwards 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Roynell Young 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Eric Allen 1993 - 01 - 03 @ NOR Damon Moore 2002 - 01 - 12 TAM Int Ret Yds 536 Bill Bradley 248 Bill Bradley 1971 114 Frank LeMaster 1975 - 12 - 21 @ WAS 77 Damon Moore 77 Damon Moore 2001 59 Damon Moore 2002 - 01 - 12 TAM Int Ret TDs 5 Eric Allen Eric Allen 1993 Eric Allen 1993 - 12 - 26 NOR ( 6 times ) Sacks ( since 1982 ) 124 Reggie White 21 Reggie White 4.5 Clyde Simmons 1991 - 09 - 15 @ DAL Hugh Douglas 1998 - 10 - 18 @ SDG Derrick Burgess Hugh Douglas Carl Hairston Reggie White Carl Hairston 1980 Derrick Burgess Carl Hairston 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Hugh Douglas 2000 - 12 - 31 TAM Derrick Burgess 2005 - 01 - 23 ATL Darwin Walker 2007 - 01 - 13 @ NOR Exceptional performances Statistic Career Season Playoff Games Rookie Games 300 + yard passing games 30 Donovan McNabb 6 Donovan McNabb Donovan McNabb Carson Wentz 2016 100 + yard rushing games 26 Wilbert Montgomery 8 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 Brian Westbrook 2006 Brian Westbrook Don Johnson 1953 Mike Hogan 1976 Charlie Garner 1994 Bryce Brown 2012 100 + yard receiving games 23 Pete Retzlaff 8 Terrell Owens Fred Barnett Keith Jackson Charle Young 1973 Games with 1 + TD scored 69 Harold Carmichael 13 LeSean McCoy 2011 5 Harold Carmichael Duce Staley Brian Westbrook 9 Calvin Williams 1990 Games with 2 + TD scored 18 Brian Westbrook 6 LeSean McCoy 2011 Wilbert Montgomery Bryce Brown 2012 Jordan Matthews 2014 Games with 3 + TD scored 7 Brian Westbrook Pete Retzlaff 1965 Wilbert Montgomery 1982 Terrell Owens Brian Westbrook 2007 , 2008 - - Coaches of note Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles head coaches Current staff Philadelphia Eagles staff Front Office Chairman / CEO -- Jeffrey Lurie President -- Don Smolenski Executive Vice President of Football Operations -- Howie Roseman Senior Football Advisor -- Tom Donahoe Vice President of Player Personnel -- Joe Douglas Assistant Director of Player Personnel -- Andy Weidl Vice President of Football Operations and Strategy -- Alec Halaby Senior Director of College Scouting -- Anthony Patch Director of College Scouting -- Ian Cunningham Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Mike Bradway Director of Pro Scouting -- Dwayne Joseph Assistant Director of Pro Scouting -- Brandon Brown Director of Football Administration -- Jake Rosenberg Football Operations Executive -- Brian Dawkins Player Personnel Executive -- T.J. McCreight Player Personnel Executive College / Pro -- Trey Brown Assistant Director of Football Analytics -- Taylor Rajack Head Coaches Head Coach -- Doug Pederson Assistant Head Coach / Running Backs -- Duce Staley Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Mike Groh Quarterbacks -- Press Taylor Wide Receivers -- Gunter Brewer Assistant Wide Receivers - Carson Walch Tight Ends -- Justin Peelle Offensive Line / Run Game Coordinator -- Jeff Stoutland Assistant Offensive Line / Tight Ends / Run Game -- Eugene Chung Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Quarterbacks -- Spencer Phillips Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Running Backs - Trent Miles Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Offensive Line -- T.J. Paganetti Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Jim Schwartz Defensive Line -- Chris Wilson Linebackers -- Ken Flajole Secondary -- Cory Undlin Safeties -- Tim Hauck Defensive Quality Control / Assistant Defensive Line -- Phillip Daniels Defensive Quality Control / Assistant Linebackers - Ryan Paganetti Defensive Quality Control / Assistant Secondary -- Dino Vasso Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Dave Fipp Assistant Special Teams -- Matthew Harper Strength and Conditioning Head Strength Coach -- Josh Hingst Assistant Strength Coach -- Keith Gray Perfomance Nutrition Coordinator / Assistant Strength Coach - Michael Minnis Strength Assistant -- Ben Wagner Director of High Performance -- Shaun Huls → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles broadcasters Eagles Radio affiliates Map of radio affiliates . City Call Sign Frenquency Atlantic City , New Jersey WPGG 1450 AM Easton , Pennsylvania WCTO 96.1 FM Levittown , Pennsylvania WBCB 1490 AM Milford , Delaware WAFL 97.7 FM Millville , New Jersey WENJ 97.3 FM Philadelphia WTEL 610 AM WIP - FM 94.1 FM Pottsville , Pennsylvania WPPA 1360 AM Reading , Pennsylvania WEEU 830 AM Scranton , Pennsylvania WEJL 630 AM Sunbury , Pennsylvania WEGH 107.3 FM Williamsport , Pennsylvania WBZD - FM 93.3 FM Wilmington , Delaware WDEL 1150 AM York , Pennsylvania WSOX 96.1 FM From 2008 through 2010 , Eagles games were broadcast on both rock - formatted WYSP and sports - talk Sports Radio 610 WIP , as both stations are owned and operated by CBS Radio . In 2011 , CBS dropped the music on WYSP , renaming it WIP - FM and making it a full simulcast of WIP . Later , 610 AM became a CBS Sports Radio national broadcast , and 94 WIP was broadcast on WIP FM . The Eagles extended their broadcasting contract with WIP - FM through 2024 . Merrill Reese , who joined the Eagles in 1976 , is the play - by - play announcer , and former Eagles wide receiver Mike Quick , who replaced the offense lineman Stan Walters beginning in 1998 , is the color analyst . The post game show , which has consisted of many Philadelphia sports personalities , as of the 2014 season is hosted by Kevin Riley , a former Eagles linebacker and special - teamer , and Rob Ellis . Riley was the former post-game host for the show on 94 WYSP before the WIP change over ; Rob Ellis hosts a weekly show nightly from 6 -- 10 on 94.1 WIP - FM . No announcement was made prior to the start of preseason regarding who would be the host ( s ) for 2015 . In 2015 , the preseason games are being televised on WCAU , the local NBC owned and operated station . Television announcers for these preseason games were not announced prior to the start of preseason . During the regular season , games are governed by the NFL 's master broadcasting contract with FOX , CBS , NBC , and ESPN . Most games can be seen on FOX - owned WTXF - TV . When hosting an AFC team , those games can be seen on CBS - owned KYW - TV . Media and cultural reference In the book MASH : A Novel About Three Army Doctors , the character Captain Oliver Wendell `` Spearchucker '' Jones fictionally played for the Philadelphia Eagles , though in the movie this was changed to San Francisco . The 1976 draw was the subject of the movie Invincible . The movie stars Mark Wahlberg as Vince Papale , a 30 - year - old bartender and part - time school teacher , and also a diehard Eagles fan who became an Eagles player . The film differs slightly from true events as the selection process was invitation only , and Papale had at least some previous playing experience . The film Silver Linings Playbook highlights the 2008 Philadelphia Eagles season . The film was critically acclaimed and nominated for several awards including 8 Academy Awards . In the 1978 Academy Award - winning movie The Deer Hunter , the Eagles are referenced when Nick talks to Stan in the bar , saying : `` Hey , I got a hundred bucks says the Eagles never cross the fifty in the next half and Oakland wins by 20 ! '' Stan responds ; `` And I got an extra twenty says the Eagles ' quarterback wears a dress ! '' The award - winning comedy series It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia starring Danny DeVito makes several references to the Philadelphia Eagles , most notably Season 3 , Episode 2 -- `` The Gang Gets Invincible , '' the title being a reference to the Wahlberg film . See also Philadelphia portal Sports portal South Philadelphia Sports Complex Sports in Philadelphia The Michael Vick Project Forbes ' list of the most valuable sports teams Notes and references Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles Team Facts '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Information '' ( PDF ) . 2016 Philadelphia Eagles Training Camp Media Guide . Philadelphia Eagles . September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 NFL Rivalries Of All Time : No. 4 Giants - Eagles '' . Sports Illustrated . December 15 , 2005 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chadiha , Jeffri ( October 31 , 2007 ) . `` Ranking the NFL 's best rivalries : Where does Colts - Pats fit ? '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bryan , Dave ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` After 8 Straight Losses , Steelers Looking For Philadelphia Freedom Sunday Against Eagles '' . SteelersDepot.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fox , Ashley ( January 4 , 2014 ) . `` Fans always have Eagles ' back '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Clark , Kevin ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` Game Changer : NFL Scrambles to Fill Seats '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Howard ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` NFL Players Poll : Most Intimidating Fans '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lyons , 2010 pg. 81 ^ Jump up to : Lyons , 2010 pg. 82 Jump up ^ Kuklick , Bruce ( 1993 ) . To Every Thing a Season : Shibe Park and Urban Philadelphia , 1909 -- 1976 . Princeton University Press . p. 86 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02104 - X . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : See : History of the Pittsburgh Steelers # 1940 -- 41 : A new name and a `` new '' team . ^ Jump up to : Didinger , Ray ; Robert S. Lyons ( 2005 ) . The Eagles Encyclopedia . Temple University Press . ISBN 1 - 59213 - 449 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Year - by - Year History '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 29 , 2006 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brookover , Bob ( September 17 , 2006 ) . `` The Birds ' Biggest Rival -- In a division of fierce foes , the Giants have battled the Eagles as tough as anyone '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Brookover , Bob ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Eagles -- Giants among top rivalries '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D6 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles search ends with Vermeil '' . St Petersburg Times . February 9 , 1976 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Most Valuable Sports Teams No. 11 Philadelphia Eagles '' . Forbes.com . July 12 , 2011 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heath , John . `` Denver 's Brian Dawkins : An Ageless Wolverine '' . BroncoTalk . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Dan Gelston ( Oct 26 , 2008 ) . `` Westbrook Helps Eagles Soar Above Falcons , Win 500th Game '' . NBC 10 Philadelphia . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vick , Eagles agree to 2 - year deal '' . ESPN.com . August 14 , 2009 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles sign Reid through 2013 '' . ESPN.com . December 9 , 2009 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maese , Rick ( April 5 , 2010 ) . `` Washington Redskins acquire quarterback Donovan McNabb from Philadelphia Eagles '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles fire Reid '' . USA Today . Philadelphia . December 30 , 2012 . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles hire Chip Kelly as coach '' . ESPN.com . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sports . Rocky Mount Telegram . Retrieved on August 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eagles Acquire LB Alonso For RB McCoy '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Indianapolis Colts to sign Trent Cole '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc . `` Rams trading Sam Bradford to Eagles for Nick Foles '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : RB Murray Signs With Eagles '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CB Byron Maxwell joins Eagles via FA '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Release Head Coach Chip Kelly '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . December 29 , 2015 . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Duce Staley interviews for Philadelphia Eagles ' vacant coaching job . Espn.go.com ( January 2 , 2016 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Philadelphia Eagles hire Doug Pederson as coach '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Name Doug Pederson Head Coach '' . Philadelphia Eagles . January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reimer , Alex ( September 5 , 2016 ) . `` Carson Wentz will start for Eagles '' . sbnation.com . Jump up ^ Pennington , Tom ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Eagles Should Be Better Than 4 - 4 '' . fivethirtyeight.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia Eagles Media Guide Archived February 1 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Legacy.philadelphiaeagles.com . Retrieved on August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berman , Zach ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` What 's in a number ? Eagles tell their stories : Some are chosen , some are random '' . Philadelphia Media Network ( Digital ) , LLC . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . See also : National Football League uniform numbers . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Unveil 75th Anniversary Plans '' . Philadelphia Eagles. April 25 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Announce Plans to Honor 1960 Title Team '' . Csnphilly.com . May 3 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Training Camp , '' . Philadelphiaeagles.com . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eagles move training camp from Lehigh . Foxnews.com ( March 15 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 08 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Frank , Reuben ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Eagles to keep training camp at Lehigh in 2013 '' . CSN Philly . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` In Depth : America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Phillies Pass Eagles In Google Ranking . myfoxphilly.com ( July 2 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` NFL Fan Loyalty : Methodology '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2008 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ George , John ( February 5 , 1999 ) . `` Proven : Eagles ' fans are fanatics '' . Philadelphia Business Journal . Philadelphia ; Pennsylvania . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` Full fan loyalty rankings '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` NFL Fan Support Rankings '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans : Methodology '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mosley , Matt ( August 29 , 2008 ) . `` NFL 's best fans ? We got ta hand it to Steelers barely '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Berman , Zack ( June 14 , 2006 ) . `` Single Game Tickets Sold Out ! '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 22 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Dave ( October 29 , 2002 ) . `` To Eagles , Shockey Is Public Enemy No. 1 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré ( 2006 ) . If Football 's a Religion , Why Do n't We Have a Prayer ? . New York : HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 084373 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Court at Eagles ' games is out of session Sunday '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . December 6 , 2003 . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cheerleaders '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cheerleaders -- Swimsuit Calendar '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Cheerleaders Swimsuit -- Android - apps op Google Play '' . Play.google.com . November 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Didinger , Ray ( July 21 , 2012 ) . `` Ray 's QB Notes 4 : Randall 's No. 12 retired ? '' . CSN Philly . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , David ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` Leo Carlin , Troy Vincent headed to Eagles Hall of Fame '' . pressofatlanticcity.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Hall of Fame Inductees '' ( PDF ) . philadelphiaeagles.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ And The Winners Were ... See all the John Wanamaker Athletic Award - recipients since 1961 Archived July 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . webpage . Philadelphia Sports Congress website ( Philadelphia Convention & Visitors Bureau ) . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sportsradio WIP - Entercom Communications CEO David Field '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Invincible on IMDb Jump up ^ Cimino , Michael . `` The Deer Hunter Final Screenplay '' ( PDF ) . drexel.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Savage , Fred ( 13 September 2007 ) . `` The Gang Gets Invincible '' . IMDB . IMDB . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Sources Lyons , Robert S. ( 2010 ) . On Any Given Sunday : A Life of Bert Bell . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59213 - 731 - 2 . OCLC 607553558 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philadelphia Eagles . Official website Philadelphia Eagles Founded in 1933 Based and headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Quarterbacks Players Stadiums Baker Bowl Philadelphia Municipal Stadium Connie Mack Stadium Franklin Field Veterans Stadium Lincoln Financial Field Culture Fly , Eagles Fly Swoop Curse of Billy Penn The Lombardi Curse Invincible Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Matt Guokas Sr . 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2017 World Series - wikipedia 2017 World Series Jump to : navigation , search 2017 World Series Team ( Wins ) Manager ( s ) Season Houston Astros ( 4 ) A.J. Hinch 101 -- 61 (. 623 ) Los Angeles Dodgers ( 3 ) Dave Roberts 104 -- 58 (. 642 ) Dates October 24 -- November 1 MVP George Springer ( Houston ) Umpires Phil Cuzzi ( Games 1 -- 2 ) , Gerry Davis ( crew chief ) , Laz Díaz , Dan Iassogna , Bill Miller , Paul Nauert , Mark Wegner ( Games 3 -- 7 ) ALCS Houston Astros defeated New York Yankees , 4 -- 3 NLCS Los Angeles Dodgers defeated Chicago Cubs , 4 -- 1 Broadcast Television Fox Fox Deportes MLB International TV announcers Joe Buck , John Smoltz , Ken Rosenthal , and Tom Verducci ( Fox ) Rolando Nichols , Carlos Álvarez , Edgar Gonzalez , and Jaime Motta ( Fox Deportes ) Matt Vasgersian and Buck Martinez ( MLB International ) Radio ESPN Radio ESPN Deportes Radio Sportstalk 790 ( HOU -- English ) FM 94.1 HD3 ( HOU -- Spanish ) AM 570 LA Sports ( LAD -- English ) Univision America 1020 ( LAD -- Spanish ) Radio Korea 1540 ( LAD -- Korean ) Radio announcers Dan Shulman and Aaron Boone ( ESPN ) Eduardo Ortega , Renato Bermúdez , José Francisco Rivera , and Orlando Hernández ( ESPN Deportes ) Robert Ford and Steve Sparks ( HOU -- English ) Alex Treviño and Francisco Romero ( HOU -- Spanish ) Charley Steiner and Rick Monday ( LAD -- English ) Jaime Jarrín and Jorge Jarrín ( LAD -- Spanish ) Richard Choi and Chong Ho Yim ( LAD -- Korean ) World Series Program ← 2016 World Series The 2017 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball 's ( MLB ) 2017 season . The 113th edition of the World Series , it was played between October 24 and November 1 . The series was a best - of - seven playoff between the National League ( NL ) champion Los Angeles Dodgers and the American League ( AL ) champion Houston Astros . It was sponsored by the internet television service YouTube TV and officially known as the World Series presented by YouTube TV . The Astros defeated the Dodgers , four games to three , to win their first World Series in franchise history , and the first team from Texas to do so . Both teams set a World Series record with a combined total of 25 home runs throughout the entire series , including a team record 15 home runs by the Astros , and hit a combined total of eight home runs in Game 2 to set the single game World Series mark . Houston outfielder George Springer was named as the World Series Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) after hitting five home runs in the series to tie a World Series record with Reggie Jackson in 1977 and Dodgers ' 2017 World Series representative Chase Utley in 2009 when he played for the Philadelphia Phillies . This was the first World Series in which home - field advantage was decided by the regular season record of pennant winners . From 1903 to 2002 , home - field advantage alternated between the AL and NL , and from 2003 to 2016 , it was determined by results from that season 's All - Star Game , when it was awarded to the team from the winning league . With 104 regular season wins , the Dodgers earned home - field advantage over the Astros , who had 101 regular season wins . The series was played in a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format , with the Dodgers hosting Games 1 , 2 , 6 , and 7 ; and the Astros hosting Games 3 , 4 , and 5 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Los Angeles Dodgers 1.2 Houston Astros 2 Summary 3 Pre-game ceremonies 4 Game summaries 4.1 Game 1 4.2 Game 2 4.3 Game 3 4.4 Game 4 4.5 Game 5 4.6 Game 6 4.7 Game 7 4.8 Composite line score 5 Broadcasting 5.1 Television 5.1. 1 Ratings 5.2 Radio 6 Sponsorship 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) This was the first World Series matchup , and second postseason meeting overall , between the Astros and Dodgers . Los Angeles defeated Houston in the 1981 National League Division Series in five games en route to its World Series championship that year . The teams also met in the 1980 National League West tie - breaker game . This was the first Fall Classic since 1970 , and the eighth overall , in which both participants had 100 or more wins during the regular season . With the Astros and Dodgers having waited a combined 84 years for a championship ( the Dodgers last won the World Series in 1988 , and the Astros had never won since their 1962 formation ) , this was the third straight year in which the World Series teams had waited a combined 50 years or more to win a World Series , following 2015 at 59 years and 2016 at 176 years . Both teams had not lost at home this postseason leading to the World Series . The two teams did not meet in interleague play during the regular season . Los Angeles Dodgers ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Los Angeles Dodgers season The Dodgers held a 91 -- 36 record through August 25 . However , a late season slump , in which the team lost 20 of 25 games ( highlighted by 11 straight losses ) , led to questions about whether the Dodgers would succeed in the postseason . Despite the slump , the team recovered to win eight of its final ten regular season games , securing their fifth consecutive National League West title and home field advantage throughout the playoffs . In the postseason , the Dodgers swept the Arizona Diamondbacks in the National League Division Series and defeated the defending World Series champion Chicago Cubs in the previous year 's rematch of the National League Championship Series in five games . This was the first appearance in the Fall Classic for the Dodgers since 1988 , the tenth since the franchise moved from Brooklyn to Los Angeles in 1958 , and the 19th overall . Entering the 2017 World Series , the Dodgers bullpen had thrown 23 consecutive scoreless innings , a postseason record for a bullpen . Additionally , by outscoring the Arizona Diamondbacks and Chicago Cubs by a combined 48 -- 19 margin , the Dodgers entered the World Series with the third - best run differential of any pennant winner since the playoff structure was expanded in 1995 . All - Star shortstop Corey Seager , who was out for the entire National League Championship Series with a back injury , was included on the Dodgers ' World Series roster . Manager Dave Roberts became first manager of Asian heritage ever in the World Series , as well as the fourth African - American manager . Houston Astros ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Houston Astros season The Astros wore a patch during the 2017 World Series in support of Hurricane Harvey victims in Houston With a 101 -- 61 regular season record , the team won its first American League West title since moving from the National League Central starting in its 2013 season , and their first division title since 2001 . In the American League Division Series , they defeated the Boston Red Sox in four games and then defeated the New York Yankees in the American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) in seven games . This was their second World Series appearance and first since 2005 , when they were swept in four games by the Chicago White Sox . They became the first team in history to make it to the World Series as members of both the National League and the American League . The city of Houston in August 2017 suffered record flooding from Hurricane Harvey . The team began to wear patches which had the logo of the team with the word `` Strong '' on the bottom of the patch , as well as promoting the hashtag Houston Strong . Manager A.J. Hinch has stated in an interview that the team was n't just playing for a title , but to help boost moral support for the city . On August 31 , just seconds before the midnight deadline , the Astros traded for Justin Verlander . Following the trade , including the regular season and postseason to this point , Verlander had posted a 9 -- 0 win - loss record with a 1.23 earned run average . He was named the ALCS MVP . Summary ( edit ) Houston won the series , 4 -- 3 . Game Date Score Location Time Attendance 000000002018 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 Houston Astros -- 1 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 Dodger Stadium 2 : 28 54,253 000000002018 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 Houston Astros -- 7 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 6 ( 11 ) Dodger Stadium 4 : 19 54,293 000000002018 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 , Houston Astros -- 5 Minute Maid Park 3 : 46 43,282 000000002018 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 6 , Houston Astros -- 2 Minute Maid Park 3 : 06 43,322 5 000000002018 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 12 , Houston Astros -- 13 ( 10 ) Minute Maid Park 5 : 17 43,300 6 000000002018 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 Houston Astros -- 1 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 Dodger Stadium 3 : 22 54,128 7 000000002018 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 Houston Astros -- 5 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 1 Dodger Stadium 3 : 37 54,124 Pre-game ceremonies ( edit ) A F - 16 Fighting Falcon flies past Dodger Stadium during the pre-game ceremonial flyover before Game 2 . Game 1 : The ceremonial first pitch was thrown out by members of former Dodger Jackie Robinson 's family , including his widow Rachel . The game marked the 45th anniversary of Robinson 's death , and the 2017 season was the 70th anniversary of his breaking of the baseball color line . Keith Williams Jr. , a gospel singer , performed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , the national anthem . Game 2 : Fernando Valenzuela threw out the ceremonial first pitch to Steve Yeager ; both were introduced by retired Dodgers broadcaster Vin Scully . Country music 's Brad Paisley performed the national anthem . Game 3 : Houston Texans defensive end J.J. Watt , who had raised $37 million for Hurricane Harvey victims , threw out the first pitch . The ball was given to him by Astros ' Hall of Famer Craig Biggio . The national anthem was performed by Texas Air National Guard Master Sergeant Promise Harris . Game 4 : Hailey Dawson , a seven - year - old girl from Nevada , threw out the ceremonial first pitch using a 3D printed hand . The national anthem was performed by the Houston Police Department Quartet . Game 5 : Former President of the United States George W. Bush threw out the ceremonial first pitch . His father , former President George H.W. Bush handed him the ball . Justin Verlander caught the pitch . Country singer Clay Walker performed the national anthem . Game 6 : Orel Hershiser and Tommy Lasorda , celebrating the Dodgers ' 1988 World Series title , each threw out the ceremonial first pitch . Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) officer Rosalind Curry performed the national anthem . Game 7 : The LAPD Quartet sang the National Anthem . The first pitch was thrown out by Sandy Koufax . Rick Monday , Steve Garvey and Don Newcombe participated as well . Game summaries ( edit ) Game 1 ( edit ) Clayton Kershaw pitched seven innings with 11 strikeouts in winning Game 1 . October 24 , 2017 , 5 : 11 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 103 ° F ( 39 ° C ) , clear Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 6 0 WP : Clayton Kershaw ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Dallas Keuchel ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Kenley Jansen ( 1 ) Home runs : HOU : Alex Bregman ( 1 ) LAD : Chris Taylor ( 1 ) , Justin Turner ( 1 ) Attendance : 54,253 The temperature at the start of the game was 103 ° F ( 39 ° C ) , which made this the hottest World Series game ever recorded . Clayton Kershaw started Game 1 for the Dodgers , while Dallas Keuchel started for the Astros . Chris Taylor hit a home run for the Dodgers on Keuchel 's first pitch of the game . It was the third home run to leadoff a game in Dodgers postseason history ( following Davey Lopes in 1978 World Series and Carl Crawford in 2013 NLDS ) . Alex Bregman hit a tying solo home run for the Astros in the fourth inning . In the sixth inning , Justin Turner hit a go - ahead two - run home run for the Dodgers . Turner tied Duke Snider for most career runs batted in ( RBIs ) in Dodgers postseason history with 26 . Kershaw struck out 11 in seven innings pitched with no walks and only three hits allowed while Keuchel allowed three runs on six hits in ​ 6 ⁄ innings . Brandon Morrow pitched a scoreless eighth and Kenley Jansen earned the save . The two - hour , 28 - minute game was the shortest World Series contest since Game 4 in 1992 . Game 2 ( edit ) George Springer drove in the game - winning run in Game 2 . October 25 , 2017 , 5 : 17 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 93 ° F ( 34 ° C ) , clear Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 14 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 0 WP : Chris Devenski ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Brandon McCarthy ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : HOU : Marwin González ( 1 ) , José Altuve ( 1 ) , Carlos Correa ( 1 ) , George Springer ( 1 ) LAD : Joc Pederson ( 1 ) , Corey Seager ( 1 ) , Yasiel Puig ( 1 ) , Charlie Culberson ( 1 ) Attendance : 54,293 The starting pitchers for Game 2 were Rich Hill for the Dodgers and Justin Verlander for the Astros . The Astros scored first when Bregman drove in Josh Reddick with a hit in the third inning . Hill struck out seven in four innings but was replaced by Kenta Maeda in the fifth . Joc Pederson tied the game with a solo home run in the bottom of the fifth inning , and the Dodgers took the lead when Corey Seager hit a two - run home run in the bottom of the sixth inning . Verlander allowed two hits , both home runs , in his six innings pitched . Carlos Correa drove in the Astros ' second run of the game on a single in the eighth , ending the Dodgers bullpen 's streak of 28 consecutive scoreless innings in the postseason . Marwin González hit a home run off Jansen in the ninth to tie the game . This was only Jansen 's second blown save all season and snapped his streak of converting his first 12 postseason save opportunities , a major league record . The game went into extra innings . José Altuve and Correa hit home runs off Josh Fields in the tenth inning to put the Astros in the lead . In the bottom of the inning , Yasiel Puig hit a home run off of Ken Giles and Enrique Hernández drove in Logan Forsythe to tie the game , with the latter being the Dodgers ' first run that was not driven in by a home run . In the next inning , George Springer hit a two - run home run for the Astros off of Brandon McCarthy to retake the lead . In the bottom of the 11th inning , Charlie Culberson homered off of Chris Devenski , who later struck out Puig to end the game . This was the first ever World Series game in which a team hit home runs in the ninth , tenth and eleventh inning . The teams set a new record for combined home runs in a single World Series game with eight and this was the first time in MLB history , regular season or postseason , that five home runs were hit in extra innings . The Astros won their first World Series game in franchise history as they had been swept in their previous appearance in 2005 . Game 3 ( edit ) Lance McCullers Jr. earned the win in Game 3 . October 27 , 2017 , 7 : 21 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , 65 ° F ( 18 ° C ) , roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 12 0 WP : Lance McCullers Jr. ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Yu Darvish ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Brad Peacock ( 1 ) Home runs : LAD : None HOU : Yuli Gurriel ( 1 ) Attendance : 43,282 The starting pitchers for Game 3 were Yu Darvish for the Dodgers and Lance McCullers Jr. for the Astros . The Astros scored four runs in the bottom of the second inning on a home run by Yuli Gurriel and RBIs by González , Brian McCann , and Bregman . Darvish left the game after ​ 1 ⁄ innings , which was the shortest outing of his career . The Dodgers scored one run in the top of the third inning as Seager grounded into a double play after McCullers loaded the bases with three consecutive walks . The Astros added another run in the fifth on an RBI single by Evan Gattis and the Dodgers added two in the sixth on an RBI groundout by Puig and a wild pitch . McCullers wound up pitching 5 ​ ⁄ innings and allowed three runs on four hits . Brad Peacock replaced McCullers , completing the final ​ 3 ⁄ innings with no hits allowed and four strikeouts to earn his first major league save . It was the longest hitless World Series relief outing since Ron Taylor 's four innings in Game 4 of the 1964 Series , and tied Ken Clay for the longest hitless postseason save , first accomplished in the 1978 ALCS . Gurriel made a racially insensitive gesture in the dugout after his home run . He stretched the sides of his eyes and mouthing the Spanish word chinito , which translates to `` little Chinese Boy '' ; Darvish is from Japan . Gurriel apologized , and said that anyone from Asia is called a chino in Cuba , although he acknowledged knowing that the term was offensive in Japan from having played there . As a result , Gurriel was suspended for the first five games of the 2018 MLB season without pay , but allowed to continue playing in the World Series . Game 4 ( edit ) Joc Pederson hit a three - run home run in Game 4 . October 28 , 2017 , 7 : 20 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , 67 ° F ( 19 ° C ) , roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 7 0 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WP : Tony Watson ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Ken Giles ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : LAD : Joc Pederson ( 2 ) HOU : George Springer ( 2 ) , Alex Bregman ( 2 ) Attendance : 43,322 The starting pitchers for Game 4 were Alex Wood for the Dodgers and Charlie Morton for the Astros . Springer homered off Wood in the bottom of the sixth for the first run of the ballgame . It was the only hit Wood allowed in ​ 5 ⁄ innings pitched in the game . Forsythe drove in Cody Bellinger to tie the game in the top of the seventh . Morton struck out seven and only allowed three hits and one run in 6 ​ ⁄ innings . Bellinger then drove in the go - ahead run with a double in the top of the ninth off of Giles and the Dodgers added four more runs on a sacrifice fly by Austin Barnes and a three - run homer by Pederson . Bregman homered off of Jansen in the bottom of the ninth but the Dodgers managed to even up the series . The Astros had two hits in the game ; both were home runs . This was the first game in World Series history where both starting pitchers allowed four or fewer baserunners . After Game 4 , both teams ' pitching coaches , Rick Honeycutt for the Dodgers and Brent Strom for the Astros , commented on how the baseball being used for the World Series is slicker than the baseball used during the regular season . Pitchers on both teams noted that this difference has made it more difficult for them to throw their sliders . Game 5 ( edit ) Alex Bregman drove in the game - winning run in Game 5 . October 29 , 2017 , 7 : 21 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , 69 ° F ( 21 ° C ) , roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 12 14 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 13 14 WP : Joe Musgrove ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Kenley Jansen ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : LAD : Cody Bellinger ( 1 ) , Yasiel Puig ( 2 ) HOU : Yuli Gurriel ( 2 ) , José Altuve ( 2 ) , George Springer ( 3 ) , Carlos Correa ( 2 ) , Brian McCann ( 1 ) Attendance : 43,300 Kershaw and Keuchel started Game 5 , in a rematch of the opening game of the series . Forsythe singled in two runs off of Keuchel in the first inning to put the Dodgers up early . A third run scored on a throwing error by Gurriel . Barnes singled in the fourth to score Forsythe . Keuchel pitched only 3 ​ ⁄ innings for the Astros , allowing five hits and four runs ( three earned ) . This was his shortest home start of the season . The Astros scored their first run with an RBI double by Correa in the bottom of the fourth inning , followed by a three - run home run by Gurriel to tie the game . Bellinger hit a three - run home run off of Collin McHugh in the top of the fifth to put the Dodgers back on top only for Altuve to hit his own three - run home run in the bottom of the inning off Maeda to tie it back up . Kershaw pitched 4 ​ ⁄ innings and allowed six runs on four hits and three walks . A triple by Bellinger on a line drive that Springer missed on a dive in the seventh inning off of Peacock scored Hernández from first base . In the bottom of the seventh inning , Springer hit a home run off the first pitch he saw off of Morrow , who was pitching for the third consecutive day , to tie the game . Bregman scored on a double by Altuve to put the Astros ahead for the first time in the game , and then Correa hit a two - run home run to extend the lead . Seager doubled in a run in the top of the eighth inning , but McCann hit a home run in the bottom of the inning . That was the 21st home run of the series , tying the record set in the 2002 World Series . Puig broke the record with a two - run home run in the top of the ninth inning . Down to their last strike , Chris Taylor drove in Barnes to tie the game with a single . In the tenth inning , Jansen hit McCann with a pitch to put him on base with two outs . Subsequently , Springer walked on five pitches to move McCann to second base . McCann was then replaced by pinch runner Derek Fisher . On the next pitch , Bregman singled in Fisher for the winning run . Bregman became the third youngest player to have a walk - off hit in the World Series ever . The Astros became only the second team to come back twice from three runs down in a World Series game , the other were the Toronto Blue Jays in the 15 -- 14 win during Game 4 of the 1993 World Series . The six game tying home runs in the series to this point is the most for any World Series on record . This World Series set a new record for most players to hit a home run ( 14 to date in the World Series ) . With the teams combining to score 25 runs throughout the game , this was the highest scoring World Series game since the Florida Marlins defeated the Cleveland Indians 14 -- 11 in Game 3 of the 1997 World Series . Game 5 lasted five hours and seventeen minutes , making it the second longest World Series game in history by time , trailing only the 14 inning contest between the Astros and the Chicago White Sox in Game 3 of the 2005 World Series in the same ballpark , as well as the third World Series game ever to go beyond five hours of game time . This game is considered one of the greatest World Series games of all time . Game 6 ( edit ) Kenley Jansen recorded a two - inning save in Game 6 . October 31 , 2017 , 5 : 21 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 67 ° F ( 19 ° C ) , overcast Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 0 WP : Tony Watson ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : Justin Verlander ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Kenley Jansen ( 2 ) Home runs : HOU : George Springer ( 4 ) LAD : Joc Pederson ( 3 ) Attendance : 54,128 Game 6 featured the same starting pitchers as the second game : Verlander and Hill . Springer hit a solo home run off of Hill in the top of the third for the first run of the night . It was Springer 's fourth homer of the series , tied for third all - time in a single series and joining Gene Tenace , in 1972 , as the only players with four game - tying or go - ahead home runs in a World Series . Springer also joined Hank Bauer in the 1958 World Series and Barry Bonds in the 2002 World Series with four home runs in a series . The Astros loaded the bases in the fifth inning , but did not score . Hill pitched ​ 4 ⁄ innings , struck out five and allowed four hits and one run . In the sixth inning , Taylor tied the game with an RBI double and Seager hit a sacrifice fly to give the Dodgers the lead . Verlander pitched six innings with nine strikeouts and only three hits allowed . Pederson hit a home run in the bottom of the seventh inning and Jansen pitched two scoreless innings for the save . Pederson tied a World Series record with his fifth consecutive game with an extra base hit and Andre Ethier , who appeared in the game as a pinch hitter , set a new Dodgers franchise record with his 50th career postseason game . Game 7 ( edit ) November 1 , 2017 , 5 : 21 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 69 ° F ( 21 ° C ) , partly cloudy Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 WP : Charlie Morton ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Yu Darvish ( 0 -- 2 ) Home runs : HOU : George Springer ( 5 ) LAD : None Attendance : 54,124 This was the first World Series Game 7 to be played at Dodger Stadium ( and the first postseason Game 7 at the stadium since the 1988 NLCS ) . It was also the first time since the 1931 World Series that a Game 7 occurred in a Series with both teams having won at least 100 games during the season . This was the first time since the 2001 World Series and 2002 World Series that back - to - back Fall Classics had a Game 7 . The starting pitchers for this game were the same as in the third game : McCullers and Darvish . Springer doubled to open the game and scored the first run on an error by Bellinger , which allowed Bregman to reach second base . Bregman stole third base and scored on an Altuve groundout . McCann scored the next inning on a groundout hit by the pitcher McCullers . Springer hit a two - run home run , his fifth of the series , tying Reggie Jackson and Chase Utley for most home runs in a single World Series and setting a new record with 29 total bases in any postseason series . As in Game 3 , Darvish lasted only ​ 1 ⁄ innings ( tying the shortest outing of his career ) and became the third pitcher with two starts of less than two innings in a World Series , and the first since Art Ditmar in the 1960 World Series . Morrow relieved Darvish and in the process became only the second pitcher to pitch in all seven games of a single World Series , joining Darold Knowles in the 1973 World Series . McCullers lasted only 2 ​ ⁄ innings himself ; he allowed three hits and hit a World Series record four batters . This was the first Game 7 in World Series history where neither starting pitcher got past the third inning . The Dodgers failed to score a run and left eight men on base through five innings . Ethier , pinch hitting , scored Pederson on a single in the sixth inning for the Dodgers ' only run . They only had one hit in 13 chances with runners in scoring position in the game . Kershaw pitched four scoreless innings of relief in the game , and in the process , he broke Orel Hershiser 's Dodgers postseason record with his 33rd strikeout . Morton pitched four innings of relief to earn the win , as Corey Seager grounded out to José Altuve , who threw to Yuli Gurriel to end the game , series , baseball season , with the Astros winning their first championship in franchise history , and ending their 56 - year drought . The Astros became the third consecutive road team to win a World Series Game 7 as well as the fourth consecutive team to end a World Series on the road ( after the 2014 Giants , 2015 Royals and 2016 Cubs ) . They also became just the second team to win a seven game League Championship Series and a seven game World Series in the same year , following the 1985 Kansas City Royals . Springer won the World Series MVP Award . Composite line score ( edit ) 2017 World Series ( 4 -- 3 ) : Houston Astros beat Los Angeles Dodgers . Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Houston Astros 7 5 34 56 Los Angeles Dodgers 0 9 8 34 47 Home runs : HOU : George Springer ( 5 ) , José Altuve ( 2 ) , Alex Bregman ( 2 ) , Carlos Correa ( 2 ) , Yuli Gurriel ( 2 ) , Marwin González ( 1 ) , Brian McCann ( 1 ) LAD : Joc Pederson ( 3 ) , Yasiel Puig ( 2 ) , Cody Bellinger ( 1 ) , Charlie Culberson ( 1 ) , Corey Seager ( 1 ) , Chris Taylor ( 1 ) , Justin Turner ( 1 ) Total attendance : 346,702 Average attendance : 49,529 Winning player 's share : $438,901.57 . Losing player 's share : $259,722.14 . Broadcasting ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Fox broadcast the series in the United States , with Joe Buck serving as the play - by - play announcer , along with John Smoltz as color commentator and Ken Rosenthal and Tom Verducci as field reporters . Kevin Burkhardt hosted the pregame shows , joined by analysts Keith Hernandez , David Ortiz , Alex Rodriguez , and Frank Thomas . Outside the United States , MLB International televised the series , with Matt Vasgersian on play - by - play and Buck Martinez doing color commentary . After Game 7 , Correa proposed to his girlfriend , 2016 Miss Texas USA winner Daniella Rodríguez , on live television during a postgame interview conducted by Rosenthal . She accepted . Ratings ( edit ) Downtown Houston skyline during the 2017 World Series Further information : World Series television ratings This series turned out to be the 3rd highest rated since 2005 , trailing only the 2009 World Series and the 2016 World Series . For the second straight year , Game 5 beat out NBC Sunday Night Football in ratings . Game Ratings ( households ) Share ( households ) U.S. audience ( in millions ) Ref 8.7 15 14.97 9.2 18 15.48 8.8 17 15.68 8.7 17 15.40 5 10.5 21 18.94 6 12.6 23 22.23 7 15.8 28 28.24 Radio ( edit ) ESPN Radio broadcast the series nationally in English , with Dan Shulman providing the play - by - play and Aaron Boone serving as color analyst . Tim Kurkjian and Buster Olney served as reporters for the network , while Marc Kestecher hosted the pre-game and post-game coverage along with analyst Chris Singleton . The ESPN Radio coverage was carried on affiliated stations throughout the United States and Canada , as well as online at ESPN.com and via the ESPN mobile app . Spanish - language coverage was provided by ESPN Deportes Radio , with Eduardo Ortega , Renato Bermúdez , José Francisco Rivera , and Orlando Hernández announcing . Locally , both teams ' flagship radio stations broadcast the series with their regular announcers . Sportstalk 790 aired the English - language broadcast for the Houston area , with Robert Ford and Steve Sparks calling the games . In Los Angeles , AM 570 LA Sports aired the English - language broadcast , with Charley Steiner and Rick Monday announcing . In Spanish , Univision America 1020 carried the broadcast , with Jaime Jarrín and Jorge Jarrín on the call . In Korean , Radio Korea 1540 aired the series , with Richard Choi and Chong Ho Yim in the booth . Sponsorship ( edit ) For the first time , MLB sold presenting sponsorships to all of its postseason series ; the internet television service YouTube TV is the first - ever presenting sponsor of the World Series . The series is officially known as the 2017 World Series Presented by YouTube TV . This sponsorship includes logo branding in - stadium and on official digital properties , as well as commercial inventory during Fox 's telecasts of the games . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Los Angeles portal Houston portal 2017 Korean Series 2017 Japan Series Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Except 1904 and 1994 , when the World Series was not held References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Macklin , Oliver ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Davis named chief of World Series ump crew '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` YouTube TV Swings for 2017 World Series Hits in MLB Pact '' . Variety . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . We are just a week away from the World Series presented by YouTube TV ^ Jump up to : Kramer , Daniel ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Overview of World Series home - field advantage '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . We are just a week away from the World Series presented by YouTube TV Jump up ^ `` Astros , Dodgers complete record - setting World Series '' . ESPN . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Castrovince , Anthony ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Springer swats his way to MVP honors '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schoenfield , David ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` George Springer wins World Series MVP , ties record with five homers '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whicker , Mark ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Whicker : Dodgers , Houston Astros try to rekindle their 80s rivalry '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Posnanski , Joe ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers , Astros renew rivalry in World Series '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Matt ; Randhawa , Manny ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Astros - Dodgers joins 100 - win Series history '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Astros vs. Dodgers is the first World Series between 100 - win teams in 47 years '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers vs. Astros 2017 World Series snapshot '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Best team ever ? ' Dodgers make Sports Illustrated cover '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schoenfield , David ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Real or not ? Best Dodgers team ever , Yankees in trouble '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Muskat , Carrie ; Gurnick , Ken ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood & Vines : LA wins NLCS at Wrigley ! '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoornstra , J.P. ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` The Dodgers in the World Series : a brief history '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paine , Neil ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Dodgers Dominated Like Few Pennant Winners In Recent History '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baer , Bill ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Corey Seager will be included on Dodgers ' World Series roster '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Rhiannon ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Dave Roberts can join Cito Gaston as the only black managers to win World Series '' . The Undefeated . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Woo , Jeremy . `` McCullers throws 24 straight curves , sends Astros to series '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIlvoy , Randy ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` A look back : Astros 2005 World Series run '' . KPRC - TV . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series : Four facts that make the Astros - Dodgers clash historic '' . USA Today . October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pingue , Frank ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Astros give Houston boost during Hurricane Harvey recovery '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dart , Tom ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` World Series unites Houston as road to hurricane recovery winds on '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Kevin ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Astros playing for more than a title in hurricane - ravaged Houston '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tigers deal Justin Verlander to Astros in last - minute deadline stunner '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Kevin ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers vs. Astros Game 2 : A look at the pitching matchup between Rich Hill and Justin Verlander '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Matt ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` Verlander named ALCS MVP after superb starts '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 1 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 2 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Los Angeles vs. Houston , Game 3 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Los Angeles vs. Houston , Game 4 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Los Angeles vs. Houston , Game 5 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 6 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 7 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Jackie Robinson 's family threw out the first pitch for Game 1 of the World Series '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Rhiannon ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Jackie Robinson 's family tosses first pitch as Dodgers take Game 1 of World Series '' . The Undefeated . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 : Gospel Singer Keith Williams Jr . Sings National Anthem at Game 1 '' . Billboard . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Khadrice ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Watch : Vin Scully brings Dodgers legends for 1st pitch '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Beloved Scully delights Dodgers fans at Game 2 '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Iasimone , Ashley ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Brad Paisley Performs the National Anthem at Game 2 '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ( @ brianmctaggart ) ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` On Friday , Texans DL JJ Watt will throw out ceremonial first pitch and Hall of Famer Craig Biggio will deliver the game ball '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Houston Texans ' J.J. Watt tosses first pitch at Game 3 '' . ESPN . October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Barron , David ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` National anthem lineup set for World Series games at MMP '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 7 - year - old with 3 - D printed hand to throw out World Series first pitch '' . CBS News . October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game 4 first pitch tossed by young girl with prosthetic hand '' . ESPN . October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spain , Kevin ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` World Series : George Bush will throw out first pitch for Game 5 in Houston '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Dodger greats Tommy Lasorda and Orel Hershisher throw out ceremonial first pitch for Game 6 '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schiff , Mark . `` 2017 World Series National Anthem singers '' . AXS . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sandy Koufax , Don Newcombe , Rick Monday , and Steve Garvey all showed up for Game 7 's ceremonial first pitch '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jacobo , Julia ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` 103 - degree heat shatters World Series record '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Varela , Ashley ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 1 will feature Dallas Keuchel vs. Clayton Kershaw '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Chris Taylor leads off the World Series with a home run '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 1 : Houston Astros 1 -- 3 Los Angeles Dodgers -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Doolittle , Bradford ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Kershaw aces Astros , rewrites October reputation in Dodgers ' Game 1 win '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ; McTaggart , Brian ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Red hot ! Turner HR backs Kershaw Gm. 1 gem '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros Game 2 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Resilient Dodgers putting loss behind them '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marchand , Andrew ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Astros ' stars stage stunning comeback to even World Series '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Astros , Dodgers make World Series history with record 8 home runs in Game 2 '' . ESPN . October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justice , Richard ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Astros , Dodgers author a classic Fall Classic thriller '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ; McTaggart , Brian ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Astros even Series with late HRs in G2 thriller '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 : Astros rally to beat Dodgers in dramatic Game 2 -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros : Game 3 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Astros rock Darvish , power their way to 2 -- 1 lead over Dodgers '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 3 : Los Angeles Dodgers 3 -- 5 Houston Astros -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ; Gurnick , Ken ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Astros use 1 -- 2 punch to take 2 -- 1 WS lead '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justice , Richard ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Peacock 's relief performance a Series classic : Astros righty delivers 3 2 / 3 hitless , scoreless innings for first career save '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hernandez , Dylan ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Some look askew at Yuli Gurriel 's dugout squint '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Waldstein , David ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Astros ' Yuli Gurriel Apologizes After a Racist Gesture Aimed at Yu Darvish '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott . `` MLB mulls discipline after Yuli Gurriel 's insensitive gesture '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Castrovince , Anthony ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Gurriel suspended for first 5 games in 2018 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Yuli Gurriel wo n't be suspended for any World Series games , MLB rules '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rajan , Greg ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 4 pitching foes come from Braves stock '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 4 : Los Angeles Dodgers 6 -- 2 Houston Astros -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ; McTaggart , Brian ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers break Astros ' home spell , even Series '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Verducci , Tom ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Historic World Series Home Run Rate may be Result of Slicker Baseballs '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Randhawa , Manny ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` The top Cy Young duels in World Series history '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros Game 5 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 5 : Los Angeles Dodgers 12 -- 13 Houston Astros -- as it happened ! '' . The Guardian . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Astros win thrilling Game 5 in walk - off fashion to take World Series lead '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Axisa , Mike ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers - Astros Game 5 : What to know about maybe the best World Series game ever '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ; Gurnick , Ken ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Ca n't make this up ! Astros earn insane W '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most Runs in a World Series Game , Combined '' . ESPN . Associates Press . October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boswell , Thomas ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Perspective Game 5 of the 2017 World Series was not the best ever . But it was an instant classic '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs Astros Game 6 : Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ESPN Stats & Info ( @ ESPNStatsInfo ) ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` George Springer joins Gene Tenace ( 1972 ) as the only players to hit 4 game - tying or go - ahead home runs in a # WorldSeries '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ High Heat Stats ( @ HighHeatStats ) ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Players to homer in 4 games of a single World Series : Hank Bauer 1958 , won series Barry Bonds 2002 , lost series GEORGE SPRINGER 2017 , ? '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 6 : Houston Astros 1 -- 3 Los Angeles Dodgers -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 31 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Brian McTaggart ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` LA solves JV ! Dodgers find O to set up WS G7 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Joc Pederson ties World Series extra-base hit record '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` LA as confident as can be with G7 at home '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers , Astros push their wonderful World Series to Game 7 '' . Fox Sports . November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Normandin , Marc ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Astros - Dodgers World Series heads to decisive Game 7 '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ; Gurnick , Ken ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Houston Strongest ! Astros rule the World '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Astros vs. Dodgers Game 7 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . 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Jump up ^ Paulsen ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Astros - Dodgers Game 6 Among Top World Series Games Since 2004 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Over 28 Million For World Series Game 7 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skarka , Michael ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ESPN Radio to Provide Comprehensive Coverage of the 113th World Series '' . ESPN MediaZone . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers vs. Astros : Your ' 17 World Series TV Schedule '' . LATF . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . 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Doctor Poison - Wikipedia Doctor Poison Jump to : navigation , search This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2017 ) Doctor Poison Doctor Poison debuts in Sensation Comics # 2 . Publication information Publisher DC Comics First appearance ( Princess Maru ) Sensation Comics # 2 ( February 1942 ) ( Marina Maru ) Wonder Woman # 151 ( Vol. 2 ) ( December 1999 ) Created by William Moulton Marston Harry G. Peter In - story information Alter ego Princess Maru Marina Maru Team affiliations Villainy Inc . Secret Society of Super-Villains Godwatch Abilities Scientific genius in fields of chemistry and biology Engineering of pathogens , poisons , toxins , plagues and chemical - based weapons . Doctor Poison is the name of two fictional characters , supervillains who appear in DC Comics publications and related media . Both villains were members of the super-villain team Villainy Inc. and have appeared as major recurring enemies for Wonder Woman . The original Princess Maru incarnation of the character made her cinematic debut in the 2017 film Wonder Woman , portrayed by Spanish actress Elena Anaya . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Princess Maru 2.1. 1 Golden Age 2.1. 2 Post-Crisis 2.2 Marina Maru 2.2. 1 Post-Crisis 2.2. 2 The New 52 2.2. 3 DC Rebirth 3 Powers and abilities 4 Other versions 4.1 Wednesday Comics 4.2 DC Super Friends 5 In other media 5.1 Television 5.2 Film 5.3 Video games 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Publication history ( edit ) The Princess Maru incarnation of Doctor Poison first appeared in Sensation Comics # 2 and was created by William Moulton Marston and Harry G. Peter . The second Doctor Poison first appeared in Wonder Woman Vol. 2 # 151 and was created by Eric Luke and Matthew Clark . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Princess Maru ( edit ) Golden Age ( edit ) Doctor Poison first appeared as the chief of the poison division for a Nazi spy band who had planned to contaminate the United States Army 's water with `` Reverso , '' a drug that compels whoever takes it to `` do the exact opposite of what they are told . '' She disguised her sex by wearing a bulky hooded costume and a mask . Doctor Poison 's underlings captured Steve Trevor and brought him to their base in America where he was questioned by Doctor Poison . Wonder Woman , disguised as a nurse , aided Steve Trevor but was forced to flee the scene after a lengthy battle . Meanwhile , the Reverso drug was successful in turning thousands of American soldiers against their superiors . Wonder Woman recruited Etta Candy to help her create a diversion for Doctor Poison 's troops , which led to the defeat of the villain . When Wonder Woman pulled her disguise off , she discovered Doctor Poison to be Maru , a Japanese princess . Maru made one more attempt to defeat the amazon , but was tackled by Etta Candy and coerced into giving up the antidote . She was later taken into police custody . Later , Princess Maru escaped imprisonment and disguised herself as Mei Sing , a `` princess '' who worked in a Chinese nightclub . She once again captured Steve Trevor , who could n't see through her disguise . This led to another encounter with Wonder Woman , who Maru defeated with an anesthetic gas grenade . Maru had been perfecting a green gas which would clog the carburetors of the US planes . This plan was foiled once again by Wonder Woman . Instead of placing Maru back in prison , Wonder Woman sentenced her to Transformation Island , the Amazon penal colony where many female criminals were sent to reform . Although the majority of inmates have reformed with loving submission , Maru and seven other women refused to change their ways . The Saturnian slaver Eviless banded these rebellious super-villains together under the name Villainy Inc . Maru returned to her Doctor Poison disguise and tricked Queen Hippolyta into believing men had invaded Paradise Island . The villains were able to capture Hippolyta 's girdle , which they used to defeat Wonder Woman . Doctor Poison then joined Eviless , Blue Snowman , and Cheetah on a boat with the captive Wonder Woman , plotting to imprison the amazon on Transformation Island for revenge . Wonder Woman attempted to escape by turning the boat over , but the four members of Villainy Inc. defeated her once again . After traveling to Transformation Island , Eviless tortured Wonder Woman until the reformed criminal Irene led a mutiny against Villainy Inc . In the ensuing chaos , Wonder Woman and Hippolyta broke free of their chains and managed to defeat Doctor Poison and her three companions . Post-crisis ( edit ) After the events of Crisis on Infinite Earths , Doctor Poison was a founding member of Villainy Inc. , but the team was created by Queen Clea instead of Eviless . As part of Villainy Inc. , Doctor Poison battled Hippolyta , the first Wonder Woman , in the 1940s . It was later revealed by her granddaughter that she had died after creating the Reverso drug , as she accidentally reversed her own growth patterns and had forgotten the antidote by becoming too young too fast , eventually reverting to a fetus and then nothing . Marina Maru ( edit ) Post-crisis ( edit ) The grandchild of the original Doctor Poison , this second incarnation appears in league with the demi - goddess Devastation . Doctor Poison 's sex remains ambiguous , the only clues being long fingernails and a lipsticked grimace . She also joined the second Villainy Inc. and once again battled Wonder Woman . This incarnation of Doctor Poison confirmed that her grandmother did battle Queen Hippolyta as Wonder Woman during World War II . She also explains that her grandmother met her own demise by the creation of the drug called `` Reverso '' . The original Doctor Poison accidentally reversed her own growth patterns and had forgotten the antidote by becoming too young too fast , eventually reverting to a fetus and then nothing . Doctor Poison is one of the villains sent to retrieve the Get Out of Hell free card from the Secret Six . Doctor Poison was later asked to be a part of the Secret Society of Super Villains , which she accepted . Joining the other scientists on the team , she was assigned to collect soil samples from Logor Jasenovac , Croatia . She added her samples with that of other areas on Earth where genocide took place and helped create the new Wonder Woman villain Genocide . Following the Final Crisis , she was with Cheetah 's Secret Society of Super Villains . The new 52 ( edit ) In September 2011 , The New 52 rebooted DC 's continuity . In this new timeline , Doctor Maru is re-introduced as the Caucasian daughter of a Russian pair of scientists renowned for their knowledge of poisons . American spies had approached her parents as they thought the doctors ' expertise could lead to the United States ' domination in biological weaponry . When they refused , the Russian government discovered their practices . Her parents were branded terrorists by Russia , and imprisoned near Siberia where they died during interrogations . Doctor Poison blamed the United States for her parents ' deaths and planned to take revenge through chemical attacks . DC Rebirth ( edit ) After the events of DC Rebirth , Doctor Poison 's history had been altered . In the current continuity , she is Colonel Marina Maru , a Japanese soldier working for the organization called Poison which had been founded by her family . During Wonder Woman 's first few months in the United States , the amazon discovered a group of men infected with the Maru Virus , a poison that drives its victims to rage - induced murder . Ten years later after Wonder Woman had discovered she had been living a lie for several years , Veronica Cale sent Doctor Poison to attack the Amazon . Powers and abilities ( edit ) Doctor Poison is an expert in the use of poisons , toxins , and plagues . Other versions ( edit ) Wednesday Comics ( edit ) Doctor Poison appears in the Wonder Woman sections of anthology series Wednesday Comics . DC Super Friends ( edit ) Doctor Poison is among several scientist - themed super-villains who band together to fight the Super Friends in the story `` Weird Science '' from the series DC Super Friends . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) A version of Doctor Poison appears in the Batman : The Brave and the Bold episode `` Joker : The Vile and the Villainous . '' She is seen working as a bartender at a tavern populated by D - list supervillains when Joker pays a visit to it and meets Weeper . Film ( edit ) Doctor Poison appears in the DC Extended Universe film Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) , portrayed by Elena Anaya . In this adaptation , her identity is Isabel Maru , a Spanish chemist recruited by General Erich Ludendorff to create chemical weapons for the German army . Due to facial disfigurement , she wears a ceramic mask over the left side of her face . It marks the character 's first live action appearance , although the setting is World War I rather than the World War II setting of the comic books . When Steve Trevor steals a book of Doctor Maru 's notes on her new chemical weapons that would render the gas masks useless against them , he crash - lands on Themyscira during his escape , which alerts Diana to the current war . She initially believes that Ares is directly responsible for the war , but later learns that all he did was provide a few ideas for the weapons to the likes of Maru while the decision to use the weapons was still the choice of the humans themselves . Ares attempts to sway Diana to his point of view by offering her a chance to kill Maru for her sins and part in the war , but Diana rejects his offer upon realizing of Trevor 's sacrifice that inspires her to recognize that she must accept humanity for its flaws rather than condemn it for not being perfect . This leads Diana to spare Maru out of mercy , who then flees . Video games ( edit ) Doctor Poison appears as a playable character in the mobile game DC Legends . See also ( edit ) List of Wonder Woman enemies References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sensation Comics # 2 ( 1942 ) Jump up ^ Sensation Comics # 24 ( 1943 ) Jump up ^ Wonder Woman # 28 ( 1948 ) Jump up ^ Wonder Woman : Our Worlds at War # 1 Jump up ^ Wonder Woman # 81 Jump up ^ Wonder Woman # 48 ( Mar 2016 ) Jump up ^ Wonder Woman vol. 5 , # 13 ( Dec 2016 ) Jump up ^ Wonder Woman vol. 5 , # 12 ( Dec 2016 ) Jump up ^ Wednesday Comics # 2 ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ DC Super Friends # 24 ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ O'Hara , Helen ( April 2017 ) . `` Alpha Female '' . Empire . pp. 60 -- 67 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://community.wbgames.com/t5/Update-Notes/DC-Legends-Update-1-12/td-p/1519906 Beatty , Scott ( 2009 ) . Wonder Woman : The Ultimate Guide To The Amazon Princess . Dorling Kindersley Publishing . pp. 82 -- 83 . ISBN 0 - 7894 - 9616 - X . External links ( edit ) Doctor Poison Rapsheet Gay League Profile The Unofficial Doctor Poison Biography ( hide ) Wonder Woman William Moulton Marston Elizabeth Holloway Marston H.G. Peter Other contributors Characters Wonder Women Diana Prince Orana Artemis of Bana - Mighdall Hippolyta Donna Troy Supporting characters Antiope Aphrodite Artemis Artemis of Bana - Mighdall Batman Drusilla Etta Candy Fury Hephaestus Hera Heracles / Hercules Hermes I Ching Julia and Vanessa Kapatelis Mala Nemesis ( Thomas Tresser ) Nubia The Olympian Orion Paula Philippus Poseidon Queen Hippolyta Helena Sandsmark Sarge Steel Superman Steve Trevor Wonder Girl ( Cassie Sandsmark Donna Troy ) Zeus Zola Adversaries Aegeus Angle Man Ares / Mars Baron Blitzkrieg Baroness Paula von Gunther Blue Snowman Veronica Cale Captain Wonder Cheetah Circe Dark Angel Decay Doctor Cyber Doctor Poison Doctor Psycho Duke of Deception Earl of Greed Egg Fu / Chang Tzu Eviless The First Born Genocide Giganta Hades Hypnota Kung Lord Conquest Mask Medusa Minister Blizzard Osira Queen Clea Red Panzer Silver Swan Tezcatlipoca Zara Factions Amazons of Themyscira Amazons of Bana - Mighdall Children of Ares Godwatch Gorilla Knights Olympian Gods Titans of Myth Villainy Inc . 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who plays the evil doctor in wonder woman

Elena Anaya

Doctor Poison

Summer of ' 42 - wikipedia Summer of ' 42 Jump to : navigation , search Summer of ' 42 Theatrical release poster Directed by Robert Mulligan Produced by Richard A. Roth Written by Herman Raucher Starring Jennifer O'Neill Gary Grimes Jerry Houser Oliver Conant Narrated by Robert Mulligan Music by Michel Legrand Cinematography Robert Surtees Edited by Folmar Blangsted Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date April 18 , 1971 ( 1971 - 04 - 18 ) Running time 104 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $1 million Box office $32,063,634 Summer of ' 42 is a 1971 American coming - of - age comedy - drama film based on the memoirs of screenwriter Herman Raucher . It tells the story of how Raucher , in his early teens on his 1942 summer vacation on Nantucket Island ( off the coast of Cape Cod ) , embarks on a one - sided romance with a young woman , Dorothy , whose husband had gone off to fight in World War II . The film was directed by Robert Mulligan , and starred Gary Grimes as Hermie , Jerry Houser as his best friend Oscy , Oliver Conant as their nerdy young friend Benjie , Jennifer O'Neill as Hermie 's mysterious love interest , and Katherine Allentuck and Christopher Norris as a pair of girls whom Hermie and Oscy attempt to seduce . Mulligan also has an uncredited role as the voice of the adult Hermie . Maureen Stapleton ( Allentuck 's real - life mother ) also appears in a small , uncredited voice role ( calling after Hermie as he leaves the house in an early scene , and after he enters his room in a later scene ) . Raucher 's novelization of his screenplay of the same name was released prior to the film 's release and became a runaway bestseller , to the point that audiences lost sight of the fact that the book was based on the film and not vice versa . Though a pop culture phenomenon in the first half of the 1970s , the novelization went out of print and slipped into obscurity throughout the next two decades until a Broadway adaptation in 2001 brought it back into the public light and prompted Barnes & Noble to acquire the publishing rights to the book . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Factual basis 5 Reception and awards 6 Sequel 7 Soundtrack 8 Cultural impact 8.1 Music 8.2 Film and television 8.3 Remakes 8.4 Off - Broadway musical 8.5 Alternate sequel 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) The film opens with a series of still photographs appearing over melancholic music , representing the abstract memories of the unseen Herman Raucher , now a middle - aged man . We then hear Raucher recalling the summer he spent on the island in 1942 . The film flashes back to a day that then 15 - year - old `` Hermie '' and his friends -- jock Oscy and introverted nerd Benjie -- spent playing on the beach . They spot a young soldier carrying his new bride into a house on the beach , and are struck by her beauty , especially Hermie , who is unable to get her out of his mind . They continue spending afternoons on the beach where , in the midst of scantily - clad teenage girls , their thoughts invariably turn to sex . All of them are virgins : Oscy is obsessed with the act of sex , while Hermie finds himself developing romantic interest in the bride , whose husband he spots leaving the island on a water taxi one morning . Later that day , Hermie finds her trying to carry bags of groceries by herself , and helps get them back to her house . They strike up a friendship and he agrees to return to help her with chores . Meanwhile , Oscy and Hermie , thanks to a sex manual discovered by Benjie , become convinced they know everything necessary to lose their virginity . Led by Oscy , they test this by going to the cinema and picking - up a trio of high - school girls . Oscy stakes out the most attractive one , Miriam , `` giving '' Hermie her less attractive friend , Aggie , and leaving Benjie with Gloria , a heavyset girl with braces . Frightened by the immediacy of sex , Benjie runs off , and is not seen by Hermie or Oscy again that night . Hermie and Oscy spend the entirety of the evening 's film attempting to `` put the moves '' on Miriam and Aggie . Oscy pursues Miriam , eventually making out with her during the movie , and later learns her ways are well - known on the island . Hermie finds himself succeeding with Aggie , who allows him to grope what he thinks is her breast ; Oscy later points out Hermie was fondling her arm . The next morning , Hermie helps the bride move boxes into her attic and she thanks him by giving him a kiss on the forehead . Later , in preparation for a marshmallow roast on the beach with Aggie and Miriam , Hermie goes to the local drugstore . In a painfully humorous sequence , he builds up the nerve to ask the druggist ( Lou Frizzell ) for condoms . That night , Hermie roasts marshmallows with Aggie while Oscy succeeds in having sex with Miriam between the dunes . He is so successful he sneaks over to Hermie and Aggie to ask for more condoms . Confused as to what 's happening , Aggie follows Oscy back , where she sees him having sex with Miriam and runs home , upset . The next day , Hermie comes across the bride sitting outside her house , writing to her husband . Hermie offers to keep her company that night and she says she looks forward to seeing him , revealing her name is Dorothy . An elated Hermie goes home and puts on a suit , dress shirt and heads back to Dorothy 's house , running into Oscy on the way ; Oscy relates that Miriam 's appendix burst and she 's been rushed to the mainland . Hermie , convinced he is at the brink of adulthood because of his relationship with Dorothy , brushes Oscy off . He heads to her house , which is eerily quiet . Going in , he discovers a bottle of whiskey , several cigarette butts , and a telegram from the government . Dorothy 's husband is dead , his plane shot down over France . Dorothy comes out of her bedroom , crying , and Hermie tells her `` I 'm sorry . '' The sense of empathy triggers her to channel to Hermie some of her loneliness . She turns on the record player and invites Hermie to dance with her . They kiss and embrace , tears on both their faces . Without speaking , and to the sound only of the waves , they move to the bedroom , where she draws him into bed and gently makes love with him . Afterward , withdrawing again into her world of hurt , Dorothy retires to the porch , leaving Hermie alone in her bedroom . He approaches her on the porch , where she can only quietly say `` Good night , Hermie . '' He leaves , his last image of Dorothy being of her leaning against the railing , as she smokes a cigarette and stares into the night sky . At dawn Hermie meets Oscy and the two share a moment of reconciliation , with Oscy informing Hermie that Miriam will recover . Oscy , in an uncharacteristic act of sensitivity , lets Hermie be by himself , departing with the words , `` Sometimes life is one big pain in the ass . '' Trying to sort out what has happened , Hermie goes back to Dorothy 's house . Dorothy has fled the island in the night and an envelope is tacked to the front door with Hermie 's name on it . Inside is a note from Dorothy , saying she hopes he understands she must go back home as there is much to do . She assures Hermie she will never forget him , and he will find his way of remembering what happened that night . Her note closes with the hope that Hermie may be spared the senseless tragedies of life . In the final scene , Hermie , suddenly approaching manhood , is seen looking at Dorothy 's old house and the ocean from a distance before he turns to join his friends . To bittersweet music , the adult Raucher sadly recounts that he has never seen Dorothy again or learned what became of her . Cast ( edit ) Jennifer O'Neill as Dorothy Gary Grimes as Hermie Jerry Houser as Oscy Oliver Conant as Benjie Katherine Allentuck as Aggie Christopher Norris as Miriam Lou Frizzell as Druggist Robert Mulligan ( uncredited voice ) as Narrator / Older Herman Raucher Walter Scott ( uncredited ) as Dorothy 's husband Maureen Stapleton ( uncredited voice ) as Hermie 's Mother Production ( edit ) Herman Raucher wrote the film script in the 1950s during his tenure as a television writer , but `` could n't give it away . '' In the 1960s , he met Robert Mulligan , best known for directing To Kill a Mockingbird . Raucher showed Mulligan the script , and Mulligan took it to Warner Bros. , where Mulligan argued the film could be shot for the relatively low price of $1 million , and Warner approved it . They had so little faith in the film becoming a box - office success , though , they shied from paying Raucher outright for the script , instead promising him ten percent of the gross . When casting for the role of Dorothy , Warner Bros. declined to audition any actresses younger than the age of 30 ; Jennifer O'Neill 's agent , who had developed a fondness for the script , convinced the studio to audition his client , who was only 22 at the time . O'Neill auditioned for the role , albeit hesitantly , not wanting to perform any nude scenes . O'Neill got the role and Mulligan agreed to find a way to make the film work without blatant nudity . Nantucket Island was too far modernized in 1970 to be convincingly transformed to resemble an early 1940s resort , so production was taken to Mendocino , California , on the West Coast of the US . Shooting took place over eight weeks , during which O'Neill was sequestered from the three boys cast as `` The Terrible Trio , '' in order to ensure that they did not become close and ruin the sense of awkwardness and distance that their characters felt towards Dorothy . Production ran smoothly , finishing on schedule . After production , Warner Bros. , still wary about the film only being a minor success , asked Raucher to adapt his script into a book . Raucher wrote it in three weeks , and Warner Bros. released it prior to the film to build interest in the story . The book quickly became a national bestseller , so that when trailers premiered in theaters , the film was billed as being `` based on the national bestseller , '' despite the film having been completed first . Ultimately , the book became one of the best selling novels of the first half of the 1970s , requiring 23 reprints between 1971 and 1974 to keep up with customer demand . Factual basis ( edit ) The film ( and subsequent novel ) were memoirs written by Herman Raucher ; they detailed the events in his life over the course of the summer he spent on Nantucket Island in 1942 when he was fourteen years old . Originally , the film was meant to be a tribute to his friend Oscar `` Oscy '' Seltzer , an Army medic killed in the Korean War . Seltzer was shot dead on a battlefield in Korea whilst attending to a wounded man ; this happened on Raucher 's birthday , and consequently , Raucher has not celebrated a birthday since . During the course of writing the screenplay , Raucher came to the realization that despite growing up with Oscy and having bonded with him through their formative years , the two had never really had any meaningful conversations or gotten to know one another on a more personal level . Instead , Raucher decided to focus on the first major adult experience of his life , that of falling in love for the first time . The woman ( named Dorothy , like her screen counterpart ) was a fellow vacationer on the island whom the 14 - year old Raucher had befriended one day when he helped her carry groceries home ; he became a friend of her and her husband and helped her with chores after her husband was called to fight in World War II . On the night memorialized in the film , Raucher randomly came to visit her , unaware his arrival was just minutes after she received notification of her husband 's death . She was confused and upset , had been drinking heavily , and repeatedly called Raucher by her husband 's name . Although both ultimately disrobed , contrary to popular opinion , sexual intercourse did not occur . Raucher admitted this in a 2002 interview saying it was mostly holding , but in the movie `` We let you think what you want . '' The next morning , Raucher discovered that she had left the island , leaving behind a note for him ( which is read at the end of the film and reproduced in the book ) . He never saw her again ; his last `` encounter '' with her , recounted on an episode of The Mike Douglas Show , came after the film 's release in 1971 , when she was one of over a dozen women who wrote letters to Raucher claiming to be `` his '' Dorothy . Raucher recognized the `` real '' Dorothy 's handwriting , and she confirmed her identity by making references to certain events only she could have known about . She told Raucher that she had lived for years with the guilt that she had potentially traumatized him and ruined his life . She told Raucher that she was glad he turned out all right , and that they had best not re-visit the past . In a 2002 Scripps Treasure Coast Publishing interview , Raucher lamented never hearing from her again and expressed his hope that she was still alive . Raucher 's novelization of the screenplay , with the dedication , `` To those I love , past and present , '' serves more as the tribute to Seltzer that he had intended the film to be , with the focus of the book being more on the two boys ' relationship than Raucher 's relationship with Dorothy . Consequently , the book also mentions Seltzer 's death , which is absent from the film adaptation . Reception and awards ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2017 ) The film became a blockbuster upon its release , grossing over $32 million , making it the sixth highest - grossing film of 1971 and one of the most successful films in history , with an expense - to - profit ratio of 1 : 32 ; beyond that , it is estimated video rentals and purchases in the United States since the 1980s have produced an additional $20.5 million . On this point , Raucher said in May 2002 that his ten percent of the gross , in addition to royalties from book sales , `` has paid bills ever since . '' As well as being a commercial success , Summer of ' 42 also received rave critical reviews . It went on to be nominated for over a dozen awards , including Golden Globe Awards for `` Best Motion Picture -- Drama '' and `` Best Director '' , and five Academy Award nominations for Best Original Music Score , Best Cinematography , Best Editing , Best Writing - Story and Best Screenplay . Ultimately , the film won two awards : the 1972 44th Academy Awards Oscar for Original Dramatic Score , and the 1971 BAFTA Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music , both to Michel Legrand . It counted among its fans Stanley Kubrick , who had the film play on a television in a scene in The Shining . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2002 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- Nominated 2005 : AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- Nominated Sequel ( edit ) In 1973 , the film was followed by Class of ' 44 , a slice - of - life film made up of vignettes about Herman Raucher and Oscar Seltzer 's experiences in college . Class of ' 44 involves the boys facing army service in the last year of World War II . The only crew member from Summer of ' 42 to return to the project was Raucher himself , who wrote the script ; a new director and composer were brought in to replace Mulligan and Legrand . Of the principal four cast members of Summer of ' 42 , only Jerry Houser and Gary Grimes returned for prominent roles , with Oliver Conant making two brief appearances totaling less than two minutes of screen time . Jennifer O'Neill did not appear in the film at all , nor was the character of Dorothy mentioned . The film is noted for featuring a young , slim John Candy briefly appearing in his first film role . The film met with poor critical reviews ; the only three reviews available at Rotten Tomatoes are resoundingly negative , with Channel 4 calling it `` a big disappointment , '' and The New York Times stating `` The only things worth attention in ' Class of ' 44 are the period details , '' and `` ' Class of ' 44 ' seems less like a movie than 95 minutes of animated wallpaper . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Summer of ' 42 : Original Motion Picture Score Soundtrack album by Michel Legrand Released 1971 Label Warner Bros. Records The film 's soundtrack consists almost entirely of compositions by Michel Legrand , many of which are variants upon `` The Summer Knows '' , the film 's theme . Lyrics are by Marilyn and Alan Bergman . Because the complete score runs just under 17 minutes , only the first and eighth tracks on the album are from Summer of ' 42 ; the rest of the music is taken from Legrand 's score for 1969 's The Picasso Summer . In addition to Legrand 's scoring , the film also features the song `` Hold Tight '' by The Andrews Sisters and the theme from Now , Voyager . On the Billboard 200 , it debuted on 9 / 11 / 1971 and peaked at # 52 on 11 / 20 / 1971 . Summer of ' 42 : Original Motion Picture Score No . Title Length 1 . `` Summer of ' 42 ( Main Theme ) '' 3 : 51 2 . `` Summer Song '' 4 : 21 3 . `` The Bacchanal '' 1 : 48 4 . `` Lonely Two '' 2 : 04 5 . `` The Danger '' 2 : 13 6 . `` Montage : But Not Picasso / Full Awakening '' 3 : 32 7 . `` High I.Q '' 2 : 11 8 . `` The Summer Knows '' 1 : 47 9 . `` The Entrance to Reality '' 3 : 04 10 . `` La Guerre '' 3 : 15 11 . `` Los Manos de Muerto '' 3 : 29 12 . `` Awakening Awareness '' 2 : 26 13 . `` And All the Time '' 1 : 43 Total length : 35 : 44 In 2014 Intrada Records released Summer of ' 42 and The Picasso Summer on a limited - edition two - disc set , with the entire score for the former and the original album presentation of the latter ( dubbed `` The Picasso Suite '' ) on disc 1 , and the complete score for The Picasso Summer on disc 2 . Warner Bros. Publications released a sheet music folio , Summer of ' 42 & Other Hits of the Forties , which contains the movie theme and 34 other unrelated songs . Cultural impact ( edit ) Music ( edit ) Legrand 's theme song for the film , `` The Summer Knows '' , has since become a pop standard , being recorded by such artists as Peter Nero ( who had a charting hit with his 1971 version ) , Biddu , Tony Bennett , Frank Sinatra , Sarah Vaughan , Andy Williams , Jonny Fair , Scott Walker , Jackie Evancho , Oscar Peterson , Bill Evans , Toots Thielemans , and Barbra Streisand . The 1973 song `` Summer ( The First Time ) '' by Bobby Goldsboro has almost exactly the same subject and apparent setting , although there is no direct credited link . Bryan Adams has , however , credited the film as being a partial inspiration for his 1985 hit `` Summer of ' 69 '' . Garth Brooks ' 1993 hit `` That Summer '' features a similar story of a coming - of - age male in a romance with an older female . Film and television ( edit ) In Stanley Kubrick 's 1980 film version of Stephen King 's The Shining , Wendy ( Shelley Duvall ) is shown watching Summer of ' 42 on television ( a brief clip of the scene featuring Hermie helping Dorothy bring her groceries in the house is playing on the television in the background during the scene ) . An episode of the 1970s sitcom Happy Days was loosely based upon Summer of ' 42 , with Richie Cunningham befriending a Korean War widow . The film 's title formed the basis of a Season 7 episode of The Simpsons , `` Summer of 4 Ft. 2 '' . On the Happy Days 30th Anniversary Show it was actually a Drama called New Family In Town based on Summer Of ' 42 which was one of the most popular Movies at that time . Remakes ( edit ) In the years since the film 's release , Warner Bros. has attempted to buy back Raucher 's ten percent of the film as well as his rights to the story so it could be remade ; Raucher has consistently declined . The 1988 film Stealing Home has numerous similarities to both Summer of ' 42 and Class of ' 44 , with several incidents ( most notably a subplot dealing with the premature death of the protagonist 's father and the protagonist 's response to it ) appearing to have been directly lifted from Raucher 's own life ; Jennifer O'Neill stated in 2002 she believes `` Home '' was an attempted remake of `` Summer '' . Off - Broadway musical ( edit ) In 2001 , Raucher consented to the film being made into an off Broadway musical play . He was on hand opening night , giving the cast a pep - talk which he concluded , `` We 've now done it every possible way -- except go out and piss it in the snow ! '' The play met with positive critical and fan response , and was endorsed by Raucher himself , but the play was forced to close down in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks . Nevertheless , the play was enough to spark interest in the film and book with a new generation , prompting Warner to re-issue the book ( which had since gone out of print , along with all of Raucher 's other works ) for sale with Barnes & Noble 's online bookstore , and to restore the film and release it on DVD . The musical has since been performed across the country , at venues such as Kalliope Stage in Cleveland Heights , Ohio in 2004 ( directed by Paul Gurgol ) and Mill Mountain Theatre in Roanoke , Virginia , ( directed by Jere Hodgin and choreographed by Bernard Monroe ) , and was subsequently recorded as a concert by the York Theatre Company in 2006 . Alternate sequel ( edit ) In 2002 , O'Neill claimed to have obtained the rights to make a sequel to Summer of ' 42 , based on a short story she wrote , which took place in an alternate reality where Herman Raucher had a son and divorced his wife , went back to Nantucket in 1962 with a still - living Oscar Seltzer , and encountered Dorothy again and married her . As of 2017 , this project -- which O'Neill had hoped to produce with Lifetime television -- has not been realized , and it is unknown whether O'Neill is still attempting to get it produced , or if Raucher consented to its production . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1971 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` SUMMER OF ' 42 ( X ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 1971 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Summer of ' 42 , Box Office Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Park , Louis Hillary ( May 2002 ) . `` Herman Raucher Interview ( extended ) '' . TCPalm . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved July 5 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Park , Louis Hillary ( June 2002 ) . `` Jennifer O'Neill Interview ( extended ) '' . TCPalm . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Raucher , Herman . Summer of ' 42 . 23rd Edition . New York : Dell , 1974 . Jump up ^ Korean War Memorial -- Oscar Seltzer koreanwar.org . Retrieved July 5 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : The Mike Douglas Show , Interview with Herman Raucher . Original date of broadcast unknown . Jump up ^ Allmovie : Summer of ' 42 allmovie.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Internet Movie Database : Summer of ' 42 Business Data IMDb.com Retrieved July 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Summer of ' 42 ( 1971 ) -- Misc Notes '' . TCM.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rotten Tomatoes : Class of ' 44 rottentomatoes.com Retrieved August 11 , 2006 Jump up ^ Timeout Film Review : Class of ' 44 timeout.com Retrieved August 11 , 2006 , Jump up ^ Channel 4 Film Reviews : Class of ' 44 channel4.com Retrieved August 11 , 2006 Jump up ^ New York Times Film Review : Class of ' 44 nytimes.com Retrieved August 11 , 2006 Jump up ^ Summer of ' 69 lyrics explained by co-author Archived 2006 - 06 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . jimvallance.com Retrieved July 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Garth ; Alger , Pat ; Mahl - Brooks , Sandy ( 1992 ) . `` That Summer '' . Major Bob Music / Warner - Chappell Publications . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jennifer O'Neill in 2002 tv-now.com Retrieved August 11 , 2006 Archived August 29 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Theatermania.com , Starry , Starry Morning : Charles Nelson 's Casts and Forecasts . Retrieved September 3 , 2007 Jump up ^ Summer of ' 42 Plus Twenty usatoday.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2006 . External links ( edit ) www.hermanraucher.com Summer of ' 42 on IMDb Summer of ' 42 at the TCM Movie Database Summer of ' 42 by Andy Williamson -- The Wordslinger dated April 14 , 2008 ( hide ) Films directed by Robert Mulligan Fear Strikes Out ( 1957 ) The Rat Race ( 1960 ) The Great Impostor ( 1961 ) Come September ( 1961 ) The Spiral Road ( 1962 ) To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1962 ) Love with the Proper Stranger ( 1963 ) Baby the Rain Must Fall ( 1965 ) Inside Daisy Clover ( 1965 ) Up the Down Staircase ( 1967 ) The Stalking Moon ( 1968 ) The Pursuit of Happiness ( 1971 ) Summer of ' 42 ( 1971 ) The Other ( 1972 ) The Nickel Ride ( 1974 ) Bloodbrothers ( 1978 ) Same Time , Next Year ( 1978 ) Kiss Me Goodbye ( 1982 ) Clara 's Heart ( 1988 ) The Man in the Moon ( 1991 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Summer_of_%2742&oldid=803913855 '' Categories : 1971 films English - language films 1970s comedy - drama films 1970s coming - of - age films 1970s teen films American biographical films American comedy - drama films American coming - of - age films American films Film scores by Michel Legrand Films about vacationing Films about virginity Films directed by Robert Mulligan Films set in 1942 Films set in Massachusetts Films set on beaches Films set on islands Films set on the home front during World War II Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Nantucket , Massachusetts Warner Bros. films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Film articles using image size parameter Articles to be expanded from June 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 13 : 44 . 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who starred in the movie summer of 42

Gary Grimes

Herman Raucher

Sacrifice ( song ) - wikipedia Sacrifice ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search For other songs with the same title , see Sacrifice ( disambiguation ) § Songs . `` Sacrifice '' Single by Elton John from the album Sleeping with the Past A-side `` Healing Hands '' ( second release ) B - side `` Love Is a Cannibal '' ( first release ) Released October 1989 ( first release ) May 1990 ( second release ) Format CD , vinyl record ( 7 '' and 12 `` ) , audio cassette Length 5 : 11 Label Rocket , MCA Songwriter ( s ) Elton John , Bernie Taupin Producer ( s ) Chris Thomas Elton John singles chronology `` Healing Hands '' ( 1989 ) `` Sacrifice '' ( 1989 ) `` Club at the End of the Street '' ( 1990 ) `` Healing Hands '' ( 1989 ) `` Sacrifice '' ( 1989 ) `` Club at the End of the Street '' ( 1990 ) `` Sacrifice '' is a ballad performed by musician Elton John . The lyrics are by Bernie Taupin and the music by John . The song appears on the 1989 album Sleeping with the Past . It was first released in October 1989 , then in 1990 , and was the second single from the album . It achieved success , particularly in France and the UK , where it became his first solo chart - topper , spending five weeks at the top . A country music cover of the song was performed by Don Henley and Vince Gill as part of the 2018 tribute album Restoration : Reimagining the Songs of Elton John and Bernie Taupin . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Background and writing 1.2 Music video 1.3 Chart performance 2 Track listings 3 Charts and sales 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 3.3 Certifications and sales 4 Personnel 5 References 6 External links Overview ( edit ) Background and writing ( edit ) `` Sacrifice '' is inspired both by the Aretha Franklin song `` Do Right Woman , Do Right Man '' and described as a Percy Sledge song by Elton John . The song is beloved by both John and Bernie Taupin and deemed a bookend of sorts to their first hit `` Your Song '' . Taupin has said he is surprised he wrote it , and said in an interview , `` I think ' Sacrifice ' is one of the best songs we 've written . '' The song is not a typical love song , but rather a song about a breakup of a marriage where the loss of the relationship is `` no sacrifice . '' Although the single was successful , Elton John did not tour Europe in both 1989 -- 1990 to support the Sleeping with the Past album ( with the exception of one appearance in Knebworth Park on 30 June 1990 ) touring only in the U.S. and Australia . The 1989 European tour was , instead , in support of the Reg Strikes Back album , with no material representing Sleeping with the Past . In all shows that were done to support Sleeping with the Past in 1989 -- 1990 , Elton played this song solo on his Roland RD - 1000 Digital Piano . Music video ( edit ) The video , which follows the song 's lyrics , portrays a man and woman having problems in their relationship after being married and raising a daughter . After they go their separate ways , the man raises his daughter alone . The video was directed by Alek Keshishian and it had Yasmeen Ghauri and Chris Isaak in it . The version used in the promo video is slightly sped up compared to the album version . The result is a higher pitched vocal and shorter length time . The video was filmed in Los Angeles in 1989 , and was the second video made after Elton rejected a version from Ken Russell . Chart performance ( edit ) Sacrifice was initially released as a single in 1989 , but stalled at # 55 in the UK charts and at # 18 in the US charts in March 1990 . In mid-1990 English DJ Steve Wright began playing the song on BBC Radio 1 , soon followed by many more radio DJs . The song was then re-released as a double A-side single , along with `` Healing Hands '' , and reached # 1 in the UK in June 1990 . Thus , it became John 's first solo number - one single in the UK Singles Chart , remaining on the top spot for five weeks . With this re-release , Elton John also got his first number one in France and stayed on the chart for 26 weeks . Track listings ( edit ) First release 12 '' single -- UK `` Sacrifice '' -- 5 : 07 `` Love Is a Cannibal '' ( From the Columbia Motion Picture Ghostbusters II ) -- 3 : 53 CD single -- U.S. `` Sacrifice '' -- 5 : 07 `` Love Is a Cannibal '' ( from the Columbia Motion Picture Ghostbusters II ) -- 3 : 53 `` Durban Deep '' Second release UK single `` Sacrifice '' -- 5 : 07 `` Healing Hands '' -- 4 : 22 Charts and sales ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 55 U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks Chart ( 1990 ) Peak position Australian ARIA Singles Chart 7 Dutch Mega Top 100 Eurochart Hot 100 French SNEP Singles Chart German Singles Chart 36 Irish Singles Chart New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart 7 Norwegian Singles Chart Swiss Singles Chart 23 UK Singles Chart U.S. Billboard Hot 100 18 Zimbabwe Singles Chart 6 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 ) Rank Australian Singles Chart 47 Dutch Top 40 11 UK Singles Charts Certifications and sales ( edit ) Country Certification Date Sales certified Physical sales France Silver 200,000 380,000 UK Platinum 1 September 1990 600,000 Personnel ( edit ) Elton John : vocals , Roland RD - 1000 digital piano Davey Johnstone : electric guitar Romeo Williams : bass Jonathan Moffett : drums Guy Babylon : keyboards Fred Mandel : keyboards Preceded by `` Words '' by The Christians French SNEP number - one single 26 May 1990 -- 9 June 1990 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Bo le lavabo ( WC Kiss ) '' by Lagaf ' Preceded by `` Vogue '' by Madonna Eurochart Hot 100 number - one single 16 June 1990 -- 28 July 1990 ( 7 weeks ) Succeeded by `` U Ca n't Touch This '' by MC Hammer Preceded by `` World In Motion '' by Englandneworder UK number - one single 17 June 1990 -- 21 July 1990 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Turtle Power '' by Partners in Kryme References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Elton John - Full Official Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elton John singles , Billboard charts '' . allmusic . Retrieved 9 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` '' Sacrifice `` , Australian Singles Chart '' . australian - charts . Retrieved 13 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' Sacrifice `` , Dutch Mega Top 100 '' ( in Dutch ) . dutchcharts . Retrieved 11 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Sacrifice `` , French Singles Chart '' ( in French ) . lescharts . Retrieved 13 December 2007 . Jump up ^ German Singles Chart Charts-surfer.de Archived 8 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved 9 September 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Irish Single Chart , database '' . irishcharts . Retrieved 9 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` '' Sacrifice '' New Zealand Singles Chart `` . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 11 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Sacrifice `` , Norwegian Singles Chart '' ( in Norwegian ) . norwegiancharts . Retrieved 13 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' Sacrifice `` , Swiss Singles Chart '' ( in German ) . hitparade . Retrieved 13 December 2007 . Jump up ^ * Zimbabwe . Kimberley , C. Zimbabwe : singles chart book . Harare : C. Kimberley , 2000 Jump up ^ `` 1990 Australian Singles Chart '' . aria . Retrieved 3 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Single top 100 over 1990 '' ( pdf ) ( in Dutch ) . Top40 . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Music Week Year - end Charts , pub . January 1991 Jump up ^ `` French certifications , database '' ( in French ) . infodisc . Archived from the original on 30 November 2007 . Retrieved 9 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` UK certifications , database '' . Bpi . Retrieved 9 September 2008 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Elton John songs 1960s and 1970s `` Skyline Pigeon '' ( 1968 ) `` I 've Been Loving You '' ( 1968 ) `` Lady Samantha '' ( 1969 ) `` It 's Me That You Need '' ( 1969 ) `` Border Song '' ( 1970 ) `` Rock and Roll Madonna '' ( 1970 ) `` From Denver to L.A. '' ( 1970 ) `` Take Me to the Pilot '' ( 1970 ) `` Your Song '' ( 1970 ) `` Friends '' ( 1971 ) `` Levon '' ( 1971 ) `` Tiny Dancer '' ( 1972 ) `` Rocket Man '' ( 1972 ) `` Honky Cat '' ( 1972 ) `` I Think I 'm Going to Kill Myself '' ( 1972 ) `` Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters '' ( 1972 ) `` Crocodile Rock '' ( 1972 ) `` Elderberry Wine '' ( 1972 ) `` Daniel '' ( 1972 ) `` Teacher I Need You '' ( 1973 ) `` Funeral for a Friend / Love Lies Bleeding '' ( 1973 ) `` Saturday Night 's Alright for Fighting '' ( 1973 ) `` Goodbye Yellow Brick Road '' ( 1973 ) `` Step into Christmas '' ( 1973 ) `` Candle in the Wind '' ( 1974 ) `` Bennie and the Jets '' ( 1974 ) `` Harmony '' ( 1974 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1974 ) `` The Bitch Is Back '' ( 1974 ) `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' ( 1974 ) `` Philadelphia Freedom '' ( 1975 ) `` I Saw Her Standing There '' ( 1975 ) `` Someone Saved My Life Tonight '' ( 1975 ) `` Island Girl '' ( 1975 ) `` Grow Some Funk of Your Own '' ( 1976 ) `` I Feel Like a Bullet ( In the Gun of Robert Ford ) '' ( 1976 ) `` Pinball Wizard '' ( 1976 ) `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' ( 1976 ) `` Cage the Songbird '' ( 1976 ) `` Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word '' ( 1976 ) `` Bite Your Lip ( Get Up and Dance ! ) '' ( 1977 ) `` Crazy Water '' ( 1977 ) `` The Goaldiggers Song '' ( 1977 ) `` Ego '' ( 1978 ) `` Part - Time Love '' ( 1978 ) `` Song for Guy '' ( 1978 ) `` Are You Ready for Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Mama Ca n't Buy You Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Johnny B. Goode '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` Little Jeannie '' ( 1980 ) `` Sartorial Eloquence ( Do n't Ya Wanna Play This Game No More ? ) '' ( 1980 ) `` Dear God '' ( 1980 ) `` Whatever Gets You thru the Night '' ( 1981 ) `` Nobody Wins '' ( 1981 ) `` Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever '' ( with Kiki Dee , 1981 ) `` Blue Eyes '' ( 1982 ) `` Empty Garden ( Hey Hey Johnny ) '' ( 1982 ) `` Ball and Chain '' ( 1982 ) `` All Quiet on the Western Front '' ( 1982 ) `` I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues '' ( 1983 ) `` I 'm Still Standing '' ( 1983 ) `` Sad Songs ( Say So Much ) '' ( 1984 ) `` Passengers '' ( 1984 ) `` Nikita '' ( 1985 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 1985 ) `` Wrap Her Up '' ( 1985 ) `` Take Me to the Pilot '' ( 1988 ) `` I Do n't Wanna Go on with You Like That '' ( 1988 ) `` Town of Plenty '' ( 1988 ) `` Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters ( Part Two ) '' ( 1988 ) `` Healing Hands '' ( 1989 ) `` Sacrifice '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` Club at the End of the Street '' ( 1990 ) `` You Gotta Love Someone '' ( 1990 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1991 ) `` The One '' ( 1992 ) `` Runaway Train '' ( 1992 ) `` The Last Song '' ( 1992 ) `` Simple Life '' ( 1993 ) `` True Love '' ( 1993 ) `` Shakey Ground '' ( 1994 ) `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' ( 1994 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' ( 1994 ) `` Circle of Life '' ( 1994 ) `` Believe '' ( 1995 ) `` Made in England '' ( 1995 ) `` When the Money 's Gone '' ( 1995 ) `` You Can Make History ( Young Again ) '' ( 1996 ) `` The Madness of King Scar '' ( 1997 ) `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' ( 1997 ) `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' ( 1997 ) `` Written in the Stars '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` I Want Love '' ( 2001 ) `` This Train Do n't Stop There Anymore '' ( 2002 ) `` Original Sin '' ( 2002 ) `` Are You Ready for Love '' ( 2003 ) `` Ghetto Gospel '' ( 2005 ) `` Electricity '' ( 2005 ) `` The Bridge '' ( 2006 ) `` Joseph , Better You than Me '' ( 2008 ) `` Tiny Dancer ( Hold Me Closer ) '' ( 2009 ) Related articles Albums discography Videography Book : Elton John Category : Elton John Ivor Novello Awards -- Best Song Musically and Lyrically 1960s She 's Leaving Home ( 1968 ) 1970s Where Do You Go To ( My Lovely ) ? ( 1970 ) Something ( 1971 ) Do n't Let It Die ( 1972 ) Without You ( 1973 ) Daniel ( 1974 ) Streets of London * ( 1975 ) Do n't Cry for Me Argentina ( 1978 ) Baker Street ( 1979 ) 1980s The Logical Song ( 1980 ) Woman in Love ( 1981 ) Memory ( 1982 ) Have You Ever Been in Love ( 1983 ) Every Breath You Take ( 1984 ) Against All Odds ( 1985 ) Nikita ( 1986 ) Do n't Give Up ( 1987 ) Something Inside So Strong ( 1988 ) They Dance Alone ( 1989 ) 1990s The Living Years ( 1990 ) Sacrifice ( 1991 ) The Whole of the Moon ( 1992 ) Why ( 1993 ) If I Ever Lose My Faith in You ( 1994 ) Think Twice ( 1995 ) Common People ( 1996 ) Too Much Love Will Kill You ( 1997 ) Paranoid Android ( 1998 ) Believe ( 1999 ) 2000s Strong ( 2000 ) Babylon ( 2001 ) Walk On ( 2002 ) The Other Side ( 2003 ) Leave Right Now ( 2004 ) Dry Your Eyes ( 2005 ) Suddenly I See ( 2006 ) Elusive ( 2007 ) Love Is a Losing Game ( 2008 ) One Day Like This ( 2009 ) 2010s The Fear ( 2010 ) Becoming a Jackal ( 2011 ) The A Team ( 2012 ) Next to Me ( 2013 ) Strong ( 2014 ) Take Me to Church ( 2015 ) Was n't Expecting That ( 2016 ) Black Man in a White World ( 2017 ) * Awarded as The Best Song Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sacrifice_(song)&oldid=833955469 '' Categories : 1989 singles 1990 singles Disney songs Elton John songs European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles SNEP Top Singles number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Songs with lyrics by Bernie Taupin Songs with music by Elton John Pop ballads Rock ballads Song recordings produced by Chris Thomas ( record producer ) 1989 songs MCA Records singles The Rocket Record Company singles Music videos directed by Alek Keshishian Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles with hAudio microformats Use dmy dates from August 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 05 : 22 . 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what album is sacrifice by elton john on

Sleeping with the Past

Sleeping with the Past

Pencil - wikipedia Pencil Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the writing implement . For other uses , see Pencil ( disambiguation ) . HB graphite pencils Coloured pencils ( Caran d'Ache ) A pencil is a writing implement or art medium constructed of a narrow , solid pigment core inside a protective casing which prevents the core from being broken and / or from leaving marks on the user 's hand during use . Pencils create marks by physical abrasion , leaving behind a trail of solid core material that adheres to a sheet of paper or other surface . They are distinct from pens , which instead disperse a trail of liquid or gel ink that stains the light colour of the paper by absorption . Most pencil cores are made of graphite mixed with a clay binder which leaves grey or black marks that can be easily erased . Graphite pencils are used for both writing and drawing and result in durable markings : though writing is easily removable with an eraser , it is otherwise resistant to moisture , most chemicals , ultraviolet radiation , and natural aging . Other types of pencil core are less widely used , such as charcoal pencils , which are mainly used by artists for drawing and sketching . Coloured pencils are sometimes used by teachers or editors to correct submitted texts , but are typically regarded as art supplies , especially those with waxy core binders that tend to smear on paper instead of erasing . Grease pencils have a softer , crayon - like waxy core that can leave marks on smooth surfaces such as glass or porcelain . The most common type of pencil casing is of thin wood , usually hexagonal in section but sometimes cylindrical , permanently bonded to the core . Similar permanent casings may be constructed of other materials such as plastic or paper . To use the pencil , the casing must be carved or peeled off to expose the working end of the core as a sharp point . Mechanical pencils have more elaborate casings which are not permanently bonded to the core . Instead , the casing supports a separate , mobile piece of pigment core that can be extended or retracted through the casing tip as needed ; these pencil casings can be re-loaded with a new core ( usually graphite ) when necessary . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Camel 's hair pencil 1.2 Discovery of graphite deposit 1.3 Wood holders added 1.4 New pencils from graphite powder , and graphite and clay 1.5 The pencil in America 1.6 Eraser attached 1.7 Pencil extenders 2 Types 2.1 By marking material 2.2 By use 2.3 By shape 2.4 By size 2.5 By manufacture 3 Health 4 Manufacture 5 Grading and classification 5.1 Pencil hardness test 6 External colour and shape of pencils 7 Notable pencil users 8 Manufacturers 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links History Old Soviet colored pencils with box ( circa 1959 ) Camel 's hair pencil Pencil , from Old French pincel , from Latin penicillus a `` little tail '' ( see penis ; pincellus is Latin from the post-classical period ) originally referred to an artist 's fine brush of camel hair , also used for writing before modern lead or chalk pencils . Though the archetypal pencil was an artist 's brush , the stylus , a thin metal stick used for scratching in papyrus or wax tablets , was used extensively by the Romans and for palm - leaf manuscripts . Discovery of graphite deposit As a technique for drawing , the closest predecesor to the pencil was Silverpoint until in 1565 ( some sources say as early as 1500 ) , a large deposit of graphite was discovered on the approach to Grey Knotts from the hamlet of Seathwaite in Borrowdale parish , Cumbria , England . This particular deposit of graphite was extremely pure and solid , and it could easily be sawn into sticks . It remains the only large - scale deposit of graphite ever found in this solid form . Chemistry was in its infancy and the substance was thought to be a form of lead . Consequently , it was called plumbago ( Latin for `` lead ore '' ) . Because the pencil core is still referred to as `` lead '' , or a `` lead '' , many people have the misconception that the graphite in the pencil is lead , and the black core of pencils is still referred to as lead , even though it never contained the element lead . The words for pencil in German ( bleistift ) , Irish ( peann luaidhe ) , Arabic ( قلم رصاص qalam raṣāṣ ) , and some other languages literally mean lead pen . The value of graphite would soon be realised to be enormous , mainly because it could be used to line the moulds for cannonballs ; the mines were taken over by the Crown and were guarded . When sufficient stores of graphite had been accumulated , the mines were flooded to prevent theft until more was required . The usefulness of graphite for pencils was discovered as well , but graphite for pencils had to be smuggled . The news of the usefulness of these early pencils spread far and wide , attracting the attention of artists all over the known world . Because graphite is soft , it requires some form of encasement . Graphite sticks were initially wrapped in string or sheepskin for stability . England would enjoy a monopoly on the production of pencils until a method of reconstituting the graphite powder was found in 1662 in Italy . However , the distinctively square English pencils continued to be made with sticks cut from natural graphite into the 1860s . The town of Keswick , near the original findings of block graphite , still manufactures pencils , the factory also being the location of the Cumberland Pencil Museum . The meaning of `` graphite writing implement '' apparently evolved late in the 16th century . Wood holders added Palomino Blackwing 602 pencils Around 1560 , an Italian couple named Simonio and Lyndiana Bernacotti made what are likely the first blueprints for the modern , wood - encased carpentry pencil . Their version was a flat , oval , more compact type of pencil . Their concept involved the hollowing out of a stick of juniper wood . Shortly thereafter , a superior technique was discovered : two wooden halves were carved , a graphite stick inserted , and the halves then glued together -- essentially the same method in use to this day . New pencils from graphite powder , and graphite and clay The first attempt to manufacture graphite sticks from powdered graphite was in Nuremberg , Germany , in 1662 . It used a mixture of graphite , sulphur , and antimony . English and German pencils were not available to the French during the Napoleonic Wars ; France , under naval blockade imposed by Great Britain , was unable to import the pure graphite sticks from the British Grey Knotts mines -- the only known source in the world . France was also unable to import the inferior German graphite pencil substitute . It took the efforts of an officer in Napoleon 's army to change this . In 1795 , Nicolas - Jacques Conté discovered a method of mixing powdered graphite with clay and forming the mixture into rods that were then fired in a kiln . By varying the ratio of graphite to clay , the hardness of the graphite rod could also be varied . This method of manufacture , which had been earlier discovered by the Austrian Joseph Hardtmuth , the founder of the Koh - I - Noor in 1790 , remains in use . In 1802 , the production of graphite leads from graphite and clay was patented by the Koh - I - Noor company in Vienna . In England , pencils continued to be made from whole sawn graphite . Henry Bessemer 's first successful invention ( 1838 ) was a method of compressing graphite powder into solid graphite thus allowing the waste from sawing to be reused . The pencil in america Pencil , perhaps made by Henry David Thoreau , in the Concord Museum Pencil manufacturing . The top sequence shows the old method that required pieces of graphite to be cut to size ; the lower sequence is the new , current method using rods of graphite and clay . American colonists imported pencils from Europe until after the American Revolution . Benjamin Franklin advertised pencils for sale in his Pennsylvania Gazette in 1729 , and George Washington used a three - inch pencil when he surveyed the Ohio Territory in 1762 . It is said that William Munroe , a cabinetmaker in Concord , Massachusetts , made the first American wood pencils in 1812 . This was not the only pencil - making occurring in Concord . According to Henry Petroski , transcendentalist philosopher Henry David Thoreau discovered how to make a good pencil out of inferior graphite using clay as the binder ; this invention was prompted by his father 's pencil factory in Concord , which employed graphite found in New Hampshire in 1821 by Charles Dunbar . Munroe 's method of making pencils was painstakingly slow , and in the neighbouring town of Acton , a pencil mill owner named Ebenezer Wood set out to automate the process at his own pencil mill located at Nashoba Brook . He used the first circular saw in pencil production . He constructed the first of the hexagon - and octagon - shaped wooden casings . Ebenezer did not patent his invention and shared his techniques with anyone . One of those was Eberhard Faber of New York , who became the leader in pencil production . Joseph Dixon , an inventor and entrepreneur involved with the Tantiusques granite mine in Sturbridge , Massachusetts , developed a means to mass - produce pencils . By 1870 , The Joseph Dixon Crucible Company was the world 's largest dealer and consumer of graphite and later became the contemporary Dixon Ticonderoga pencil and art supplies company . By the end of the 19th century , over 240,000 pencils were used each day in the US . The favoured timber for pencils was Red Cedar as it was aromatic and did not splinter when sharpened . In the early 20th century supplies of Red Cedar were dwindling so that pencil manufacturers were forced to recycle the wood from cedar fences and barns to maintain supply . One effect of this was that `` during World War II rotary pencil sharpeners were outlawed in Britain because they wasted so much scarce lead and wood , and pencils had to be sharpened in the more conservative manner -- with knives . '' It was soon discovered that Incense cedar , when dyed and perfumed to resemble Red Cedar , was a suitable alternative and most pencils today are made from this timber which is grown in managed forests . Over 14 billion pencils are manufactured worldwide annually . Less popular alternatives to cedar include basswood and alder . In Southeast Asia the wood Jelutong may be used to create pencils ( though the use of this rainforest species is controversial ) . Environmentalists prefer the use of Pulai -- another wood native to the region and used in pencil manufacturing . Eraser attached Attached eraser on the left ; Pencil lead on the right On 30 March 1858 , Hymen Lipman received the first patent for attaching an eraser to the end of a pencil . In 1862 , Lipman sold his patent to Joseph Reckendorfer for $100,000 , who went on to sue pencil manufacturer Faber - Castell for infringement . In 1875 , the Supreme Court of the US ruled against Reckendorfer declaring the patent invalid . Pencil extenders Main article : Pencil extender Historian Henry Petroski notes that while ever more efficient means of mass production of pencils has driven the replacement cost of a pencil down , before this people would continue to use even the stub of a pencil . For those who `` did not feel comfortable using a stub , pencil extenders were sold . These devices function something like a porte - crayon ... the pencil stub can be inserted into the end of a shaft ... Extenders were especially common among engineers and draftsmen , whose favorite pencils were priced dearly . The use of an extender also has the advantage that the pencil does not appreciably change its heft as it wears down . '' Artists currently use extenders to maximize the use of their colored pencils . Types By marking material Coloured pencils Promotional pencils Graphite pencils These are the most common types of pencil , and are encased in wood . They are made of a mixture of clay and graphite and their darkness varies from light grey to black . Their composition allows for the smoothest strokes . Solid graphite pencils These are solid sticks of graphite and clay composite ( as found in a ' graphite pencil ' ) , about the diameter of a common pencil , which have no casing other than a wrapper or label . They are often called `` woodless '' pencils . They are used primarily for art purposes as the lack of casing allows for covering larger spaces more easily , creating different effects , and providing greater economy as the entirety of the pencil is used . They are available in the same darkness range as wood - encased graphite pencils . Liquid graphite pencils These are pencils that write like pens . The technology was first invented in 1955 by Scripto and Parker Pens . Scripto 's liquid graphite formula came out about three months before Parker 's liquid lead formula . To avoid a lengthy patent fight the two companies agreed to share their formulas . Charcoal pencils Are made of charcoal and provide fuller blacks than graphite pencils , but tend to smudge easily and are more abrasive than graphite . Sepia - toned and white pencils are also available for duotone techniques . Carbon pencils They generally are made of a mixture of clay and lamp black , but are sometimes blended with charcoal or graphite depending on the darkness and manufacturer . They produce a fuller black than graphite pencils , but are smoother than charcoal . Coloured pencils , or pencil crayons These have wax - like cores with pigment and other fillers . Multiple colours are often blended together . Grease pencils They write on virtually any surface ( including glass , plastic , metal and photographs ) . The most commonly found grease pencils are encased in paper ( Berol and Sanford Peel - off ) , but they can also be encased in wood ( Staedtler Omnichrom ) . Watercolour pencils These are designed for use with watercolour techniques . The pencils can be used by themselves for sharp , bold lines . Strokes made by the pencil can also be saturated with water and spread with brushes . By use Two `` woodless '' graphite pencils , two charcoal pencils , and two grease pencils Carpenter 's pencils These are pencils that have two main properties : their shape prevents them from rolling , and their graphite is strong . The oldest surviving pencil is a German carpenter 's pencil dating from the 17th Century and now in the Faber - Castell collection . Obliteration by indelible pencil to censor mail in 1943 Copying pencils ( or indelible pencils ) These are graphite pencils with an added dye that creates an indelible mark . They were invented in the late 19th century for press copying and as a practical substitute for fountain pens . Their markings are often visually indistinguishable from those of standard graphite pencils , but when moistened their markings dissolve into a coloured ink , which is then pressed into another piece of paper . They were widely used until the mid 20th century when ball pens slowly replaced them . In Italy their use is still mandated by law for voting paper ballots in elections and referenda . Eyeliner pencil Eyliner pencil is used for make - up . Unlike traditional copying pencil , eyeliner pencil usually contains non-toxic dyes . Erasable colour pencils Unlike wax - based coloured pencils , these can be easily erased . Their main use is in sketching , where the objective is to create an outline using the same colour that other media ( such as wax pencils , or watercolour paints ) would fill or when the objective is to scan the colour sketch . Some animators prefer erasable colour pencils as opposed to graphite pencils because they do n't smudge as easily , and the different colours allow for better separation of objects in the sketch . Copy - editors find them useful too , as their markings stand out more than graphite but can be erased . Non-reproducing or non-photo blue pencils make marks that are not reproduced by photocopiers ( Sanford 's Copy - not or Staedtler 's Mars Non-photo ) or by whiteprint copiers ( Staedtler 's Mars Non-Print ) . Stenographer 's pencil Also known as a steno pencil . These pencils are expected to be very reliable , and their lead is break - proof . Nevertheless , steno pencils are sometimes sharpened at both ends to enhance reliability . They are round to avoid pressure pain during long texts . Golf pencil Golf pencils are usually short ( a common length is 9 cm ( 3.5 in ) ) and very cheap . They are also known as library pencils , as many libraries offer them as disposable , unspillable writing instruments . By shape Triangular ( more accurately a Reuleaux triangle ) Hexagonal Round Bendable ( flexible plastic ) By size Typical A standard , hexagonal , `` # 2 pencil '' is cut to a hexagonal height of ⁄ - inch ( 6 mm ) , but the outer diameter is slightly larger ( about ⁄ - inch ( 7 mm ) ) A standard , # 2 , hexagonal pencil is 19 cm ( 7.5 in ) long . Biggest On 3 September 2007 , Ashrita Furman unveiled his giant US $20,000 pencil -- 76 feet ( 23 m ) long , 18,000 pounds ( 8,200 kg ) ( with over 4,500 pounds ( 2,000 kg ) for the graphite centre ) -- after three weeks of creation in August 2007 as a birthday gift for teacher Sri Chinmoy . It is longer than the 65 - foot ( 20 m ) pencil outside the Malaysia HQ of stationers Faber - Castell . By manufacture Mechanical pencils Lead for mechanical pencils Flexible pencils There are also pencils which use mechanical methods to push lead through a hole at the end . These can be divided into two groups : propelling pencils use an internal mechanism to push the lead out from an internal compartment , while clutch pencils merely hold the lead in place ( the lead is extended by releasing it and allowing some external force , usually gravity , to pull it out of the body ) . The erasers ( sometimes replaced by a sharpener on pencils with larger lead sizes ) are also removable ( and thus replaceable ) , and usually cover a place to store replacement leads . Mechanical pencils are popular for their longevity and the fact that they may never need sharpening . Lead types are based on grade and size ; with standard sizes being 2.00 mm ( 0.079 in ) , 1.40 mm ( 0.055 in ) , 1.00 mm ( 0.039 in ) , 0.70 mm ( 0.028 in ) , 0.50 mm ( 0.020 in ) , 0.35 mm ( 0.014 in ) , 0.25 mm ( 0.0098 in ) , 0.18 mm ( 0.0071 in ) , and 0.13 mm ( 0.0051 in ) ( ISO 9175 - 1 ) -- the 0.90 mm ( 0.035 in ) size is available , but is not considered a standard ISO size . Pop a Point Pencils Pioneered by Taiwanese stationery manufacturer Bensia Pioneer Industrial Corporation in the early 1970s , the product is also known as Bensia Pencils , stackable pencils or non-sharpening pencils . It is a type of pencil where many short pencil tips are housed in a cartridge - style plastic holder . A blunt tip is removed by pulling it from the writing end of the body and re-inserting it into the open - ended bottom of the body , thereby pushing a new tip to the top . Plastic pencils Invented by Harold Grossman for Empire Pencil Company in 1967 and subsequently improved upon by Arthur D. Little for Empire from 1969 through the early 1970s ; the plastic pencil was commercialised by Empire as the `` EPCON '' Pencil . These pencils were co-extruded , extruding a plasticised graphite mix within a wood - composite core . Health Residual graphite from a pencil stick is not poisonous , and graphite is harmless if consumed . Although lead has not been used for writing since antiquity , lead poisoning from pencils was not uncommon . Until the middle of the 20th century the paint used for the outer coating could contain high concentrations of lead , and this could be ingested when the pencil was sucked or chewed . Manufacture The lead of the pencil is a mix of finely ground graphite and clay powders . Before the two substances are mixed , they are separately cleaned of foreign matter and dried in a manner that creates large square cakes . Once the cakes have fully dried , the graphite and the clay squares are mixed together using water . The amount of clay content added to the graphite depends on the intended pencil hardness ( lower proportions of clay makes the core softer ) , and the amount of time spent on grinding the mixture determines the quality of the lead . The mixture is then shaped into long spaghetti - like strings , straightened , dried , cut , and then tempered in a kiln . The resulting strings are dipped in oil or molten wax , which seeps into the tiny holes of the material and allows for the smooth writing ability of the pencil . A juniper or incense - cedar plank with several long parallel grooves is cut to fashion a `` slat , '' and the graphite / clay strings are inserted into the grooves . Another grooved plank is glued on top , and the whole assembly is then cut into individual pencils , which are then varnished or painted . Many pencils feature an eraser on the top and so the process is usually still considered incomplete at this point . Each pencil has a shoulder cut on one end of the pencil to allow for a metal ferrule to be secured onto the wood . A rubber plug is then inserted into the ferrule for a functioning eraser on the end of the pencil . Grading and classification Two graphite pencils . Both are labelled `` HB '' , but the numeric label differs between `` 2 '' and `` 21 / 2 '' A grading chart ranging from 9B to 9H Graphite pencils are made of a mixture of clay and graphite and their darkness varies from light grey to black : the more clay the harder the pencil . There is a wide range of grades available , mainly for artists who are interested in creating a full range of tones from light grey to black . Engineers prefer harder pencils which allow for a greater control in the shape of the lead . Manufacturers distinguish their pencils by grading them , but there is no common standard . Two pencils of the same grade but different manufacturers will not necessarily make a mark of identical tone nor have the same hardness . Most manufacturers , and almost all in Europe , designate their pencils with the letters H ( commonly interpreted as `` hardness '' ) to B ( commonly `` blackness '' ) , as well as F ( usually taken to mean `` fineness '' , although F pencils are no more fine or more easily sharpened than any other grade . Also known as `` firm '' in Japan ) . The standard writing pencil is graded HB . This designation might have been first used in the early 20th century by Brookman , an English pencil maker . It used B for black and H for hard ; a pencil 's grade was described by a sequence or successive Hs or Bs such as BB and BBB for successively softer leads , and HH and HHH for successively harder ones . The Koh - i - Noor Hardtmuth pencil manufacturers claim to have first used the HB designations , with H standing for Hardtmuth , B for the company 's location of Budějovice , and F for Franz Hardtmuth , who was responsible for technological improvements in pencil manufacture . As of 2009 , a set of pencils ranging from a very hard , light - marking pencil to a very soft , black - marking pencil usually ranges from hardest to softest as follows : 9H 8H 7H 6H 5H 4H 3H 2H HB 2B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 9B Hardest → Medium → Softest Koh - i - noor offers twenty grades from 10H to 8B for its 1500 series ; Mitsubishi Pencil offers twenty - two grades from 10H to 10B for its Hi - uni range ; Derwent produces twenty grades from 9H to 9B for its graphic pencils and Staedtler produces sixteen from 6H to 8B for its Mars Lumograph pencils . Numbers as designation were first used by Conté and later by John Thoreau , father of Henry David Thoreau , in the 19th century . Conté / Thoreau Tone US World # 1 # 2 HB # 21⁄2 # 3 # 4 2H Also seen as 24 / 8 , 2.5 , 25 / 10 Although Conté / Thoreau 's equivalence table is widely accepted , not all manufacturers follow it ; for example , Faber - Castell uses a different equivalence table in its Grip 2001 pencils : 1 = 2B , 2 = B , 21⁄2 = HB , 3 = H , 4 = 2H . Pencil hardness test Graded pencils can be used for a rapid test that provides relative ratings for a series of coated panels but ca n't be used to compare the pencil hardness of different coatings . This test defines a `` pencil hardness '' of a coating as the grade of the hardest pencil that does not permanently mark the coating when pressed firmly against it at a 45 degree angle . For standardized measurements , there are Mohs hardness testing pencils on the market . External colour and shape of pencils A typical yellow no . 2 pencil The majority of pencils made in the US are painted yellow . According to Henry Petroski , this tradition began in 1890 when the L. & C. Hardtmuth Company of Austria - Hungary introduced their Koh - I - Noor brand , named after the famous diamond . It was intended to be the world 's best and most expensive pencil , and at a time when most pencils were either painted in dark colours or not at all , the Koh - I - Noor was yellow . As well as simply being distinctive , the colour may have been inspired by the Austro - Hungarian flag ; it was also suggestive of the Orient at a time when the best - quality graphite came from Siberia . Other companies then copied the yellow colour so that their pencils would be associated with this high - quality brand , and chose brand names with explicit Oriental references , such as Mikado ( renamed Mirado ) and Mongol . Not all countries use yellow pencils . German and Brazilian pencils , for example , are often green , blue or black , based on the trademark colours of Faber - Castell , a major German stationery company which has plants in those countries . In southern European countries , pencils tend to be dark red or black with yellow lines , while in Australia , they are red with black bands at one end . In India , the most common pencil colour scheme was dark red with black lines , and pencils with a large number of colour schemes are produced by various companies . Pencils are commonly round , hexagonal , or sometimes triangular in section . Carpenters ' pencils are typically oval or rectangular , so they can not easily roll away during work . Notable pencil Users Thomas Edison had his pencils specially made by Eagle Pencil . Each pencil was three inches long , was thicker than standard pencils and had softer graphite than was normally available . Vladimir Nabokov rewrote everything he had ever published , usually several times , in pencil . John Steinbeck was an obsessive pencil user and is said to have used as many as 60 a day . His novel East of Eden took more than 300 pencils to write . Vincent van Gogh used only Faber pencils as they were `` superior to Carpenters pencils , a capital black and most agreeable '' . Johnny Carson regularly played with pencils at his Tonight Show desk . These pencils were specially made with erasers at both ends to avoid on - set accidents . Roald Dahl used only pencils with yellow casing to write his books . He had 6 sharpened pencils ready at the beginning of each day and only when all 6 pencils became unusable did he resharpen them . Manufacturers The following table lists the prominent manufacturers of wood - cased ( including wood - free ) pencils around the world . Manufacturer Country of origin Remark Caran d'Ache Switzerland China First Pencil Co . China `` Chung hwa '' and `` Great Wall '' brands Cretacolor Bleistiftfabrik Austria Derwent Cumberland Pencil Company UK Derwent brand Dixon Ticonderoga Company USA Dixon , Oriole , Ticonderoga brands ( manufactured in Mexico , China ) Faber - Castell AG Germany Plants in Germany , Indonesia , Costa Rica , Brazil FILA Group Italy Owns Lyra , Dixon , Ticonderoga brands General Pencil Co . USA General 's , Kimberly brands Hindustan Pencils India Apsara , Nataraj brands Kita - Boshi Japan Koh - i - Noor Hardtmuth Czech Republic Koh - i - Noor brand Lyra Bleistift - Fabrik Germany Parent : FILA Group Mitsubishi Pencil Company Japan Mitsu - Bishi , Uni brands Musgrave Pencil Company USA Newell Brands USA Paper Mate brand Palomino USA Division of California Cedar Products , USA ; Staedtler Mars GmbH & Co . Germany Staedtler brand Tombow Pencil Co . Japan Viarco Portugal See also Book : Pencils Blackwing 602 IKEA pencil Pencil drawing Tortillon I , Pencil Pencil fighting References Jump up ^ `` pencil , n '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . 2005 . Jump up ^ Notes and Queries. 3 . 12 . Oxford University Press . 1868 . p. 419 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Steven S. Zumdahl & Susan A. Zumdahl ( 2008 ) . `` No lead pencils '' . Chemistry . Belmont , CA : Cengage Learning . p. 343 . ISBN 0 - 547 - 12532 - 1 . Jump up ^ Martin and Jean Norgate , Geography Department , Portsmouth University ( 2008 ) . `` Old Cumbria Gazetteer , black lead mine , Seathwaite '' . Archived from the original on 7 January 2009 . Retrieved 19 May 2008 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Alfred Wainwright ( 2005 ) . A Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells , Western Fells . ISBN 0 - 7112 - 2460 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Graphite from the Plumbago Mine , Borrowdale , England '' . Department of Physics at Michigan Technological University . Archived from the original on 14 March 2008 . Retrieved 27 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Petroski , 1990 , pp. 168 , 358 Jump up ^ `` Lakeland 's Mining Heritage '' . cumbria-industries.org.uk . Archived from the original on 15 March 2008 . Retrieved 27 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of Plumbago '' . Answers.com . Archived from the original on 13 August 2007 . Retrieved 21 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of Plumbago '' . Thefreedictionary.com . Retrieved 21 April 2007 . Jump up ^ The big book of questions and answers , Publications International LTD , ( 1989 ) , p. 189 , ISBN 0 - 88176 - 670 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Why is lead used in pencils even though lead is poisonous ? '' . Science Questions with Surprising Answers . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Howard J. ( 26 November 2014 ) . `` Ever wondered about the lead in pencils ? '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Archived from the original on 6 November 2015 . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pencil swallowing : MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia '' . www.nlm.nih.gov . Archived from the original on 6 October 2015 . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` graphite pencils The Weekend Historian '' . umeshmadan.wordpress.com . Archived from the original on 7 October 2015 . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Origins of the Pencil ( Circa 1500 -- 1565 ) : HistoryofInformation.com '' . www.historyofinformation.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Lead Facts - Uses , Properties , Element Pb , Plumbing , Pipes , Weights '' . www.sciencekids.co.nz . Archived from the original on 30 October 2016 . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Keswick Pencil Museum '' . Pencilmuseum.co.uk . Archived from the original on 3 August 2009 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Douglas Harper ( 27 June 2012 ) . `` pencil '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Archived from the original on 23 August 2012 . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Who invented the pencil ? '' . Rocket City Space Pioneers . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline Outline ViewEra : 1500 - 1550 '' . Historyofscience.com . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pencil '' . www.fact-index.com . Archived from the original on 24 May 2012 . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FREE Essay on The Pencil '' . www.directessays.com . Archived from the original on 23 November 2015 . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pencils '' . Borrowdale Points . Archived from the original on 23 November 2015 . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gyaat : The weapon we use from adolescence '' . www.gyaat.com . Archived from the original on 23 November 2015 . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Norman . `` Invention of Modern Pencil Lead '' . From Cave Paintings to the Internet . Jeremy Norman & Co . Jump up ^ `` History of Koh - i - noor Hardmuth company '' . Koh - i - noor Hardmuth company . Archived from the original on 10 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Henry Bessemer ( 1905 ) Sir Henry Bessemer , F.R.S : An Autobiography , London , Offices of `` Engineering , '' Chapter 3 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Pencil Users - Pencils.com '' . Archived from the original on 9 October 2016 . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Acton Conservation Lands , Early American Pencils '' . Actontrails.org . Archived from the original on 25 June 2009 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Dixon 1799 -- 1869 '' . Dixon Ticonderoga Company . Archived from the original on 13 October 2007 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tantiusques Graphite Mine '' . Thetrustees.org . Archived from the original on 18 April 2009 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Henry Petroski ( 2010 ) . The Pencil : A History of Design and Circumstance . New York , NY : Random House LLC . ISBN 0307772438 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Franco . `` Famous Pencil Pushers '' . The Point of it All -- History of the Pencil . Archived from the original on 17 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Janita Poe ( 1 September 1993 ) . `` In World Of Politically Right , Pencils Can Be Wrong Stuff '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Forest Management Public Summary for : PT Xylo Indah Pratama '' ( PDF ) . Rainforest Alliance . 15 March 2000 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasia -- The Quality Pencil Company -- About Us '' . Archived from the original on 25 August 2013 . Jump up ^ L. Lipman ( 30 March 1858 ) . `` US Patent 19783 Combination of Lead - Pencil and Eraser '' . Patft.uspto.gov . Archived from the original on 2 May 2017 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Petroski , 1990 , p. 171 Jump up ^ `` Reckendorfer v. Faber 92 U.S. 347 ( 1875 ) '' . Supreme.justia.com . Archived from the original on 8 June 2009 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vintage Pen Blog '' . GoPens.com . Archived from the original on 6 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Categories of Wax - Based Drawing Media , palimpsest.stanford.edu Jump up ^ Doug Martin ( 2000 ) . `` Carpenter 's Pencils '' . Pencilpages.com . Archived from the original on 27 February 2009 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` History Pencils & Historic Packaging '' . Faber Castell Australia Jump up ^ `` Oldest Known Pencil in Existence '' . Pencilpages.com . Archived from the original on 20 February 2009 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` L. 6 febbraio 1948 , n . 29 '' . Archived from the original on 9 October 2012 . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gel Eyeliner Pencil by ULTA '' . Archived from the original on 17 November 2017 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Art Supplies '' . Mccannas.com . Archived from the original on 28 January 2013 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sketch to Paint in Photoshop '' . Digitalartsonline.co.uk . Archived from the original on 27 February 2009 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tools of the Trade Papers Pencils and Erases '' . smackjeeves.com . Archived from the original on 8 July 2007 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` See comment `` As a professional copy - editor ... '' `` . Pencilrevolution.com . Archived from the original on 12 May 2009 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sanford Col - Erase Copy Not Pencils - You Ca n't Copy This Baby ! '' . Epinions.com . Archived from the original on 24 May 2008 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Paper and Pencil Blog ' Reporter Pencils ' '' . Penciltalk.org . Archived from the original on 28 July 2014 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ World 's largest pencil Archived 29 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... The Pencil Pages . Jump up ^ World 's largest pencil unveiled in New York Archived 17 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine ... Sri Chinmoy News . Jump up ^ World 's largest pencil Archived 5 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine . ( video ) . Metacafe.com . Jump up ^ Harold Grossman . US Patent 3,360,489 , issued 26 December 1967 Jump up ^ For information about this invention see the writeup on ADL Chronicles The Epcon Plastic Pencil Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , adlittlechronicles.blogspot.com . Jump up ^ `` Graphite -- Identification , toxicity , use , water pollution potential , ecological toxicity , and regulatory information '' . Pesticideinfo.org . Archived from the original on 18 June 2009 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pencils , paint and pottery can give you lead poisoning '' . Life . 73 ( 1 ) : 46 . 7 July 1972 . Jump up ^ `` The HB Graphite Grading Scale '' . Pencils.com . Archived from the original on 21 March 2012 . Retrieved 14 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Petroski , 1990 , `` Appendix A Jump up ^ `` Staedtler Pencil , video '' . Archived from the original on 21 January 2013 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Staedtler.com Jump up ^ Petroski , 1990 Jump up ^ `` Derwent Manufacturing Process '' . Pencils.co.uk . Archived from the original on 17 May 2013 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 6 February 2017 . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Pencil grades vary `` depending upon the manufacturer , when the pencils are made , and the source of graphite and clay . One analyst found that graphitic carbon content , for example , to vary from about 30 to about 65 in a variety of different pencils bearing the same designation . '' Petroski , 1990 , p. 229 Jump up ^ えんぴつ の ナゾ を 解く Archived 3 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Mitsubishi Pencil Company ( in Japanese ) Jump up ^ `` Graphite Grading Scales Explained '' Archived 6 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine ... Pencils.com . Jump up ^ Petroski , 1990 , p. 157 Jump up ^ `` Interesting information about the company '' . Koh - I - Noor Hardtmuth . Archived from the original on 13 October 2016 . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Norris , Mary ( 28 April 2016 ) . `` Comma Queen : On `` Impact '' '' ( Video ) . The New Yorker . Condé Nast . p. 2 : 35 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2016 . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Koh - i - noor Catalog : Graphite Pencis , koh-i-noor.cz Jump up ^ コード 表 , mpuni.co.jp ( Japanese ) Jump up ^ `` Derwent Graphic '' . Pencils.co.uk . Archived from the original on 19 June 2009 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Staedtler Mars Lumograph Pencils Archived 11 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... Staedtler.com . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Conté used integer numbers that started at 1 , with higher numbers indicating softer leads , while Thoreau used higher numbers to designate harder leads ( Petroski , 1990 , p. 157 ) . It is believed that Thoreau developed independently his method of mixing clay and graphite , and his use of numbers to designate grades is evidence that he was at least aware of Conté methods and tried to reverse engineer them . Thoreau offered pencils graduated from 1 to 4 in the mid-1800s ( Petroski , 1990 , p. 119 ) , see also John H. Lienhard ( 1989 ) . `` Thoreau 's Pencils '' . The Engines of Our Ingenuity . Episode 339 . Transcript . NPR . KUHF - FM Houston . uh.edu Jump up ^ Petroski , 1990 , p. 230 Jump up ^ This testing method is approved by the ISO as standard ISO 15184 : 1998 Paints and varnishes -- Determination of film hardness by pencil test ISO.org Archived 26 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine ... See pra-world.com Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . for a description of the test . Unfortunately the hardness of pencils is not standardised . For this reason the standard specifies various brands of pencils that are to be used in this test . Jump up ^ Mac Simmons ( April 2000 ) . `` The Pencil Hardness Test '' . Woodwork : 76 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 13 September 2007 . Jump up ^ 75 % of the 2.8 billion pencils made in the US are painted yellow ( Steve Ritter `` Pencils & Pencil Lead '' , Chemical & Engineering News , Volume 79 , Number 42 page 35 , 15 October 2001 ) . Pubs.acs.org Jump up ^ Petroski , 1990 , pp. 162 -- 163 Jump up ^ Eagle Pencil Company applied for the trademark Mirado in 1947 ( US Trademark 71515261 ) . It is common belief that this was an attempt to disassociate the pencil brand from Japan , as one of the meanings of Mikado is emperor of Japan . Petroski states that Eagle Pencil Company changed the name after the Attack on Pearl Harbor . Jump up ^ Mikado / Mirado pencils were originally made by Eagle Pencil Company -- today Berol -- but can also be found today under the trademark Papermate and Sanford as Sanford owns Berol and the trademark Papermate Brandnamepencils.com Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Mirado Pencil Jump up ^ `` Eberhard Faber Pencil Gallery '' . Pencilpages.com . Archived from the original on 8 April 2009 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Originally made by Eberhard Faber the Mongol trademark is now owned by Sanford Timberlines.blogspot.com Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Timberlines Blog `` Mongolized '' 31 August 2005 . Retrieved 23 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Faber Castell 's friends . Faber-castell.co.nz Jump up ^ The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson ( 1962 ) -- Trivia -- IMDb Archived 21 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Humble Garden Shed Writing Hut of Roald Dahl '' . What Shed . Archived from the original on 8 August 2016 . Retrieved 2 August 2016 . Bibliography Petroski , Henry ( 1990 ) . The Pencil : A History of Design and Circumstance . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 394 - 57422 - 2 . Further reading Petroski , Henry . H.D. Thoreau , Engineer . American Heritage of Invention and Technology . 5 . pp. 8 -- 16 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pencils . Look up pencil in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Pencil ( writing implement ) at Encyclopædia Britannica How pencils are made ( video ) How A Pencil Is Made on YouTube Inside one of America 's last pencil factories NYTimes , January 12 , 2018 ( hide ) Hand tools Sawhorse Toolbox Workbench Adjustable spanner Antique tools Basin wrench Block plane Brace Bradawl Breaker bar Card scraper Cat 's paw Caulking gun Clamp Crowbar Fish tape Gimlet Glass breaker Grease gun Hammer Hawk Hex key Hole punch Impact driver Jack Locking pliers Lug wrench Mallet Mitre box Monkey wrench Multi-tool Nut driver Paint roller Paintbrush Pencil sharpener Pincers Pipe wrench Pliers Plumber wrench Plumber 's snake Plunger Podger spanner Punch Punch down tool Putty knife Scratch awl Screwdriver Sledgehammer Socket wrench Spike maul Staple gun Stitching awl Strap wrench Tactical light Tire iron Tongue - and - groove pliers Torque wrench Tweezers Upholstery hammer Wrench Types of tools Cleaning Cutting and abrasive Forestry Garden Hand Machine and metalworking Measuring and alignment Power GND : 4121035 - 9 NDL : 00577172 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pencil&oldid=838238163 '' Categories : Pencils Art materials Stationery Writing implements Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use British English from September 2010 Use dmy dates from August 2016 Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2017 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2016 Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Atikamekw Aymar aru Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Iñupiak Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 97 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 19 : 41 . 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when did they replace lead with graphite in pencils

never contained the element lead

HB

DNA - wikipedia DNA Jump to : navigation , search For a non-technical introduction to the topic , see Introduction to genetics . For other uses , see DNA ( disambiguation ) . The structure of the DNA double helix . The atoms in the structure are colour - coded by element and the detailed structures of two base pairs are shown in the bottom right . The structure of part of a DNA double helix Deoxyribonucleic acid ( / diˈɒksiˌraɪboʊnjʊˈkliːɪk , - ˈkleɪ. ɪk / ( listen ) ; DNA ) is a thread - like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth , development , functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses . DNA and ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) are nucleic acids ; alongside proteins , lipids and complex carbohydrates ( polysaccharides ) , they are one of the four major types of macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life . Most DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double helix . The two DNA strands are called polynucleotides since they are composed of simpler monomer units called nucleotides . Each nucleotide is composed of one of four nitrogen - containing nucleobases ( cytosine ( C ) , guanine ( G ) , adenine ( A ) or thymine ( T ) ) , a sugar called deoxyribose , and a phosphate group . The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next , resulting in an alternating sugar - phosphate backbone . The nitrogenous bases of the two separate polynucleotide strands are bound together , according to base pairing rules ( A with T and C with G ) , with hydrogen bonds to make double - stranded DNA . The complementary nitrogenous bases are divided into two groups , pyrimidines and purines . In a DNA molecule , the pyrimidines are thymine and cytosine , the purines are adenine and guanine . DNA stores biological information . The DNA backbone is resistant to cleavage , and both strands of the double - stranded structure store the same biological information . This information is replicated as and when the two strands separate . A large part of DNA ( more than 98 % for humans ) is non-coding , meaning that these sections do not serve as patterns for protein sequences . The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions to each other and are thus antiparallel . Attached to each sugar is one of four types of nucleobases ( informally , bases ) . It is the sequence of these four nucleobases along the backbone that encodes biological information . RNA strands are created using DNA strands as a template in a process called transcription . Under the genetic code , these RNA strands are translated to specify the sequence of amino acids within proteins in a process called translation . Within eukaryotic cells , DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes . During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication , providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes . Eukaryotic organisms ( animals , plants , fungi and protists ) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles , such as mitochondria or chloroplasts . In contrast prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm . Within the eukaryotic chromosomes , chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA . These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins , helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed . DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher in 1869 . Its molecular structure was first identified by James Watson and Francis Crick at the Cavendish Laboratory within the University of Cambridge in 1953 , whose model - building efforts were guided by X-ray diffraction data acquired by Raymond Gosling , who was a post-graduate student of Rosalind Franklin . DNA is used by researchers as a molecular tool to explore physical laws and theories , such as the ergodic theorem and the theory of elasticity . The unique material properties of DNA have made it an attractive molecule for material scientists and engineers interested in micro - and nano - fabrication . Among notable advances in this field are DNA origami and DNA - based hybrid materials . Contents ( hide ) 1 Properties 1.1 Nucleobase classification 1.2 Non canonical bases 1.3 Listing of non canonical bases found in DNA 1.4 Grooves 1.5 Base pairing 1.6 Sense and antisense 1.7 Supercoiling 1.8 Alternative DNA structures 1.9 Alternative DNA chemistry 1.10 Quadruplex structures 1.11 Branched DNA 2 Chemical modifications and altered DNA packaging 2.1 Base modifications and DNA packaging 2.2 Damage 3 Biological functions 3.1 Genes and genomes 3.2 Transcription and translation 3.3 Replication 3.4 Extracellular nucleic acids 4 Interactions with proteins 4.1 DNA - binding proteins 4.2 DNA - modifying enzymes 4.2. 1 Nucleases and ligases 4.2. 2 Topoisomerases and helicases 4.2. 3 Polymerases 5 Genetic recombination 6 Evolution 7 Uses in technology 7.1 Genetic engineering 7.2 DNA profiling 7.3 DNA enzymes or catalytic DNA 7.4 Bioinformatics 7.5 DNA nanotechnology 7.6 History and anthropology 7.7 Information storage 8 History 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Properties Chemical structure of DNA ; hydrogen bonds shown as dotted lines DNA is a long polymer made from repeating units called nucleotides . The structure of DNA is dynamic along its length , being capable of coiling into tight loops , and other shapes . In all species it is composed of two helical chains , bound to each other by hydrogen bonds . Both chains are coiled round the same axis , and have the same pitch of 34 ångströms ( 3.4 nanometres ) . The pair of chains has a radius of 10 ångströms ( 1.0 nanometre ) . According to another study , when measured in a different solution , the DNA chain measured 22 to 26 ångströms wide ( 2.2 to 2.6 nanometres ) , and one nucleotide unit measured 3.3 Å ( 0.33 nm ) long . Although each individual nucleotide repeating unit is very small , DNA polymers can be very large molecules containing millions to hundreds of millions of nucleotides . For instance , the DNA in the largest human chromosome , chromosome number 1 , consists of approximately 220 million base pairs and would be 85 mm long if straightened . In living organisms , DNA does not usually exist as a single molecule , but instead as a pair of molecules that are held tightly together . These two long strands entwine like vines , in the shape of a double helix . The nucleotide contains both a segment of the backbone of the molecule ( which holds the chain together ) and a nucleobase ( which interacts with the other DNA strand in the helix ) . A nucleobase linked to a sugar is called a nucleoside and a base linked to a sugar and one or more phosphate groups is called a nucleotide . A polymer comprising multiple linked nucleotides ( as in DNA ) is called a polynucleotide . The backbone of the DNA strand is made from alternating phosphate and sugar residues . The sugar in DNA is 2 - deoxyribose , which is a pentose ( five - carbon ) sugar . The sugars are joined together by phosphate groups that form phosphodiester bonds between the third and fifth carbon atoms of adjacent sugar rings . These asymmetric bonds mean a strand of DNA has a direction . In a double helix , the direction of the nucleotides in one strand is opposite to their direction in the other strand : the strands are antiparallel . The asymmetric ends of DNA strands are said to have a directionality of five prime ( 5 ′ ) and three prime ( 3 ′ ) , with the 5 ′ end having a terminal phosphate group and the 3 ′ end a terminal hydroxyl group . One major difference between DNA and RNA is the sugar , with the 2 - deoxyribose in DNA being replaced by the alternative pentose sugar ribose in RNA . A section of DNA . The bases lie horizontally between the two spiraling strands . ( animated version ) . The DNA double helix is stabilized primarily by two forces : hydrogen bonds between nucleotides and base - stacking interactions among aromatic nucleobases . In the aqueous environment of the cell , the conjugated π bonds of nucleotide bases align perpendicular to the axis of the DNA molecule , minimizing their interaction with the solvation shell . The four bases found in DNA are adenine ( A ) , cytosine ( C ) , guanine ( G ) and thymine ( T ) . These four bases are attached to the sugar - phosphate to form the complete nucleotide , as shown for adenosine monophosphate . Adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine . It was represented by A-T base pairs and G-C base pairs . Nucleobase classification The nucleobases are classified into two types : the purines , A and G , being fused five - and six - membered heterocyclic compounds , and the pyrimidines , the six - membered rings C and T. A fifth pyrimidine nucleobase , uracil ( U ) , usually takes the place of thymine in RNA and differs from thymine by lacking a methyl group on its ring . In addition to RNA and DNA , many artificial nucleic acid analogues have been created to study the properties of nucleic acids , or for use in biotechnology . Non canonical bases Uracil is not usually found in DNA , occurring only as a breakdown product of cytosine . However , in several bacteriophages , Bacillus subtilis bacteriophages PBS1 and PBS2 and Yersinia bacteriophage piR1 - 37 , thymine has been replaced by uracil . Another phage - Staphylococcal phage S6 - has been identified with a genome where thymine has been replaced by uracil . 5 - hydroxymethyldeoxyuridine , ( hm5dU ) is also known to replace thymidine in several genomes including the Bacillus phages SPO1 , φe , SP8 , H1 , 2C and SP82 . Another modified uracil - 5 - dihydroxypentauracil -- has also been described . Base J ( beta - d - glucopyranosyloxymethyluracil ) , a modified form of uracil , is also found in several organisms : the flagellates Diplonema and Euglena , and all the kinetoplastid genera . Biosynthesis of J occurs in two steps : in the first step , a specific thymidine in DNA is converted into hydroxymethyldeoxyuridine ; in the second , HOMedU is glycosylated to form J. Proteins that bind specifically to this base have been identified . These proteins appear to be distant relatives of the Tet1 oncogene that is involved in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia . J appears to act as a termination signal for RNA polymerase II . In 1976 a bacteriophage - S - 2L - which infects species of the genus Synechocystis was found to have all the adenosine bases within its genome replaced by 2 , 6 - diaminopurine . In 2016 deoxyarchaeosine was found to be present in the genomes of several bacteria and the Escherichia phage 9g . Modified bases also occur in DNA . The first of these recognised was 5 - methylcytosine which was found in the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1925 . The complete replacement of cytosine by 5 - glycosylhydroxymethylcytosine in T even phages ( T2 , T4 and T6 ) was observed in 1953 In the genomes of Xanthomonas oryzae bacteriophage Xp12 and halovirus FH the full complement of cystosine has been replaced by 5 - methylcytosine . 6N - methyadenine was discovered to be present in DNA in 1955 . N6 - carbamoyl - methyladenine was described in 1975 . 7 - methylguanine was described in 1976 . N4 - methylcytosine in DNA was described in 1983 . In 1985 5 - hydroxycytosine was found in the genomes of the Rhizobium phages RL38JI and N17 . α - putrescinylthymine occurs in both the genomes of the Delftia phage ΦW - 14 and the Bacillus phage SP10 . α - glutamylthymidine is found in the Bacillus phage SP01 and 5 - dihydroxypentyluracil is found in the Bacillus phage SP15 . The reason for the presence of these non canonical bases in DNA is not known . It seems likely that at least part of the reason for their presence in bacterial viruses ( phages ) is to avoid the restriction enzymes present in bacteria . This enzyme system acts at least in part as a molecular immune system protecting bacteria from infection by viruses . This does not appear to be the entire story . Four modifications to the cytosine residues in human DNA have been reported . These modifications are the addition of methyl ( CH ) - , hydroxymethyl ( CH OH ) - , formyl ( CHO ) - and carboxyl ( COOH ) - groups . These modifications are thought to have regulatory functions . Listing of non canonical bases found in DNA Seventeen non canonical bases are known to occur in DNA . Most of these are modifications of the canonical bases plus uracil . Modified Adenosine N6 - carbamoyl - methyladenine N6 - methyadenine Modified Guanine 7 - Methylguanine Modified Cytosine N4 - Methylcytosine 5 - Carboxylcytosine 5 - Formylcytosine 5 - Glycosylhydroxymethylcytosine 5 - Hydroxycytosine 5 - Methylcytosine Modified Thymidine α - Glutamythymidine α - Putrescinylthymine Uracil and modifications Base J Uracil 5 - Dihydroxypentauracil 5 - Hydroxymethyldeoxyuracil Others Deoxyarchaeosine 2 , 6 - Diaminopurine DNA major and minor grooves . The latter is a binding site for the Hoechst stain dye 33258 . Grooves Twin helical strands form the DNA backbone . Another double helix may be found tracing the spaces , or grooves , between the strands . These voids are adjacent to the base pairs and may provide a binding site . As the strands are not symmetrically located with respect to each other , the grooves are unequally sized . One groove , the major groove , is 22 Å wide and the other , the minor groove , is 12 Å wide . The width of the major groove means that the edges of the bases are more accessible in the major groove than in the minor groove . As a result , proteins such as transcription factors that can bind to specific sequences in double - stranded DNA usually make contact with the sides of the bases exposed in the major groove . This situation varies in unusual conformations of DNA within the cell ( see below ) , but the major and minor grooves are always named to reflect the differences in size that would be seen if the DNA is twisted back into the ordinary B form . Base pairing Further information : Base pair In a DNA double helix , each type of nucleobase on one strand bonds with just one type of nucleobase on the other strand . This is called complementary base pairing . Here , purines form hydrogen bonds to pyrimidines , with adenine bonding only to thymine in two hydrogen bonds , and cytosine bonding only to guanine in three hydrogen bonds . This arrangement of two nucleotides binding together across the double helix is called a Watson - Crick base pair . Another type of base pairing is Hoogsteen base pairing where two hydrogen bonds form between guanine and cytosine . As hydrogen bonds are not covalent , they can be broken and rejoined relatively easily . The two strands of DNA in a double helix can thus be pulled apart like a zipper , either by a mechanical force or high temperature . As a result of this base pair complementarity , all the information in the double - stranded sequence of a DNA helix is duplicated on each strand , which is vital in DNA replication . This reversible and specific interaction between complementary base pairs is critical for all the functions of DNA in living organisms . Top , a GC base pair with three hydrogen bonds . Bottom , an AT base pair with two hydrogen bonds . Non-covalent hydrogen bonds between the pairs are shown as dashed lines . The two types of base pairs form different numbers of hydrogen bonds , AT forming two hydrogen bonds , and GC forming three hydrogen bonds ( see figures , right ) . DNA with high GC - content is more stable than DNA with low GC - content . As noted above , most DNA molecules are actually two polymer strands , bound together in a helical fashion by noncovalent bonds ; this double - stranded ( dsDNA ) structure is maintained largely by the intrastrand base stacking interactions , which are strongest for G , C stacks . The two strands can come apart -- a process known as melting -- to form two single - stranded DNA ( ssDNA ) molecules . Melting occurs at high temperature , low salt and high pH ( low pH also melts DNA , but since DNA is unstable due to acid depurination , low pH is rarely used ) . The stability of the dsDNA form depends not only on the GC - content ( % G , C basepairs ) but also on sequence ( since stacking is sequence specific ) and also length ( longer molecules are more stable ) . The stability can be measured in various ways ; a common way is the `` melting temperature '' , which is the temperature at which 50 % of the ds molecules are converted to ss molecules ; melting temperature is dependent on ionic strength and the concentration of DNA . As a result , it is both the percentage of GC base pairs and the overall length of a DNA double helix that determines the strength of the association between the two strands of DNA . Long DNA helices with a high GC - content have stronger - interacting strands , while short helices with high AT content have weaker - interacting strands . In biology , parts of the DNA double helix that need to separate easily , such as the TATAAT Pribnow box in some promoters , tend to have a high AT content , making the strands easier to pull apart . In the laboratory , the strength of this interaction can be measured by finding the temperature necessary to break the hydrogen bonds , their melting temperature ( also called T value ) . When all the base pairs in a DNA double helix melt , the strands separate and exist in solution as two entirely independent molecules . These single - stranded DNA molecules have no single common shape , but some conformations are more stable than others . Sense and antisense Further information : Sense ( molecular biology ) A DNA sequence is called `` sense '' if its sequence is the same as that of a messenger RNA copy that is translated into protein . The sequence on the opposite strand is called the `` antisense '' sequence . Both sense and antisense sequences can exist on different parts of the same strand of DNA ( i.e. both strands can contain both sense and antisense sequences ) . In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes , antisense RNA sequences are produced , but the functions of these RNAs are not entirely clear . One proposal is that antisense RNAs are involved in regulating gene expression through RNA - RNA base pairing . A few DNA sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes , and more in plasmids and viruses , blur the distinction between sense and antisense strands by having overlapping genes . In these cases , some DNA sequences do double duty , encoding one protein when read along one strand , and a second protein when read in the opposite direction along the other strand . In bacteria , this overlap may be involved in the regulation of gene transcription , while in viruses , overlapping genes increase the amount of information that can be encoded within the small viral genome . Supercoiling Further information : DNA supercoil DNA can be twisted like a rope in a process called DNA supercoiling . With DNA in its `` relaxed '' state , a strand usually circles the axis of the double helix once every 10.4 base pairs , but if the DNA is twisted the strands become more tightly or more loosely wound . If the DNA is twisted in the direction of the helix , this is positive supercoiling , and the bases are held more tightly together . If they are twisted in the opposite direction , this is negative supercoiling , and the bases come apart more easily . In nature , most DNA has slight negative supercoiling that is introduced by enzymes called topoisomerases . These enzymes are also needed to relieve the twisting stresses introduced into DNA strands during processes such as transcription and DNA replication . From left to right , the structures of A , B and Z DNA Alternative DNA structures Further information : Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids : A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid , Molecular models of DNA , and DNA structure DNA exists in many possible conformations that include A-DNA , B - DNA , and Z - DNA forms , although , only B - DNA and Z - DNA have been directly observed in functional organisms . The conformation that DNA adopts depends on the hydration level , DNA sequence , the amount and direction of supercoiling , chemical modifications of the bases , the type and concentration of metal ions , and the presence of polyamines in solution . The first published reports of A-DNA X-ray diffraction patterns -- and also B - DNA -- used analyses based on Patterson transforms that provided only a limited amount of structural information for oriented fibers of DNA . An alternative analysis was then proposed by Wilkins et al. , in 1953 , for the in vivo B - DNA X-ray diffraction - scattering patterns of highly hydrated DNA fibers in terms of squares of Bessel functions . In the same journal , James Watson and Francis Crick presented their molecular modeling analysis of the DNA X-ray diffraction patterns to suggest that the structure was a double - helix . Although the B - DNA form is most common under the conditions found in cells , it is not a well - defined conformation but a family of related DNA conformations that occur at the high hydration levels present in living cells . Their corresponding X-ray diffraction and scattering patterns are characteristic of molecular paracrystals with a significant degree of disorder . Compared to B - DNA , the A-DNA form is a wider right - handed spiral , with a shallow , wide minor groove and a narrower , deeper major groove . The A form occurs under non-physiological conditions in partly dehydrated samples of DNA , while in the cell it may be produced in hybrid pairings of DNA and RNA strands , and in enzyme - DNA complexes . Segments of DNA where the bases have been chemically modified by methylation may undergo a larger change in conformation and adopt the Z form . Here , the strands turn about the helical axis in a left - handed spiral , the opposite of the more common B form . These unusual structures can be recognized by specific Z - DNA binding proteins and may be involved in the regulation of transcription . Alternative DNA chemistry For many years exobiologists have proposed the existence of a shadow biosphere , a postulated microbial biosphere of Earth that uses radically different biochemical and molecular processes than currently known life . One of the proposals was the existence of lifeforms that use arsenic instead of phosphorus in DNA . A report in 2010 of the possibility in the bacterium GFAJ - 1 , was announced , though the research was disputed , and evidence suggests the bacterium actively prevents the incorporation of arsenic into the DNA backbone and other biomolecules . Quadruplex structures Further information : G - quadruplex At the ends of the linear chromosomes are specialized regions of DNA called telomeres . The main function of these regions is to allow the cell to replicate chromosome ends using the enzyme telomerase , as the enzymes that normally replicate DNA can not copy the extreme 3 ′ ends of chromosomes . These specialized chromosome caps also help protect the DNA ends , and stop the DNA repair systems in the cell from treating them as damage to be corrected . In human cells , telomeres are usually lengths of single - stranded DNA containing several thousand repeats of a simple TTAGGG sequence . DNA quadruplex formed by telomere repeats . The looped conformation of the DNA backbone is very different from the typical DNA helix . The green spheres in the center represent potassium ions . These guanine - rich sequences may stabilize chromosome ends by forming structures of stacked sets of four - base units , rather than the usual base pairs found in other DNA molecules . Here , four guanine bases form a flat plate and these flat four - base units then stack on top of each other , to form a stable G - quadruplex structure . These structures are stabilized by hydrogen bonding between the edges of the bases and chelation of a metal ion in the centre of each four - base unit . Other structures can also be formed , with the central set of four bases coming from either a single strand folded around the bases , or several different parallel strands , each contributing one base to the central structure . In addition to these stacked structures , telomeres also form large loop structures called telomere loops , or T - loops . Here , the single - stranded DNA curls around in a long circle stabilized by telomere - binding proteins . At the very end of the T - loop , the single - stranded telomere DNA is held onto a region of double - stranded DNA by the telomere strand disrupting the double - helical DNA and base pairing to one of the two strands . This triple - stranded structure is called a displacement loop or D - loop . Single branch Multiple branches Branched DNA can form networks containing multiple branches . Branched DNA Further information : Branched DNA and DNA nanotechnology In DNA , fraying occurs when non-complementary regions exist at the end of an otherwise complementary double - strand of DNA . However , branched DNA can occur if a third strand of DNA is introduced and contains adjoining regions able to hybridize with the frayed regions of the pre-existing double - strand . Although the simplest example of branched DNA involves only three strands of DNA , complexes involving additional strands and multiple branches are also possible . Branched DNA can be used in nanotechnology to construct geometric shapes , see the section on uses in technology below . Chemical modifications and altered DNA packaging cytosine 5 - methylcytosine thymine Structure of cytosine with and without the 5 - methyl group . Deamination converts 5 - methylcytosine into thymine . Base modifications and DNA packaging Further information : DNA methylation and Chromatin remodeling The expression of genes is influenced by how the DNA is packaged in chromosomes , in a structure called chromatin . Base modifications can be involved in packaging , with regions that have low or no gene expression usually containing high levels of methylation of cytosine bases . DNA packaging and its influence on gene expression can also occur by covalent modifications of the histone protein core around which DNA is wrapped in the chromatin structure or else by remodeling carried out by chromatin remodeling complexes ( see Chromatin remodeling ) . There is , further , crosstalk between DNA methylation and histone modification , so they can coordinately affect chromatin and gene expression . For one example , cytosine methylation produces 5 - methylcytosine , which is important for X-inactivation of chromosomes . The average level of methylation varies between organisms -- the worm Caenorhabditis elegans lacks cytosine methylation , while vertebrates have higher levels , with up to 1 % of their DNA containing 5 - methylcytosine . Despite the importance of 5 - methylcytosine , it can deaminate to leave a thymine base , so methylated cytosines are particularly prone to mutations . Other base modifications include adenine methylation in bacteria , the presence of 5 - hydroxymethylcytosine in the brain , and the glycosylation of uracil to produce the `` J - base '' in kinetoplastids . Damage Further information : DNA damage ( naturally occurring ) , Mutation , and DNA damage theory of aging A covalent adduct between a metabolically activated form of benzo ( a ) pyrene , the major mutagen in tobacco smoke , and DNA DNA can be damaged by many sorts of mutagens , which change the DNA sequence . Mutagens include oxidizing agents , alkylating agents and also high - energy electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light and X-rays . The type of DNA damage produced depends on the type of mutagen . For example , UV light can damage DNA by producing thymine dimers , which are cross-links between pyrimidine bases . On the other hand , oxidants such as free radicals or hydrogen peroxide produce multiple forms of damage , including base modifications , particularly of guanosine , and double - strand breaks . A typical human cell contains about 150,000 bases that have suffered oxidative damage . Of these oxidative lesions , the most dangerous are double - strand breaks , as these are difficult to repair and can produce point mutations , insertions , deletions from the DNA sequence , and chromosomal translocations . These mutations can cause cancer . Because of inherent limits in the DNA repair mechanisms , if humans lived long enough , they would all eventually develop cancer . DNA damages that are naturally occurring , due to normal cellular processes that produce reactive oxygen species , the hydrolytic activities of cellular water , etc. , also occur frequently . Although most of these damages are repaired , in any cell some DNA damage may remain despite the action of repair processes . These remaining DNA damages accumulate with age in mammalian postmitotic tissues . This accumulation appears to be an important underlying cause of aging . Many mutagens fit into the space between two adjacent base pairs , this is called intercalation . Most intercalators are aromatic and planar molecules ; examples include ethidium bromide , acridines , daunomycin , and doxorubicin . For an intercalator to fit between base pairs , the bases must separate , distorting the DNA strands by unwinding of the double helix . This inhibits both transcription and DNA replication , causing toxicity and mutations . As a result , DNA intercalators may be carcinogens , and in the case of thalidomide , a teratogen . Others such as benzo ( a ) pyrene diol epoxide and aflatoxin form DNA adducts that induce errors in replication . Nevertheless , due to their ability to inhibit DNA transcription and replication , other similar toxins are also used in chemotherapy to inhibit rapidly growing cancer cells . Biological functions Location of eukaryote nuclear DNA within the chromosomes . DNA usually occurs as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes , and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes . The set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its genome ; the human genome has approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA arranged into 46 chromosomes . The information carried by DNA is held in the sequence of pieces of DNA called genes . Transmission of genetic information in genes is achieved via complementary base pairing . For example , in transcription , when a cell uses the information in a gene , the DNA sequence is copied into a complementary RNA sequence through the attraction between the DNA and the correct RNA nucleotides . Usually , this RNA copy is then used to make a matching protein sequence in a process called translation , which depends on the same interaction between RNA nucleotides . In alternative fashion , a cell may simply copy its genetic information in a process called DNA replication . The details of these functions are covered in other articles ; here the focus is on the interactions between DNA and other molecules that mediate the function of the genome . Genes and genomes Further information : Cell nucleus , Chromatin , Chromosome , Gene , and Noncoding DNA Genomic DNA is tightly and orderly packed in the process called DNA condensation , to fit the small available volumes of the cell . In eukaryotes , DNA is located in the cell nucleus , with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts . In prokaryotes , the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid . The genetic information in a genome is held within genes , and the complete set of this information in an organism is called its genotype . A gene is a unit of heredity and is a region of DNA that influences a particular characteristic in an organism . Genes contain an open reading frame that can be transcribed , and regulatory sequences such as promoters and enhancers , which control transcription of the open reading frame . In many species , only a small fraction of the total sequence of the genome encodes protein . For example , only about 1.5 % of the human genome consists of protein - coding exons , with over 50 % of human DNA consisting of non-coding repetitive sequences . The reasons for the presence of so much noncoding DNA in eukaryotic genomes and the extraordinary differences in genome size , or C - value , among species , represent a long - standing puzzle known as the `` C - value enigma '' . However , some DNA sequences that do not code protein may still encode functional non-coding RNA molecules , which are involved in the regulation of gene expression . T7 RNA polymerase ( blue ) producing an mRNA ( green ) from a DNA template ( orange ) . Some noncoding DNA sequences play structural roles in chromosomes . Telomeres and centromeres typically contain few genes but are important for the function and stability of chromosomes . An abundant form of noncoding DNA in humans are pseudogenes , which are copies of genes that have been disabled by mutation . These sequences are usually just molecular fossils , although they can occasionally serve as raw genetic material for the creation of new genes through the process of gene duplication and divergence . Transcription and translation Further information : Genetic code , Transcription ( genetics ) , and Protein biosynthesis A gene is a sequence of DNA that contains genetic information and can influence the phenotype of an organism . Within a gene , the sequence of bases along a DNA strand defines a messenger RNA sequence , which then defines one or more protein sequences . The relationship between the nucleotide sequences of genes and the amino - acid sequences of proteins is determined by the rules of translation , known collectively as the genetic code . The genetic code consists of three - letter ' words ' called codons formed from a sequence of three nucleotides ( e.g. ACT , CAG , TTT ) . In transcription , the codons of a gene are copied into messenger RNA by RNA polymerase . This RNA copy is then decoded by a ribosome that reads the RNA sequence by base - pairing the messenger RNA to transfer RNA , which carries amino acids . Since there are 4 bases in 3 - letter combinations , there are 64 possible codons ( 4 combinations ) . These encode the twenty standard amino acids , giving most amino acids more than one possible codon . There are also three ' stop ' or ' nonsense ' codons signifying the end of the coding region ; these are the TAA , TGA , and TAG codons . DNA replication . The double helix is unwound by a helicase and topoisomerase . Next , one DNA polymerase produces the leading strand copy . Another DNA polymerase binds to the lagging strand . This enzyme makes discontinuous segments ( called Okazaki fragments ) before DNA ligase joins them together . Replication Further information : DNA replication Cell division is essential for an organism to grow , but , when a cell divides , it must replicate the DNA in its genome so that the two daughter cells have the same genetic information as their parent . The double - stranded structure of DNA provides a simple mechanism for DNA replication . Here , the two strands are separated and then each strand 's complementary DNA sequence is recreated by an enzyme called DNA polymerase . This enzyme makes the complementary strand by finding the correct base through complementary base pairing and bonding it onto the original strand . As DNA polymerases can only extend a DNA strand in a 5 ′ to 3 ′ direction , different mechanisms are used to copy the antiparallel strands of the double helix . In this way , the base on the old strand dictates which base appears on the new strand , and the cell ends up with a perfect copy of its DNA . Extracellular nucleic acids Naked extracellular DNA ( eDNA ) , most of it released by cell death , is nearly ubiquitous in the environment . Its concentration in soil may be as high as 2 μg / L , and its concentration in natural aquatic environments may be as high at 88 μg / L. Various possible functions have been proposed for eDNA : it may be involved in horizontal gene transfer ; it may provide nutrients ; and it may act as a buffer to recruit or titrate ions or antibiotics . Extracellular DNA acts as a functional extracellular matrix component in the biofilms of several bacterial species . It may act as a recognition factor to regulate the attachment and dispersal of specific cell types in the biofilm ; it may contribute to biofilm formation ; and it may contribute to the biofilm 's physical strength and resistance to biological stress . Cell - free fetal DNA is found in the blood of the mother , and can be sequenced to determine a great deal of information about the developing fetus . Interactions with proteins All the functions of DNA depend on interactions with proteins . These protein interactions can be non-specific , or the protein can bind specifically to a single DNA sequence . Enzymes can also bind to DNA and of these , the polymerases that copy the DNA base sequence in transcription and DNA replication are particularly important . DNA - binding proteins Further information : DNA - binding protein Interaction of DNA ( in orange ) with histones ( in blue ) . These proteins ' basic amino acids bind to the acidic phosphate groups on DNA . Structural proteins that bind DNA are well - understood examples of non-specific DNA - protein interactions . Within chromosomes , DNA is held in complexes with structural proteins . These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin . In eukaryotes , this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones , while in prokaryotes multiple types of proteins are involved . The histones form a disk - shaped complex called a nucleosome , which contains two complete turns of double - stranded DNA wrapped around its surface . These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones , making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar - phosphate backbone of the DNA , and are thus largely independent of the base sequence . Chemical modifications of these basic amino acid residues include methylation , phosphorylation , and acetylation . These chemical changes alter the strength of the interaction between the DNA and the histones , making the DNA more or less accessible to transcription factors and changing the rate of transcription . Other non-specific DNA - binding proteins in chromatin include the high - mobility group proteins , which bind to bent or distorted DNA . These proteins are important in bending arrays of nucleosomes and arranging them into the larger structures that make up chromosomes . A distinct group of DNA - binding proteins is the DNA - binding proteins that specifically bind single - stranded DNA . In humans , replication protein A is the best - understood member of this family and is used in processes where the double helix is separated , including DNA replication , recombination , and DNA repair . These binding proteins seem to stabilize single - stranded DNA and protect it from forming stem - loops or being degraded by nucleases . The lambda repressor helix - turn - helix transcription factor bound to its DNA target In contrast , other proteins have evolved to bind to particular DNA sequences . The most intensively studied of these are the various transcription factors , which are proteins that regulate transcription . Each transcription factor binds to one particular set of DNA sequences and activates or inhibits the transcription of genes that have these sequences close to their promoters . The transcription factors do this in two ways . Firstly , they can bind the RNA polymerase responsible for transcription , either directly or through other mediator proteins ; this locates the polymerase at the promoter and allows it to begin transcription . Alternatively , transcription factors can bind enzymes that modify the histones at the promoter . This changes the accessibility of the DNA template to the polymerase . As these DNA targets can occur throughout an organism 's genome , changes in the activity of one type of transcription factor can affect thousands of genes . Consequently , these proteins are often the targets of the signal transduction processes that control responses to environmental changes or cellular differentiation and development . The specificity of these transcription factors ' interactions with DNA come from the proteins making multiple contacts to the edges of the DNA bases , allowing them to `` read '' the DNA sequence . Most of these base - interactions are made in the major groove , where the bases are most accessible . The restriction enzyme EcoRV ( green ) in a complex with its substrate DNA DNA - modifying enzymes Nucleases and ligases Nucleases are enzymes that cut DNA strands by catalyzing the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bonds . Nucleases that hydrolyse nucleotides from the ends of DNA strands are called exonucleases , while endonucleases cut within strands . The most frequently used nucleases in molecular biology are the restriction endonucleases , which cut DNA at specific sequences . For instance , the EcoRV enzyme shown to the left recognizes the 6 - base sequence 5 ′ - GATATC - 3 ′ and makes a cut at the horizontal line . In nature , these enzymes protect bacteria against phage infection by digesting the phage DNA when it enters the bacterial cell , acting as part of the restriction modification system . In technology , these sequence - specific nucleases are used in molecular cloning and DNA fingerprinting . Enzymes called DNA ligases can rejoin cut or broken DNA strands . Ligases are particularly important in lagging strand DNA replication , as they join together the short segments of DNA produced at the replication fork into a complete copy of the DNA template . They are also used in DNA repair and genetic recombination . Topoisomerases and helicases Topoisomerases are enzymes with both nuclease and ligase activity . These proteins change the amount of supercoiling in DNA . Some of these enzymes work by cutting the DNA helix and allowing one section to rotate , thereby reducing its level of supercoiling ; the enzyme then seals the DNA break . Other types of these enzymes are capable of cutting one DNA helix and then passing a second strand of DNA through this break , before rejoining the helix . Topoisomerases are required for many processes involving DNA , such as DNA replication and transcription . Helicases are proteins that are a type of molecular motor . They use the chemical energy in nucleoside triphosphates , predominantly adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , to break hydrogen bonds between bases and unwind the DNA double helix into single strands . These enzymes are essential for most processes where enzymes need to access the DNA bases . Polymerases Polymerases are enzymes that synthesize polynucleotide chains from nucleoside triphosphates . The sequence of their products is created based on existing polynucleotide chains -- which are called templates . These enzymes function by repeatedly adding a nucleotide to the 3 ′ hydroxyl group at the end of the growing polynucleotide chain . As a consequence , all polymerases work in a 5 ′ to 3 ′ direction . In the active site of these enzymes , the incoming nucleoside triphosphate base - pairs to the template : this allows polymerases to accurately synthesize the complementary strand of their template . Polymerases are classified according to the type of template that they use . In DNA replication , DNA - dependent DNA polymerases make copies of DNA polynucleotide chains . To preserve biological information , it is essential that the sequence of bases in each copy are precisely complementary to the sequence of bases in the template strand . Many DNA polymerases have a proofreading activity . Here , the polymerase recognizes the occasional mistakes in the synthesis reaction by the lack of base pairing between the mismatched nucleotides . If a mismatch is detected , a 3 ′ to 5 ′ exonuclease activity is activated and the incorrect base removed . In most organisms , DNA polymerases function in a large complex called the replisome that contains multiple accessory subunits , such as the DNA clamp or helicases . RNA - dependent DNA polymerases are a specialized class of polymerases that copy the sequence of an RNA strand into DNA . They include reverse transcriptase , which is a viral enzyme involved in the infection of cells by retroviruses , and telomerase , which is required for the replication of telomeres . For example , HIV reverse transcriptase is an enzyme for AIDS virus replication . Telomerase is an unusual polymerase because it contains its own RNA template as part of its structure . It synthesizes telomeres at the ends of chromosomes . Telomeres prevent fusion of the ends of neighboring chromosomes and protect chromosome ends from damage . Transcription is carried out by a DNA - dependent RNA polymerase that copies the sequence of a DNA strand into RNA . To begin transcribing a gene , the RNA polymerase binds to a sequence of DNA called a promoter and separates the DNA strands . It then copies the gene sequence into a messenger RNA transcript until it reaches a region of DNA called the terminator , where it halts and detaches from the DNA . As with human DNA - dependent DNA polymerases , RNA polymerase II , the enzyme that transcribes most of the genes in the human genome , operates as part of a large protein complex with multiple regulatory and accessory subunits . Genetic recombination Structure of the Holliday junction intermediate in genetic recombination . The four separate DNA strands are coloured red , blue , green and yellow . Further information : Genetic recombination Recombination involves the breaking and rejoining of two chromosomes ( M and F ) to produce two rearranged chromosomes ( C1 and C2 ) . A DNA helix usually does not interact with other segments of DNA , and in human cells , the different chromosomes even occupy separate areas in the nucleus called `` chromosome territories '' . This physical separation of different chromosomes is important for the ability of DNA to function as a stable repository for information , as one of the few times chromosomes interact is in chromosomal crossover which occurs during sexual reproduction , when genetic recombination occurs . Chromosomal crossover is when two DNA helices break , swap a section and then rejoin . Recombination allows chromosomes to exchange genetic information and produces new combinations of genes , which increases the efficiency of natural selection and can be important in the rapid evolution of new proteins . Genetic recombination can also be involved in DNA repair , particularly in the cell 's response to double - strand breaks . The most common form of chromosomal crossover is homologous recombination , where the two chromosomes involved share very similar sequences . Non-homologous recombination can be damaging to cells , as it can produce chromosomal translocations and genetic abnormalities . The recombination reaction is catalyzed by enzymes known as recombinases , such as RAD51 . The first step in recombination is a double - stranded break caused by either an endonuclease or damage to the DNA . A series of steps catalyzed in part by the recombinase then leads to joining of the two helices by at least one Holliday junction , in which a segment of a single strand in each helix is annealed to the complementary strand in the other helix . The Holliday junction is a tetrahedral junction structure that can be moved along the pair of chromosomes , swapping one strand for another . The recombination reaction is then halted by cleavage of the junction and re-ligation of the released DNA . Only strands of like polarity exchange DNA during recombination . There are two types of cleavage : east - west cleavage and north - south cleavage . The north - south cleavage nicks both strands of DNA , while the east - west cleavage has one strand of DNA intact . The formation of a Holliday junction during recombination makes it possible for genetic diversity , genes to exchange on chromosomes , and expression of wild - type viral genomes . Evolution Further information : RNA world hypothesis DNA contains the genetic information that allows all modern living things to function , grow and reproduce . However , it is unclear how long in the 4 - billion - year history of life DNA has performed this function , as it has been proposed that the earliest forms of life may have used RNA as their genetic material . RNA may have acted as the central part of early cell metabolism as it can both transmit genetic information and carry out catalysis as part of ribozymes . This ancient RNA world where nucleic acid would have been used for both catalysis and genetics may have influenced the evolution of the current genetic code based on four nucleotide bases . This would occur , since the number of different bases in such an organism is a trade - off between a small number of bases increasing replication accuracy and a large number of bases increasing the catalytic efficiency of ribozymes . However , there is no direct evidence of ancient genetic systems , as recovery of DNA from most fossils is impossible because DNA survives in the environment for less than one million years , and slowly degrades into short fragments in solution . Claims for older DNA have been made , most notably a report of the isolation of a viable bacterium from a salt crystal 250 million years old , but these claims are controversial . Building blocks of DNA ( adenine , guanine , and related organic molecules ) may have been formed extraterrestrially in outer space . Complex DNA and RNA organic compounds of life , including uracil , cytosine , and thymine , have also been formed in the laboratory under conditions mimicking those found in outer space , using starting chemicals , such as pyrimidine , found in meteorites . Pyrimidine , like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) , the most carbon - rich chemical found in the universe , may have been formed in red giants or in interstellar cosmic dust and gas clouds . Uses in technology Genetic engineering Further information : Molecular biology , Nucleic acid methods , and Genetic engineering Methods have been developed to purify DNA from organisms , such as phenol - chloroform extraction , and to manipulate it in the laboratory , such as restriction digests and the polymerase chain reaction . Modern biology and biochemistry make intensive use of these techniques in recombinant DNA technology . Recombinant DNA is a man - made DNA sequence that has been assembled from other DNA sequences . They can be transformed into organisms in the form of plasmids or in the appropriate format , by using a viral vector . The genetically modified organisms produced can be used to produce products such as recombinant proteins , used in medical research , or be grown in agriculture . DNA profiling Further information : DNA profiling Forensic scientists can use DNA in blood , semen , skin , saliva or hair found at a crime scene to identify a matching DNA of an individual , such as a perpetrator . This process is formally termed DNA profiling , but may also be called `` genetic fingerprinting '' . In DNA profiling , the lengths of variable sections of repetitive DNA , such as short tandem repeats and minisatellites , are compared between people . This method is usually an extremely reliable technique for identifying a matching DNA . However , identification can be complicated if the scene is contaminated with DNA from several people . DNA profiling was developed in 1984 by British geneticist Sir Alec Jeffreys , and first used in forensic science to convict Colin Pitchfork in the 1988 Enderby murders case . The development of forensic science and the ability to now obtain genetic matching on minute samples of blood , skin , saliva , or hair has led to re-examining many cases . Evidence can now be uncovered that was scientifically impossible at the time of the original examination . Combined with the removal of the double jeopardy law in some places , this can allow cases to be reopened where prior trials have failed to produce sufficient evidence to convince a jury . People charged with serious crimes may be required to provide a sample of DNA for matching purposes . The most obvious defense to DNA matches obtained forensically is to claim that cross-contamination of evidence has occurred . This has resulted in meticulous strict handling procedures with new cases of serious crime . DNA profiling is also used successfully to positively identify victims of mass casualty incidents , bodies or body parts in serious accidents , and individual victims in mass war graves , via matching to family members . DNA profiling is also used in DNA paternity testing to determine if someone is the biological parent or grandparent of a child with the probability of parentage is typically 99.99 % when the alleged parent is biologically related to the child . Normal DNA sequencing methods happen after birth , but there are new methods to test paternity while a mother is still pregnant . DNA enzymes or catalytic DNA Further information : Deoxyribozyme Deoxyribozymes , also called DNAzymes or catalytic DNA , are first discovered in 1994 . They are mostly single stranded DNA sequences isolated from a large pool of random DNA sequences through a combinatorial approach called in vitro selection or systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment ( SELEX ) . DNAzymes catalyze variety of chemical reactions including RNA - DNA cleavage , RNA - DNA ligation , amino acids phosphorylation - dephosphorylation , carbon - carbon bond formation , and etc . DNAzymes can enhance catalytic rate of chemical reactions up to 100,000,000,000-fold over the uncatalyzed reaction . The most extensively studied class of DNAzymes is RNA - cleaving types which have been used to detect different metal ions and designing therapeutic agents . Several metal - specific DNAzymes have been reported including the GR - 5 DNAzyme ( lead - specific ) , the CA1 - 3 DNAzymes ( copper - specific ) , the 39E DNAzyme ( uranyl - specific ) and the NaA43 DNAzyme ( sodium - specific ) . The NaA43 DNAzyme , which is reported to be more than 10,000-fold selective for sodium over other metal ions , was used to make a real - time sodium sensor in living cells . Bioinformatics Further information : Bioinformatics Bioinformatics involves the development of techniques to store , data mine , search and manipulate biological data , including DNA nucleic acid sequence data . These have led to widely applied advances in computer science , especially string searching algorithms , machine learning , and database theory . String searching or matching algorithms , which find an occurrence of a sequence of letters inside a larger sequence of letters , were developed to search for specific sequences of nucleotides . The DNA sequence may be aligned with other DNA sequences to identify homologous sequences and locate the specific mutations that make them distinct . These techniques , especially multiple sequence alignment , are used in studying phylogenetic relationships and protein function . Data sets representing entire genomes ' worth of DNA sequences , such as those produced by the Human Genome Project , are difficult to use without the annotations that identify the locations of genes and regulatory elements on each chromosome . Regions of DNA sequence that have the characteristic patterns associated with protein - or RNA - coding genes can be identified by gene finding algorithms , which allow researchers to predict the presence of particular gene products and their possible functions in an organism even before they have been isolated experimentally . Entire genomes may also be compared , which can shed light on the evolutionary history of particular organism and permit the examination of complex evolutionary events . DNA nanotechnology The DNA structure at left ( schematic shown ) will self - assemble into the structure visualized by atomic force microscopy at right . DNA nanotechnology is the field that seeks to design nanoscale structures using the molecular recognition properties of DNA molecules . Image from Strong , 2004 . Further information : DNA nanotechnology DNA nanotechnology uses the unique molecular recognition properties of DNA and other nucleic acids to create self - assembling branched DNA complexes with useful properties . DNA is thus used as a structural material rather than as a carrier of biological information . This has led to the creation of two - dimensional periodic lattices ( both tile - based and using the DNA origami method ) and three - dimensional structures in the shapes of polyhedra . Nanomechanical devices and algorithmic self - assembly have also been demonstrated , and these DNA structures have been used to template the arrangement of other molecules such as gold nanoparticles and streptavidin proteins . History and anthropology Further information : Phylogenetics and Genetic genealogy Because DNA collects mutations over time , which are then inherited , it contains historical information , and , by comparing DNA sequences , geneticists can infer the evolutionary history of organisms , their phylogeny . This field of phylogenetics is a powerful tool in evolutionary biology . If DNA sequences within a species are compared , population geneticists can learn the history of particular populations . This can be used in studies ranging from ecological genetics to anthropology ; For example , DNA evidence is being used to try to identify the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel . Information storage Main article : DNA digital data storage In a paper published in Nature in January 2013 , scientists from the European Bioinformatics Institute and Agilent Technologies proposed a mechanism to use DNA 's ability to code information as a means of digital data storage . The group was able to encode 739 kilobytes of data into DNA code , synthesize the actual DNA , then sequence the DNA and decode the information back to its original form , with a reported 100 % accuracy . The encoded information consisted of text files and audio files . A prior experiment was published in August 2012 . It was conducted by researchers at Harvard University , where the text of a 54,000 - word book was encoded in DNA . Moreover , in living cells , the storage can be turned active by enzymes . Light - gated protein domains fused to DNA processing enzymes are suitable for that task in vitro . Fluorescent exonucleases can transmit the output according to the nucleotide they have read . History Further information : History of molecular biology James Watson and Francis Crick ( right ) , co-originators of the double - helix model , with Maclyn McCarty ( left ) . Pencil sketch of the DNA double helix by Francis Crick in 1953 DNA was first isolated by the Swiss physician Friedrich Miescher who , in 1869 , discovered a microscopic substance in the pus of discarded surgical bandages . As it resided in the nuclei of cells , he called it `` nuclein '' . In 1878 , Albrecht Kossel isolated the non-protein component of `` nuclein '' , nucleic acid , and later isolated its five primary nucleobases . In 1909 , Phoebus Levene identified the base , sugar , and phosphate nucleotide unit of the RNA ( then named `` yeast nucleic acid '' ) . In 1929 , Levene identified deoxyribose sugar in `` thymus nucleic acid '' ( DNA ) . Levene suggested that DNA consisted of a string of four nucleotide units linked together through the phosphate groups ( `` tetranucleotide hypothesis '' ) . Levene thought the chain was short and the bases repeated in a fixed order . In 1927 , Nikolai Koltsov proposed that inherited traits would be inherited via a `` giant hereditary molecule '' made up of `` two mirror strands that would replicate in a semi-conservative fashion using each strand as a template '' . In 1928 , Frederick Griffith in his experiment discovered that traits of the `` smooth '' form of Pneumococcus could be transferred to the `` rough '' form of the same bacteria by mixing killed `` smooth '' bacteria with the live `` rough '' form . This system provided the first clear suggestion that DNA carries genetic information . In 1933 , while studying virgin sea urchin eggs , Jean Brachet suggested that DNA is found in cell nucleus and that RNA is present exclusively in the cytoplasm . At the time , `` yeast nucleic acid '' ( RNA ) was thought to occur only in plants , while `` thymus nucleic acid '' ( DNA ) only in animals . The latter was thought to be a tetramer , with the function of buffering cellular pH . In 1937 , William Astbury produced the first X-ray diffraction patterns that showed that DNA had a regular structure . In 1943 , Oswald Avery , along with coworkers Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty , identified DNA as the transforming principle , supporting Griffith 's suggestion ( Avery -- MacLeod -- McCarty experiment ) . DNA 's role in heredity was confirmed in 1952 when Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase in the Hershey -- Chase experiment showed that DNA is the genetic material of the T2 phage . A blue plaque outside The Eagle pub commemorating Crick and Watson Late in 1951 , Francis Crick started working with James Watson at the Cavendish Laboratory within the University of Cambridge . In 1953 , Watson and Crick suggested what is now accepted as the first correct double - helix model of DNA structure in the journal Nature . Their double - helix , molecular model of DNA was then based on one X-ray diffraction image ( labeled as `` Photo 51 '' ) taken by Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling in May 1952 , and the information that the DNA bases are paired . On 28 February 1953 Crick interrupted patrons ' lunchtime at The Eagle pub in Cambridge to announce that he and Watson had `` discovered the secret of life '' . Months earlier , in February 1953 , Linus Pauling and Robert Corey proposed a model for nucleic acids containing three intertwined chains , with the phosphates near the axis , and the bases on the outside . Experimental evidence supporting the Watson and Crick model was published in a series of five articles in the same issue of Nature . Of these , Franklin and Gosling 's paper was the first publication of their own X-ray diffraction data and original analysis method that partly supported the Watson and Crick model ; this issue also contained an article on DNA structure by Maurice Wilkins and two of his colleagues , whose analysis and in vivo B - DNA X-ray patterns also supported the presence in vivo of the double - helical DNA configurations as proposed by Crick and Watson for their double - helix molecular model of DNA in the prior two pages of Nature . In 1962 , after Franklin 's death , Watson , Crick , and Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . Nobel Prizes are awarded only to living recipients . A debate continues about who should receive credit for the discovery . In an influential presentation in 1957 , Crick laid out the central dogma of molecular biology , which foretold the relationship between DNA , RNA , and proteins , and articulated the `` adaptor hypothesis '' . Final confirmation of the replication mechanism that was implied by the double - helical structure followed in 1958 through the Meselson -- Stahl experiment . Further work by Crick and coworkers showed that the genetic code was based on non-overlapping triplets of bases , called codons , allowing Har Gobind Khorana , Robert W. Holley , and Marshall Warren Nirenberg to decipher the genetic code . These findings represent the birth of molecular biology . See also Autosome Crystallography DNA - encoded chemical library DNA microarray DNA sequencing Macromolecule Genetic disorder Genetic genealogy Haplotype Comparison of nucleic acid simulation software Meiosis Mitochondrial DNA Nuclear DNA Nucleic acid double helix Nucleic acid notation Nucleic acid sequence Pangenesis Phosphoramidite Ribosomal DNA Southern blot X-ray scattering techniques Xeno nucleic acid RNA Deoxyribozyme References Jump up ^ `` deoxyribonucleic acid '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . 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Jump up ^ The B - DNA X-ray pattern on the right of this linked image Archived 25 May 2012 at Archive.is was obtained by Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling in May 1952 at high hydration levels of DNA and it has been labeled as `` Photo 51 '' Jump up ^ Regis , Ed ( 2009 ) What Is Life ? : investigating the nature of life in the age of synthetic biology . Oxford : Oxford University Press ISBN 0 - 19 - 538341 - 9 ; p. 52 Jump up ^ Pauling , L. ; Corey , R.B. ( 1953 ) . `` A proposed structure for the nucleic acids . '' Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 39 ( February 1953 ) : 84 - 97 . link . Jump up ^ Nature Archives Double Helix of DNA : 50 Years Archived 5 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Original X-ray diffraction image '' . Oregon State Library . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 6 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962 '' . Nobelprize.org . 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DNA : the secret of life . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 375 - 41546 - 7 . Calladine CR , Drew HR , Luisi BF , Travers AA ( 2003 ) . Understanding DNA : the molecule & how it works . Amsterdam : Elsevier Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 155089 - 3 . Carina D , Clayton J ( 2003 ) . 50 years of DNA . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 1479 - 6 . Judson HF ( 1979 ) . The Eighth Day of Creation : Makers of the Revolution in Biology ( 2nd ed . ) . Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press . ISBN 0 - 671 - 22540 - 5 . Olby RC ( 1994 ) . The path to the double helix : the discovery of DNA . New York : Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 68117 - 3 . , first published in October 1974 by MacMillan , with foreword by Francis Crick ; the definitive DNA textbook , revised in 1994 with a 9 - page postscript Micklas D ( 2003 ) . DNA Science : A First Course . Cold Spring Harbor Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87969 - 636 - 8 . Ridley M ( 2006 ) . Francis Crick : discoverer of the genetic code . Ashland , OH : Eminent Lives , Atlas Books . ISBN 0 - 06 - 082333 - X . Olby RC ( 2009 ) . Francis Crick : A Biography . Plainview , N.Y : Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press . ISBN 0 - 87969 - 798 - 9 . Rosenfeld I ( 2010 ) . DNA : A Graphic Guide to the Molecule that Shook the World . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 14271 - 7 . Schultz M , Cannon Z ( 2009 ) . The Stuff of Life : A Graphic Guide to Genetics and DNA . Hill and Wang . ISBN 0 - 8090 - 8947 - 5 . Stent GS , Watson J ( 1980 ) . The Double Helix : A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA . New York : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 95075 - 1 . Watson , James ( 2004 ) . DNA : The Secret of Life . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 945184 - 6 . Wilkins M ( 2003 ) . The third man of the double helix the autobiography of Maurice Wilkins . Cambridge , England : University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 860665 - 6 . External links Library resources about DNA Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikiquote has quotations related to : DNA Wikiversity has learning resources about DNA Wikimedia Commons has media related to DNA . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` DNA '' dated 2007 - 02 - 12 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles DNA at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) DNA binding site prediction on protein DNA the Double Helix Game From the official Nobel Prize web site DNA under electron microscope Dolan DNA Learning Center Double Helix : 50 years of DNA , Nature Proteopedia DNA Proteopedia Forms_of_DNA ENCODE threads explorer ENCODE home page . Nature Double Helix 1953 -- 2003 National Centre for Biotechnology Education Genetic Education Modules for Teachers -- DNA from the Beginning Study Guide PDB Molecule of the Month DNA Clue to chemistry of heredity found The New York Times June 1953 . First American newspaper coverage of the discovery of the DNA structure Olby R ( January 2003 ) . `` Quiet debut for the double helix '' . Nature . 421 ( 6921 ) : 402 -- 5 . Bibcode : 2003Natur. 421 ... 402O . doi : 10.1038 / nature01397 . PMID 12540907 . DNA from the Beginning Another DNA Learning Center site on DNA , genes , and heredity from Mendel to the human genome project . The Register of Francis Crick Personal Papers 1938 -- 2007 at Mandeville Special Collections Library , University of California , San Diego Seven - page , handwritten letter that Crick sent to his 12 - year - old son Michael in 1953 describing the structure of DNA . See Crick 's medal goes under the hammer , Nature , 5 April 2013 . Gene expression Introduction to genetics Genetic code Central dogma DNA → RNA → Protein Special transfers RNA → RNA RNA → DNA Protein → Protein Transcription Types Bacterial Eukaryotic Key elements Transcription factor RNA polymerase Promoter Post-transcription Precursor mRNA ( pre-mRNA / hnRNA ) 5 ' capping Splicing Polyadenylation Histone acetylation and deacetylation Translation Types Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Key elements Ribosome Transfer RNA ( tRNA ) Ribosome - nascent chain complex ( RNC ) Post-translational modification ( functional groups peptides structural changes ) Regulation Epigenetic imprinting Transcriptional Gene regulatory network cis - regulatory element lac operon Post-transcriptional sequestration ( P - bodies ) alternative splicing microRNA Translational Post-translational reversible irreversible Influential people François Jacob Jacques Monod Types of nucleic acids Constituents Nucleobases Nucleosides Nucleotides Deoxynucleotides Ribonucleic acids ( coding , non-coding ) Translational Messenger precursor , heterogenous nuclear Transfer Ribosomal Transfer - messenger Regulatory Interferential Micro Small interfering Piwi - interacting Antisense Processual Small nuclear Small nucleolar Small Cajal Body RNAs Y RNA Enhancer RNAs Others Guide Ribozyme Small hairpin Small temporal Trans - acting small interfering Subgenomic messenger Deoxyribonucleic acids Complementary Chloroplast Deoxyribozyme Genomic Multicopy single - stranded Mitochondrial Analogues Xeno Glycol Threose Hexose Locked Peptide Morpholino Cloning vectors Phagemid Plasmid Lambda phage Cosmid Fosmid Artificial chromosomes P1 - derived Bacterial Yeast Human Genetics Introduction Outline History Index Key components Chromosome DNA RNA Nucleotide Genome Fields Classical Conservation Ecological Immunogenetics Molecular Population Quantitative Archaeogenetics of the Americas the British Isles Europe Italy the Near East South Asia Related topics Behavioural genetics Epigenetics Geneticist Genomics Genetic code Medical genetics Molecular evolution Reverse genetics Genetic engineering Genetic diversity Heredity Genetic monitoring Genetic genealogy List of genetics research organizations Genetics Molecular and cellular biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA&oldid=838537216 '' Categories : DNA Genetics Helices Biotechnology Nucleic acids Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Webarchive template archiveis links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from February 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Spoken articles Articles with Curlie links Featured articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikiversity Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Furlan Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лезги ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 125 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 16 : 58 . 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1924 Winter Olympics medal table - wikipedia 1924 Winter Olympics medal table Jump to : navigation , search Publicity poster for the event The 1924 Winter Olympics , officially known as the I Olympic Winter Games , and known at the time as Semaine Internationale des Sports d'Hiver ( `` International Winter Sports Week '' ) , was a winter multi-sport event held in Chamonix , France , from 25 January to 5 February 1924 . Norway topped the table , collecting seventeen medals in total , including four gold , three of which were won by Thorleif Haug in the nordic combined and cross-country skiing events . Norway also achieved two podium sweeps , winning all three medals in both the 50 km cross-country skiing and the nordic combined . This remained a record at the Winter Olympics until 2014 . When it was held , the games were not formally recognised as being the Olympics , but acknowledged that they were held under the `` high patronage of the International Olympic Committee '' . Partly due to this , varying figures are reported for the number of participants . The International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) website suggests that 258 athletes from 16 nations participated in 16 events across 9 sports . In contrast , the Sports - Reference website lists 313 participants from 19 countries . Bill Mallon , a prominent Olympic Games historian , quotes a figure of 291 competitors in his Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement . Meanwhile the official report for the 1924 Summer and Winter Olympics listed 293 athletes from 17 nations . Finland placed second on the table , collecting four gold medals amongst a total of eleven . Clas Thunberg won five of their medals , achieving a medal in each of the speed skating events he took part in ; collecting three gold medals , one silver and one bronze . Eight of the competing nations achieved at least one gold medal , with only Belgium and the hosts , France , medalling without winning a gold medal . One medal was reallocated in 1974 ; during the games , Thorleif Haug of Norway had been awarded the bronze medal in ski jumping , along with his three gold medals . A Norwegian historian discovered that there had been a scoring error , and an American , Anders Haugen , had actually finished in third place . As Haug had died in 1934 , his daughter presented Haugen , aged 83 , with his medal . In the official report , the classification of nations is ranked not by medals , but rather by `` points '' , which were awarded for each position from first to sixth ; not exclusively for gold , silver and bronze . Due to this , Czechoslovakia were included in the table ahead of Belgium , due to two fourth - place finishes , one fifth and one sixth . Italy were also present , in twelfth , for their solitary sixth place . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medal table 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Medal table ( edit ) Clas Thunberg won five speed skating medals at the games for Finland . The medal table is based on information provided by the IOC and is consistent with IOC convention in its published medal tables . By default , the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won ( in this context , a nation is an entity represented by a National Olympic Committee ) . The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals . If nations are still tied , equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically . Two bronze medals were awarded in the 500 metres speed skating event for the third place tie . Key * Host nation ( France ) 1924 Winter Olympics medal table Rank NOC Gold Silver Bronze Total Norway ( NOR ) 7 6 17 Finland ( FIN ) 11 Austria ( AUT ) 0 Switzerland ( SUI ) 0 United States ( USA ) 6 Great Britain ( GBR ) 7 Sweden ( SWE ) 0 8 Canada ( CAN ) 0 0 9 France ( FRA ) * 0 0 10 Belgium ( BEL ) 0 0 Total ( 10 NOCs ) 16 16 17 49 See also ( edit ) List of 1924 Winter Olympics medal winners Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ No country achieved more than two podium sweeps until the Netherlands in 2014 , but the record was tied prior to that ; by Norway themselves in 1928 and 1932 , the Soviet Union in 1964 , East Germany in 1972 and 1984 , and Germany in 1998 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 1924 Medal Tally '' . Topend Sports . Archived from the original on 25 August 2017 . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chamonix 1924 '' . International Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ BMallon ( 18 February 2014 ) . `` Netherlands Speed Skating Medal Sweeps '' . OlympStats . Archived from the original on 25 August 2017 . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bergsma breaks Olympic record to lead fourth Dutch medal sweep '' . Xinhuanet. 19 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1924 Chamonix Winter Games '' . Sports Reference . Archived from the original on 25 August 2017 . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Mallon , Bill ; Heijmans , Jereon ( 2011 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement . Plymouth , UK : Scarecrow Press . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7522 - 7 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Report of the 1924 Olympic Games ( PDF ) ( in French ) . International Olympic Committee . 1924 . p. 662 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 26 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Jorsett , Per ( 13 February 2009 ) . `` Thorleif Haug '' . Norsk biografisk leksikon ( in Norwegian ) . Oslo : Kunnskapsforlaget . Archived from the original on 21 September 2017 . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anders Haugen 's belated bronze medal '' . Ski Jumping Hill Archive. 5 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 21 September 2017 . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anders Haugen , Olympian ; Medal Was Delayed 50 Years '' . The New York Times . AP . 19 April 1984 . Archived from the original on 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Report of the 1924 Olympic Games ( PDF ) ( in French ) . International Olympic Committee . 1924 . p. 661 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 26 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chamonix 1924 / Speed Skating / 500m Men '' . International Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on 27 March 2017 . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` International Olympic Committee -- Chamonix 1924 Medal Table '' . International Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on 4 December 2008 . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . ( hide ) Olympic Games medal tables Olympic medal All - time Olympic Games medal table Pierre de Coubertin medal Intercalated Games ( 1906 ) Summer Olympic Games 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter Olympic Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Lists of Olympic medalists List of stripped Olympic medals List of Olympic medals by host nation List of ties for medals at the Olympics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1924_Winter_Olympics_medal_table&oldid=824811466 '' Categories : 1924 Winter Olympics Winter Olympics medal tables Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Use dmy dates from October 2017 Use British English from October 2017 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 February 2018 , at 17 : 05 . 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List of Downton Abbey episodes - Wikipedia List of Downton Abbey episodes Jump to : navigation , search This article 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Downton Abbey is a British period drama television series created by Julian Fellowes and co-produced by Carnival Films and Masterpiece . It first aired on ITV in the United Kingdom on 26 September 2010 , and on PBS in the United States on 9 January 2011 , as part of the Masterpiece Classic anthology . Six series have been made , the sixth airing in the autumn of 2015 in the UK and Ireland , and in January 2016 in the United States . On 26 March 2015 , the sixth series was confirmed to be the final series , with the final episode airing in the UK on 25 December 2015 on ITV . During the course of the programme , 52 episodes of Downton Abbey aired over six series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Series 1 ( 2010 ) 2.2 Series 2 ( 2011 ) 2.3 Series 3 ( 2012 ) 2.4 Series 4 ( 2013 ) 2.5 Series 5 ( 2014 ) 2.6 Series 6 ( 2015 ) 3 Notes 4 References Series overview ( edit ) Series Episodes Originally aired Ave . UK viewers ( millions ) First aired Last aired 7 26 September 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 26 ) 7 November 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 07 ) 9.70 8 ( + 1 ) 18 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 18 ) 6 November 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 06 ) 25 December 2011 ( special ) 11.68 8 ( + 1 ) 16 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 16 ) 4 November 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 04 ) 25 December 2012 ( special ) 11.91 8 ( + 1 ) 22 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 22 ) 10 November 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 10 ) 25 December 2013 ( special ) 11.84 5 8 ( + 1 ) 21 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 21 ) 9 November 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 09 ) 25 December 2014 ( special ) 10.40 6 8 ( + 1 ) 20 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 20 ) 8 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 08 ) 25 December 2015 ( special ) 10.42 Episode list ( edit ) Series 1 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : Downton Abbey ( series 1 ) Series 1 No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) `` Episode One '' Brian Percival Julian Fellowes 26 September 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 26 ) 9.25 `` Episode Two '' Ben Bolt Julian Fellowes 3 October 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 03 ) 9.97 `` Episode Three '' Ben Bolt Julian Fellowes 10 October 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 10 ) 8.97 `` Episode Four '' Brian Kelly Julian Fellowes , Shelagh Stephenson 17 October 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 17 ) 9.70 5 5 `` Episode Five '' Brian Kelly Julian Fellowes 24 October 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 24 ) 9.40 6 6 `` Episode Six '' Brian Percival Julian Fellowes , Tina Pepler 31 October 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 31 ) 9.84 7 7 `` Episode Seven '' Brian Percival Julian Fellowes 7 November 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 07 ) 10.77 Series 2 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Downton Abbey ( series 2 ) Series 2 No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 8 `` Episode One '' Ashley Pearce Julian Fellowes 18 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 18 ) 11.41 9 `` Episode Two '' Ashley Pearce Julian Fellowes 25 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 25 ) 11.77 10 `` Episode Three '' Andy Goddard Julian Fellowes 2 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 02 ) 11.33 11 `` Episode Four '' Brian Kelly Julian Fellowes 9 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 09 ) 11.30 12 5 `` Episode Five '' Brian Kelly Julian Fellowes 16 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 16 ) 11.59 13 6 `` Episode Six '' Andy Goddard Julian Fellowes 23 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 23 ) 11.33 14 7 `` Episode Seven '' James Strong Julian Fellowes 30 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 30 ) 12.26 15 8 `` Episode Eight '' James Strong Julian Fellowes 6 November 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 06 ) 12.45 Christmas special No . overall Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 16 `` Christmas at Downton Abbey '' Brian Percival Julian Fellowes 25 December 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 25 ) 12.11 Series 3 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) ITV confirmed the commissioning of a third series on 3 November 2011 . It entered production in early 2012 , and began airing 16 September 2012 on ITV and aired in the United States beginning 6 January 2013 . Series 3 No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 17 `` Episode One '' Brian Percival Julian Fellowes 16 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 16 ) 11.43 7.9 ( PBS ) March / April 1920 . Cora 's mother , Martha Levinson , sweeps into Downton for Matthew and Mary 's wedding , aggravating the Dowager Countess ( among others ) with her critical and `` revolutionary '' American way of seeing things . Lord Grantham learns that his massive investment of Cora 's fortune in the Grand Trunk Railway has failed , leaving the estate near bankrupt . Salvation is possible , as Matthew is entitled to inherit a large amount of money from Lavinia 's father , but his scruples will not let him keep the money , feeling it a betrayal to Lavinia and her father since he believes her father died thinking he loved Lavinia ; whereas Lavinia knew of his love for Mary just before she died . Meanwhile , O'Brien's nephew Alfred joins the staff downstairs and struggles to satisfy Carson 's high standards , made worse by Thomas 's jealous behaviour . Sybil and her husband , Tom Branson , return to Downton to a muted response , particularly as Branson remains highly vocal about his political beliefs . Matthew repairs things when he chooses Branson to be his best man , and despite hesitance the night before , Matthew and Mary are married . 18 `` Episode Two '' Brian Percival Julian Fellowes 23 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 23 ) 12.08 April 1920 . With the future of Downton hanging in the balance , Mary and the Dowager Countess conspire to show Downton at its grandest to persuade Mrs Levinson to give Downton more money and save them from financial ruin . Their attempts are impeded by the oven breaking down , giving Mrs Levinson a chance to take over running the party herself in radical fashion . She reveals , when finally asked for help , that though she will `` entertain them in New York '' she can not provide them with money , as her own late husband tied it up in the estate , much as Violet 's did . She tells them they have to adapt to the changing world , and states her intent to return to America . Meanwhile downstairs , O'Brien and Thomas wage war against one another due to Alfred 's recent promotion to valet to Matthew , whilst Mrs Levinson 's maid takes a shine to Alfred . Mrs Hughes faces a cancer scare that she shares only with Mrs Patmore and Doctor Clarkson , and Isobel Crawley finds that Ethel has become a prostitute . Edith actively pursues Anthony Strallan as a potential husband and he proposes , despite the reservations of the other family members that he is too old . 19 `` Episode Three '' Andy Goddard Julian Fellowes 30 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 30 ) 11.96 May 1920 . Matthew receives a letter that Lavinia 's late father left for him . He writes that he knew how Matthew broke Lavinia 's heart and still wants him to have his money . Matthew finally agrees to accept it , saving Downton . Lord Grantham refuses to accept the money as a gift , instead insisting that he and Matthew become joint masters of Downton . Edith 's wedding day arrives and Downton Abbey makes preparations to host a lavish reception , but as Edith reaches the altar Strallan changes his mind and calls off the wedding ; his reasons are never fully explained . Mrs Hughes finally receives the news that she does not have cancer , which visibly relieves both Mr Carson and Mrs Patmore . Thomas tries to get revenge on O'Brien by spreading a rumour to the family that she will be leaving Downton . Bates 's cellmate tries to get him into trouble by planting drugs in his bunk , but Bates is warned in time by another inmate . 20 `` Episode Four '' Andy Goddard Julian Fellowes 7 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 07 ) 11.83 May 1920 . When an aristocrat 's home in Ireland is burned to the ground , Branson is found to have been at the burning and is wanted by the police . He escapes to Downton Abbey without Sybil , and the Crawleys are outraged . Sybil eventually returns to Downton safely , and Lord Grantham is able to convince the Home Secretary to allow Branson to remain in England , though he will be arrested if he returns to Ireland . Anna has not received any letters from Bates and is no longer allowed to visit ; similarly Bates wonders why Anna 's letters and visits have stopped . When Bates falls back into the prison guards ' favour , he and Anna receive their missing letters . Ethel decides to let her son live with his grandparents so he can have a better life . Carson recruits a new footman , Jimmy Kent , who attracts the attention of the female staff and Thomas . Ivy Stuart , the new kitchen maid , draws Alfred 's attention away from Daisy . Edith writes to the newspaper supporting more widespread women 's suffrage . 21 5 `` Episode Five '' Jeremy Webb Julian Fellowes 14 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 14 ) 11.93 May 1920 . Edith is asked to write a regular newspaper column . She is excited about the opportunity , but most of the family is not supportive . Isobel helps Ethel by offering her a job as a servant ; however , Mrs Bird refuses to work with Ethel and consequently leaves . The new maid Ivy draws Alfred 's interest and receives Daisy 's resentment . Matthew believes that Robert has been mismanaging the estate and finds an ally in George Murray , the family solicitor . Mary is angry when she discovers that Matthew has been discussing this without her father , Lord Grantham , present . Sybil goes into labour and Lord Grantham hires a famous obstetrician , Sir Philip Tapsel , upsetting Dr Clarkson and Cora . The two doctors disagree over Sybil 's care , Dr Clarkson insisting that Sybil is suffering from eclampsia and should be taken to hospital but Sir Philip arguing that Sybil is fit and healthy . Despite the disagreement Sybil delivers a girl and all seems well ; however , during the night she goes into convulsions and dies . The next day Cora seems to blame her husband for the death , because of his refusal to accept Dr Clarkson 's argument that Sybil was ill . 22 6 `` Episode Six '' Jeremy Webb Julian Fellowes 21 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 21 ) 12.06 May / June 1920 . Branson decides to name his daughter Sybil and wants to baptise her as a Catholic , to both of which Lord Grantham is firmly opposed . However , Mary and the rest of the family defend Branson 's decision . To repair Cora and Robert 's marriage , Violet pressures Dr Clarkson into retracting his assertion that Sybil might have survived had she undergone a Caesarean section ; he tells Cora and Robert that Sybil would have died either way , and Cora forgives Robert . Anna finds evidence that might prove Bates innocent , but another prisoner threatens his chances of freedom , after Bates threatens the inmate . Nevertheless , George Murray is able to get Bates a release date . Daisy is upset that Alfred is paying a lot of attention to Ivy . Ethel prepares a luncheon for the Crawley women and gets Mrs Patmore to help . When Lord Grantham finds out about the luncheon , he is outraged that Isobel would let a former prostitute serve lunch to his family . However , Cora and the women ignore his protests . 23 7 `` Episode Seven '' David Evans Julian Fellowes 28 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 28 ) 11.82 July 1920 . Bates is freed from prison , to the resentment of Thomas . Persuaded by O'Brien that Jimmy likes him , Thomas makes a midnight visit to Jimmy 's room . He kisses him as he sleeps -- just as Alfred enters the room after coming from a date with Ivy . Jimmy is outraged and disgusted ; so is Alfred . Branson plans to baptise baby Sybil a Catholic . While Lord Grantham discourages Edith 's desire to become a journalist , Violet supports her granddaughter . Edith goes to London to meet a magazine editor , and accepts his offer for a weekly column . Branson 's drunkard brother comes to Downton . Matthew continues to confront Lord Grantham about the estate 's mismanagement , leading to the resignation of the family 's long time agent Jarvis . Tom is appointed as the new family agent at Violet 's suggestion . Miss Sybil Branson is baptised at a Catholic Church in Ripon with the whole Crawley family in attendance . 24 8 `` Episode Eight '' David Evans Julian Fellowes 4 November 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 04 ) 12.15 Before 11 August 1920 . Downton Abbey 's annual cricket match with the village takes place , bringing out Lord Grantham 's competitive side . Everyone persuades Jimmy not to complain to the police , but Alfred , who witnessed the incident , does so , and CID officers arrive to see him ; Lord Grantham gets Alfred to back down , and uses his authority to persuade the police that it was all a misunderstanding . Violet 's great niece , Lady Rose MacClare -- the daughter of Violet 's niece , Susan , Marchioness of Flintshire and her husband , Hugh , Marquess of Flintshire -- visits . A trip to London reveals that there is more to Rose than meets the eye : she 's a wild girl who likes to drink and party . Mary and Matthew discover they have separately been visiting a London doctor to find out why they have had no children ; Mary reveals she has had a small operation , and they now look forward to starting a family . Christmas special No . overall Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 25 `` A Journey to the Highlands '' Andy Goddard Julian Fellowes 25 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 25 ) 10.28 August 1921 . The Crawley family heads north , to Duneagle Castle in Scotland , the ancestral home of the MacClare family , to visit Lady Rose and her warring parents , Hugh ( `` Shrimpy '' ) and Susan , the Marquess and Marchioness of Flintshire . Bates , Anna , Molesley , and O'Brien also make the trip . Michael Gregson , the man who hired Lady Edith on at the newspaper , tells her that he is going to be in Scotland as well . After Edith informs her family of this , Mary and Matthew disagree about Gregson 's motives . Gregson later declares his feelings for Edith and hopes to find an ally in Matthew . Shrimpy tells Lord Grantham that he will have to sell his estate because he did not modernise it like Downton and now the money is all gone . Tom remains at Downton with one - year - old Sybbie . The staff looks forward to the approaching country fair , and Carson struggles to keep them concentrating on work . A new housemaid , Edna , joins the staff and is quickly fired after Mrs Hughes discovers her getting too close to Tom . Mrs Patmore becomes involved in a budding romance , but unfortunately it does not last as she realises he is only interested in her cooking . At the country fair , the Downton staff win the tug of war . Jimmy is nearly robbed after winning money from betting on the tug of war , but is saved by Thomas , who was following him and is robbed and beaten in his place . They later agree just to be friends . Lady Mary returns early from Scotland and goes into labour , rushing to Cottage Hospital to deliver her healthy baby . Matthew soon joins her and meets his son and heir , but after he leaves the hospital to drive back to Downton Abbey , he is killed in a car accident . Series 4 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Series 4 No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 26 `` Episode One '' David Evans Julian Fellowes 22 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 22 ) 11.96 February 1922 . Six months on , a distraught Lady Mary mourns Matthew , and feels little motherly love for baby George , now six months old . Lord Grantham and Branson dispute the management of the estate and struggle to pay death duties . Miss O'Brien suddenly leaves to serve Lady Flintshire , on her way to India . Needing a maid in a hurry , Cora hires former maid Edna , who has trained as a lady 's maid , on the strength of the reference which Tom persuaded Mrs Hughes to give her ; Carson and Mrs Hughes see trouble ahead , and warn Tom to keep his distance . Miss West , the nanny of George and Sybbie , Mary 's son and Tom 's daughter , respectively , acts insolently with Thomas , and the underbutler lets Cora know of her tendency to leave them to their own devices . When she overhears Miss West insulting Sybbie by calling her a `` chauffeur 's daughter '' and a `` wicked little cross-breed '' , Cora fires her on the spot . Cora later praises Thomas for bringing the issue to her attention . Mr Molesley has lost his job following Matthew 's death ; the Dowager Countess tries to help him by letting him serve at a luncheon for a friend who needs a butler , but her own butler , fearing he is to be replaced , sabotages his efforts , making him appear clumsy and inexperienced . The servants are excited by Valentine 's Day , and Mrs Patmore struggles to deal with an electric whisk . Tom asks Carson to talk to Mary to bring her out of her shell , to help him implement the changes Matthew started ; he does , but she regards it as impertinence . She later apologises to Carson , has a good cry in his arms , and the episode ends with her joining the tenants ' luncheon , no longer dressed in black , ready to tackle the problems of the estate . 27 `` Episode Two '' David Evans Julian Fellowes 29 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) 12.10 March 1922 . A letter is found from Matthew , appointing Mary his sole heir ; Lord Grantham is displeased by this , and prefers Mary be uninvolved in managing the estate -- he wants sole charge . Violet secretly supports Mary , and urges her to learn the business from Tom . Discovering that Molesley has fallen on hard times , is working as a labourer , and has debts , Bates gets money from the Dowager Countess , and pretends he is paying back Molesley for an earlier loan . Lady Rose and Anna attend a tea dance in York that is for the servant class ; Rose dances with an under - gardener , but when another man tries to cut in , a fight ensues ; Rose and Anna quickly exit . Lord Grantham announces that his solicitor has confirmed that Matthew 's letter is as good as a Will , and everyone urges him to include Mary in running the estate . 28 `` Episode Three '' Catherine Morshead Julian Fellowes 6 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 06 ) 11.86 April 1922 . A house party is held , including a performance by Dame Nellie Melba ( Kiri Te Kanawa ) . Carson feels it is inappropriate for an ' Australian singer ' -- however eminent -- to dine with the family , and proposes to serve her dinner in her bedroom ; Cora is outraged , and insists Dame Nellie join them . Lady Mary renews an acquaintance with the suave Lord Gillingham , who flirts with her . Lord Gillingham 's valet Mr Green is overly - familiar with Anna , and during Dame Nellie 's performance he violently assaults and rapes her in the servants ' hall . Another guest , Lord Sampson , wins heavily at poker ; Mr Gregson , Edith 's publisher friend , believes him to be a card sharp , and uses his own poker skills to win back everyone 's money . Tom feels uncomfortable amongst all the toffs ; Edna takes advantage by getting him drunk and sneaking into his bedroom afterwards . Anna makes Mrs Hughes promise to tell no one , including Bates , about the rape , fearing Bates will kill Green and be hanged for it . 29 `` Episode Four '' Catherine Morshead Julian Fellowes 13 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 13 ) 11.75 April 1922 . Tom regrets his dalliance with Edna , who now claims she could be pregnant and wants him to marry her . He asks Mrs Hughes for help ; she discovers Edna used contraception and confronts her . Her plot foiled , Edna leaves Downton . Lady Rose accompanies Mary and Tom to London where they stay with Lady Rosamund , who has sneakily invited Lord Gillingham and Bullock to join them . They go to a jazz club , where Bullock gets drunk and abandons Rose on the dance floor . Jack Ross , the club 's black singer , rescues Rose and dances with her , to others ' discomfort . Anna , feeling unworthy of Bates , grows distant and moves back into the main house , leaving him bewildered . Michael Gregson is about to depart for Germany ; if he becomes a German citizen , he may be able to divorce his insane wife . Lady Rosamund discovers that Edith spent the night with Gregson , and warns her about damaging her reputation . Lord Gillingham follows Mary back from London and proposes marriage . She refuses , saying she is still grieving Matthew 's death . 30 5 `` Episode Five '' Philip John Julian Fellowes 20 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 20 ) 11.39 May 1922 . Alfred applies to a chef training program at The Ritz , under Escoffier , but is turned down . Carson considers re-hiring Mr Molesley if Alfred leaves , but Molesley , unhappy at being demoted to a footman , dithers too long over the offer , and loses the opportunity . Thomas pressures Cora 's new lady 's maid , Baxter , to spy on everyone for him . When a tenant farmer dies owing significant back rent , Mary and Tom want to end the lease and run the farm themselves . The farmer 's son appeals directly to Lord Grantham , who agrees he can continue to farm . Cora has to persuade a nervous Mrs Patmore to exchange their ice - box for a refrigerator . Edith visits a London doctor . Tom considers moving to America . Bates continues to pressure Anna to explain her behaviour . He tells Mrs Hughes he will resign if she refuses to tell him the truth about Anna ; Mrs Hughes tells him that a stranger broke into the servants ' hall and raped Anna . Bates tells Anna that he loves her more than ever , and they reconcile . When Mrs Hughes tells him she is happy the matter is all over , Bates makes it clear that it is not -- he suspects Green committed the crime . The Dowager Countess employs a new gardener as a favour to Mrs Crawley but suspects that he stole items while working inside the house . 31 6 `` Episode Six '' Philip John Julian Fellowes 27 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 27 ) 11.54 June 1922 . Alfred leaves Downton when he wins a place for the Ritz chef training after another candidate drops out . Carson is not keen for Molesley to replace Alfred , even when Molesley begs for his job back ; Mrs Hughes convinces Carson , and Molesley is re-hired . Edith , worried over no news of Gregson , also learns she is pregnant . Bates and Anna go to dinner at a posh hotel where a snooty maître d ' tries to bar them ; fortunately , Cora is there , and ensures they are admitted . Isobel finds the item the Dowager Countess thought the gardener had stolen ; Isobel is ready to continue berating her about it until the Dowager reveals that she has already apologised to the young man and re-hired him . Rose arranges for the jazz club band to play at Robert 's birthday . Carson is scandalised to see Jack , the black singer , at Downton Abbey , but later calms down . Lord Grantham and the family are also surprised to varying degrees . After the party , Mary sees Rose and Jack kissing in the servants ' hall . Government inspectors arrive to inspect the estate : Mr Napier , an old friend of Lady Mary , and Mr Blake , an acerbic liberal who politely clashes with her . 32 7 `` Episode Seven '' Ed Hall Julian Fellowes 3 November 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 03 ) 11.93 July 1922 . Robert leaves for America to bail Cora 's playboy brother out of trouble . Mary , told by Mrs Hughes about what happened to Anna , persuades Robert to take Thomas with him as his valet instead of Bates , leaving Bates to support Anna . The Dowager Countess falls ill with bronchitis , and is nursed by a selfless Isobel , who cheerfully ignores her patient 's snippy comments . Tom attends a council meeting to pursue his passion for politics , and meets a chirpy young woman . Mary and Mr Blake inspect the newly arrived pigs ; finding them dehydrated and near death , they haul buckets of water together , getting muddy and exhausted , though rather enjoying it . Edith and Rose go to London , where Rose continues to pursue her romantic relationship with Jack , the black nightclub singer ; Edith decides to have an abortion , but backs out at the last minute . Lord Gillingham and his valet Green arrive at Downton , and Mrs Hughes tells Green that she knows what he did and warns him to stay clear of Anna whilst there . During the servants ' dinner , Green is rash enough to reveal that he went to the servants ' hall during Dame Nellie 's recital , earning him a menacing stare from Bates . 33 8 `` Episode Eight '' Ed Hall Julian Fellowes 10 November 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 10 ) 12.16 August 1922 . Edith wants a tenant farmer and his wife to care for her baby , but Lady Rosamund suggests she go abroad to Switzerland , and give up the baby there instead . The Dowager Countess learns the truth , and offers Edith money . Tom sees Rose and Jack in a tea - shop in the village : worried about the potential fallout , informs Mary . She warns Rose off , and then goes to see Jack in London ; he already decided to break off the relationship , to spare Rose future trouble and embarrassment . Alfred proposes to Ivy , but begins appreciating Daisy 's loyalty after Ivy refuses him . Daisy is confused over her feelings , but gives Alfred up , and he leaves for good . Miss Baxter befriends the lugubrious Molesley , seeking information for Thomas , but they begin to like each other . Lord Gillingham , who is ending his engagement -- but has not yet told his fiancée -- visits briefly , still pursuing Mary ; she has learned about Green 's crime and wants Gillingham to dismiss the valet , which he agrees to do . The church bazaar is held , organised by Cora ; during it , Lord Grantham arrives unexpectedly , as does Lord Gillingham , to tell Mary that Green was killed in a road accident in Piccadilly . Anna realizes that Bates had the same day off , supposedly to go to York , and he will not say what he was doing there . Christmas special No . overall Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 34 `` The London Season '' Jon East Julian Fellowes 25 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 25 ) 9.4 August 1923 : The Granthams move to their London residence for Rose 's debutante ball and presentation at court , bringing most servants . They are joined by Cora 's brother , Harold , and mother , Martha , from the United States . Lord Gillingham and Mr Blake attend , both still courting Mary , and mutually antagonistic . Tom and Thomas initially remain at Downton . Tom unexpectedly meets with Sarah Bunting , who asks for a tour of Downton Abbey . When they go to the upstairs gallery , Thomas sees them and later in London tells Lord Grantham about the incident , insinuating Tom took Sarah to a bedroom . Tom later tells Lord Grantham the truth of the matter . At a party , Rose 's indiscretion leads to card - sharp , Mr Sampson , stealing a letter from the Prince of Wales to his mistress , Freda Dudley Ward , from her handbag . Rose tells Lord Grantham , who asks the family to retrieve it and prevent scandal . He invites Sampson to a poker party , and asks Bates if he knows a forger who could fake a note from Sampson to his building 's porter granting admission to his flat . Bates forges it himself , and Mary , Rose , and Charles Blake search his flat , but can not find the letter . As the players leave , Bates picks Sampson 's coat pocket and retrieves it . Mrs Hughes finds a train ticket in Bates 's coat for York to London on the day Green died . She tells Mary , and they agree to keep quiet ; later Mary has an attack of conscience , and burns the ticket . At the ball , Gillingham surprises Mary by revealing Mr Blake is actually cousin and heir to a very wealthy baronet with a large estate , and thus the more eligible bachelor . Mary confronts Blake about this ; he replies that he wanted to win her by himself -- it will be a fair fight with Gillingham . Edith has given birth to a girl . Rosamund arranged the child 's adoption in Switzerland , but against Rosamund 's protestations , Edith reverts to her original plan and arranges the baby girl 's placement with a tenant farmer , Mr Drewe of Yew Tree Farm , keeping her parentage secret , due to the girl 's illegitimacy . It is reported that Gregson was last seen confronting political thugs in brown shirts . Harold is impressed by the food served and requests his valet Ethan find an English cook for his American household . Attracted to Daisy , Ethan offers her the job , but she declines ; Ivy volunteers instead . The Countess offers the servants a fun day out ; Carson is persuaded by Mrs Hughes to choose a day at the seaside . Thomas makes a last effort to squeeze Miss Baxter for scandal but , encouraged by Molesley 's support , she defies him . Mrs Hughes entices Carson to go wading in the surf , holding her hand for support . Series 5 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) The fifth series began airing on ITV in the United Kingdom on 21 September 2014 and on PBS in the United States on 4 January 2015 . Series 5 No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 35 `` Episode One '' Catherine Morshead Julian Fellowes 21 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 21 ) 10.71 February 1924 : Both Robert and Carson are upset by the election of a Labour government ( 22 January 1924 ) . The villagers want to build a war memorial , and ask Carson to head the committee ; he accepts , on condition that Robert is made patron . Lady Edith has had no word from Michael Gregson for several months , which upsets her further at being unable to participate in the life of her one / two - year - old illegitimate daughter Marigold , who is being raised by a tenant farmer 's family at Yew Tree Farm . Tom Branson grows closer to school - teacher Sarah Bunting , which displeases Robert , who resents her vocal liberal political views . Daisy studies mathematics to improve herself , to Carson 's disapproval . Lord Merton pursues Isobel , who is uninterested . Violet organises tea with Lord Merton and Isobel , but when she realises Isobel marrying Lord Merton would mean a shift in their social status , she also invites the widowed Lady Shackleton and Dr Clarkson in an attempt to separate Lord Merton and Isobel . During luncheon she rebukes her pompous butler , Spratt , for refusing to serve coffee to Dr Clarkson . Molesley dyes his hair to appear more attractive to Miss Baxter . When under - butler Thomas attempts to blackmail Miss Baxter , Molesley advises her to tell Lady Cora about her past ; Baxter reveals that she was sentenced for her stealing from a previous employer . When the thwarted Thomas tries to expose Baxter to Cora , she rebuffs him . Miss Bunting is invited to Robert and Cora 's 34th wedding anniversary , but causes dissent with her anti-aristocracy comments . Lady Mary agrees to have a secret affair with Lord Gillingham . Thomas rescues Lady Edith from a fire in her bedroom , restoring him to Cora 's good graces . While checking the bedrooms , Robert discovers Jimmy in bed with Lady Anstruther , who leaves before morning ; Robert instructs Carson to dismiss Jimmy , but with a good reference to avoid scandal . 36 `` Episode Two '' Catherine Morshead Julian Fellowes 28 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) 10.46 April 1924 : After Jimmy 's departure , Molesley is the only footman . Thomas reveals Miss Baxter 's crime to Molesley ; Baxter confirms everything , but withholds the reason for her theft . She had not told Cora either , leaving Cora undecided about Baxter . Suave art historian Simon Bricker ( Richard E. Grant ) arrives to view a painting . He flirts with Cora , and Robert considers him a bounder . Bricker is accompanied by Charles Blake , who concedes that Mary prefers Tony Gillingham . There is disagreement over where to place a village war memorial , but after an encounter with a local war widow and her son , Carson concedes to Lord Grantham that a cross in the village green is more appropriate than his own proposal . Mary asks Anna to procure her a birth - control device for her tryst with Gillingham . Tenant farmer Mr Drewe suggests Edith become Marigold 's patroness , allowing her to visit her daughter more often . However , Mrs Drewe , unaware of Marigold 's parentage , resents Edith 's interference . Mrs Patmore asks Miss Bunting to tutor Daisy . Violet and Isobel visit Lord Merton 's country estate , and genteelly snipe at each other . Robert opposes getting a wireless , but he rents one when King George V ( voiced by Jon Glover ) broadcasts a speech from the British Empire Exhibition ( 23 April 1924 ) so that everyone can listen . The local police sergeant arrives , and tells Carson and Mrs Hughes that inquiries must be made , as there was a witness to Green 's death in London . 37 `` Episode Three '' Catherine Morshead Julian Fellowes 5 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 05 ) 10.15 May 1924 : Sergeant Willis reveals that a witness overheard Green talking to someone on the pavement moments before his death . Green had told others he had been badly treated at Downton and disliked Bates . Willis seems satisfied after interviewing Bates , though Anna is worried . Violet 's butler Spratt spots Mary and Gillingham leaving a hotel in Liverpool ; he informs Violet , who quickly contrives an explanation about a farming conference . She later tells Mary she disapproves of her behaviour , but Mary stands up to her . Miss Baxter tells Cora that an abusive and manipulative male servant forced her to steal jewellery from her former employer ; Cora allows her to stay at Downton . Mrs Patmore is distressed that her nephew , Archie , who was shot for cowardice during the war , has been excluded from his home village war memorial . She enlists Mrs Hughes 's help to have his name included in theirs , but Carson refuses . Edith 's constant visits to see Marigold are upsetting Mrs Drewe , and Mr Drewe asks Edith to temporarily stay away . A developer wants to build fifty houses near the village , but Robert refuses to sell the land . A group of Russian aristocrats arrives for tea ; one of them , Prince Kuragin ( Rade Šerbedžija ) , knew the Dowager Countess when she was in Russia . Isobel teases Violet by implying a romantic encounter with the prince . Lord Gillingham is eager to wed Mary quickly , but she doubts he is the right man for her . 38 `` Episode Four '' Minkie Spiro Julian Fellowes 12 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 12 ) 10.25 May 1924 : Violet takes Isobel to visit the Russian aristocrats , now living in poverty . Tom and Mary push the housing development , but Robert rejects it as too big , and wants a smaller project . Rose 's father , Lord Flintshire ( Shrimpy ) announces that he and his wife are divorcing . Edith asks if he can discover what happened to Michael Gregson , who apparently got involved with Nazi thugs . Lord Merton tells Isobel he truly loves her and proposes ; taken aback , she says she needs time to consider . Thomas appears to be ill , and Miss Baxter witnesses him self - medicating . Molesley feels overworked , with Carson and Mrs Hughes teasing him about being the `` first footman '' ; he agrees to forgo the title so that the work can be parcelled out . Mary tells Lord Gillingham she will not marry him ; however , he refuses to accept her decision . Mr Bricker visits again , to Robert 's disapproval , since he dislikes the attention Bricker is paying to Cora . Miss Bunting goes too far in goading Robert with her left - wing views , and is ordered to leave the house . Sergeant Willis returns to Downton ; whilst in London with Mary , Anna was observed by an undercover officer visiting Lord Gillingham 's flat in Albany . This is explained as her delivering a letter to Gillingham from Mary . However , she then went to Piccadilly , where Green was killed , making the police suspicious . 39 5 `` Episode Five '' Minkie Spiro Julian Fellowes 19 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 19 ) 10.39 1924 : Inspector Vyner of Scotland Yard interviews Mary and Anna about Mr Green , and appears suspicious of their answers . Mrs Patmore decides to buy a cottage with her inheritance money and rent it out . Lady Rosamund accompanies Edith to see Marigold . Mrs Drewe tells her husband to forbid further contact with Edith . Violet gets the entire story from Rosamund ; they advise Edith to take the child to France . Sarah Bunting gets a new job , and moves away ; Tom remains at Downton . Bates is concerned over the matter concerning his wife and the police . He reassures her that nothing bad will ever again happen to her and vows to keep her safe . Charles Blake invites Mary to lunch , along with Tony Gillingham 's ex-fiancée , Mabel Lane Fox ; he has a cunning plan to reunite Gillingham and Mabel , leaving him free to court Mary , but Mabel flounces out . Thomas is looking increasingly ill , but still hints to Mrs Hughes and Miss Baxter that he can cause trouble for Bates with the police . With Robert away , Mr Bricker visits again and sneaks uninvited to Cora 's bedroom -- to her chagrin and protest . Robert arrives back early and discovers them . Insulted by Bricker , who says he ignores Cora , Robert hits Bricker , who leaves . Robert remains distant with Cora , believing she is also at fault . 40 6 `` Episode Six '' Philip John Julian Fellowes 26 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 26 ) 9.87 1924 : Violet visits Prince Kuragin on her own , and some of their story is revealed . Edith learns that Michael was killed during Hitler 's Beer Hall Putsch ( 8 -- 9 November 1923 ) . She inherits his publishing company and removes Marigold from the Drewes ( revealing her true relationship with Marigold to Mrs Drewe ) and goes to London . In response to an anonymous letter about Green 's death , the police return . They interview Miss Baxter , threatening to return her to prison if she is uncooperative . She admits to some suspicions about Bates and Green . Bates discovers Mary 's contraceptive device hidden in Anna 's drawer . He wrongly accuses Anna of not wanting his child because she believes him a murderer . He claims he knew about Green but did not murder him . He intended to go to London to kill Green but knew it would cause Anna more trauma . His unused train ticket would have proved he had never gone there , but Mary burned it , believing she was protecting him . Anna and Bates reconcile . Thomas becomes so ill that Baxter takes him to Dr Clarkson . Thomas admits he was attempting to `` cure '' his homosexuality ; Doctor Clarkson advises him to accept who he is . The Dowager Countess gets a feisty new lady 's maid , Denker , who falls out with pompous butler , Spratt ; Isobel enjoys the resulting spats . Cora and Robert reconcile . At a point - to - point , Mary ( who got a daringly modern bob cut earlier in York ) encounters Gillingham and his ex-fiancée , Mabel Lane Fox , and Charles Blake , whose plan to reunite Gillingham and Mabel seems to be working . After visiting Mrs Patmore 's cottage , Carson rather nervously asks Mrs Hughes if she would be interested in investing in a property with him . Robert 's dog , Isis , appears to be unwell . 41 7 `` Episode Seven '' Philip John Julian Fellowes 2 November 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 02 ) 10.77 1924 : Rose introduces her new friend Atticus Aldridge and his parents , Lord and Lady Sinderby , to the family . Isobel announces her engagement to Lord Merton ; later Violet tells Mary she is not jealous that Isobel will socially outrank her , but is sad to lose her companionship . Rosamund and Violet prepare to reveal Edith 's secret to Cora , but an upset Mrs Drewe tells her first . Cora is angry that they withheld the news of her granddaughter , and goes with Rosamund to see Edith in London . She suggests that Edith return home and pretend to adopt Marigold . Edith reluctantly agrees , as do the family . Tony Gillingham believes Mary loves him , so Charles arranges for him and Mary to kiss in public in front of Tony and Mabel , ending Gillingham 's pursuit for good . Charles is going abroad for some months , so is also out . Baxter overhears Mrs Hughes asking Mary about the train ticket , and informs Bates that she can swear it was unused . Bates is hostile to her for talking to the police -- even though she explains she was in an adverse position . Bates and Anna plan their future , and contemplate selling Bates 's mother 's house in London and buying a house or hotel nearby to let out . Daisy feels let down by the Labour government , and is no longer keen to continue studying , but Molesley and Mr Mason persuade her otherwise . Tom has written to his cousin in Boston about moving to the United States . Lord Merton 's two sons are rude and insolent to Isobel during dinner ; Larry , who had at an earlier dinner insulted Tom and drugged his drink , sneers that Isobel is a middle - class woman who can not possibly succeed in her public role as his father 's wife . His angry father orders him to leave . Atticus proposes to Rose . Robert 's beloved dog Isis is ill with cancer . He and Cora take her into their bed to comfort her in her final hours . 42 8 `` Episode Eight '' Michael Engler Julian Fellowes 9 November 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 09 ) 10.44 1924 : Everyone is in London for Rose and Atticus 's wedding , but the atmosphere is awkward ; Rose 's mother , Lady Flintshire , disapproves because Atticus is Jewish , while Atticus 's father does not approve of his son marrying outside the faith . Lady Flintshire is especially antagonistic and unpleasant to everyone , including her husband , whom she is divorcing . She attempts to sabotage the wedding with staged photographs of Atticus with a prostitute , whose advances he actually refused . On the wedding day , Lady Flintshire informs Atticus 's father of her divorce , but Atticus 's mother intervenes , warning her husband to stay silent . Inspector Vyner calls Anna to take part in an identity parade at Scotland Yard , and it is at first unclear whether she has been picked out by a witness . Denker shows a different side to her character by taking young temporary footman Andy to a gambling club where she gets free drinks in exchange for bringing novice gamblers ( expected to lose money ) . Thomas realises what has been happening and joins their next visit , winning back Andy 's money and informing the club manager that Denker gleefully enjoyed the free drinks and figured to humiliate the manager . Enraged , the manager confronts Denker and demands that she pay for all her three nights ' drinks . Tom shares with his sisters - in - law that he plans to move to Boston and become partners with his cousin . Inspector Vyner turns up unexpectedly and arrests Anna on suspicion of Green 's murder , as she was identified by the witness as having been on the pavement near Green just before the accident . The war memorial is unveiled , and Robert unveils a separate stone which he ordered that honours Mrs Patmore 's late nephew . Robert comes to the realisation that Marigold is Edith and the late Michael Gregson 's daughter . Christmas special No . overall Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 43 `` A Moorland Holiday '' Minkie Spiro Julian Fellowes 25 December 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 25 ) 7.99 September and December 1924 . Lord and Lady Sinderby invite the Granthams to the country estate they have hired for driven grouse shooting ; their snobbish butler Stowell ( Alun Armstrong ) resents serving Tom and ignores him . He is also rude to the other servants , who conspire to take revenge . When an irate Lord Sinderby insults Stowell and then Thomas at the dinner table , Thomas learns a dangerous secret from a tipsy Stowell and arranges for his lordship 's mistress and illegitimate child to arrive . Rose defuses the situation , earning her father - in - law 's gratitude and respect . The Dowager Countess reunites Prince Kuragin and his estranged wife ; she also negotiates the continuing sparring between Spratt and Denker . Carson and Mrs Hughes search for a house as an investment together , but Mrs Hughes reveals she has no money and can not retire : she must pay for her mentally disabled younger sister Becky 's care . Carson reveals he has bought a property in both their names . He then proposes marriage to Mrs Hughes , and she accepts . Isobel declines Lord Merton 's earlier marriage proposal , not wanting to come between him and his sons . A second footman is engaged : Andy , the temporary one they had in London , much to Thomas 's delight . Robert learns he has a stomach ulcer . He agrees to stop drinking , so that he will be able to drink at the family 's annual Christmas party . Robert learns from Edith that Marigold is his granddaughter and agrees to continue the charade that she has been adopted by Edith . Tom , meanwhile , guesses the truth about Marigold and agrees to keep it a secret from the oblivious Mary . To absolve Anna , Bates writes a letter confessing to having attempted to kill Mr Green , and disappears , apparently to Ireland . Molesley and Baxter take a photo of Bates to different pubs in York , and find the one where he had lunch on the day in question , proving he was not in London when Green was killed . The witness who identified Anna becomes uncertain , and she is released on bail . A big Christmas party is held for the Downton household . It also serves as a goodbye party for Tom , who has found work as a writer in America and will be taking his daughter Sybbie with him . Bates returns and enjoys a tender reunion with Anna . During a private break , Violet confesses to Isobel that she and Prince Kuragan had attempted to run away together . Series 6 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) The sixth series premiered on 20 September 2015 in the UK and on 3 January 2016 in the United States . This series was the last , the 2015 Christmas special titled `` The Finale '' . Due to increasingly popular ratings worldwide , a film is said to be in production . Series 6 No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 44 `` Episode One '' Minkie Spiro Julian Fellowes 20 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 20 ) 10.32 April 1925 . Big changes are afoot . Robert anticipates having to cut costs and reduce staff , worrying Carson . Mrs Hughes , nervous she will be embarrassed when performing her wifely duties after marrying Carson , asks Mrs Patmore to sound him out ; after much embarrassment , Carson says he expects them to have a full marriage , which reassures Mrs Hughes . The local hospital is threatened with a take - over by the larger County Hospital ; the board is split , with Violet objecting , and Isobel approving in the name of efficiency . Rita Bevan , a former chambermaid at the hotel where Mary and Lord Gillingham stayed , attempts to blackmail Mary by exposing their tryst . Mary refuses to pay , but Rita confronts Robert , who buys her off with £ 50 instead of the £ 1,000 she demanded , and gets her signed confession to prevent future blackmail . He admires Mary 's pluck , and approves of her succeeding Tom as the estate 's Agent . Sergeant Willis informs Bates and Anna that a woman has confessed to murdering Green , and the case is closed . Anna is upset at not having had a child ; twice she conceived , but miscarried both times . Edith plans to spend more time in London and be more hands - on with the magazine . The family attend an auction at a neighbouring estate which is being sold to pay off debts . Daisy unwisely confronts the new owner because her father - in - law , Mr Mason , a tenant farmer , may lose his farm . Her attempt backfires , and she angers the new owner . Although she is liable to be dismissed , Cora keeps her on . The former owner tells Robert that great estates like theirs are obsolete , and advises him to sell up too . 45 `` Episode Two '' Minkie Spiro Julian Fellowes 27 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) 10.04 April 1925 . The conflict between Violet and Isobel over the hospital continues to escalate , with Cora siding with Isobel . Mary chides Robert for offering Carson the servants ' hall for his and Mrs Hughes 's wedding reception , and offers the upstairs instead ; Mrs Hughes insists on a separate venue which better represents who they are , which leads to friction between the couple . Thomas interviews for another job , believing everyone wants him gone . Edith argues vehemently with Mr Skinner , the magazine 's publisher , whom she believes dislikes all her ideas because she is a woman . Mary takes Anna to a Harley Street doctor , who proposes minor surgery during her next pregnancy to prevent another miscarriage . Mary arranges for the estate 's pigs to be entered in the local livestock show competition , but she unwisely takes Marigold with her and little George when she goes to inspect the animals at the farm . Seeing Marigold upsets Mrs Drewe , prompting her to kidnap the girl during the show ; her husband persuades her to return Marigold , and then decides it would be best if they moved away . Robert is distressed , because of their long and loyal service , but he reluctantly agrees . 46 `` Episode Three '' Philip John Julian Fellowes 4 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) 10.04 May 1925 . Mrs Patmore tells Cora that Mrs Hughes is unhappy with having her wedding breakfast in Downton 's hall . Cora forces a meeting with the family so that Mrs Hughes can explain . Cora supports her , so Carson relents . Violet tries to get Robert to support her view on the hospital merger ; things get nasty at a Board meeting , and an annoyed Isobel is rude to Dr Clarkson . Edith and her editor continue to argue ; she dismisses him after she can no longer tolerate his insults . Fortunately , she meets an old acquaintance , Bertie Pelham , who suggests he help her and her staff finish the issue which is due the next morning . Anna is pregnant , so Mary plans to take her to the doctor in three months ' time . Thomas is interviewed by an eccentric widower , Sir Michael Reresby ( Ronald Pickup ) for a position in decrepit Dryden Park , but he declines the offer . Violet 's butler , Spratt , is behaving strangely , which Denker notices . When Sergeant Willis reveals that Spratt 's nephew has escaped from prison , Denker is certain that Spratt has helped him , and can now hold that over him . Daisy hopes that Mr Mason can take over the Drewes ' farm . She mistakenly believes that Cora has already arranged it . Mr Carson and Mrs Hughes are married in the church . During the wedding breakfast at the village school , Tom Branson and his daughter , Sybbie , unexpectedly arrive from Boston ; he announces he feels Downton is his home and wants to stay . 47 `` Episode Four '' Philip John Julian Fellowes 11 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) 10.39 May 1925 . Lady Shackleton visits , with her nephew , Henry Talbot , who races cars and is an acquaintance of Mary 's . Lady Violet wants Lady Shackleton 's support in the dispute over the hospital and explains that she opposes the merger because she resents the government 's increasing control over regional institutions rather than the locals being in charge . This helps mollify Isobel . Lady Rosamund also arrives , and Downton is visited by Mr and Mrs Harding in connection with a women 's college of which Lady Rosamund is a trustee . Anna recognizes and greets Mrs Harding as Gwen , the former Downton housemaid who left service to better herself in a new career . Thomas attempts to embarrass Gwen by mentioning in front of the family that she is a former servant . When Gwen explains that it was the late Lady Sybil who had encouraged and helped her find a job as a secretary , the family is pleased and touched by her story . Robert later chastises Thomas for his behaviour . Sergeant Willis asks Baxter to testify against the man with whom she was involved when she stole from a previous employer . She is reluctant but finally agrees after Molesley encourages her . Daisy is upset that Mr Mason is unlikely to get Yew Tree Farm , and she prepares to angrily confront Cora , believing Cora was deceitful ; the staff en masse warn her she is about to commit a terrible offence which will result in Daisy losing her job . However , Cora has already persuaded Robert and Mary to lease Mason the farm , which Daisy fortunately learns from Robert as she is about to confront Cora . Lady Mary rushes Anna to London where the doctor performs the promised surgery , saving the baby . Bates is delighted to learn that Anna is pregnant . Robert continues to experience stomach pain but dismisses it as indigestion . Mary meets Henry in London and tells him that his making a pass will not work . Mr Carson and his bride , still to be known as Mrs Hughes , return from their Scarborough honeymoon and move into a cottage . Edith announces plans to appoint a woman as editor to her magazine . 48 5 `` Episode Five '' Philip John Julian Fellowes 18 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 18 ) 10.60 May 1925 . Mrs Patmore , Daisy , and Andy help Mr Mason move into the farm ; Daisy is upset when she realises that Mr Mason and Mrs Patmore are becoming friendly . Andy offers to learn about farming , and Mason hands him several books to begin his farming education . Thomas , whom he has been avoiding , keenly notices Andy 's frustration with the books , and Andy confesses that he is illiterate . He accepts Thomas 's offer to teach him in secret . Edith hires Laura Edmunds as her editor , and Edith also becomes romantic with Bertie Pelham . Molesley accompanies Baxter to the trial , but she is not called upon to testify as Coyle accepts a plea . Carson , used to perfect meals and service in the servants ' hall , makes innocent but continual complaints about Mrs Hughes 's cooking , annoying her -- especially when he dares to ask Mrs Patmore to help his wife with her cooking skills . Passing each other walking in the village , Denker rudely confronts Dr Clarkson about opposing Lady Violet regarding the hospital . He sends a note of complaint to Violet , who quickly fires her , but Denker blackmails Spratt ( regarding his assisting a criminal nephew ) into supporting her , and Denker is allowed to remain . Violet persuades Minister of Health Neville Chamberlain to attend dinner at Downton , and she harangues everyone about the hospital . Robert suddenly vomits blood over the dinner table , collapses , and is rushed to hospital . He has a burst ulcer and survives surgery , but Mary tells Tom that the two of them must take over running the estate , as her father must not be stressed further . Mary becomes suspicious about Marigold 's birth , after hearing a puzzling remark about the child between Cora and Violet . 49 6 `` Episode Six '' Michael Engler Julian Fellowes 25 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 25 ) 10.31 Early June 1925 . Carson continues to criticise Mrs Hughes 's housekeeping practices at the cottage not being ' up to standard ' ( as in , the standards of the Abbey ) , to her increasing annoyance . He even complains about how she makes the bed , and suggests she get some cooking pointers from Mrs Patmore . The Board of the Downton Cottage Hospital decides to approve its merger with the Royal Yorkshire Hospital and invites Cora to be their new president , replacing Lady Violet to avoid similar situations in the future . Daisy continues to sabotage the growing relationship between Mrs Patmore and Mr Mason , but is too blatant , and both realise what she is doing . Mary takes Tom to London , where they meet Henry , who invites them to a motor - car race at the Brooklands circuit . Henry tells Mary he is falling in love with her . Mary and Tom open the house to the public for a day to raise funds for the hospital . Edith 's beau , Bertie , persuades Cora , Mary , and Edith to act as guides , but they are woefully ignorant about the house 's history and its contents . Violet , learning about her demotion , arrives in a frightful temper , imperiously sweeping aside the hoi polloi and berating both Cora and Robert for their perceived treachery . Carson questions Thomas about his meetings with Andy , causing him more distress and reducing him to tears of self - pity . 50 7 `` Episode Seven '' David Evans Julian Fellowes 1 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 01 ) 10.49 July 1925 . Isobel is puzzled to receive an invitation to the wedding for Lord Merton 's son , Larry and Amelia Cruikshank . Larry had once insulted Isobel by calling her a middle - class gold digger when she was briefly engaged to Lord Merton , subsequently resulting in Isobel ending their engagement . A suspicious Violet confronts Amelia and accuses her of wanting Isobel to marry Lord Merton only to care for him in his old age . The family watch Henry Talbot drive in a motor car race , but his friend , Charlie , is killed in a crash during the race . Later , after dinner , Mary receives a telephone call from Henry , who implores her to give him an answer regarding his romantic intentions ; she says he is not the right man for her . Daisy and Molesley sit for their exams ; the latter does so well that the headmaster offers him a teaching job at the school . When Andy is asked to read at a small picnic , his illiteracy is revealed and he admits that Thomas has been helping him learn , although Andy is discouraged . Mrs Hughes pretends to have injured her hand , forcing Mr Carson to do the cooking and housekeeping at the cottage . As he discovers the difficulties of cooking and coordinating household tasks , Carson is exhausted and gains a new respect for his wife 's efforts . Mrs Patmore 's B&B opens with its first guests . Bertie proposes to Edith , who mentions Marigold and asks for time to consider . Upon returning to Downton , the family is surprised to learn that Violet has departed to the south of France for a month in an effort to clear the air following the hospital conflict . As a parting goodwill gesture , she gives Robert a new dog . 51 8 `` Episode Eight '' David Evans Julian Fellowes 8 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 08 ) 11.15 August 1925 . When his cousin dies , Bertie becomes a Marquess ; Robert is delighted , as this makes him a more suitable match for Edith . However , she hesitates to tell him that little Marigold is her illegitimate daughter . When Mary spitefully reveals it at breakfast , Bertie walks out , saying he can not trust Edith anymore . After having a heated row with Mary , a dejected Edith goes to London , where she and her editor are startled to discover that the magazine 's agony aunt , believed to be a female , is in fact Spratt , the Dowager Countess 's butler . When it is revealed that the first couple to stay at Mrs Patmore 's B&B were adulterers , she finds bookings are being cancelled . To show support -- and ignoring Carson 's objection to the family getting involved -- Rosamund , Cora , and Robert go there for tea , taking a newspaper photographer to record their visit . Molesley begins teaching at the school . He encourages his students to always keep learning , whatever their future . Thomas attempts suicide by slashing his wrists , but is saved by Andy , Baxter , and Mrs Hughes . Mary is still confused over her romantic feelings for Henry ; Tom challenges her , and argues that she loves him . Henry calls again , claiming she rejected him due to his lack of money . Tom challenges Mary over her negative attitude , and also has Violet return from France to talk to Mary . Mary reveals her fear that Henry will die in a car crash like her late husband , Matthew . Violet helps her realize that she does really love him . Henry is invited back , and Mary agrees to marry him ; she visits Matthew 's grave to tell him what she is doing but that she will always love him . Luckily , Henry already has a marriage licence , so they marry quickly in the village church . Mary and Edith reconcile to an extent -- acknowledging that they will always be sisters . Christmas special No . overall Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 52 `` The Finale '' Michael Engler Julian Fellowes 25 December 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 25 ) 11.22 29 September -- 31 December 1925 : Carson fumbles serving dinner when his hands begin shaking , suffering from an unspecified hereditary disease his family called ' the palsy ' . Thomas secures a job with an elderly couple with a staff of only three , but is unhappy there . Edith offers to expand Spratt 's magazine column to a whole page ; Denker discovers Spratt 's secret , and tries to get him dismissed by revealing it to the Dowager Countess , but she finds the column jolly amusing and keeps him on . Molesley leaves service when the Headmaster offers him a teaching position , plus a cottage ; upon parting , he and Baxter finally express their mutual romantic affection . Lord Merton tells Isobel he suffers from pernicious anaemia , but still wants to marry her . Sensing his impending death , and her own loss of control , his cruel daughter - in - law , Amelia , prevents Isobel from seeing him . An indignant Violet intervenes , and he enthusiastically agrees to marry Isobel . Andy falls for Daisy , who is uninterested , but she gradually grows to like him when he spends time helping at her father - in - law 's farm . Eventually she decides to live at the farm . Robert tells Cora how proud he is after watching her preside over a hospital meeting ; they reaffirm their love for each other . Mary and Rosamund arrange for Edith to have dinner with Bertie , who proposes , and she accepts . At Brancaster Castle to announce the engagement , the Crawleys meet Bertie 's moralistic mother Miranda . Edith tells her about her having borne an illegitimate child , Marigold , winning over Mrs Pelham with her honesty . Henry and Tom go into business together selling cars , and Mary tells Henry she is pregnant with his child . Edith and Bertie are married on New Year 's Eve and leave to return to Brancaster Castle , where young Marigold is waiting with her step - grandmother . Dr Clarkson informs Lord Merton that he has only a mild form of anaemia . During the reception , Anna suddenly goes into labour and gives birth to a healthy son . Carson realizes his illness will ultimately prevent him from performing his duties , and tenders his resignation ; Robert reluctantly accepts , and suggests that Thomas return as Butler ; Carson can retire with a pension , retaining an oversight role , which pleases all three . Violet accepts that Cora has taken over her prime position within the family , and they reconcile . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ 10.245 million on ITV1 , 919,000 on ITV1 HD , and 601,000 on ITV1 + 1 . Jump up ^ 9.824 million on ITV1 , 978,000 on ITV1 HD , and 531,000 on ITV1 + 1 . Jump up ^ 9.880 million on ITV1 , 814,000 on ITV1 HD , and 606,000 on ITV1 + 1 . Jump up ^ 10.155 million on ITV1 , 945,000 on ITV1 HD , and 486,000 on ITV1 + 1 . Jump up ^ 9.867 million on ITV1 , 955,000 on ITV1 HD , and 504,000 on ITV1 + 1 . Jump up ^ 10.811 million on ITV1 , 1.086 million on ITV1 HD , and 383,000 on ITV1 + 1 . Jump up ^ 11.180 million on ITV1 , 968,000 on ITV1 HD , and 297,000 on ITV1 + 1 . Jump up ^ 10.672 million on ITV1 , 922,000 on ITV1 HD , and 513,000 on ITV1 + 1 . Jump up ^ 9.952 million on ITV1 , 1.104 m on ITV1 HD , 544,000 on ITV1 + 1 . Jump up ^ 10.606 million on ITV1 , 1.071 m on ITV1 HD , 404,000 on ITV1 + 1 . Jump up ^ 10.425 million on ITV1 , 1.097 m on ITV1 HD , 439,000 on ITV1 + 1 . Jump up ^ 10.219 million on ITV1 , 1.115 m on ITV1 HD , 495,000 on ITV1 + 1 . Jump up ^ 10.31 million on ITV1 , 1.156 m on ITV1 HD , 460,000 on ITV1 + 1 . Jump up ^ 10.478 million on ITV1 , 1.154 m on ITV1 HD , 424,000 on ITV1 + 1 . Jump up ^ 10.167 million on ITV1 , 1.210 m on ITV1 HD , 447,000 on ITV1 + 1 . Jump up ^ 10.574 million on ITV1 , 1.193 m on ITV1 HD , 385,000 on ITV1 + 1 . Jump up ^ 8.561 million on ITV1 , 1.127 m on ITV1 HD , 588,000 on ITV1 + 1 . Jump up ^ 10.124 million on ITV , 1.344 m on ITV HD , 484,000 on ITV + 1 . Jump up ^ 10.256 million on ITV , 1.295 m on ITV HD , 548,000 on ITV + 1 . Jump up ^ 9.891 million on ITV , 1.396 m on ITV HD , 576,000 on ITV + 1 . Jump up ^ 9.922 million on ITV , 1.219 m on ITV HD , 608,000 on ITV + 1 . Jump up ^ 9.659 million on ITV , 1.204 m on ITV HD , 529,000 on ITV + 1 . Jump up ^ 7.752 million on ITV , 1.201 m on ITV HD , 454,000 on ITV + 1 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey ( Masterpiece ) '' . Emmys.com . Archived from the original on 13 April 2013 . Retrieved 28 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Amy ( 29 January 2015 ) . `` Downton Abbey ' to be axed after the sixth series in 2015 with cast members already looking for jobs in the US ' '' . Metro ( British newspaper ) . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Series 1 -- 5 based on 7 - day consolidated ratings data from BARB . Christmas Special ( 2014 ) -- Christmas Special ( 2015 ) based on 28 - day consolidated ratings data from BARB . ^ Jump up to : Weekly Top 10 Programmes Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV1 w / e 25 September 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 HD w / e 25 September 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 + 1 w / e 25 September 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV1 w / e 2 October 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 HD w / e 2 October 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 + 1 w / e 2 October 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV1 w / e 9 October 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 HD w / e 9 October 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 + 1 w / e 9 October 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV1 w / e 16 October 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 HD w / e 16 October 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 + 1 w / e 16 October 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV1 w / e 23 October 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 HD w / e 23 October 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 + 1 w / e 23 October 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV1 w / e 30 October 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 HD w / e 30 October 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 + 1 w / e 30 October 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV1 w / e 06 November 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 HD w / e 06 November 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 + 1 w / e 06 November 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV1 w / e 25 December 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 HD w / e 25 December 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 + 1 w / e 25 December 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Halliday , Josh ( 3 November 2011 ) . `` Downton Abbey : ITV confirms third series '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey , Season 3 -- The Phenomenon Lives On ! '' . PBS . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV1 w / e 16 September 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 HD w / e 16 September 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 + 1 w / e 16 September 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ( 7 January 2013 ) . `` Downton Abbey Season 3 premiere draws record ratings '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . The Season 3 premiere of the World War I - era British costume epic on PBS on Sunday drew 7.9 million total viewers , its highest total yet , according to Nielsen. That figure is four times PBS ' typical nightly average and nearly twice the 4.2 million who showed up for the Season 2 premiere last January . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV1 w / e 23 September 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 HD w / e 23 September 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 + 1 w / e 23 September 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV1 w / e 30 September 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 8 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 HD w / e 30 September 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 8 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 + 1 w / e 30 September 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 8 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV1 w / e 7 October 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 HD w / e 7 October 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 + 1 w / e 7 October 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV1 w / e 14 October 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 HD w / e 14 October 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 + 1 w / e 14 October 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV1 w / e 21 October 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 HD w / e 21 October 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 + 1 w / e 21 October 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV1 w / e 28 October 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 14 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 HD w / e 28 October 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 14 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 + 1 w / e 28 October 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 14 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV1 w / e 4 November 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 14 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 HD w / e 4 November 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 14 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 + 1 w / e 4 November 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 14 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ITV Commissions a fourth series of Downton Abbey '' . ITV. 23 November 2012 . Archived from the original on 28 November 2012 . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Paul ( 22 November 2012 ) . `` Downton Abbey Christmas special 2012 plot details revealed '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 22 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey creator Julian Fellowes talks Season 4 '' . CBS News ET Online . 18 February 2013 . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV1 w / e 30 December 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 HD w / e 30 December 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 + 1 w / e 30 December 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV w / e 22 September 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 30 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV HD w / e 22 September 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 30 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV + 1 w / e 22 September 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV w / e 29 September 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV HD w / e 29 September 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV + 1 w / e 29 September 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV w / e 6 October 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV HD w / e 6 October 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV + 1 w / e 6 October 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV w / e 13 October 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV HD w / e 13 October 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV + 1 w / e 13 October 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV w / e 20 October 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 31 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV HD w / e 20 October 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 31 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV + 1 w / e 20 October 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 31 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV w / e 29 December 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 6 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV HD w / e 29 December 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 6 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV + 1 w / e 29 December 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 6 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey series 5 confirmed for 2014 after series 4 becomes biggest drama on TV this year '' . Mirror. 10 November 2013 . Retrieved 10 November 2013 . ( hide ) Downton Abbey Character list Episode list Series 1 Series 2 Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Downton_Abbey_episodes&oldid=816971009 '' Categories : Downton Abbey Lists of British period drama television series episodes Hidden categories : Use British English from February 2013 Use dmy dates from November 2015 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Español Magyar 日本 語 Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 25 December 2017 , at 03 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what is the final season of downton abbey

six

26 March 2015

Regulatory site - Wikipedia Regulatory site Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that this article be merged with Allosteric regulation . ( Discuss ) Proposed since October 2017 . This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A regulatory site ( also known as an `` allosteric site '' ) is a site on an allosteric protein to which a modulator molecule ( or allosteric regulator ) binds . This ligand - binding site on a receptor or enzyme is distinct from the active site . Allosteric modulators alter enzyme activity by binding to the regulatory site . Some allosteric regulators activate enzymes , while others inhibit them . The working hypothesis is that when allosteric regulators bind to the regulatory site , the protein undergoes conformational changes which changes the enzyme 's activity . This biochemistry article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_site&oldid=807494796 '' Categories : Protein structure Biochemistry stubs Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from October 2017 All articles to be merged Articles lacking sources from December 2009 All articles lacking sources All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 09 : 38 . About Wikipedia

which site of an enzyme is called allosteric site

regulatory site

A regulatory

Democratic - Republican party - wikipedia Democratic - Republican party Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with the Democratic or the Republican Party of the United States . `` Democratic Republican '' redirects here . For other uses , see Democratic Republican ( disambiguation ) . Democratic - Republican Party Other name Jefferson Republicans Leader Thomas Jefferson James Madison James Monroe John Quincy Adams Founded 1792 ( 1792 ) Dissolved 1825 ( 1825 ) Preceded by Anti-Administration party Succeeded by Democratic Party ( Jacksonians ) National Republican Party ( Anti-Jacksonians ) Ideology Agrarianism Anti-Federalism Jeffersonianism Republicanism Colors Red White Blue Politics of United States Political parties Elections The Democratic - Republican Party was an American political party formed by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison between 1791 and 1793 to oppose the centralizing policies of the new Federalist Party run by Alexander Hamilton , who was secretary of the treasury and chief architect of George Washington 's administration . From 1801 to 1825 , the new party controlled the presidency and Congress as well as most states during the First Party System . It began in 1791 as one faction in Congress and included many politicians who had been opposed to the new constitution . They called themselves `` Republicans '' after their ideology , republicanism . They distrusted the Federalist commitment to republicanism . The party splintered in 1824 into the Jacksonian movement ( which became the Democratic Party in 1828 ) and the short - lived National Republican Party ( later succeeded by the Whig Party ) . The term `` Democratic - Republican '' is used especially by modern political scientists for the first `` Republican Party '' ( as opposed to the modern Republican Party founded in 1854 ) . It is also known as the Jeffersonian Republicans . Historians typically use the title `` Republican Party '' . An `` Anti-Administration '' faction met secretly in the national capital ( Philadelphia ) to oppose Hamilton 's financial programs . Jefferson denounced the programs as leading to monarchy and subversive of republicanism . Jefferson needed to have a nationwide party to challenge the Federalists , which Hamilton was building up with allies in major cities . Foreign affairs took a leading role in 1794 -- 1795 as the Republicans vigorously opposed the Jay Treaty with Britain , which was then at war with France . Republicans saw France as more democratic after its revolution , while Britain represented the hated monarchy . The party denounced many of Hamilton 's measures as unconstitutional , especially the national bank . The party was strongest in the South and weakest in the Northeast . It demanded states ' rights as expressed by the `` Principles of 1798 '' articulated in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions that would allow states to nullify a federal law . Above all , the party stood for the primacy of the yeoman farmers . Republicans were deeply committed to the principles of republicanism , which they feared were threatened by the supposed monarchical tendencies of the Hamiltonian Federalists . The party came to power in 1801 with the election of Jefferson in the 1800 presidential election . The Federalists -- too elitist to appeal to most people -- faded away and totally collapsed after 1815 . Despite internal divisions , the Republicans dominated the First Party System until partisanship itself withered away during the Era of Good Feelings after 1816 . The party selected its presidential candidates in a caucus of members of Congress . They included Thomas Jefferson ( nominated 1796 ; elected 1800 -- 1801 , 1804 ) , James Madison ( 1808 , 1812 ) and James Monroe ( 1816 , 1820 ) . By 1824 , the caucus system had practically collapsed . After 1800 , the party dominated Congress and most state governments outside New England . By 1824 , the party was also split four ways and lacked a center , as the First Party System collapsed . The emergence of the Second Party System in the 1830s realigned the old factions . One remnant followed Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren into the new Democratic Party by 1828 . Another remnant led by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay formed the National Republicans in 1828 , which developed into the Whig Party by 1835 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Founding 2 Presidential elections of 1792 and 1796 3 Strength in Congress over time 4 Organizational strategy 5 Revolution of 1800 5.1 National debt 6 Monroe and Adams ( 1816 -- 1828 ) 7 Republican Party name 8 Legacy 9 Presidents 10 Electoral history 10.1 Presidential elections 10.2 Congressional elections 11 See also 12 References 13 Bibliography 13.1 Biographies 13.2 State studies 13.3 Newspapers 13.4 Primary sources 14 External links Founding ( edit ) James Madison Thomas Jefferson Congressman James Madison started the party among Representatives in Philadelphia ( then the national capital ) as the `` Republican Party '' . Then he , Jefferson and others reached out to include state and local leaders around the country , especially New York and the South . The precise date of founding is disputed , but 1791 is a reasonable estimate and some time by 1792 is certain . The new party set up newspapers that made withering critiques of Hamiltonianism , extolled the yeoman farmer , argued for strict construction of the Constitution , favored the French Revolution , strongly opposed Great Britain and called for stronger state governments than the Federalist Party was proposing . Presidential elections of 1792 and 1796 ( edit ) The elections of 1792 were the first ones to be contested on anything resembling a partisan basis . In most states the congressional elections were recognized , as Jefferson strategist John Beckley put it , as a `` struggle between the Treasury department and the republican interest '' . In New York , the candidates for governor were John Jay , a Federalist ; and incumbent George Clinton , who was allied with Jefferson and the Republicans . Four states ' electors voted for Clinton and one ( Kentucky ) for Jefferson for Vice President in opposition to incumbent John Adams as well as casting their votes for President Washington . Before 1804 , electors cast two votes together without differentiation as to which office was to be filled by which candidate . In the 1796 election , the party made its first bid for the presidency with Jefferson as its presidential candidate and Aaron Burr as its vice presidential candidate . Jefferson came in second in the electoral college ( at the time , its balloting could not distinguish between President and Vice President ) and became Vice President . He would become a consistent and strong opponent of the policies of the John Adams administration . Jefferson and Madison were deeply upset by the unconstitutionality of the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 and they secretly wrote the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions , which called on state legislatures to nullify unconstitutional laws . However , the other states did not follow suit and several rejected the notion that states could nullify federal law . The Republican critique of federalism became wrapped in the slogan of `` Principles of 1798 '' , which became the hallmark of the party . The most important of these principles were states ' rights , opposition to a strong national government , distrust of the federal courts and opposition to the navy and the national bank . The party saw itself as a champion of republicanism and denounced the Federalists as supporters of monarchy and aristocracy . The party coalesced around Jefferson , who diligently maintained extensive correspondence with like - minded Republican leaders throughout the country . Washington frequently decried the growing sense of `` party '' emerging from the internal battles among Jefferson , Madison , Hamilton , Adams and others in his administration . As warfare in Europe increased , the two factions increasingly made foreign policy the central political issue of the day . The Republicans wanted to maintain the 1778 alliance with France , which had overthrown the monarchy and aristocracy and become a republic . Even though Britain was by far United States ' leading trading partner , Republicans feared that increased trade would undermine republicanism . The Republicans distrusted Hamilton 's national bank and rejected his premise that a national debt was good for the country as Republicans said they were both forms of corruption . They strongly distrusted the elitism of Hamilton 's circle , denouncing it as `` aristocratic '' ; and they called for states ' rights lest the Federalists centralize ever more power in the national governments . The intense debate over the Jay Treaty in 1794 -- 1795 transformed those opposed to Hamilton 's policies from a loose movement into a true political party . To fight the treaty , the Jeffersonians `` established coordination in activity between leaders at the capital , and leaders , actives and popular followings in the states , counties and towns '' . However , they were defeated when Washington mobilized public opinion in favor of the treaty . Strength in Congress over time ( edit ) Historians have used statistical techniques to estimate the party breakdown in Congress . Many Congressmen were hard to classify in the first few years , but after 1796 there was less uncertainty . Federalist and Democratic - Republican strength in Congress by election year Election year House 1788 1790 1792 1794 1796 1798 1800 1802 1804 1806 Federalist 37 39 51 47 57 60 38 39 25 24 Republican 28 30 54 59 49 46 65 103 116 118 Percentage Republican 43 % 43 % 51 % 56 % 46 % 43 % 63 % 73 % 82 % 83 % Senate 1788 1790 1792 1794 1796 1798 1800 1802 1804 1806 Federalist 18 16 16 21 22 22 15 9 7 6 Republican 8 13 14 11 10 10 17 25 17 28 Percentage Republican 31 % 45 % 47 % 34 % 31 % 31 % 53 % 74 % 71 % 82 % The affiliation of many Congressmen in the earliest years is an assignment by later historians ; these were slowly coalescing groups with initially considerable independent thinking and voting . Cunningham noted that only about a quarter of the House of Representatives up until 1794 voted with Madison as much as two - thirds of the time and another quarter against him two - thirds of the time , leaving almost half as fairly independent . Albert Gallatin recalled only two caucuses on legislative policy between 1795 and 1801 , one over appropriations for Jay 's Treaty and the other over the Quasi-War , but in neither case did the party decide to vote unanimously . Organizational strategy ( edit ) The new party invented some of the campaign and organizational techniques which were later adopted by the Federalists and became standard American practice . It was especially effective in building a network of newspapers in major cities to broadcast its statements and editorialize its policies . Fisher Ames , a leading Federalist , used the term `` Jacobin '' to link members of Jefferson 's party to the radicals of the French Revolution . He blamed the newspapers for electing Jefferson and wrote they were `` an overmatch for any Government ... The Jacobins owe their triumph to the unceasing use of this engine ; not so much to skill in use of it as by repetition '' . As one historian explained : `` It was the good fortune of the Republicans to have within their ranks a number of highly gifted political manipulators and propagandists . Some of them had the ability ... to not only see and analyze the problem at hand but to present it in a succinct fashion ; in short , to fabricate the apt phrase , to coin the compelling slogan and appeal to the electorate on any given issue in language it could understand '' . Outstanding propagandists included editor William Duane ( 1760 -- 1835 ) and party leaders Albert Gallatin , Thomas Cooper and Jefferson himself . Just as important was effective party organization of the sort that John J. Beckley pioneered . In 1796 , he managed the Jefferson campaign in Pennsylvania , blanketing the state with agents who passed out 30,000 hand - written tickets , naming all 15 electors ( printed tickets were not allowed ) . Beckley told one agent : `` In a few days a select republican friend from the City will call upon you with a parcel of tickets to be distributed in your County . Any assistance and advice you can furnish him with , as to suitable districts & characters , will I am sure be rendered '' . Beckley was the first American professional campaign manager and his techniques were quickly adopted in other states . The emergence of the new organizational strategies can be seen in the politics of Connecticut around 1806 , which have been well documented by Cunningham . The Federalists dominated Connecticut , so the Republicans had to work harder to win . In 1806 , the state leadership sent town leaders instructions for the forthcoming elections . Every town manager was told by state leaders `` to appoint a district manager in each district or section of his town , obtaining from each an assurance that he will faithfully do his duty '' . Then the town manager was instructed to compile lists and total the number of taxpayers and the number of eligible voters , find out how many favored the Republicans and how many the Federalists and to count the number of supporters of each party who were not eligible to vote but who might qualify ( by age or taxes ) at the next election . These highly detailed returns were to be sent to the county manager and in turn were compiled and sent to the state manager . Using these lists of potential voters , the managers were told to get all eligible people to town meetings and help the young men qualify to vote . The state manager was responsible for supplying party newspapers to each town for distribution by town and district managers . This highly coordinated `` get - out - the - vote '' drive would be familiar to modern political campaigners , but was the first of its kind in world history . Revolution of 1800 ( edit ) Main article : United States presidential election , 1800 The party 's electors secured a majority in the 1800 election , but an equal number of electors cast votes for Jefferson and Aaron Burr . The tie sent the election to the House and Federalists there blocked any choice . Hamilton , believing that Burr would be a poor choice for president , intervened and let Jefferson win , a move that would result in the collapse of the Federalist Party and Hamilton 's death four years later at the hands of Burr himself in a pistol duel . Starting in 1800 in what Jefferson called the `` Revolution of 1800 '' , the party took control of the presidency and both houses of Congress , beginning a quarter century of control of those institutions . A faction called `` Old Republicans '' opposed the nationalism that grew popular after 1815 as they were stunned when party leaders started a Second Bank of the United States in 1816 . The first official Republican Congressional Caucus meeting took place at Marache 's boarding house on May 11 , 1800 in Philadelphia . The January 26 , 1799 letter Thomas Jefferson wrote to Elbridge Gerry became the party 's platform . In the Senate chamber on February 25 , 1804 , a `` Convention of Republican members of both houses of Congress '' met . Senator Stephen Bradley presided , a Committee on Presidential Electors was formed and it was resolved that Thomas Jefferson be nominated for President and George Clinton be nominated Vice President . The party held a convention by the same name on January 23 , 1808 , again in the Senate chamber at 6 : 00 pm on a Saturday . Senator Stephen Bradley , who was the President pro tempore of the Senate , again served as President of the convention with Representative Richard Johnson as the Secretary . A Committee on Correspondence was formed , James Madison was nominated for President and George Clinton was re-nominated for Vice President . Legislative issues were handled by the Committee of the Whole and the elected Speaker of the House of Representatives and floor leaders , who at that time were the Chairman for the Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives and Chairman for the Committee on Finance of the Senate . The state legislatures often instructed Members of Congress how to vote on specific issues . More exactly , they `` instructed '' the Senators ( who were elected by the legislatures ) and `` requested '' the Representatives ( who were elected by the people ) . On rare occasions a Senator resigned rather than follow instructions . The opposition Federalist Party quickly declined , suffering from a lack of leadership after the death of Hamilton and the retirement of John Adams . It revived briefly in opposition to the War of 1812 , but the extremism of its Hartford Convention of 1815 utterly destroyed it as a political force . National debt ( edit ) Jefferson and Albert Gallatin focused on the danger that the public debt , unless it was paid off , would be a threat to republican values . They were appalled that Hamilton was increasing the national debt and using it to solidify his Federalist base . Gallatin was the Republican Party 's chief expert on fiscal issues and as Treasury Secretary under Jefferson and Madison worked hard to lower taxes and lower the debt , while at the same time paying cash for the Louisiana Purchase and funding the War of 1812 . Burrows says of Gallatin : His own fears of personal dependency and his small shopkeeper 's sense of integrity , both reinforced by a strain of radical republican thought that originated in England a century earlier , convinced him that public debts were a nursery of multiple public evils -- corruption , legislative impotence , executive tyranny , social inequality , financial speculation , and personal indolence . Not only was it necessary to extinguish the existing debt as rapidly as possible , he argued , but Congress would have to ensure against the accumulation of future debts by more diligently supervising government expenditures . However , after examining at Jefferson 's direction the economic structures that Hamilton had created , Gallatin reported : I have found the most perfect system ever formed , and any change that should be made , would only injure it - Hamilton made no blunders , commited no frauds - he did nothing wrong . Fear of a large debt is a major legacy of the party . Andrew Jackson believed the national debt was a `` national curse '' and he took special pride in paying off the entire national debt in 1835 . Politicians ever since have used the issue of a high national debt to denounce the other party for profligacy and a threat to fiscal soundness and the nation 's future . Monroe and Adams ( 1816 -- 1828 ) ( edit ) In rapidly expanding western states , the Federalists had few supporters . Every state had a distinct political geography that shaped party membership . In Pennsylvania , the Republicans were weakest around Philadelphia and strongest in Scots - Irish settlements in the west . Members came from all social classes , but came predominantly from the poor , subsistence farmers , mechanics and tradesmen . After the War of 1812 , partisanship subsided across the young republic -- people called it the Era of Good Feelings . James Monroe narrowly won the party 's nomination for President in Congress over William Crawford in 1816 and defeated Federalist Rufus King in the general election . In the early years of the party , the key central organization grew out of caucuses of Congressional leaders in Washington . However , the key battles to choose electors occurred in the states , not in the caucus . In many cases , legislatures still chose electors ; and in others , the election of electors was heavily influenced by local parties that were heavily controlled by relatively small groups of officials . Without a significant Federalist opposition , the need for party unity was greatly diminished and the party 's organization faded away . James Monroe ran under the party 's banner in the 1820 election and built support by consensus . Monroe faced no serious rival and was nearly unanimously elected by the electoral college . The party 's historic domination by the Virginian delegation faded as New York and Pennsylvania became more important . In the 1824 election , most of the party in Congress boycotted the caucus ; only a small rump group backed William Crawford . The Crawford faction included most `` Old Republicans '' -- those who remained committed to states ' rights and the Principles of 1798 and were distrustful of the nationalizing program promoted by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun . Thomas Jefferson wrote on the state of party politics in the early 1820s : An opinion prevails that there is no longer any distinction , that the republicans & Federalists are completely amalgamated but it is not so . The amalgamation is of name only , not of principle . All indeed call themselves by the name of Republicans , because that of Federalists was extinguished in the battle of New Orleans . But the truth is that finding that monarchy is a desperate wish in this country , they rally to the point which they think next best , a consolidated government . Their aim is now therefore to break down the rights reserved by the constitution to the states as a bulwark against that consolidation , the fear of which produced the whole of the opposition to the constitution at its birth . Hence new Republicans in Congress , preaching the doctrines of the old Federalists , and the new nick - names of Ultras and Radicals . But I trust they will fail under the new , as the old name , and that the friends of the real constitution and union will prevail against consolidation , as they have done against monarchism . I scarcely know myself which is most to be deprecated , a consolidation , or dissolution of the states . The horrors of both are beyond the reach of human foresight . In the aftermath of the disputed 1824 presidential election , the separate factions took on many characteristics of parties in their own right . Adams ' supporters , in league with Clay , favored modernization , banks , industrial development and federal spending for roads and other internal improvements , which the Old Republicans and the Jackson men usually opposed . Writing in his personal journal on December 13 , 1826 , President Adams noted the difficulty he faced in attempting to be nonpartisan in appointing men to office : And it is upon the occasion of appointments to office that all the wormwood and the gall of the old party hatred ooze out . Not a vacancy to any office occurs but there is a distinguished federalist started and pushed home as a candidate to fill it -- always well qualified , sometimes in an eminent degree , and yet so obnoxious to the Republican party that he can not be appointed without exciting a vehement clamor against him and against the Administration . It becomes thus impossible to fill any appointment without offending one - half the community -- the federalists , if their associate is overlooked ; the Republicans , if he is preferred . Presidential electors were now all chosen by direct election , except in South Carolina , where the state legislatures chose them . White manhood suffrage was the norm throughout the West and in most of the East as well . The voters thus were much more powerful , and to win their votes required complex party organization . Under the leadership of Martin Van Buren , a firm believer in political organization , the Jacksonians built strong state and local organizations throughout the country . The Old Republicans , or `` Radicals '' , mostly supported Jackson and joined with supporters of incumbent Vice President Calhoun in an alliance . President Adams was defeated by Andrew Jackson in the election of 1828 . Republican party name ( edit ) Political parties were new in the United States , and people were not accustomed to having formal names for them . There was no single , official name for the party . Party members generally called themselves `` Republicans '' and voted for what they called the `` Republican party '' , `` republican ticket '' or `` republican interest '' . Jefferson and Madison often used the terms `` republican '' and `` Republican party '' in their letters . The 1804 Convention of Republican members of Congress that renominated Jefferson described itself as a `` regular republican caucus '' . The name Democratic - Republican was used by contemporaries only occasionally . The term `` republican '' was in widespread usage from the 1770s to describe the type of government the break - away colonies wanted to form : a republic of three separate branches of government derived from some principles and structure from ancient republics ; especially the emphasis on civic duty and the opposition to corruption , elitism , aristocracy and monarchy . The word is used in the United States Constitution . Legacy ( edit ) Further information : First Party System and Second Party System A split appeared in the then Republican party during the 1824 elections ( at the end of the Monroe administration ) . When the election was thrown to the House of Representatives , Henry Clay backed John Quincy Adams to deny the presidency to Andrew Jackson , a longtime political rival . Jackson defeated Adams in 1828 and in the next election the first Democratic national convention took place in Baltimore , Maryland on May 21 -- 23 , 1832 . It nominated Andrew Jackson for a second term and he went on to win the presidential election . The Adams / Clay alliance became the basis of the National Republican Party , a rival to the Jackson 's Democracy and one of the successors of the Democratic - Republican Party . This party favored a higher tariff in order to protect U.S. manufacturers , as well as public works , especially roads . Many former members of the defunct Federalist Party , including Daniel Webster , joined the party . After Clay 's defeat by Jackson in the 1832 presidential election , the National Republicans were absorbed into the Whig Party , a diverse group of Jackson opponents . Taking a leaf from the Jacksonians , the Whigs tended to nominate non-ideological war heroes as their presidential candidates . The Whig party fell apart in the 1850s over the question of whether to allow the expansion of slavery into new territories . The modern Republican Party was formed in 1854 to oppose the expansion of slavery . Many former Whig party leaders ( such as Abraham Lincoln -- modern Republican Party supporters still sometimes refer to themselves as `` the party of Lincoln '' ) and former Free Soil Party leaders joined the newly formed anti-slavery party . The party sought to combine Jefferson 's ideals of liberty and equality with Clay 's program of using an active government to modernize the economy . Presidents ( edit ) Four United States Presidents were elected following a process that selected them as a national nominee of the Democratic - Republican party . # Name Portrait State Presidency start date Presidency end date Thomas Jefferson Virginia March 4 , 1801 March 4 , 1809 James Madison Virginia March 4 , 1809 March 4 , 1817 5 James Monroe Virginia March 4 , 1817 March 4 , 1825 6 John Quincy Adams Massachusetts March 4 , 1825 March 4 , 1829 Electoral History ( edit ) Presidential elections ( edit ) Election Candidate Running mate Votes Vote % Electoral votes + / - Outcome of election 1796 Thomas Jefferson Aaron Burr 31,115 46.6 68 / 138 New Lost 1800 41,330 61.4 73 / 138 5 Victory 1804 George Clinton 104,110 72.8 162 / 176 89 Victory 1808 James Madison 124,732 64.7 122 / 176 40 Victory 1812 Elbridge Gerry 140,431 50.4 128 / 217 95 Victory DeWitt Clinton Jared Ingersoll 132,781 47.6 89 / 217 Lost 1816 James Monroe Daniel D. Tompkins 76,592 68.2 183 / 217 34 Victory 1820 87,343 80.6 231 / 232 55 Victory 1824 Andrew Jackson John C. Calhoun 151,271 41.4 99 / 261 30 Lost John Quincy Adams 113,122 30.9 84 / 261 Victory William H. Crawford Nathaniel Macon 40,856 11.2 41 / 261 Lost Henry Clay Nathan Sanford 47,531 13 37 / 261 Lost Jump up ^ In his first presidential run , Jefferson did not win the presidency , and Burr did not win the vice presidency . However , under the pre-12th Amendment election rules , Jefferson won the vice presidency due to dissension among Federalist electors . Jump up ^ In their second presidential run , Jefferson and Burr received the same number of electoral votes . Jefferson was subsequently chosen as President by the House of Representatives . Jump up ^ While commonly labeled as the Federalist candidate , Clinton technically ran as a Democratic - Republican and was not nominated by the Federalist party itself , the latter simply deciding not to field a candidate . This did not prevent endorsements from state Federalist parties ( such as in Pennsylvania ) , but he received the endorsement from the New York state Democratic - Republicans as well . Jump up ^ William H. Crawford and Albert Gallatin were nominated for president and vice-president by a group of 66 Congressmen that called itself the `` Democratic members of Congress '' . Gallatin later withdrew from the contest . Andrew Jackson , John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay ran as Republicans , although they were not nominated by any national body . While Jackson won a plurality in the electoral college and popular vote , he did not win the constitutionally required majority of electoral votes to be elected president . The contest was thrown to the House of Representatives , where Adams won with Clay 's support . The electoral college chose John C. Calhoun for vice president . Congressional elections ( edit ) United States House of Representatives Election year No. of overall seats won + / -- House Speaker 1794 59 / 105 New Jonathan Dayton 1796 49 / 106 10 1798 46 / 106 Theodore Sedgwick 1800 68 / 106 22 Nathaniel Macon 1802 103 / 142 35 1804 114 / 142 11 1806 116 / 142 Joseph Bradley Varnum 1808 94 / 142 22 1810 107 / 143 13 Henry Clay 1812 114 / 182 7 1814 119 / 183 5 1816 145 / 185 26 1818 162 / 186 15 1820 155 / 187 5 Philip Barbour 1822 189 / 213 34 Henry Clay United States Senate Election year No. of overall seats won + / -- Senate President 1794 / 1795 10 / 30 New John Adams 1796 / 1797 10 / 32 0 Thomas Jefferson 1798 / 1799 9 / 32 1800 / 1801 15 / 32 6 Aaron Burr 1802 / 1803 22 / 32 7 1804 / 1805 27 / 34 18 George Clinton 1806 / 1807 28 / 34 1808 / 1809 26 / 34 1810 / 1811 27 / 34 1812 / 1813 28 / 36 Elbridge Gerry 1814 / 1815 22 / 36 6 1816 / 1817 25 / 36 Daniel D. Tompkins 1818 / 1819 30 / 42 5 1820 / 1821 39 / 46 9 1822 / 1823 33 / 48 6 See also ( edit ) Anti-Federalism History of the United States Democratic Party Jacksonian democracy Jeffersonian democracy List of political parties in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ohio History Connection . `` Democratic - Republican Party '' . Ohio History Central . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Democratic - Republicans favored keeping the U.S. economy based on agriculture and said that the U.S. should serve as the agricultural provider for the rest of the world ( ... ) . Economically , the Democratic - Republicans wanted to remain a predominantly agricultural nation , ( ... ) . Jump up ^ `` Anti-Federalist vs. Federalist '' . Diffen . Jump up ^ Rich Rubino ( June 13 , 2013 ) . `` Democratic and Republican Ideologies Undergo Dramatic Role Reversal '' . HuffPost . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Democratic - Republican Party '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . July 20 , 1998 . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . The Republicans contended that the Federalists harboured aristocratic attitudes and that their policies placed too much power in the central government and tended to benefit the affluent at the expense of the common man . Jump up ^ `` Democratic - Republican Party '' . The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Susan Dunn ( 2004 ) . Jefferson 's Second Revolution : The Election of 1800 and the Triumph of Republicanism . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 279 . ISBN 0618131647 . Jump up ^ Paul Kleppner , et . al . The Evolution of American Electoral Systems ( 1981 ) , ch 3 Jump up ^ James Madison to Thomas Jefferson , March 2 , 1794 `` I see by a paper of last evening that even in New York a meeting of the people has taken place , at the instance of the Republican Party , and that a committee is appointed for the like purpose . '' Thomas Jefferson to President Washington , May 23 , 1792 `` The republican party , who wish to preserve the government in its present form , are fewer in number . They are fewer even when joined by the two , three , or half dozen anti-federalists ... '' Jump up ^ William Nesbit Chambers , Political Parties in a New Nation : The American Experience , 1776 -- 1809 ( 1963 ) pp 81 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Saul Cornell , The Other Founders : Anti-Federalism and the Dissenting Tradition in America , 1788 -- 1828 ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Elkins and McKitrick , The Age of Federalism p. 288 . Jump up ^ James Roger Sharp , American Politics in the Early Republic : The New Nation in Crisis ( 1993 ) . Jump up ^ Lance Banning , The Jeffersonian Persuasion : Evolution of a Party Ideology ( 1980 ) . Jump up ^ Chambers , Political Parties in a New Nation : The American Experience , 1776 -- 1809 ( 1963 ) p. 80 . Jump up ^ Source : Kenneth C. Martis , The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress , 1789 -- 1989 ( 1989 ) . The numbers are estimates . Jump up ^ Cunningham ( 1957 ) , 82 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey L. Pasley . `` The Tyranny of Printers '' : Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Cunningham ( 1957 ) , 167 . Jump up ^ Tinkcom , 271 . Jump up ^ Noble E. Cunningham , Jr. , `` John Beckley : An Early American Party Manager '' , William and Mary Quarterly , 13 ( Jan. 1956 ) , 40 -- 52 , in JSTOR Jump up ^ Cunningham ( 1963 ) , 129 . Jump up ^ Citation : Edwin G. Burrows . `` Gallatin , Albert '' in American National Biography Online ( 2000 ) Accessed Dec 03 2013 Jump up ^ Citation : Reminiscences of James A. Hamilton : Or , Men and Events , at Home and Abroad , During Three Quarters of a Century Publisher C. Scribner & Company , 1869 Original from the New York Public Library Digitized Jul 17 , 2007 Page 23 Google Books Accessed Feb 22 2018 Jump up ^ Robert V. Remini ( 2008 ) . Andrew Jackson . Macmillan . p. 180 . ISBN 9780230614703 . Jump up ^ Stuart Nagel ( 1994 ) . Encyclopedia of Policy Studies ( 2nd ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . pp. 503 -- 04 . ISBN 9780824791421 . Jump up ^ Klein , 44 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Jefferson to William Johnson , October 27 , 1822 '' . Retrieved October 2 , 2006 . See also : `` Thomas Jefferson to William Johnson , June 12 , 1823 '' . Transcript . `` Thomas Jefferson to Edward Livingston , April 4 , 1824 '' . Transcript . `` Thomas Jefferson to William Short , January 8 , 1825 '' . `` Thomas Jefferson to William B. Giles , December 26 , 1825 '' . Transcript . Jump up ^ Adams , John Quincy ( 1875 ) . Charles Francis Adams , ed . Memoirs of John Quincy Adams : Comprising Portions of His Diary ... , Volume 7 . J.B. Lippincott & Company . pp. 207 -- 08 . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ For examples of original quotes and documents from various states , see Cunningham , Noble E. , Jeffersonian Republicans : The Formation of Party Organization : 1789 -- 1801 ( 1957 ) , pp. 48 , 63 -- 66 , 97 , 99 , 103 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 144 , 151 , 153 , 156 , 157 , 161 , 163 , 188 , 196 , 201 , 204 , 213 , 218 and 234 . See also `` Address of the Republican committee of the County of Gloucester , New - Jersey '' , Gloucester County , December 15 , 1800 Jefferson used the term `` republican party '' in a letter to Washington in May 1792 to refer to those in Congress who were his allies and who supported the existing republican constitution . `` Thomas Jefferson to George Washington , May 23 , 1792 '' . Retrieved October 4 , 2006 . At a conference with Washington a year later , Jefferson referred to `` what is called the republican party here '' . Bergh , ed . Writings of Thomas Jefferson ( 1907 ) 1 : 385 , 8 : 345 Jump up ^ `` James Madison to Thomas Jefferson , March 2 , 1794 '' . Retrieved October 14 , 2006 . `` I see by a paper of last evening that even in New York a meeting of the people has taken place , at the instance of the Republican party , and that a committee is appointed for the like purpose . '' See also : Smith , 832 . `` James Madison to William Hayward , March 21 , 1809 . Address to the Republicans of Talbot Co . Maryland '' . Retrieved October 27 , 2006 . `` Thomas Jefferson to John Melish , January 13 , 1813 '' . Retrieved October 27 , 2006 . `` The party called republican is steadily for the support of the present constitution '' `` James Madison to Baltimore Republican Committee , April 22 , 1815 '' . Retrieved October 27 , 2006 . `` James Madison to William Eustis , May 22 , 1823 '' . Retrieved October 27 , 2006 . Transcript . `` The people are now able every where to compare the principles and policy of those who have borne the name of Republicans or Democrats with the career of the adverse party and to see and feel that the former are as much in harmony with the Spirit of the Nation as the latter was at variance with both . '' Jump up ^ See The Aurora General Advertiser ( Philadelphia ) , April . 30 , 1795 , p. 3 ; New Hampshire Gazette ( Portsmouth ) , October 15 , 1796 , p. 3 ; Claypoole 's American Daily Advertiser ( Philadelphia ) , October 10 , 1797 , p. 3 ; Columbian Centinel ( Boston ) , September 15 , 1798 , p. 2 ; Alexandria ( VA ) Times , October 8 , 1798 , p. 2 ; Daily Advertiser ( New York ) , September 22 , 1800 , p. 2 & November 25 , 1800 , p. 2 ; The Oracle of Dauphin ( Harrisburg ) , October 6 , 1800 , p. 3 ; Federal Gazette ( Baltimore ) , October 23 , 1800 , p. 3 ; The Spectator ( New York ) , October 25 , 1800 , p. 3 ; Poulson 's American Daily Advertiser ( Philadelphia ) , November 19 , 1800 , p. 3 ; Windham ( CT ) Herald , November 20 , 1800 , p. 2 ; City Gazette ( Charleston ) , November 22 , 1800 , p. 2 ; The American Mercury ( Hartford ) , November 27 , 1800 , p. 3 ; and Constitutional Telegraphe ( Boston ) , November 29 , 1800 , p. 3 . After 1802 , some local organizations slowly began merging `` Democratic '' into their own name and became known as the `` Democratic Republicans '' . Examples include 1802 , 1803 , 1804 , 1804 , 1805 , 1806 , 1807 , 1808 , 1809 . Jump up ^ Banning , 79 -- 90 . Jump up ^ `` The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government '' ( Constitution of the United States , Art . 4 . Sect. 4 . ) Jump up ^ `` The Origin of the Republican Party , A.F. Gilman , Ripon College , 1914 '' . Content.wisconsinhistory.org . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gould , 14 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-Caucus / Caucus '' . Washington Republican . February 6 , 1824 . Bibliography ( edit ) Adams , Henry , History of the United States during the Administrations of Thomas Jefferson ( 1889 ; Library of America ed. 1987 ) Adams , Henry , History of the United States during the Administrations of James Madison ( 1891 ; Library of America ed. 1986 ) Banning , Lance . The Jeffersonian Persuasion : Evolution of a Party Ideology ( 1980 ) Beard , Charles A. Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy ( 1915 ) Brown , Stuart Gerry . The First Republicans : Political Philosophy and Public Policy in the Party of Jefferson and Madison 1954 . Chambers , Wiliam Nisbet . Political Parties in a New Nation : The American Experience , 1776 -- 1809 ( 1963 ) Cornell , Saul . The Other Founders : Anti-Federalism and the Dissenting Tradition in America , 1788 -- 1828 ( 1999 ) ( ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2503 - 4 ) Cunningham , Noble E. , Jr . Jeffersonian Republicans : The formation of Party Organization : 1789 -- 1801 ( 1957 ) Cunningham , Noble E. , Jr . The Jeffersonian Republicans in Power : Party Operations 1801 -- 1809 ( 1963 ) Cunningham , Noble E. , Jr . The Process of Government Under Jefferson ( 1978 Dawson , Matthew Q. Partisanship and the Birth of America 's Second Party , 1796 -- 1800 : Stop the Wheels of Government . Greenwood , 2000 . Elkins , Stanley M. and Eric McKitrick . The Age of Federalism ( 1995 ) , detailed political history of 1790s Ferling , John . Adams Vs. Jefferson : The Tumultuous Election of 1800 ( 2004 ) ( ISBN 0 - 19 - 516771 - 6 ) Gammon , Samuel Rhea . The Presidential Campaign of 1832 ( 1922 ) Gould , Lewis . Grand Old Party : A History of the Republicans ( 2003 ) ( ISBN 0 - 375 - 50741 - 8 ) concerns the party founded in 1854 Onuf , Peter S. , ed . Jeffersonian Legacies. ( 1993 ) ( ISBN 0 - 8139 - 1462 - 0 ) Pasley , Jeffrey L. et al. eds . Beyond the Founders : New Approaches to the Political History of the Early American Republic ( 2004 ) Ray , Kristofer . `` The Republicans Are the Nation ? Thomas Jefferson , William Duane , and the Evolution of the Republican Coalition , 1809 -- 1815 . '' American Nineteenth Century History 14.3 ( 2013 ) : 283 -- 304 . Risjord , Norman K. ; The Old Republicans : Southern Conservatism in the Age of Jefferson ( 1965 ) on the Randolph faction . Sharp , James Roger . American Politics in the Early Republic : The New Nation in Crisis ( 1993 ) detailed narrative of 1790s Smelser , Marshall . The Democratic Republic 1801 -- 1815 ( 1968 ) , survey of political history Van Buren , Martin . Van Buren , Abraham , Van Buren , John , ed . Inquiry Into the Origin and Course of Political Parties in the United States ( 1867 ) ( ISBN 1 - 4181 - 2924 - 0 ) Wiltse , Charles Maurice . The Jeffersonian Tradition in American Democracy ( 1935 ) Wilentz , Sean . The Rise of American Democracy : Jefferson to Lincoln ( 2005 ) , detailed narrative history , 1800 -- 1860 Wills , Garry . Henry Adams and the Making of America ( 2005 ) , a close reading of Henry Adams ( 1889 -- 91 ) Biographies ( edit ) Cunningham , Noble E. In Pursuit of Reason The Life of Thomas Jefferson ( ISBN 0 - 345 - 35380 - 3 ) ( 1987 ) Cunningham , Noble E. , Jr . `` John Beckley : An Early American Party Manager '' , William and Mary Quarterly , 13 ( Jan. 1956 ) , 40 -- 52 , in JSTOR Miller , John C. Alexander Hamilton : Portrait in Paradox ( 1959 ) , full - scale biography Peterson ; Merrill D. Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation : A Biography ( 1975 ) , full - scale biography Remini , Robert . Henry Clay : Statesman for the Union ( 1991 ) , a standard biography Rutland , Robert A. , ed . James Madison and the American Nation , 1751 -- 1836 : An Encyclopedia . ( 1994 ) Schachner , Nathan . Aaron Burr : A Biography ( 1961 ) , full - scale biography Wiltse , Charles Maurice . John C. Calhoun , Nationalist , 1782 -- 1828 ( 1944 ) State Studies ( edit ) Beeman , Richard R . The Old Dominion and the New Nation , 1788 -- 1801 ( 1972 ) , on Virginia politics Formisano , Ronald P . The Transformation of Political Culture . Massachusetts Parties , 1790s -- 1840s ( 1984 ) ( ISBN 0 - 19 - 503509 - 7 ) Gilpatrick , Delbert Harold . Jeffersonian Democracy in North Carolina , 1789 -- 1816 ( 1931 ) Goodman , Paul . The Democratic - Republicans of Massachusetts ( 1964 ) Klein , Philip Shriver . Pennsylvania Politics , 1817 -- 1832 : A Game without Rules 1940 . Prince , Carl E. New Jersey 's Jeffersonian Republicans : The Genesis of an Early Party Machine , 1789 -- 1817 ( 1967 ) Risjord ; Norman K. Chesapeake Politics , 1781 -- 1800 ( 1978 ) on Virginia and Maryland Tinkcom , Harry M. The Republicans and Federalists in Pennsylvania , 1790 -- 1801 ( 1950 ) Young , Alfred F. The Democratic Republicans of New York : The Origins , 1763 -- 1797 ( 1967 ) Newspapers ( edit ) Humphrey , Carol Sue The Press of the Young Republic , 1783 -- 1833 ( 1996 ) Knudson , Jerry W. Jefferson And the Press : Crucible of Liberty ( 2006 ) how 4 Republican and 4 Federalist papers covered election of 1800 ; Thomas Paine ; Louisiana Purchase ; Hamilton - Burr duel ; impeachment of Chase ; and the embargo Jeffrey L. Pasley . `` The Tyranny of Printers '' : Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic ( 2003 ) ( ISBN 0 - 8139 - 2177 - 5 ) Stewart , Donald H. The Opposition Press of the Federalist Era ( 1968 ) , highly detailed study of Republican newspapers National Intell & Washington Advertister . January 16 , 1801 . Issue XXXIII COl . B The complete text , searchable , of all early American newspapers are online at Readex America 's Historical Newspapers , available at research libraries . Primary sources ( edit ) Adams , John Quincy . Memoirs of John Quincy Adams : Comprising Portions of His Diary from 1795 to 1848 Volume VII ( 1875 ) edited by Charles Francis Adams ; ( ISBN 0 - 8369 - 5021 - 6 ) . Adams , son of the Federalist president , switched and became a Republican in 1808 Cunningham , Noble E. , Jr. , ed . The Making of the American Party System 1789 to 1809 ( 1965 ) excerpts from primary sources Cunningham , Noble E. , Jr. , ed . Circular Letters of Congressmen to Their Constituents 1789 -- 1829 ( 1978 ) , 3 vol ; reprints the political newsletters sent out by congressmen Kirk , Russell ed . John Randolph of Roanoke : A study in American politics , with selected speeches and letters , 4th ed. , Liberty Fund , 1997 , 588 pp. ISBN 0 - 86597 - 150 - 1 ; Randolph was a leader of the `` Old Republican '' faction Smith , James Morton , ed . 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what caused the breakup of the democratic republican party

the disputed 1824 presidential election

The party splintered in 1824 into the Jacksonian movement

You 'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine - wikipedia You 'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine Jump to : navigation , search `` You 'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine '' Single by Lou Rawls from the album All Things in Time B - side `` Let 's Fall in Love All Over Again '' Released May 1976 Format 7 '' Genre R&B , jazz , disco Length 4 : 26 ( album version ) 3 : 36 ( single edit ) Label Philadelphia International Records Songwriter ( s ) Kenny Gamble Leon Huff Producer ( s ) Kenny Gamble Leon Huff Lou Rawls singles chronology `` A Natural Man '' ( 1971 ) `` You 'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine '' ( 1976 ) `` Groovy People '' ( 1976 ) `` A Natural Man '' ( 1971 ) `` You 'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine '' ( 1976 ) `` Groovy People '' ( 1976 ) `` You 'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine '' ( written by Kenny Gamble & Leon Huff ) is a song performed by R&B singer Lou Rawls on his 1976 album All Things in Time . The song proved to be Rawls ' breakthrough hit , reaching number one on both the R&B and Easy Listening charts as well as number four on the dance chart and number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 , where it was kept from the top spot for two weeks by `` You Should Be Dancing '' by The Bee Gees and `` ( Shake , Shake , Shake ) Shake Your Booty '' by KC and the Sunshine Band , respectively . This was the first and only time that one of Rawls ' records managed to reach Billboard 's pop top ten . It was the first big hit for Philadelphia International to feature the reformulated MFSB , after many of the original members left Gamble and Huff for better opportunities . The song started Rawls ' live shows from 1977 on . The single went on to sell over a million copies and was certified gold by the RIAA . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Later uses 3 Cover versions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 -- 77 ) Peak position Australia KMR 22 Canada RPM Top Singles UK 10 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks US Billboard Hot Black Singles Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Rank Canada 38 US Billboard Hot 100 32 Chart ( 1977 ) Rank Australia 97 Later uses ( edit ) It can also be heard in the films The Hot Chick ( 2002 ) , Guess Who ( 2005 ) , Disturbia ( 2007 ) , Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( 2009 ) , Hit and Run ( 2012 ) , Veronica Mars ( 2014 ) , and on the TV sitcoms My Wife and Kids ( 2001 -- 2005 ) , in which Lou Rawls himself sings it to Damon Wayans during a colonoscopy , That ' 70s Show ( 1998 -- 2006 ) , South Park ( 1997 -- ) , Two and a Half Men ( 2003 -- 2015 ) , and Psych ( 2006 -- 2014 ) . The song could also be heard in an episode of The Proud Family , where Lou Rawls sings and dances with Penny Proud . In addition , it was performed by the singer in doll form in an Action League Now ! segment on KaBlam ! . The song `` If You Could Love Me '' by Edwyn Collins uses many of the same chords , and has a similar sound . Rocco DiSpirito and Karina Smirnoff also danced the rumba to this song in week 2 of season 7 of Dancing with the Stars . Cover versions ( edit ) `` You 'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine '' has been covered by singers Michael Bublé , Laura Pausini , reggae singer John Holt and by the Dub Pistols ( who use a sample of John Holt 's version ) on their Speakers and Tweeters album . Jazz saxophonist Stanley Turrentine covered the song on his 1976 album The Man with the Sad Face . as did Hank Crawford on Hank Crawford 's Back . This song was also featured on The Proud Family Soundtrack . See also ( edit ) List of number - one R&B singles of 1976 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1976 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 483 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Hot Dance / Disco : 1974 - 2003 . Record Research . p. 213 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 '' . 1976 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 '' . 1976 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Hits Just Keep On Comin ' : You 'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine '' . Hitsjustkeeponcomin.blogspot.com. 2005 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 200 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 26 , No. 14 & 15 , January 08 1977 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1976 / Top 100 Songs of 1976 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Michael . The Man with the Sad Face -- Review at AllMusic . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Lou Rawls Albums Stormy Monday All Things in Time Unmistakably Lou When You Hear Lou , You 've Heard It All Let Me Be Good to You Sit Down and Talk to Me Singles `` Love Is a Hurtin ' Thing '' `` Your Good Thing ( Is About to End ) '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' `` You 'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine '' `` Lady Love '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27ll_Never_Find_Another_Love_Like_Mine&oldid=803225603 '' Categories : 1976 singles 1976 songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Lou Rawls songs Philadelphia International Records singles Songs written by Kenny Gamble Songs written by Leon Huff Songs from animated films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 07 : 04 . 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who sings the song you'll never find another love like mine

Lou Rawls

Lou Rawls

My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman - wikipedia My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman Jump to : navigation , search My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman Genre Talk show Directed by Michael Bonfiglio Presented by David Letterman Composer ( s ) Paul Shaffer Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 4 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Justin Wilkes Dave Sirulnick Jon Kamen Tom Keany Producer ( s ) Mary Barclay Cinematography Declan Quinn Editor ( s ) Jesse Gordon Edward A. Bishop Paul Little Running time 50 -- 56 minutes Production company ( s ) RadicalMedia Worldwide Pants Inc . Release Original network Netflix Original release January 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) -- present External links Official website My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman is an American web television talk show hosted by David Letterman . The series consists of interviews with one guest per episode both inside and outside a studio setting . The first season will consist of six episodes and will include interviews with Barack Obama , George Clooney , Malala Yousafzai , Jay - Z , Tina Fey , and Howard Stern . Obama was the first guest on the show , with the first episode released on Netflix on January 12 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Development 1.2 Music 2 Episodes 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On August 8 , 2017 , it was announced that Netflix had ordered a six - episode interview series starring David Letterman . Each hour - long episode will feature Letterman conducting a longform conversation with a single guest and in - the - field segments , in which he will explore topics on his own . On January 5 , 2018 , Netflix released further information about the series . It was announced that Letterman 's guests in the first season would include Barack Obama , George Clooney , Malala Yousafzai , Jay - Z , Tina Fey , and Howard Stern . It was also announced that the series would premiere on January 12 , 2018 with Letterman 's interview with Obama . This interview was Obama 's first since leaving office . Music ( edit ) The show 's theme song and bridging music were written and recorded by Letterman 's long - time bandleader , Paul Shaffer . Soon after it was announced publicly that Netflix had given the series an order , Shaffer received a phone call from Letterman asking him to work on the show . Soon after , Shaffer began to receive cuts of episodes from the first season and he started to put music in afterwards where the director thought it was needed . In developing the sound of the show 's music , Shaffer initially looked to Letterman for guidance . Finding none , he remembered he and Letterman 's shared love for the sort of music produced at the Muscle Shoals Sound Studio in Sheffield , Alabama describing it as `` the honesty you hear , the southern soul feeling . '' The score initially included drums but the show 's producers and director thought that the music should `` feel like it 's Dave 's old friend Paul playing . '' so it was ultimately stripped down to solely include piano , organ , and bass guitar . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Featured guest Original release date `` It 's a Whole New Ball Game Now '' Barack Obama January 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) Cold open : Letterman interviewing Obama on Late Show with David Letterman . On - location segment : Walking with Congressman John Lewis across the Edmund Pettus Bridge , site of the civil rights movement 's Bloody Sunday in 1965 . `` You Be the Newsman , I 'll Be Liz Taylor '' George Clooney February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) Cold open : Letterman and Clooney outside of LAX watching planes land and eating fast food . On - location segment : At the home of Nick Clooney meeting Iraqi refugee Hazim Avdal whom the Clooney family is sponsoring . `` You Know , She Has a Nobel Peace Prize '' Malala Yousafzai March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) Cold open : Letterman accompanies Yousafzai as she leads a tour group at Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford . On - location segment : Yousafzai continues to lead the tour group as Letterman tags along , the pair browse in the University of Oxford shop , and Letterman eats lunch with Yousafzai 's father . `` I Had a Paper Route Too '' Jay - Z April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) Cold open : None On - location segment : Letterman visits Shangri La Studio , speaks with music producer Rick Rubin and listens to Madison Ryann Ward recording . 5 `` TBA '' Tina Fey May 4 , 2018 6 `` TBA '' Howard Stern May 31 , 2018 Reception ( edit ) The first season of My Next Guest Needs No Introduction has been met with a positive response from critics . On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the first season holds a 80 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.4 out of 10 based on 25 reviews . Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the season a score of 70 out of 100 based on 13 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` David Letterman Returns To Television With Netflix Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` David Letterman makes his return to television on Netflix '' ( Press release ) . Hollywood , CA : Netflix . August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` David Letterman 's Netflix Show To Bow January 12 With Barack Obama As First Guest '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Hilary ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` David Letterman 's Netflix Talk Show Sets Barack Obama as First Guest '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Letterman sits down with Obama , but both men seem rusty and off their game '' . Washington Post . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Leight , Elias ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Paul Shaffer on Writing Letterman 's Netflix Theme Song & the Value of Humor in Pop '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carr , Mary Kate ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` What 's on Netflix in May : The best shows and movies to watch this month '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Nick ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's What 's Coming And Going From Netflix In May 2018 '' . Lifehacker . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` My Next Guest Needs No Introduction With David Letterman : Season 1 - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` My Next Guest Needs No Introduction With David Letterman : Season 1 - Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . 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The Flight of the Phoenix ( 1965 film ) - wikipedia The Flight of the Phoenix ( 1965 film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article 's further reading may not follow Wikipedia 's content policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing less relevant or redundant publications with the same point of view ; or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Flight of the Phoenix 1965 theatrical release poster Directed by Robert Aldrich Produced by Robert Aldrich Written by Lukas Heller Based on The Flight of the Phoenix by Elleston Trevor Starring James Stewart Richard Attenborough Hardy Krüger Peter Finch Ernest Borgnine Ian Bannen Music by Frank De Vol Cinematography Joseph Biroc Edited by Michael Luciano Production company The Associates and Aldrich Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 15 , 1965 ( 1965 - 12 - 15 ) Running time 142 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $5,355,000 or $3.8 million Box office $3 million ( US / Canada rentals ) 311,136 admissions ( France ) The Flight of the Phoenix is a 1965 American drama film starring James Stewart , produced and directed by Robert Aldrich , and based on the 1964 novel The Flight of the Phoenix by Elleston Trevor . The story describes a small group of men struggling to survive their aircraft 's emergency landing in the Sahara Desert , and stars Richard Attenborough , Peter Finch , Hardy Krüger and Ernest Borgnine . The ensemble cast includes Ian Bannen , Ronald Fraser , Christian Marquand , Dan Duryea and George Kennedy as other passengers on the aircraft . Though the film was a failure at the box office , it has since gained a large following . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Locations 3.2 Aircraft used 4 Reception 5 Awards 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Frank Towns ( James Stewart ) is the pilot of a twin - engine Fairchild C - 82 Packet cargo plane flying from Jaghbub to Benghazi in Libya ; Lew Moran ( Richard Attenborough ) is the navigator . The passengers include Capt . Harris ( Peter Finch ) and Sgt . Watson ( Ronald Fraser ) of the British Army ; Dr. Renaud ( Christian Marquand ) , a physician ; Heinrich Dorfmann ( Hardy Krüger ) , a German aeronautical engineer ; and an oil company accountant named Standish ( Dan Duryea ) . There are also several oil workers , including Trucker Cobb ( Ernest Borgnine ) , a mentally - disturbed foreman ; Ratbags Crow ( Ian Bannen ) , a mean - spirited , sardonic Scot ; Carlos ( Alex Montoya ) and his pet monkey ; and Gabriel ( Gabriele Tinti ) . A sudden sandstorm disables the engines , forcing Towns to crash - land in the desert . As the aircraft careens to a stop , several oil drums and oil drilling tools break loose and severely injure Gabriel 's leg . Two other workers are killed . The radio is unusable , but the survivors are too far off - course to be found and rescued . They have a large quantity of dates for food , but their water will last for only ten to fifteen days even if they avoid physical exertion . Harris and Carlos attempt to walk to an oasis . Carlos leaves his monkey behind with the men . Harris and Towns refuse to let Cobb go along , but Cobb defiantly follows and dies . Days later , Harris returns to the crash site alone and barely alive . Meanwhile , Dorfmann has been working on a radical idea : He believes they can build a new aircraft from the wreckage . The C - 82 has twin booms extending rearwards from each engine and connected by the horizontal stabilizer . Dorfmann 's plan is to attach the outer sections of the both wings to the left engine and left boom , discarding the center fuselage and both inner wing sections of the aircraft . The passengers will ride on top of the wings . Harris and Moran believe he is either joking or delusional . The argument is complicated by a personality clash between Towns , a proud old traditionalist aviator , and Dorfmann , an equally proud young technician . Moran struggles to keep the peace . Although Towns is resistant , Renaud points out that activity and any hope will keep the men 's morale up , and so Towns agrees with the plan . Dorfmann supervises the reconstruction , while Towns remains doubtful . During the work , Gabriel commits suicide by slitting his wrist , making the men so depressed that they contemplate giving up the new plane 's construction . Dorfmann is caught exceeding his water ration , but explains that he alone has been working continuously , and promises to not do it again while demanding they all work equally hard . Moran talks Towns into resuming work on the aircraft . When the new aircraft is almost complete , Standish labels it `` The Phoenix '' after the mythical bird that is reborn from its ashes . Any good mood , however , is quashed after a band of natives comes nearby . While the others ( and the aircraft ) remain hidden , Harris and Renaud go to ask them for help -- and are murdered . Additionally , Towns and Moran learn that Dorfmann designs model airplanes rather than full - sized ones . Dorfmann claims that the principles are exactly the same , and that in many aspects models require much more exacting designs and can be less forgiving than full - size aircraft , but Towns and Moran are horrified at the idea of flying a plane made by a man who works with `` toys '' . Without any other choice , however , they decide to forge ahead with the plan . Just as the water supplies are exhausted , the Phoenix is completed . Only seven starter cartridges are available for the engine , and the first four startup attempts are unsuccessful . Towns decides to fire the fifth cartridge with the ignition off , to clear the engine 's cylinders , which he does over Dorfmann 's strenuous objection . The next startup is successful . The men pull the Phoenix to a nearby hilltop and climb onto the wings . When Towns guns the engine , the Phoenix slides down the hill and along a lake bed before taking off . After landing at an oasis with a manned oil rig , the men celebrate and Towns and Dorfmann are reconciled . Cast ( edit ) James Stewart as Capt . Frank Towns Richard Attenborough as Lew Moran Hardy Krüger as Heinrich Dorfmann Peter Finch as Capt . Harris Ernest Borgnine as Trucker Cobb Ian Bannen as `` Ratbags '' Crow Ronald Fraser as Sgt . Watson Christian Marquand as Dr. Renaud Dan Duryea as Standish George Kennedy as Mike Bellamy Gabriele Tinti as Gabriel Alex Montoya as Carlos Peter Bravos as Tasso William Aldrich as Bill Barrie Chase as Farida Stanley Ralph Ross as Arab singer ( voice ; uncredited ) Production ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Locations ( edit ) Principal photography started April 26 , 1965 , at the 20th Century - Fox Studios and 20th Century - Fox Ranch , California . Other filming locations , simulating the desert , were Buttercup Valley , Arizona and Pilot Knob Mesa , California . The flying sequences were all filmed at Pilot Knob Mesa near Winterhaven , located in California 's Imperial Valley , on the western fringes of Yuma , Arizona . Aircraft used ( edit ) The Phoenix `` static '' model as seen in the film In 2005 , Hollywood aviation historian Simon Beck identified the aircraft used in the film : Fairchild C - 82A Packet , N6887C -- flying shots . Fairchild C - 82A Packet , N4833V -- outdoor location wreck . Fairchild C - 82A Packet , N53228 -- indoor studio wreck . Fairchild R4Q - 1 Flying Boxcar ( the USMC C - 119C variant ) , BuNo. 126580 -- non-flying Phoenix prop . Tallmantz Phoenix P - 1 , N93082 -- flying Phoenix aircraft . North American O - 47 A , N4725V -- second flying Phoenix . The C - 82As were from Steward - Davies Inc. at Long Beach , California , while the O - 47A came from the Planes of Fame air museum in California . The R4Q - 1 was purchased from Allied Aircraft of Phoenix , Arizona . The aerial camera platform was a B - 25J Mitchell , N1042B , which was also used in the 1970 film Catch - 22 . The flying sequences were flown by Paul Mantz , co-owner of the Tallmantz Aviation , filling in for his partner Frank Tallman , who had injured his leg . A famous racing / stunt / movie pilot and collector of warplanes , Paul Mantz was flying the Tallmantz Phoenix P - 1 , the machine that was `` made of the wreckage '' , in front of the cameras on the morning of July 8 , 1965 . He was performing touch - and - go landings , and on one touchdown the fuselage buckled . The movie model broke apart and cartwheeled , killing Mantz and seriously injuring stuntman Bobby Rose on board . Although principal photography was completed on August 13 , 1965 , in order to complete filming , a North American O - 47 A ( N4725V ) from the Planes of Fame Air Museum in Chino , California was modified and used as a flying Phoenix stand - in . With the canopy removed , a set of skids attached to the main landing gear as well as ventral fin added to the tail , it sufficed as more - or-less a visual lookalike . Filming using the O - 47A was completed in October / November 1965 . It appears in the last flying scenes , painted to look like the earlier Phoenix P - 1 . The final production utilized a mix of footage that included the O - 47A , the `` cobbled - together '' Phoenix and Phoenix P - 1 . The final credit on the screen was , `` It should be remembered ... that Paul Mantz , a fine man and a brilliant flyer gave his life in the making of this film ... '' Reception ( edit ) The film opened in selected theaters on December 15 , 1965 , with a full release in 1966 . Bosley Crowther of the New York Times dismissed it as `` grim and implausible '' , while Variety praised the film as an `` often - fascinating and superlative piece of filmmaking highlighted by standout performances and touches that show producer - director at his best . '' Awards ( edit ) The Flight of the Phoenix was nominated for two Academy Awards : Ian Bannen for Supporting Actor and Michael Luciano for Film Editing . See also ( edit ) Flight of the Phoenix ( 2004 film ) , a re-make of this film Lady Be Good ( aircraft ) List of American films of 1965 List of film accidents Survival film , about the film genre , with a list of related films Tragedy at Kufra References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Aubrey ( 2002 ) . Twentieth Century Fox : A Corporate and Financial History ( 1st ed . ) . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow . ISBN 9780810842441 . Jump up ^ Silver , Alain ; Ursini , James ( 1995 ) . Whatever Happened to Robert Aldrich ? : His Life and Films ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Limelight Ed . p. 267 . ISBN 9780879101855 . Jump up ^ `` Box office Robert ALDRICH '' . Box Office Story . 2013 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Flight of the Phoenix '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Final Flight - ' Phoenix ' '' . Check-six.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley ( 1966 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Movie Review -- Screen : From the Ashes : ' Flight of the Phoenix ' on View at 2 Theaters '' . The New York Times ( nytimes.com ) . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Variety staff ( 1964 ) . Flight of the Phoenix , film review , Variety , December 31 , 1964 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . `` The 38th Academy Awards , 1966 '' , honoring the films of 1965 ; awards presented at Santa Monica Civic Auditorium , Santa Monica , California , April 18 , 1966 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Further reading ( edit ) Cox , Stephen . It 's a Wonderful Life : A Memory Book . Nashville , Tennessee : Cumberland House , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 58182 - 337 - 1 . Eliot , Mark . Jimmy Stewart : A Biography . New York : Random House , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 5221 - 1 . Hardwick , Jack and Ed Schnepf . `` A Viewer 's Guide to Aviation Movies . '' The Making of the Great Aviation Films . General Aviation Series , Volume 2 , 1989 . Jones , Ken D. , Arthur F. McClure and Alfred E. Twomey . The Films of James Stewart . New York : Castle Books , 1970 . Munn , Michael . Jimmy Stewart : The Truth Behind The Legend . Fort Lee , New Jersey : Barricade Books Inc. , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 56980 - 310 - 2 . Pickard , Roy . Jimmy Stewart : A Life in Film . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 08828 - 0 . Robbins , Jhan . Everybody 's Man : A Biography of Jimmy Stewart . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 399 - 12973 - 1 . Thomas , Tony . A Wonderful Life : The Films and Career of James Stewart . Secaucus , New Jersey : Citadel Press , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 1081 - 1 . External links ( edit ) The Flight of the Phoenix ( 1965 ) on IMDb The Flight of the Phoenix at Rotten Tomatoes The Flight of the Phoenix at AllMovie The Jimmy Stewart Museum Home Page The Flight of the Phoenix at the TCM Movie Database The Flight of the Phoenix at the American Film Institute Catalog ( hide ) Films directed by Robert Aldrich Big Leaguer ( 1953 ) World for Ransom ( 1954 ) Apache ( 1954 ) Vera Cruz ( 1954 ) Kiss Me Deadly ( 1955 ) The Big Knife ( 1955 ) Autumn Leaves ( 1956 ) Attack ( 1956 ) Ten Seconds to Hell ( 1959 ) The Angry Hills ( 1959 ) The Last Sunset ( 1961 ) Sodom and Gomorrah ( 1962 ) What Ever Happened to Baby Jane ? ( 1962 ) 4 for Texas ( 1963 ) Hush ... Hush , Sweet Charlotte ( 1964 ) The Flight of the Phoenix ( 1965 ) The Dirty Dozen ( 1967 ) The Legend of Lylah Clare ( 1968 ) The Killing of Sister George ( 1968 ) Too Late the Hero ( 1970 ) The Grissom Gang ( 1971 ) Ulzana 's Raid ( 1972 ) Emperor of the North Pole ( 1973 ) The Longest Yard ( 1974 ) Hustle ( 1975 ) Twilight 's Last Gleaming ( 1977 ) The Choirboys ( 1977 ) The Frisco Kid ( 1979 ) ... All the Marbles ( 1981 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Flight_of_the_Phoenix_(1965_film)&oldid=832173551 '' Categories : English - language films 20th Century Fox films 1965 films 1960s disaster films 1960s drama films American adventure drama films American aviation films American disaster films American films Films scored by Frank De Vol Films about aviation accidents or incidents Films based on British novels Films directed by Robert Aldrich Films set in deserts Films set in Libya Films set on airplanes Films shot in Arizona Films shot in California American survival films Hidden categories : Wikipedia spam cleanup from January 2017 Wikipedia further reading cleanup Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 08 : 30 . 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where was the original flight of the phoenix filmed

20th Century-Fox Studios

1965

Uncle Tom 's Cabin - wikipedia Uncle Tom 's Cabin Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the mid-19th century novel . For other uses , see Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( disambiguation ) . Uncle Tom 's Cabin Uncle Tom 's Cabin , Boston edition Author Harriet Beecher Stowe Original title Uncle Tom 's Cabin ; or , Life Among the Lowly Illustrator Hammatt Billings ( 1st edition ) Country United States Language English Genre Novel Published Serialized in The National Era for ten months , beginning with the June 5 , 1851 issue . Published as a book in two volumes on March 20 , 1852 , John P. Jewett and Company . Followed by A Key to Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1853 ) Events leading to the American Civil War Slavery Northwest Ordinance Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Battle of Negro Fort Missouri Compromise Tariff of 1828 Nat Turner 's slave rebellion Nullification Crisis The Amistad Prigg v. Pennsylvania Texas annexation Mexican -- American War Wilmot Proviso Manifest destiny Underground Railroad Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Uncle Tom 's Cabin Kansas -- Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Bleeding Kansas Caning of Charles Sumner Dred Scott v. Sandford The Impending Crisis of the South Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry 1860 presidential election Crittenden Compromise Secession of Southern States Star of the West Corwin Amendment Battle of Fort Sumter Uncle Tom 's Cabin ; or , Life Among the Lowly , is an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe . Published in 1852 , the novel `` helped lay the groundwork for the Civil War '' , according to Will Kaufman . Stowe , a Connecticut - born teacher at the Hartford Female Seminary and an active abolitionist , featured the character of Uncle Tom , a long - suffering black slave around whom the stories of other characters revolve . The sentimental novel depicts the reality of slavery while also asserting that Christian love can overcome something as destructive as enslavement of fellow human beings . Uncle Tom 's Cabin was the best - selling novel of the 19th century and the second best - selling book of that century , following the Bible . It is credited with helping fuel the abolitionist cause in the 1850s . In the first year after it was published , 300,000 copies of the book were sold in the United States ; one million copies in Great Britain . In 1855 , three years after it was published , it was called `` the most popular novel of our day . '' The impact attributed to the book is great , reinforced by a story that when Abraham Lincoln met Stowe at the start of the Civil War , Lincoln declared , `` So this is the little lady who started this great war . '' The quote is apocryphal ; it did not appear in print until 1896 , and it has been argued that `` The long - term durability of Lincoln 's greeting as an anecdote in literary studies and Stowe scholarship can perhaps be explained in part by the desire among many contemporary intellectuals ... to affirm the role of literature as an agent of social change . '' The book and the plays it inspired helped popularize a number of stereotypes about black people . These include the affectionate , dark - skinned `` mammy '' ; the `` pickaninny '' stereotype of black children ; and the `` Uncle Tom '' , or dutiful , long - suffering servant faithful to his white master or mistress . In recent years , the negative associations with Uncle Tom 's Cabin have , to an extent , overshadowed the historical impact of the book as a `` vital antislavery tool . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Sources 2 Publication 3 Plot 3.1 Eliza escapes with her son , Tom sold `` down the river '' 3.2 Eliza 's family hunted , Tom 's life with St. Clare 3.3 Tom sold to Simon Legree 3.4 Final section 4 Major characters 4.1 Uncle Tom 4.2 Eliza 4.3 Eva 4.4 Simon Legree 5 Other characters 6 Major themes 7 Style 8 Reactions to the novel 8.1 Contemporary and world reaction 8.2 Literary significance and criticism 9 Creation and popularization of stereotypes 10 Anti-Tom literature 11 Dramatic adaptations 11.1 Tom shows 11.2 On the plays 11.3 Film adaptations 12 See also 13 Collections 14 Notes 15 References 16 External links Sources Stowe , a Connecticut - born teacher at the Hartford Female Seminary and an active abolitionist , wrote the novel as a response to the passage , in 1850 , of the second Fugitive Slave Act . Much of the book was composed in Brunswick , Maine , where her husband , Calvin Ellis Stowe , taught at his alma mater , Bowdoin College . An engraving of Harriet Beecher Stowe from 1872 , based on an oil painting by Alonzo Chappel Stowe was partly inspired to create Uncle Tom 's Cabin by the slave narrative The Life of Josiah Henson , Formerly a Slave , Now an Inhabitant of Canada , as Narrated by Himself ( 1849 ) . Henson , a formerly enslaved black man , had lived and worked on a 3,700 acres ( 15 km ) tobacco plantation in North Bethesda , Maryland , owned by Isaac Riley . Henson escaped slavery in 1830 by fleeing to the Province of Upper Canada ( now Ontario ) , where he helped other fugitive slaves settle and become self - sufficient , and where he wrote his memoirs . Stowe acknowledged in 1853 that Henson 's writings inspired Uncle Tom 's Cabin . When Stowe 's work became a best - seller , Henson republished his memoirs as The Memoirs of Uncle Tom and traveled on lecture tours extensively in the United States and Europe . Stowe 's novel lent its name to Henson 's home -- Uncle Tom 's Cabin Historic Site , near Dresden , Canada -- which since the 1940s has been a museum . The cabin where Henson lived while he was enslaved no longer exists , but a cabin on the Riley farm erroneously thought to be the Henson Cabin was purchased by the Montgomery County , Maryland , government in 2006 . It is now a part of the National Park Service National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom program , and plans are underway to build a museum and interpretive center on the site . American Slavery As It Is : Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses , a volume co-authored by Theodore Dwight Weld and the Grimké sisters , is also a source of some of the novel 's content . Stowe said she based the novel on a number of interviews with people who escaped slavery during the time when she was living in Cincinnati , Ohio , across the Ohio River from Kentucky , a slave state . In Cincinnati the Underground Railroad had local abolitionist sympathizers and was active in efforts to help runaway slaves on their escape route from the South . Stowe mentioned a number of the inspirations and sources for her novel in A Key to Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1853 ) . This non-fiction book was intended to verify Stowe 's claims about slavery . However , later research indicated that Stowe did not read many of the book 's cited works until after she had published her novel . Publication The National Era , June 5 , 1851 Uncle Tom 's Cabin first appeared as a 40 - week serial in The National Era , an abolitionist periodical , starting with the June 5 , 1851 , issue . It was originally intended as a shorter narrative that would run for only a few weeks . Stowe expanded the story significantly , however , and it was instantly popular , such that several protests were sent to the Era office when she missed an issue . Because of the story 's popularity , the publisher John P. Jewett contacted Stowe about turning the serial into a book . While Stowe questioned if anyone would read Uncle Tom 's Cabin in book form , she eventually consented to the request . Convinced the book would be popular , Jewett made the unusual decision ( for the time ) to have six full - page illustrations by Hammatt Billings engraved for the first printing . Published in book form on March 20 , 1852 , the novel sold 3,000 copies on that day alone , and soon sold out its complete print run . A number of other editions were soon printed ( including a deluxe edition in 1853 , featuring 117 illustrations by Billings ) . In the first year of publication , 300,000 copies of Uncle Tom 's Cabin were sold . At that point , however , `` demand came to an unexpected halt ... No more copies were produced for many years , and if , as is claimed , Abraham Lincoln greeted Stowe in 1862 as ' the little woman who wrote the book that made this great war , ' the work had effectively been out of print for many years . '' Jewett went out of business , and it was not until Ticknor and Fields put the work back in print in November 1862 that demand began again to increase . The book was translated into all major languages , and in the United States it became the second best - selling book after the Bible . A number of the early editions carried an introduction by Rev James Sherman , a Congregational minister in London noted for his abolitionist views . Uncle Tom 's Cabin sold equally well in Britain , with the first London edition appearing in May 1852 and selling 200,000 copies . In a few years over 1.5 million copies of the book were in circulation in Britain , although most of these were infringing copies ( a similar situation occurred in the United States ) . Plot Eliza escapes with her son , Tom sold `` down the River '' Full - page illustration by Hammatt Billings for Uncle Tom 's Cabin depicts Eliza telling Uncle Tom that he has been sold and she is running away to save her child ( first edition : Boston : John P. Jewett and Company , 1852 ) . The book opens with a Kentucky farmer named Arthur Shelby facing the loss of his farm because of debts . Even though he and his wife Emily Shelby believe that they have a benevolent relationship with their slaves , Shelby decides to raise the needed funds by selling two of them -- Uncle Tom , a middle - aged man with a wife and children , and Harry , the son of Emily Shelby 's maid Eliza -- to a slave trader . Emily Shelby is averse to this idea because she had promised her maid that her child would never be sold ; Emily 's son , George Shelby , hates to see Tom go because he sees the man as his friend and mentor . When Eliza overhears Mr. and Mrs. Shelby discussing plans to sell Tom and Harry , Eliza determines to run away with her son . The novel states that Eliza made this decision because she fears losing her only surviving child ( she had already miscarried two children ) . Eliza departs that night , leaving a note of apology to her mistress . Tom is sold and placed on a riverboat which sets sail down the Mississippi River . While on board , Tom meets and befriends a young white girl named Eva . Eva 's father Augustine St. Clare buys Tom from the slave trader and takes him with the family to their home in New Orleans . Tom and Eva begin to relate to one another because of the deep Christian faith they both share . Eliza 's family hunted , Tom 's Life with St. Clare Illustration of Tom and Eva by Hammatt Billings for the 1853 deluxe edition of Uncle Tom 's Cabin . During Eliza 's escape , she meets up with her husband George Harris , who had run away previously . They decide to attempt to reach Canada . However , they are tracked by a slave hunter named Tom Loker . Eventually Loker and his men trap Eliza and her family , causing George to shoot him in the side . Worried that Loker may die , Eliza convinces George to bring the slave hunter to a nearby Quaker settlement for medical treatment . Back in New Orleans , St. Clare debates slavery with his Northern cousin Ophelia who , while opposing slavery , is prejudiced against black people . St. Clare , however , believes he is not biased , even though he is a slave owner . In an attempt to show Ophelia that her views on blacks are wrong , St. Clare purchases Topsy , a young black slave , and asks Ophelia to educate her . After Tom has lived with the St. Clares for two years , Eva grows very ill . Before she dies she experiences a vision of heaven , which she shares with the people around her . As a result of her death and vision , the other characters resolve to change their lives , with Ophelia promising to throw off her personal prejudices against blacks , Topsy saying she will better herself , and St. Clare pledging to free Tom . Tom sold to Simon Legree Before St. Clare can follow through on his pledge , however , he dies after being stabbed outside of a tavern . His wife reneges on her late husband 's vow and sells Tom at auction to a vicious plantation owner named Simon Legree . Legree ( a transplanted northerner ) takes Tom and Emmeline ( whom Legree purchased at the same time ) to rural Louisiana , where they meet Legree 's other slaves . Full page illustration by Hammatt Billings for Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( first edition : Boston : John P. Jewett and Company , 1852 ) . Cassy , another of Legree 's slaves , is shown ministering to Uncle Tom after his whipping . Legree begins to hate Tom when Tom refuses Legree 's order to whip his fellow slave . Legree beats Tom viciously and resolves to crush his new slave 's faith in God . Despite Legree 's cruelty , however , Tom refuses to stop reading his Bible and comforting the other slaves as best he can . While at the plantation , Tom meets Cassy , another of Legree 's slaves . Cassy was previously separated from her son and daughter when they were sold ; unable to endure the pain of seeing another child sold , she killed her third child . At this point Tom Loker returns to the story . Loker has changed as the result of being healed by the Quakers . George , Eliza , and Harry have also obtained their freedom after crossing into Canada . In Louisiana , Uncle Tom almost succumbs to hopelessness as his faith in God is tested by the hardships of the plantation . However , he has two visions , one of Jesus and one of Eva , which renew his resolve to remain a faithful Christian , even unto death . He encourages Cassy to escape , which she does , taking Emmeline with her . When Tom refuses to tell Legree where Cassy and Emmeline have gone , Legree orders his overseers to kill Tom . As Tom is dying , he forgives the overseers who savagely beat him . Humbled by the character of the man they have killed , both men become Christians . Very shortly before Tom 's death , George Shelby ( Arthur Shelby 's son ) arrives to buy Tom 's freedom but finds he is too late . Final section On their boat ride to freedom , Cassy and Emmeline meet George Harris ' sister and accompany her to Canada . Cassy discovers that Eliza is her long - lost daughter who was sold as a child . Now that their family is together again , they travel to France and eventually Liberia , the African nation created for former American slaves . George Shelby returns to the Kentucky farm and frees all his slaves . George tells them to remember Tom 's sacrifice and his belief in the true meaning of Christianity . Major characters Uncle Tom Main article : Uncle Tom Simon Legree assaults Uncle Tom . Uncle Tom , the title character , was initially seen as a noble , long - suffering Christian slave . In more recent years , however , his name has become an epithet directed towards African - Americans who are accused of selling out to whites . Stowe intended Tom to be a `` noble hero '' and praiseworthy person . Throughout the book , far from allowing himself to be exploited , Tom stands up for his beliefs and is grudgingly admired even by his enemies . Eliza Eliza is a slave and personal maid to Mrs. Shelby who escapes to the North with her five - year - old son Harry after he is sold to Mr. Haley . Her husband , George , eventually finds Eliza and Harry in Ohio and emigrates with them to Canada , then France and finally Liberia . The character Eliza was inspired by an account given at Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati by John Rankin to Stowe 's husband Calvin , a professor at the school . According to Rankin , in February 1838 a young slave woman , Eliza Harris , had escaped across the frozen Ohio River to the town of Ripley with her child in her arms and stayed at his house on her way further north . Eva Little Eva and Uncle Tom by Edwin Longsden Long Evangeline St. Clare is the daughter of Augustine St. Clare . Eva enters the narrative when Uncle Tom is traveling via steamship to New Orleans to be sold , and he rescues the five - or six - year - old girl from drowning . Eva begs her father to buy Tom , and he becomes the head coachman at the St. Clare house . He spends most of his time with the angelic Eva . Eva often talks about love and forgiveness , even convincing the dour slave girl Topsy that she deserves love . She even touches the heart of her Aunt Ophelia . Eventually Eva falls terminally ill . Before dying , she gives a lock of her hair to each of the slaves , telling them that they must become Christians so that they may see each other in Heaven . On her deathbed , she convinces her father to free Tom , but because of circumstances the promise never materializes . A similar character , also named Little Eva , later appeared in the children 's novel Little Eva : The Flower of the South by Philip J. Cozans ( although this ironically was an anti-Tom novel ) . Simon Legree Simon Legree on the cover of the comic book adaptation of Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( Classic Comics No. 15 , November 1943 issue ) . Simon Legree is a cruel slave owner -- a Northerner by birth -- whose name has become synonymous with greed . He is arguably the novel 's main antagonist . His goal is to demoralize Tom and break him of his religious faith ; he eventually orders Tom whipped to death out of frustration for his slave 's unbreakable belief in God . The novel reveals that , as a young man , he had abandoned his sickly mother for a life at sea and ignored her letter to see her one last time at her deathbed . He sexually exploits Cassy , who despises him , and later sets his designs on Emmeline . It is unclear if Legree is based on any actual individuals . Reports surfaced after the 1870s that Stowe had in mind a wealthy cotton and sugar plantation owner named Meredith Calhoun , who settled on the Red River north of Alexandria , Louisiana . Generally , however , the personal characteristics of Calhoun ( `` highly educated and refined '' ) do not match the uncouthness and brutality of Legree . Calhoun even edited his own newspaper , published in Colfax ( originally `` Calhoun 's Landing '' ) , which was renamed The National Democrat after Calhoun 's death . However , Calhoun 's overseers may have been in line with the hated Legree 's methods and motivations . Other characters The more notable of the secondary and minor characters in Uncle Tom 's Cabin are : Arthur Shelby -- Tom 's master in Kentucky . Shelby is characterized as a `` kind '' slaveowner and a stereotypical Southern gentleman . Emily Shelby -- Arthur Shelby 's wife . She is a deeply religious woman who strives to be a kind and moral influence upon her slaves and is appalled when her husband sells his slaves with a slave trader . As a woman , she has no legal way to stop this , as all property belongs to her husband . George Shelby -- Arthur and Emily 's son , who sees Tom as a friend and as the perfect Christian . Chloe -- Tom 's wife and mother of his children . Augustine St. Clare -- Tom 's third owner and father of Eva . St. Clare is complex , often sarcastic , with a ready wit . After a rocky courtship he marries a woman he grows to hold in contempt , though he is too polite to let it show . St. Clare recognizes the evil in chattel slavery but is not willing to relinquish the wealth it brings him . After his daughter 's death he becomes more sincere in his religious thoughts and starts to read the Bible to Tom . He plans on finally taking action against slavery by freeing his slaves , but his good intentions ultimately come to nothing . Marie St. Clare -- Wife of Augustine , she is a self - absorbed woman without a hint of compassion for those around her , including her own family . Given to an unending list of ( apparently imaginary ) physical maladies , she continually complains about the lack of sympathy she is receiving . She has separated her personal maid , Mammy , from her own two children because they would interfere with her duties . As Marie drives Mammy to exhaustion , she criticizes her for selfishly seeking to attend her own family . Upon the unexpected death of Augustine , Marie countermands the legal process that would have given Tom his freedom . George Harris -- Eliza 's husband . An intelligent and clever half - white slave who is fiercely loyal to his family . Little Eva and Topsy by John R. Neill , 1908 Topsy -- A young slave girl . When asked if she knows who made her , she professes ignorance of both God and a mother , saying `` I s'pect I growed . Do n't think nobody never made me . '' She is transformed by Eva 's love . During the early - to - mid 20th century , several doll manufacturers created Topsy and Topsy - type dolls . The phrase `` growed like Topsy '' ( later `` grew like Topsy '' ) passed into the English language , originally with the specific meaning of unplanned growth , later sometimes just meaning enormous growth . Miss Ophelia -- Augustine St. Clare 's pious , hard - working , abolitionist cousin from Vermont . She displays the ambiguities towards African - Americans felt by many Northerners at the time . She argues against the institution of slavery yet , at least initially , feels repulsed by the slaves as individuals . Prue -- A depressed slave who was forced to let her child starve to death . She takes up drinking in her misery , and is ultimately beaten and killed for it . Quimbo and Sambo -- slaves of Simon Legree who act as overseers of the plantation . On orders from Legree , they savagely whip Tom but afterward tearfully repent of their deeds to Tom , who forgives them as he lies dying . Major themes Uncle Tom 's Cabin is dominated by a single theme : the evil and immorality of slavery . While Stowe weaves other subthemes throughout her text , such as the moral authority of motherhood and the redeeming possibilities offered by Christianity , she emphasizes the connections between these and the horrors of slavery . Stowe sometimes changed the story 's voice so she could give a `` homily '' on the destructive nature of slavery ( such as when a white woman on the steamboat carrying Tom further south states , `` The most dreadful part of slavery , to my mind , is its outrages of feelings and affections -- the separating of families , for example . '' ) . One way Stowe showed the evil of slavery was how this `` peculiar institution '' forcibly separated families from each other . One of the subthemes presented in the novel is temperance . Stowe made it somewhat subtle and in some cases she weaved it into events that would also support the dominant theme . One example of this is when Augustine St. Clare is killed , he attempted to stop a brawl between two inebriated men in a cafe and was stabbed . One other example is the death of the slave woman Prue who was whipped to death for being drunk on a consistent basis ; however , her reasons for doing so is due to the loss of her baby . In the opening of the novel , the fates of Eliza and her son are being discussed between slave owners over wine . Considering that Stowe intended this to be a subtheme , this scene could foreshadow future events that put alcohol in a bad light . `` The fugitives are safe in a free land . '' Illustration by Hammatt Billings for Uncle Tom 's Cabin , first edition . The image shows George Harris , Eliza , Harry , and Mrs. Smyth after they escape to freedom . Because Stowe saw motherhood as the `` ethical and structural model for all of American life '' and also believed that only women had the moral authority to save the United States from the demon of slavery , another major theme of Uncle Tom 's Cabin is the moral power and sanctity of women . Through characters like Eliza , who escapes from slavery to save her young son ( and eventually reunites her entire family ) , or Eva , who is seen as the `` ideal Christian '' , Stowe shows how she believed women could save those around them from even the worst injustices . While later critics have noted that Stowe 's female characters are often domestic clichés instead of realistic women , Stowe 's novel `` reaffirmed the importance of women 's influence '' and helped pave the way for the women 's rights movement in the following decades . Stowe 's puritanical religious beliefs show up in the novel 's final , overarching theme -- the exploration of the nature of Christianity and how she feels Christian theology is fundamentally incompatible with slavery . This theme is most evident when Tom urges St. Clare to `` look away to Jesus '' after the death of St. Clare 's beloved daughter Eva . After Tom dies , George Shelby eulogizes Tom by saying , `` What a thing it is to be a Christian . '' Because Christian themes play such a large role in Uncle Tom 's Cabin -- and because of Stowe 's frequent use of direct authorial interjections on religion and faith -- the novel often takes the `` form of a sermon . '' Style Eliza crossing the icy river , in an 1881 theater poster Uncle Tom 's Cabin is written in the sentimental and melodramatic style common to 19th century sentimental novels and domestic fiction ( also called women 's fiction ) . These genres were the most popular novels of Stowe 's time and tended to feature female main characters and a writing style which evoked a reader 's sympathy and emotion . Even though Stowe 's novel differs from other sentimental novels by focusing on a large theme like slavery and by having a man as the main character , she still set out to elicit certain strong feelings from her readers . The power in this type of writing can be seen in the reaction of contemporary readers . Georgiana May , a friend of Stowe 's , wrote a letter to the author , saying : `` I was up last night long after one o'clock , reading and finishing Uncle Tom 's Cabin . I could not leave it any more than I could have left a dying child . '' Another reader is described as obsessing on the book at all hours and having considered renaming her daughter Eva . Evidently the death of Little Eva affected a lot of people at that time , because in 1852 , 300 baby girls in Boston alone were given that name . Despite this positive reaction from readers , for decades literary critics dismissed the style found in Uncle Tom 's Cabin and other sentimental novels because these books were written by women and so prominently featured `` women 's sloppy emotions . '' One literary critic said that had the novel not been about slavery , `` it would be just another sentimental novel , '' while another described the book as `` primarily a derivative piece of hack work . '' In The Literary History of the United States , George F. Whicher called Uncle Tom 's Cabin `` Sunday - school fiction '' , full of `` broadly conceived melodrama , humor , and pathos . '' However , in 1985 Jane Tompkins expressed a different view of Uncle Tom 's Cabin with her book In Sensational Designs : The Cultural Work of American Fiction . Tompkins praised the style so many other critics had dismissed , writing that sentimental novels showed how women 's emotions had the power to change the world for the better . She also said that the popular domestic novels of the 19th century , including Uncle Tom 's Cabin , were remarkable for their `` intellectual complexity , ambition , and resourcefulness '' ; and that Uncle Tom 's Cabin offers a `` critique of American society far more devastating than any delivered by better - known critics such as Hawthorne and Melville . '' This view remains the subject of dispute . Writing in 2001 , legal scholar Richard Posner described Uncle Tom 's Cabin as part of the mediocre list of canonical works that emerges when political criteria are imposed on literature . Reactions to the novel Uncle Tom 's Cabin has exerted an influence equaled by few other novels in history . Upon publication , Uncle Tom 's Cabin ignited a firestorm of protest from defenders of slavery ( who created a number of books in response to the novel ) while the book elicited praise from abolitionists . As a best - seller , the novel heavily influenced later protest literature . 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The novel was also roundly criticized by slavery supporters . Acclaimed Southern novelist William Gilmore Simms declared the work utterly false , while others called the novel criminal and slanderous . Reactions ranged from a bookseller in Mobile , Alabama , being forced to leave town for selling the novel to threatening letters sent to Stowe ( including a package containing a slave 's severed ear ) . Many Southern writers , like Simms , soon wrote their own books in opposition to Stowe 's novel . Some critics highlighted Stowe 's paucity of life - experience relating to Southern life , saying that it led her to create inaccurate descriptions of the region . For instance , she had never been to a Southern plantation . However , Stowe always said she based the characters of her book on stories she was told by runaway slaves in Cincinnati . It is reported that `` She observed firsthand several incidents which galvanized her to write ( the ) famous anti-slavery novel . Scenes she observed on the Ohio River , including seeing a husband and wife being sold apart , as well as newspaper and magazine accounts and interviews , contributed material to the emerging plot . '' A Key to Uncle Tom 's Cabin , first edition cover , 1853 In response to these criticisms , in 1853 Stowe published A Key to Uncle Tom 's Cabin , an attempt to document the veracity of the novel 's depiction of slavery . In the book , Stowe discusses each of the major characters in Uncle Tom 's Cabin and cites `` real life equivalents '' to them while also mounting a more `` aggressive attack on slavery in the South than the novel itself had . '' Like the novel , A Key to Uncle Tom 's Cabin was a best - seller . However , while Stowe claimed A Key to Uncle Tom 's Cabin documented her previously consulted sources , she actually read many of the cited works only after the publication of her novel . A major part of the Key was Stowe 's critique of how the legal system supported slavery and licensed owners ' mistreatment of slaves . Thus , Stowe put more than slavery on trial ; she put the law on trial . This continued an important theme of Uncle Tom 's Cabin -- that the shadow of law brooded over the institution of slavery and allowed owners to mistreat slaves and then avoid punishment for their mistreatment . In some cases , as Stowe pointed out , it even prevented kind owners from freeing their slaves . Despite these criticisms , the novel still captured the imagination of many Americans . According to Stowe 's son , when Abraham Lincoln met her in 1862 Lincoln commented , `` So this is the little lady who started this great war . '' Historians are undecided if Lincoln actually said this line , and in a letter that Stowe wrote to her husband a few hours after meeting with Lincoln no mention of this comment was made . Since then , many writers have credited this novel with focusing Northern anger at the injustices of slavery and the Fugitive Slave Law and helping to fuel the abolitionist movement . Union general and politician James Baird Weaver said that the book convinced him to become active in the abolitionist movement . Uncle Tom 's Cabin also created great interest in the United Kingdom . The first London edition appeared in May 1852 and sold 200,000 copies . Some of this interest was because of British antipathy to America . As one prominent writer explained , `` The evil passions which Uncle Tom gratified in England were not hatred or vengeance ( of slavery ) , but national jealousy and national vanity . We have long been smarting under the conceit of America -- we are tired of hearing her boast that she is the freest and the most enlightened country that the world has ever seen . Our clergy hate her voluntary system -- our Tories hate her democrats -- our Whigs hate her parvenus -- our Radicals hate her litigiousness , her insolence , and her ambition . All parties hailed Mrs. Stowe as a revolter from the enemy . '' Charles Francis Adams , the American minister to Britain during the war , argued later that `` Uncle Tom 's Cabin ; or Life among the Lowly , published in 1852 , exercised , largely from fortuitous circumstances , a more immediate , considerable and dramatic world - influence than any other book ever printed . '' A French edition , translated by M.L. Carion ( or by ( Anne - ) Louise Swanton - Belloc ? ( 1796 -- 1881 ) ) , appeared by 1853 published in Cambrai and in Paris . By 1857 , the novel had been translated into 20 languages , including two independent translations into Slovene just one year after its original publication , which started the since - then uninterrupted dialogue between American authors and Slovene translators and readers . Later , it was translated into almost every major language , including Chinese ( with translator Lin Shu creating the first Chinese translation of an American novel in 1901 ) and Amharic ( with the 1930 translation created in support of Ethiopian efforts to end the suffering of blacks in that nation ) . The book was so widely read that Sigmund Freud reported a number of patients with sado - masochistic tendencies who he believed had been influenced by reading about the whipping of slaves in Uncle Tom 's Cabin . A short article which was published in the oficial newspaper of the Salvadoran government in July 22 , 1853 praised Harriet Beecher Stowe and her book 's success . Literary significance and criticism As the first widely read political novel in the United States , Uncle Tom 's Cabin greatly influenced development of not only American literature but also protest literature in general . Later books which owe a large debt to Uncle Tom 's Cabin include The Jungle by Upton Sinclair and Silent Spring by Rachel Carson . Eliza crosses the Ohio on the cover of Pictures and Stories from Uncle Tom 's Cabin , Boston : John P. Jewett & Co. , 1853 . Despite this undisputed significance , Uncle Tom 's Cabin has been called `` a blend of children 's fable and propaganda . '' The novel has also been dismissed by a number of literary critics as `` merely a sentimental novel , '' while critic George Whicher stated in his Literary History of the United States that `` Nothing attributable to Mrs. Stowe or her handiwork can account for the novel 's enormous vogue ; its author 's resources as a purveyor of Sunday - school fiction were not remarkable . She had at most a ready command of broadly conceived melodrama , humor , and pathos , and of these popular sentiments she compounded her book . '' Other critics , though , have praised the novel . Edmund Wilson stated that `` To expose oneself in maturity to Uncle Tom 's Cabin may ... prove a startling experience . '' Jane Tompkins states that the novel is one of the classics of American literature and wonders if many literary critics dismiss the book because it was simply too popular during its day . Over the years scholars have postulated a number of theories about what Stowe was trying to say with the novel ( aside from the obvious themes , such as condemning slavery ) . For example , as an ardent Christian and active abolitionist , Stowe placed many of her religious beliefs into the novel . Some scholars have stated that Stowe saw her novel as offering a solution to the moral and political dilemma that troubled many slavery opponents : whether engaging in prohibited behavior was justified in opposing evil . Was the use of violence to oppose the violence of slavery and the breaking of proslavery laws morally defensible ? Which of Stowe 's characters should be emulated , the passive Uncle Tom or the defiant George Harris ? Stowe 's solution was similar to Ralph Waldo Emerson 's : God 's will would be followed if each person sincerely examined his principles and acted on them . Scholars have also seen the novel as expressing the values and ideas of the Free Will Movement . In this view , the character of George Harris embodies the principles of free labor , while the complex character of Ophelia represents those Northerners who condoned compromise with slavery . Dinah , who operates on passion . During the course of the novel Ophelia is transformed , just as the Republican Party ( three years later ) proclaimed that the North must transform itself and stand up for its antislavery principles . Feminist theory can also be seen at play in Stowe 's book , with the novel as a critique of the patriarchal nature of slavery . For Stowe , blood relations rather than paternalistic relations between masters and slaves formed the basis of families . Moreover , Stowe viewed national solidarity as an extension of a person 's family , thus feelings of nationality stemmed from possessing a shared race . Consequently , she advocated African colonization for freed slaves and not amalgamation into American society . The book has also been seen as an attempt to redefine masculinity as a necessary step toward the abolition of slavery . In this view , abolitionists had begun to resist the vision of aggressive and dominant men that the conquest and colonization of the early 19th century had fostered . In order to change the notion of manhood so that men could oppose slavery without jeopardizing their self - image or their standing in society , some abolitionists drew on principles of women 's suffrage and Christianity as well as passivism , and praised men for cooperation , compassion , and civic spirit . Others within the abolitionist movement argued for conventional , aggressive masculine action . All the men in Stowe 's novel are representations of either one kind of man or the other . Creation and popularization of stereotypes Illustration of Sam from the 1888 `` New Edition '' of Uncle Tom 's Cabin . The character of Sam helped create the stereotype of the lazy , carefree `` happy darky '' . Some modern scholars and readers have criticized the book for supposedly condescending racist descriptions of the black characters ' appearances , speech , and behavior , as well as the passive nature of Uncle Tom in accepting his fate . The novel 's creation and use of common stereotypes about African Americans is significant because Uncle Tom 's Cabin was the best - selling novel in the world during the 19th century . As a result , the book ( along with illustrations from the book and associated stage productions ) was accused of playing a major role in permanently ingraining such stereotypes into the American psyche . In the 1960s and 1970s , the Black Power and Black Arts Movements attacked the novel , claiming that the character of Uncle Tom engaged in `` race betrayal '' , and that Tom made slaves out to be worse than slave owners . Among the stereotypes of blacks in Uncle Tom 's Cabin are the `` happy darky '' ( in the lazy , carefree character of Sam ) ; the light - skinned tragic mulatto as a sex object ( in the characters of Eliza , Cassy , and Emmeline ) ; the affectionate , dark - skinned female mammy ( through several characters , including Mammy , a cook at the St. Clare plantation ) ; the pickaninny stereotype of black children ( in the character of Topsy ) ; the Uncle Tom , an African American who is too eager to please white people . Stowe intended Tom to be a `` noble hero '' and a Christ - like figure who , like Jesus at his crucifixion , forgives the people responsible for his death . The false stereotype of Tom as a `` subservient fool who bows down to the white man '' , and the resulting derogatory term `` Uncle Tom '' , resulted from staged `` Tom Shows '' , which replaced Tom 's grim death with an upbeat ending where Tom causes his oppressors to see the error of their ways , and they all reconcile happily . Stowe had no control over these shows and their alteration of her story . These negative associations have to some extent obscured the historical impact of Uncle Tom 's Cabin as a `` vital antislavery tool ''. . James Baldwin , in a 1949 essay `` Everybody 's Protest Novel '' , called Uncle Tom 's Cabin a `` very bad novel '' ... `` ruined by its `` self - righteous , virtuous sentimentality '' , and stated that Stowe was less a novelist than an `` impassioned pamphleteer '' , i.e. , a propagandist for the antislavery cause . Edward Rothstein has claimed that Baldwin missed the point and that the purpose of the novel was `` to treat slavery not as a political issue but as an individually human one -- and ultimately a challenge to Christianity itself '' ; as a propaganda work it need not necessarily be great literature in order to succeed in its goals . In recent years , however , scholars such as Henry Louis Gates Jr. have re-examined Uncle Tom 's Cabin , stating that the book is a `` central document in American race relations and a significant moral and political exploration of the character of those relations '' . Anti-Tom Literature Title page for Aunt Phillis 's Cabin by Mary Eastman , one of many examples of anti-Tom literature In response to Uncle Tom 's Cabin , writers in the Southern United States produced a number of books to rebut Stowe 's novel . This so - called Anti-Tom literature generally took a pro-slavery viewpoint , arguing that the issues of slavery as depicted in Stowe 's book were overblown and incorrect . The novels in this genre tended to feature a benign white patriarchal master and a pure wife , both of whom presided over childlike slaves in a benevolent extended family style plantation . The novels either implied or directly stated that African Americans were a childlike people unable to live their lives without being directly overseen by white people . Among the most famous anti-Tom books are The Sword and the Distaff by William Gilmore Simms , Aunt Phillis 's Cabin by Mary Henderson Eastman , and The Planter 's Northern Bride by Caroline Lee Hentz , with the last author having been a close personal friend of Stowe 's when the two lived in Cincinnati . Simms ' book was published a few months after Stowe 's novel , and it contains a number of sections and discussions disputing Stowe 's book and her view of slavery . Hentz 's 1854 novel , widely read at the time but now largely forgotten , offers a defense of slavery as seen through the eyes of a northern woman -- the daughter of an abolitionist , no less -- who marries a southern slave owner . In the decade between the publication of Uncle Tom 's Cabin and the start of the American Civil War , between twenty and thirty anti-Tom books were published . Among these novels are two books titled Uncle Tom 's Cabin As It Is ( one by W.L. Smith and the other by C.H. Wiley ) and a book by John Pendleton Kennedy . More than half of these anti-Tom books were written by white women , with Simms commenting at one point about the `` Seemingly poetic justice of having the Northern woman ( Stowe ) answered by a Southern woman . '' Dramatic adaptations George Aiken 's original manuscript for his stage adaptation of Uncle Tom 's Cabin , 1852 . From the George C. Howard and Family Collection at the Harry Ransom Center . Tom shows Main article : Tom show Even though Uncle Tom 's Cabin was the best - selling novel of the 19th century , far more Americans of that time saw the story as a stage play or musical than read the book . Eric Lott , in his book Uncle Tomitudes : Racial Melodrama and Modes of Production , estimates that at least three million people saw these plays , ten times the book 's first - year sales . Given the lax copyright laws of the time , stage plays based on Uncle Tom 's Cabin -- `` Tom shows '' -- began to appear while the novel was still being serialized . Stowe refused to authorize dramatization of her work because of her distrust of drama ( although she did eventually go to see George L. Aiken 's version and , according to Francis Underwood , was `` delighted '' by Caroline Howard 's portrayal of Topsy ) . Aiken 's stage production continued as `` the most popular play in England and America for seventy - five years . '' Stowe 's refusal to authorize a particular dramatic version left the field clear for any number of adaptations , some launched for ( various ) political reasons and others as simply commercial theatrical ventures . No international copyright laws existed at the time . The book and plays were translated into several languages ; Stowe received no money , which could have meant as much as `` three fourths of her just and legitimate wages . '' On the plays All Tom shows appear to have incorporated elements of melodrama and blackface minstrelsy . These plays varied tremendously in their politics -- some faithfully reflected Stowe 's sentimentalized antislavery politics , while others were more moderate , or even pro-slavery . Many of the productions featured demeaning racial caricatures of Black people , while a number of productions also featured songs by Stephen Foster ( including `` My Old Kentucky Home '' , `` Old Folks at Home '' , and `` Massa 's in the Cold Ground '' ) . The best - known Tom Shows were those of George Aiken and H.J. Conway . The version by Aiken is perhaps the best known stage adaptation , released just a few months after the novel was published . This six - act behemoth also set an important precedent by being the first show on Broadway to stand on its own , without the performance of other entertainments or any afterpiece . Most of Aiken 's dialogue is lifted verbatim from Stowe 's novel and it included four full musical numbers written by the producer , George C. Howard . Another legacy of this adaptation is its reliance upon very different locations all portrayed on the same stage . This reliance led to large sets and set a precedent for the future days of film . By focusing on the stark and desperate situations of his characters , Aiken appealed to the emotions of his audiences . By combining this melodramatic approach with the content of Stowe 's novel , Aiken helped to create a powerful visual indictment against the institution of slavery . The many stage variants of Uncle Tom 's Cabin `` dominated northern popular culture ... for several years '' during the 19th century , and the plays were still being performed in the early 20th century . One of the unique and controversial variants of the Tom Shows was Walt Disney 's 1933 Mickey 's Mellerdrammer . Mickey 's Mellerdrammer is a United Artists film released in 1933 . The title is a corruption of `` melodrama '' , thought to harken back to the earliest minstrel shows , as a film short based on a production of Uncle Tom 's Cabin by the Disney characters . In that film , Mickey Mouse and friends stage their own production of Uncle Tom 's Cabin . Mickey Mouse was already black - colored , but the advertising poster for the film shows Mickey dressed in blackface with exaggerated , orange lips ; bushy , white sidewhiskers made out of cotton ; and his trademark white gloves . Film adaptations Main article : Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( film adaptations ) Uncle Tom 's Cabin has been adapted several times as a film . Most of these movies were created during the silent film era ( Uncle Tom 's Cabin was the most - filmed book of that time period ) . Because of the continuing popularity of both the book and `` Tom '' shows , audiences were already familiar with the characters and the plot , making it easier for the film to be understood without spoken words . There has been no Hollywood treatment since the end of the silent era . The first film version of Uncle Tom 's Cabin was one of the earliest full - length movies ( although full - length at that time meant between 10 and 14 minutes ) . This 1903 film , directed by Edwin S. Porter , used white actors in blackface in the major roles and black performers only as extras . This version was evidently similar to many of the `` Tom Shows '' of earlier decades and featured numerous stereotypes about blacks ( such as having the slaves dance in almost any context , including at a slave auction ) . Still from Edwin S. Porter 's 1903 version of Uncle Tom 's Cabin , which was one of the first full - length movies . The still shows Eliza telling Uncle Tom that he has been sold and that she is running away to save her child . In 1910 , a three - reel Vitagraph Company of America production was directed by J. Stuart Blackton and adapted by Eugene Mullin . According to The Dramatic Mirror , this film was `` a decided innovation '' in motion pictures and `` the first time an American company '' released a dramatic film in three reels . Until then , full - length movies of the time were 15 minutes long and contained only one reel of film . The movie starred Florence Turner , Mary Fuller , Edwin R. Phillips , Flora Finch , Genevieve Tobin and Carlyle Blackwell , Sr . At least four more movie adaptations were created in the next two decades . The last silent film version was released in 1927 . Directed by Harry A. Pollard ( who played Uncle Tom in a 1913 release of Uncle Tom 's Cabin ) , this two - hour movie was more than a year in production and was the third most expensive picture of the silent era ( at a cost of $1.8 million ) . The black actor Charles Gilpin was originally cast in the title role , but he was fired after the studio decided his `` portrayal was too aggressive . '' James B. Lowe took over the character of Tom . The screenplay takes many liberties with the original book , including altering the Eliza and George subplot , introducing the Civil War and Emancipation , and combining the characters of Eliza and Emmeline . Another difference occurs after Tom dies : Simon Legree is haunted by an apparitional vision of the late Tom and falls to his death in a futile effort to attack the ghostly image . Black media outlets of the time praised the film , but the studio -- fearful of a backlash from Southern and white film audiences -- ended up cutting out controversial scenes , including the film 's opening sequence at a slave auction ( in which a mother is torn away from her baby ) . The story was adapted by Harvey F. Pollard , Thew and A.P. Younger , with titles by Walter Anthony . It starred James B. Lowe , Virginia Grey , George Siegmann , Margarita Fischer , Mona Ray and Madame Sul - Te - Wan . For several decades after the end of the silent film era , the subject matter of Stowe 's novel was judged too sensitive for further film interpretation . In 1946 , Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer considered filming the story but ceased production after protests led by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People . A movie poster from Kroger Babb 's 1965 production of Uncle Tom 's Cabin A German - language version , Onkel Toms Hütte , directed by Géza von Radványi , was released in 1965 and was presented in the United States by exploitation film presenter Kroger Babb . The most recent film version was a television broadcast in 1987 , directed by Stan Lathan and adapted by John Gay . It starred Avery Brooks , Phylicia Rashad , Edward Woodward , Jenny Lewis , Samuel L. Jackson and Endyia Kinney . In addition to film adaptations , versions of Uncle Tom 's Cabin have been produced in other formats . In Brazil , the adapted version A Cabana do Pai Tomás was produced as a TV soap opera by Rede Globo ; with 205 episodes , it was aired from July 1969 to March 1970 . A number of animated cartoons were produced , including the Bugs Bunny cartoon Southern Fried Rabbit ( 1953 ) , in which Bugs disguises himself as Uncle Tom and sings My Old Kentucky Home in order to cross the Mason - Dixon line ; Uncle Tom 's Bungalow ( 1937 ) , a Warner Brothers cartoon supervised by Tex Avery ; Eliza on Ice ( 1944 ) , one of the earliest Mighty Mouse cartoons produced by Paul Terry ; and Uncle Tom 's Cabaña ( 1947 ) , an eight - minute cartoon directed by Tex Avery . Uncle Tom 's Cabin has influenced numerous movies , including The Birth of a Nation . This controversial 1915 film set the dramatic climax in a slave cabin similar to that of Uncle Tom , where several white Southerners unite with their former enemy ( Yankee soldiers ) to defend , according to the film 's caption , their `` Aryan birthright . '' According to scholars , this reuse of such a familiar image of a slave cabin would have resonated with , and been understood by , audiences of the time . Other movies influenced by or making use of Uncle Tom 's Cabin include Dimples ( a 1936 Shirley Temple film ) , Uncle Tom 's Uncle , ( a 1926 Our Gang episode ) , its 1932 remake Spanky , the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical The King and I ( in which a ballet called `` Small House of Uncle Thomas '' is performed in traditional Siamese style ) , and Gangs of New York ( in which Leonardo DiCaprio and Daniel Day - Lewis 's characters attend an imagined wartime adaptation of Uncle Tom 's Cabin ) . See also Twelve Years a Slave ( 1853 ) , bestselling narrative of free negro Solomon Northup published soon after Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1852 ) , which documents facts supporting Stowe 's fictional narrative in detail , as the area where Northup was enslaved was close to the fictional setting of the plantation where much of Stowe 's narrative takes place . History of slavery in the United States Origins of the American Civil War Ramona , an 1884 novel that attempted to do for Native Americans in California what Uncle Tom 's Cabin had done for African Americans Riley - Bolten House , North Bethesda , Montgomery County , Maryland , plantation house of Isaac Riley listed on the National Register of Historic Places Timeline of the American Civil Rights Movement Collections Major collections of Uncle Tom 's Cabin books , ephemera , and artifacts reside at the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia and the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin . Notes Jump up ^ Beecher Stowe , Harriet ( 1852 ) . Uncle Tom 's Cabin ; or , Life Among the Lowly . I. Boston : John P. Jewitt . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beecher Stowe , Harriet ( 1852 ) . Uncle Tom 's Cabin ; or , Life Among the Lowly. II . Boston : John P. Jewitt . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Will Kaufman , The Civil War in American Culture , Edinburgh University Press , 2006 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Uncle Tom 's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe , Spark Publishers , 2002 , p. 19 , states the novel is about the `` destructive power of slavery and the ability of Christian love to overcome it ... '' ^ Jump up to : Laurie E. Rozakis , The Complete Idiot 's Guide to American Literature , Alpha Books , 1999 , p. 125 , says one of the book 's main messages is that `` The slavery crisis can only be resolved by Christian love . '' Jump up ^ Deborah C. de Rosa , Domestic Abolitionism and Juvenile Literature , 1830 -- 1865 , SUNY Press , 2003 , p. 121 . De Rosa quotes Jane Tompkins that Stowe 's strategy was to destroy slavery through the `` saving power of Christian love . '' This quote is from `` Sentimental Power : Uncle Tom 's Cabin and the Politics of Literary History '' Archived December 16 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . by Jane Tompkins , from In Sensational Designs : The Cultural Work of American Fiction , 1790 -- 1860 . New York : Oxford University Press , 1985 . pp. 122 -- 146 . In that essay , Tompkins also writes : `` Stowe conceived her book as an instrument for bringing about the day when the world would be ruled not by force , but by Christian love . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Introduction to Uncle Tom 's Cabin Study Guide '' . BookRags.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2006 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sentimental Novel : The Example of Harriet Beecher Stowe '' by Gail K. Smith , The Cambridge Companion to Nineteenth - Century American Women 's Writing by Dale M. Bauer and Philip Gould , Cambridge University Press , 2001 , p. 221 . ^ Jump up to : Goldner , Ellen J. `` Arguing with Pictures : Race , Class and the Formation of Popular Abolitionism Through Uncle Tom 's Cabin . '' Journal of American & Comparative Cultures 2001 24 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 71 -- 84 . ISSN 1537 - 4726 Fulltext : online at Ebsco . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Wheatcroft , `` The Cousins ' War : review of Amanda Foreman , ' A World on Fire ' '' , New York Times Book Review , July 3 , 2011 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Everon , Ernest . `` Some Thoughts Anent Dickens and Novel Writing '' The Ladies ' Companion and Monthly Magazine London , 1855 Volume VII Second Series : 259 . ^ Jump up to : Charles Edward Stowe , Harriet Beecher Stowe : The Story of Her Life ( 1911 ) p. 203 . Jump up ^ Vollaro , Daniel R. ( Winter 2009 ) , Lincoln , Stowe , and the `` Little Woman / Great War '' Story : The Making , and Breaking , of a Great American Anecdote , 30 ( 1 ) , Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association , archived from the original on October 15 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Hulser , Kathleen . `` Reading Uncle Tom 's Image : From Anti-slavery Hero to Racial Insult . '' New - York Journal of American History 2003 65 ( 1 ) : 75 -- 79 . ISSN 1551 - 5486 . ^ Jump up to : Henry Louis Gates , Kwame Anthony Appiah , Africana : Arts and Letters : An A-to - Z Reference of Writers , Musicians , and Artists of the African American Experience , Running Press , 2005 , p. 544 . ^ Jump up to : Susan Logue , `` Historic Uncle Tom 's Cabin Saved '' , VOA News , January 12 , 2006 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harriet Beecher Stowe , A Key to Uncle Tom 's Cabin 1853 , p. 42 , in which Stowe states : `` A last instance parallel with that of Uncle Tom is to be found in the published memoirs of the venerable Josiah Henson ) ... '' This also is cited in Debra J. Rosenthal , A Routledge Literary Sourcebook on Harriet Beecher Stowe 's Uncle Tom 's Cabin , Routledge , 2003 , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Annys Shin , `` After buying historic home , Md. officials find it was n't really Uncle Tom 's Cabin '' , Washington Post , October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Official Montgomery Parks Josiah Henson Park site Jump up ^ `` Weld , Theodore Dwight '' . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . The Columbia Encyclopedia , Sixth Edition , 2001 -- 2005 . ^ Jump up to : The Key to Uncle Tom 's Cabin , Uncle Tom 's Cabin and American Culture , a Multi-Media Archive . Retrieved April 20 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Applegate , Debby ( 2006 ) . The Most Famous Man in America : The Biography of Henry Ward Beecher . New York : Three Leaves Press . p. 261 . Jump up ^ First Edition Illustrations , Uncle Tom 's Cabin and American Culture , a Multi-Media Archive . Retrieved April 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Illustrations for the `` Splendid Edition '' , Uncle Tom 's Cabin and American Culture , a Multi-Media Archive . Retrieved April 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Michael Winship , `` Uncle Tom 's Cabin : History of the Book in the 19th - Century United States . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Slave narratives and Uncle Tom 's Cabin '' , Africans in America , PBS , accessed February 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` publishing , history of . '' ( 2007 ) . In Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved April 18 , 2007 , from Encyclopædia Britannica Online . ^ Jump up to : Debra J. Rosenthal , A Routledge Literary Sourcebook on Harriet Beecher Stowe 's Uncle Tom 's Cabin , Routledge , 2003 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Hagedorn , Ann . Beyond The River : The Untold Story of the Heroes of the Underground Railroad . Simon & Schuster , 2002 , pp. 135 -- 139 . Jump up ^ J.E. Dunn ( August 31 , 1896 ) . `` About Uncle Tom 's Cabin : A Louisianian Says Meredith Calhoun Was Not a Model for Legree '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Word Detective Archived May 8 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , issue of May 20 , 2003 , accessed February 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Homelessness in American Literature : Romanticism , Realism , and Testimony by John Allen , Routledge , 2004 , p. 24 , where it states in regards to Uncle Tom 's Cabin that `` Stowe held specific beliefs about the ' evils ' of slavery and the role of Americans in resisting it . '' The book then quotes Ann Douglas describing how Stowe saw slavery as a sin . Jump up ^ Drawn With the Sword : Reflections on the American Civil War by James Munro McPherson , Oxford University Press , 1997 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Uncle Tom 's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe , Vintage Books , Modern Library Edition , 1991 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ James Munro McPherson , Drawn With the Sword : Reflections on the American Civil War , Oxford University Press , 1997 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Ammons , `` Stowe 's Dream of the Mother - Savior : Uncle Tom 's Cabin and American Women Writers Before the 1920s '' , in Eric J. Sundquist ( ed . ) , New Essays on Uncle Tom 's Cabin , Cambridge University Press , 1986 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Joy Jordan - Lake , Whitewashing Uncle Tom 's Cabin : Nineteenth - Century Women Novelists Respond to Stowe , Vanderbilt University Press , 2005 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Somatic Fictions : imagining illness in Victorian culture by Athena Vrettos , Stanford University Press , 1995 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Mason I. Lowance , Jr. , Ellen E. Westbrook , R.C. De Prospo , The Stowe Debate : Rhetorical Strategies in Uncle Tom 's Cabin , University of Massachusetts Press , 1994 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Linda Eisenmann , Historical Dictionary of Women 's Education in the United States , Greenwood Press , 1998 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ David L. Larsen , The Company of the Creative : A Christian Reader 's Guide to Great Literature and Its Themes , Kregel Publications , 2000 , pp. 386 -- 387 . Jump up ^ Larsen , The Company of the Creative ( 2000 ) , p. 387 . Jump up ^ Sacvan Bercovitch and Cyrus R.K. Patell , The Cambridge History of American Literature , Cambridge University Press , 1994 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Marianne Noble , `` The Ecstasies of Sentimental Wounding In Uncle Tom 's Cabin , '' from Debra J. Rosenthal ( ed . ) , A Routledge Literary Sourcebook on Harriet Beecher Stowe 's Uncle Tom 's Cabin , Routledge , 2003 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ `` Domestic or Sentimental Fiction , 1820 -- 1865 '' American Literature Sites , Washington State University . Retrieved April 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Uncle Tom 's Cabin '' Archived August 27 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Kansas Territorial Experience . Retrieved April 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Janet Badia and Jennifer Phegley , Reading Women : Literary Figures and Cultural Icons from the Victorian Age to the Present , University of Toronto Press , 2005 , p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Badia and Phegley , Reading Women ( 2005 ) , p. 66 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , A Routledge Literary Sourcebook on Harriet Beecher Stowe 's Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 2003 ) , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas F. Gossett , `` Review of The Building of Uncle Tom 's Cabin by E. Bruce Kirkham '' , American Literature , Vol. 50 , No. 1 ( March 1978 ) , pp. 123 -- 124 . Jump up ^ Charles Nichols , `` The Origins of Uncle Tom 's Cabin '' , The Phylon Quarterly , Vol. 19 , No. 3 ( 3rd Qtr , 1958 ) , p. 328 . ^ Jump up to : Jane Tompkins , `` Sentimental Power : Uncle Tom 's Cabin and the Politics of Literary History '' Archived December 16 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , from In Sensational Designs : The Cultural Work of American Fiction , 1790 -- 1860 . New York : Oxford University Press , 1985 , pp. 122 -- 146 . Jump up ^ Posner , R. , Public Intellectuals : A Study of Decline , Harvard University Press ( 2002 ) , p. 239 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00633 - X . Jump up ^ Hollis Robbins , Uncle Tom 's Cabin and the Matter of Influence `` , Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Simms 's Review of Uncle Tom 's Cabin '' by Charles S. Watson , American Literature , Vol. 48 , No. 3 ( November 1976 ) , pp. 365 -- 368 ^ Jump up to : Alfred L. Brophy , `` Over and above ... There Broods a Portentous Shadow , -- The Shadow of Law : Harriet Beecher Stowe 's Critique of Slave Law in Uncle Tom 's Cabin '' , Journal of Law and Religion , Vol. 12 , No. 2 ( 1995 -- 1996 ) , pp. 457 -- 506 . Jump up ^ Joseph V. Ridgely , `` Woodcraft : Simms 's First Answer to Uncle Tom 's Cabin '' , American Literature , Vol. 31 , No. 4 ( January 1960 ) , pp. 421 -- 433 . Jump up ^ The Classic Text : Harriett Beecher Stowe . University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee Library . Special collection page on traditions and interpretations of Uncle Tom 's Cabin . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . Archived May 16 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Uncle Tom 's Cabin , introduction by Amanda Claybaugh , Barnes and Noble Classics , New York , 2003 , p. xvii . Jump up ^ A.M. Arnett , `` Review of James Baird Weaver by Fred Emory Haynes '' , Political Science Quarterly , Vol. 35 , No. 1 ( March 1920 ) , pp. 154 -- 157 ; and profile of James Baird Weaver Archived January 2 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , accessed February 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Nassau Senior , quoted in Ephraim Douglass Adams , Great Britain and the American Civil War ( 1958 ) , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Charles Francis Adams , Trans - Atlantic Historical Solidarity : Lectures Delivered before the University of Oxford in Easter and Trinity Terms , 1913 , 1913 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Its title was La Case de l'Oncle Tom , ou Sort des nègres esclaves . Its publication was noted in the weekly periodical Bibliographie de la France ou Journal général de l'Imprimerie et de la Librairie , November 5 , 1853 , p. 723 . See also OCLC 811741 which disagrees as to the translators name -- perhaps Carion was a pseudonym . Jump up ^ `` Uncle Tom 's Cabin : A 19th - Century Bestseller '' . The University of Alabama . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Drnovšek , Marjan ( 1998 ) . Usodna privlačnost Amerike : pričevanja izseljencev o prvih stikih z novim svetom ( The Fatal Attractiveness of America : The Testimonies of Expatriates About the First Contacts with the New World ) . Korenine ( in Slovenian ) . Nova revija . ISBN 961 - 6017 - 56 - X . COBISS 73608960 . Jump up ^ Mazi - Leskovar , Darja ( May 2003 ) . `` Domestication and Foreignization in Translating American Prose for Slovenian Children '' . Meta : Translator 's Journal . Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal. 48 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 250 -- 265 . ISSN 1492 - 1421 . Jump up ^ Richard Pankhurst , Economic History of Ethiopia ( Addis Ababa : Haile Selassie I University Press , 1968 ) , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Ian , The English Vice : Beating , Sex and Shame in Victorian England and After ( 1978 ) The passage which seems most likely to have interested them is the start of chapter 29 . Jump up ^ `` La Cabaña del Tío Tomás '' ( PDF ) . Gaceta del Gobierno del Salvador en la América Central ( in Spanish ) . Tomo 4 Número 17 . July 22 , 1853 . p. 4 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 21 , 2018 . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tompkins , Jane . Sensational Designs : The Cultural Work of American Fiction , 1790 -- 1860 . New York : Oxford University Press , 1986 . See chapter five , `` Sentimental Power : Uncle Tom 's Cabin and the Politics of Literary History . '' Jump up ^ Cindy Weinstein , The Cambridge Companion to Harriet Beecher Stowe , Cambridge University Press , 2004 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Darryl Lorenzo Wellington , `` Uncle Tom 's Shadow '' , The Nation , December 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Smylie , James H. `` Uncle Tom 's Cabin Revisited : the Bible , the Romantic Imagination , and the Sympathies of Christ . '' American Presbyterians 1995 73 ( 3 ) : 165 -- 175 . ISSN 0886 - 5159 . ^ Jump up to : Bellin , Joshua D. `` Up to Heaven 's Gate , down in Earth 's Dust : the Politics of Judgment in Uncle Tom 's Cabin '' , American Literature 1993 65 ( 2 ) : 275 -- 295 . ISSN 0002 - 9831 Fulltext online at Jstor and Ebsco . ^ Jump up to : Grant , David , `` Uncle Tom 's Cabin and the Triumph of Republican Rhetoric '' , New England Quarterly 1998 71 ( 3 ) : 429 -- 448 . ISSN 0028 - 4866 Fulltext online at Jstor . Jump up ^ Riss , Arthur . `` Racial Essentialism and Family Values in Uncle Tom 's Cabin . '' American Quarterly 1994 46 ( 4 ) : 513 -- 544 . ISSN 0003 - 0678 Fulltext in JSTOR . ^ Jump up to : Wolff , Cynthia Griffin . `` Masculinity in Uncle Tom 's Cabin , '' American Quarterly 1995 47 ( 4 ) : 595 -- 618 . ISSN 0003 - 0678 . Fulltext online at JSTOR . ^ Jump up to : Smith ; Jessie Carney ; Images of Blacks in American Culture : A Reference Guide to Information Sources Greenwood Press . 1988 . Jump up ^ Illustrations , Uncle Tom 's Cabin and American Culture , a Multi-Media Archive . Retrieved April 18 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Edward Rothstein , `` Digging Through the Literary Anthropology of Stowe 's Uncle Tom '' , The New York Times , October 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Linda Williams , Playing the Race Card : Melodramas of Black and White from Uncle Tom to O.J. Simpson , Princeton University Press , 2001 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Joy Jordan - Lake , Whitewashing Uncle Tom 's Cabin : nineteenth - century women novelists respond to Stowe , Vanderbilt University Press , 2005 . Jump up ^ Beidler , Philip D. ( Winter 2005 ) . `` Caroline Lee Hentz 's Long Journey '' . Alabama Heritage ( 75 ) . Jump up ^ Henry Louis Gates , Figures in Black : words , signs , and the `` racial '' self , Oxford University Press , 1987 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ `` George C. ( George Cunnibell ) Howard and Family : An Inventory of Their Collection at the Harry Ransom Center '' . norman.hrc.utexas.edu . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` People & Events : Uncle Tom 's Cabin Takes the Nation by Storm '' Archived February 26 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , Stephen Foster -- The American Experience , PBS . Retrieved April 19 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Lott , Eric , Love and Theft : Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class . New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507832 - 2 . The information on `` Tom shows '' comes from chapter 8 : `` Uncle Tomitudes : Racial Melodrama and Modes of Production '' ( pp. 211 -- 233 ) Jump up ^ Hollis Robbins , `` ' Uncle Tom 's Cabin ' and the Matter of Influence '' , History by Era : Literature and Language Arts , Gilder Lehrman Center , accessed June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Parton , James ( October 1867 ) . `` International Copyright '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Henry Louis Gates , Kwame Anthony Appiah , Africana : arts and letters : an A-to - Z reference of writers , musicians , and artists of the African American Experience , Running Press , 2005 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Wilmeth , Don B. ( ed . ) , Staging the Nation : Plays from the American Theater , 1787 -- 1909 . Boston : Bedford Books , 1998 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Aiken , George L. Uncle Tom 's Cabin . New York : Garland , 1993 . Jump up ^ Gerould , Daniel C. ( ed . ) , American Melodrama . New York : Performing Arts Journal Publications , 1983 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Gerould , American Melodrama ( 1983 ) , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Uncle Tom 's Cabin on Film '' , Uncle Tom 's Cabin and American Culture , a Multi-Media Archive , University of Virginia , Retrieved April 19 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` The First Uncle Tom 's Cabin Film : Edison - Porter 's ' Slavery Days ' ( 1903 ) '' , Uncle Tom 's Cabin and American Culture , a Multi-Media Archive , University of Virginia , Retrieved April 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The 3 - Reel Vitagraph Production ( 1910 ) '' , Uncle Tom 's Cabin and American Culture , a Multi-Media Archive , University of Virginia . Retrieved April 19 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Universal Super Jewel Production ( 1927 ) '' , Uncle Tom 's Cabin and American Culture , a Multi-Media Archive , University of Virginia . Retrieved April 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomas Cripps , Slow Fade to Black : The Negro in American Film , 1900 -- 1942 , Oxford University Press , 1993 , p. 48 . ^ Jump up to : `` Uncle Tom 's Cabin in Hollywood : 1929 -- 1956 '' , Uncle Tom 's Cabin and American Culture , a Multi-Media Archive , University of Virginia . Retrieved April 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Linda Williams , Playing the Race Card ( 2001 ) , p. 115 . Also `` H.B. Stowe 's Cabin in D.W. Griffith 's Movie '' , Uncle Tom 's Cabin and American Culture , a Multi-Media Archive , University of Virginia , retrieved April 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Northup , Solomon . Twelve Years a Slave : Summary , online text at Documenting the American South , University of North Carolina , accessed July 19 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` ' 12 Years a Slave ' prompts effort to recognize work of UNO historian in reviving tale '' . NOLA . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . References External video Presentation by Reynolds on Mightier Than the Sword : Uncle Tom 's Cabin and the Battle for America at the Harriet Beecher Stowe Center , May 19 , 2011 , C - SPAN Aiken , George L. Uncle Tom 's Cabin . New York : Garland , 1993 . Gates , Henry Louis ; and Appiah , Kwame Anthony . Africana : Arts and Letters : an A-to - Z reference of writers , musicians , and artists of the African American Experience , Running Press , 2005 . Gates , Henry Louis ; and Hollis Robbins . The Annotated Uncle Tom 's Cabin , W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05946 - 4 Gerould , Daniel C. , ed . American Melodrama . New York : Performing Arts Journal Publications , 1983 . Jordan - Lake , Joy . Whitewashing Uncle Tom 's Cabin : Nineteenth - Century Women Novelists Respond to Stowe , Vanderbilt University Press , 2005 . Lott , Eric . Love and Theft : Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class . New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 . Lowance , Mason I. ( Jr . ) ; Westbrook , Ellen E. ; De Prospo , R. , The Stowe Debate : Rhetorical Strategies in Uncle Tom 's Cabin , University of Massachusetts Press , 1994 . Parfait , Claire . The Publishing History of Uncle 's Tom 's Cabin , 1852 -- 2002 , Aldershot : Ashgate , 2007 . Reynolds , David S. Mightier Than the Sword : Uncle Tom 's Cabin and the Battle for America , Norton , 2011 . 351 pp . Rosenthal , Debra J. Routledge Literary Sourcebook on Harriet Beecher Stowe 's Uncle Tom 's Cabin , Routledge , 2003 . Sundquist , Eric J. , ed . New Essays on Uncle Tom 's Cabin , Cambridge University Press , 1986 . Tompkins , Jane . In Sensational Designs : The Cultural Work of American Fiction , 1790 -- 1860 . New York : Oxford University Press , 1985 . Weinstein , Cindy . The Cambridge Companion to Harriet Beecher Stowe , Cambridge University Press , 2004 . Williams , Linda . Playing the Race Card : Melodramas of Black and White from Uncle Tom to O.J. Simpson , Princeton University Press , 2001 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Uncle Tom 's Cabin . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Uncle Tom 's Cabin Uncle Tom 's Cabin on In Our Time at the BBC . University of Virginia Web site `` Uncle Tom 's Cabin and American Culture : A Multi-Media Archive '' -- edited by Stephen Railton , covers 1830 to 1930 , offering links to primary and bibliographic sources on the cultural background , various editions , and public reception of Harriet Beecher Stowe 's influential novel . The site also provides the full text of the book , audio and video clips , and examples of related merchandising . Uncle Tom 's Cabin : or Life among the lowly ; frontispiece by John Gilbert ; ornamental title - page by Phiz ; and 130 engravings on wood by Matthew Urlwin Sears , 1853 ( a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries ; DjVu & layered PDF format ) Pictures and stories from Uncle Tom 's Cabin ; `` The purpose of the editor of this little work , has been to adapt it for the juvenile family circle . The verses have accordingly been written by the authoress for the capacity of the youngest readers ... '' 1853 ( a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries ; DjVu & layered PDF format ) Uncle Tom 's Cabin at Project Gutenberg Uncle Tom 's Cabin , available at Internet Archive . Scanned , illustrated original editions . Uncle Tom 's Cabin Historic Site Free audiobook of Uncle Tom 's Cabin at Librivox More on the lack of international copyright Uncle Tom 's Cabin for Children From the Collections at the Library of Congress ( hide ) Harriet Beecher Stowe 's Uncle Tom 's Cabin Characters Uncle Tom Film adaptations Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1910 ) Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1918 ) Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1927 ) Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1965 ) Related works A Key to Uncle Tom 's Cabin Tom show Animation Hittin ' the Trail for Hallelujah Land ( 1931 ) Mickey 's Mellerdrammer ( 1933 ) Uncle Tom 's Bungalow ( 1937 ) Uncle Tom 's Cabaña ( 1947 ) Southern Fried Rabbit ( 1953 ) Anti-Tom literature Aunt Phillis 's Cabin The Planter 's Northern Bride Little Eva : The Flower of the South Uncle Tom 's Cabin As It Is Uncle Robin 's Cabin `` Uncle Tom 's Cabin '' Contrasted with Buckingham Hall , the Planter 's Home Ellen ; or , The Fanatic 's Daughter The Ebony Idol Frank Freeman 's Barber Shop The North and the South ; or , Slavery and Its Contrasts Mr. Frank , the Underground Mail - Agent The Cabin and Parlor ; or , Slaves and Masters The Black Gauntlet White Acre vs. Black Acre Antifanaticism : A Tale of the South The Lofty and the Lowly , or Good in All and None All Good Related Josiah Henson 1849 autobiography Uncle Tom 's Cabin Historic Site The Birth of a Nation Dimples Tit for Tat Uncle Tom syndrome Underground Railroad The National Era Onkel Toms Hütte ( Berlin U-Bahn ) Harriet Beecher Stowe Works `` Let Every Man Mind His Own Business '' ( 1839 ) Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1852 ) A Key to Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1853 ) Dred , A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp ( 1856 ) The Minister 's Wooing ( 1859 ) Old Town Folks ( 1869 ) Palmetto Leaves ( 1873 ) Related articles Lyman Beecher Catharine Beecher Henry Ward Beecher Charles Beecher Edward Beecher Isabella Beecher Hooker Harriet Beecher Stowe House ( Ohio ) Harriet Beecher Stowe House ( Maine ) Harriet Beecher Stowe House ( Connecticut ) Underground Railroad People William L. Chaplin Levi Coffin Richard Dillingham Calvin Fairbank Thomas Garrett Laura Smith Haviland Daniel Hughes William Cooper Nell Harriet Forten Purvis Robert Purvis John Rankin Hetty Reckless Gerrit Smith William Still Harriet Beecher Stowe Charles Turner Torrey Sojourner Truth Harriet Tubman Frances Harper Delia Webster Places List of Underground Railroad sites houses churches Levi Coffin House Bialystoker Synagogue Bilger 's Rocks Wilson Bruce Evans House Cyrus Gates Farmstead Sites in Indiana Allen Chapel Town Clock Church Kelton House F. Julius LeMoyne House John Rankin House Gerrit Smith Estate John Freeman Walls Historic Site Events Pearl incident ( 1848 ) Jerry Rescue ( 1851 ) Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1852 book ) Dred : A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp ( 1856 book ) Oberlin -- Wellington Rescue ( 1858 ) Thirteenth Amendment ( 1865 ) Topics Songs of the Underground Railroad Abolitionism in the United States Abolitionism opponents of slavery African - American opponents publications Fugitive slaves Fugitive slave laws 1850 Quilts Signals lawn jockey Slave catcher The Underground Railroad Records ( 1872 book ) Related National Underground Railroad Freedom Center Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park visitor center The Railroad to Freedom : A Story of the Civil War ( 1932 book ) A Woman Called Moses ( 1978 miniseries ) Roots of Resistance ( 1989 documentary ) The Quest for Freedom ( 1992 film ) Freedom : The Underground Railroad ( 2013 board game ) Underground ( 2016 TV series ) See also : Slavery in the United States and Slavery in Canada American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott v. Sandford Lincoln - Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Emancipation Proclamation Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Slave Power Slavery in the United States Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom 's Cabin Abolitionism Susan B. Anthony John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union ( USA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy ( CSA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans - Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major Campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson 's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan 's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond - Petersburg Franklin -- Nashville Price 's Raid Sherman 's March Carolinas Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson 's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement ( by state or territory ) AL AK AR AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY Leaders Confederate Military R.H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A.S. Johnston J.E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E.K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D.D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Aftermath U.S. Constitution Reconstruction amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks -- Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax Riot of 1873 Eufaula Riot of 1874 Freedmen 's Bureau Freedman 's Savings Bank Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Kirk - Holden War Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Memphis Riot of 1866 Meridian Riot of 1871 New Orleans Riot of 1866 Pulaski ( Tennessee ) Riot of 1867 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Confederate refugees Confederados Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission Homestead acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 White League post-Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate monuments and memorials Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Southern Historical Society United Daughters of the Confederacy Monuments and memorials Union List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic Memorials to Abraham Lincoln Confederate List of Confederate monuments and memorials Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials List of memorials to Robert E. Lee List of memorials to Jefferson Davis Annapolis Roger B. Taney Monument Baltimore Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument Confederate Women 's Monument Roger B. Taney Monument Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson Monument Durham , North Carolina Robert E. Lee Monument New Orleans Battle of Liberty Place Monument Jefferson Davis Monument General Beauregard Equestrian Statue Robert E. Lee Monument Cemeteries Confederate Memorial Day Ladies ' memorial associations U.S. Memorial Day U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg Reunion Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers ' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topics Related topics Military Arms Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate Revolving Cannon Field artillery Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Leadership Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States Presidential Election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown 's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching through Georgia Maryland , My Maryland When Johnny Comes Marching Home Other topics Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Revival of 1863 Naming the war Native Americans Cherokee Choctaw New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City Riot of 1863 Photographers Richmond Riot of 1863 Sexuality Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Slave narratives Slave Narrative Collection Captivity narrative Individuals by continent of enslavement Africa Robert Adams ( c. 1790 -- ? ) Francis Bok ( b . 1979 ) James Leander Cathcart ( 1767 -- 1843 ) Ólafur Egilsson ( 1564 -- 1639 ) Hark Olufs ( 1708 -- 1754 ) Mende Nazer ( b . 1982 ) Thomas Pellow ( 1705 -- ? ) Joseph Pitts ( 1663 -- 1735 ? ) Guðríður Símonardóttir ( 1598 -- 1682 ) Europe Lovisa von Burghausen ( 1698 -- 1733 ) Olaudah Equiano ( c. 1745 Nigeria -- 31 March 1797 Eng ) Ukawsaw Gronniosaw ( c. 1705 Bornu -- 1775 Eng ) Roustam Raza ( 1783 -- 1845 ) Brigitta Scherzenfeldt ( 1684 -- 1736 ) North America : Canada Marie - Joseph Angélique ( c. 1710 Portugal -- 1734 Montreal ) John R. Jewitt ( 1783 England -- 1821 United States ) North America : Caribbean Juan Francisco Manzano ( 1797 -- 1854 , Cuba ) Esteban Montejo ( 1860 -- 1965 , Cuba ) Mary Prince Venerable Pierre Toussaint ( 1766 Saint - Dominque -- June 30 , 1853 NY ) Marcos Xiorro ( c. 1819 -- ? ? ? , Puerto Rico ) North America : United States Sam Aleckson Jordan Anderson William J. Anderson Jared Maurice Arter Solomon Bayley Polly Berry Henry Bibb Leonard Black Henry `` Box '' Brown John Brown William Wells Brown Peter Bruner ( 1845 KY -- 1938 OH ) Ellen and William Craft Hannah Crafts Lucinda Davis Noah Davis Lucy Delaney Ayuba Suleiman Diallo Frederick Douglass Kate Drumgoold Jordan Winston Early ( 1814 -- after 1894 ) Sarah Jane Woodson Early David George Moses Grandy William Green ( 19th century MD ) William Grimes Josiah Henson Fountain Hughes ( 1848 / 1854 VA -- 1957 ) John Andrew Jackson Harriet Ann Jacobs John Jea Thomas James ( minister ) Paul Jennings ( 1799 -- 1874 ) Elizabeth Keckley Boston King Lunsford Lane J. Vance Lewis Jermain Wesley Loguen Solomon Northup John Parker ( 1827 VA -- 1900 ) William Parker James Robert Moses Roper Omar ibn Said William Henry Singleton Venture Smith Austin Steward ( 1793 VA -- 1860 ) Venerable Pierre Toussaint ( 1766 Saint - Dominque -- 1853 NY ) Harriet Tubman Wallace Turnage Bethany Veney Booker T. Washington Wallace Willis ( 19th century Indian Territory ) Harriet E. Wilson Zamba Zembola ( b.c. 1780 Congo ) South America Osifekunde ( c. 1795 Nigeria -- ? Brazil ) Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua ( 1845 -- 1847 , Brazil ) Non-fiction books The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano ( 1789 ) The Narrative of Robert Adams ( 1816 ) American Slavery as It Is ( 1839 ) Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass , an American Slave ( 1845 ) The Life of Josiah Henson ( 1849 ) Twelve Years a Slave ( 1853 ) My Bondage and My Freedom ( 1855 ) Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl ( 1861 ) The Underground Railroad Records ( 1872 ) Life and Times of Frederick Douglass ( 1881 ) Up from Slavery ( 1901 ) The Peculiar Institution ( 1956 ) The Slave Community ( 1972 ) Fiction / novels Oroonoko ( 1688 ) Sab ( 1841 ) Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1852 ) The Heroic Slave ( 1852 ) Clotel ( 1853 ) Dred : A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp ( 1856 ) The Bondwoman 's Narrative ( 1853 ? -- 1861 ? ) Our Nig ( 1859 ) Jubilee ( 1966 ) The Confessions of Nat Turner ( 1967 ) Roots : The Saga of an American Family ( 1976 ) Underground to Canada ( 1977 ) Kindred ( 1979 ) Dessa Rose ( 1986 ) Beloved ( 1987 ) Middle Passage ( 1990 ) Queen : The Story of an American Family ( 1993 ) Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons ( 1996 ) Ama : A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade ( 2001 ) Walk Through Darkness ( 2002 ) The Known World ( 2003 ) Unburnable ( 2006 ) Copper Sun ( 2006 ) The Book of Negroes ( 2007 ) The Underground Railroad ( 2016 ) Young adult books Amos Fortune , Free Man ( 1951 ) I , Juan de Pareja ( 1965 ) The Slave - Girl from Jerusalem ( 2007 ) Essay To a Southern Slaveholder ( 1848 ) A Key to Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1853 ) Plays The Escape ; or , A Leap for Freedom ( 1858 ) The Octoroon ( 1859 ) Related African - American literature Caribbean literature Films featuring slavery Songs of the Underground Railroad Book of Negroes ( 1783 ) Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book ( 1847 ) Slave Songs of the United States ( 1867 ) Amazing Grace : An Anthology of Poems about Slavery ( 2002 ) The Hemingses of Monticello ( 2008 ) Documentaries Unchained Memories ( 2003 ) Frederick Douglass and the White Negro ( 2008 ) VIAF : 184680467 LCCN : n96072966 GND : 4305373 - 7 SUDOC : 028195744 BNF : cb120080111 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin&oldid=837606604 '' Categories : 1852 American novels Uncle Tom 's Cabin Cultural history of the American Civil War Novels by Harriet Beecher Stowe Novels about American slavery Novels first published in serial form Sentimental novels Southern United States in fiction Works originally published in American magazines Works originally published in political magazines Novels adapted into comics American novels adapted into films American novels adapted into plays Red River of the South Novels adapted into television programs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with login required references or sources CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from March 2018 Featured articles Articles with Project Gutenberg links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 21 : 52 . 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where was uncle tom's cabin first published

in The National Era, an abolitionist periodical, starting with the June 5, 1851, issue

Boston edition

List of Formula One driver records - wikipedia List of Formula One driver records Jump to : navigation , search For other records relating to Formula One motorsport , see List of Formula One records . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Formula One Current season ( show ) 2018 FIA Formula One World Championship Related articles ( show ) History of Formula One Formula One racing Formula One regulations Formula One cars Formula One engines Formula One tyres Lists ( show ) Drivers ( GP winners Polesitters Fastest laps Champions Numbers ) Constructors ( GP winners Champions ) Seasons Grands Prix Circuits Race Promoters ' Trophy winners Points scoring systems National colours Sponsorship liveries Racing flags Red - flagged races Female drivers TV broadcasters Fatalities Video games Records ( hide ) Drivers Constructors Engines Tyres Races Organisations ( show ) FIA FIA World Motor Sport Council Formula One Group Formula One Constructors ' Association Formula One Teams Association Grand Prix Drivers ' Association This is a list of driver records in the FIA World Championships , since 1950 . Drivers who have competed in the 2018 FIA Formula One World Championship are highlighted in bold . Although the Indianapolis 500 was not run to Formula 1 rules and the 1952 and 1953 Grands Prix were run to Formula 2 rules , these races are included as they were qualifying races for the World Drivers ' Championship . Formula 1 races that were not qualification rounds for the World Championship have been ignored . This page is accurate as of the 2018 Chinese Grand Prix . Table of contents Driver records Races entered and started Total entries / starts Youngest to start a race Oldest to enter / start a race Consecutive Same constructor Same engine manufacturer Wins Total Percentage In one season Highest percentage in one season Consecutive In first season Youngest Oldest Fewest races before first Most races before first Most races without a win From farthest back on the starting grid Most at the same GP Most consecutive at the same GP Most by drivers who have not won a World Championship Most consecutive seasons with Pole positions Total Percentage Consecutive Most at the same GP In one season Highest percentage in one season Seasons with most pole positions Youngest Oldest Most races without Fastest laps Total Percentage In one season Highest percentage in one season Youngest Oldest Most at the same GP Podium finishes Total Percentage In one season Consecutive Consecutive from first race of season Youngest Oldest Most career starts without a podium Most career podiums without a win Most career podiums without a World Championship Most races before scoring a podium finish Points Career points Total races finished in the points Consecutive races finished in the points Highest average points per race started Highest percentage of races finished in the points Most in one season Youngest Oldest Most points without a win Most without being World Champion World Champions with fewest career points Most races before scoring points Most races without scoring points Race leaders Every lap , total For at least one lap , total Youngest Most laps Longest distance Most laps without a win Most consecutive laps in the lead Multiple driver records Pole and win in same race Most wins from pole position in a season Pole , win and fastest lap in same race Pole , win , fastest lap , and led every lap Youngest Oldest Drivers ' Championships Total Fewest seasons before first title Most seasons before first title Youngest first - time champion Youngest double champion Youngest triple champion Youngest champion Other driver records Other Formula One records Constructor records Engines records Tyres records Race records Notes References See also Races entered and started ( edit ) Drivers are considered to be entered into a race if they attempt to compete in at least one official practice session with the intent of entering the race . These drivers are noted on the entry list for that race . A driver is considered to have started a race if they line up on the grid or at the pitlane exit for the start of a race . If a race is stopped and restarted , participation in any portion of the race is counted , but only if that portion was in any way counted towards the final classification ( e.g. , most races stopped before the end of the leader 's 2nd lap had the first part declared null and void in the 1990s and early 2000s , but the first part did count if it was run for more than 1 complete lap before the race was stopped ) . Total entries ( edit ) Driver Seasons Entries Rubens Barrichello 1993 -- 2011 326 Jenson Button 2000 -- 2017 309 Michael Schumacher 1991 -- 2006 , 2010 -- 2012 308 Fernando Alonso 2001 , 2003 -- 2018 296 5 Kimi Räikkönen 2001 -- 2009 , 2012 -- 2018 276 6 Felipe Massa 2002 , 2004 -- 2017 272 7 Riccardo Patrese 1977 -- 1993 257 8 Jarno Trulli 1997 -- 2011 256 9 David Coulthard 1994 -- 2008 247 10 Giancarlo Fisichella 1996 -- 2009 231 Source : Total starts ( edit ) Driver Seasons Starts Rubens Barrichello 1993 -- 2011 322 Michael Schumacher 1991 -- 2006 , 2010 -- 2012 306 Jenson Button 2000 -- 2017 Fernando Alonso 2001 , 2003 -- 2018 294 5 Kimi Räikkönen 2001 -- 2009 , 2012 -- 2018 274 6 Felipe Massa 2002 , 2004 -- 2017 269 7 Riccardo Patrese 1977 -- 1993 256 8 Jarno Trulli 1997 -- 2011 252 9 David Coulthard 1994 -- 2008 246 10 Giancarlo Fisichella 1996 -- 2009 229 Source : Youngest drivers to start a race ( edit ) Driver Age Place Race Max Verstappen 17 years , 166 days Ret 2015 Australian Grand Prix Lance Stroll 18 years , 148 days Ret 2017 Australian Grand Prix Jaime Alguersuari 19 years , 125 days 15th 2009 Hungarian Grand Prix Mike Thackwell 19 years , 182 days Ret 1980 Canadian Grand Prix 5 Ricardo Rodríguez 19 years , 208 days Ret 1961 Italian Grand Prix 6 Fernando Alonso 19 years , 218 days 12th 2001 Australian Grand Prix 7 Esteban Tuero 19 years , 320 days Ret 1998 Australian Grand Prix 8 Chris Amon 19 years , 324 days Ret 1963 Belgian Grand Prix Daniil Kvyat 9th 2014 Australian Grand Prix 10 Esteban Ocon 19 years , 345 days 16th 2016 Belgian Grand Prix Sources : Oldest driver to enter a race ( edit ) Driver Age Place Race Louis Chiron 58 years , 288 days DNQ 1958 Monaco Grand Prix Luigi Platé 56 years , 0 days DNA 1950 Italian Grand Prix Philippe Étancelin 55 years , 191 days 8th 1952 French Grand Prix Arthur Legat 54 years , 232 days Ret 1953 Belgian Grand Prix 5 Kurt Kuhnke 53 years , 96 days DNQ 1963 German Grand Prix 6 Luigi Fagioli 53 years , 22 days 1st 1951 French Grand Prix 7 Piero Dusio 52 years , 330 days DNQ 1952 Italian Grand Prix 8 Adolf Brudes 52 years , 293 days Ret 1952 German Grand Prix 9 Hans Stuck 52 years , 260 days 14th 1953 Italian Grand Prix 10 Jack Ensley 52 years , 225 days DNQ 1959 Indianapolis 500 Sources : Oldest drivers to start a race ( edit ) Driver Age Place Race Louis Chiron 55 years , 292 days 6th 1955 Monaco Grand Prix Philippe Étancelin 55 years , 191 days 8th 1952 French Grand Prix Arthur Legat 54 years , 232 days Ret 1953 Belgian Grand Prix Luigi Fagioli 53 years , 22 days 1st 1951 French Grand Prix 5 Adolf Brudes 52 years , 293 days Ret 1952 German Grand Prix 6 Hans Stuck 52 years , 260 days 14th 1953 Italian Grand Prix 7 Bill Aston 52 years , 127 days Ret 1952 German Grand Prix 8 Clemente Biondetti 52 years , 16 days Ret 1950 Italian Grand Prix 9 Louis Rosier 50 years , 274 days 5th 1956 German Grand Prix 10 Rudolf Schoeller 50 years , 98 days Ret 1952 German Grand Prix Source : Most consecutive race starts ( edit ) Most consecutive races that the driver entered and actually started . Driver Consecutive starts Races Lewis Hamilton 211 2007 Australian -- 2018 Chinese ( ongoing ) Nico Rosberg 206 2006 Bahrain -- 2016 Abu Dhabi Riccardo Patrese 187 1982 Belgian -- 1993 Australian Jenson Button 179 2005 French -- 2015 Chinese 5 Fernando Alonso 176 2005 French -- 2014 Abu Dhabi 6 David Coulthard 175 1995 Brazilian -- 2005 Canadian 7 Rubens Barrichello 167 2002 German -- 2011 Brazilian 8 Alain Prost 160 1981 USA West -- 1991 Brazilian 9 Sebastian Vettel 159 2007 Hungarian -- 2016 Australian 10 Mark Webber 157 2005 French -- 2013 Brazilian Source : Most races with a single constructor ( edit ) Driver Constructor Seasons Entries Starts Michael Schumacher Ferrari 1996 -- 2006 181 179 David Coulthard McLaren 1996 -- 2004 150 150 Felipe Massa Ferrari 2006 -- 2013 140 139 Jenson Button McLaren 2010 -- 2017 137 136 5 Nico Rosberg Mercedes 2010 -- 2016 136 6 Kimi Räikkönen Ferrari 2007 -- 2009 , 2014 -- 2018 134 133 7 Mika Häkkinen McLaren 1993 -- 2001 133 131 8 Jacques Laffite Ligier 1976 -- 1982 , 1985 -- 1986 132 132 9 Mark Webber Red Bull 2007 -- 2013 129 129 10 Sebastian Vettel Red Bull 2009 -- 2014 113 113 Source : Most races with a single engine manufacturer ( edit ) Driver Engine Seasons Entries Starts Lewis Hamilton Mercedes 2007 -- 2018 211 211 Felipe Massa Ferrari 2002 , 2004 -- 2013 193 191 Michael Schumacher Ferrari 1996 -- 2006 181 179 Kimi Räikkönen Ferrari 2001 , 2007 -- 2009 , 2014 -- 2018 151 150 5 David Coulthard Mercedes 1996 -- 2004 150 6 Emerson Fittipaldi Ford Cosworth 1970 -- 1980 148 143 7 Jenson Button Honda 2003 -- 2008 , 2015 -- 2017 145 142 8 Jean - Pierre Jarier Ford Cosworth 1971 , 1973 -- 1983 138 129 9 Nico Rosberg Mercedes 2010 -- 2016 136 136 10 Mark Webber Renault 2007 -- 2013 129 129 Source : Wins ( edit ) Total wins ( edit ) See also : List of Formula One Grand Prix winners Driver Seasons Entries Wins Percentage Michael Schumacher 1991 -- 2006 , 2010 -- 2012 308 91 7001295500000000000 ♠ 29.55 % Lewis Hamilton 2007 -- 2018 211 62 7001293800000000000 ♠ 29.38 % Alain Prost 1980 -- 1991 , 1993 202 51 7001252500000000000 ♠ 25.25 % Sebastian Vettel 2007 -- 2018 202 49 7001242600000000000 ♠ 24.26 % 5 Ayrton Senna 1984 -- 1994 162 41 7001253100000000000 ♠ 25.31 % 6 Fernando Alonso 2001 , 2003 -- 2018 296 32 7001108100000000000 ♠ 10.81 % 7 Nigel Mansell 1980 -- 1992 , 1994 -- 1995 191 31 7001162300000000000 ♠ 16.23 % 8 Jackie Stewart 1965 -- 1973 100 27 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27.00 % 9 Jim Clark 1960 -- 1968 73 25 7001342500000000000 ♠ 34.25 % Niki Lauda 1971 -- 1979 , 1982 -- 1985 177 7001141200000000000 ♠ 14.12 % Sources : Percentage wins ( edit ) Driver Seasons Entries Wins Percentage Juan Manuel Fangio 1950 -- 1951 , 1953 -- 1958 52 24 7001461500000000000 ♠ 46.15 % Alberto Ascari 1950 -- 1955 33 13 7001393900000000000 ♠ 39.39 % Jim Clark 1960 -- 1968 73 25 7001342500000000000 ♠ 34.25 % Lee Wallard 1950 -- 1951 , 1954 7001333300000000000 ♠ 33.33 % Bill Vukovich 1950 -- 1955 6 6 Michael Schumacher 1991 -- 2006 , 2010 -- 2012 308 91 7001295500000000000 ♠ 29.55 % 7 Lewis Hamilton 2007 -- 2018 211 62 7001293800000000000 ♠ 29.38 % 8 Jackie Stewart 1965 -- 1973 100 27 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27.00 % 9 Ayrton Senna 1984 -- 1994 162 41 7001253100000000000 ♠ 25.31 % 10 Alain Prost 1980 -- 1991 , 1993 202 51 7001252500000000000 ♠ 25.25 % Sources : Most wins in a season ( edit ) Driver Season Wins Entries Percentage Michael Schumacher 13 18 7001722200000000000 ♠ 72.22 % Sebastian Vettel 2013 19 7001684200000000000 ♠ 68.42 % Michael Schumacher 2002 11 17 7001647099999999999 ♠ 64.71 % Sebastian Vettel 2011 19 7001578900000000000 ♠ 57.89 % Lewis Hamilton 2014 6 Lewis Hamilton 2015 10 19 7001526300000000000 ♠ 52.63 % 2016 21 7001476200000000000 ♠ 47.62 % 8 Nigel Mansell 1992 9 16 7001562500000000000 ♠ 56.25 % Michael Schumacher 1995 17 7001529400000000000 ♠ 52.94 % 2000 2001 Nico Rosberg 2016 21 7001428600000000000 ♠ 42.86 % Lewis Hamilton 2017 20 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45.00 % Sources : Highest percentage of wins in a season ( edit ) Driver Season Percentage Races Wins Alberto Ascari 1952 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 % 8 6 Michael Schumacher 7001722200000000000 ♠ 72.22 % 18 13 Jim Clark 1963 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70.00 % 10 7 Sebastian Vettel 2013 7001684200000000000 ♠ 68.42 % 19 13 5 Juan Manuel Fangio 1954 7001666700000000000 ♠ 66.67 % 9 6 6 Michael Schumacher 2002 7001647099999999999 ♠ 64.71 % 17 11 7 Jim Clark 1965 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60.00 % 10 6 8 Sebastian Vettel 2011 7001578900000000000 ♠ 57.89 % 19 11 Lewis Hamilton 2014 10 Juan Manuel Fangio 1955 7001571400000000000 ♠ 57.14 % 7 Sources : Most consecutive wins ( edit ) Driver Season ( s ) Wins Consecutive races won Sebastian Vettel 2013 9 Belgium , Italy , Singapore , Korea , Japan , India , Abu Dhabi , United States , Brazil Alberto Ascari 1952 -- 1953 7 Belgium , France , Britain , Germany , Holland , Italy , 1953 Argentina Michael Schumacher Europe , Canada , United States , France , Britain , Germany , Hungary Nico Rosberg 2015 -- 2016 Mexico , Brazil , Abu Dhabi , 2016 Australia , Bahrain , China , Russia 5 Michael Schumacher 2000 -- 2001 6 Italy , United States , Japan , Malaysia , 2001 Australia , Malaysia 6 Jack Brabham 1960 5 Holland , Belgium , France , Britain , Portugal Jim Clark 1965 Belgium , France , Britain , Holland , Germany Nigel Mansell 1992 South Africa , Mexico , Brazil , Spain , San Marino Michael Schumacher Australia , Malaysia , Bahrain , San Marino , Spain Lewis Hamilton 2014 Italy , Singapore , Japan , Russia , United States Source : Most wins in first championship season ( edit ) Driver Season Wins Races won Jacques Villeneuve European , British , Hungarian , Portuguese Lewis Hamilton 2007 Canadian , United States , Hungarian , Japanese Juan Manuel Fangio 1950 Monaco , Belgian , French Nino Farina 1950 British , Swiss , Italian 5 Johnnie Parsons 1950 Indianapolis 500 Giancarlo Baghetti 1961 French Jackie Stewart 1965 Italian Emerson Fittipaldi 1970 United States Clay Regazzoni 1970 Italian Juan Pablo Montoya 2001 Italian Source : Youngest winners ( edit ) ( only the first win for each driver is listed ) Driver Age Race Max Verstappen 18 years , 228 days 2016 Spanish Grand Prix Sebastian Vettel 21 years , 73 days 2008 Italian Grand Prix Fernando Alonso 22 years , 26 days 2003 Hungarian Grand Prix Troy Ruttman 22 years , 80 days 1952 Indianapolis 500 5 Bruce McLaren 22 years , 104 days 1959 United States Grand Prix 6 Lewis Hamilton 22 years , 154 days 2007 Canadian Grand Prix 7 Kimi Räikkönen 23 years , 157 days 2003 Malaysian Grand Prix 8 Robert Kubica 23 years , 184 days 2008 Canadian Grand Prix 9 Jacky Ickx 23 years , 188 days 1968 French Grand Prix 10 Michael Schumacher 23 years , 240 days 1992 Belgian Grand Prix Source : Oldest winners ( edit ) ( only the last win for each driver is listed ) Driver Age Race Luigi Fagioli 53 years , 22 days 1951 French Grand Prix Nino Farina 46 years , 276 days 1953 German Grand Prix Juan Manuel Fangio 46 years , 41 days 1957 German Grand Prix Piero Taruffi 45 years , 219 days 1952 Swiss Grand Prix 5 Jack Brabham 43 years , 339 days 1970 South African Grand Prix 6 Sam Hanks 42 years , 321 days 1957 Indianapolis 500 7 Nigel Mansell 41 years , 97 days 1994 Australian Grand Prix 8 Lee Wallard 40 years , 264 days 1951 Indianapolis 500 9 Maurice Trintignant 40 years , 200 days 1958 Monaco Grand Prix 10 Graham Hill 40 years , 92 days 1969 Monaco Grand Prix Source : Fewest races before first win ( edit ) Entry Driver Race 1st race Nino Farina 1950 British Grand Prix Johnnie Parsons 1950 Indianapolis 500 Giancarlo Baghetti 1961 French Grand Prix 2nd race Juan Manuel Fangio 1950 Monaco Grand Prix Lee Wallard 1951 Indianapolis 500 6 3rd race Troy Ruttman 1952 Indianapolis 500 Bill Vukovich 1953 Indianapolis 500 Tony Brooks 1957 British Grand Prix 9 4th race Bob Sweikert 1955 Indianapolis 500 Jacques Villeneuve 1996 European Grand Prix Source : Most races before first win ( edit ) Start Driver Race 130th race Mark Webber 2009 German Grand Prix 123rd race Rubens Barrichello 2000 German Grand Prix 119th race Jarno Trulli 2004 Monaco Grand Prix 113th race Jenson Button 2006 Hungarian Grand Prix 5 111th race Nico Rosberg 2012 Chinese Grand Prix 6 110th race Giancarlo Fisichella 2003 Brazilian Grand Prix 7 96th race Mika Häkkinen 1997 European Grand Prix 8 95th race Thierry Boutsen 1989 Canadian Grand Prix 9 91st race Jean Alesi 1995 Canadian Grand Prix 10 82nd race Eddie Irvine 1999 Australian Grand Prix Valtteri Bottas 2017 Russian Grand Prix Sources : Most races without a win ( edit ) Driver Entries Starts Best result Andrea de Cesaris 214 208 2nd Nick Heidfeld 185 183 2nd Martin Brundle 165 158 2nd Derek Warwick 162 147 2nd 5 Jean - Pierre Jarier 143 134 3rd Eddie Cheever 132 2nd 7 Nico Hülkenberg 140 138 4th Sergio Pérez 137 2nd 9 Adrian Sutil 128 128 4th 10 Romain Grosjean 127 125 2nd Source : Wins from farthest back on the starting grid ( edit ) Driver Race Start pos . John Watson 1983 United States Grand Prix West 22nd Bill Vukovich 1954 Indianapolis 500 19th Rubens Barrichello 2000 German Grand Prix 18th John Watson 1982 Detroit Grand Prix 17th Kimi Räikkönen 2005 Japanese Grand Prix 6 Jackie Stewart 1973 South African Grand Prix 16th Michael Schumacher 1995 Belgian Grand Prix 8 Fernando Alonso 2008 Singapore Grand Prix 15th 9 Bob Sweikert 1955 Indianapolis 500 14th Alan Jones 1977 Austrian Grand Prix Olivier Panis 1996 Monaco Grand Prix Johnny Herbert 1999 European Grand Prix Jenson Button 2006 Hungarian Grand Prix Source : Most wins at the same Grand Prix ( edit ) Driver Wins Grand Prix Seasons Michael Schumacher 8 French Grand Prix 1994 , 1995 , 1997 , 1998 , 2001 , 2002 , 2004 , 2006 Michael Schumacher 7 Canadian Grand Prix 1994 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 San Marino Grand Prix 1994 , 1999 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 Alain Prost 6 Brazilian Grand Prix 1982 , 1984 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 1990 French Grand Prix 1981 , 1983 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1993 Ayrton Senna Monaco Grand Prix 1987 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 Michael Schumacher Belgian Grand Prix 1992 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 2001 , 2002 Spanish Grand Prix 1995 , 1996 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 Japanese Grand Prix 1995 , 1997 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2004 European Grand Prix 1994 , 1995 , 2000 , 2001 , 2004 , 2006 Lewis Hamilton Canadian Grand Prix 2007 , 2010 , 2012 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 United States Grand Prix 2007 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Source : Most Grand Prix wins by drivers that have not won a World Championship ( edit ) Driver Seasons Entries Wins Stirling Moss 1951 -- 1961 67 16 David Coulthard 1994 -- 2008 247 13 Carlos Reutemann 1972 -- 1982 146 12 Felipe Massa 2002 -- 2017 272 11 Rubens Barrichello 1993 -- 2011 326 6 Ronnie Peterson 1970 -- 1978 123 10 Gerhard Berger 1984 -- 1997 210 8 Mark Webber 2002 -- 2013 217 9 9 Jacky Ickx 1967 -- 1979 122 8 10 Juan Pablo Montoya 2001 -- 2006 95 7 René Arnoux 1978 -- 1989 165 Source : Most consecutive seasons with a Grand Prix win ( edit ) Driver Seasons Total Michael Schumacher 1992 -- 2006 15 Lewis Hamilton 2007 -- 2017 11 Alain Prost 1981 -- 1990 10 Ayrton Senna 1985 -- 1993 9 5 Nelson Piquet 1980 -- 1987 8 6 Stirling Moss 1955 -- 1961 7 Jim Clark 1962 -- 1968 David Coulthard 1997 -- 2003 9 Jackie Stewart 1968 -- 1973 6 Sebastian Vettel 2008 -- 2013 Sources : Pole positions ( edit ) Total pole positions ( edit ) See also : List of Formula One polesitters Driver Seasons Entries Poles Percentage Lewis Hamilton 2007 -- 2018 211 73 7001346000000000000 ♠ 34.60 % Michael Schumacher 1991 -- 2006 , 2010 -- 2012 308 68 7001220800000099999 ♠ 22.08 % Ayrton Senna 1984 -- 1994 162 65 7001401209999900000 ♠ 40.12 % Sebastian Vettel 2007 -- 2018 202 52 7001257400000099999 ♠ 25.74 % 5 Jim Clark 1960 -- 1968 73 33 7001452100000000000 ♠ 45.21 % Alain Prost 1980 -- 1991 , 1993 202 7001163400000000000 ♠ 16.34 % 7 Nigel Mansell 1980 -- 1992 , 1994 -- 1995 191 32 7001167500000000000 ♠ 16.75 % 8 Nico Rosberg 2006 -- 2016 206 30 7001145600000000000 ♠ 14.56 % 9 Juan Manuel Fangio 1950 -- 1951 , 1953 -- 1958 52 29 7001557700000000000 ♠ 55.77 % 10 Mika Häkkinen 1991 -- 2001 165 26 7001157600000000000 ♠ 15.76 % Sources : Percentage pole positions ( edit ) Driver Seasons Entries Poles Percentage Juan Manuel Fangio 1950 -- 1951 , 1953 -- 1958 52 29 7001557700000000000 ♠ 55.77 % Jim Clark 1960 -- 1968 73 33 7001452100000000000 ♠ 45.21 % Alberto Ascari 1950 -- 1955 33 14 7001424200000000000 ♠ 42.42 % Ayrton Senna 1984 -- 1994 162 65 7001401209999900000 ♠ 40.12 % 5 Lewis Hamilton 2007 -- 2018 211 73 7001346000000000000 ♠ 34.60 % 6 Sebastian Vettel 2007 -- 2018 202 52 7001257400000099999 ♠ 25.74 % 7 Stirling Moss 1951 -- 1961 67 16 7001238800000000000 ♠ 23.88 % 8 Michael Schumacher 1991 -- 2006 , 2010 -- 2012 308 68 7001220800000099999 ♠ 22.08 % 9 Jerry Hoyt 1950 -- 1951 , 1953 -- 1955 5 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20.00 % Duke Nalon 1950 -- 1954 5 Source : Most consecutive pole positions ( edit ) Driver Poles Races Ayrton Senna 8 1988 Spanish -- 1989 United States Ayrton Senna 7 1990 Spanish -- 1991 Monaco Alain Prost 1993 South African -- 1993 Canadian Michael Schumacher 2000 Italian -- 2001 Brazilian Lewis Hamilton 2015 Monaco -- 2015 Italian 6 Niki Lauda 6 1974 Dutch -- 1974 Italian Ayrton Senna 1988 Brazilian -- 1988 Detroit 1989 Belgian -- 1989 Australian Nigel Mansell 1992 South African -- 1992 Monaco Mika Häkkinen 1999 British -- 1999 Italian Nico Rosberg 2015 Japanese -- 2015 Abu Dhabi Lewis Hamilton 2016 United States -- 2017 Chinese Source : Most pole positions at the same Grand Prix ( edit ) Driver Poles Grand Prix Seasons Ayrton Senna 8 San Marino Grand Prix 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1994 Michael Schumacher Japanese Grand Prix 1994 , 1995 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2004 Michael Schumacher 7 Spanish Grand Prix 1994 , 1995 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 Hungarian Grand Prix 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 2000 , 2001 , 2004 , 2005 Lewis Hamilton Australian Grand Prix 2008 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 6 Ayrton Senna 6 Australian Grand Prix 1985 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1993 Brazilian Grand Prix 1986 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1994 Michael Schumacher Canadian Grand Prix 1994 , 1995 , 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 Lewis Hamilton Chinese Grand Prix 2007 , 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 Canadian Grand Prix 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Italian Grand Prix 2009 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Sources : Most pole positions in a season ( edit ) Driver Season Entries Poles WDC Sebastian Vettel 2011 19 15 1st Nigel Mansell 1992 16 14 1st Ayrton Senna 1988 16 13 1st 1989 16 2nd Alain Prost 1993 16 1st 6 Lewis Hamilton 2016 21 12 2nd 7 Mika Häkkinen 1999 16 11 1st Michael Schumacher 2001 17 1st Nico Rosberg 2014 19 2nd Lewis Hamilton 2015 19 1st 2017 20 1st Sources : Highest percentage of pole positions in a season ( edit ) Driver Season Races Poles Percentage Nigel Mansell 1992 16 14 7001880000000000000 ♠ 88 % Ayrton Senna 1988 16 13 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 % 1989 Alain Prost 1993 5 Sebastian Vettel 2011 19 15 7001790000000000000 ♠ 79 % 6 Juan Manuel Fangio 1956 8 6 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75 % 7 Jim Clark 1963 10 7 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 % 8 Mika Häkkinen 1999 16 11 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69 % 9 Jim Clark 1962 9 6 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 % Alberto Ascari 1953 Source : Youngest polesitters ( edit ) ( only the first pole position for each driver is listed ) Driver Age Race Sebastian Vettel 21 years , 72 days 2008 Italian Grand Prix Fernando Alonso 21 years , 236 days 2003 Malaysian Grand Prix Rubens Barrichello 22 years , 97 days 1994 Belgian Grand Prix Lewis Hamilton 22 years , 153 days 2007 Canadian Grand Prix 5 Andrea de Cesaris 22 years , 308 days 1982 United States Grand Prix West 6 Nico Hülkenberg 23 years , 79 days 2010 Brazilian Grand Prix 7 Robert Kubica 23 years , 120 days 2008 Bahrain Grand Prix 8 Jacky Ickx 23 years , 216 days 1968 German Grand Prix 9 Kimi Räikkönen 23 years , 255 days 2003 European Grand Prix 10 David Coulthard 24 years , 13 days 1995 Argentine Grand Prix Source : Oldest polesitters ( edit ) Driver Age Race Nino Farina 47 years , 79 days 1954 Argentine Grand Prix Juan Manuel Fangio 46 years , 209 days 1958 Argentine Grand Prix Jack Brabham 44 years , 17 days 1970 Spanish Grand Prix Mario Andretti 42 years , 196 days 1982 Italian Grand Prix 5 Nigel Mansell 41 years , 97 days 1994 Australian Grand Prix 6 Carlos Reutemann 39 years , 188 days 1981 Caesars Palace Grand Prix 7 Graham Hill 39 years , 156 days 1968 British Grand Prix 8 Fred Agabashian 38 years , 283 days 1952 Indianapolis 500 9 Alain Prost 38 years , 241 days 1993 Japanese Grand Prix 10 Riccardo Patrese 38 years , 121 days 1992 Hungarian Grand Prix Source : Note : Michael Schumacher was aged 43 years , 144 days when he set the fastest time in qualifying for the 2012 Monaco Grand Prix but due to a 5 place grid penalty from the previous race he did not start the race from pole position . Most races without a pole position ( edit ) Driver Entries Starts Best grid position Johnny Herbert 165 161 4th Martin Brundle 158 3rd Derek Warwick 162 147 3rd Olivier Panis 158 157 3rd 5 Eddie Irvine 148 147 2nd 6 Eddie Cheever 143 132 2nd 7 Sergio Pérez 140 137 4th 8 Adrian Sutil 128 128 2nd 9 Romain Grosjean 127 125 2nd 10 Pierluigi Martini 124 119 2nd Source : Fastest laps ( edit ) Total fastest laps ( edit ) Main article : List of Formula One drivers who set a fastest lap Driver Fastest laps Starts Percentage Michael Schumacher 77 306 7001251600000000000 ♠ 25.16 % Kimi Räikkönen 45 274 7001164200000000000 ♠ 16.42 % Alain Prost 41 199 7001206000000000000 ♠ 20.60 % Lewis Hamilton 38 211 7001180100000000000 ♠ 18.01 % 5 Sebastian Vettel 33 201 7001164200000000000 ♠ 16.42 % 6 Nigel Mansell 30 187 7001160400000000000 ♠ 16.04 % 7 Jim Clark 28 72 7001388900000000000 ♠ 38.89 % 8 Mika Häkkinen 25 161 7001155300000000000 ♠ 15.53 % 9 Niki Lauda 24 171 7001140400000099999 ♠ 14.04 % 10 Juan Manuel Fangio 23 51 7001451000000000000 ♠ 45.10 % Nelson Piquet 204 7001112700000000000 ♠ 11.27 % Fernando Alonso 294 7000782000000000000 ♠ 7.82 % Source : Percentage fastest laps ( edit ) Driver Seasons Starts Fastest laps Percentage Bill Vukovich 1951 -- 1955 5 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60.00 % Lee Wallard 1950 -- 1951 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 % Juan Manuel Fangio 1950 -- 1951 , 1953 -- 1958 51 23 7001451000000000000 ♠ 45.10 % Jim Clark 1960 -- 1968 72 28 7001388900000000000 ♠ 38.89 % 5 Alberto Ascari 1950 -- 1955 32 12 7001375000000000000 ♠ 37.50 % 6 Stirling Moss 1951 -- 1961 66 19 7001287900000000000 ♠ 28.79 % 7 Michael Schumacher 1991 -- 2006 , 2010 -- 2012 306 77 7001251600000000000 ♠ 25.16 % 8 Jose Froilan Gonzalez 1950 -- 1957 , 1960 26 6 7001230800000099999 ♠ 23.08 % 9 Alain Prost 1980 -- 1991 , 1993 199 41 7001206000000000000 ♠ 20.60 % 10 Jim Rathmann 1950 , 1952 -- 1960 10 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20.00 % Source needed Most fastest laps in a season ( edit ) Driver Season Entries Fastest laps Percentage WDC Michael Schumacher 18 10 7001555600000000000 ♠ 55.56 % 1st Kimi Räikkönen 2008 3rd 2005 19 7001526300000000000 ♠ 52.63 % 2nd Mika Häkkinen 2000 17 9 7001529400000000000 ♠ 52.94 % 2nd 5 Nigel Mansell 1992 16 8 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 % 1st Michael Schumacher 1994 1st 1995 17 7001470600000000000 ♠ 47.06 % 1st Lewis Hamilton 2015 19 7001421100000000000 ♠ 42.11 % 1st 9 Nelson Piquet 1986 16 7 7001437500000000000 ♠ 43.75 % 3rd Alain Prost 1988 2nd Michael Schumacher 2002 17 7001411800000000000 ♠ 41.18 % 1st 2006 18 7001388900000000000 ♠ 38.89 % 2nd Mark Webber 2011 19 7001368400000000000 ♠ 36.84 % 3rd Sebastian Vettel 2013 1st Lewis Hamilton 2014 1st 2017 20 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35.00 % 1st Source needed Highest percentage of fastest laps in a season ( edit ) Driver Fastest laps Races Season Percentage Alberto Ascari 6 8 1952 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 % Juan Manuel Fangio 5 8 1951 7001625000000000000 ♠ 62.50 % Jim Clark 6 10 1963 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60.00 % 1965 5 Jim Clark 5 9 1962 7001555600000000000 ♠ 55.56 % Michael Schumacher 10 18 Kimi Räikkönen 2008 8 Mika Häkkinen 9 17 2000 7001529400000000000 ♠ 52.94 % 9 Kimi Räikkönen 10 19 2005 7001526300000000000 ♠ 52.63 % 10 Juan Manuel Fangio 8 1956 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 % Nigel Mansell 8 16 1992 Michael Schumacher 1994 Source needed Youngest drivers to set fastest lap ( edit ) ( only the first fastest lap for each driver is listed ) Driver Age Race Max Verstappen 19 years , 44 days 2016 Brazilian Grand Prix Nico Rosberg 20 years , 258 days 2006 Bahrain Grand Prix Esteban Gutiérrez 21 years , 280 days 2013 Spanish Grand Prix Fernando Alonso 21 years , 321 days 2003 Canadian Grand Prix 5 Bruce McLaren 21 years , 322 days 1959 British Grand Prix 6 Sebastian Vettel 21 years , 353 days 2009 British Grand Prix 7 Daniil Kvyat 22 years , 19 days 2016 Spanish Grand Prix 8 Lewis Hamilton 22 years , 91 days 2007 Malaysian Grand Prix 9 Sergio Pérez 22 years , 125 days 2012 Monaco Grand Prix 10 Kimi Räikkönen 22 years , 137 days 2002 Australian Grand Prix Source : Oldest drivers to set fastest lap ( edit ) ( only the last fastest lap for each driver is listed ) Driver Age Race Juan Manuel Fangio 46 years , 209 days 1958 Argentine Grand Prix Piero Taruffi 45 years , 219 days 1952 Swiss Grand Prix Nino Farina 44 years , 321 days 1951 Italian Grand Prix Jack Brabham 44 years , 107 days 1970 British Grand Prix 5 Luigi Villoresi 44 years , 22 days 1953 Dutch Grand Prix 6 Karl Kling 43 years , 319 days 1954 German Grand Prix 7 Michael Schumacher 43 years , 201 days 2012 German Grand Prix 8 Paul Russo 42 years , 50 days 1956 Indianapolis 500 9 Maurice Trintignant 42 years , 43 days 1959 United States Grand Prix 10 Jacques Laffite 41 years , 319 days 1985 European Grand Prix Source : Podium finishes ( edit ) Total podium finishes ( edit ) Driver Seasons Entries Podiums Percentage Michael Schumacher 1991 -- 2006 , 2010 -- 2012 308 155 7001503200000000000 ♠ 50.32 % Lewis Hamilton 2007 -- 2018 211 119 7001564000000000000 ♠ 56.40 % Alain Prost 1980 -- 1991 , 1993 202 106 7001524800000099999 ♠ 52.48 % Sebastian Vettel 2007 -- 2018 202 101 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 % 5 Fernando Alonso 2001 , 2003 -- 2018 296 97 7001327700000000000 ♠ 32.77 % 6 Kimi Räikkönen 2001 -- 2009 , 2012 -- 2018 276 93 7001337000000000000 ♠ 33.70 % 7 Ayrton Senna 1984 -- 1994 162 80 7001493800000000000 ♠ 49.38 % 8 Rubens Barrichello 1993 -- 2011 326 68 7001208600000000000 ♠ 20.86 % 9 David Coulthard 1994 -- 2008 247 62 7001251000000000000 ♠ 25.10 % 10 Nelson Piquet 1978 -- 1991 207 60 7001289900000000000 ♠ 28.99 % Source : Percentage podium finishes ( edit ) Driver Seasons Entries Podiums Percentage Dorino Serafini 1950 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 % Luigi Fagioli 1950 -- 1951 7 6 7001857109999999999 ♠ 85.71 % Juan Manuel Fangio 1950 -- 1951 , 1953 -- 1958 52 35 7001673100000000000 ♠ 67.31 % Nino Farina 1950 -- 1955 34 20 7001588200000000000 ♠ 58.82 % 5 Lewis Hamilton 2007 -- 2018 211 119 7001564000000000000 ♠ 56.40 % 6 José Froilán González 1950 -- 1957 , 1960 27 15 7001555600000000000 ♠ 55.56 % 7 Alain Prost 1980 -- 1991 , 1993 202 106 7001524800000099999 ♠ 52.48 % 8 Alberto Ascari 1950 -- 1955 33 17 7001515200000000000 ♠ 51.52 % 9 Michael Schumacher 1991 -- 2006 , 2010 -- 2012 308 155 7001503200000000000 ♠ 50.32 % 10 Lee Wallard 1950 -- 1951 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 % Bill Holland 1950 -- 1953 Mauri Rose 1950 -- 1951 Sam Hanks 1950 -- 1957 8 Sebastian Vettel 2007 -- 2018 202 101 Source : Percentage podium finishes ( minimum 15 entries ) ( edit ) Driver Seasons Entries Podiums Percentage Juan Manuel Fangio 1950 -- 1951 , 1953 -- 1958 52 35 7001673100000000000 ♠ 67.31 % Nino Farina 1950 -- 1955 34 20 7001588200000000000 ♠ 58.82 % Lewis Hamilton 2007 -- 2018 211 119 7001564000000000000 ♠ 56.40 % Jose Froilan Gonzalez 1950 -- 1957 , 1960 27 15 7001555600000000000 ♠ 55.56 % 5 Alain Prost 1980 -- 1991 , 1993 202 106 7001524800000099999 ♠ 52.48 % 6 Alberto Ascari 1950 -- 1955 33 17 7001515200000000000 ♠ 51.52 % 7 Michael Schumacher 1991 -- 2006 , 2010 -- 2012 308 155 7001503200000000000 ♠ 50.32 % 8 Sebastian Vettel 2007 -- 2018 202 101 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 % 9 Ayrton Senna 1984 -- 1994 162 80 7001493800000000000 ♠ 49.38 % 10 Jim Clark 1960 -- 1968 73 32 7001438400000000000 ♠ 43.84 % Source : Most podium finishes in a season ( edit ) Driver Season Entries Podiums Michael Schumacher 2002 17 17 Sebastian Vettel 2011 19 Lewis Hamilton 2015 2016 21 5 Sebastian Vettel 2013 19 16 Lewis Hamilton 2014 Nico Rosberg 2016 21 8 Michael Schumacher 18 15 Fernando Alonso 2005 19 Nico Rosberg 2014 2015 Source needed Most consecutive podium finishes ( edit ) Driver Season Consecutive podium finishes Podiums Michael Schumacher 2001 -- 2002 2001 United States -- 2002 Japanese 19 Lewis Hamilton 2014 -- 2015 2014 Italian -- 2015 British 16 Fernando Alonso 2005 -- 2006 2005 Turkish -- 2006 Canadian 15 Sebastian Vettel 2010 -- 2011 2010 Brazilian -- 2011 British 11 2013 2013 German -- 2013 Brazilian 6 Jim Clark 1963 1963 Belgian -- 1963 South African 9 Niki Lauda 1975 -- 1976 1975 Italian -- 1976 Swedish Nelson Piquet 1987 Monaco -- 1987 Portuguese Michael Schumacher 2000 -- 2001 2000 Hungarian -- 2001 Brazilian 2004 European -- 2004 Italian Lewis Hamilton 2007 2007 Australian -- 2007 British Nico Rosberg 2015 2015 Australian -- 2015 British 2016 2016 Belgian -- 2016 Abu Dhabi Source : Most consecutive podium finishes from first race of season ( edit ) Driver Season Consecutive podium finishes Podiums Michael Schumacher 2002 Australian -- Japanese 17 Fernando Alonso 2006 Bahrain -- Canadian 9 Lewis Hamilton 2007 Australian -- British 2015 Australian -- British Sebastian Vettel 2011 Australian -- British Nico Rosberg 2015 Australian -- British 7 Nico Rosberg 2014 Australian -- Austrian 8 8 Niki Lauda 1976 Brazilian -- Swedish 7 Alain Prost 1988 Brazilian -- French Michael Schumacher 1994 Brazilian -- French Jenson Button 2009 Australian -- Turkish Source needed Youngest Drivers to score a podium finish ( edit ) ( only the first podium finish for each driver is listed ) Driver Age Place Race Max Verstappen 18 years , 228 days 1st 2016 Spanish Grand Prix Lance Stroll 18 years , 239 days 3rd 2017 Azerbaijan Grand Prix Sebastian Vettel 21 years , 73 days 1st 2008 Italian Grand Prix Daniil Kvyat 21 years , 91 days 2nd 2015 Hungarian Grand Prix 5 Kevin Magnussen 21 years , 162 days 2nd 2014 Australian Grand Prix 6 Fernando Alonso 21 years , 237 days 3rd 2003 Malaysian Grand Prix 7 Robert Kubica 21 years , 278 days 3rd 2006 Italian Grand Prix 8 Ralf Schumacher 21 years , 287 days 3rd 1997 Argentine Grand Prix 9 Elio de Angelis 21 years , 307 days 2nd 1980 Brazilian Grand Prix 10 Bruce McLaren 21 years , 322 days 3rd 1959 British Grand Prix Source : Oldest drivers to score a podium finish ( edit ) ( only the last podium finish for each driver is listed ) Driver Age Place Race Luigi Fagioli 53 years , 22 days 1st 1951 French Grand Prix Louis Chiron 50 years , 291 days 3rd 1950 Monaco Grand Prix Felice Bonetto 49 years , 363 days 3rd 1953 Dutch Grand Prix Piero Taruffi 48 years , 334 days 2nd 1955 Italian Grand Prix 5 Nino Farina 48 years , 218 days 3rd 1955 Belgian Grand Prix 6 Juan Manuel Fangio 46 years , 76 days 2nd 1957 Italian Grand Prix 7 Karl Kling 44 years , 303 days 3rd 1955 British Grand Prix 8 Louis Rosier 44 years , 225 days 3rd 1950 Belgian Grand Prix 9 Luigi Villoresi 44 years , 120 days 3rd 1953 Italian Grand Prix 10 Jack Brabham 44 years , 107 days 2nd 1970 British Grand Prix Source : Most career starts without a podium ( edit ) Driver Seasons Entries Starts Best result Nico Hülkenberg 2010 , 2012 -- 2018 140 138 4th Adrian Sutil 2007 -- 2011 , 2013 -- 2014 128 128 4th Pierluigi Martini 1984 -- 1985 , 1988 -- 1995 124 119 4th Philippe Alliot 1984 -- 1990 , 1993 -- 1994 116 109 5th 5 Pedro Diniz 1995 -- 2000 99 98 5th 6 Ukyo Katayama 1992 -- 1997 97 95 5th 7 Jonathan Palmer 1983 -- 1989 88 83 4th 8 Marc Surer 1979 -- 1986 82 4th 9 Vitantonio Liuzzi 2005 -- 2007 , 2009 -- 2011 81 80 6th 10 Marcus Ericsson 2014 -- 2018 79 79 8th Source : Most career podiums without a win ( edit ) Driver Entries Starts Podiums Nick Heidfeld 185 183 13 Stefan Johansson 103 79 12 Chris Amon 108 97 11 Romain Grosjean 127 125 10 5 Martin Brundle 165 158 9 Eddie Cheever 143 132 Jean Behra 53 52 8 Luigi Villoresi 34 31 8 9 Sergio Pérez 140 137 7 10 Andrea de Cesaris 214 208 5 Source : Most career podiums without a World Championship ( edit ) Driver Seasons Starts Wins Podiums Rubens Barrichello 1993 -- 2011 326 11 68 David Coulthard 1994 -- 2008 247 13 62 Gerhard Berger 1984 -- 1997 210 10 48 Carlos Reutemann 1972 -- 1982 146 12 45 5 Mark Webber 2002 -- 2013 215 9 42 6 Felipe Massa 2002 , 2004 -- 2017 269 11 41 7 Riccardo Patrese 1977 -- 1993 256 6 37 8 Jacques Laffite 1974 -- 1986 176 6 32 Jean Alesi 1989 -- 2001 201 10 Juan Pablo Montoya 2001 -- 2006 94 7 30 Source : Most races before scoring a podium finish ( edit ) Entry Driver Race 91st race Martin Brundle 1992 French Grand Prix 73rd race Mika Salo 1999 German Grand Prix 68th race Jenson Button 2004 Malaysian Grand Prix 67th race Johnny Herbert 1995 Spanish Grand Prix Pedro de la Rosa 2006 Hungarian Grand Prix 6 60th race Gianni Morbidelli 1995 Australian Grand Prix 7 57th race Felipe Massa 2006 European Grand Prix 8 56th race Mark Webber 2005 Monaco Grand Prix 9 55th race Kamui Kobayashi 2012 Japanese Grand Prix Daniel Ricciardo 2014 Spanish Grand Prix Source : Points ( edit ) Throughout the history of the World Championship , the points - scoring positions and the number of points awarded to each position have varied -- see the List of Formula One World Championship points scoring systems for details . Career points ( edit ) Driver Points Lewis Hamilton 2655 Sebastian Vettel 2479 Fernando Alonso 1871 Kimi Räikkönen 1595 5 Nico Rosberg 1594.5 6 Michael Schumacher 1566 7 Jenson Button 1235 8 Felipe Massa 1167 9 Mark Webber 1047.5 10 Daniel Ricciardo 853 Sources : Total races finished in the points ( edit ) Driver Points finishes Michael Schumacher 221 Fernando Alonso 196 Kimi Räikkönen 189 Lewis Hamilton 175 5 Felipe Massa 165 6 Jenson Button 162 Sebastian Vettel 8 Rubens Barrichello 140 9 Nico Rosberg 133 10 Alain Prost 128 Source : Most consecutive points finishes ( edit ) Driver Points finishes Races Lewis Hamilton 28 2016 Japanese Grand Prix -- 2018 Chinese Grand Prix ( ongoing ) Kimi Räikkönen 27 2012 Bahrain Grand Prix -- 2013 Hungarian Grand Prix Michael Schumacher 24 2001 Hungarian Grand Prix -- 2003 Malaysian Grand Prix Fernando Alonso 23 2011 European Grand Prix -- 2012 Hungarian Grand Prix 5 Sebastian Vettel 21 2014 British Grand Prix -- 2015 Hungarian Grand Prix 6 Sebastian Vettel 19 2010 Brazilian Grand Prix -- 2011 Indian Grand Prix Lewis Hamilton 2014 Italian Grand Prix -- 2015 Italian Grand Prix 8 Michael Schumacher 18 2003 San Marino Grand Prix -- 2004 Spanish Grand Prix Fernando Alonso 2005 Turkish Grand Prix -- 2006 German Grand Prix Sebastian Vettel 2016 Japanese Grand Prix -- 2017 Italian Grand Prix Valtteri Bottas 2017 Monaco Grand Prix -- 2018 Chinese Grand Prix ( ongoing ) Source : Highest average points per race started ( edit ) Driver Starts Points Average points per race started Lewis Hamilton 211 2655 12.58 Sebastian Vettel 201 2479 12.33 Nico Rosberg 206 1594.5 7.74 Valtteri Bottas 100 756 7.56 5 Max Verstappen 63 439 6.97 6 Daniel Ricciardo 132 853 6.46 7 Fernando Alonso 294 1871 6.36 8 George Amick 6 6.00 9 Kimi Räikkönen 274 1595 5.82 10 Juan Manuel Fangio 51 277.64 5.44 Source : Highest percentage of races finished in the points ( at least 15 entries ) ( edit ) Driver Entries Points finishes Percentage Lewis Hamilton 211 175 7001829400000000000 ♠ 82.94 % Juan Manuel Fangio 52 43 7001826900000000000 ♠ 82.69 % Sebastian Vettel 202 162 7001802000000000000 ♠ 80.20 % Nino Farina 34 25 7001735300000000000 ♠ 73.53 % 5 José Froilán González 26 19 7001730800000000000 ♠ 73.08 % 6 Michael Schumacher 308 221 7001717500000000000 ♠ 71.75 % 7 Alberto Ascari 33 23 7001697000000000000 ♠ 69.70 % 8 Kimi Räikkönen 276 189 7001684800000000000 ♠ 68.48 % 9 Valtteri Bottas 101 68 7001673300000000000 ♠ 67.33 % 10 Max Verstappen 63 42 7001666700000000000 ♠ 66.67 % Source : Most championship points in a season ( edit ) Driver Points Season WDC Races % of max points possible Sebastian Vettel 397 2013 1st 19 7001835800000000000 ♠ 83.58 % Sebastian Vettel 392 2011 1st 19 7001825300000000000 ♠ 82.53 % Nico Rosberg 385 2016 1st 21 7001733300000000000 ♠ 73.33 % Lewis Hamilton 384 2014 1st 19 7001768000000000000 ♠ 76.80 % 5 Lewis Hamilton 381 2015 1st 19 7001802109999999999 ♠ 80.21 % 6 Lewis Hamilton 380 2016 2nd 21 7001723800000000000 ♠ 72.38 % 7 Lewis Hamilton 363 2017 1st 20 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69.00 % 8 Nico Rosberg 322 2015 2nd 19 7001677900000000000 ♠ 67.79 % 9 Nico Rosberg 317 2014 2nd 19 7001634000000000000 ♠ 63.40 % 10 Sebastian Vettel 317 2017 2nd 20 7001667409999900000 ♠ 66.74 % Source : Double points awarded in last race Youngest Drivers to score points ( edit ) ( only the first points finish for each driver is listed ) Driver Age Place Race Career race number Max Verstappen 17 years , 180 days 7th 2015 Malaysian Grand Prix 2nd race Lance Stroll 18 years , 225 days 9th 2017 Canadian Grand Prix 7th race Daniil Kvyat 19 years , 324 days 9th 2014 Australian Grand Prix 1st race Sebastian Vettel 19 years , 349 days 8th 2007 United States Grand Prix 1st race 5 Jaime Alguersuari 20 years , 12 days 9th 2010 Malaysian Grand Prix 11th race 6 Jenson Button 20 years , 67 days 6th 2000 Brazilian Grand Prix 2nd race 7 Ricardo Rodríguez 20 years , 123 days 4th 1962 Belgian Grand Prix 3rd race 8 Sébastien Buemi 20 years , 149 days 7th 2009 Australian Grand Prix 1st race 9 Esteban Ocon 20 years , 190 days 10th 2017 Australian Grand Prix 10th race 10 Carlos Sainz Jr . 20 years , 195 days 9th 2015 Australian Grand Prix 1st race Source : Oldest drivers to score points ( edit ) ( only the last points finish for each driver is listed ) Driver Age Place Race Philippe Étancelin 53 years , 249 days 5th 1950 Italian Grand Prix Luigi Fagioli 53 years , 22 days 1st 1951 French Grand Prix Louis Chiron 50 years , 291 days 3rd 1950 Monaco Grand Prix Louis Rosier 50 years , 274 days 5th 1956 German Grand Prix 5 Felice Bonetto 50 years , 75 days 4th 1953 Swiss Grand Prix 6 Piero Taruffi 48 years , 334 days 2nd 1955 Italian Grand Prix 7 Nino Farina 48 years , 218 days 3rd 1955 Belgian Grand Prix 8 Chico Landi 48 years , 191 days 4th 1956 Argentine Grand Prix 9 Luigi Villoresi 47 years , 18 days 5th 1956 Belgian Grand Prix 10 Juan Manuel Fangio 47 years , 12 days 4th 1958 French Grand Prix Source : Most points without a win ( edit ) Driver Entries Starts Points Sergio Pérez 140 137 467 † Nico Hülkenberg 138 427 † Romain Grosjean 127 125 344 † Nick Heidfeld 185 183 259 † 5 Daniil Kvyat 74 72 133 † 6 Kamui Kobayashi 76 75 125 † 7 Adrian Sutil 128 128 124 † 8 Paul di Resta 59 59 121 † Carlos Sainz Jr . 63 63 10 Martin Brundle 165 158 98 Source : † Includes points with the current points system . Most career points without being World Champion ( edit ) Driver Points Best WDC finish Felipe Massa 1167 2nd in 2008 Mark Webber 1047.5 3rd in 2010 , 2011 and 2013 Daniel Ricciardo 853 3rd in 2014 and 2016 Valtteri Bottas 756 3rd in 2017 5 Rubens Barrichello 658 2nd in 2002 and 2004 6 David Coulthard 535 2nd in 2001 7 Sergio Pérez 467 7th in 2016 and 2017 8 Max Verstappen 439 5th in 2016 9 Nico Hülkenberg 427 9th in 2014 and 2016 10 Gerhard Berger 385 3rd in 1988 and 1994 Source needed World Champions with fewest career points ( edit ) Driver Points World Champion year ( s ) Phil Hill 98 1961 Jochen Rindt 109 1970 Nino Farina 127.33 1950 Mike Hawthorn 127.64 1958 5 Alberto Ascari 140.14 1952 and 1953 6 Keke Rosberg 159.5 1982 7 James Hunt 179 1976 8 Mario Andretti 180 1978 John Surtees 1964 10 Alan Jones 206 1980 Source needed Most races before scoring points ( edit ) Entry Driver Race 44th race Nicola Larini 1994 San Marino Grand Prix 42nd race Jonathan Palmer 1987 Monaco Grand Prix 32nd race Philippe Alliot 1986 Mexican Grand Prix Alessandro Nannini 1988 San Marino Grand Prix 5 31st race Alex Caffi 1989 Monaco Grand Prix Ukyo Katayama 1994 Brazilian Grand Prix 7 26th race Harry Schell 1956 Belgian Grand Prix 8 25th race Jan Magnussen 1998 Canadian Grand Prix Jules Bianchi 2014 Monaco Grand Prix 10 24th race Pedro Diniz 1996 Spanish Grand Prix Source : Most races without scoring points ( edit ) Driver Entries Starts Luca Badoer 58 50 Charles Pic 39 39 Max Chilton 35 35 Brett Lunger 43 34 5 Toranosuke Takagi 32 32 6 Mike Beuttler 29 28 Enrique Bernoldi 29 28 8 Scott Speed 28 28 9 Ricardo Rosset 33 26 10 Rupert Keegan 37 25 Huub Rothengatter 30 25 Source : Race leaders ( edit ) Every lap , total ( edit ) Driver Races Ayrton Senna 19 Jim Clark 13 Sebastian Vettel Lewis Hamilton 5 Michael Schumacher 11 Jackie Stewart 7 Nigel Mansell 9 8 Alberto Ascari 7 Alain Prost Nico Rosberg Source : For at least one lap , total ( edit ) Driver Races Michael Schumacher 142 Lewis Hamilton 116 Sebastian Vettel 91 Ayrton Senna 86 5 Alain Prost 84 Fernando Alonso 7 Kimi Räikkönen 77 8 David Coulthard 62 9 Nelson Piquet 58 10 Nigel Mansell 55 Nico Rosberg Source : For at least one lap , youngest leaders ( edit ) ( only the first race led for each driver is listed ) Driver Age Race Max Verstappen 18 years , 228 days 2016 Spanish Grand Prix Sebastian Vettel 20 years , 89 days 2007 Japanese Grand Prix Sébastien Buemi 21 years , 225 days 2010 Canadian Grand Prix Fernando Alonso 21 years , 237 days 2003 Malaysian Grand Prix 5 Robert Kubica 21 years , 278 days 2006 Italian Grand Prix 6 Esteban Gutiérrez 21 years , 280 days 2013 Spanish Grand Prix 7 Jimmy Davies 21 years , 285 days 1951 Indianapolis 500 8 Sergio Pérez 22 years , 60 days 2012 Malaysian Grand Prix 9 Lewis Hamilton 22 years , 70 days 2007 Australian Grand Prix 10 Troy Ruttman 22 years , 80 days 1952 Indianapolis 500 Source : Most laps led , total ( edit ) Driver Laps Michael Schumacher 5,111 Lewis Hamilton 3,540 Sebastian Vettel 3,099 Ayrton Senna 2,931 5 Alain Prost 2,683 6 Nigel Mansell 2,091 7 Jim Clark 1,943 8 Jackie Stewart 1,919 9 Fernando Alonso 1,767 10 Nelson Piquet 1,600 Source : Longest distance led , total ( edit ) Driver Distance ( km ) Michael Schumacher 24,148 Lewis Hamilton 17,991 Sebastian Vettel 16,096 Ayrton Senna 13,430 5 Alain Prost 12,474 6 Jim Clark 10,125 7 Nigel Mansell 9,649 8 Juan Manuel Fangio 9,316 9 Jackie Stewart 9,183 10 Fernando Alonso 8,643 Source : Most laps led without a win ( edit ) Driver Laps Chris Amon 183 Jean Behra 107 Jean - Pierre Jarier 79 Jack McGrath 70 5 Johnny Thomson 55 6 Pat O'Connor 46 7 Ivan Capelli 46 8 Nico Hülkenberg 43 9 Romain Grosjean 40 10 Carlos Menditeguy 39 Source : Most consecutive laps in the lead ( edit ) Driver Laps in the lead Races Alberto Ascari 304 1952 Belgian Grand Prix -- 1952 Dutch Grand Prix Ayrton Senna 264 1988 British Grand Prix -- 1988 Italian Grand Prix Ayrton Senna 237 1989 San Marino Grand Prix -- 1989 United States Grand Prix Nigel Mansell 235 1992 Brazilian Grand Prix -- 1992 Monaco Grand Prix 5 Sebastian Vettel 205 2012 Singapore Grand Prix -- 2012 Indian Grand Prix 6 Jim Clark 186 1963 Mexican Grand Prix -- 1964 Monaco Grand Prix 7 Jim Clark 165 1963 Belgian Grand Prix -- 1963 French Grand Prix 8 Kimi Räikkönen 162 2005 Spanish Grand Prix -- 2005 European Grand Prix 9 Mark Webber 159 2010 Spanish Grand Prix -- 2010 Turkish Grand Prix 10 Alain Prost 156 1988 Portuguese Grand Prix -- 1988 Japanese Grand Prix Source : Multiple driver records ( edit ) Pole and win in Same race ( edit ) Driver Races Michael Schumacher 40 Lewis Hamilton Sebastian Vettel 30 Ayrton Senna 29 5 Alain Prost 18 6 Nigel Mansell 17 7 Jim Clark 15 Juan Manuel Fangio Nico Rosberg 10 Fernando Alonso 14 Sources : Most wins from pole position in a season ( edit ) Driver Season Entries Wins from pole Nigel Mansell 1992 16 9 Sebastian Vettel 2011 19 Michael Schumacher 18 8 Sebastian Vettel 2013 19 Lewis Hamilton 2017 20 6 Ayrton Senna 1988 16 7 1991 Lewis Hamilton 2015 19 2016 21 10 Ayrton Senna 1989 16 6 Alain Prost 1993 16 Michael Schumacher 2001 17 Lewis Hamilton 2014 19 Nico Rosberg 2016 21 Source : Pole , win and fastest lap in same race ( edit ) This is sometimes referred to as a `` hat - trick '' . Driver Races Michael Schumacher 22 Lewis Hamilton 14 Jim Clark 11 Juan Manuel Fangio 9 5 Alain Prost 8 Sebastian Vettel 7 Alberto Ascari 7 Ayrton Senna 9 Nigel Mansell 5 Damon Hill Mika Häkkinen Fernando Alonso Source : Pole , win , fastest lap , and led every lap ( edit ) This is sometimes referred to as a `` grand slam '' or ( in French ) `` grand chelem '' . Driver Total Races Jim Clark 8 1962 British Grand Prix , 1963 Dutch Grand Prix , 1963 French Grand Prix , 1963 Mexican Grand Prix , 1964 British Grand Prix , 1965 South African Grand Prix , 1965 French Grand Prix , 1965 German Grand Prix Alberto Ascari 5 1952 French Grand Prix , 1952 German Grand Prix , 1952 Dutch Grand Prix , 1953 Argentine Grand Prix , 1953 British Grand Prix Michael Schumacher 1994 Monaco Grand Prix , 1994 Canadian Grand Prix , 2002 Spanish Grand Prix , 2004 Australian Grand Prix , 2004 Hungarian Grand Prix Lewis Hamilton 2014 Malaysian Grand Prix , 2015 Italian Grand Prix , 2017 Chinese Grand Prix , 2017 Canadian Grand Prix , 2017 British Grand Prix 5 Jackie Stewart 1969 French Grand Prix , 1971 Monaco Grand Prix , 1971 French Grand Prix , 1972 United States Grand Prix Ayrton Senna 1985 Portuguese Grand Prix , 1989 Spanish Grand Prix , 1990 Monaco Grand Prix , 1990 Italian Grand Prix Nigel Mansell 1991 British Grand Prix , 1992 South African Grand Prix , 1992 Spanish Grand Prix , 1992 British Grand Prix Sebastian Vettel 2011 Indian Grand Prix , 2012 Japanese Grand Prix , 2013 Singapore Grand Prix , 2013 Korean Grand Prix 9 Nelson Piquet 1980 United States Grand Prix West , 1981 Argentine Grand Prix , 1984 Canadian Grand Prix 10 Juan Manuel Fangio 1950 Monaco Grand Prix , 1956 German Grand Prix Jack Brabham 1960 Belgian Grand Prix , 1966 British Grand Prix Mika Häkkinen 1998 Brazilian Grand Prix , 1998 Monaco Grand Prix Nico Rosberg 2016 Russian Grand Prix , 2016 European Grand Prix Sources : Note : Only Ascari ( Germany -- Netherlands 1952 ) , Clark ( Netherlands -- France 1963 ) and Vettel ( Singapore -- Korea 2013 ) have achieved the feat in consecutive races . Only Ascari ( French , German , Dutch 1952 ) , Clark ( Dutch , French , Mexican 1963 ) , Mansell ( South Africa , Spain , Britain 1992 ) and Hamilton ( China , Canada , Britain 2017 ) have achieved this feat three times in a single season . Youngest ( edit ) Record Driver Age Race Pole and win Sebastian Vettel 21 years , 73 days 2008 Italian Grand Prix Pole , win and fastest lap Sebastian Vettel 21 years , 353 days 2009 British Grand Prix Pole , win , fastest lap , and led every lap Sebastian Vettel 24 years , 119 days 2011 Indian Grand Prix Source needed Oldest ( edit ) Record Driver Age Race Pole and win Juan Manuel Fangio 46 years , 41 days 1957 German Grand Prix Pole , win and fastest lap Juan Manuel Fangio 46 years , 41 days 1957 German Grand Prix Pole , win , fastest lap , and led every lap Juan Manuel Fangio 45 years , 42 days 1956 German Grand Prix Source needed Drivers ' Championships ( edit ) Total Championships ( edit ) Driver WDC Seasons Michael Schumacher 7 1994 , 1995 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 Juan Manuel Fangio 5 1951 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957 Alain Prost 1985 , 1986 , 1989 , 1993 Sebastian Vettel 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 Lewis Hamilton 2008 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 6 Jack Brabham 1959 , 1960 , 1966 Jackie Stewart 1969 , 1971 , 1973 Niki Lauda 1975 , 1977 , 1984 Nelson Piquet 1981 , 1983 , 1987 Ayrton Senna 1988 , 1990 , 1991 Source : Fewest World Championship seasons before first title ( edit ) ( excluding drivers that competed from the very first championship season of 1950 ; including winning season ) Driver Seasons First championship Debut year Jacques Villeneuve 1997 Lewis Hamilton 2008 2007 Denny Hulme 1967 1965 Emerson Fittipaldi 1972 1970 5 Phil Hill 1961 1958 Jim Clark 1963 1960 James Hunt 1976 1973 Nelson Piquet 1981 1978 Michael Schumacher 1994 1991 Fernando Alonso 2005 2001 Sebastian Vettel 2007 Source : Most World Championship seasons before first title ( edit ) Driver Seasons First championship Debut year Nigel Mansell 13 1992 1980 Nico Rosberg 11 2016 2006 Mario Andretti 10 1978 1968 Jenson Button 2009 2000 5 Jody Scheckter 8 1979 1972 Mika Häkkinen 1998 1991 7 Mike Hawthorn 7 1958 1952 Jochen Rindt 1970 1964 Kimi Räikkönen 2007 2001 10 Alan Jones 6 1980 Alain Prost 1985 1980 Source : Youngest World Drivers ' Championship first - time winners ( edit ) ( at the moment they clinched their first title ) Driver Age Year Sebastian Vettel 23 years , 134 days Lewis Hamilton 23 years , 300 days 2008 Fernando Alonso 24 years , 59 days 2005 Emerson Fittipaldi 25 years , 303 days 1972 5 Michael Schumacher 25 years , 314 days 1994 6 Niki Lauda 26 years , 197 days 7 Jacques Villeneuve 26 years , 200 days 1997 8 Jim Clark 27 years , 174 days 1963 9 Kimi Räikkönen 28 years , 4 days 2007 10 Jochen Rindt 28 years , 169 days 1970 Sources : Youngest double World Drivers ' Championship winners ( edit ) ( at the moment they clinched their second title ) Driver Age Year Sebastian Vettel 24 years , 99 days 2011 Fernando Alonso 25 years , 85 days 2006 Michael Schumacher 26 years , 293 days 1995 Emerson Fittipaldi 27 years , 299 days 5 Niki Lauda 28 years , 202 days 1977 6 Jim Clark 29 years , 137 days 1965 7 Lewis Hamilton 29 years , 321 days 2014 8 Ayrton Senna 30 years , 215 days 1990 9 Mika Häkkinen 31 years , 33 days 1999 10 Nelson Piquet 31 years , 60 days Source : Youngest triple World Drivers ' Championship winners ( edit ) ( at the moment they clinched their third title ) Driver Age Year Sebastian Vettel 25 years , 146 days 2012 Lewis Hamilton 30 years , 292 days 2015 Ayrton Senna 31 years , 214 days 1991 Michael Schumacher 31 years , 280 days 2000 5 Jackie Stewart 34 years , 91 days 1973 6 Alain Prost 34 years , 241 days 1989 7 Nelson Piquet 35 years , 63 days 8 Niki Lauda 35 years , 243 days 1984 9 Jack Brabham 40 years , 128 days 1966 10 Juan Manuel Fangio 44 years , 23 days 1955 Source : Youngest World Drivers ' Championship winners ( edit ) ( at the moment they clinched the title ) Driver Age Year Sebastian Vettel 23 years , 134 days Lewis Hamilton 23 years , 300 days 2008 Fernando Alonso 24 years , 59 days 2005 Sebastian Vettel 24 years , 99 days 2011 5 Fernando Alonso 25 years , 85 days 2006 6 Sebastian Vettel 25 years , 146 days 2012 7 Emerson Fittipaldi 25 years , 303 days 1972 8 Michael Schumacher 25 years , 314 days 1994 9 Sebastian Vettel 26 years , 117 days 2013 10 Niki Lauda 26 years , 197 days Source : Other driver records ( edit ) Description Record Details Ref . Championships Most races left in the season when becoming World Champion 6 Michael Schumacher ( 2002 in round 11 of 17 ) Most consecutive races as championship leader 37 Michael Schumacher ( 2000 United States Grand Prix -- 2002 Japanese Grand Prix ) Most races as championship leader 121 Michael Schumacher Most points between first and second in the World Championship 155 between Sebastian Vettel ( 397 pts . ) and Fernando Alonso ( 242 pts . ) in 2013 ( In 2003 -- 2009 scoring format : 60 ( 160 vs. 100 ) ; in 1991 -- 2002 scoring format : 79 ( 150 vs. 71 ) Record holder before 2010 : 67 points between Michael Schumacher ( 144 pts . ) and Rubens Barrichello ( 77 pts . ) in 2002 ( 157 points in 2010 -- present ( excluding 2014 ) scoring format ) Highest percentage points difference between first and second in the World Championship 48.15 between Nigel Mansell ( 108 pts . ) and Riccardo Patrese ( 56 pts . ) in 1992 Fewest points between first and second in the World Championship 0.5 between Niki Lauda ( 72 pts . ) and Alain Prost ( 71.5 pts . ) in 1984 Longest time between successive World Championship titles 7 years Niki Lauda ( between 1977 and 1984 ) Youngest World Championship leader 22 years , 126 days Lewis Hamilton ( at 2007 Spanish Grand Prix ) Oldest World Champion 46 years , 41 days Juan Manuel Fangio ( 1957 ) Highest finishing position in a World Championship for a rookie ( not including 1950 ) 2nd Jacques Villeneuve ( 1996 ) Lewis Hamilton ( 2007 ) Drivers ' Championships won with most constructors Juan Manuel Fangio ( Alfa Romeo , Maserati , Mercedes , Ferrari ) Most leader changes in a Drivers ' Championship in a season 10 times 2010 ( Fernando Alonso , Felipe Massa , Jenson Button , Mark Webber , Lewis Hamilton , Mark Webber , Lewis Hamilton , Mark Webber , Fernando Alonso , Sebastian Vettel ) Most World Champions competing in a season 6 2012 ( Sebastian Vettel , Jenson Button , Lewis Hamilton , Kimi Räikkönen , Fernando Alonso , Michael Schumacher ) Most World Championship seasons as runner - up Stirling Moss , Alain Prost Wins Most different Grands Prix won 22 Michael Schumacher Wins at most different circuits 24 Lewis Hamilton Most wins with the same team 72 Michael Schumacher ( Ferrari ) Wins with most different constructors 5 Stirling Moss ( Mercedes , Maserati , Vanwall , Cooper , Lotus ) Longest time between first and last wins 5,145 days Michael Schumacher ( 1992 Belgian Grand Prix -- 2006 Chinese Grand Prix ) Longest time between successive wins 2,402 days Riccardo Patrese ( 1983 South African Grand Prix -- 1990 San Marino Grand Prix ) Most race winners in one year 11 ( 1982 ) Alain Prost , Niki Lauda , Didier Pironi , John Watson , Riccardo Patrese , Nelson Piquet , René Arnoux , Patrick Tambay , Elio de Angelis , Keke Rosberg , Michele Alboreto Most different race winners in consecutive races 9 ( 1961 -- 1962 ) ( 1982 ) Giancarlo Baghetti ( 1961 French Grand Prix ) , Wolfgang von Trips ( 1961 British Grand Prix ) , Stirling Moss ( 1961 German Grand Prix ) , Phil Hill ( 1961 Italian Grand Prix ) , Innes Ireland ( 1961 United States Grand Prix ) , Graham Hill ( 1962 Dutch Grand Prix ) , Bruce McLaren ( 1962 Monaco Grand Prix ) , Jim Clark ( 1962 Belgian Grand Prix ) , Dan Gurney ( 1962 French Grand Prix ) Riccardo Patrese ( 1982 Monaco Grand Prix ) , John Watson ( 1982 Detroit Grand Prix ) , Nelson Piquet ( 1982 Canadian Grand Prix ) , Didier Pironi ( 1982 Dutch Grand Prix ) , Niki Lauda ( 1982 British Grand Prix ) , René Arnoux ( 1982 French Grand Prix ) , Patrick Tambay ( 1982 German Grand Prix ) , Elio de Angelis ( 1982 Austrian Grand Prix ) , Keke Rosberg ( 1982 Swiss Grand Prix ) Most different race winners in consecutive races ( starting from first race of the season ) 7 ( 2012 ) Jenson Button ( 2012 Australian Grand Prix ) , Fernando Alonso ( 2012 Malaysian Grand Prix ) , Nico Rosberg ( 2012 Chinese Grand Prix ) , Sebastian Vettel ( 2012 Bahrain Grand Prix ) , Pastor Maldonado ( 2012 Spanish Grand Prix ) , Mark Webber ( 2012 Monaco Grand Prix ) , Lewis Hamilton ( 2012 Canadian Grand Prix ) Fewest race wins in World Championship winning year Mike Hawthorn ( 1958 ) Keke Rosberg ( 1982 ) World Champion with fewest career wins Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill Most race wins in one season without becoming World Champion 10 Lewis Hamilton ( 2016 ) Podiums Highest percentage of podium finishes in one season 100 Michael Schumacher , 17 podium finishes out of 17 races in 2002 Most podiums for the same team 116 Michael Schumacher ( Ferrari ) Longest time between successive podium finishes 2,870 days Alexander Wurz ( 1997 British Grand Prix -- 2005 San Marino Grand Prix ) Most consecutive podium finishes ( starting from debut ) 9 Lewis Hamilton ( 2007 Australian Grand Prix -- 2007 British Grand Prix ) Most podium finishes before a victory 15 Jean Alesi , Mika Häkkinen , Eddie Irvine and Patrick Depailler Most races before first podium 91 Martin Brundle Most second places 43 Michael Schumacher Most third places 39 Kimi Räikkönen Pole position Most pole positions in a debut season 6 Lewis Hamilton ( 2007 ) Fewest pole positions scored in a Championship - winning season 0 Denny Hulme ( 1967 ) Niki Lauda ( 1984 ) Pole positions at most different Grands Prix 23 Lewis Hamilton Pole positions at most different circuits 26 Lewis Hamilton Longest time between successive pole positions 3,262 days Kimi Räikkönen ( 2008 French Grand Prix -- 2017 Monaco Grand Prix ) Most races before first pole position 131 Mark Webber Most pole positions without a victory 5 Chris Amon Laps in the lead Most laps led in a season 739 Sebastian Vettel ( 2011 ) Highest percentage of laps led in a season 71.47 Jim Clark ( 1963 ) Most consecutive races with at least one lap in the lead 18 Lewis Hamilton ( 2014 Hungarian Grand Prix -- 2015 British Grand Prix ) Most races without leading 165 Martin Brundle Race starts ( entries ) Longest time between first and last starts 7,763 days Michael Schumacher ( 1991 Belgian Grand Prix -- 2012 Brazilian Grand Prix ) Longest time between successive starts 3,767 days Jan Lammers ( 1982 Dutch Grand Prix -- 1992 Japanese Grand Prix ) Entries with most constructors 13 Chris Amon ( Lola , Lotus , Brabham , Cooper , Ferrari , March , Matra , Tecno , Tyrrell , Amon , BRM , Ensign , Williams ) Most entries without starting 14 Claudio Langes ( 1990 United States Grand Prix -- 1990 Spanish Grand Prix ) Most failed attempts to pre-qualify 25 Gabriele Tarquini Most races without scoring points 58 ( 50 starts ) Luca Badoer Most consecutive race starts without scoring points 62 Heikki Kovalainen Most races before scoring first points 69 ( 43 starts ) Nicola Larini Shortest Formula One career ( having qualified for at least one race ) 2 meters ( 6 1 / 2 feet ) Ernst Loof ( 1953 German Grand Prix ) Most seasons with at least one start 19 Rubens Barrichello ( 1993 -- 2011 ) Michael Schumacher ( 1991 -- 2006 , 2010 -- 2012 ) Youngest driver to drive at a Grand Prix meeting 17 years , 3 days Max Verstappen ( 2014 Japanese Grand Prix ) Finishes Most classified finishes 244 Jenson Button Most race finishes 235 Michael Schumacher Most consecutive classified finishes 41 Nick Heidfeld ( 2007 French Grand Prix -- 2009 Italian Grand Prix ) Most consecutive race finishes 33 Nick Heidfeld ( 2007 Chinese Grand Prix -- 2009 Italian Grand Prix ) Most consecutive finishes from start of career 27 Esteban Ocon ( 2016 Belgian Grand Prix -- 2017 Mexican Grand Prix ) Most retirements 148 Andrea de Cesaris Most consecutive retirements 22 ( 18 DNF ) Andrea de Cesaris Most retirements in a season 16 ( 14 DNF ) Andrea de Cesaris ( from 16 races in 1987 ) Longest time between first and last points finishes 7,749 days Michael Schumacher ( 1991 Italian Grand Prix -- 2012 Brazilian Grand Prix ) Longest time between successive points finishes 2,898 days Lucien Bianchi ( 1960 Belgian Grand Prix -- 1968 Monaco Grand Prix ) Other Most pit stops by a driver in a single race 7 Alain Prost in the 1993 European Grand Prix Most pit stops by a winning driver in a single race 6 ( including 1 penalty ) Jenson Button in the 2011 Canadian Grand Prix Most ( driving ) penalties in a season 10 Pastor Maldonado ( 2014 ) Shortest time elapsed before earning a penalty 9 seconds Sebastian Vettel ( 2006 Turkish Grand Prix ; recorded speeding in pit lane nine seconds into his career as a Formula One driver ) Driver who was passed more than any other in a season 70 times Charles Pic ( 2012 ) Most races as teammates 104 Michael Schumacher and Rubens Barrichello ( Ferrari , 2000 -- 2005 ) Most positions gained from starting position to finishing position 30 Jim Rathmann ( 32nd to 2nd at the 1957 Indianapolis 500 ) Not all De Cesaris 's retirements were classified as ' DNF ' : he was classified as 3rd at the 1987 Belgian Grand Prix after running out of fuel and pushing his car over the line . For this reason , some sources list his 13 retirements and 1 DNQ in 1986 as the record for consecutive non-finishes in a season and 18 non-finishes starting the previous season . See also ( edit ) List of Formula One drivers List of Formula One World Drivers ' Champions Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Indianapolis 500 was a round of the World Drivers ' Championship 11 times ( from 1950 to 1960 ) . Drivers competing in the Indianapolis 500 during these years were credited with participation in a World Championship race and the top five finishers were credited with World Championship points . ^ Jump up to : This includes Sauber which used Ferrari engines with Petronas branding between the 1997 & 2005 seasons . Jump up ^ This includes BAR which used Honda engines in 2000 -- 2005 , Honda which used their own engines in 2006 -- 2008 and McLaren which used Honda engines from 2015 onward . ^ Jump up to : Fangio entered 52 separate races , but shared 6 cars with other drivers in 5 Grands Prix which would reduce his percentage win ratio to 41.38 . ^ Jump up to : Ascari entered 33 separate races , but shared 3 cars with other drivers in 3 Grands Prix which would reduce his percentage win ratio to 37.14 . Jump up ^ Some sources extend Ascari 's sequence to 9 wins , including the subsequent 1953 Holland and Belgium Grands Prix and discounting the intervening 1953 Indianapolis 500 , on the basis that very few of the European drivers competed in the Indianapolis 500 when it was part of the Drivers ' Championship . Jump up ^ Juan Manuel Fangio began racing in Grands Prix in 1948 -- before the first World Championship . Jump up ^ Giuseppe Farina began racing in Grands Prix in the 1930s -- before the first World Championship . Jump up ^ Shared drive with Stirling Moss Jump up ^ A year after the victory Renault were charged with race fixing which led to the team 's suspended disqualification , however , the original results were left in place . ^ Jump up to : Farina 's total of 20 podiums includes both 2nd and 3rd places at the 1955 Argentine Grand Prix . Jump up ^ González finished 18 races in the points and earned points for fastest lap in 1 additional race that he did not finish . He earned points in 19 different races . Jump up ^ Ascari finished 20 races in the points and earned points for fastest lap in 3 additional races that he did not finish . He earned points in 23 different races . Jump up ^ This includes partial seasons . Jump up ^ Alonso did not compete in Formula One in 2002 as he spent the season as Renault 's test driver , so he won the championship in the fourth season he contested . Jump up ^ This includes partial seasons . Jump up ^ Andretti did not compete in Formula One in 1973 , so he won the championship in the tenth season he contested . Jump up ^ Rindt was killed in an accident while quailfying for the Italian Grand Prix on 5 September 1970 , aged 28 years , 140 days . This is the age Rindt would have been on 4 October 1970 when he ( posthumously ) clinched the title . Jump up ^ Denny Hulme won the 1967 championship without ever having scored a pole , although 6 years later , in 1973 , Hulme did finally rack up the solitary pole of his 112 - race career . Jump up ^ Loof started one World Championship race at the 1953 German Grand Prix but only made it two meters off the starting grid . Marco Apicella is frequently referred to as having the shortest Formula One career , but that is false . Jump up ^ Kimi Räikkönen finished the final 8 races of 2009 , but then took a two - year sabbatical . If those eight races were added on , he would have finished 38 consecutive races . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Arron , Simon ; Gilmour , Rod ( 9 May 2008 ) . `` Rubens Barrichello set for 257th race record '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Prix Number '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Age and the F1 driver '' . Formula1.com. 22 October 2014 . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grand Prix By Age '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Henry , Natasha ( 20 October 2017 ) . `` Lewis Hamilton 's record - breaking season and the targets that are next on his list '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Prix With the Same Constructor '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Prix With the Same Engine '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Where does Lewis Hamilton stand among Formula 1 's greats after his fourth F1 world title ? '' . Skysports.com. 29 October 2017 . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wins By Number '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zuvela , Matt ( 24 November 2013 ) . `` Vettel ends F1 season with 9th straight win at Brazilian GP '' . DW.com . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hamilton at 150 -- how he stacks up against the greats '' . Formula1.com. 29 March 2015 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Briggs , Gemma ( 14 September 2008 ) . `` Vettel stuns formula one with masterful victory in the rain at Monza '' . Guardian.com . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Cary , Tom ( 12 July 2009 ) . `` German GP : Mark Webber wins in Nurburgring '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lynch , Steven ( 10 May 2013 ) . `` The king of fastest laps '' . ESPN F1 . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Diepraam , Mattijs ( January 1999 ) . `` Persistent non-winner '' . Forix 8W . Haymarket Media . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` F1 's best losers , famous Belgians and chasing crumpet '' . ESPN F1. 12 January 2011 . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GRAND PRIX RESULTS : FRENCH GP , 2006 '' . GrandPrix.com . Inside F1. 16 July 2006 . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stirling Moss regains unwanted F1 record '' . Times of Malta. 29 November 2016 . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most wins consecutive seasons '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Schumi breaks Senna pole record '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 22 April 2006 . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rose , Gary ( 2 September 2017 ) . `` Lewis Hamilton breaks pole record -- how he did it in numbers '' . BBC.co.uk . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most pole positions '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive pole positions '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most poles '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` All time Formula One records '' . F1Technical.net . Retrieved 26 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Cary , Tom . `` Indian Grand Prix : Red Bull 's Sebastian Vettel sets F1 record with team 's 16th pole '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Steven ( 29 March 2013 ) . `` Ask Steven '' . ESPNF1 . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Most grand prix without pole '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistics Drivers -- Fastests laps -- By age '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Podiums by number '' . StatsF1.com. 9 April 2017 . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive podium finishes '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grands Prix -- without podium '' . StatsF1.com. 23 July 2016 . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Collantine , Keith ( 11 April 2011 ) . `` Heidfeld sets record for most podiums without a win '' . F1 Fanatic . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 F1 Drivers '' . www.f1-fansite.com . www.f1-fansite.com. 11 June 2016 . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics Drivers -- Podiums -- Grand Prix before '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` F1 stat attack : Vettel and Alonso level on points '' . Motorsport.com. 19 August 2015 . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics Drivers -- Points -- By number '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Points GP in '' . StatsF1.com. 19 June 2016 . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive points finishes '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics Drivers -- Points -- By number '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Froilan Gonzalez '' . F1-fansite.com . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alberto Ascari '' . F1-fansite.com . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics Drivers -- Points -- Without win '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics Drivers -- Points -- Grand Prix before '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics Drivers -- Grands Prix -- Without point '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Lead throughout a grand prix '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lead a grand prix '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics Drivers -- Lead -- By age '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Lead by laps '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lead by km '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vettel leads 145 laps in a row -- and counting '' . F1Fanatic . Jump up ^ `` Lead consecutive laps '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pole & Win '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hat Trick '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Collantine , Keith ( 31 March 2014 ) . `` Hamilton claims record with first ever ' grand slam ' '' . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Chelem '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Fame '' . Formula1.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistics Drivers -- World Champion titles -- Season before '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Champions by age '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Champions '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sebastian Vettel becomes youngest double World Champion ( in ) Grand Prix history '' . Mirror . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vettel is F1 's youngest triple champion '' . China Daily . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sebastian Vettel wins Abu Dhabi GP to capture F1 title '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All time Championship leader '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Drivers World Championship Gap '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Points Comparison 2013 season 1991 -- 2002 scoring '' . formula1 markwessel . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Points Comparison 2013 season 2003 -- 2009 scoring '' . Formula 1 markwessel . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Points Comparison 2002 season 2010 -- 2015 excluding 2014 scoring '' . Formula 1 markwessel . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wins at different grand prix '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wins at different circuits '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most wins & podiums for same team '' . StatsF1.com . Jump up ^ `` Most wins different constructors '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Least wins in World Championship winning year '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most grand prix without podium '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Least career wins by World Champion '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 2016 season in numbers '' . Formula1.com. 16 December 2016 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Grands Prix before podium '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most 2nd places '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 3rd places '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Tim ( 23 August 2009 ) . `` Back on track '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pole positions by different Grand Prix '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Longest interval between Pole positions '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 British GP : Hamilton breaks 45 - year - old F1 record '' . Thisisf1.com . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics Drivers -- Misc Classified '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Andrea de Cesaris retirements '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive retirements '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Former Formula One driver Andrea de Cesaris dies at 55 '' . 5 October 2014 . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brabham BT56 '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lynch , Steven ( 5 August 2011 ) . `` The closest ever top three '' . ESPNF1.com . Archived from the original on 6 November 2013 . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rookie Vettel quickest in Turkey '' . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Pic breaks Formula 1 mobile chicane record as most overtaken in 2012 '' . F1SA.com. 30 November 2012 . Retrieved 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gain in position '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andrea de Cesaris -- obituary '' . 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . External links ( edit ) ChicaneF1 -- Records StatsF1.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Formula_One_driver_records&oldid=838313602 '' Categories : Formula One - related lists Auto racing records Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2018 Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español Italiano Latviešu Magyar Polski Русский Türkçe 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 06 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who has the most podium finishes in australia

Michael Schumacher

Formula One

Roosevelt Corollary - wikipedia Roosevelt Corollary Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series about Theodore Roosevelt Political positions Electoral history Early life Family The Naval War of 1812 Rough Riders Battle of San Juan Hill Governor of New York Governorship `` The Strenuous Life '' Vice President of the United States 1900 McKinley - Roosevelt campaign `` Speak softly and carry a big stick '' President of the United States Presidency First term McKinley assassination 1st inauguration Square Deal West Wing Coal strike Booker T. Washington dinner Venezuela crisis Roosevelt Corollary Second term 1904 campaign Election 2nd inauguration Conservation Antiquities Act Forest Service Pure Food and Drug Act FDA Swift & Co. v. United States Meat Inspection Act Treaty of Portsmouth Nobel Prize FBI Panama Canal Great White Fleet 1912 election Republican Convention Progressive Party Convention New Nationalism Assassination attempt Post Presidency African Expedition River of Doubt Expedition `` Citizenship in a Republic '' WWI volunteers Legacy Memorials Political cartoon depicting Theodore Roosevelt using the Monroe Doctrine to keep European powers out of the Dominican Republic . The Roosevelt Corollary was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine articulated by President Theodore Roosevelt in his State of the Union address in 1904 after the Venezuela Crisis of 1902 -- 03 . The corollary states that the United States will intervene in conflicts between European countries and Latin American countries to enforce legitimate claims of the European powers , rather than having the Europeans press their claims directly . Roosevelt tied his policy to the Monroe Doctrine , and it was also consistent with his foreign policy included in his Big Stick Diplomacy . Roosevelt stated that in keeping with the Monroe Doctrine , the United States was justified in exercising `` international police power '' to put an end to chronic unrest or wrongdoing in the Western Hemisphere . While the Monroe Doctrine had sought to prevent European intervention , the Roosevelt Corollary was used to justify US intervention throughout the hemisphere . In 1934 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt renounced interventionism and established his Good Neighbor policy for the Western Hemisphere . Contents ( hide ) 1 Use 1.1 Shift to the `` Good Neighbor '' policy 2 Criticism 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography Use ( edit ) See also : Overseas interventions of the United States The Roosevelt Corollary was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine ; however , it could be seen as a departure . While the Monroe Doctrine said European countries should stay out of Latin America , the Roosevelt Corollary took this further to say he had the right to exercise military force in Latin American countries to keep European countries out . Historian Walter LaFeber wrote ( Roosevelt ) essentially turns the Monroe Doctrine on its head and toes says the Europeans should stay out , but the United States has the right , under the doctrine , to go in to exercise police power to keep the Europeans out of the way . It is a very nice twist on the Monroe Doctrine , and of course , it becomes very , very important because over the next 15 to 20 years , the United States will move into Latin America about a dozen times with military force , to the point where the United States Marines become known in the area as `` State Department Troops '' because they are always moving in to protect State Department interests and State Department policy in the Caribbean . So what Roosevelt does here , by redefining the Monroe Doctrine , turns out to be very historical , and it leads the United States into a period of confrontation with peoples in the Caribbean and Central America , that was an imperative part of American imperialism . Roosevelt first used the Corollary to act in the Dominican Republic in 1904 , which at the time was severely indebted and becoming a failed state . The United States dispatched two warships and demanded the customs house be turned over to U.S. negotiators , who then used a percentage of the proceeds to pay foreign creditors . This model -- in which United States advisors worked to stabilize Latin American nations through temporary protectorates , staving off European action -- became known as `` dollar diplomacy '' . The Dominican experiment , like most other `` dollar diplomacy '' arrangements , proved temporary and untenable , and the United States launched a larger military intervention in 1912 . U.S. Presidents also cited the Roosevelt Corollary as justification for U.S. intervention in Cuba ( 1906 -- 1909 ) , Nicaragua ( 1909 -- 1910 , 1912 -- 1925 and 1926 -- 1933 ) , Haiti ( 1915 -- 1934 ) , and the Dominican Republic ( 1916 -- 1924 ) . Shift to the `` Good Neighbor '' policy ( edit ) Main article : Good Neighbor policy In 1928 , under President Calvin Coolidge , the Clark Memorandum -- often seen as a partial repudiation of the Roosevelt Corollary -- stated that the U.S. did not have the right to intervene when there was a threat by European powers . Herbert Hoover also helped move the U.S. away from the imperialist tendencies of the Roosevelt Corollary by going on good - will tours , withdrawing troops from Nicaragua and Haiti , and abstaining from intervening in the internal affairs of neighboring countries . In 1934 , Franklin D. Roosevelt further renounced interventionism and established his `` Good Neighbor policy '' that led to the annulment of the Platt Amendment by the Treaty of Relations with Cuba in 1934 , and the negotiation of compensation for Mexico 's nationalization of foreign - owned oil assets in 1938 . Indeed , leaving unchallenged the emergence of dictatorships like that of Fulgencio Batista in Cuba , Rafael Leonidas Trujillo in the Dominican Republic , Anastasio Somoza in Nicaragua , and François Duvalier in Haiti were each considered to be `` Frankenstein dictators '' due to the mishandlings of the American occupations in the countries . The era of the Good Neighbor Policy ended with the ramp - up of the Cold War in 1945 , as the United States felt there was a greater need to protect the western hemisphere from Soviet influence . In 1954 , Secretary of State John Foster Dulles invoked the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary at the Tenth Pan-American Conference in Caracas , denouncing the intervention of Soviet Communism in Guatemala . This was used to justify Operation PBSUCCESS that deposed the democratically elected President Jacobo Árbenz and installed the military regime of Carlos Castillo Armas , the first in a series of military dictators in the country . Criticism ( edit ) The argument made by Mitchener and Weidenmier in 2006 in support of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine has been criticized on the grounds that it `` represent ( s ) the one - sided approach that some scholars bring to the study of imperialistic and hegemonic interventions and also highlight how arguments for the general utility of imperialism are increasingly made and accepted . '' Christopher Coyne and Stephen Davies argue that a foreign policy modeled on the Roosevelt Corollary leads to negative consequences both in national security terms and in terms of its effect on domestic politics . Critics , such as Noam Chomsky , have argued that the Roosevelt Corollary was merely a more explicit imperialist threat , building on the Monroe Doctrine , indicating that the U.S. would intervene not only in defense of South American states in the face of European imperialism , but would also use its muscle to obtain concessions and privileges for American corporations . Serge Ricard of the University of Paris goes even further , stating that the Roosevelt Corollary was not merely an addendum to the earlier Monroe Doctrine , through which the U.S. pledged to protect the Americas from European imperialist interventions . Rather , the Roosevelt Corollary was `` an entirely new diplomatic tenet that epitomized his ' big stick ' approach to foreign policy . '' In other words , while the Monroe Doctrine sought to bar entry to the European empires , the Roosevelt Corollary announced the United States intention to take their place . See also ( edit ) International relations portal Government of the United States portal United States portal Wikisource has original text related to this article : Roosevelt Corollary History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) United States territorial acquisitions New Imperialism Dollar Diplomacy Big Stick ideology Drago Doctrine Bush Doctrine References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Theodore Roosevelt , 26th President . Prod . David Grubin . By David Grubin and Geoffrey C. Ward . Perf . Walter LaFeber . David Grubin Productions , Inc. , 1996 . Transcript Jump up ^ Herring , George C. ( 2008 ) . From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195078220 . Jump up ^ Brinkley , Alan . The Unfinished Nation : a Concise History of the American People . Boston : McGraw - Hill , 2008 . 596 . Print . ^ Jump up to : Bailey , Thomas Andrew . `` A Latin American Protests ( 1943 ) . '' The American Spirit : Since 1865 . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1998 . 199 . Print . Jump up ^ Brinkley , Alan . The Unfinished Nation : a Concise History of the American People . Boston : McGraw - Hill , 2008 . 706 . Print . ^ Jump up to : American foreign relations : a history . Since 1895 , Volume 2 , 7th Edition , Wadsworth , pg. 162 - 168 , 2010 Jump up ^ Kris James Mitchener & Marc D. Weidenmier , 2005 . `` Supersanctions and Sovereign Debt Repayment '' , NBER Working Papers 11472 , National Bureau of Economic Research , Inc . Jump up ^ Coyne , Christopher J ; Davies , Stephen J ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Nineteen Public Bads of Empire , Nation Building , and the Like '' . The Independent Review . Retrieved July 2016 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Chomsky , Noam . Hegemony or Survival : America 's Quest for Global Dominance . New York : Metropolitan Books , 2004 Jump up ^ Ricard , Serge . `` The Roosevelt Corollary '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly 36 ( 2006 ) 17 - 26 Bibliography ( edit ) Coyne , C.J. , Davies , S. ( 2007 ) . `` Empire : Public Goods and Bads . '' Econ Journal Watch , 4 ( 1 ) , 3 - 45 . Glickman , Robert Jay . Norteamérica vis - à - vis Hispanoamérica : ¿ opposición o asociación ? Toronto : Canadian Academy of the Arts , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 921907 - 09 - 5 . Meiertöns , Heiko ( 2010 ) The Doctrines of US Security Policy - An Evaluation under International Law , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 76648 - 7 . Mitchell , Nancy . The Danger of Dreams : German and American Imperialism in Latin America ( 1999 ) , Mitchener , Kris James , and Marc Weidenmier . `` Empire , public goods , and the Roosevelt Corollary . '' Journal of Economic History ( 2005 ) 64 # 5 pp 658 + Rabe , Stephen G. `` Theodore Roosevelt , the Panama Canal and the Roosevelt Corollary : Sphere of Influence Diplomacy , '' ch 16 in Serge Ricard , ed. , A Companion to Theodore Roosevelt ( 2011 ) Ricard , Serge . `` The Roosevelt Corollary . '' Presidential Studies 2006 36 ( 1 ) : 17 - 26 . ISSN 0360 - 4918 Fulltext : in Swetswise and Ingenta Ricard , Serge . `` Theodore Roosevelt : Imperialist or Global Strategist in the New Expansionist Age ? '' Diplomacy & Statecraft ( 2008 ) 19 # 3 pp 639 -- 657 . Sexton , Jay . The Monroe Doctrine : Empire and Nation in Nineteenth - Century America ( Macmillan , 2011 . ) Theodore Roosevelt 26th President of the United States , 1901 -- 1909 25th Vice President of the United States , 1901 33rd Governor of New York , 1899 -- 1900 Assistant Secretary of the Navy , 1897 -- 1898 New York City Police Commissioner , 1895 -- 1897 New York State Assemblyman , 1882 1883 1884 Presidency First inauguration historic site Second inauguiration `` Square Deal '' Booker T. Washington dinner Conservation Newlands Reclamation Act Transfer Act of 1905 Antiquities Act Pelican Island Devils Tower National Monument Muir Woods National Monument Other National Monuments United States Forest Service , United States Reclamation Service National Wildlife Refuge System Roosevelt Arch Conference of Governors Northern Securities Company breakup court case Coal strike of 1902 Pure Food and Drug Act Food and Drug Administration Meat Inspection Act Expediting Act Elkins Act Hepburn Act Aldrich -- Vreeland Act Federal Employers Liability Act Kinkaid Act Big Stick ideology Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty Panama Canal Zone Panama Canal Venezuelan crisis Roosevelt Corollary Occupation of Cuba Russo - Japanese War Treaty of Portsmouth 1906 Nobel Peace Prize Gentlemen 's Agreement of 1907 College football meetings Bureau of Investigation Department of Commerce and Labor Bureau of Corporations Keep Commission Inland Waterways Commission Bureau of the Census Great White Fleet Perdicaris incident Cabinet White House West Wing State of the Union Address , 1901 1906 1908 White House desk Federal judiciary appointments Other events Spanish -- American War Rough Riders Battle of Las Guasimas Battle of San Juan Hill `` Bull Moose '' Progressive Party New Nationalism Assassination attempt Boone and Crockett Club Smithsonian -- Roosevelt African Expedition `` River of Doubt '' Amazonian expedition Life and homes Birthplace , boyhood home replica Sagamore Hill Home and Museum Oyster Bay Elkhorn Ranch Maltese Cross Cabin Pine Knot cabin Gravesite Writings and speeches Theodore Roosevelt bibliography The Naval War of 1812 ( 1882 book ) `` The Strenuous Life '' ( 1899 speech ) `` Citizenship in a Republic '' ( 1910 speech ) `` I have just been shot '' ( 1912 speech ) Theodore Roosevelt : An Autobiography ( 1913 book ) The Forum magazine articles Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia Archival collections Elections New York state election , 1898 Republican National Convention , 1900 1904 1912 1916 United States presidential election , 1900 1904 1912 Legacy Mount Rushmore Theodore Roosevelt Center and Digital Library White House Roosevelt Room Theodore Roosevelt National Park Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness Theodore Roosevelt Island Roosevelt National Forest Roosevelt Study Center Theodore Roosevelt Association Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park Monument Assemblage Roosevelt River Theodore Roosevelt Award Roosevelt Road U.S. Postage stamps Theodore Roosevelt , Rough Rider sculpture Equestrian statue Popular culture Teddy bear `` Speak softly , and carry a big stick '' Books Films Roosevelt in Africa 1910 documentary The Roosevelts 2014 documentary Related Political positions `` Bully pulpit '' Ananias Club `` Nature fakers '' Progressive Era A Guest of Honor Porcellian Club `` Muckraker '' National Collegiate Athletic Association `` Roosevelt Republican '' Family Alice Hathaway Lee ( first wife ) Edith Kermit Carow ( second wife ) Alice Lee Roosevelt ( daughter ) Theodore Roosevelt III ( son ) Kermit Roosevelt ( son ) Ethel Carow Roosevelt ( daughter ) Archibald Roosevelt ( son ) Quentin Roosevelt ( son ) Theodore Roosevelt Sr. ( father ) Martha Stewart Bulloch ( mother ) Anna Roosevelt ( sister ) Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt ( brother ) Corinne Roosevelt ( sister ) Cornelius Roosevelt ( grandfather ) James Stephens Bulloch ( grandfather ) James A. Roosevelt ( uncle ) Robert Roosevelt ( uncle ) James Dunwoody Bulloch ( half - uncle ) Irvine Bulloch ( uncle ) Theodore Douglas Robinson ( nephew ) Corinne Robinson ( niece ) Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( niece ) Hall Roosevelt ( nephew ) ← William McKinley William Howard Taft → Foreign relations of the United States Bilateral relations Africa East Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Middle Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe North Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia South Africa Swaziland West Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Ivory Coast The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Aruba Barbados Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Northern Bermuda Canada trade relations Mexico South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Japan Macau Mongolia North Korea South Korea Taiwan South Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan ( military relations ) Sri Lanka Southeast Brunei Burma Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam West Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Georgia Iran Iraq Israel military relations Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe East Belarus Bulgaria Czech Republic Hungary Moldova Poland Romania Russia Slovakia Ukraine North Denmark Estonia Finland Iceland Ireland Latvia Lithuania Norway Sweden United Kingdom South Andorra Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Italy Kosovo Macedonia Malta Montenegro Portugal San Marino Serbia Slovenia Spain Vatican City West Austria Belgium France Germany Liechtenstein Luxembourg Monaco Netherlands Switzerland Oceania Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Former states Kingdom of Hawaii Republic of Texas Russian Empire Soviet Union Multilateral relations Arab League Commonwealth of Nations European Union Latin America United Nations Third Border Initiative International organizations ( hide ) Doctrines , policies , concepts Presidential doctrines Proclamation of Neutrality Monroe Roosevelt Corollary Good Neighbor policy Truman Eisenhower Kennedy Johnson Nixon Carter Reagan Clinton Bush Obama Other doctrines Lodge Corollary Stimson Kirkpatrick Weinberger Powell Rumsfeld Wolfowitz Policies and concepts Blowback Containment Domino theory Non-interventionism Progressive realism Rollback Special Relationship Taiwan Relations Act United States intervention in Latin America Policy Monroe Doctrine ( 1823 ) Platt Amendment ( 1901 -- 04 ) Roosevelt Corollary / Big Stick ideology ( 1904 ) Good Neighbor policy ( 1933 ) Dollar diplomacy Banana Wars Wars Mexican -- American War ( 1846 - 48 ) Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) Border War ( 1910 -- 19 ) United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution ( 1916 -- 19 ) Overt actions and occupations Paraguay expedition ( 1858 ) First Occupation of Cuba ( 1899 -- 1902 ) Panama -- Colombia separation and Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty ( 1903 ) Second Occupation of Cuba ( 1906 -- 09 ) Occupations of Honduras Occupation of Nicaragua ( 1912 -- 33 ) Occupation of Veracruz ( 1914 ) Occupation of Haiti ( 1915 -- 34 ) Occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1916 -- 24 ) Occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1965 -- 66 ) Invasion of Grenada ( 1983 ) Invasion of Panama ( 1989 ) Covert actions 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Bay of Pigs Invasion ( 1961 ) Operation MONGOOSE Project FUBELT 1973 Chilean coup d'état Disputed claims 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt 2004 Haitian rebellion Other Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1962 ) Foreign policy of the United States Latin America -- United States relations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roosevelt_Corollary&oldid=815269793 '' Categories : Foreign policy doctrines of the United States Hegemony Banana Wars Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) History of United States expansionism 1904 in international relations 1904 in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Use dmy dates from March 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français 贛 語 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 20 : 57 . 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who warned europe to stay out of the americas

Roosevelt Corollary

President Franklin D. Roosevelt

Earth 's magnetic field - wikipedia Earth 's magnetic field Jump to : navigation , search Computer simulation of the Earth 's field in a period of normal polarity between reversals . The lines represent magnetic field lines , blue when the field points towards the center and yellow when away . The rotation axis of the Earth is centered and vertical . The dense clusters of lines are within the Earth 's core . Earth 's magnetic field , is also known as the geomagnetic field , is the magnetic field that extends from the Earth 's interior out into space , where it meets the solar wind , a stream of charged particles emanating from the Sun . Its magnitude at the Earth 's surface ranges from 25 to 65 microteslas ( 0.25 to 0.65 gauss ) . Roughly speaking it is the field of a magnetic dipole currently tilted at an angle of about 11 degrees with respect to Earth 's rotational axis , as if there were a bar magnet placed at that angle at the center of the Earth . The North geomagnetic pole , located near Greenland in the northern hemisphere , is actually the south pole of the Earth 's magnetic field , and the South geomagnetic pole is the north pole . The magnetic field is generated by electric currents due to the motion of convection currents of molten iron in the Earth 's outer core driven by heat escaping from the core , a natural process called a geodynamo . While the North and South magnetic poles are usually located near the geographic poles , they can wander widely over geological time scales , but sufficiently slowly for ordinary compasses to remain useful for navigation . However , at irregular intervals averaging several hundred thousand years , the Earth 's field reverses and the North and South Magnetic Poles relatively abruptly switch places . These reversals of the geomagnetic poles leave a record in rocks that are of value to paleomagnetists in calculating geomagnetic fields in the past . Such information in turn is helpful in studying the motions of continents and ocean floors in the process of plate tectonics . The magnetosphere is the region above the ionosphere that is defined by the extent of the Earth 's magnetic field in space . It extends several tens of thousands of kilometers into space , protecting the Earth from the charged particles of the solar wind and cosmic rays that would otherwise strip away the upper atmosphere , including the ozone layer that protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Importance 2 Main characteristics 2.1 Description 2.1. 1 Intensity 2.1. 2 Inclination 2.1. 3 Declination 2.2 Geographical variation 2.3 Dipolar approximation 2.4 Magnetic poles 3 Magnetosphere 4 Time dependence 4.1 Short - term variations 4.2 Secular variation 4.3 Magnetic field reversals 4.4 Earliest appearance 4.5 Future 5 Physical origin 5.1 Earth 's core and the geodynamo 5.1. 1 Numerical models 5.2 Currents in the ionosphere and magnetosphere 6 Measurement and analysis 6.1 Detection 6.2 Crustal magnetic anomalies 6.3 Statistical models 6.3. 1 Spherical harmonics 6.3. 1.1 Radial dependence 6.3. 2 Global models 7 Biomagnetism 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Importance ( edit ) The Earth 's magnetic field serves to deflect most of the solar wind , whose charged particles would otherwise strip away the ozone layer that protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation . One stripping mechanism is for gas to be caught in bubbles of magnetic field , which are ripped off by solar winds . Calculations of the loss of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere of Mars , resulting from scavenging of ions by the solar wind , indicate that the dissipation of the magnetic field of Mars caused a near total loss of its atmosphere . The study of past magnetic field of the Earth is known as paleomagnetism . The polarity of the Earth 's magnetic field is recorded in igneous rocks , and reversals of the field are thus detectable as `` stripes '' centered on mid-ocean ridges where the sea floor is spreading , while the stability of the geomagnetic poles between reversals has allowed paleomagnetists to track the past motion of continents . Reversals also provide the basis for magnetostratigraphy , a way of dating rocks and sediments . The field also magnetizes the crust , and magnetic anomalies can be used to search for deposits of metal ores . Humans have used compasses for direction finding since the 11th century A.D. and for navigation since the 12th century . Although the magnetic declination does shift with time , this wandering is slow enough that a simple compass remains useful for navigation . Using magnetoception various other organisms , ranging from some types of bacteria to pigeons , use the Earth 's magnetic field for orientation and navigation . Main characteristics ( edit ) Description ( edit ) At any location , the Earth 's magnetic field can be represented by a three - dimensional vector . A typical procedure for measuring its direction is to use a compass to determine the direction of magnetic North . Its angle relative to true North is the declination ( D ) or variation . Facing magnetic North , the angle the field makes with the horizontal is the inclination ( I ) or magnetic dip . The intensity ( F ) of the field is proportional to the force it exerts on a magnet . Another common representation is in X ( North ) , Y ( East ) and Z ( Down ) coordinates . Common coordinate systems used for representing the Earth 's magnetic field . Intensity ( edit ) The intensity of the field is often measured in gauss ( G ) , but is generally reported in nanoteslas ( nT ) , with 1 G = 100,000 nT . A nanotesla is also referred to as a gamma ( γ ) . The tesla is the SI unit of the magnetic field , B . The Earth 's field ranges between approximately 25,000 and 65,000 nT ( 0.25 -- 0.65 G ) . By comparison , a strong refrigerator magnet has a field of about 10,000,000 nanoteslas ( 100 G ) . A map of intensity contours is called an isodynamic chart . As the World Magnetic Model shows , the intensity tends to decrease from the poles to the equator . A minimum intensity occurs in the South Atlantic Anomaly over South America while there are maxima over northern Canada , Siberia , and the coast of Antarctica south of Australia . Inclination ( edit ) Main article : Magnetic dip The inclination is given by an angle that can assume values between - 90 ° ( up ) to 90 ° ( down ) . In the northern hemisphere , the field points downwards . It is straight down at the North Magnetic Pole and rotates upwards as the latitude decreases until it is horizontal ( 0 ° ) at the magnetic equator . It continues to rotate upwards until it is straight up at the South Magnetic Pole . Inclination can be measured with a dip circle . An isoclinic chart ( map of inclination contours ) for the Earth 's magnetic field is shown below . Declination ( edit ) Main article : Magnetic declination Declination is positive for an eastward deviation of the field relative to true north . It can be estimated by comparing the magnetic north / south heading on a compass with the direction of a celestial pole . Maps typically include information on the declination as an angle or a small diagram showing the relationship between magnetic north and true north . Information on declination for a region can be represented by a chart with isogonic lines ( contour lines with each line representing a fixed declination ) . Geographical variation ( edit ) Components of the Earth 's magnetic field at the surface from the World Magnetic Model for 2015 . Intensity Inclination Declination Dipolar approximation ( edit ) The variation between magnetic north ( N ) and `` true '' north ( N ) . See also : Dipole model of the Earth 's magnetic field Near the surface of the Earth , its magnetic field can be closely approximated by the field of a magnetic dipole positioned at the center of the Earth and tilted at an angle of about 11 ° with respect to the rotational axis of the Earth . The dipole is roughly equivalent to a powerful bar magnet , with its south pole pointing towards the geomagnetic North Pole . This may seem surprising , but the north pole of a magnet is so defined because , if allowed to rotate freely , it points roughly northward ( in the geographic sense ) . Since the north pole of a magnet attracts the south poles of other magnets and repels the north poles , it must be attracted to the south pole of Earth 's magnet . The dipolar field accounts for 80 -- 90 % of the field in most locations . Magnetic poles ( edit ) Main article : Geomagnetic pole The movement of Earth 's North Magnetic Pole across the Canadian arctic . Historically , the north and south poles of a magnet were first defined by the Earth 's magnetic field , not vice versa , since one of the first uses for a magnet was as a compass needle . Its North pole was defined as the pole that would be attracted by the Earth 's North Magnetic Pole when the magnet was suspended so it could turn freely . Since opposite poles attract , the North Magnetic Pole of the Earth is really the south pole of its magnetic field ( the place where the field is directed downward into the Earth ) . The positions of the magnetic poles can be defined in at least two ways : locally or globally . The local definition is the point where the magnetic field is vertical . This can be determined by measuring the inclination . The inclination of the Earth 's field is 90 ° ( downwards ) at the North Magnetic Pole and - 90 ° ( upwards ) at the South Magnetic Pole . The two poles wander independently of each other and are not directly opposite each other on the globe . They can migrate rapidly : movements of up to 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) per year have been observed for the North Magnetic Pole . Over the last 180 years , the North Magnetic Pole has been migrating northwestward , from Cape Adelaide in the Boothia Peninsula in 1831 to 600 kilometres ( 370 mi ) from Resolute Bay in 2001 . The magnetic equator is the line where the inclination is zero ( the magnetic field is horizontal ) . The global definition of the Earth 's field is based on a mathematical model . If a line is drawn through the center of the Earth , parallel to the moment of the best - fitting magnetic dipole , the two positions where it intersects the Earth 's surface are called the North and South geomagnetic poles . If the Earth 's magnetic field were perfectly dipolar , the geomagnetic poles and magnetic dip poles would coincide and compasses would point towards them . However , the Earth 's field has a significant non-dipolar contribution , so the poles do not coincide and compasses do not generally point at either . Magnetosphere ( edit ) An artist 's rendering of the structure of a magnetosphere. 1 ) Bow shock . 2 ) Magnetosheath. 3 ) Magnetopause. 4 ) Magnetosphere. 5 ) Northern tail lobe. 6 ) Southern tail lobe. 7 ) Plasmasphere . Main article : Magnetosphere Earth 's magnetic field , predominantly dipolar at its surface , is distorted further out by the solar wind . This is a stream of charged particles leaving the Sun 's corona and accelerating to a speed of 200 to 1000 kilometres per second . They carry with them a magnetic field , the interplanetary magnetic field ( IMF ) . The solar wind exerts a pressure , and if it could reach Earth 's atmosphere it would erode it . However , it is kept away by the pressure of the Earth 's magnetic field . The magnetopause , the area where the pressures balance , is the boundary of the magnetosphere . Despite its name , the magnetosphere is asymmetric , with the sunward side being about 10 Earth radii out but the other side stretching out in a magnetotail that extends beyond 200 Earth radii . Sunward of the magnetopause is the bow shock , the area where the solar wind slows abruptly . Inside the magnetosphere is the plasmasphere , a donut - shaped region containing low - energy charged particles , or plasma . This region begins at a height of 60 km , extends up to 3 or 4 Earth radii , and includes the ionosphere . This region rotates with the Earth . There are also two concentric tire - shaped regions , called the Van Allen radiation belts , with high - energy ions ( energies from 0.1 to 10 million electron volts ( MeV ) ) . The inner belt is 1 -- 2 Earth radii out while the outer belt is at 4 -- 7 Earth radii . The plasmasphere and Van Allen belts have partial overlap , with the extent of overlap varying greatly with solar activity . As well as deflecting the solar wind , the Earth 's magnetic field deflects cosmic rays , high - energy charged particles that are mostly from outside the Solar system . ( Many cosmic rays are kept out of the Solar system by the Sun 's magnetosphere , or heliosphere . ) By contrast , astronauts on the Moon risk exposure to radiation . Anyone who had been on the Moon 's surface during a particularly violent solar eruption in 2005 would have received a lethal dose . Some of the charged particles do get into the magnetosphere . These spiral around field lines , bouncing back and forth between the poles several times per second . In addition , positive ions slowly drift westward and negative ions drift eastward , giving rise to a ring current . This current reduces the magnetic field at the Earth 's surface . Particles that penetrate the ionosphere and collide with the atoms there give rise to the lights of the aurorae and also emit X-rays . The varying conditions in the magnetosphere , known as space weather , are largely driven by solar activity . If the solar wind is weak , the magnetosphere expands ; while if it is strong , it compresses the magnetosphere and more of it gets in . Periods of particularly intense activity , called geomagnetic storms , can occur when a coronal mass ejection erupts above the Sun and sends a shock wave through the Solar System . Such a wave can take just two days to reach the Earth . Geomagnetic storms can cause a lot of disruption ; the `` Halloween '' storm of 2003 damaged more than a third of NASA 's satellites . The largest documented storm occurred in 1859 . It induced currents strong enough to short out telegraph lines , and aurorae were reported as far south as Hawaii . Time dependence ( edit ) Short - term variations ( edit ) Background : a set of traces from magnetic observatories showing a magnetic storm in 2000 . Globe : map showing locations of observatories and contour lines giving horizontal magnetic intensity in μ T . The geomagnetic field changes on time scales from milliseconds to millions of years . Shorter time scales mostly arise from currents in the ionosphere ( ionospheric dynamo region ) and magnetosphere , and some changes can be traced to geomagnetic storms or daily variations in currents . Changes over time scales of a year or more mostly reflect changes in the Earth 's interior , particularly the iron - rich core . Frequently , the Earth 's magnetosphere is hit by solar flares causing geomagnetic storms , provoking displays of aurorae . The short - term instability of the magnetic field is measured with the K - index . Data from THEMIS show that the magnetic field , which interacts with the solar wind , is reduced when the magnetic orientation is aligned between Sun and Earth -- opposite to the previous hypothesis . During forthcoming solar storms , this could result in blackouts and disruptions in artificial satellites . Secular variation ( edit ) Main article : Geomagnetic secular variation Estimated declination contours by year , 1590 to 1990 ( click to see variation ) . Strength of the axial dipole component of Earth 's magnetic field from 1600 to 2020 . Changes in Earth 's magnetic field on a time scale of a year or more are referred to as secular variation . Over hundreds of years , magnetic declination is observed to vary over tens of degrees . A movie on the right shows how global declinations have changed over the last few centuries . The direction and intensity of the dipole change over time . Over the last two centuries the dipole strength has been decreasing at a rate of about 6.3 % per century . At this rate of decrease , the field would be negligible in about 1600 years . However , this strength is about average for the last 7 thousand years , and the current rate of change is not unusual . A prominent feature in the non-dipolar part of the secular variation is a westward drift at a rate of about 0.2 degrees per year . This drift is not the same everywhere and has varied over time . The globally averaged drift has been westward since about 1400 AD but eastward between about 1000 AD and 1400 AD . Changes that predate magnetic observatories are recorded in archaeological and geological materials . Such changes are referred to as paleomagnetic secular variation or paleosecular variation ( PSV ) . The records typically include long periods of small change with occasional large changes reflecting geomagnetic excursions and reversals . Magnetic field reversals ( edit ) Geomagnetic polarity during the late Cenozoic Era . Dark areas denote periods where the polarity matches today 's polarity , light areas denote periods where that polarity is reversed . Main article : Geomagnetic reversal Although generally Earth 's field is approximately dipolar , with an axis that is nearly aligned with the rotational axis , occasionally the North and South geomagnetic poles trade places . Evidence for these geomagnetic reversals can be found in basalts , sediment cores taken from the ocean floors , and seafloor magnetic anomalies . Reversals occur nearly randomly in time , with intervals between reversals ranging from less than 0.1 million years to as much as 50 million years . The most recent geomagnetic reversal , called the Brunhes -- Matuyama reversal , occurred about 780,000 years ago . A related phenomenon , a geomagnetic excursion , amounts to an incomplete reversal , with no change in polarity . The Laschamp event is an example of an excursion , it having occurred during the last ice age ( 41,000 years ago ) . The past magnetic field is recorded mostly by strongly magnetic minerals , particularly iron oxides such as magnetite , that can carry a permanent magnetic moment . This remanent magnetization , or remanence , can be acquired in more than one way . In lava flows , the direction of the field is `` frozen '' in small minerals as they cool , giving rise to a thermoremanent magnetization . In sediments , the orientation of magnetic particles acquires a slight bias towards the magnetic field as they are deposited on an ocean floor or lake bottom . This is called detrital remanent magnetization . Thermoremanent magnetization is the main source of the magnetic anomalies around mid-ocean ridges . As the seafloor spreads , magma wells up from the mantle , cools to form new basaltic crust on both sides of the ridge , and is carried away from it by seafloor spreading . As it cools , it records the direction of the Earth 's field . When the Earth 's field reverses , new basalt records the reversed direction . The result is a series of stripes that are symmetric about the ridge . A ship towing a magnetometer on the surface of the ocean can detect these stripes and infer the age of the ocean floor below . This provides information on the rate at which seafloor has spread in the past . Radiometric dating of lava flows has been used to establish a geomagnetic polarity time scale , part of which is shown in the image . This forms the basis of magnetostratigraphy , a geophysical correlation technique that can be used to date both sedimentary and volcanic sequences as well as the seafloor magnetic anomalies . Studies of lava flows on Steens Mountain , Oregon , indicate that the magnetic field could have shifted at a rate of up to 6 degrees per day at some time in Earth 's history , which significantly challenges the popular understanding of how the Earth 's magnetic field works . This finding was later attributed to unusual rock magnetic properties of the lava flow under study , not rapid field change , by one of the original authors of the 1995 study . Temporary dipole tilt variations that take the dipole axis across the equator and then back to the original polarity are known as excursions . Earliest appearance ( edit ) Paleomagnetic studies of Paleoarchean lava in Australia and conglomerate in South Africa have concluded that the magnetic field has been present since at least about 3,450 million years ago . Future ( edit ) Variations in virtual axial dipole moment since the last reversal . At present , the overall geomagnetic field is becoming weaker ; the present strong deterioration corresponds to a 10 -- 15 % decline over the last 150 years and has accelerated in the past several years ; geomagnetic intensity has declined almost continuously from a maximum 35 % above the modern value achieved approximately 2,000 years ago . The rate of decrease and the current strength are within the normal range of variation , as shown by the record of past magnetic fields recorded in rocks . The nature of Earth 's magnetic field is one of heteroscedastic fluctuation . An instantaneous measurement of it , or several measurements of it across the span of decades or centuries , are not sufficient to extrapolate an overall trend in the field strength . It has gone up and down in the past for unknown reasons . Also , noting the local intensity of the dipole field ( or its fluctuation ) is insufficient to characterize Earth 's magnetic field as a whole , as it is not strictly a dipole field . The dipole component of Earth 's field can diminish even while the total magnetic field remains the same or increases . The Earth 's magnetic north pole is drifting from northern Canada towards Siberia with a presently accelerating rate -- 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) per year at the beginning of the 20th century , up to 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) per year in 2003 , and since then has only accelerated . Physical origin ( edit ) Main article : Dynamo theory The Earth 's magnetic field is believed to be generated by electric currents in the conductive material of its core , created by convection currents due to heat escaping from the core . However the process is complex , and computer models that reproduce some of its features have only been developed in the last few decades . Earth 's core and the geodynamo ( edit ) A schematic illustrating the relationship between motion of conducting fluid , organized into rolls by the Coriolis force , and the magnetic field the motion generates . The Earth and most of the planets in the Solar System , as well as the Sun and other stars , all generate magnetic fields through the motion of electrically conducting fluids . The Earth 's field originates in its core . This is a region of iron alloys extending to about 3400 km ( the radius of the Earth is 6370 km ) . It is divided into a solid inner core , with a radius of 1220 km , and a liquid outer core . The motion of the liquid in the outer core is driven by heat flow from the inner core , which is about 6,000 K ( 5,730 ° C ; 10,340 ° F ) , to the core - mantle boundary , which is about 3,800 K ( 3,530 ° C ; 6,380 ° F ) . The pattern of flow is organized by the rotation of the Earth and the presence of the solid inner core . The mechanism by which the Earth generates a magnetic field is known as a dynamo . The magnetic field is generated by a feedback loop : current loops generate magnetic fields ( Ampère 's circuital law ) ; a changing magnetic field generates an electric field ( Faraday 's law ) ; and the electric and magnetic fields exert a force on the charges that are flowing in currents ( the Lorentz force ) . These effects can be combined in a partial differential equation for the magnetic field called the magnetic induction equation : ∂ B ∂ t = η ∇ 2 B + ∇ × ( u × B ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ partial \ mathbf ( B ) ) ( \ partial t ) ) = \ eta \ nabla ^ ( 2 ) \ mathbf ( B ) + \ nabla \ times ( \ mathbf ( u ) \ times \ mathbf ( B ) ) ) ... where u is the velocity of the fluid ; B is the magnetic B - field ; and η = 1 / σμ is the magnetic diffusivity , which is inversely proportional to the product of the electrical conductivity σ and the permeability μ . The term ∂ B / ∂ t is the time derivative of the field ; ∇ is the Laplace operator and ∇ × is the curl operator . The first term on the right hand side of the induction equation is a diffusion term . In a stationary fluid , the magnetic field declines and any concentrations of field spread out . If the Earth 's dynamo shut off , the dipole part would disappear in a few tens of thousands of years . In a perfect conductor ( σ = ∞ ( \ displaystyle \ sigma = \ infty \ ; ) ) , there would be no diffusion . By Lenz 's law , any change in the magnetic field would be immediately opposed by currents , so the flux through a given volume of fluid could not change . As the fluid moved , the magnetic field would go with it . The theorem describing this effect is called the frozen - in - field theorem . Even in a fluid with a finite conductivity , new field is generated by stretching field lines as the fluid moves in ways that deform it . This process could go on generating new field indefinitely , were it not that as the magnetic field increases in strength , it resists fluid motion . The motion of the fluid is sustained by convection , motion driven by buoyancy . The temperature increases towards the center of the Earth , and the higher temperature of the fluid lower down makes it buoyant . This buoyancy is enhanced by chemical separation : As the core cools , some of the molten iron solidifies and is plated to the inner core . In the process , lighter elements are left behind in the fluid , making it lighter . This is called compositional convection . A Coriolis effect , caused by the overall planetary rotation , tends to organize the flow into rolls aligned along the north - south polar axis . A dynamo can amplify a magnetic field , but it needs a `` seed '' field to get it started . For the Earth , this could have been an external magnetic field . Early in its history the Sun went through a T - Tauri phase in which the solar wind would have had a magnetic field orders of magnitude larger than the present solar wind . However , much of the field may have been screened out by the Earth 's mantle . An alternative source is currents in the core - mantle boundary driven by chemical reactions or variations in thermal or electric conductivity . Such effects may still provide a small bias that are part of the boundary conditions for the geodynamo . The average magnetic field in the Earth 's outer core was calculated to be 25 gausses , 50 times stronger than the field at the surface . Numerical models ( edit ) Simulating the geodynamo requires numerically solving a set of nonlinear partial differential equations for the magnetohydrodynamics ( MHD ) of the Earth 's interior . Simulation of the MHD equations is performed on a 3D grid of points and the fineness of the grid , which in part determines the realism of the solutions , is limited mainly by computer power . For decades , theorists were confined to creating kinematic dynamo computer models in which the fluid motion is chosen in advance and the effect on the magnetic field calculated . Kinematic dynamo theory was mainly a matter of trying different flow geometries and testing whether such geometries could sustain a dynamo . The first self - consistent dynamo models , ones that determine both the fluid motions and the magnetic field , were developed by two groups in 1995 , one in Japan and one in the United States . The latter received attention because it successfully reproduced some of the characteristics of the Earth 's field , including geomagnetic reversals . Currents in the ionosphere and magnetosphere ( edit ) Electric currents induced in the ionosphere generate magnetic fields ( ionospheric dynamo region ) . Such a field is always generated near where the atmosphere is closest to the Sun , causing daily alterations that can deflect surface magnetic fields by as much as one degree . Typical daily variations of field strength are about 25 nanoteslas ( nT ) ( one part in 2000 ) , with variations over a few seconds of typically around 1 nT ( one part in 50,000 ) . Measurement and analysis ( edit ) Detection ( edit ) The Earth 's magnetic field strength was measured by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1832 and has been repeatedly measured since then , showing a relative decay of about 10 % over the last 150 years . The Magsat satellite and later satellites have used 3 - axis vector magnetometers to probe the 3 - D structure of the Earth 's magnetic field . The later Ørsted satellite allowed a comparison indicating a dynamic geodynamo in action that appears to be giving rise to an alternate pole under the Atlantic Ocean west of S. Africa . Governments sometimes operate units that specialize in measurement of the Earth 's magnetic field . These are geomagnetic observatories , typically part of a national Geological survey , for example the British Geological Survey 's Eskdalemuir Observatory . Such observatories can measure and forecast magnetic conditions such as magnetic storms that sometimes affect communications , electric power , and other human activities . The International Real - time Magnetic Observatory Network , with over 100 interlinked geomagnetic observatories around the world has been recording the earths magnetic field since 1991 . The military determines local geomagnetic field characteristics , in order to detect anomalies in the natural background that might be caused by a significant metallic object such as a submerged submarine . Typically , these magnetic anomaly detectors are flown in aircraft like the UK 's Nimrod or towed as an instrument or an array of instruments from surface ships . Commercially , geophysical prospecting companies also use magnetic detectors to identify naturally occurring anomalies from ore bodies , such as the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly . Crustal magnetic anomalies ( edit ) A model of short - wavelength features of Earth 's magnetic field , attributed to lithospheric anomalies . Magnetometers detect minute deviations in the Earth 's magnetic field caused by iron artifacts , kilns , some types of stone structures , and even ditches and middens in archaeological geophysics . Using magnetic instruments adapted from airborne magnetic anomaly detectors developed during World War II to detect submarines , the magnetic variations across the ocean floor have been mapped . Basalt -- the iron - rich , volcanic rock making up the ocean floor -- contains a strongly magnetic mineral ( magnetite ) and can locally distort compass readings . The distortion was recognized by Icelandic mariners as early as the late 18th century . More important , because the presence of magnetite gives the basalt measurable magnetic properties , these magnetic variations have provided another means to study the deep ocean floor . When newly formed rock cools , such magnetic materials record the Earth 's magnetic field . Statistical models ( edit ) Each measurement of the magnetic field is at a particular place and time . If an accurate estimate of the field at some other place and time is needed , the measurements must be converted to a model and the model used to make predictions . Spherical harmonics ( edit ) See also : Multipole expansion Schematic representation of spherical harmonics on a sphere and their nodal lines . P is equal to 0 along m great circles passing through the poles , and along l - m circles of equal latitude . The function changes sign each ltime it crosses one of these lines . Example of a quadrupole field . This can also be constructed by moving two dipoles together . The most common way of analyzing the global variations in the Earth 's magnetic field is to fit the measurements to a set of spherical harmonics . This was first done by Carl Friedrich Gauss . Spherical harmonics are functions that oscillate over the surface of a sphere . They are the product of two functions , one that depends on latitude and one on longitude . The function of longitude is zero along zero or more great circles passing through the North and South Poles ; the number of such nodal lines is the absolute value of the order m . The function of latitude is zero along zero or more latitude circles ; this plus the order is equal to the degree l . Each harmonic is equivalent to a particular arrangement of magnetic charges at the center of the Earth . A monopole is an isolated magnetic charge , which has never been observed . A dipole is equivalent to two opposing charges brought close together and a quadrupole to two dipoles brought together . A quadrupole field is shown in the lower figure on the right . Spherical harmonics can represent any scalar field ( function of position ) that satisfies certain properties . A magnetic field is a vector field , but if it is expressed in Cartesian components X , Y , Z , each component is the derivative of the same scalar function called the magnetic potential . Analyses of the Earth 's magnetic field use a modified version of the usual spherical harmonics that differ by a multiplicative factor . A least - squares fit to the magnetic field measurements gives the Earth 's field as the sum of spherical harmonics , each multiplied by the best - fitting Gauss coefficient g or h . The lowest - degree Gauss coefficient , g , gives the contribution of an isolated magnetic charge , so it is zero . The next three coefficients -- g , g , and h -- determine the direction and magnitude of the dipole contribution . The best fitting dipole is tilted at an angle of about 10 ° with respect to the rotational axis , as described earlier . Radial dependence ( edit ) Spherical harmonic analysis can be used to distinguish internal from external sources if measurements are available at more than one height ( for example , ground observatories and satellites ) . In that case , each term with coefficient g or h can be split into two terms : one that decreases with radius as 1 / r and one that increases with radius as r . The increasing terms fit the external sources ( currents in the ionosphere and magnetosphere ) . However , averaged over a few years the external contributions average to zero . The remaining terms predict that the potential of a dipole source ( l = 1 ) drops off as 1 / r . The magnetic field , being a derivative of the potential , drops off as 1 / r . Quadrupole terms drop off as 1 / r , and higher order terms drop off increasingly rapidly with the radius . The radius of the outer core is about half of the radius of the Earth . If the field at the core - mantle boundary is fit to spherical harmonics , the dipole part is smaller by a factor of about 8 at the surface , the quadrupole part by a factor of 16 , and so on . Thus , only the components with large wavelengths can be noticeable at the surface . From a variety of arguments , it is usually assumed that only terms up to degree 14 or less have their origin in the core . These have wavelengths of about 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) or less . Smaller features are attributed to crustal anomalies . Global models ( edit ) The International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy maintains a standard global field model called the International Geomagnetic Reference Field . It is updated every 5 years . The 11th - generation model , IGRF11 , was developed using data from satellites ( Ørsted , CHAMP and SAC - C ) and a world network of geomagnetic observatories . The spherical harmonic expansion was truncated at degree 10 , with 120 coefficients , until 2000 . Subsequent models are truncated at degree 13 ( 195 coefficients ) . Another global field model , called the World Magnetic Model , is produced jointly by the United States National Centers for Environmental Information ( formerly the National Geophysical Data Center ) and the British Geological Survey . This model truncates at degree 12 ( 168 coefficients ) with an approximate spatial resolution of 3,000 kilometers . It is the model used by the United States Department of Defense , the Ministry of Defence ( United Kingdom ) , the United States Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) , the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , and the International Hydrographic Office as well as in many civilian navigation systems . A third model , produced by the Goddard Space Flight Center ( NASA and GSFC ) and the Danish Space Research Institute , uses a `` comprehensive modeling '' approach that attempts to reconcile data with greatly varying temporal and spatial resolution from ground and satellite sources . For users with higher accuracy needs , the United States National Centers for Environmental Information developed the Enhanced Magnetic Model ( EMM ) , which extends to degree and order 720 and resolves magnetic anomalies down to a wavelength of 56 kilometers . It was compiled from satellite , marine , aeromagnetic and ground magnetic surveys . The latest version , EMM2015 , includes data from The European Space Agency 's Swarm satellite mission . Biomagnetism ( edit ) Main article : Magnetoception Animals including birds and turtles can detect the Earth 's magnetic field , and use the field to navigate during migration . Some researchers have found that cows and wild deer tend to align their bodies north - south while relaxing , but not when the animals are under high - voltage power lines , suggesting that magnetism is responsible . Other researchers reported in 2011 that they could not replicate those findings using different Google Earth images . Researchers found out that very weak electromagnetic fields disrupt the magnetic compass used by European robins and other songbirds to navigate using the Earth 's magnetic field . Neither power lines nor cellphone signals are to blame for the electromagnetic field effect on the birds , according to the new study published in the 8 May 2014 edition of the journal Nature . Instead , the culprits consist of frequencies between 2 kHz and 5 MHz , such as AM radio signals and ordinary electronic equipment that might be found in businesses or private homes . 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Comprehensive Modeling of the Geomagnetic Field . NASA . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ William F. Hanna ( 1987 ) . Geologic Applications of Modern Aeromagnetic Surveys ( PDF ) . USGS . p. 66 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ G.D. Nicholls ( 1965 ) . `` Basalts from the Deep Ocean Floor '' ( PDF ) . Mineralogical Magazine . Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland . 34 : 373 -- 388 . Bibcode : 1965MinM ... 34 ... 373N . doi : 10.1180 / minmag. 1965.034. 268.32 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jacqueline W. Kious ; Robert I. Tilling ( 1996 ) . This Dynamic Earth : The Story of Plate Tectonics . USGS . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0160482205 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2003 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Finlay , C.C. ; Maus , S. ; Beggan , C.D. ; Hamoudi , M. ; Lowes , F.J. ; Olsen , N. ; Thébault , E. ( 2010 ) . `` Evaluation of candidate geomagnetic field models for IGRF - 11 '' ( PDF ) . Earth , Planets and Space . 62 ( 10 ) : 787 -- 804 . Bibcode : 2010EP&S ... 62 ... 787F . doi : 10.5047 / eps. 2010.11. 005 . Jump up ^ `` The International Geomagnetic Reference Field : A `` Health '' Warning `` . National Geophysical Data Center . January 2010 . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The World Magnetic Model '' . National Geophysical Data Center . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Frey . `` Comprehensive Modeling of the Geomagnetic Field '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Enhanced Magnetic Model '' . United States National Centers for Environmental Information . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Deutschlander , M. ; Phillips , J. ; Borland , S. ( 1999 ) . `` The case for light - dependent magnetic orientation in animals '' . Journal of Experimental Biology . 202 ( 8 ) : 891 -- 908 . PMID 10085262 . Jump up ^ Burda , H. ; Begall , S. ; Cerveny , J. ; Neef , J. ; Nemec , P. ( 2009 ) . `` Extremely low - frequency electromagnetic fields disrupt magnetic alignment of ruminants '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 106 ( 14 ) : 5708 -- 13 . Bibcode : 2009PNAS ... 106.5708 B . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0811194106 . PMC 2667019 . PMID 19299504 . Jump up ^ `` Biology : Electric cows '' . Nature . 458 ( 7237 ) : 389 . 2009 . Bibcode : 2009Natur. 458Q. 389 ... doi : 10.1038 / 458389a . Jump up ^ Hert , J ; Jelinek , L ; Pekarek , L ; Pavlicek , A ( 2011 ) . `` No alignment of cattle along geomagnetic field lines found '' . Journal of Comparative Physiology. 197 ( 6 ) : 677 -- 682 . doi : 10.1007 / s00359 - 011 - 0628 - 7 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Hsu , Jeremy ( 9 May 2014 ) . `` Electromagnetic Interference Disrupts Bird Navigation , Hints at Quantum Action '' . IEEE Spectrum . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Campbell , Wallace H. ( 2003 ) . Introduction to geomagnetic fields ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52953 - 2 . Comins , Neil F. ( 2008 ) . Discovering the Essential Universe ( Fourth ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 1797 - 2 . Herndon , J.M. ( 1996 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Substructure of the inner core of the Earth '' . PNAS. 93 ( 2 ) : 646 -- 648 . Bibcode : 1996PNAS ... 93 ... 646H . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 93.2. 646 . PMC 40105 . PMID 11607625 . Hollenbach , D.F. ; Herndon , J.M. ( 2001 - 09 - 25 ) . `` Deep - Earth reactor : Nuclear fission , helium , and the geomagnetic field '' . PNAS. 98 ( 20 ) : 11085 -- 90 . Bibcode : 2001PNAS ... 9811085H . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 201393998 . PMC 58687 . PMID 11562483 . Love , Jeffrey J. ( 2008 ) . `` Magnetic monitoring of Earth and space '' ( PDF ) . Physics Today . 61 ( 2 ) : 31 -- 37 . Bibcode : 2008PhT ... 61b ... 31H . doi : 10.1063 / 1.2883907 . Luhmann , J.G. ; Johnson , R.E. ; Zhang , M.H.G. ( 1992 ) . `` Evolutionary impact of sputtering of the Martian atmosphere by O pickup ions '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 19 ( 21 ) : 2151 -- 2154 . Bibcode : 1992GeoRL ... 19.2151 L . doi : 10.1029 / 92GL02485 . Merrill , Ronald T. ( 2010 ) . Our Magnetic Earth : The Science of Geomagnetism . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 52050 - 1 . Merrill , Ronald T. ; McElhinny , Michael W. ; McFadden , Phillip L. ( 1996 ) . The magnetic field of the earth : paleomagnetism , the core , and the deep mantle . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 491246 - 5 . `` Temperature of the Earth 's core '' . NEWTON Ask a Scientist. 1999 . Tauxe , Lisa ( 1998 ) . Paleomagnetic Principles and Practice . Kluwer . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 5258 - 0 . Towle , J.N. ( 1984 ) . `` The Anomalous Geomagnetic Variation Field and Geoelectric Structure Associated with the Mesa Butte Fault System , Arizona '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin . 9 ( 2 ) : 221 -- 225 . Bibcode : 1984GSAB ... 95 ... 221T . doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 1984 ) 95 < 221 : TAGVFA > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Wait , James R. ( 1954 ) . `` On the relation between telluric currents and the earth 's magnetic field '' . Geophysics. 19 ( 2 ) : 281 -- 289 . Bibcode : 1954Geop ... 19 ... 281W . doi : 10.1190 / 1.1437994 . Walt , Martin ( 1994 ) . Introduction to Geomagnetically Trapped Radiation . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 61611 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geomagnetism . Geomagnetism & Paleomagnetism background material . American Geophysical Union Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism Section . National Geomagnetism Program . United States Geological Survey , March 8 , 2011 . BGS Geomagnetism . Information on monitoring and modeling the geomagnetic field . British Geological Survey , August 2005 . William J. Broad , Will Compasses Point South ? . New York Times , July 13 , 2004 . John Roach , Why Does Earth 's Magnetic Field Flip ? . National Geographic , September 27 , 2004 . Magnetic Storm . PBS NOVA , 2003 . ( ed. about pole reversals ) When North Goes South . Projects in Scientific Computing , 1996 . The Great Magnet , the Earth , History of the discovery of Earth 's magnetic field by David P. Stern . Exploration of the Earth 's Magnetosphere , Educational web site by David P. Stern and Mauricio Peredo Dr. Dan Lathrop : The study of the Earth 's magnetic field . Interview with Dr. Dan Lathrop , Geophysicist at the University of Maryland , about his experiments with the Earth 's core and magnetic field . July 3 , 2008 International Geomagnetic Reference Field 2011 Global evolution / anomaly of the Earth 's magnetic field Sweeps are in 10 degree steps at 10 years intervals . 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what is earth's magnetic field responsible for

deflect most of the solar wind, whose charged particles would otherwise strip away the ozone layer that protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation

Computer simulation of the Earth's field

Renaming of cities in India - Wikipedia Renaming of cities in India Jump to : navigation , search The renaming of cities in India started in 1947 following the end of the British imperial period . Several changes were politically controversial , and not all proposed changes were implemented . Each had to be approved by the central government in New Delhi . The renaming of states and territories in India has also taken place , but until recently with actual substantial name changes in both local language and in English such as the old British state name of Travancore - Cochin to Kerala ( 1956 ) . The most notable recent exceptions are Indian English spelling - changes of Orissa to Odisha ( March 2011 ) and the Union Territory of Pondicherry ( which includes the City of Pondicherry ) to Puducherry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Renaming in local languages 2 Renaming in English 2.1 Change in official English spelling 2.2 Realignment of the official Indian English name to an alternative local name 2.3 Adoption of name changes in India and overseas 3 Important examples 3.1 States 3.2 Cities 4 Proposed changes 4.1 States and Union territories 4.2 Towns 5 Need for unification of spelling 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Renaming in local languages ( edit ) In the post-colonial era , several Indian states ' names were changed . Some of these changes coincided with the States Reorganisation Act of 1956 , a major reform of the boundaries of India 's states and territories that organised them along linguistic lines . At this time , for example , Travancore - Cochin was renamed Kerala . Later state name changes include the reorganisation of Madhya Bharat into Madhya Pradesh in 1959 ; and the renamings of the Madras State to Tamil Nadu in 1969 , of the Mysore State to Karnataka in 1973 , and of Uttaranchal to Uttarakhand in 2007 . Name changes have varied with respect to the levels of language at which they have been applied , and also accepted . Some of these local name changes were changes made in all languages : the immediate local name , and also all India 's other languages . An example of this is the renaming of predominantly Hindi - speaking Uttaranchal ( Hindi : उत्तराञ्चल ) to a new local Hindi name ( Hindi : उत्तराखण्ड Uttarakhand ) . Other changes were only changes in some of the indigenous languages . For example , the renaming of the Madras Presidency to Madras State in 1947 and then Tamil Nadu in 1969 required non-Tamil speakers to change from an approximation of the British name ( Tamil : மதராஸ் மாகாணம் Madras Presidency , then Madras State Tamil : மதராஸ் மாநிலம் ) to a native Tamil name ( Tamil : தமிழ்நாடு Tamil Nadu , `` Tamil land '' ) . In general , changes to the local names of cities in the indigenous languages are less common . However , a change in English may sometimes also be a reflection of changes in other Indian languages other than the specific local one . For example , the change of Madras ( Tamil : மதராஸ் Madras ) to Chennai ( Tamil : சென்னை Chennai ) was reflected in many of India 's languages , and incidentally in English , while the Tamil endonym had always been Chennai and remained unaffected by the change . Renaming in English ( edit ) Change in official English spelling ( edit ) The renaming of cities is often specifically from English to Indian English in connection with that dialect 's internal reforms . In other words , the city itself is not actually renamed in the local language , and the local name ( or endonym ) in the indigenous languages of India does not change , but the official spelling in Indian English is amended . An example is the change from English `` Calcutta '' to English `` Kolkata '' -- the local Bengali name ( কলকাতা Kôlkata ) did not change . Such changes in English spelling may be in order to better reflect a more accurate phonetic transliteration of the local name , or may be for other reasons . In the early years after Indian independence , many name changes were effected in northern India for English spellings of Hindi place names that had simply been romanised inconsistently by the British administration -- such as the British spelling `` Jubbulpore , '' renamed `` Jabalpur '' ( जबलपुर ) among the first changes in 1947 . These changes did not generate significant controversy . More recent and high - profile changes -- including renaming such major cities as Calcutta to Kolkata -- have generated greater controversy . Since independence , such changes have typically been enacted officially by legislation at local or national Indian government level , and may or may not then be adopted by the Indian media , particularly the influential Indian press . In the case of smaller towns and districts which were less notable outside and inside India , and where a well known English name ( or exonym ) could not be said to exist , older spellings used under British India may not have had any specific legislation other than changes in practice on the romanisation of indigenous Indian language names . Realignment of the official Indian English name to an alternative local name ( edit ) Aside from changes to the official English spellings of local names there have also been renaming proposals to realign the official name , hence the English name with an alternative local name . Ethnically sensitive examples include the proposals by the Bharatiya Janata Party ( 1990 , 2001 ) to rename Ahmedabad to Karnavati and Allahabad to Prayag . These two proposals are changes from the Muslim ( or Mughal ) name to a Hindu native name . These can be represented as a change from Urdu language to Hindi language , but since the two languages are variants of Hindustani the proposal is effectively a cultural and ethno - religious proposal rather than a linguistic one . Adoption of name changes in India and overseas ( edit ) Official name changes naturally take place quickly if not immediately in official government sources . Adoption may be slower among the media in India and abroad , and among Indian authors . Important examples ( edit ) Main article : List of renamed places in India States ( edit ) Travancore - Cochin → Kerala ( 1 November 1956 ) . Madhya Bharat → Madhya Pradesh ( 1 November 1959 ) Madras State → Tamil Nadu ( 14 January 1969 ) Mysore State → Karnataka ( 1 November 1973 ) Uttaranchal → Uttarakhand ( 1 January 2007 ) Orissa → Odisha ( 4 November 2011 ) Cities ( edit ) Notable city names that were officially changed by legislation after independence include : Jabalpur ( Hindi : जबलपुर ) , from Jubbulpore , respelled in 1947 Jajmau ( Hindi : जाजमऊ ) , from Jajesmow , respelled in 1948 Kanpur ( Hindi : कानपुर ) , from Cawnpore , respelled in 1948 Vadodara ( Gujarati : વડોદરા ) , from Baroda , respelled in 1974 Thiruvananthapuram ( Malayalam : തിരുവനന്തപുരം ) , from Trivandrum , respelled in 1991 Mumbai ( Marathi : मुंबई ) , from Bombay , renamed in 1995 Kochi ( Malayalam : കൊച്ചി ) , from Cochin , respelled in 1996 Chennai ( Tamil : சென்னை ) , from Madras , renamed in 1996 Kolkata ( Bengali : কলকাতা ) , from Calcutta , respelled in 2001 Kadapa ( Telugu : కడప ) , from Cuddapah , respelled in 2005 Puducherry ( Tamil : புதுச்சேரி ) , from Pondicherry , renamed in 2006 Bengaluru ( Kannada : ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ) , from Bangalore , respelled in 2007 Belagavi from Belgaum in 2014 Tumakuru from Tumkur in 2014 Hubballi from Hubli in 2014 Shivamogga from Shimoga in 2014 Hosapete from Hospet in 2014 Mysuru from Mysore in 2014 Kalaburagi from Gulbarga in 2014 Chikkamagaluru from Chikmagalur Vijapura from Bijapur in 2014 Ballari from Bellary in 2014 Mangaluru from Mangalore in 2014 Rajahmahendravaram from Rajahmundry in 2015 Gurugram from Gurgaon in 2016 For others , by state order , see list of renamed Indian cities and states . Alappuzha , from Alleppey Guwahati ( Assamese : গুৱাহাটী ) , from Gauhati Indore , from Indhur Kanchipuram from Kāñci - pura And Conjevaram Kannur , from Cannanore Kollam , from Quilon Koyilandy , from Quilandi Kozhikode , from Calicut Kumbakonam from ancient name Kudanthai Mayiladuthurai from Mayavaram ancient name Mayuram Narmada , from Nerbudda Nagaon ( Assamese : নগাওঁ ) , from Nowgong Palakkad , from Palghat Panaji , from Panjim Pune , from Poona Ramanathapuram , from Ramnad Sagar , from Saugor Shimla , from Simla Thalassery , from Tellicherry Thanjavur , from ancient name Tanjore Thoothukudi , from Tuticorin Thrissur , from Trichur Tindivanam , from Tinthirivanam Tiruchirapalli , from Trichinopoly and its short form Trichy Tirunelveli , from Tinnevelly Tiruvallikeni , from Triplicane Udhagamandalam , from Ootacamund and its short form Ooty Viluppuram , from Vizhupparaiyar And Vizhimaa Nagaram Varanasi , from Benares Vatakara , from Badagara Virudhachalam , from Vriddhachalam ancient name Thirumudhukundram Vijayawada , from Bejawada Visakhapatnam , from Waltair , and before that Vizagapatnam and its short form Vizag Town names that derive from ancient names : Mandi , derived from Mandav Nagar Nellore , in ancient times Simhapuri Proposed changes ( edit ) Several other changes have been proposed for states and towns . States and Union territories ( edit ) Goa to Govapuri Kerala to Keralam Nagaland to Naganchi West Bengal to Bengal Towns ( edit ) Ahmedabad to Karnavati Allahabad to Prayagraj Aurangabad to Sambhajinagar Bhopal to Bhojpal Hyderabad to Bhagyanagar Mahabubabad to Manukota Mahbubnagar to Palamuru Need for unification of spelling ( edit ) India has various local languages . Even ( Romanised ) English spellings in long and wide use often vary depending upon which government department or agency uses them . To the point , a few examples are Quilandy vs. Koyilandy , Canannore vs. Kannur , and Rangiya vs. Rangia . Different departments of the government may have used official spellings in use at the time , while locations associated with Indian railways mostly maintained British - era spellings . The confusion inherent in such variations has often resulted in serious consequences like people having two `` different '' addresses ( theoretically designating the same place ) in their official records leading to legal disputes , or one house having residents of different house addresses due to differing place names . Many people argue that such confusion can lead to indeterminate and / or unintended consequences See also ( edit ) India portal List of renamed Indian cities and states Renaming in South Africa References ( edit ) Jump up ^ India and the World Bank : The Politics of Aid and Influence - Page 126 Jason A. Kirk - 2011 `` Orissa ( Note : This state was officially renamed Odisha in March 2011 ) '' Jump up ^ The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics , 1925 to the 1990s . - Page 134 Christophe Jaffrelot 1999 - `` The new state included Madhya Bharat , the Bhopal region , the former Vindhya Pradesh , Mahakoshal and Chhattisgarh ( the last two regions forming the Hindi - speaking parts in the former Madhya Pradesh ; see map , pp. xxii - xxiii ) . '' Jump up ^ Mira Kamdar Planet India : How the Fastest Growing Democracy Is Transforming ... 2007 Author 's introduction Page xi `` India 's information - technology capital 's new name , should it be adopted , will mean `` town of boiled beans . '' The name changes are not without controversy among Indians . In several instances , the name change represents a struggle between a cosmopolitan elite and a local , regional - language populace over defining the city in ways that go far beyond a simple change of name . '' Jump up ^ Steven I. Wilkinson Votes and Violence : Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India 2006 Page 23 `` The BJP proposed in 1990 and 2001 that Ahmedabad be renamed `` Karnavati . '' Hindu , June 1 1 , 2001 . Similar proposals have been made to rename Allahabad `` Prayag . '' Jump up ^ Cosmopolitanism - Page 73 Carol A. Breckenridge , Sheldon Pollock , Homi K. Bhabha - 2002 `` In one sense , the decision to officialise the name Mumbai is part of a widespread Indian pattern of replacing names associated with colonial rule with names associated with local , national , and regional heroes . It is an indigenizing toponymic '' Jump up ^ Reserve Bank of India 's instructions for banks & banking operations Reserve Bank of India 2001 Page 713 `` The new name `` Mumbai '' should be reflected in both English and Hindi and the change in name is to be brought about in all official communications , name plates , sign boards , office seals , rubber stamps , etc . '' Jump up ^ Perveez Mody The Intimate State : Love - Marriage and the Law in Delhi Page 59 - 2008 `` Throughout this book , I refer to India 's commercial capital as Bombay rather than Mumbai ... I am well aware of the name - change effected by an Act of the Indian Parliament in 1997 that made the city officially ' Mumbai ' ... It is the same convention I adopt when referring to Calcutta rather than Kolkata . '' Jump up ^ Pingali Sailaja Indian English Page 16 2009 `` Bombay is now called Mumbai , Madras is now Chennai and Calcutta is Kolkata , in an attempt to de-anglicise them . In this work , the earlier names are retained since these names were used during the period that we mostly cover . '' Jump up ^ Calcutta : A Cultural and Literary History - Page 3 Krishna Dutta - 2003 `` nationalist stance , like Bombay , which changed its name to Mumbai , or Madras , which has become the unrecognisable Chennai , Calcutta has preferred a comparatively minor name change , which frankly is a bit of a multicultural mishmash . '' Jump up ^ `` David Rumsey : Geographical Searching with MapRank Search ( beta ) '' . Rumsey.mapranksearch.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Beam , Christopher ( 2006 - 07 - 12 ) . `` How Bombay became Mumbai . - Slate Magazine '' . Slate.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Deccan Herald : Centre clears change in names of Karna cities , Belgaum now Belagavi Jump up ^ Times of India : Karnataka cities get new names Jump up ^ Temples and legends of Himachal Pradesh - Page 38 Pranab Chandra Roy Choudhury - 1981 `` Mandi takes the name from Mandavya . The name of the place was first Mandav Nagar and then corrupted into Mandi . '' Jump up ^ Gazetteer of the Nellore District : Brought Up to 1938 - Page 151 Government Of Madras Staff , Government of Madras - 1942 `` ... of the Ramayana ( 2000 -- 1500 BC ) was a dense jungle , while the town of Nellore , which came into existence only several centuries later , was known as Simhapuri ( Lion 's town ) , from the supposed existence of lions in the adjacent forests . '' Jump up ^ `` Goa to become Govapuri '' . Jump up ^ `` Nagaland to be renamed '' . Aaj Tak . Jump up ^ http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/lucknow/allahabad-all-set-to-get-new-name.html Jump up ^ TNN , Dec 18 , 2006 , 02.42 am IST ( 2006 - 12 - 18 ) . `` Now , Indore to become Indur , Bhopal Bhojpal - The Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 04 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ http://www.igovernment.in/opinion/41631/merging-npr-uid?source=igov External links ( edit ) Renaming roads : A ' meaningless ' exercise 12 Cities in Karnataka get a name change India 's Bangalore in name change Shashi Tharror : Becoming Bengaloorued Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renaming_of_cities_in_India&oldid=834034089 '' Categories : Independent India Geographical naming disputes Geographic history of India Cities and towns in India Geographical renaming Names of places in India Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use Indian English from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles containing Hindi - language text Articles containing Tamil - language text Articles containing Bengali - language text Articles containing Gujarati - language text Articles containing Malayalam - language text Articles containing Marathi - language text Articles containing Telugu - language text Articles containing Kannada - language text Articles containing Assamese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français हिन्दी Italiano Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 16 : 04 . 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when did the name of bombay change to mumbai

1995

1947 following the end of the British imperial period

ATP synthase - wikipedia ATP synthase Jump to : navigation , search ATP Synthase Molecular model of ATP synthase determined by X-ray crystallography . Stator is not shown here . Identifiers EC number 3.6. 3.14 CAS number 9000 - 83 - 3 Databases IntEnz IntEnz view BRENDA BRENDA entry ExPASy NiceZyme view KEGG KEGG entry MetaCyc metabolic pathway PRIAM profile PDB structures RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum Gene Ontology AmiGO / QuickGO ( show ) Search PMC articles PubMed articles NCBI proteins ATP synthase is an enzyme that creates the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) . ATP is the most commonly used `` energy currency '' of cells for most organisms . It is formed from adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) and inorganic phosphate ( P ) . The overall reaction catalyzed by ATP synthase is : ADP + P + H ⇌ ATP + H O + H The formation of ATP from ADP and P is energetically unfavorable and would normally proceed in the reverse direction . In order to drive this reaction forward , ATPase couples ATP synthesis during cellular respiration to an electrochemical gradient created by the difference in proton ( H ) concentration across the mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes or the plasma membrane in bacteria . During photosynthesis in plants , ATP is synthesized by ATPase using a proton gradient created in the thylakoid lumen through the thylakoid membrane and into the chloroplast stroma . ATP synthase consists of two main subunits , F and F , which has a rotational motor mechanism allowing for ATP production . Because of its rotating subunit ATP Synthase is a molecular machine . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nomenclature 2 Structure and function 2.1 F region 2.2 F region 3 Binding model 4 Physiological role 5 Evolution 6 In different species 6.1 E. coli 6.2 Yeast 6.3 Plant 6.4 Bovine 6.5 Human 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Nomenclature ( edit ) The F fraction derives its name from the term `` Fraction 1 '' and F ( written as a subscript letter `` o '' , not `` zero '' ) derives its name from being the binding fraction for oligomycin , a type of naturally - derived antibiotic that is able to inhibit the F unit of ATP synthase . These functional regions consist of different protein subunits -- refer to tables . Structure and function ( edit ) Bovine mitochondrial ATP synthase . The F , F , axle , and stator regions are color coded magenta , green , orange , and cyan respectively . Simplified model of F F - ATPase alias ATP synthase of E. coli . Subunits of the enzyme are labeled accordingly . Rotation engine of ATP synthase . Located within the thylakoid membrane and the inner mitochondrial membrane , ATP synthase consists of two regions F and F. F causes rotation of F and is made of c - ring and subunits a , b , d , F6. F is made of α , β , γ , δ ( \ displaystyle \ alpha , \ beta , \ gamma , \ delta ) subunits . F has a water soluble par that can hydrolyze ATP . F on the other hand has mainly hydrophobic regions . F F creates a pathway for protons movement across the membrane . F region ( edit ) The F portion of ATP synthase is hydrophilic and responsible for hydrolyzing ATP . Subunits α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) and β ( \ displaystyle \ beta ) make a hexamer with 6 binding sites . Three of them are catalytically inactive and they bind ADP . Other three subunits catalyze the ATP synthesis . The other F subunits γ , δ , ε ( \ displaystyle \ gamma , \ delta , \ epsilon ) are a part of a rotational motor mechanism . γ ( \ displaystyle \ gamma ) subunit allows β ( \ displaystyle \ beta ) to go though conformational changes , i.e closed , half open and open states allows for ATP to be bound and released once synthesized . The F particle is large and can be seen in the transmission electron microscope by negative staining . These are particles of 9 nm diameter that pepper the inner mitochondrial membrane . F - Subunits Subunit Human Gene alpha ATP5A1 , ATPAF2 beta ATP5B , ATPAF1 , C16orf7 gamma ATP5C1 delta ATP5D epsilon ATP5E F region ( edit ) F subunit F6 from the peripheral stalk region of ATP synthase . Fo is a water insoluble protein with eight subunits and transmembrane ring . The ring has a tetramer shape with protein helix loop helix that goes though conformational change when protonated and deprotonated allowing to push neighboring subunits to rotate causing the spinning of F which then affects conformation of F also , resulting on switching of states of alpha and beta subunits . The F region of ATP synthase is a proton pore that is embedded in the mitochondrial membrane . It consists of three main subunits a , b , and c , and ( in humans ) six additional subunits , d , e , f , g , F6 , and 8 ( or A6L ) . An atomic model for the dimeric yeast F region was determined by cryo - EM at an overall resolution of 3.6 Å F - Main subunits Subunit Human Gene ATP6 ATP5F1 ATP5G1 , ATP5G2 , ATP5G3 Binding model ( edit ) Mechanism of ATP synthase . ADP and P ( pink ) shown being combined into ATP ( red ) , and the rotating γ ( gamma ) subunit in black causing conformation . Depiction of ATP synthase using the chemiosmotic proton gradient to power ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation . In the 1960s through the 1970s , Paul Boyer , a UCLA Professor , developed the binding change , or flip - flop , mechanism theory , which postulated that ATP synthesis is dependent on a conformational change in ATP synthase generated by rotation of the gamma subunit . The research group of John E. Walker , then at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge , crystallized the F catalytic - domain of ATP synthase . The structure , at the time the largest asymmetric protein structure known , indicated that Boyer 's rotary - catalysis model was , in essence , correct . For elucidating this , Boyer and Walker shared half of the 1997 Nobel Prize in Chemistry . The crystal structure of the F showed alternating alpha and beta subunits ( 3 of each ) , arranged like segments of an orange around a rotating asymmetrical gamma subunit . According to the current model of ATP synthesis ( known as the alternating catalytic model ) , the transmembrane potential created by ( H+ ) proton cations supplied by the electron transport chain , drives the ( H+ ) proton cations from the intermembrane space through the membrane via the F region of ATP synthase . A portion of the F ( the ring of c - subunits ) rotates as the protons pass through the membrane . The c - ring is tightly attached to the asymmetric central stalk ( consisting primarily of the gamma subunit ) , causing it to rotate within the alpha beta of F causing the 3 catalytic nucleotide binding sites to go through a series of conformational changes that leads to ATP synthesis . The major F subunits are prevented from rotating in sympathy with the central stalk rotor by a peripheral stalk that joins the alpha beta to the non-rotating portion of F. The structure of the intact ATP synthase is currently known at low - resolution from electron cryo - microscopy ( cryo - EM ) studies of the complex . The cryo - EM model of ATP synthase suggests that the peripheral stalk is a flexible structure that wraps around the complex as it joins F to F. Under the right conditions , the enzyme reaction can also be carried out in reverse , with ATP hydrolysis driving proton pumping across the membrane . The binding change mechanism involves the active site of a β subunit 's cycling between three states . In the `` loose '' state , ADP and phosphate enter the active site ; in the adjacent diagram , this is shown in pink . The enzyme then undergoes a change in shape and forces these molecules together , with the active site in the resulting `` tight '' state ( shown in red ) binding the newly produced ATP molecule with very high affinity . Finally , the active site cycles back to the open state ( orange ) , releasing ATP and binding more ADP and phosphate , ready for the next cycle of ATP production . Physiological role ( edit ) Like other enzymes , the activity of F F ATP synthase is reversible . Large - enough quantities of ATP cause it to create a transmembrane proton gradient , this is used by fermenting bacteria that do not have an electron transport chain , but rather hydrolyze ATP to make a proton gradient , which they use to drive flagella and the transport of nutrients into the cell . In respiring bacteria under physiological conditions , ATP synthase , in general , runs in the opposite direction , creating ATP while using the proton motive force created by the electron transport chain as a source of energy . The overall process of creating energy in this fashion is termed oxidative phosphorylation . The same process takes place in the mitochondria , where ATP synthase is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and the F - part projects into mitochondrial matrix . The consumption of ATP by ATP - synthase pumps proton cations into the matrix . Evolution ( edit ) The evolution of ATP synthase is thought to have been modular whereby two functionally independent subunits became associated and gained new functionality . This association appears to have occurred early in evolutionary history , because essentially the same structure and activity of ATP synthase enzymes are present in all kingdoms of life . The F - ATP synthase displays high functional and mechanistic similarity to the V - ATPase . However , whereas the F - ATP synthase generates ATP by utilising a proton gradient , the V - ATPase generates a proton gradient at the expense of ATP , generating pH values of as low as 1 . The F region also shows significant similarity to hexameric DNA helicases , and the F region shows some similarity to H + - powered flagellar motor complexes . The α β hexamer of the F region shows significant structural similarity to hexameric DNA helicases ; both form a ring with 3-fold rotational symmetry with a central pore . Both have roles dependent on the relative rotation of a macromolecule within the pore ; the DNA helicases use the helical shape of DNA to drive their motion along the DNA molecule and to detect supercoiling , whereas the α β hexamer uses the conformational changes through the rotation of the γ subunit to drive an enzymatic reaction . The H + motor of the F particle shows great functional similarity to the H + motors that drive flagella . Both feature a ring of many small alpha - helical proteins that rotate relative to nearby stationary proteins , using a H + potential gradient as an energy source . This link is tenuous , however , as the overall structure of flagellar motors is far more complex than that of the F particle and the ring with about 30 rotating proteins is far larger than the 10 , 11 , or 14 helical proteins in the F complex . The modular evolution theory for the origin of ATP synthase suggests that two subunits with independent function , a DNA helicase with ATPase activity and a H + motor , were able to bind , and the rotation of the motor drove the ATPase activity of the helicase in reverse . This complex then evolved greater efficiency and eventually developed into today 's intricate ATP synthases . Alternatively , the DNA helicase / H + motor complex may have had H + pump activity with the ATPase activity of the helicase driving the H + motor in reverse . This may have evolved to carry out the reverse reaction and act as an ATP synthase . In different species ( edit ) E coli ( edit ) E. coli ATP synthase is the simplest known form of ATP synthase , with 8 different subunit types . Yeast ( edit ) Yeast ATP synthase is one of the best - studied eukaryotic ATP synthases ; and five F , eight F subunits , and seven associated proteins have been identified . Most of these proteins have homologues in other eukaryotes . Plant ( edit ) In plants , ATP synthase is also present in chloroplasts ( CF F - ATP synthase ) . The enzyme is integrated into thylakoid membrane ; the CF - part sticks into stroma , where dark reactions of photosynthesis ( also called the light - independent reactions or the Calvin cycle ) and ATP synthesis take place . The overall structure and the catalytic mechanism of the chloroplast ATP synthase are almost the same as those of the mitochondrial enzyme . However , in chloroplasts , the proton motive force is generated not by respiratory electron transport chain but by primary photosynthetic proteins . Bovine ( edit ) The ATP synthase isolated from bovine heart mitochondria ( Bos taurus ) is , in terms of biochemistry and structure , the best - characterized ATP synthase . Beef heart is used as a source for the enzyme because of the high concentration of mitochondria in cardiac muscle . Human ( edit ) The following is a list of humans genes that encode components of ATP synthases : ATP5A1 , ATP5AL1 ATP5B , ATP5BL1 ATP5C2 , ATP5D , ATP5E , ATP5F1 , ATP5G1 , ATP5G2 , ATP5G3 , ATP5H , ATP5HP1 , ATP5I , ATP5J , ATP5J2 , ATP5L , ATP5L2 , ATP5O , ATP5S ATP6 , ATP6AP1 , ATP6AP2 ATPSBL1 , ATPSBL2 MT - ATP6 , MT - ATP8 See also ( edit ) ATP10 protein required for the assembly of the F sector of the mitochondrial ATPase complex . Chloroplast Electron transfer chain Flavoprotein Mitochondrion Oxidative phosphorylation P - ATPase Proton pump Rotating locomotion in living systems Transmembrane ATPase V - ATPase References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Okuno D , Iino R , Noji H ( April 2011 ) . `` Rotation and structure of FOF1 - ATP synthase '' . Journal of Biochemistry . 149 ( 6 ) : 655 -- 64 . doi : 10.1093 / jb / mvr049 . PMID 21524994 . Jump up ^ Junge W , Nelson N ( June 2015 ) . `` ATP synthase '' . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 84 : 631 -- 57 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - biochem - 060614 - 034124 . PMID 25839341 . Jump up ^ Kagawa Y , Racker E ( May 1966 ) . `` Partial resolution of the enzymes catalyzing oxidative phosphorylation. 8 . Properties of a factor conferring oligomycin sensitivity on mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 241 ( 10 ) : 2461 -- 6 . PMID 4223640 . Jump up ^ Mccarty RE ( November 1992 ) . `` A plant biochemist 's view of H + - ATPases and ATP synthases `` . The Journal of Experimental Biology . 172 ( Pt 1 ) : 431 -- 441 . PMID 9874753 . Jump up ^ PDB : 5ARA ​ ; Zhou A , Rohou A , Schep DG , Bason JV , Montgomery MG , Walker JE , Grigorieff N , Rubinstein JL ( October 2015 ) . `` Structure and conformational states of the bovine mitochondrial ATP synthase by cryo - EM '' . eLife. 4 : e10180 . doi : 10.7554 / eLife. 10180 . PMC 4718723 . PMID 26439008 . Jump up ^ Goodsell D ( December 2005 ) . `` ATP Synthase '' . Molecule of the Month . RCSB PDB . doi : 10.2210 / rcsb_pdb / mom_2005_12 . ^ Jump up to : Velours J , Paumard P , Soubannier V , Spannagel C , Vaillier J , Arselin G , Graves PV ( May 2000 ) . `` Organisation of the yeast ATP synthase F ( 0 ) : a study based on cysteine mutants , thiol modification and cross-linking reagents '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1458 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 443 -- 56 . doi : 10.1016 / S0005 - 2728 ( 00 ) 00093 - 1 . PMID 10838057 . Jump up ^ Fernandez Moran H , Oda T , Blair PV , Green DE ( July 1964 ) . `` A macromolecular repeating unit of mitochondrial structure and function . Correlated electron microscopic and biochemical studies of isolated mitochondria and submitochondrial particles of beef heart muscle '' . The Journal of Cell Biology . 22 ( 1 ) : 63 -- 100 . doi : 10.1083 / jcb. 22.1. 63 . PMC 2106494 . PMID 14195622 . Jump up ^ PDB : 1VZS ​ ; Carbajo RJ , Silvester JA , Runswick MJ , Walker JE , Neuhaus D ( 2004 ) . `` Solution structure of subunit F ( 6 ) from the peripheral stalk region of ATP synthase from bovine heart mitochondria '' . Journal of Molecular Biology . 342 ( 2 ) : 593 -- 603 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jmb. 2004.07. 013 . PMID 15327958 . Jump up ^ Guo H , Bueler SA , Rubinstein JL ( Nov 2017 ) . `` Atomic model for the dimeric FO region of mitochondrial ATP synthase '' . Science . 358 ( 6365 ) : 936 -- 40 . doi : 10.1126 / science. aao4815 . PMID 29074581 . Jump up ^ Gresser MJ , Myers JA , Boyer PD ( October 1982 ) . `` Catalytic site cooperativity of beef heart mitochondrial F adenosine triphosphatase . Correlations of initial velocity , bound intermediate , and oxygen exchange measurements with an alternating three - site model '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 257 ( 20 ) : 12030 -- 8 . PMID 6214554 . Jump up ^ Nakamoto RK , Baylis Scanlon JA , Al - Shawi MK ( August 2008 ) . `` The rotary mechanism of the ATP synthase '' . Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 476 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 50 . doi : 10.1016 / j. abb. 2008.05. 004 . PMC 2581510 . PMID 18515057 . ^ Jump up to : Doering C , Ermentrout B , Oster G ( December 1995 ) . `` Rotary DNA motors '' . Biophysical Journal . 69 ( 6 ) : 2256 -- 67 . Bibcode : 1995BpJ ... 69.2256 D . doi : 10.1016 / S0006 - 3495 ( 95 ) 80096 - 2 . PMC 1236464 . PMID 8599633 . ^ Jump up to : Crofts A. `` Lecture 10 : ATP synthase '' . Life Sciences at the University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign . ^ Jump up to : `` ATP Synthase '' . InterPro Database . Jump up ^ Kim MS , Jang J , Ab Rahman NB , Pethe K , Berry EA , Huang LS ( June 2015 ) . `` Isolation and Characterization of a Hybrid Respiratory Supercomplex Consisting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cytochrome bcc and Mycobacterium smegmatis Cytochrome aa3 '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 290 ( 23 ) : 14350 -- 60 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. m114. 624312 . PMC 4505504 . PMID 25861988 . ^ Jump up to : Martinez LO , Jacquet S , Esteve JP , Rolland C , Cabezón E , Champagne E , Pineau T , Georgeaud V , Walker JE , Tercé F , Collet X , Perret B , Barbaras R ( January 2003 ) . `` Ectopic beta - chain of ATP synthase is an apolipoprotein A-I receptor in hepatic HDL endocytosis '' . Nature . 421 ( 6918 ) : 75 -- 9 . Bibcode : 2003Natur. 421 ... 75M . doi : 10.1038 / nature01250 . PMID 12511957 . Jump up ^ Cross RL , Taiz L ( January 1990 ) . `` Gene duplication as a means for altering H+ / ATP ratios during the evolution of F F ATPases and synthases '' . FEBS Letters. 259 ( 2 ) : 227 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / 0014 - 5793 ( 90 ) 80014 - a . PMID 2136729 . Jump up ^ Cross RL , Müller V ( October 2004 ) . `` The evolution of A - , F - , and V - type ATP synthases and ATPases : reversals in function and changes in the H+ / ATP coupling ratio '' . FEBS Letters. 576 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 1 -- 4 . doi : 10.1016 / j. febslet. 2004.08. 065 . PMID 15473999 . Jump up ^ Ahmad Z , Okafor F , Laughlin TF . `` Role of Charged Residues in the Catalytic Sites of Escherichia coli ATP Synthase '' . Journal of Amino Acids. 2011 : 785741 . doi : 10.4061 / 2011 / 785741 . PMID 22312470 . Jump up ^ Devenish RJ , Prescott M , Roucou X , Nagley P ( May 2000 ) . `` Insights into ATP synthase assembly and function through the molecular genetic manipulation of subunits of the yeast mitochondrial enzyme complex '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1458 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 428 -- 42 . doi : 10.1016 / S0005 - 2728 ( 00 ) 00092 - X . PMID 10838056 . Jump up ^ Kabaleeswaran V , Puri N , Walker JE , Leslie AG , Mueller DM ( November 2006 ) . `` Novel features of the rotary catalytic mechanism revealed in the structure of yeast F ATPase '' . The EMBO Journal . 25 ( 22 ) : 5433 -- 42 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. emboj. 7601410 . PMID 17082766 . Jump up ^ Stock D , Leslie AG , Walker JE ( November 1999 ) . `` Molecular architecture of the rotary motor in ATP synthase '' . Science . 286 ( 5445 ) : 1700 -- 5 . PMID 10576729 . Jump up ^ Abrahams JP , Leslie AG , Lutter R , Walker JE ( August 1994 ) . `` Structure at 2.8 A resolution of F1 - ATPase from bovine heart mitochondria '' . Nature . 370 ( 6491 ) : 621 -- 8 . doi : 10.1038 / 370621a0 . PMID 8065448 . Jump up ^ Gibbons C , Montgomery MG , Leslie AG , Walker JE ( November 2000 ) . `` The structure of the central stalk in bovine F ( 1 ) - ATPase at 2.4 A resolution '' . Nature Structural Biology . 7 ( 11 ) : 1055 -- 61 . doi : 10.1038 / 80981 . PMID 11062563 . Jump up ^ Menz RI , Walker JE , Leslie AG ( August 2001 ) . `` Structure of bovine mitochondrial F ( 1 ) - ATPase with nucleotide bound to all three catalytic sites : implications for the mechanism of rotary catalysis '' . Cell. 106 ( 3 ) : 331 -- 41 . PMID 11509182 . Further reading ( edit ) Nick Lane : The Vital Question - Energy , Evolution , and the Origins of Complex Life , Ww Norton , 2015 - 07 - 20 , ISBN 978 - 0393088816 ( Link points to Figure 10 showing model of ATP synthase ) External links ( edit ) Boris A. Feniouk : `` ATP synthase -- a splendid molecular machine '' Well illustrated ATP synthase lecture by Antony Crofts of the University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign . Proton and Sodium translocating F - type , V - type and A-type ATPases in OPM database The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997 to Paul D. Boyer and John E. Walker for the enzymatic mechanism of synthesis of ATP ; and to Jens C. Skou , for discovery of an ion - transporting enzyme , Na + , K + - ATPase . Harvard Multimedia Production Site -- Videos -- ATP synthesis animation David Goodsell : `` ATP Synthase - Molecule of the Month '' Membrane transport protein : ion pumps , ATPases / ATP synthase ( TC 3A2 - 3A3 ) F - , V - , and A-type ATPase ( 3. A. 2 ) H ( F - type ) H transporting , mitochondrial : ATP5A1 ATP5B ATP5C1 ATP5C2 ATP5D ATP5E ATP5F1 ATP5G1 ATP5G2 ATP5G3 ATP5H ATP5I ATP5J ATP5J2 ATP5L ATP5L2 ATP5O ATP5S H ( V - type ) H transporting , lysosomal : ATP6AP1 ATP6AP2 ATP6V1A ATP6V1B1 ATP6V1B2 ATP6V1C1 ATP6V1C2 ATP6V1D ATP6V1E1 ATP6V1E2 ATP6V1F ATP6V1G1 ATP6V1G2 ATP6V1G3 ATP6V1H ATP6V0A1 ATP6V0A2 ATP6V0A4 ATP6V0B ATP6V0C ATP6V0D1 ATP6V0D2 ATP6V0E ATP6V0E1 TCIRG1 A-ATPase found in Archea P - type ATPase ( 3. A. 3 ) 3. A. 3.1. 1 : Na / K transporting : ATP1A1 ATP1A2 ATP1A3 ATP1A4 ATP1B1 ATP1B2 ATP1B3 ATP1B4 ATP1G1 3. A. 3.1. 2 : H / K H / K exchanging : ATP4A ATP4B 3. A. 3.1. 4 : H / K transporting , nongastric : ATP12A 3. A. 3.2 : Ca ( SERCA , PMCA , SPCA ) / Ca transporting : ATP2A1 ATP2A2 ATP2A3 ATP2B1 ATP2B2 ATP2B3 ATP2B4 ATP2C1 3. A. 3.5 : Cu transporting : ATP7A ATP7B 3. A. 3.8. 8 : flippase : ATP8A2 Other / ungrouped : Na / K -- H Mg transporting : ATP3 Class I , type 8 : ATP8A1 ATP8B1 ATP8B2 ATP8B3 ATP8B4 Class II , type 9 : ATP9A ATP9B Class V , type 10 : ATP10A ATP10B ATP10D Class VI , type 11 : ATP11A ATP11B ATP11C type 13 : ATP13A1 ATP13A2 ATP13A3 ATP13A4 ATP13A5 see also ATPase disorders Mitochondrial proteins Outer membrane fatty acid degradation Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I Long - chain - fatty - acid -- CoA ligase tryptophan metabolism Kynureninase monoamine neurotransmitter metabolism Monoamine oxidase Intermembrane space Adenylate kinase Creatine kinase Inner membrane oxidative phosphorylation Coenzyme Q -- cytochrome c reductase Cytochrome c NADH dehydrogenase Succinate dehydrogenase pyrimidine metabolism Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase mitochondrial shuttle Malate - aspartate shuttle Glycerol phosphate shuttle other Glutamate aspartate transporter Glycerol - 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase ATP synthase Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II Uncoupling protein Matrix citric acid cycle Citrate synthase Aconitase Isocitrate dehydrogenase Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase Fumarase Malate dehydrogenase anaplerotic reactions Aspartate transaminase Glutamate dehydrogenase Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex urea cycle Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I Ornithine transcarbamylase N - Acetylglutamate synthase alcohol metabolism ALDH2 PMPCB Other / to be sorted steroidogenesis Cholesterol side - chain cleavage enzyme Steroid 11 - beta - hydroxylase Aldosterone synthase Frataxin Mitochondrial membrane transport protein Mitochondrial permeability transition pore Mitochondrial carrier Mitochondrial DNA Complex I MT - ND1 MT - ND2 MT - ND3 MT - ND4 MT - ND4L MT - ND5 MT - ND6 Complex III MT - CYB Complex IV MT - CO1 MT - CO2 MT - CO3 ATP synthase MT - ATP6 MT - ATP8 tRNA MT - TA MT - TC MT - TD MT - TE MT - TF MT - TG MT - TH MT - TI MT - TK MT - TL1 MT - TL2 MT - TM MT - TN MT - TP MT - TQ MT - TR MT - TS1 MT - TS2 MT - TT MT - TV MT - TW MT - TY see also mitochondrial diseases Hydrolases : acid anhydride hydrolases ( EC 3.6 ) 3.6. 1 Pyrophosphatase Inorganic Thiamine Apyrase Thiamine - triphosphatase 3.6. 2 Adenylylsulfatase Phosphoadenylylsulfatase 3.6. 3 - 4 : ATPase 3.6. 3 Cu++ ( 3.6. 3.4 ) Menkes / ATP7A Wilson / ATP7B Ca+ ( 3.6. 3.8 ) SERCA ATP2A1 ATP2A2 ATP2A3 Plasma membrane ATP2B1 ATP2B2 ATP2B3 ATP2B4 SPCA ATP2C1 ATP2C2 Na+ / K+ ( 3.6. 3.9 ) ATP1A1 ATP1A2 ATP1A3 ATP1A4 ATP1B1 ATP1B2 ATP1B3 ATP1B4 H+ / K+ ( 3.6. 3.10 ) ATP4A Other P - type ATPase ATP8B1 ATP10A ATP11B ATP12A ATP13A2 ATP13A3 3.6. 4 Dynein Kinesin Myosin Katanin 3.6. 5 : GTPase 3.6. 5.1 : Heterotrimeric G protein GNAI1 GNAI2 GNAI3 GNAQ GNA11 GNA12 GNA13 Transducin GNAT1 GNAT2 Gustducin GNAT3 3.6. 5.2 : Small GTPase > Ras superfamily Rho family of GTPases : Cdc42 CDC42 TC10 TCL RhoUV RhoU RhoV Rac Rac1 RhoG RhoBTB RhoH Rho Rnd RhoDF RhoF RhoD other : Ras HRAS KRAS NRAS Rab RAB23 RAB27 Arf ARF6 SAR1B ARL13B ARL6 Ran Rheb Rap RGK 3.6. 5.3 : Protein - synthesizing GTPase Prokaryotic IF - 2 EF - Tu EF - G Eukaryotic 3.6. 5.5 - 6 : Polymerization motors Dynamin Tubulin Enzymes Activity Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Catalytically perfect enzyme Coenzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis Regulation Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Classification EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes Kinetics Enzyme kinetics Eadie -- Hofstee diagram Hanes -- Woolf plot Lineweaver -- Burk plot Michaelis -- Menten kinetics Types EC1 Oxidoreductases ( list ) EC2 Transferases ( list ) EC3 Hydrolases ( list ) EC4 Lyases ( list ) EC5 Isomerases ( list ) EC6 Ligases ( list ) Molecular and Cellular Biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATP_synthase&oldid=821081799 '' Categories : Enzymes Cellular respiration Photosynthesis EC 3.6. 3 Integral membrane proteins Protein complexes Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Sardu Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 07 : 59 . 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where does the formation of atp take place

mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes

ATP synthase

Anne ( TV series ) - wikipedia Anne ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Anne Also known as Anne with an E Genre Drama Created by Moira Walley - Beckett Based on Anne of Green Gables by Lucy Maud Montgomery Screenplay by Moira Walley - Beckett Starring Amybeth McNulty Geraldine James R.H. Thomson Lucas Jade Zumann Dalila Bela Corrine Koslo Aymeric Jett Montaz Opening theme `` Ahead by a Century '' by The Tragically Hip Country of origin Canada Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 7 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Elizabeth Bradley Alex Sapot Sally Catto Debra Hayward Alison Owen Miranda de Pencier Moira Walley - Beckett Producer ( s ) Susan Murdoch Cinematography Bobby Shore Running time 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Pelican Ballet Northwood Entertainment Distributor Netflix Release Original network CBC Television Netflix ( worldwide ) Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 with Descriptive Video Service track Original release March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website Anne ( titled Anne with an E for international distribution on Netflix ) is a Canadian drama television series based on the 1908 novel Anne of Green Gables by Lucy Maud Montgomery , and adapted by Emmy Award - winning writer and producer Moira Walley - Beckett . It airs on CBC in Canada , and elsewhere in the world it is available for streaming on Netflix . The first season consists of seven episodes , with Niki Caro directing the 90 - minute season premiere . The series premiered on March 19 , 2017 , on CBC , the season finale airing on April 30 , 2017 . On August 3 , 2017 , both CBC and Netflix renewed the series for a 10 - episode second season to premiere in 2018 . Season 2 began production in November 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Others 3 Production 3.1 Personnel 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming locations 3.4 Music 4 Themes 5 Broadcast and release 6 Episodes 6.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 7 Reception 7.1 Critical response 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) Brother and sister Matthew and Marilla Cuthbert , both in late middle age ( Matthew is 60 ) , decide to take on an orphan boy to help out around their ancestral farm of Green Gables , on the outskirts of the town of Avonlea , on Prince Edward Island . When Matthew goes to pick the child up at the railway station , he finds not a boy , but a high - spirited and talkative girl , Anne Shirley . At first , the Cuthberts are inclined to send her back , particularly after Marilla 's brooch goes missing , and Anne , in despair , runs away . Reconciled and settled in her new home and school , Anne once again displays boundless enthusiasm which is nevertheless easily turned into despair when things go wrong , which they often do . Slowly , her ebullient nature wins over those around her . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Amybeth McNulty as Anne Shirley Geraldine James as Marilla Cuthbert R.H. Thomson as Matthew Cuthbert Dalila Bela as Diana Barry Lucas Jade Zumann as Gilbert Blythe Corrine Koslo as Rachel Lynde Aymeric Jett Montaz as Jerry Baynard Others ( edit ) Jonathan Holmes as Mr. William Barry Helen Johns as Mrs. Eliza Barry Ryan Kiera Armstrong as Minnie Mary Barry Deborah Grover as Josephine Barry Wayne Best as John Blythe Phillip Williams as Thomas Lynde David Ingram as Mr. Harmon Andrews Janet Porter as Mrs. Andrews Christian Martyn as Billy Andrews Lia Pappas - Kemps as Jane Andrews Ella Jonas Farlinger as Prissy Andrews Jim Annan as Mr. Gillis Fiona Byrne as Mrs. Gillis Kyla Matthews as Ruby Gillis Jacob Ursomarzo as Moody Spurgeon Stephen Tracey as Mr. Phillips Cory Gruter - Andrew as Cole Mackenzie Miranda McKeon as Josie Pye Glenna Walters as Tillie Boulter Katelyn Wells as Mary Joe Jacob Horsley as Charlie Sloane Production ( edit ) According to executive producer Miranda de Pencier , this adaptation of the novel has a different look and feel to past productions , aiming for a `` documentary level of realism '' , as reflected in the extraordinary detail which has gone into the design of sets and costumes . Personnel ( edit ) Besides the show itself having a larger number of female characters than male , women serving as executive producer and showrunner , the series has several female directors . For the second season , showrunner and scriptwriter Moira Walley - Beckett is joined by a team of women writers . Casting ( edit ) Approximately 1800 girls on three continents auditioned for the role of Anne Shirley . Amybeth McNulty was chosen for her ability to deliver dialogue which is `` incredibly thick and dynamic and beautiful '' , according to Miranda de Pencier . Walley - Beckett describes her as at once `` luminous , '' transparent , smart , soulful and emotional . Filming locations ( edit ) The series is filmed partially in Prince Edward Island as well as locations in Southern Ontario ( including Millbrook and Caledon ) . Music ( edit ) The opening theme is the song `` Ahead by a Century '' performed and originally composed by Canadian band The Tragically Hip . Themes ( edit ) Moira Walley - Beckett had this to say about her treatment , which is darker than the previous productions : `` In this day and age , themes of identity , prejudice , bullying , being an outsider , searching for a way to be accepted and how to belong are entirely topical and super relevant , and those are themes that are built into the story of ' Anne . ' '' She went on to call Anne Shirley an `` accidental feminist '' , and how she `` really wanted to tell this story now . '' Broadcast and Release ( edit ) The series initially premiered on March 19 , 2017 , on CBC and aired on a weekly basis , the season finale airing on April 30 , 2017 . The series debuted on Netflix on May 12 , 2017 , under the title Anne with an E . Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Can . viewers ( millions ) `` Your Will Shall Decide Your Destiny '' Niki Caro Moira Walley - Beckett March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) 0.999 When a miscommunication brings a girl , Anne Shirley , to Green Gables instead of a boy , Marilla and Matthew Cuthbert are faced with a life - changing decision . `` I Am No Bird , and No Net Ensnares Me '' Helen Shaver Moira Walley - Beckett March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 0.780 Hoping all is not lost , Matthew races to catch up with Anne while Marilla anxiously hopes and waits for their return to Green Gables . `` But What Is So Headstrong as Youth ? '' Sandra Goldbacher Moira Walley - Beckett April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) 0.994 Anne is excited to begin school and make friends , but is unprepared for the bullying that occurs when she does n't fit in . Marilla too , is testing new waters as she accepts an invitation to join a `` Progressive Mothers '' group . `` An Inward Treasure is Born '' David Evans Moira Walley - Beckett April 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 09 ) 0.654 Anne is faced with the decision of whether or not to return to school . But a fire at the Gillis house and Anne 's generous actions help her in her choice . 5 `` Tightly Knotted to a Similar String '' Patricia Rozema Moira Walley - Beckett April 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 16 ) N / A Anne must deal with the inevitability of womanhood when she gets her first period . At the same time , Marilla and Matthew acclimatize to parenthood and revisit moments of their youth through Anne . 6 `` Remorse Is the Poison of Life '' Paul Fox Moira Walley - Beckett April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) 0.656 When her little sister Minnie May becomes ill , Diana runs to Anne for help . Meanwhile , the Blythe farm sees change , as Marilla is reminded of what she gave up and Matthew receives some unsettling news . 7 `` Wherever You Are Is My Home '' Amanda Tapping Moira Walley - Beckett April 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) N / A The Cuthberts vow to do whatever it takes to save the farm which reminds Anne of the strength of friendship and love . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The series has achieved a rating of 88 % on Rotten Tomatoes , the site 's critical consensus stating : `` Anne with an E uses its complex central character to offer a boldly stylish , emotionally resonant spin on classic source material that satisfies in its own right . '' The series has received a rating of 79 on Metacritic based on fifteen reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Emily Ashby , writing for Common Sense Media , calls the series an `` exceptional '' and `` spectacular '' interpretation , giving it four out of five stars . Tasha Cerny , contributor for the Tracking Board , praises the cinematography as lush and colourful , the characters vibrant , and the plot `` surprisingly thrilling for a story about a young girl living in a small secluded community in the late nineteenth century . I laughed , I cried , and I did n't expect either from a show about a little girl . '' Gwen Inhat of the A.V. Club , calls the series `` at once darker and sweeter than the original '' novel , praising the core cast , reserving the highest for the series lead : `` Amybeth McNulty defies her youth with a performance that 's less a portrayal of Anne than an absolute possession . It ca n't be easy to make Anne 's fanciful language sing the way she does , and McNulty captures the endearing awkwardness that enables Anne to win over everyone she comes in contact with . '' Writing of the 90 - minute premiere episode for the Toronto Star , Johanna Schneller was appreciative of Walley - Beckett 's departures from the novel , bringing its subtext to the fore : `` Reading between the novel 's lines and adding verisimilitude , she gives us quick but potent glimpses of the miseries many orphans faced in 1890s imperialist culture . '' Hanh Nguyen , reviewing the series for IndieWire , concurs with this assessment , saying : `` Rather than ruining the series , they give the context for why Anne would be filled with gratitude for the beauties of nature , basic human decency and having a family to call her own . Montgomery had based much of Anne 's need for escape into imagination on her own lonely childhood , and her stories have always had an underlying poignancy that made them all the sweeter . '' Jen Chaney , writing for Vulture.com , agrees , saying : `` What distinguishes it from other previous Anne iterations is its willingness to harden some of the story 's softness , just enough , to create an element of realism that period pieces , Gables - related or not , can be inclined to avoid . '' Neil Genzlinger writing for The New York Times , commenting on reports of darkness and grittiness , goes so far as to call the adaptation `` richer '' than the source material : `` Ms. McNulty 's Anne is still wonderfully ebullient and eminently likable ; she 's just not the one - dimensional figure of other adaptations '' . Annie Hirschlag , writing for Mic , suggests that a genuinely contemporary Anne is bound to reflect the current television landscape and wider culture of its times ( the 2010s ) : `` Since today 's entertainment is peppered with antiheroes -- characters who are far from perfect , even occasionally villainous -- it makes sense that Anne 's familiar idealism is fringed with darkness and agony . '' Some reviewers were more ambivalent , mainly about Walley - Beckett 's changes to the story . Canadian novelist Saleema Nawaz , who reviewed the 90 - minute first episode for Toronto Life , said she enjoyed it more than she expected , particularly the set designs and costumes , as well as the performances by McNulty and Thomson , and she approved of the choice of theme song as reflective of the continued relevance of the source material . She was less sure about how far the series intended to stray from that source material , and disapproved of the `` manufactured drama , such as Matthew 's wild horse ride '' . Writing for Entertainment Weekly , Isabella Beidenharn expressed similar feelings , but , `` putting the source material aside , it 's a fine show on its own '' , and she conceded that `` inventing a dark side might help Anne With an E fit into today 's TV landscape '' . Allison Keene , writing for Collider , agrees that Anne is a good drama on its own terms , but allows it is `` only a fair adaptation '' of the novel , at its best in the home scenes : `` Anne with an E is undeniably the most stylish adaptation we 've ever seen of Anne of Green Gables . But its desire to reveal more of Anne 's miserable past in order to be more true to what the desperation of an orphan is like feels at odds with Montgomery 's story . '' Writing for Variety , critic Sonia Saraiya is even more ambivalent , describing the series as on the one hand `` a brilliant adaptation '' which `` succeeds admirably '' , but on the other hand , `` the show ca n't quite sustain the brilliance , veering first into maudlin territory and then into the oddly saccharine as it tests out its tone '' , contending that `` the show gets a bit bogged down in telling the story of Anne 's dysfunction '' , presenting `` a slightly soapy view of Anne 's trials and tribulations that at times really humanize her and in others , are rather infantilizing '' . Sarah Larson , writing for The New Yorker , was not at all impressed with changes made to the story , arguing that they alter Anne 's character to the point of non-recognition . While she acknowledges that bringing subtext to the fore is a fine idea , she is not pleased with the execution , saying that the result is part `` the Anne we know and love '' and part `` untrustworthy stranger '' , calling the alteration and addition of scenes a `` betrayal '' of Montgomery 's novel , comparing the treatment unfavourably to Patricia Rozema 's 1999 adaptation of Jane Austen 's Mansfield Park . For Joanna Robinson , writing for Vanity Fair , a central problem with the show is that it `` seems to think that in order for Anne to be a feminist figure , she has to butt up against a straw - man - filled patriarchy , '' and so it turned many of the male characters into misogynists , most notably the Reverend Allan , who is considered by Anne to be a `` kindred spirit '' in the book : `` Anne with an E seems to think Anne 's triumphs are only noteworthy if she 's continually told she ca n't succeed , when in fact her unfettered brilliance needs no such clumsy opposition . It also seems to think that Anne needs a radical feminist makeover when , in fact , the story of her success was feminist in its own right . '' This is part of a more general problem Robinson notes , that conflicts are exaggerated and overdone : `` this series thrives on non-stop tragedy . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables set for new life on CBC - TV '' . CBC.ca . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Boards CBC 's ' Anne Of Green Gables ' Adaptation ; Niki Caro To Helm Premiere '' . Deadline . August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Katie Rogers . `` Oh , Gilbert ! ' Anne of Green Gables ' Is Coming to Netflix '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anne '' . CBC.ca . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yeo , Debra ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` CBC and Netflix renew reimagined Anne of Green Gables '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anne ( with an E ) : Season Two Filming Begins for CBC and Netflix Series '' . TV Series Finale . November 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix 's ' Anne of Green Gables ' Adaptation Finds Its Anne Shirley , Casts 2 Other Roles '' . Deadline . October 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix 's ' Anne Of Green Gables ' Adaptation Adds Three To Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maureen McCormick To Guest In ' The Guest Book ' ; Lucas Jade Zumann Joins ' Anne ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Nigel ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ai n't your grandmother 's Anne ' : new series gives gritty Green Gables amid glut of Anne adaptations '' . CBC News . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ahearn , Victoria ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` VIDEO : CBC 's ' Anne ' shows darker past of ' accidental feminist ' from Green Gables '' . Chronicle Herald . Canadian Press . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBC - TV and Netflix renew Anne series for 2nd season : Episodes will be written by team of female writers '' . CBC News Prince Edward Island . Canadian Press . 3 August 2017 . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Lance ( 8 November 2016 ) . `` New series based on Anne of Green Gables filmed in Millbrook on Tuesday - MyKawartha.com '' . Jump up ^ Fraser , Sara ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Behind the scenes on the newest Anne of Green Gables series '' . CBC News . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Get Red - dy ! Netflix 's ' Anne ' Now Has a Release Date '' . EW.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anne with an E Netflix '' . www.netflix.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) March 13 , 2017 - March 19 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Numeris . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( @ BillBriouxTV ) ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` LAST SUN o'nites CBC Heartland 859k Anne 780k Story of Us 745k CTV Saving Hope 665k GLO NCIS : LA 1127k SNet NHL Van - Peg 473k '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) March 27 , 2017 - April 2 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Numeris . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( @ BillBriouxTV ) ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` SUN onites SNET NHL TOR - COL 1181k VAN -- EDM 766k TSN CURL 1026k GLO NCISLA 1Mk CBC ANNE 654k STORY US 546k CITY SHOTS 623k CTV SAVE HOPE 548k '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( @ BillBriouxTV ) ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` SJN o'nites SNet NHL TOR - WASH Game 6 3467k OTT - BOS 1284k OMNI2 TOR - WASH 121k CTV SAVE HOPE 686K CBC ANNE 656K STORY OF US 450K '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Anne with an E ( 2017 - ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Anne with an E : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashby , Emily . `` Anne with an E '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Cerny , Tasha . `` ANNE WITH AN E Review : `` Episodes 1 - 3 '' `` . www.thetrackingboard.com . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Inhat , Gwen . `` Anne With An E offers a winning , darker take on a familiar tale '' . A.V. Club . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Schneller , Johanna ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` This Anne of Green Gables hints at miseries : What I 'm Watching '' . Toronto Star . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Nguyen , Hanh . `` ' Anne with an E ' Review : A ' Breaking Bad ' Producer Updates ' Anne of Green Gables ' for Our Darker Times '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen . `` Anne of Green Gables Fans , You Will Love Netflix 's Anne With an E '' . Vulture.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Anne With an E ' Is a Rewarding Return to Green Gables '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hirschlag , Annie . `` ' Anne with an E ' Review : The Neflix Adpatation Hits the Nostalgia Button and More '' . Mic.com . Mic ( media Company ) . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Nawaz , Saleema ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` We asked an Anne of Green Gables superfan to review the first episode of CBC 's new TV series '' . Toronto Life . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Beidenharn , Isabella ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Anne With an E : EW review Netflix 's new series has a different take on the pleasant Avonlea you may have grown up with '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison . `` ' Anne with an E ' Review : Netflix 's Green Gables Adaptation Has Grit '' . Collider . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : ' Anne With an E , ' Based on the Book ' Anne of Green Gables ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Larson , Sarah ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` How Not to Adapt `` Anne of Green Gables '' `` . The New Yorker . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` The Depths of Despair : Anne of Green Gables : Netflix 's Bleak Adaptation Gets It All So Terribly Wrong '' . Vanity Fair magazine . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) Television in Canada portal Anne on CBC Anne with an E on Netflix Anne on IMDb The Anne of Green Gables series by L.M. Montgomery Characters Anne Shirley Gilbert Blythe Walter Blythe Original novels Anne of Green Gables ( 1908 ) Anne of Avonlea ( 1909 ) Anne of the Island ( 1915 ) Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1936 ) Anne 's House of Dreams ( 1917 ) Anne of Ingleside ( 1939 ) Rainbow Valley ( 1919 ) Rilla of Ingleside ( 1921 ) Companion books Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1912 ) Further Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1920 ) Before Green Gables ( authorised prequel by Budge Wilson , 2008 ) The Blythes Are Quoted ( 2009 ) Films Anne of Green Gables ( 1919 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1934 ) Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1940 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1956 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1985 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Sequel ( 1987 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Continuing Story ( 2000 ) Anne : Journey to Green Gables ( 2005 ) Anne of Green Gables : A New Beginning ( 2008 ) L.M. Montgomery 's Anne of Green Gables ( 2016 ) Television series Anne of Green Gables ( 1972 ) Anne of Avonlea ( 1975 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1979 ) Road to Avonlea ( 1990 - 1996 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series ( 2000 ) Kon'nichiwa Anne : Before Green Gables ( 2009 ) Anne ( 2017 ) Stage Anne of Green Gables : The Musical ( since 1965 ) Anne & Gilbert ( since 2005 ) Related articles Avonlea Green Gables CBC Television programs List of programs broadcast by CBC Television Primetime 21 Thunder ( 2017 -- ) Alias Grace ( 2017 ) Anne ( 2017 -- ) Baroness von Sketch Show ( 2016 -- ) Burden of Truth ( 2018 -- ) Canada 's Smartest Person ( 2012 -- ) Canada : The Story of Us ( 2017 ) Caught ( 2018 -- ) CBC Music Backstage Pass ( 2013 -- ) CBC Selects ( 2014 -- ) Crash Gallery ( 2015 -- ) The Detectives ( 2018 -- ) Dragons ' Den ( 2006 -- ) Exhibitionists ( 2015 -- ) The Filmmakers ( 2017 ) Firsthand ( 2015 -- ) Fool Canada ( 2015 -- ) Frankie Drake Mysteries ( 2017 -- ) The Great Canadian Baking Show ( 2017 -- ) Ha ! ifax Comedy Fest ( 1995 -- ) Heartland ( 2007 -- ) Hello Goodbye ( 2015 -- ) Hockey Night in Canada ( 1952 -- ) Interrupt This Program ( 2015 -- ) Keeping Canada Safe ( 2017 ) Kim 's Convenience ( 2016 -- ) Little Dog ( 2018 -- ) Mr. D ( 2012 -- ) Murdoch Mysteries ( 2012 -- ) The Nature of Things ( 1960 -- ) Rick Mercer Report ( 2004 -- ) Schitt 's Creek ( 2015 -- ) The Stats of Life ( 2017 -- ) Still Standing ( 2015 -- ) This Hour Has 22 Minutes ( 1993 -- ) True North Calling ( 2017 -- ) Winnipeg Comedy Festival ( 2002 -- ) Workin ' Moms ( 2017 -- ) Daytime The Goods ( 2016 -- ) CBC Kids The Adventures of Napkin Man ! 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who plays matthew on anne with an e

R. H. Thomson

Anne

What a Friend We Have in Jesus - wikipedia What a Friend We Have in Jesus Jump to : navigation , search `` What a Friend We Have in Jesus '' Song Genre Hymn Composer ( s ) Charles C. Converse ( 1868 ) Lyricist ( s ) Joseph M. Scriven ( 1855 ) `` What a Friend We Have in Jesus '' is a Christian hymn originally written by Joseph M. Scriven as a poem in 1855 to comfort his mother who was living in Ireland while he was in Canada . Scriven originally published the poem anonymously , and only received full credit for it in the 1880s . The tune to the hymn was composed by Charles Crozat Converse in 1868 . William Bolcom composed a setting of the hymn . The hymn also has many versions with different lyrics in multiple languages . The Handbook to the Lutheran Hymnal notes , `` In spite of the fact that this hymn , with its tune , has been criticized as being too much on the order of the sentimental gospel type , its popularity remains strong , and the hymn retains a place in modern hymnals . '' In some settings , the lyrics have been matched to other tunes such as the Welsh `` Calon Lân '' ( originally wedded to the Welsh poem translated as `` A Pure Heart '' ) . What a Friend We Have In Jesus Performed by the Onward Brass Band Problems playing this file ? See media help . Contents ( hide ) 1 Renditions 1.1 In Asia 2 In popular culture 3 Published versions 4 References 5 External links Renditions ( edit ) Washington Phillips , as `` Jesus Is My Friend '' ( 1928 , Columbia Records ) Bing Crosby ( 1951 , Beloved Hymns ) Rosemary Clooney ( 1959 , Hymns from the Heart , MGM Records ) Ella Fitzgerald with the Ralph Carmichael Choir ( 1967 , Brighten the Corner ) Aretha Franklin ( 1972 , Amazing Grace ) Alan Price used the tune for his song `` Changes '' in the 1973 film O Lucky Man ! , which was reused in a Volkswagen commercial of the same name with Paula Hamilton in the 1980s . Glen Campbell ( 1989 , Favorite Hymns ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) sung at Little Friendship Baptist Church in Atlanta , Georgia Ike & Tina Turner ( 1974 , The Gospel According to Ike & Tina ) The John Tesh Project ( 2000 , Pure Hymns ) Amy Grant recorded it as part of the medley `` What a Friend We Have in Jesus / Old Rugged Cross / How Great Thou Art '' on her 2002 studio album Legacy ... Hymns and Faith , and later included on her 2015 compilation album Be Still and Know ... Hymns & Faith . Alan Jackson ( 2006 , Precious Memories ) Brad Paisley ( 2008 , Play ) Ronnie Milsap ( 2009 , Then Sings My Soul ) Monty Alexander ( 2013 , Uplift 2 ) In asia ( edit ) In Japan , the hymn 's title was originally translated as `` Itsukushimi Fukaki '' ( いつくしみ 深き , lit . `` Merciful '' ) , which is what it is best known by . In 1910 , Daisui Sugitani re-wrote the lyrics in Japanese and changed the title to `` Hoshi no Yo '' ( 星 の 界 , lit . `` World of Stars '' ) . Another version was written by Ryūkō Kawaji with the title `` Hoshi no Sekai '' ( 星 の 世界 , lit . `` World of Stars '' ) . It is also known by the title `` Tsumitoga o Ninou '' ( つみ と が を に の う , lit . `` To Bear Sin '' ) . The hymn is popular at wedding ceremonies in Japan . In Indonesia , the hymn is known as `` Yesus Kawan yang Sejati '' and is sung in Indonesian or Batak ( the indigenous language of North Sumatra ) in Manado , Maluccan , and Protestant churches ( around 6 % of the population ) . Statistically , the majority of Indonesians are Muslim ( around 76 % ) but native religion elements have up to 90 % of the total population and consequently the hymn is widely known only among musicians , scholars and Indonesia 's Christian community . However , prior to when Suharto seized power in 1967 , the same music was adopted for a popular patriotic song titled `` Ibu Pertiwi '' . In Hindi , the hymn is a very important song and is sung as `` Yeshu kaisa dost pyara '' . In Marathi , the hymn has been translated as `` Kon Mitra Yeshuwani '' By Mary Bessel. The song is common during solemn services ( Passion week and burial ) . In Malayalam , the hymn as `` Enthu Nallore sakhi Yesu '' is sung to comfort and as an invitation to Christ . This hymn had been translated into Telugu and it is sung during occasions as a song of comfort and solace . It is translated as `` Preethi gala mana Yesu '' and it is listed in the Andhra Kraisthava Keerthanalu ( Andhra Christian hymnals ) as hymn No. 407 . In India , the hymn sung in Konkani , `` Dulob Jezu '' , was translated by Felix Paul Noronha of Mangalore . In popular culture ( edit ) This section indiscriminately collects miscellaneous information . Please compress this material to remove any irrelevant or unimportant information . ( February 2018 ) A version was sung during World War I with the line `` When this bloody war is over '' in place of the original title . The tune was used in the 1969 film , Oh ! What a Lovely War with the title `` When This Lousy War Is Over '' . The tune was used in Alan Price 's song Changes , which was written for the 1973 film O Lucky Man ! and later became a hit when used in the 1987 Volkswagen Golf television commercial . The tune was in the labor protest movement due to its wide popularity . `` Dump the Bosses Off Your Backs '' ( words by John Brill ) was published in the IWW `` Little Red Songbook '' and has been recorded by dozens of artists including Utah Phillips , Anne Feeney , and Joe Glazer . A Norwegian version was used in the film Trollhunter . Published versions ( edit ) Rise Up Singing , page 98 The Lutheran Hymnal , hymn # 457 References ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : What a Friend We Have in Jesus Jump up ^ `` What a Friend We Have in Jesus '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Polack , W.G. ( 1941 ) . Handbook to the Lutheran Hymnal . St. Louis : Concordia . p. 323 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Phillips discography '' . wirz.de . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ George Washington Phillips : Jesus Is My Friend at AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Volkswagen Golf -- Paula Hamilton -- 1987 -- UK Advert '' . Retro Commercials . March 13 , 2010 . Retrieved September 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pure Hymns overview '' . Allmusic . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Monty Alexander UPLIFT 2 '' . Jazz Legacy Productions . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Itsukushimi Fukaki song sheet '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` 312 : What a Friend We Have in Jesus '' . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Christhiya Keerthanangal ( Christian Hymns ) . 2007 . Hymn 173 . External links ( edit ) Piano score ( pdf ) at Timeless Truths Text , MIDI , and piano score for `` What a Friend We Have in Jesus '' at HymnSite.com `` What a Friend We Have in Jesus '' Mp3 and lyrics ( hide ) Washington Phillips Original Columbia 78 rpm records ( chronological ) `` Lift Him Up That 's All '' / `` Take Your Burden to the Lord and Leave It There '' `` Denomination Blues -- Part 1 '' / `` Denomination Blues -- Part 2 '' `` Mother 's Last Word to Her Son '' / `` Paul and Silas in Jail '' `` What Are They Doing in Heaven Today '' / `` Jesus Is My Friend '' `` I Am Born to Preach the Gospel '' / `` Train Your Child '' `` A Mother 's Last Word to Her Daughter '' / `` I 've Got the Key to the Kingdom '' `` I Had a Good Father and Mother '' / `` The Church Needs Good Deacons '' Later song releases `` You Ca n't Stop a Tattler -- Part 1 '' `` You Ca n't Stop a Tattler -- Part 2 '' Related articles List of songs ( with recording & catalogue details ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_a_Friend_We_Have_in_Jesus&oldid=831327264 '' Categories : 1928 songs Canadian Christian hymns Columbia Records singles Glen Campbell songs Mississippi John Hurt songs Pace Jubilee Singers songs Songs about Jesus Washington Phillips songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with trivia sections from February 2018 All articles with trivia sections Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource 日本 語 Norsk Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 00 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who wrote song what a friend we have in jesus

Joseph M. Scriven

Charles C. Converse

Once Upon a Time ( season 6 ) - wikipedia Once Upon a Time ( season 6 ) Jump to : navigation , search Once Upon a Time ( season 6 ) DVD cover Starring Ginnifer Goodwin Jennifer Morrison Lana Parrilla Josh Dallas Emilie de Ravin Colin O'Donoghue Jared S. Gilmore Rebecca Mader Robert Carlyle Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network ABC Original release September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) -- May 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 14 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 5 Next → Season 7 List of Once Upon a Time episodes The sixth season of the American ABC fantasy - drama Once Upon a Time was ordered on March 3 , 2016 . It debuted on September 25 , 2016 , and concluded on May 14 , 2017 . In January 2017 , it was stated that the sixth season would end the main storyline , and for a seventh season , the series would be softly rebooted with a new storyline . Existing fictional characters introduced to the series during the season include Aladdin , Princess Jasmine , the Count of Monte Cristo , Captain Nemo , Lady Tremaine , Beowulf , Tiger Lily and the Tin Man . Original new characters include Gideon , the Black Fairy , Mary Lydgate , and Robert . The show also reintroduced Jafar and Dr. Arthur Lydgate , who previously appeared in Once Upon a Time in Wonderland . This season also marks the final appearance of Emma Swan ( Jennifer Morrison ) as a series regular . Morrison announced she would be departing the series after the sixth - season finale , but if the series receives a seventh season renewal she has agreed to appear in at least one episode . After serving as a series regular for two seasons , Rebecca Mader also announced that season six would be her last on the show as a regular . Shortly after , Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis announced that original cast members Ginnifer Goodwin , Josh Dallas , and Jared Gilmore , as well as Emilie de Ravin who joined the main cast in season two , would also exit the show at the end of the season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Regular 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.1. 1 Musical episode 4.2 Casting 5 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) The residents of Storybrooke are faced with threats from the Evil Queen and Mr. Hyde , both with different agendas following the arrival of refugees from the Land of Untold Stories . This leads to events to test Emma 's savior abilities that results in the arrival of the Black Fairy to begin the Final Battle that was prophesied centuries ago . As dark and light collides , a new , and darker curse is unleashed , leading to the fall of all the realms with magic . The Final Battle is fought and won , leading to the heroes earning their happy beginnings , but a new adventure begins in the far future for an adult Henry involving his daughter Lucy , and another curse looming across the New Enchanted Forest inhabitants . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Once Upon a Time characters Regular ( edit ) Ginnifer Goodwin as Snow White / Mary Margaret Blanchard Jennifer Morrison as Emma Swan Lana Parrilla as Evil Queen / Regina Mills Josh Dallas as Prince Charming / David Nolan Emilie de Ravin as Belle / Lacey Colin O'Donoghue as Captain Hook / Killian Jones Jared S. Gilmore as Henry Mills Rebecca Mader as Wicked Witch of the West / Zelena Robert Carlyle as Rumplestiltskin / Mr. Gold Recurring ( edit ) Beverley Elliott as Widow Lucas / Granny Raphael Sbarge as Jiminy Cricket / Dr. Archie Hopper Lee Arenberg as Dreamy / Grumpy / Leroy David Paul Grove as Doc Gabe Khouth as Sneezy / Mr. Clark Faustino Di Bauda as Sleepy / Walter Mig Macario as Bashful Geoff Gustafson as Stealthy Tony Amendola as Geppetto / Marco Keegan Connor Tracy as the Blue Fairy / Mother Superior Eion Bailey as Pinocchio / August Booth David Anders as Victor Frankenstein / Dr. Whale Jessy Schram as Cinderella / Ashley Boyd Tim Phillipps as Prince Thomas / Sean Herman Gabrielle Rose as Ruth Alan Dale as King George / Albert Spencer Jaime Murray as Fiona / the Black Fairy Giles Matthey as Gideon / Morpheus Sean Maguire as Robin of Locksley Tony Perez as Prince Henry Rose McIver as Tinker Bell JoAnna Garcia Swisher as Ariel Gil McKinney as Prince Eric Giancarlo Esposito as Magic Mirror / Sidney Glass Chris Gauthier as William Smee Hank Harris as Dr. Henry Jekyll Sam Witwer as Mr. Hyde Deniz Akdeniz as Aladdin Karen David as Princess Jasmine Olivia Steele Falconer as Violet Tzi Ma as the Dragon Patrick Fischler as Isaac Heller Sara Tomko as Tiger Lily Wil Traval as the Sheriff of Nottingham / Keith Guest ( edit ) Oded Fehr as Jafar Tarun Keram as Emir Jordyn Ashley Olson as the Oracle Craig Horner as Edmond Dantès / Count of Monte Cristo Andrea Brooks as Charlotte Andrew Kavadas as Baron Danglars Lisa Banes as Lady Tremaine Mekenna Melvin as Clorinda Tremaine Goldie Hoffman as Tisbe Tremaine Max Lloyd - Jones as Jacob Jarod Joseph as Gus / Billy Jonny Coyne as Dr. Arthur Lydgate Elizabeth Blackmore as Mary Lydgate Reilly Jacob as Tom Sawyer Cedric De Souza as the Sultan Kate Dion - Richard as Goldilocks Faran Tahir as Captain Nemo Nick Eversman as First Mate Liam Jones II Paul Johansson as Gabriel / the Woodcutter Nick Hunnings as Jack Tammy Gillis as Jill Mckenna Grace as young Emma Rustin Gresiuk as teen August / Pinocchio Jack Davies as young Pinocchio David Cubitt as Robert Tara Wilson as young Ruth Luke Roessler as young David / young James Brandon Spink as young Baelfire Torstein Bjørklund as Beowulf Zahf Paroo as Prince Achmed Charles Mesure as Blackbeard Anton Starkman as young Gideon Grayson Gabriel as Roderick Mason McKenzie as young Roderick Isabella Blake - Thomas as young Zelena Alex Désert as Stanum / Tin Man Austin Obiajunwa as young Stanum Stephen Lord as Malcolm Andrew J. West as adult Henry Mills Alison Fernandez as Lucy Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Once Upon a Time episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 112 `` The Savior '' Eagle Egilsson Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) 3.99 In the past , Aladdin , a `` Savior '' , is taunted by Jafar over the inevitable downfall of all Saviors . In Storybrooke , refugees arrive from the Land of Untold Stories . Emma experiences tremors and visions ; an arrested Hyde helps her receive an oracle 's vision of a hooded figure killing her . Guided by Morpheus , Gold enters Belle 's dreams to lift the sleeping curse ; he tries to renew their love , but she rejects him . `` Morpheus '' reveals he is really their unborn son , and desired this outcome . Belle wakes and leaves Gold . Henry convinces Regina that Hades may have lied about Robin Hood 's soul having been destroyed . Zelena moves in with Regina but , after learning her sister blames her for Robin Hood 's death , moves out and is approached by the Evil Queen . 113 `` A Bitter Draught '' Ron Underwood Andrew Chambliss & Dana Horgan October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) 3.72 In the past in the Enchanted Forest , the Evil Queen offers to aid the revenge plot of Edmond Dantes , The Count of Monte Cristo , if he kills Snow and David . When he falls in love with Snow 's handmaiden , he reneges and flees with her to the Land of Untold Stories to save her from poison . In Storybrooke , the Evil Queen recruits Zelena and uses Edmond 's heart to set him against Snow and David ; Regina kills Edmond to save the others , and realizes she retains the capacity for darkness . The Evil Queen declares that the undesirable `` untold stories '' will be played out . She gives David evidence that his father 's death was not accidental . Belle lives on Hook 's ship ; in a deal with Gold , the Evil Queen will not harm her or the baby . Emma tells Archie about her visions and notes that Regina is n't present in them and could be the hooded figure . 114 `` The Other Shoe '' Steve Pearlman Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz October 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 09 ) 4.11 In the past in the Enchanted Forest , Cinderella meets Prince Thomas at the ball , but flees when she believes he loves her stepsister Clorinda ; Clorinda actually plans to elope with Thomas ' footman , Jacob , but her mother , Lady Tremaine , abducts her to the Land of Untold Stories after forcing Cinderella to betray Clorinda 's location . In Storybrooke , Ashley hopes to reconcile with Clorinda . Aided by the Evil Queen , Tremaine lures Ashley into a trap for her and Jacob . Ashley protects Jacob ; Clorinda reunites with him and forgives Cinderella , while Tremaine is arrested . Emma struggles to control her magic . Whale helps Jekyll recreate his serum , while the Evil Queen and Hyde form an alliance and she releases him . Snow White wants normality , but David secretly investigates his father 's death ; Gold provides information in exchange for David delivering a message to Belle . 115 `` Strange Case '' Alrick Riley David H. Goodman & Nelson Soler October 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 16 ) 3.53 In the past in Victorian England , Jekyll petitions the Academy of Science for membership but Dr. Lydgate rejects him . Rumplestiltskin arrives and magically perfects Jekyll 's serum ; Jekyll transforms into Hyde , who blackmails Lydgate for Jekyll 's membership . Mary is Lydgate 's daughter and Jekyll 's unrequited love ; she and Hyde fall in love . Jekyll accidentally fatally defenestrates Mary ; he frames Hyde . In Storybrooke , Gold imprisons Belle on the ship to protect her from Hyde ; but it is Jekyll who tries to kill Belle in revenge for Rumplestiltskin 's role in Mary 's death . Hook saves Belle by killing Jekyll , and Hyde dies of identical wounds ; Regina asks Emma to kill her if necessary to stop the Evil Queen . Gold warns Belle that their child will need his protection . Mary Margaret resumes teaching , and her assistant Shirin inspires her to draw on her life as Snow . Shirin is secretly Princess Jasmine , working with the Oracle to search for Aladdin . 116 5 `` Street Rats '' Norman Buckley Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz October 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) 3.40 In the past in Agrabah , Aladdin seeks a magical weapon for Jasmine , to save the kingdom from Jafar ; he is the weapon and a Savior . Jafar tempts Aladdin with magical shears that can sever him from his fate as the Savior and from his resulting death . Aladdin rejects Jafar and saves Jasmine . In Storybrooke , the Oracle is murdered . Emma helps Jasmine , hoping Aladdin 's survival ensures her own . Having faked his death , Aladdin reveals himself to Emma and confesses that he doomed Agrabah by using the shears , which he gives to her ; she asks Hook to dispose of them , but he secretly keeps them . The Evil Queen impersonates Archie to learn of Emma 's visions , and convinces Zelena to turn Archie back into a cricket . 117 6 `` Dark Waters '' Robert Duncan Andrew Chambliss & Brigitte Hales October 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 30 ) 3.06 During the Dark Curse , Captain Nemo abducts Hook and invites him to join the crew `` family '' of his submarine , Nautilus , in their quest for the `` Mysterious Island '' , which is the Land of Untold Stories . Hook discovers the first mate is his half - brother , Liam , and decides to leave to avoid confrontation ; but Liam attacks him , instead mortally wounding Nemo , who steps in . In the present , Archie is freed . Henry confronts Hook over lying about the shears , and Liam imprisons them on Nautilus . Hook opens up and Henry accepts him as family ; they save each other and dispose of the shears . Modern medicine saves Nemo ; he , Liam , and Hook make amends . Emma and Aladdin discuss being a Savior . Jasmine reveals that Agrabah vanished . Snow supports Belle at her ultrasound . The Evil Queen seduces Gold and offers the retrieved shears in exchange for help taking Snow 's heart . 118 7 `` Heartless '' Ralph Hemecker Jane Espenson November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) 3.56 In the past , fugitive Snow and shepherd David separately travel to Longbourn ; she to flee the kingdom and he to sell his struggling farm . Without ever seeing each other 's faces , David saves Snow from a bounty hunter and she repays him with money to save the farm , deciding not to flee . Their hands touch and a magical sapling is created . In the present , the Evil Queen threatens to destroy Storybrooke with River of Lost Souls water unless Mary Margaret and David hand over their hearts . They learn the sapling could stop the Queen , who destroys it just after they find it . But it has shown them their previous meeting , and they conclude that their love can endure anything ; they surrender themselves . The Queen casts a sleeping curse on their hearts ; because they share Snow 's heart , the curse affects them both ; each can wake the other but immediately succumbs to the curse , so they can never be awake together . Regina uses Gold 's relationship with the Queen to separate the latter from Zelena , who earns Gold 's enmity by exposing his schemes to Belle . 119 8 `` I 'll Be Your Mirror '' Jennifer Lynch Jerome Schwartz & Leah Fong November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 3.40 Regina and Emma try to magically trap the Evil Queen in the World Behind the Mirror , but she traps them there , where the Dragon is already imprisoned . Henry prepares for a date with Violet ; the Queen impersonates Regina and tries to manipulate him but he recognizes her . Emma and Regina discover Sidney was building a mirror portal out of the world and try and finish it , but the Evil Queen forces the Dragon to attack Emma and Regina , using his heart , and tries to make Henry kill the Dragon with the Hammer of Hephaestus ; he instead uses it to free his mothers . Mary Margaret and David adjust to living in shifts . Belle asks Zelena to help her escape Storybrooke via magical portal , and they form an alliance with Aladdin and Jasmine . Aladdin steals the Genie 's lamp and the Sorcerer 's wand from Gold 's shop , but Gold takes the wand back from Zelena and puts a magical tracking device on Belle . He asks the Queen to kill Zelena , as the connection between his and Zelena 's hearts protects her from him . 120 9 `` Changelings '' Mairzee Almas David H. Goodman & Brian Ridings November 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 27 ) 3.28 In the Enchanted Forest , while served by Belle , Rumplestiltskin abducts a baby to use as bait for the Black Fairy , the mother who abandoned him ; she escapes without answering his questions . In the present , Belle receives advice from her unborn child while Gold becomes increasingly unhinged . Resenting Gold 's order to attack Zelena , the Evil Queen accelerates Belle 's pregnancy ; Mother Superior delivers Belle 's son , Gideon , and sends him into hiding ; Gold vows to find him . As the Genie has been freed , Aladdin takes his place . Zelena and Regina continue to feud . Emma obtains the sword from her vision . 121 10 `` Wish You Were Here '' Ron Underwood Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz December 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) 3.27 The Black Fairy abducts Gideon . Emma discovers the sword can kill the Evil Queen without hurting Regina . The Queen steals the lamp and wishes Emma to an alternate reality where she was never the Savior ; Regina follows her . David and his allies take the lamp from the Queen , who is turned into a serpent by the hooded figure , revealed to be the adult Gideon . Jasmine wishes herself and Aladdin to Agrabah . In the `` wish realm '' , Emma lives as a princess until Regina traumatically restores her memory . Regina frees Rumplestiltskin in exchange for a magic bean , but the portal to Storybrooke closes while Regina is distracted by the appearance of Robin Hood . 122 11 `` Tougher Than the Rest '' Billy Gierhart Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz March 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 05 ) 3.03 In 1990 Minnesota , a young Emma is told by a teenager that she has the power to change her fate . In present day , after they miss their way out of the Wish realm , Emma and Regina find another option for escape when they come across August , who agrees to help create a new portal . Regina goes to find Robin Hood to see if he would 've been better off without her . After Regina finds Robin , they 're caught by the Sheriff of Nottingham and later by the Wish realm Rumple . Robin believes Regina when she tells him about their being in an alternate reality . Emma discovers that August was the teenager she met back in Minnesota and inspires him to complete the portal . Emma , Regina , and Robin return to Storybrooke , where Gideon explains to Gold and Belle his intention to kill Emma so that he can acquire her savior powers and kill the Black Fairy , a move that has David furious and Belle concerned . Emma and Gideon finally meet for the battle , but Emma survives , choosing her own fate . Gideon retreats , proclaiming this far from over . Gold and Belle decide to work together for the good of their son . 123 12 `` Murder Most Foul '' Morgan Beggs Jerome Schwartz & Jane Espenson March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) 3.06 The events of how Robert , the father of David and James , was murdered are detailed in a flashback , in which Robert learns what happened to James after he ran away from King George . With help from Rumple , he tracks him to Pleasure Island , but their reunion is cut short by King George , who orders Robert 's execution . His death affects David in the present day after he sees visions of Robert and asks Hook to help him , despite his being reformed . When Hook becomes concerned that David is taking this investigation too far by going after Albert , he intervenes and brings David back to sanity . Hook is also worried about whether David will give him his blessing to marry Emma , but David does . Meanwhile , Regina tries to get the Wish Realm Robin assimilated into Storybrooke , but soon questions why he agreed to follow her , as it turns out that he had something else planned after he steals a chest from the vault . The truth as to who really murdered Robert is revealed when August gives Hook missing pages he took from Henry 's book . When Hook sees an illustration of David 's dad , he recognizes him and recalls murdering him during a robbery in the Enchanted Forest so that there was no witness to his crime . 124 13 `` Ill - Boding Patterns '' Ron Underwood Andrew Chambliss & Dana Horgan March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) 2.71 During the First Ogres War , Beowulf leads a fearsome charge on the battlefield in the Enchanted Forest of old . After every last soldier had been slain , Beowulf surrenders to death just as Rumplestiltskin intervenes , killing all the ogres . Hailed as a hero in the village , Beowulf is irked by Rumple 's new title . He creates a ruse to lead Rumple to his demise . Fearing he would not be able to follow through on protecting the villagers without Dark Magic , Rumple bestows his dagger upon Baelfire as an insurance policy . Following a turbulent exchange and threat to frame Rumplestiltskin as a murderer , Beowulf retreats . Feeling the pressure of his threat , Bae commands his father to kill him . Rumple later doses Bae with a memory potion to erase the ordeal from his mind and restore his innocence . In Storybrooke , Rumple recognizes a familiar pattern in Gideon , who makes strides in his quest to kill Emma Swan at the cost of The Blue Fairy 's vitality . Hook worries about the repercussions of telling Emma his newly unveiled secret . Meanwhile , Emma unknowingly forces a proposal after happening upon Hook 's engagement ring . Robin of Locksley attempts to flee the town , but to no avail . The Evil Queen escapes her reptilian confinement and indoctrinates Robin . 125 14 `` Page 23 '' Kate Woods David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 2.85 In the Enchanted Forest , The Evil Queen is in search of a spell that will help her end Snow White for good , but her father has love in mind for his daughter and leads her on a quest to Cupid 's Arrow . However , The Evil Queen rebrands the arrow to follow hatred and discovers that the person she despises the most is herself . In Storybrooke , The Evil Queen and Regina face off in a final confrontation . Just when Regina wins the upper hand , she remembers the Evil Queen 's self - loating and evenly splits the light and the darkness in their hearts , to share their love and hate and allow the Evil Queen to reform . After Emma calls off the engagement , Hook decides to board the Nautilus with Captain Nemo . Hook later changes his mind following a conversation with Snow but , before he can return , Gideon hijacks the vessel and sends it out of Storybrooke . 126 15 `` A Wondrous Place '' Steve Pearlman Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) 2.80 At a loss for hope , Regina suggests a `` girls ' night out '' for Emma with her and Snow . While at the bar , she confides in the mixologist and sheds a tear . Meanwhile , the Nautilus is transported to the Enchanted Forest , where Aladdin and Jasmine board . They have yet to locate Agrabah and are growing weary . After Hook and Jasmine confide in one another , the vessel is irrevocably damaged and Jasmine uses a genie wish to relocate the group to the island where Jafar is located . They discover a cabana belonging to Ariel and Prince Eric . Ariel has collected a genie lamp that houses Jafar . Jasmine is able to sway him into divulging the location of the hidden Agrabah before defeating him with magic dust . Through true love 's kiss , Aladdin and Jasmine , along with Hook and Ariel , are transported to the restored city and Aladdin 's genie curse is broken . Ariel supplies Hook with a means to reach Emma . Emma receives the message and Gideon , no longer masquerading as the mixologist , threatens that he will use her tears to keep Hook from returning to Storybrooke unless she helps him kill the Black Fairy . Flashbacks to Ariel and Jasmine 's first meeting show the princess falter under Jafar 's trickery . 127 16 `` Mother 's Little Helper '' Billy Gierhart Story by : Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz Teleplay by : Paul Karp April 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 09 ) 2.60 In Storybrooke , Gold reveals to Emma and Snow that the Black Fairy is his mother and that the Dark Curse Regina cast was created by the Black Fairy . Emma agrees to help Gideon kill the Black Fairy , but is double - crossed by Gideon and left to die at the hands of a giant spider . Gideon opens a portal with the sword , allowing the Black Fairy to slip through into Storybrooke . Meanwhile in the Enchanted Forest , Hook wagers the Jolly Roger for a magic bean in a game of cards with Blackbeard . As Blackbeard and Hook go through the portal , it malfunctions thanks to Gideon and the duo ends up in Neverland , on the run from the remnants of Peter Pan 's Lost Boys . Back in Storybrooke , Henry experiences a disorienting shift in his Author powers , so he and Regina seek help from the only person who can aid them : the previous Author , Isaac . Isaac reveals to Regina and Henry that they are nearing the end of the story in which the savior must fight the Final Battle . Flashbacks reveal the abuses the Black Fairy inflicted on Gideon and that the Black Fairy ripped out Gideon 's heart and is controlling him to kill Emma . 128 17 `` Awake '' Sharat Raju Andrew Chambliss & Leah Fong April 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 16 ) 2.51 Regina works feverishly to wake Snow and Charming from the Sleeping Curse . Gold comes face to face with the Black Fairy , the powerful enemy Emma must fight in the Final Battle . Hook , still in Neverland , meets up with Tiger Lily , who gives him a piece of an ancient fairy wand to aid Emma in defeating the Black Fairy . Gold confronts the Black Fairy over her manipulating Gideon with his heart and she maintains that Storybrooke would be destroyed if the two of them fought . A pixie flower allows Emma to open a doorway to Neverland and rescue Hook , who then re-proposes properly . The townsfolk gather around Emma 's sleeping parents and each take small amounts of the Sleeping Curse unto themselves , diluting it and allowing Snow and David to finally reunite . In 1993 , a pixie flower awakens Snow and Charming from their cursed selves , but an awakened Rumplestiltskin tells them they must make a difficult decision to ensure that Emma fulfills her destiny as the Savior . 129 18 `` Where Bluebirds Fly '' Michael Schultz David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) 2.69 In Zelena 's past , her childhood friend Stanum asks for her help in finding the Crimson Heart , a magical artifact that would be able to restore his human form after having been cursed by the Wicked Witch of the North to slowly turn into tin . Zelena 's refusal to give up her magic leads to her betraying Stanum , as she keeps the Heart and leaves him to become the Tin Man . In the Present , The Black Fairy tempts Zelena with an offer to join her , only to have Zelena oppose her instead . Regina is brought into the chaos by trying to stop her sister and they find the Black Fairy and Gideon in the crystal mines , with the Black Fairy tricking Zelena into utilizing her unstable Dark Magic to strengthen her for the Final Battle . Realizing that there is nothing left for her back in Oz , Zelena decides to help the residents fight back against the Black Fairy by using the Crimson Heart to give up her magic , thereby undoing the mess she made in the mines . Emma then uses her magic and one of the crystals to bring Mother Superior out of her coma with some help from Regina and Zelena . 130 19 `` The Black Fairy '' Alrick Riley Jerome Schwartz & Dana Horgan April 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) 3.05 The origin of Rumplestiltskin 's true destiny is revealed , as his mother Fiona learns from the Blue Fairy and Tiger Lily that he was destined to become The Savior . When Fiona fears for her son and chooses power over protecting Rumple , it results in her becoming the Black Fairy , and the Blue Fairy banishing her to the Dark Realm . In the Present , as everyone looks for the missing wand , Gold brings Gideon and Emma into the Dream World to search for Gideon 's heart , where the events of the flashbacks unfold . Gold then confronts Fiona , but she reveals the real reason behind why he was abandoned . Gold later retrieves Gideon 's heart and tells everyone that the Black Fairy is dead , paving the way for Emma and Hook 's wedding . However , Gold and Fiona make a deal that will see the Final Battle go forward , with Emma being the Savior that will fight in it . Meanwhile , Regina helps Zelena adjust to life without her powers . 131 20 `` The Song in Your Heart '' Ron Underwood David H. Goodman & Andrew Chambliss May 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 07 ) 2.87 In the past , Snow makes a wish that grants the entire Enchanted Forest the ability to use the gift of song as a strength , which also spreads to Oz as well . When Regina becomes affected by the wish , she finds a way to end it before the first curse takes place , but the Blue Fairy , who granted Snow the wish , tells Snow and David that the wish will be part of Emma 's destiny . In Emma 's past , her chance to make use of her talent is held back by being told she 'll be alone . This would come back to taunt Emma in the present day , as Fiona returns to use that weakness to take Emma 's heart before unleashing a new curse on her wedding day , with help from Gold by freezing her family . When Henry discovers the page in the book that reveals the song in Emma 's heart will make her stronger , not only does it embolden Emma , it stops Fiona from crushing her heart , but Fiona still tells Emma that the battle will continue . On her wedding day , Emma and Hook finally marry , just in time for the dark clouds of the Black Fairy 's curse to erupt from the clock tower and engulf them at 6 : 00 PM , setting up the final battle . 132 133 21 22 `` The Final Battle '' Steve Pearlman Ralph Hemecker Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz May 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 14 ) 2.95 Fiona 's curse alters Storybrooke , institutionalizing Emma and leaving only Henry and Gold `` awake , '' while sending Emma 's other allies to their home realms . The Final Battle begins over Emma 's belief ; if she stops believing in the realms of story , they will be consumed by the Darkness and cease to exist . If all the realms are destroyed , Fiona would gain unchecked powers and be able to break the Laws of Magic at will . In the Enchanted Forest , the banished characters gather at Regina 's castle ; David and Hook obtain a magic bean and the Evil Queen sacrifices herself , holding off the Darkness to delay the group 's destruction . Fiona convinces Emma to destroy the book , but Henry hand - draws one that restores her belief in time to save everyone in the castle . Gold kills Fiona , who had hidden Belle and turned her into a coward ; this breaks the Curse , which restores everyone 's memories and reunites them in Storybrooke . However , Gideon is still under orders to kill Emma . Gold attempts to free Gideon 's heart ; however , a spell cast by the Black Fairy prevents him from doing so . Emma lays down her sword , allowing Gideon to impale her ; this releases Emma 's light magic and ends the battle . With both Gold and Emma having chosen good , Gideon is returned to infancy and the realms are restored , and those who died in the crisis are revived . The characters embark on their `` happy beginnings . '' Many years later in the New Enchanted Forest , an adult Henry vanishes while defending his daughter Lucy from an unidentified entity . Guided by Tiger Lily , Lucy travels to Seattle , where Henry no longer remembers her . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Executive producers Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis announced that they were ending the half - season arc structure that was seen in seasons three through five , with Horowitz saying , `` We 're also planning a 22 - episode story as opposed to breaking it up into two halves this year . It has been really exciting and fun . '' Kitsis added : `` We are changing around what we 're doing this year and going back to that season 1 mentality of small town stories and smaller arcs . '' This season will focus on Storybrooke as the main setting , but will also show new realms and there will be the exploration of the Savior 's mythology . Kitsis and Horowitz hired two directors from their Freeform series Dead of Summer , Norman Buckley , Mairzee Almas , and Michael Schultz helm episodes of the season . Jennifer Lynch directed the eighth episode of the season , `` I 'll Be Your Mirror '' . In January 2017 , ABC president Channing Dungey had been the first to suggest that the current narrative of the show would end with season six , regardless of whether or not there is a season seven . Shortly after this news , Jennifer Morrison revealed that the contracts for the original main cast members were expiring in April , expressing uncertainty about the future of the show and her participation in it beyond the current season . Robert Carlyle also expressed that he 'd have to make a decision about his future on the show by the end of that month . In March 2017 , several sources had reported that four of the current main cast members in particular - Morrison , Carlyle , Lana Parrilla , and Colin O'Donoghue - were in negotiations to renew their contracts for a potential seventh season . In April 2017 , Horowitz and Kitsis confirmed that a group of characters will indeed have their stories wrapped up by the end of the season in acknowledging the potential cast changes , saying : `` We planned this finale from the beginning of the year , so whoever stays and whoever goes ... all those questions have already been dealt with . The audience does not have to fear ( anything feeling ) incomplete . '' On May 8 , Morrison confirmed that she had declined an offer to remain on the show and that the sixth season would be her last , signaling the end of Emma 's time on the show as the main protagonist . On May 11 , Rebecca Mader announced that she would also be leaving the show at the end of the season , citing creative decisions beyond her control . On May 12 , season six was announced to be the last for four additional main actors : Ginnifer Goodwin , Josh Dallas , Jared Gilmore , and Emilie de Ravin . Thus , characters seeing their storylines wrapped up in the season six finale include Emma Swan , Snow White , Prince Charming , Belle , and Zelena . The season finale revealed that Henry Mills will remain a series protagonist , with the setting shifting to a later time period in which he is portrayed as an adult by Andrew J. West . Musical episode ( edit ) Main article : The Song in Your Heart In January 2017 , TV Line reported that the series would feature a musical episode later in the season . Creators Kitsis and Horowitz had spoken about the desire to do a musical installment previously , but did n't `` even know where to begin . '' Kitsis and Horowitz confirmed the report in February . They have also since confirmed that the episode will feature 7 original songs , including solos by Jennifer Morrison and Rebecca Mader , as well as a `` sing - off '' musical number featuring the Evil Queen and the Charmings . Composers Alan Zachary and Michael Weiner will be writing the original numbers featured , with arrangements provided by the show 's long - time composer Mark Isham . Kitsis and Hororwitz spoke about the nature of the episode saying , `` It actually is a huge part of the mythology of the show and there are some big things that happen in the episode , frankly , it 's been one of the challenges of doing the musical because we never wanted to do something where it was just like a to - the - side , one - off thing , and then get back to the main story . We want to see it part of the main story , which meant we had to really plan out this season with some great detail . '' Casting ( edit ) Horowitz : There certainly are nods to the film that we all love so much , that we 're peppering in throughout . We 're , right now , focusing on ( Aladdin , Jasmine , and Jafar ) . Kitsis : Obviously , I do n't think we would touch the genie . I would like to see a monkey but I ca n't promise anything . I think , whereas some stories , like Frozen , we were very faithful to Frozen , I think you will see Aladdin will have its own Once twist . -- Executive producers Kitsis and Horowitz on Once 's interpretation of Aladdin . Emilie de Ravin told fans that she will be returning for the sixth season . It was also announced later that Sam Witwer and Hank Harris have signed a contract to play two new recurring characters on the sixth season of the show . On March 29 , 2016 , Lana Parrilla confirmed she would be returning for the sixth season . Robert Carlyle was confirmed to be returning for the sixth season as Rumplestiltskin along with Rebecca Mader as Zelena and Jared Gilmore as Henry Mills . It was announced that Giles Matthey was cast as Morpheus , who is slated to appear in the first episode of the season . On July 20 , it was announced that Craig Horner would be portraying the Count of Monte Cristo , who was introduced in the second episode of the season . At the 2016 San Diego Comic Con International it was revealed that the season would see the introduction of Aladdin ( Deniz Akdeniz ) , and his story featuring the return of Jafar , now portrayed by Oded Fehr ( the role had been previously played by Naveen Andrews on Once Upon a Time in Wonderland ) . Andrews was unavailable due to his previous commitment to Netflix 's Sense8 . It was also announced that Galavant 's Karen David was cast as Princess Jasmine . She made her debut in the fourth episode of the season . In early July , it was announced that Raphael Sbarge would be reprising his role as Jiminy Cricket / Dr. Archie Hopper in the season premiere . The character 's last appearance was in the season 4 episode `` Rocky Road . '' On July 20 , it was announced that Jessy Schram would be reprising her role as Cinderella in the third episode of the season . The episode explored a connection that her character has to someone from the Land of Untold Stories , as well as the start of her friendship with Snow White . That same episode also introduced Cinderella 's stepmother and stepsisters . David Anders returned this season as Victor Frankenstein . The character has a connection with Jekyll and Hyde . On August 15 , it was announced that Jonny Coyne would be reprising his role as Dr. Lydgate from Once Upon a Time in Wonderland , in the fourth episode of the season . On August 26 , it was announced that Faran Tahir was cast as Captain Nemo , and would have ties to Captain Hook . On September 22 , it was announced that Tzi Ma would be reprising his role as the Dragon sometime in the season . Gabrielle Rose would also be returning as David 's mother , Ruth , who appeared via flashback in episode 7 . On September 27 , it was announced that Sean Maguire would be returning as Robin Hood . The former main character , who died on - screen near the end of season 5 , will not be brought back from the dead but would appear in a multi-episode arc in a different capacity . For the second half of the season , Wil Traval would be returning for multiple episodes , starting in episode 11 , as the Sheriff of Nottingham . On October 31 , it was announced that Mckenna Grace would be returning as a younger version of Emma . On December 11 , Robert Carlyle revealed that Brandon Spink would be portraying a young Baelfire in episode 13 . On January 6 , 2017 , it was announced that JoAnna Garcia would be returning as Ariel . The story line involves a team - up between Ariel , Jasmine , and Hook . On January 7 , Horowitz confirmed that Gil McKinney would also be returning as Prince Eric . Two days later , it was announced that Rose McIver would also be coming back as Tinker Bell . On January 20 , it was revealed that Sara Tomko was cast as Tiger Lily . The recurring character appears in at least two episodes starting in episode 17 . On January 23 , Horowitz announced that Patrick Fischler would return as former author Isaac Heller at some point in the second half of the season . On March 14 , it was announced that episode 18 would introduce the Tin Man , played by Alex Désert , and the Cowardly Lion from the Wizard of Oz tale . On February 16 , TVLine released casting call descriptions for two characters who appear in the season 6 finale , with potential to continue into season 7 if the show is to be renewed . One is a man in his late 20s - early 30s who `` was once optimistic and hopeful but now is a friendless , cynical recluse '' but `` still possesses a dormant , deep - seated spark of hope that waits for the right person to reignite it . '' The other is a 10 - year - old girl who `` comes from a broken home '' but `` those struggles have only made her stronger -- something which will come in handy when darkness threatens everything she holds dear . '' On March 8 , it was announced that Andrew J. West had been cast in the unidentified male role , later revealed in `` The Final Battle '' as an adult Henry Mills . On March 9 , it was announced that Alison Fernandez had been cast in the unidentified female role , also revealed to be Henry 's daughter , Lucy . On May 8 , 2017 , Jennifer Morrison announced that she had declined an offer to remain on the show through season 7 and would not be returning to Once Upon a Time as a series regular in the event the series was renewed by ABC . However , Morrison noted that she had signed a contract to appear in one episode in season 7 . On May 12 , 2017 , showrunners Horowitz and Kitsis confirmed that five more cast members , in addition to Morrison , would not be returning to the show for a seventh season : Ginnifer Goodwin , Josh Dallas , Jared Gilmore , Emilie de Ravin , and Rebecca Mader . In their personal goodbyes to fans , both de Ravin and Mader cited the show 's decision to move forward in a new creative direction as the reason for their departures . Gilmore expressed similar sentiments . Meanwhile , Goodwin and Dallas had informed the showrunners a year prior that they intended to leave the show at the end of the sixth season . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Savior '' September 25 , 2016 1.3 / 4 3.99 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` A Bitter Draught '' October 2 , 2016 1.1 / 4 3.72 0.7 N / A 1.8 N / A `` The Other Shoe '' October 9 , 2016 1.2 / 4 4.11 0.7 N / A 1.9 N / A `` Strange Case '' October 16 , 2016 1.1 / 4 3.53 N / A N / A N / A N / A 5 `` Street Rats '' October 23 , 2016 1.0 / 3 3.40 0.7 N / A 1.7 N / A 6 `` Dark Waters '' October 30 , 2016 0.9 / 3 3.06 0.7 1.57 1.6 4.63 7 `` Heartless '' November 6 , 2016 1.1 / 3 3.56 0.6 N / A 1.7 5.2 8 `` I 'll Be Your Mirror '' November 13 , 2016 0.9 / 3 3.40 0.7 N / A 1.6 N / A 9 `` Changelings '' November 27 , 2016 1.0 / 3 3.28 0.6 1.46 1.6 4.74 10 `` Wish You Were Here '' December 4 , 2016 0.9 / 3 3.27 0.6 N / A 1.5 N / A 11 `` Tougher Than the Rest '' March 5 , 2017 0.9 / 3 3.03 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` Murder Most Foul '' March 12 , 2017 0.9 / 3 3.06 N / A N / A N / A N / A 13 `` Ill - Boding Patterns '' March 19 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.71 0.5 1.25 1.3 3.96 14 `` Page 23 '' March 26 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.85 N / A N / A N / A N / A 15 `` A Wondrous Place '' April 2 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.80 N / A N / A N / A N / A 16 `` Mother 's Little Helper '' April 9 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.60 0.5 N / A N / A 17 `` Awake '' April 16 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.51 0.6 1.19 1.3 3.70 18 `` Where Bluebirds Fly '' April 23 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.69 0.5 N / A 1.3 N / A 19 `` The Black Fairy '' April 30 , 2017 0.9 / 4 3.05 N / A N / A N / A N / A 20 `` The Song in Your Heart '' May 7 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.87 N / A N / A N / A N / A 21 / 22 `` The Final Battle '' May 14 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.95 N / A N / A N / A N / A References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Renewed for Season 6 '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` ABC Announces Fall Premiere Dates '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' : Current Narrative To Wrap At End Of Season 6 ; Will There Be Season 7 ? '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Morrison On Why She Is Leaving ' Once Upon a Time ' , Emma 's Final Battle & What 's Next '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Rebecca Mader exiting after season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Ginnifer Goodwin , Josh Dallas , Emilie de Ravin and Jared Gilmore exit '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` @ IdkiloveMinaj if they 're not , not sure what they 're doing in Vancouver '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` @ Pirate_Mia I hope you enjoy what we have in store for Hook and Emma next season ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Lana Parrilla ( @ LanaParrilla ) ( March 30 , 2016 ) . ``. # OnceUponATime fans today in Steveston aka Storybrooke ! Thank you for your loving support ! See you in S6 ! @ OnceABC '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Instagram '' . Instagram . ^ Jump up to : Jared Gilmore ( @ Jared_Gilmore ) ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` You guys are so awesome ! Thank you for all your questions tonight . I ca n't wait to start on season 6 soon '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Courtney Ann Thieman ( @ courtneyann2009 ) ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` @ bexmader ready for next season # OnceUponATime ? '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Rebecca Mader ( @ bexmader ) ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Yep ! 💚 👏 🏻 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` E.T '' . E.T . Jump up ^ Jacobsen , Kevin ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Season 6 News : Emma ' Develops Side Effect ' In Dealing With Hyde ? ( VIDEO ) '' . Enstarz . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Once Upon a Time 's Archie Hopper to Return -- But Who Is His Patient ? '' . TVLine . July 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Savior '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 604 ) `` Strange Case '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 608 ) `` I 'll Be Your Mirror '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 610 ) `` Wish You Were Here '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Once Upon a Time , Arrow , Riverdale , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 607 ) `` Heartless '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aguilera , Leanne ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! ' Once Upon a Time ' Scoop : Eion Bailey Will Return as Pinocchio to ' Save the Day ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : David Anders returning in season 6 -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Cinderella Returns -- To Explore Two Past Connections '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 603 ) `` The Other Shoe '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gelman , Vlada ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` TVLine Items : Once Mom Returns , Odd Renewal , Legends Poster and More '' . TV Line . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Alan Dale books return trip -- exclusive '' . TV Line . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Yep , Defiance 's Jaime Murray Is Playing ( Spoiler ) '' . TV Line . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ; Slead , Evan ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time casts 24 star as Morpheus -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Sean Maguire returning as Robin Hood -- exclusive '' . TV Line . Jump up ^ `` ( # 614 ) `` Page 23 '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Rose McIver books Tinker Bell return '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Ariel returns for princess team - up ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : Gil McKinney ( @ GilMcKinney ) ( January 7 , 2017 ) . `` Thrilled to be back on an incredible show . Thanks @ AdamHorowitzLA '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 620 ) `` The Song in Your Heart '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Once Upon a Time Finale : New Fairytale Characters Arrive & A Familiar Face Returns - E ! News '' . E ! Online . May 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Reveals Aladdin Storyline , Casts Oded Fehr as Jafar '' . TV Line . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ; Slead , Evan ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time casts Galavant star as Princess Jasmine '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Karen David ( @ KarenDavid ) ( September 24 , 2016 ) . `` I 'm recurring at the moment . Xo '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : The Dragon returns in season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` So happy to have the amazing @ PFischler back for some more fun on # OnceUponATime -- hope to see ya March 5 ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Timeless , Blacklist , Once Upon a Time and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : Wil Traval ( @ WilTraval ) ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Here he comes ! # ouat # sheriffofnottingham # onceuponatime # badguy # abc '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time books Legend of the Seeker star -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 602 ) `` A Bitter Draught '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ; Roots , Kimberly ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` TVLine Items : Wonderland Doc on Once , Sleepy Premiere Reveal and More '' . TV Line . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 605 ) `` Street Rats ( FKA Diamond in the Rough ) '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time casts Captain Nemo -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 606 ) `` Dark Waters '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 609 ) `` Changelings '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Young Emma is back on # OnceUponATime -- coming soon ! Hope to see ya Sunday ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ( # 611 ) `` Tougher Than the Rest '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 612 ) `` Murder Most Foul '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Carlyle ( @ robertcarlyle_ ) ( December 11 , 2016 ) . `` No OUAT tonight , but just finished ep 613 with the latest Baelfire ... the lovely and hugely talented @ brandonsspink '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ( # 613 ) `` Ill - Boding Patterns '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 615 ) `` A Wondrous Place '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 616 ) `` Mother 's Little Helper '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 618 ) `` Where Bluebirds Fly '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 619 ) `` The Black Fairy '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Casts Walking Dead Alum Andrew J. West in Finale Mystery Role , Possible Season 7 Regular '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time adds Jane the Virgin star in mystery role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' and ' NCIS : LA ' adjust up , FOX shows adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Family Guy ' adjusts up , final NFL numbers : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' adjusts down , final NFL numbers : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' adjusts up , ' Simpsons ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers ' and ' The Simpsons ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Series lows for ' Once Upon a Time , ' ' Madam Secretary ' and more : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Madam Secretary ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' 60 Minutes ' adjusts up , ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Madam Secretary ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS : Los Angeles , ' ' Madam Secretary ' and ' 60 Minutes ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' adjusts up , ' 60 Minutes ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Time After Time ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Crime ' premieres low , ' Chicago Justice ' fairly steady : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Little Big Shots ' adjusts up , ' NCIS : LA ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Family Guy ' and ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Little Big Shots ' adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Justice , ' ' Madam Secretary ' and ' 60 Minutes ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Elementary , ' ' Shades of Blue ' and others unchanged : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Little Big Shots , ' ' Bob 's Burgers , ' ' Last Man on Earth , ' ' AFV ' all adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Justice , ' ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Simpsons ' , ' NCIS : LA ' and other originals unchanged : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/tv/2017/12/13/once-upon-a-time-rebecca-mader-zelena-return/ ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' finale adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time bosses tease new format for season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Aguilera , Leanne ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Once Upon a Time ' Bosses Reveal New Musical Episode Secrets and If Colin O'Donoghue Will Sing ! '' . ETOnline . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot Seat : Once Upon a Time bosses answer your burning questions '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE ! ' Once Upon a Time ' Bosses Address Those Dreaded Death Rumors : ' A Grenade of Emotions ' Is About to Explode ! '' . Entertainment News . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis ( OUAT ) at San Diego Comic - Con 2016 '' . YouTube . 2016 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Adam . `` @ dorothyarzner2 yes . Norman is doing 1 ep. of OUAT . Mairzee is directing 2 episodes of OUAT '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Jennifer . `` # gratitude # ilovemyjob '' . Instagram . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Jennifer Morrison addresses her future on the show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandwell , Ian ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Is Robert Carlyle going to leave Once Upon a Time ? `` I 'm going to have to make some decisions '' `` . Digital Spy . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Shake - Up : 4 Vets in Talks to Return for Possible Season 7 '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Zeroes In On 4 Cast Members For Potential Season 7 Reboot '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Cast Shake - Up : Finale Will Accommodate Any Changes , No Story Will Feel ' Incomplete ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Creators Explain the `` Next Chapter '' to Come in Season 7 `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Aguilera , Leanne ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Once Upon a Time ' Bosses Reveal New Musical Episode Secrets and If Colin O'Donoghue Will Sing ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 22 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Eyes Musical Episode for Spring -- Who Will Sing ? '' . TV Line . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time doing a musical episode '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Halterman , Jim ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' at the Atlanta TV Festival : Musical Episode Scoop and Jennifer Morrison 's Moving Award Speech ( VIDEO ) '' . TV Insider . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on Big Bang , Bates , Bones , Nashville , Walking Dead , Flash , Once , Grimm and More '' . TV Line . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : New musical details unveiled '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` And of course we could n't do it without the phenomenal @ markisham ! Hope you all check out the # OnceUponATime musical and see us back 3 / 5 ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Whitney , Alyse ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Bosses Open Up About Aladdin Story , Jasmine 's `` Agenda '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' Casts Duo For Mental Hospital Arc '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Agents of SHIELD , Grey 's Anatomy , The Flash and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wil Traval ( @ WilTraval ) ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` Love working with this guy . Hope enjoy our episodes together . Back in 2017 March 5. ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Is Casting Tiger Lily , Princess From Peter Pan 's Neverland '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Inside Line : Scoop on The Flash , Once , Supergirl , Five - 0 , Blindspot , Grimm , Chicago Fire , The Originals and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` The Once Upon a Time ' Reset ' Plan : How Do These New Characters Fit In ? '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon A Time ' : Jennifer Morrison Exits , Others Near Deals For Season 7 '' . deadline.com . deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Morrison '' . www.facebook.com . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time 's Jennifer Morrison Opens Up About Her Exit : ' Emma Had Reached a Really Beautiful Place ' '' . TV Line . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.instagram.com/p/BUA5q9Ejdm5/ Jump up ^ Jared Gilmore ( @ Jared_Gilmore ) ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` I will miss working with everyone and would have loved growing up more on the show but I do understand the direction the writers are going '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Gajewski , Ryan ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Creators Defend Cast Shakeup , Joke Fans Want Them to ' Rot in Hell ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' posts more big DVR gains : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 26 - Oct. 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rich get richer as ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 - 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 - 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ studios , abc ( November 6 , 2016 ) . `` ABC 's Sunday Is Up by Double Digits , With ' Once Upon a Time ' at 4 - Week Highs '' . Disneyabcpress . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' and ' Quantico ' double in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` 6 shows double in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' iZombie ' premiere gets decent bump in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` 6 shows double , led by ' Designated Survivor ' : Week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains : Week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Once Upon a Time Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Characters Mary Margaret Blanchard Emma Swan Regina Mills David Nolan Henry Mills Rumplestiltskin Hook Belle Zelena Robin Hood Universe Creatures Items Related Awards and nominations List of cast members Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Once Upon a Time episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Thing You Love Most '' `` Snow Falls '' `` The Price of Gold '' `` That Still Small Voice '' `` The Shepherd '' `` The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter '' `` Desperate Souls '' `` True North '' `` 7 : 15 A.M. '' `` Fruit of the Poisonous Tree '' `` Skin Deep '' `` What Happened to Frederick '' `` Dreamy '' `` Red - Handed '' `` Heart of Darkness '' `` Hat Trick '' `` The Stable Boy '' `` The Return '' `` The Stranger '' `` An Apple Red as Blood '' `` A Land Without Magic '' Season 2 `` Broken '' `` We Are Both '' `` Lady of the Lake '' `` The Crocodile '' `` The Doctor '' `` Tallahassee '' `` Child of the Moon '' `` Into the Deep '' `` Queen of Hearts '' `` The Cricket Game '' `` The Outsider '' `` In the Name of the Brother '' `` Tiny '' `` Manhattan '' `` The Queen Is Dead '' `` The Miller 's Daughter '' `` Welcome to Storybrooke '' `` Selfless , Brave and True '' `` Lacey '' `` The Evil Queen '' `` Second Star to the Right '' `` And Straight On ' til Morning '' Season 3 `` The Heart of the Truest Believer '' `` Lost Girl '' `` Quite a Common Fairy '' `` Nasty Habits '' `` Good Form '' `` Ariel '' `` Dark Hollow '' `` Think Lovely Thoughts '' `` Save Henry '' `` The New Neverland '' `` Going Home '' `` New York City Serenade '' `` Witch Hunt '' `` The Tower '' `` Quiet Minds '' `` It 's Not Easy Being Green '' `` The Jolly Roger '' `` Bleeding Through '' `` A Curious Thing '' `` Kansas '' `` Snow Drifts '' `` There 's No Place Like Home '' Season 4 `` A Tale of Two Sisters '' `` White Out '' `` Rocky Road '' `` The Apprentice '' `` Breaking Glass '' `` Family Business '' `` The Snow Queen '' `` Smash the Mirror '' `` Fall '' `` Shattered Sight '' `` Heroes and Villains '' `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' `` Unforgiven '' `` Enter the Dragon '' `` Poor Unfortunate Soul '' `` Best Laid Plans '' `` Heart of Gold '' `` Sympathy for the De Vil '' `` Lily '' `` Mother '' `` Operation Mongoose '' Season 5 `` The Dark Swan '' `` The Price '' `` Siege Perilous '' `` The Broken Kingdom '' `` Dreamcatcher '' `` The Bear and the Bow '' `` Nimue '' `` Birth '' `` The Bear King '' `` Broken Heart '' `` Swan Song '' `` Souls of the Departed '' `` Labor of Love '' `` Devil 's Due '' `` The Brothers Jones '' `` Our Decay '' `` Her Handsome Hero '' `` Ruby Slippers '' `` Sisters '' `` Firebird '' `` Last Rites '' `` Only You '' `` An Untold Story '' Season 6 `` The Savior '' `` A Bitter Draught '' `` The Other Shoe '' `` Strange Case '' `` Street Rats '' `` Dark Waters '' `` Heartless '' `` I 'll Be Your Mirror '' `` Changelings '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Tougher Than the Rest '' `` Murder Most Foul '' `` Ill - Boding Patterns '' `` Page 23 '' `` A Wondrous Place '' `` Mother 's Little Helper '' `` Awake '' `` Where Bluebirds Fly '' `` The Black Fairy '' `` The Song in Your Heart '' `` The Final Battle '' Season 7 `` Hyperion Heights '' `` A Pirate 's Life '' `` The Garden of Forking Paths '' `` Beauty '' `` Greenbacks '' `` Wake Up Call '' `` Eloise Gardener '' `` Pretty in Blue '' `` One Little Tear '' `` The Eighth Witch '' `` Secret Garden '' `` A Taste of the Heights '' `` Knightfall '' `` The Girl in the Tower '' `` Sisterhood '' `` Breadcrumbs '' `` Chosen '' `` The Guardian '' Wonderland `` Down the Rabbit Hole '' `` Trust Me '' `` Forget Me Not '' `` The Serpent '' `` Heart of Stone '' `` Who 's Alice '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Home '' `` Nothing to Fear '' `` Dirty Little Secrets '' `` Heart of the Matter '' `` To Catch a Thief '' `` And They Lived ... '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Once_Upon_a_Time_(season_6)&oldid=838318251 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons 2017 American television seasons Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) Once Upon a Time ( season 6 ) episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2016 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 07 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who dies in season 6 of once upon a time

Edmond Dantes, The Count of Monte Cristo

Rebecca Mader

Bermuda at the 2018 Winter Olympics - wikipedia Bermuda at the 2018 Winter Olympics Jump to : navigation , search Bermuda at the 2018 Winter Olympics Flag of Bermuda IOC code BER NOC Bermuda Olympic Association Website www.olympics.bm in Pyeongchang , South Korea 9 -- 25 February 2018 Competitors 1 in 1 sport Flag bearer Tucker Murphy Medals Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 Winter Olympics appearances ( overview ) 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bermuda competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea , from 9 to 25 February 2018 , with one competitor . This was the nation sixth appearance in the Winter Olympics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Competitors 2 Cross-country skiing 3 See also 4 References Competitors ( edit ) The following is the list of number of competitors participating in the delegation per sport . Sport Men Women Total Cross-country skiing 0 Total 0 Cross-country Skiing ( edit ) Main articles : Cross-country skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Cross-country skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification Bermuda qualified one male athlete , Tucker Murphy . Murphy will be making his third straight appearance at the Winter Olympics . Distance Athlete Event Final Time Deficit Rank Tucker Murphy Men 's 15 km freestyle 43 : 05.7 + 9 : 21.8 104 See also ( edit ) Bermuda at the 2018 Commonwealth Games References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Opening Ceremony Flagbearers - Olympic Winter Games , PyeongChang 2018 '' ( PDF ) . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) . 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cross-country Skiing Quota List for Olympic Games 2018 '' . www.data.fis-ski.com/ . International Ski Federation ( FIS ) . 12 December 2017 . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tucker Murphy Competes In Skiing In Iceland '' . Bernews. Hamilton , Bermuda . 14 May 2017 . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Nations at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea Africa Eritrea Ghana Kenya Madagascar Morocco Nigeria South Africa Togo Americas Argentina Bermuda Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Ecuador Jamaica Mexico Puerto Rico United States Asia China East Timor Hong Kong India Iran Japan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia North Korea Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Chinese Taipei Thailand Uzbekistan Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Oceania Australia New Zealand Tonga Other Korea Olympic Athletes from Russia Bermuda at the Olympics Summer Olympic Games 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter Olympic Games 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bermuda did not participate in 1980 due to a boycott . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bermuda_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics&oldid=827912272 '' Categories : Nations at the 2018 Winter Olympics Bermuda at the Winter Olympics by year 2018 in Bermuda Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2018 Use British English from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 13 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what is bermuda competing in the winter olympics

Cross-country skiing

flag of Bermuda

Philippe Petit - wikipedia Philippe Petit Jump to : navigation , search Philippe Petit Petit at the 81st Academy Awards in February 2009 ( 1949 - 08 - 13 ) 13 August 1949 ( age 68 ) Nemours , Seine - et - Marne , France Occupation High - wire artist Philippe Petit ( French pronunciation : ​ ( filip pəti ) ; born 13 August 1949 ) is a French high - wire artist who gained fame for his high - wire walk between the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City , on the morning of August 7 , 1974 as well as his high wire walk between the Notre Dame cathedral in Paris , 1971 . For his unauthorized feat 400 metres ( 1,000 feet ) above the ground -- which he referred to as `` le coup '' -- he rigged a 200 - kilogram ( 440 - pound ) cable and used a custom - made 8 - metre ( 30 - foot ) long , 25 - kilogram ( 55 - pound ) balancing pole . He performed for 45 minutes , making eight passes along the wire . The following week , he celebrated his 25th birthday . All charges were dismissed in exchange for him doing a performance in Central Park for children . Since then , Petit has lived in New York , where he has been artist - in - residence at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine , also a location of other aerial performances . He has done wire walking as part of official celebrations in New York , across the United States , and in France and other countries , as well as teaching workshops on the art . In 2008 , Man on Wire , a documentary directed by James Marsh about Petit 's walk between the towers , won numerous awards . He was also the subject of a children 's book and an animated adaptation of it , released in 2005 . The Walk , a movie based on Petit 's walk , was released in September 2015 , starring Joseph Gordon - Levitt as Petit and directed by Robert Zemeckis . He also became adept at equestrianism , juggling , fencing , carpentry , rock - climbing , and bullfighting . Spurning circuses and their formulaic performances , he created his street persona on the sidewalks of Paris . In the early 1970s , he visited New York City , where he frequently juggled and worked on a slackline in Washington Square Park . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 World Trade Center walk 2.1 Planning 2.2 Event 2.3 Aftermath 3 Later life 4 Legacy and honors 5 Works and performances 5.1 Major high - wire performances 5.2 Bibliography 5.3 Filmography 6 In culture 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Further reading 8.3 Articles and interviews 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Petit was born in Nemours , Seine - et - Marne , France ; his father Edmond Petit was an author and an Army pilot . At an early age , Petit discovered magic and juggling . He loved to climb , and at 16 , he took his first steps on a tightrope wire . He told a reporter , Within one year , I taught myself to do all the things you could do on a wire . I learned the backward somersault , the front somersault , the unicycle , the bicycle , the chair on the wire , jumping through hoops . But I thought , `` What is the big deal here ? It looks almost ugly . '' So I started to discard those tricks and to reinvent my art . In June 1971 , Petit secretly installed a cable between the two towers of Notre Dame de Paris . On the morning of June 26 , 1971 , he `` juggled balls '' and `` pranced back and forth '' as the crowd below applauded . World Trade Center walk ( edit ) Before his Twin Towers walk , Petit was known to New Yorkers for his frequent tightrope - walking performances and magic shows in the parks of New York , especially Washington Square Park . Petit 's most famous performance was in August 1974 , conducted on a wire between the roofs of the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in Manhattan , a quarter mile above the ground . He performed for 45 minutes , making eight passes along the wire , during which he walked , danced , lay down on the wire , and saluted watchers from a kneeling position . Office workers , construction crews and policemen cheered him on . Planning ( edit ) Petit conceived his `` coup '' when he was 18 , when he first read about the proposed construction of the Twin Towers and saw drawings of the project in a magazine , which he read while sitting at a dentist 's office in 1968 . Petit was seized by the idea of performing there , and began collecting articles on the Towers whenever he could . What was called the `` artistic crime of the century '' took Petit six years of planning , during which he learned everything he could about the buildings and their construction . In the same period , he began to perform high wire walking at other famous places . Rigging his wire secretly , he performed as a combination of circus act and public display . In 1971 , he performed his first such walk between the towers of the cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris , while priests were simultaneously being ordained inside the building . In 1973 , he walked a wire rigged between the two north pylons of the Sydney Harbour Bridge , in Sydney , Australia . In planning for the Twin Towers walk , Petit had to learn how to accommodate such issues as the swaying of the high towers due to wind , which was part of their design ; effects of wind and weather on the wire at that height , how to rig a 200 ft ( 61 m ) steel cable across the 138 ft ( 42 m ) gap between the towers ( at a height of 1,368 ft ( 417 m ) ) , and how to gain entry with his collaborators , first to scope out the conditions and lastly , to stage the project . They had to get heavy equipment to the rooftops . He traveled to New York on numerous occasions to make first - hand observations . Since the towers were still under construction , Petit and one of his collaborators , New York - based photographer Jim Moore , rented a helicopter to take aerial photographs of the buildings . Jean - François and Jean - Louis helped him practice in a field in France , and accompanied him to take part in the final rigging of the project , as well as to photograph it . Francis Brunn , a German juggler , provided financial support for the proposed project and its planning . Petit and his crew gained entry into the towers several times and hid in upper floors and on the roofs of the unfinished buildings in order to study security measures , in addition to analyzing the construction and identifying places to anchor the wire and cavalletti . Using his own observations , drawings , and Moore 's photographs , Petit constructed a scale model of the towers in order to design the needed rigging to prepare for the wire walk . Working from an ID of an American who worked in the building , Petit made fake identification cards for himself and his collaborators ( claiming that they were contractors who were installing an electrified fence on the roof ) to gain access to the buildings . Prior to this , Petit had carefully observed the clothes worn by construction workers and the kinds of tools they carried . He also took note of the clothing of office workers so that some of his collaborators could pose as white collar workers . He observed what time the workers arrived and left , so he could determine when he would have roof access . As the target date of his `` coup '' approached , he claimed to be a journalist with Metropolis , a French architecture magazine , so that he could gain permission to interview the workers on the roof . The Port Authority allowed Petit to conduct the interviews , which he used as a pretext to make more observations . He was once caught by a police officer on the roof , and his hopes to do the high - wire walk were dampened . He eventually regained the confidence to proceed . On the night of Tuesday , 6 August 1974 , Petit and his crew had a lucky break and got a ride in a freight elevator to the 110th floor with their equipment . They stored it just 19 steps below the roof . In order to pass the cable across the void , Petit and his crew had settled on using a bow and arrow attached to a rope . They had to practice this many times to perfect their technique . They first shot across a fishing line , which was attached to larger ropes , and finally to the 450 - pound steel cable . The team was delayed when the heavy cable sank too fast , and had to be pulled up manually for hours . Petit had already identified points at which to anchor two tiranti ( guy lines ) to other points to stabilize the cable and keep the swaying of the wire to a minimum . Event ( edit ) Shortly after 7 am local time , Petit stepped out on the wire and started to perform . He was 1350 feet ( 411 m ) , a quarter mile , above the ground . He performed for 45 minutes , making eight passes along the wire , during which he walked , danced , lay down on the wire , and knelt to salute watchers . Crowds gathered on the streets below , and he said later he could hear their murmuring and cheers . When NYPD and PAPD officers learned of his stunt , they came up to the roofs of both buildings to try to persuade him to get off the wire . They threatened to pluck him off by helicopter . Petit got off when it started to rain . Aftermath ( edit ) There was extensive news coverage and public appreciation of Petit 's high - wire walk ; the district attorney dropped all formal charges of trespassing and other items relating to his walk . In exchange , he was required to give a free aerial show for children in Central Park . He performed on a high - wire walk in the Park above Belvedere Lake ( known now as Turtle Pond ) . The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey gave Petit a lifetime pass to the Twin Towers ' Observation Deck . He autographed a steel beam close to the point where he began his walk . Petit 's high - wire walk is credited with bringing the Twin Towers much needed attention and even affection , as they initially had been unpopular . Critics such as historian Lewis Mumford had regarded them as ugly and utilitarian in design , and too large a development for the area . The Port Authority was having trouble renting out all of the office space . Mordicai Gerstein wrote and illustrated a children 's book , The Man Who Walked Between The Towers ( 2003 ) , which won a Caldecott Medal for his art . It was adapted and produced as an animated short film by the same title , directed by Michael Sporn and released in 2005 , which won several awards . The documentary film Man on Wire ( 2008 ) by UK director James Marsh is about Petit and his 1974 WTC performance ; it won both the World Cinema Jury and Audience awards at the Sundance Film Festival 2008 . It combines historical footage with re-enactment and has the spirit of a heist film . It also won awards at the 2008 Full Frame Documentary Film Festival in Durham , North Carolina , and the Academy Award for Best Documentary in 2009 . On stage with Marsh to accept the Oscar award , Petit made a coin vanish in his hands while thanking the Academy `` for believing in magic '' . He balanced the Oscar by its head on his chin to cheers from the audience . Petit 's memoir was adapted into a biographical drama entitled The Walk ( 2015 ) , directed by Robert Zemeckis and starring Joseph Gordon - Levitt as Petit . Later life ( edit ) Petit has made dozens of public high - wire performances in his career ; in 1986 he re-enacted the crossing of the Niagara River by Blondin for an IMAX film . In 1989 , to celebrate the 200th anniversary of the French Revolution , mayor Jacques Chirac invited him to walk an inclined wire strung from the ground at the Place du Trocadéro to the second level of the Eiffel Tower , crossing the Seine . Petit briefly headlined with the Ringling Brothers Circus , but preferred staging his own performances . During his stint with the circus and a practice walk , he suffered his only fall , from 45 feet ( 14 m ) , breaking several ribs . He says he has never fallen during a performance . `` If I had , I would n't be here talking about it . '' Petit regularly gives lectures and workshops internationally on a variety of topics and subjects . He single - handedly built a barn in the Catskill Mountains using the methods and tools of 18th - century timber framers . He wrote his eighth book , A Square Peg . He has also created an ebook for TED Books , entitled Cheating the Impossible : Ideas and Recipes from a Rebellious High - Wire Artist . Petit divides his time between New York City , where he is an artist in residence at the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine , and a hideaway in the Catskill Mountains . Among those who have associated with some of his projects are such artists as : Mikhail Baryshnikov , Werner Herzog , Annie Leibovitz , Miloš Forman , Volker Schlöndorff , Twyla Tharp , Peter Beard , Marcel Marceau , Paul Auster , Paul Winter , Debra Winger , Robin Williams and Sting . Director James Signorelli assisted with the creation of the book To Reach the Clouds ( 2002 ) , about the Twin Towers walk . In the book , Petit not only wrote about his spectacular feat , and the events of his life which led up to it , but also expressed his feelings following the September 11 attacks during which the Twin Towers were destroyed . He wrote that on that morning , `` My towers became our towers . I saw them collapse -- hurling , crushing thousands of lives . Disbelief preceded sorrow for the obliteration of the buildings , perplexity descended before rage at the unbearable loss of life . '' Besides paying tribute to those who were killed , Petit also called for a rebuilding of the towers , promising that `` When the towers again twin - tickle the clouds , I offer to walk again , to be the expression of the builders ' collective voice . Together , we will rejoice in an aerial song of victory . '' Notwithstanding Petit 's wishes , the Twin Towers were eventually replaced by a different complex of buildings , thus precluding the possibility of Petit ( or anyone else ) repeating a similar feat at the World Trade Center site . Legacy and honors ( edit ) James Park Morton Interfaith Award Streb Action Maverick Award The Byrdcliffe Award Works and performances ( edit ) Major high - wire performances ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . 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( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Year Walk Location Notes 1971 Vallauris Vallauris , Alpes - Maritimes , France performance for artist Pablo Picasso 's 90th birthday Notre Dame Cathedral Notre Dame Cathedral Paris , France staged walk between towers without permission 1973 Sydney Harbour Bridge Sydney Harbour Bridge Sydney , Australia staged walk between towers without permission World Trade Center World Trade Center New York City , New York , United States staged walk between towers without permission Central Park Central Park New York City Publicly authorized walk on inclined wire over Turtle Pond Laon Cathedral Laon Cathedral Laon , France performing on wire between the cathedral 's two spires for an international television special Louisiana Superdome Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana , United States walk on wire across interior for the opening of the stadium 1982 Cathedral of Saint John the Divine Cathedral of Saint John the Divine New York City , New York , United States interior walk in height of nave to celebrate renewal of the cathedral 's construction following a 40 - year hiatus Concert in the Sky Denver , Colorado , United States high - wire play directed and produced by Petit for the opening of the World Theatre Festival Skysong Purchase , New York , United States high - wire play directed and produced by Petit for the opening of `` Summerfare , '' the State University of New York Arts Festival Centre Georges Pompidou Centre Georges Pompidou Paris , France 1984 Corde Raide - Piano Volant Paris , France high - wire play directed and produced by Petit with pop - music singer - songwriter Jacques Higelin Paris Opera Paris Opera Paris , France high - wire improvisation with opera singer Margherita Zimmermann Museum of the City of New York Museum of the City of New York New York City , New York , United States high - wire performance for the opening of the museum 's Daring New York exhibit 1986 Ascent Cathedral of Saint John the Divine New York City , New York , United States concert for grand piano and high wire on an inclined cable above the nave of the cathedral Lincoln Center Lincoln Center New York City , New York , United States high - wire performance for the reopening of the Statue of Liberty Walking the Harp / A Bridge for Peace Jerusalem , Israel high - wire performance on an inclined cable linking the Jewish and Arab quarters for opening of Israel Festival under Jerusalemite Mayor Teddy Kollek Moondancer Portland Center for the Performing Arts Portland , Oregon , United States high - wire opera for the opening of the center Grand Central Dances Grand Central Terminal New York City , New York , United States high - wire choreography on wire set above the interior concourse of the terminal House of the Dead Paris , France creation of the role of the eagle in a production of From the House of the Dead ( 1930 ) , an opera by Leoš Janáček , directed by Volker Schlöndorff 1989 Tour Eiffel Paris , France spectacular walk -- for an audience of 250,000 -- on an inclined 700 - metre ( 2,300 - foot ) cable linking the Palais de Chaillot with the second story of the Eiffel Tower , commemorating the French Bicentennial and anniversary of the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen , under Parisian Mayor Jacques Chirac American Overture American Center Paris , France high - wire play for the ground - breaking ceremony of the center Tokyo Walk Tokyo , Japan Japan 's first high - wire performance , to celebrate the opening of the Plaza Mikado building in Tokyo 's Akasaka district 1991 Viennalewalk Vienna , Austria high - wire performance evoking the history of cinema for the opening of the Vienna International Film Festival , directed by Werner Herzog Namur Namur , Belgium inclined walk to the Citadel of Vauban for a telethon benefiting children with leukemia Farinet Funambule ! Switzerland high - wire walk portraying the 19th - century Robin Hood of the Alps culminated by harvesting the world 's - smallest registered vineyard , to benefit abused children The Monk 's Secret Longing Cathedral of Saint John the Divine New York City , New York , United States high - wire performance for the Regents ' Dinner , at the centennial celebrations of the cathedral 1994 Historischer Hochseillauf Frankfurt , Germany historic high - wire walk on an inclined cable to celebrate the city 's 1,200 th anniversary , viewed by 500,000 spectators and the subject of a live , nationally broadcast television special 1995 Catenary Curve New York City , New York , United States performance during a conference on suspended structures , led by the architect Santiago Calatrava ACT New York City , New York , United States medieval performance to celebrate the 25th anniversary of a New York City youth program Crescendo Cathedral of Saint John the Divine New York City , New York , United States theatrical , allegorical New Year 's Eve performance on three different wires set in the nave of the cathedral as the farewell tribute to The Very Reverend James Parks Morton , Dean of the Cathedral , and his wife Pamela 1999 Millennium Countdown Walk Rose Center for Earth and Space at the American Museum of Natural History New York City , New York , United States Inauguration of the center 2002 Arts on the High Wire January 11 , 2002 Hammerstein Ballroom New York City , New York , United States benefit performance for the New York Arts Recovery Fund on an inclined wire , with clown Bill Irwin and pianist Évelyne Crochet Crystal Palace Jacob K. Javits Convention Center New York City , New York , United States Crossing Broadway New York City , New York , United States inclined walk , fourteen stories high , for the television talk show the Late Show with David Letterman ( performed regularly since 1993 ) Bibliography ( edit ) Philippe Petit , Trois Coups , ( Paris : Herscher , 1983 ) . ISBN 2 - 7335 - 0062 - 7 Philippe Petit , Two towers , I walk , ( New York : Reader 's Digest , 1975 ) , ASIN B00072LQRM Philippe Petit , On The High Wire , Preface by Marcel Marceau , Postface by Werner Herzog ( New York : Random House , 1985 ) . ISBN 0 - 394 - 71573 - X Philippe Petit , Funambule , ( Paris : Albin Michel , 1991 ) ISBN 978 - 2 - 226 - 04123 - 4 Philippe Petit , Traité du funambulisme , Preface by Paul Auster , ( Arles : Actus Sud , 1997 ) , ISBN 2 - 226 - 04123 - 0 , ( in French / en français ) Philippe Petit , Über Mir Der Offene Himmel , ( Stuttgart : Urachhaus , 1998 ) ISBN 978 - 3 - 8251 - 7209 - 1 Philippe Petit , Trattato di Funambolismo , ( Milano : Ponte Alle Grazie , 1999 ) ISBN 88 - 7928 - 450 - 9 Philippe Petit , To Reach The Clouds : My High Wire Walk Between The Twin Towers , ( New York , North Point Press , 2002 ) . ASIN B000UDX0JA , ISBN 0 - 86547 - 651 - 9 Philippe Petit , L'Art du Pickpocket , ( Arles : Actes Sud , 2006 ) ISBN 2 - 7427 - 6106 - 3 Philippe Petit , Alcanzar las nubes , ( Alpha Decay , Barcelona , 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 84 - 934868 - 9 - 1 Philippe Petit , Man on Wire , ( Skyhorse Publishing , New York , 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 60239 - 332 - 5 Philippe Petit , Why knot ? : how to tie more than sixty ingenious , useful , beautiful , lifesaving , and secure knots ! , ( Abrams Image , New York , 2013 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 4197 - 0676 - 9 Philippe Petit , Creativity : The Perfect Crime , ( Riverhead Hardcover , 2014 ) ISBN 978 - 1594631689 Filmography ( edit ) Year Film Location Role Notes Concert in the Sky Denver Centre Productions , Inc. , directed by Mark Elliot 1984 High Wire New York Prairie Dog Productions , directed by Sandi Sissel 1986 Niagara : Miracles , Myths and Magic Canada Blondin Seventh Man Films for the IMAX System , directed by Kieth Merrill 1989 Tour et Fil France FR3 / Totem Productions , directed by Alain Hattet 1991 Filmstunde Austria Werner Herzog Productions , directed by Werner Herzog Profile of Philippe Petit Washington , D.C. National Geographic Explorer Special 1994 The Man on the Wire Germany Documentary of the rigging and artistic preparations for Historischer Hochseillauf , Hessischer Rundfunk Television 1994 Historischer Hochseillauf Germany Live broadcast of the walk , Hessischer Rundfunk Television , directed by Sacha Arnz 1995 Mondo France Costa Gavras Productions , directed by Tony Gatlif 1995 Secrets of Lost Empires : The Incas Peru PBS / NOVA and BBC co-production , directed by Michael Barnes 2003 The Center of the World of New York City : A Documentary Film , Episode 8 : People & Events : Philippe Petit ( 1948 - ) New York City PBS 2005 The Man Who Walked Between the Towers USA Michael Sporn Animation and Weston Woods Studios 2008 Man on Wire UK Wall to Wall / Red Box Films , directed by James Marsh , Academy Award winning documentary 2015 The Walk US 3D biographical drama directed by Robert Zemeckis and starring Joseph Gordon - Levitt as Petit . In culture ( edit ) The song , `` Man on Wire '' by the band 27 is a tribute to Philippe Petit . The song , `` Sleepwalking , '' by Danish composer Ste van Holm is a tribute to Petit 's World Trade Center walk . The Low Anthem 's song , `` Boeing 737 '' , from their 2011 album Smart Flesh , refers to Petit 's Twin Towers walk . American rock band Incubus used a photo of Petit as the cover art for their album , If Not Now , When ? ( 2011 ) . Colum McCann 's National Book Award - winning novel , Let the Great World Spin ( 2009 ) , features Petit 's Twin Towers walk as its opening passage and a centrepiece to which numerous characters are connected . `` Funambulist '' , a song by American metal band Cormorant , is about his walk between the Twin Towers . The song `` Step Out Of The Void '' by musician Howard Moss is a tribute to Philippe Petit , in the album Outside the Pale ( 2013 ) . The song `` Man On A Wire '' by The Script on their fourth album , No Sound Without Silence , is influenced by Petit 's high - wire legacy . The song `` Stand Up Comedy '' by U2 on their twelfth album , No Line On The Horizon , references `` The wire is stretched in between our two towers '' . Petit was the inspiration for the 5th Anniversary 9 / 11 cover of The New Yorker magazine ( Sep. 11 , 2006 ) , `` Soaring Spirit '' , by John Mavroudis ( concept ) and Owen Smith ( art ) . That cover was named Cover of the Year by the American Society of Magazine Editors ( ASME ) . The two - part cover was a first for The New Yorker . See also ( edit ) Harry Gardiner Dan Goodwin Ivan Kristoff Owen Quinn Alain Robert The Flying Wallendas George Willig References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lichtenstein , Grace ( 8 August 1974 ) . `` Stuntman , Eluding Guards , Walks a Tightrope Between Trade Center Towers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 18 April 2008 . Combining the cunning of a second - story man with the nerve of an Evel Knievel , a French high - wire artist sneaked past guards at the World Trade center , ran a cable between the tops of its twin towers and tightrope - walked across it yesterday morning . ^ Jump up to : Marsh , James ( Director ) ( 2008 ) . Man on Wire ( Documentary ) . Jump up ^ Tomkins , Calvin , `` The Man Who Walks on Air , '' New Yorker Magazine , 1999 , excerpted in Life Story , by David Remnick , Modern Library Paperback edition , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Sneaky Juggler Has Ball Up In Sky At Notre Dame '' . The Ogden - Standard Examiner ( AP story ) . June 27 , 1971 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` WGBH American Experience . New York : The Center of the World - PBS '' . Jump up ^ Man On Wire DVD , `` Philippe Petit 's Sydney Harbor Bridge Crossing '' bonus feature . Jump up ^ Higginbotham , Adam ( 19 January 2003 ) . `` The second part of Philippe Petit 's story '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Lichtenstein , Grace ( 8 August 1974 ) . `` Stuntman , Eluding Guards , Walks a Tightrope Between Trade Center Towers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 31 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Before & After ; Talking of the Towers '' The New York Times . Jump up ^ Kilgannon , Corey ( 7 August 2005 ) . `` Tightrope Walk Between Twin Towers Is Recalled '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ kingkongphoto123 ( 2009 - 02 - 22 ) . `` My hero Phillipe Petit wins Oscar '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Adam Higginbotham , `` Touching the Void '' , The Observer , 19 January 2003 Jump up ^ `` The House That Came Wired '' . 22 March 2013 -- via Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ To Reach the Clouds : My High Wire Walk Between the Twin Towers - Philippe Petit - Google Books . Books.google.com. 2002 - 09 - 04 . ISBN 9781429921862 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : To Reach the Clouds : My High Wire Walk Between the Twin Towers - Philippe Petit - Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ ROBERT SHERMAN , `` FESTIVALS ENDING '' , New York Times , 7 August 1993 Jump up ^ `` Edward Suzuki Profile '' . Edward.net . Archived from the original on 6 June 2012 . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Press Material - Philippe Petit '' ( PDF ) . cami.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 27 - Man On Wire ( Re-Wire ) '' . YouTube . 1974 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` sleepwalking_lyrics '' . Ste van Holm . Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Dan ( 8 April 2011 ) . `` Low Anthem 's Circus High - Wire Act '' . Spin . Retrieved 24 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Gotrich , Lars . `` Cormorant : Follow the Blackened Thread '' . NPR Music . Retrieved 10 March 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.howardmoss.com/apps/videos/videos/show/18236967-step-out-of-the-void Jump up ^ `` Best Cover Contest 2007 Winners & Finalists - ASME '' . Further reading ( edit ) Mordicai Gerstein , The Man Who Walked Between the Towers ( Roaring Brook Press , 2003 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 7613 - 1791 - 3 David Chelsea , 9 - 11 : Artists Respond feature entitled `` He Walks on Air 110 Stories High '' ( DC Comics , 2002 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 881 - 5 Ralph Keyes , Chancing It : Why We Take Risks ( Little , Brown & Company , 1985 ) ISBN 0 - 316 - 49132 - 2 Angus K. Gillespie , Twin Towers : the Life of New York City 's World Trade Center ( Rutgers University Press , 1999 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 2742 - 0 James Glanz and Eric Lipton , City in the Sky ( New York : Times Book , 2003 ) ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7691 - 3 Colum McCann , Let the Great World Spin ( New York : Random House , 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 7399 - 0 Articles and interviews ( edit ) Rosenthal , Adam ( 1 September 2012 ) . `` Suspended Reading : Man on Wire , 9 / 11 and the Logic of the High - Wire . '' Screening the Past . Hager , Emily ( 12 August 2010 ) . `` Learning to Walk in the Slippers of a High - Wire Artist '' . New York Times . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . Green , Penelope ( 21 September 2006 ) . `` A High - Wire Master Touches Down '' . New York Times . Retrieved 18 April 2008 . Higginbotham , Adam ( 19 January 2003 ) . `` On top of the world '' . London : The Guardian . Lazarovic , Sarah ( 9 January 2002 ) . `` The Daredevil in the Clouds '' . The National Post . Tomkins , Calvin ( 5 April 1999 ) . `` Onward and Upward with the Arts , `` The Man Who Walk on Air '' `` . The New Yorker . Mason , Anthony ( 3 February 2009 ) . `` The Great Feat Of Philippe Petit , CBS Evening News : Talking With The Man Who Walked The Twin Towers '' . CBS . Colbert , Stephen ( 27 January 2009 ) . `` Philippe Petit '' . Comedy Central . Langston , Bonnie ( 24 April 2009 ) . `` Still Working the Wire '' . Daily Freeman . Tucker , Reed ( 13 April 2008 ) . `` The Man Who Walked Between the Twin Towers Stars in a New Documentary on his High - Wire Act '' . New York Post . Heller , Sabine ( 10 May 2010 ) . `` Philippe Petit , Man On Wire : `` I 'm Afraid of Animals With Too Many Legs or No Legs at All '' `` . Huffington Post . Grace , Lichtenstein ( 8 August 1974 ) . `` Stuntman , Eluding Guards , Walks a Tightrope Between Trade Center Towers '' . New York Times . `` Not My Job : Philippe Petit '' . NPR. 7 February 2009 . External links ( edit ) Columbia Artists Management Inc . -- Philippe Petit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philippe Petit . MSA - The Man Who Walked Between The Towers . Co-produced by Michael Sporn Animation and Weston Woods Studios Philippe Petit Signature visible in the 1980s photos of Philippe Petit crossing the Twin Towers along with others Philippe Petit : The journey across the high wire , TED2012 , Filmed Mar 2012 , Posted May 2012 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippe_Petit&oldid=838182324 '' Categories : 1949 births Living people People from Nemours French emigrants to the United States French magicians French stunt performers Tightrope walkers Jugglers Unicyclists Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from June 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2011 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from November 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 12 : 37 . 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who is the guy who walked across the twin towers

Philippe Petit

Philippe Petit

Winnie - the - Pooh - wikipedia Winnie - the - Pooh Jump to : navigation , search `` Pooh '' redirects here . For other uses , see Pooh ( disambiguation ) . `` Hunny '' redirects here . For the food , see Honey . This article is about the fictional character . For the songwriter , see Poo Bear . For other uses , see Winnie - the - Pooh ( disambiguation ) . Winnie - the - Pooh Pooh in an illustration by E.H. Shepard First appearance When We Were Very Young ( 1924 ) ( As Edward Bear ) Winnie - the - Pooh ( As Winnie - the - Pooh ) Created by A.A. Milne Information Gender Male Winnie - the - Pooh , also called Pooh Bear , is a fictional anthropomorphic teddy bear created by English author A.A. Milne . The first collection of stories about the character was the book Winnie - the - Pooh ( 1926 ) , and this was followed by The House at Pooh Corner ( 1928 ) . Milne also included a poem about the bear in the children 's verse book When We Were Very Young ( 1924 ) and many more in Now We Are Six ( 1927 ) . All four volumes were illustrated by E.H. Shepard . The Pooh stories have been translated into many languages , including Alexander Lenard 's Latin translation , Winnie ille Pu , which was first published in 1958 , and , in 1960 , became the only Latin book ever to have been featured on The New York Times Best Seller list . Hyphens in the character 's name were dropped by Disney when the company adapted the Pooh stories into a series of features that became one of its most successful franchises . In popular film adaptations , Pooh Bear has been voiced by actors Sterling Holloway , Hal Smith , and Jim Cummings in English and Yevgeny Leonov in Russian . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origin 1.2 Ashdown Forest : the setting for the stories 1.3 First publication 1.4 Character 1.5 Sequel 1.6 Stephen Slesinger 1.7 Red Shirt Pooh 1.8 Disney ownership era ( 1966 -- present ) 1.9 Merchandising revenue dispute 2 Adaptations 2.1 Theatre 2.2 Audio 2.3 Radio 2.4 Film 2.4. 1 Disney adaptations 2.4. 1.1 Theatrical shorts 2.4. 1.2 Theatrical feature films 2.4. 2 Soviet adaptation 2.5 Television 2.5. 1 Television shows 2.5. 2 Holiday TV specials 2.5. 3 Direct - to - video shorts 2.5. 4 Direct - to - video features 3 Legacy 4 References 5 External links History Origin Original Winnie - the - Pooh stuffed toys . Clockwise from bottom left : Tigger , Kanga , Edward Bear ( `` Winnie - the - Pooh '' ) , Eeyore , and Piglet . Roo was lost long ago ; the other characters were made up for the stories . A.A. Milne named the character Winnie - the - Pooh after a teddy bear owned by his son , Christopher Robin Milne , who was the basis for the character Christopher Robin . The rest of Christopher Robin Milne 's toys -- Piglet , Eeyore , Kanga , Roo and Tigger -- were incorporated into Milne 's stories . Two more characters , Owl and Rabbit , were created by Milne 's imagination , while Gopher was added to the Disney version . Christopher Robin 's toy bear is on display at the Main Branch of the New York Public Library in New York City . Harry Colebourn and Winnie , 1914 Christopher Milne had named his toy bear after Winnie , a Canadian black bear he often saw at London Zoo , and `` Pooh '' , a swan they had met while on holiday . The bear cub was purchased from a hunter for $20 by Canadian Lieutenant Harry Colebourn in White River , Ontario , Canada , while en route to England during the First World War . He named the bear `` Winnie '' after his adopted hometown in Winnipeg , Manitoba . `` Winnie '' was surreptitiously brought to England with her owner , and gained unofficial recognition as The Fort Garry Horse regimental mascot . Colebourn left Winnie at the London Zoo while he and his unit were in France ; after the war she was officially donated to the zoo , as she had become a much loved attraction there . Pooh the swan appears as a character in its own right in When We Were Very Young . In the first chapter of Winnie - the - Pooh , Milne offers this explanation of why Winnie - the - Pooh is often called simply `` Pooh '' : But his arms were so stiff ... they stayed up straight in the air for more than a week , and whenever a fly came and settled on his nose he had to blow it off . And I think -- but I am not sure -- that that is why he is always called Pooh . The American writer William Safire surmised that the Milnes ' invention of the name `` Winnie the Pooh '' may have also been influenced by the haughty character Pooh - Bah in Gilbert and Sullivan 's The Mikado ( 1885 ) . Ashdown forest : the setting for the stories The Winnie - the - Pooh stories are set in Ashdown Forest , East Sussex , England . The forest is a large area of tranquil open heathland on the highest sandy ridges of the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty situated 30 miles ( 50 km ) south of London . In 1925 Milne , a Londoner , bought a country home a mile to the north of the forest at Cotchford Farm , near Hartfield . According to Christopher Milne , while his father continued to live in London `` ... the four of us -- he , his wife , his son and his son 's nanny -- would pile into a large blue , chauffeur - driven Fiat and travel down every Saturday morning and back again every Monday afternoon . And we would spend a whole glorious month there in the spring and two months in the summer . '' From the front lawn the family had a view across a meadow to a line of alders that fringed the River Medway , beyond which the ground rose through more trees until finally `` above them , in the faraway distance , crowning the view , was a bare hilltop . In the centre of this hilltop was a clump of pines . '' Most of his father 's visits to the forest at this time were , he noted , family expeditions on foot `` to make yet another attempt to count the pine trees on Gill 's Lap or to search for the marsh gentian '' . Christopher added that , inspired by Ashdown Forest , his father had made it `` the setting for two of his books , finishing the second little over three years after his arrival '' . Many locations in the stories can be linked to real places in and around the forest . As Christopher Milne wrote in his autobiography : `` Pooh 's forest and Ashdown Forest are identical '' . For example , the fictional `` Hundred Acre Wood '' was in reality Five Hundred Acre Wood ; Galleon 's Leap was inspired by the prominent hilltop of Gill 's Lap , while a clump of trees just north of Gill 's Lap became Christopher Robin 's The Enchanted Place because no - one had ever been able to count whether there were sixty - three or sixty - four trees in the circle . The landscapes depicted in E.H. Shepard 's illustrations for the Winnie - the - Pooh books were directly inspired by the distinctive landscape of Ashdown Forest , with its high , open heathlands of heather , gorse , bracken and silver birch punctuated by hilltop clumps of pine trees . Many of Shepard 's illustrations can be matched to actual views , allowing for a degree of artistic licence . Shepard 's sketches of pine trees and other forest scenes are held at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London . The game of Poohsticks was originally played by Christopher Milne on a footbridge across a tributary of the River Medway in Posingford Wood , close to Cotchford Farm . The wooden bridge is now a tourist attraction , and it has become traditional to play the game there using sticks gathered in nearby woodland . When the footbridge recently had to be replaced , the engineer designed a new structure based closely on the drawings of the bridge by Shepard in the books , which were somewhat different than the original structure . First publication Winnie - the - Pooh 's debut in the 24 December 1925 London Evening News Christopher Robin 's teddy bear , Edward , made his character début in A.A. Milne 's poem , `` Teddy Bear '' , in the edition of 13 February 1924 of Punch , and the same poem was published in Milne 's book of children 's verse When We Were Very Young ( 6 November 1924 ) . Winnie - the - Pooh first appeared by name on 24 December 1925 , in a Christmas story commissioned and published by the London newspaper The Evening News . It was illustrated by J.H. Dowd . The first collection of Pooh stories appeared in the book Winnie - the - Pooh . The Evening News Christmas story reappeared as the first chapter of the book . At the beginning , it explained that Pooh was in fact Christopher Robin 's Edward Bear , who had been renamed by the boy . He was renamed after a black bear at London Zoo called Winnie who got her name from the fact that her owner had come from Winnipeg , Canada . The book was published in October 1926 by the publisher of Milne 's earlier children 's work , Methuen , in England , and E.P. Dutton in the United States . Character In the Milne books , Pooh is naive and slow - witted , but he is also friendly , thoughtful , and steadfast . Although he and his friends agree that he `` has no Brain '' , Pooh is occasionally acknowledged to have a clever idea , usually driven by common sense . These include riding in Christopher Robin 's umbrella to rescue Piglet from a flood , discovering `` the North Pole '' by picking it up to help fish Roo out of the river , inventing the game of Poohsticks , and getting Eeyore out of the river by dropping a large rock on one side of him to wash him towards the bank . Pooh is also a talented poet , and the stories are frequently punctuated by his poems and `` hums . '' Although he is humble about his slow - wittedness , he is comfortable with his creative gifts . When Owl 's house blows down in a storm , trapping Pooh and Piglet and Owl inside , Pooh encourages Piglet ( the only one small enough to do so ) to escape and rescue them all by promising that `` a respectful Pooh song '' will be written about Piglet 's feat . Later , Pooh muses about the creative process as he composes the song . Pooh is very fond of food , especially `` hunny '' but also condensed milk and other items . When he visits friends , his desire to be offered a snack is in conflict with the impoliteness of asking too directly . Though intending to give Eeyore a pot of honey for his birthday , Pooh can not resist eating the honey on his way to deliver the present , and so instead gives Eeyore `` a useful pot to put things in '' . When he and Piglet are lost in the forest during Rabbit 's attempt to `` unbounce '' Tigger , Pooh finds his way home by following the `` call '' of the honeypots from his house . Pooh makes it a habit to have `` a little something '' around eleven o'clock in the morning . As the clock in his house `` stopped at five minutes to eleven some weeks ago , '' any time can be Pooh 's snack time . Pooh is very social . After Christopher Robin , his closest friend is Piglet , and he most often chooses to spend his time with one or both of them . But he also habitually visits the other animals , often looking for a snack or an audience for his poetry as much as for companionship . His kind - heartedness means he goes out of his way to be friendly to Eeyore , visiting him and bringing him a birthday present and building him a house , despite receiving mostly disdain from Eeyore in return . Sequel An authorised sequel Return to the Hundred Acre Wood was published on 5 October 2009 . The author , David Benedictus , has developed , but not changed , Milne 's characterisations . The illustrations , by Mark Burgess , are in the style of Shepard . Another authorised sequel , The Best Bear in All the World , was published by Egmont in 2016 . The sequel consists of four short stories by four leading children 's authors , Kate Saunders , Brian Sibley , Paul Bright , and Jeanne Willis . Illustrations are by Mark Burgess . The Best Bear in All The World sees the introduction of a new character , a Penguin , which was inspired by a long - lost photograph of Milne and his son Christopher with a toy penguin . A further special story , Winnie - the - Pooh Meets the Queen , was published in 2016 to mark the 90th anniversary of Milne 's creation and the 90th birthday of Elizabeth II . It sees Winnie the Pooh meet the Queen at Buckingham Palace . Stephen Slesinger On 6 January 1930 , Stephen Slesinger purchased US and Canadian merchandising , television , recording and other trade rights to the `` Winnie - the - Pooh '' works from Milne for a $1000 advance and 66 % of Slesinger 's income , creating the modern licensing industry . By November 1931 , Pooh was a $50 million - a-year business . Slesinger marketed Pooh and his friends for more than 30 years , creating the first Pooh doll , record , board game , puzzle , US radio broadcast ( NBC ) , animation , and motion picture film . Red shirt Pooh The first time Pooh and his friends appeared in colour was 1932 , when he was drawn by Slesinger in his now - familiar red shirt and featured on an RCA Victor picture record . Parker Brothers introduced A.A. Milne 's Winnie - the - Pooh Game in 1933 , again with Pooh in his red shirt . In the 1940s , Agnes Brush created the first plush dolls with Pooh in his red shirt . Shepard had drawn Pooh with a shirt as early as the first Winnie - The - Pooh book , which was subsequently coloured red in later coloured editions . Disney ownership era ( 1966 -- present ) Main article : Winnie the Pooh ( franchise ) After Slesinger 's death in 1953 , his wife , Shirley Slesinger Lasswell , continued developing the character herself . In 1961 , she licensed rights to Walt Disney Productions in exchange for royalties in the first of two agreements between Stephen Slesinger , Inc. and Disney . The same year , A.A. Milne 's widow , Daphne Milne , also licensed certain rights , including motion picture rights , to Disney . Since 1966 , Disney has released numerous animated productions starring Winnie the Pooh and related characters . These have included theatrical featurettes , television series , and direct - to - video films , as well as the theatrical feature - length films The Tigger Movie , Piglet 's Big Movie , Pooh 's Heffalump Movie , and Winnie the Pooh . Merchandising revenue dispute Pooh videos , soft toys , and other merchandise generate substantial annual revenues for Disney . The size of Pooh stuffed toys ranges from Beanie and miniature to human - sized . In addition to the stylised Disney Pooh , Disney markets Classic Pooh merchandise which more closely resembles E.H. Shepard 's illustrations . In 1991 , Stephen Slesinger , Inc. filed a lawsuit against Disney which alleged that Disney had breached their 1983 agreement by again failing to accurately report revenue from Winnie the Pooh sales . Under this agreement , Disney was to retain approximately 98 % of gross worldwide revenues while the remaining 2 % was to be paid to Slesinger . In addition , the suit alleged that Disney had failed to pay required royalties on all commercial exploitation of the product name . Though the Disney corporation was sanctioned by a judge for destroying forty boxes of evidential documents , the suit was later terminated by another judge when it was discovered that Slesinger 's investigator had rummaged through Disney 's garbage to retrieve the discarded evidence . Slesinger appealed the termination , and on 26 September 2007 , a three - judge panel upheld the lawsuit dismissal . After the Copyright Term extension Act of 1998 , Clare Milne , Christopher Milne 's daughter , attempted to terminate any future US copyrights for Stephen Slesinger , Inc . After a series of legal hearings , Judge Florence - Marie Cooper of the US District Court in California found in favour of Stephen Slesinger , Inc. , as did the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit . On 26 June 2006 , the US Supreme Court refused to hear the case , sustaining the ruling and ensuring the defeat of the suit . On 19 February 2007 Disney lost a court case in Los Angeles which ruled their `` misguided claims '' to dispute the licensing agreements with Slesinger , Inc. were unjustified , but a federal ruling of 28 September 2009 , again from Judge Florence - Marie Cooper , determined that the Slesinger family had granted all trademark and copyright rights to Disney , although Disney must pay royalties for all future use of the characters . Both parties have expressed satisfaction with the outcome . Adaptations Theatre Winnie - the - Pooh at the Guild Theater Sue Hastings Marionettes , 1931 Winnie - the - Pooh , a play in three acts Dramatized by Kristin Sergel , Dramatic Publishing Company , 1957 Winnie - the - Pooh , a musical comedy in two acts Lyrics by A.A. Milne and Kristin Sergel , Music by Allan Jay Friedman , Book by Kristin Sergel , Dramatic Publishing Company , 1964 A Winnie - the - Pooh Christmas Tail , In Which Winnie - the - Pooh and His Friends Help Eeyore Have a Very Merry Christmas ( Or a Very Happy Birthday . ) Book , Music and Lyrics by James W. Rogers , Dramatic Publishing Company , 1977 `` Bother ! The Brain of Pooh '' Peter Dennis , 1986 Winnie - the - Pooh , small cast musical version Dramatized by le Clanché du Rand , Music by Allan Jay Friedman , Lyrics by A.A. Milne and Kristin Sergel , Additional Lyrics by le Clanché du Rand , Dramatic Publishing Company , 1992 Audio RCA Victor record from 1932 decorated with Stephen Slesinger , Inc. 's Winnie - the - Pooh Selected Pooh stories read by Maurice Evans released on vinyl LP : Winnie - the - Pooh ( consisting of three tracks : `` Introducing Winnie - the - Pooh and Christopher Robin '' ; Pooh Goes Visiting and Gets into a Tight Place `` ; `` Pooh and Piglet Go Hunting and Nearly Catch a Woozle '' ) 1956 More Winnie - the - Pooh ( consisting of three tracks : `` Eeyore Loses a Tail '' ; `` Piglet Meets a Heffalump '' ; `` Eeyore Has a Birthday '' . ) In 1960 HMV recorded a dramatised version with songs ( music by Harold Fraser - Simson ) of two episodes from The House at Pooh Corner ( Chapters 2 and 8 ) , starring Ian Carmichael as Pooh , Denise Bryer as Christopher Robin ( who also narrated ) , Hugh Lloyd as Tigger , Penny Morrell as Piglet , and Terry Norris as Eeyore . This was released on a 45 rpm EP . In the 1970s and 1980s , Carol Channing recorded Winnie the Pooh , The House at Pooh Corner and The Winnie the Pooh Songbook , with music by Don Heckman . These were released on vinyl LP and audio cassette by Caedmon Records . Unabridged recordings read by Peter Dennis of the four Pooh books : When We Were Very Young Winnie - the - Pooh Now We Are Six The House at Pooh Corner In 1979 a double audio cassette set of `` Winnie the Pooh '' was produced featuring British actor Lionel Jeffries reading all characters in the stories . This was followed in 1981 by an audio cassette set of stories from `` House at Pooh Corner '' also read by Lionel Jeffries . In the 1990s , the stories were dramatised for audio by David Benedictus , with music composed , directed and played by John Gould . They were performed by a cast that included Stephen Fry as Winnie - the - Pooh , Jane Horrocks as Piglet , Geoffrey Palmer as Eeyore and Judi Dench as Kanga . Radio Winnie - the - Pooh was broadcast by Donald Calthrop over all BBC stations on Christmas Day , 1925 . Pooh made his US radio debut on 10 November 1932 , when he was broadcast to 40,000 schools by The American School of the Air , the educational division of the Columbia Broadcasting System . Film 2017 : Goodbye Christopher Robin , a drama film exploring the creation of Winnie - the - Pooh by A.A. Milne . Disney adaptations Theatrical shorts 1966 : Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree 1968 : Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day 1974 : Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too 1981 : Winnie the Pooh Discovers the Seasons 1983 : Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore Theatrical feature films 1977 : The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( compilation of Honey Tree , Blustery Day , and Tigger Too ) 2000 : The Tigger Movie 2003 : Piglet 's Big Movie 2005 : Pooh 's Heffalump Movie 2011 : Winnie the Pooh A live action film is in development with screenwriter Alex Ross Perry on board to write the screenplay and Marc Forster to direct . The story is planned to focus on an adult Christopher Robin returning to the Hundred Acre Wood . Soviet adaptation A postage stamp showing Piglet and Winnie - the - Pooh as they appear in the Soviet adaptation In the Soviet Union , three Winnie - the - Pooh , ( transcribed in Russian as `` Vinni Pukh '' ) ( Russian language : Винни - Пух ) stories were made into a celebrated trilogy of short films by Soyuzmultfilm ( directed by Fyodor Khitruk ) from 1969 to 1972 . Винни - Пух ( Winnie - the - Pooh , 1969 ) -- based on chapter 1 Винни - Пух идёт в гости ( Winnie - the - Pooh Pays a Visit , 1971 ) -- based on chapter 2 Винни - Пух и день забот ( Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day , 1972 ) -- based on chapters 4 and 6 . Films use Boris Zakhoder 's translation of the book . Pooh was voiced by Yevgeny Leonov . Unlike the Disney adaptations , the animators did not base their depictions of the characters on Shepard 's illustrations , creating a different look . The Soviet adaptations make extensive use of Milne 's original text , and often bring out aspects of Milne 's characters ' personalities not used in the Disney adaptations . Television Winnie - the - Pooh and his friends debuted on NBC Television in 1960 . A version of Winnie The Pooh , in which the animals were played by marionettes designed , made and operated by Bil And Cora Baird , was presented on 3 October 1960 , on NBC Television 's The Shirley Temple Show . Pooh himself is voiced by Franz Fazakas . During the 1970s the BBC children 's television show Jackanory serialised the two books , which were read by Willie Rushton . Magical World of Winnie the Pooh ( Note : These are episodes from The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ) Television shows Welcome to Pooh Corner ( * ) ( Disney Channel , 1983 -- 1986 ) Mini Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( Disney Junior , 2011 -- 2014 ) The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( ABC , 1988 -- 1991 ) The Book of Pooh ( * ) ( Disney Channel ( Playhouse Disney ) , 2001 -- 2003 ) My Friends Tigger & Pooh ( Disney Channel ( Playhouse Disney ) , 2007 -- 2010 ) ( * ) : Puppet / live - action show Holiday TV specials 1991 : Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too , included in A Very Merry Pooh Year 1996 : Boo to You Too ! Winnie the Pooh , included in Pooh 's Heffalump Halloween Movie 1998 : A Winnie the Pooh Thanksgiving , included in Seasons of Giving 1999 : A Valentine for You Direct - to - video shorts 1990 : Winnie the Pooh 's ABC of Me Direct - to - video features 1997 : Pooh 's Grand Adventure : The Search for Christopher Robin 1999 : Seasons of Giving * 2001 : The Book of Pooh : Stories from the Heart 2002 : A Very Merry Pooh Year * 2004 : Springtime with Roo 2005 : Pooh 's Heffalump Halloween Movie 2007 : Super Sleuth Christmas Movie 2009 : Tigger & Pooh and a Musical Too 2010 : Super Duper Super Sleuths These features integrate stories from The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh and / or holiday specials with new footage . Legacy A plaque on Winnie - the - Pooh Street ( ulica Kubusia Puchatka ) in Warsaw Winnie the Pooh has inspired multiple texts to explain complex philosophical ideas . Benjamin Hoff used Milne 's characters in The Tao of Pooh and The Te of Piglet to explain Taoism . Similarly , Frederick Crews wrote essays about the Pooh books in abstruse academic jargon in The Pooh Perplex and Postmodern Pooh to satirise a range of philosophical approaches . Pooh and the Philosophers by John T. Williams uses Winnie the Pooh as a backdrop to illustrate the works of philosophers including Descartes , Kant , Plato and Nietzsche . One of the best known characters in British children 's literature , a 2011 poll saw Winnie the Pooh voted onto the list of icons of England . Forbes magazine ranked Pooh the most valuable fictional character in 2002 , with merchandising products alone generating more than $5.9 billion that year . In 2005 , Pooh generated $6 billion , a figure surpassed by only Mickey Mouse . In 2006 , Pooh received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , marking the 80th birthday of Milne 's creation . The bear is such a popular character in Poland that a Warsaw street is named for him , Ulica Kubusia Puchatka . There is also a street named after him in Budapest ( Micimackó utca ) . In music , Kenny Loggins wrote the song `` House at Pooh Corner '' , which was originally recorded by the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band . Loggins later rewrote the song as `` Return to Pooh Corner '' , featuring on the album of the same name in 1991 . In Italy , a pop band took their name from Winnie , and were titled Pooh . In Estonia there is a punk / metal band called Winny Puhh . In the `` sport '' of Poohsticks , competitors drop sticks into a stream from a bridge and then wait to see whose stick will cross the finish line first . Though it began as a game played by Pooh and his friends in the book The House at Pooh Corner and later in the films , it has crossed over into the real world : a World Championship Poohsticks race takes place in Oxfordshire each year . Ashdown Forest in England where the Pooh stories are set is a popular tourist attraction , and includes the wooden Pooh Bridge where Pooh and Piglet invented Poohsticks . The Oxford University Winnie the Pooh Society was founded by undergraduates in 1982 . In the Peoples Republic of China images of Pooh are censored as internet memes comparing Chinese president Xi Jinping to Pooh became popular in mid-2017 . References Jump up ^ McDowell , Edwin . `` Winnie Ille Pu Nearly XXV Years Later '' , The New York Times ( 18 November 1984 ) . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pooh celebrates his 80th birthday '' . BBC News . Retrieved 20 July 2015 Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( 28 February 2007 ) `` Happy Birthday Pooh '' , Daily Express . Retrieved 20 July 2015 Jump up ^ `` The Adventures of the Real Winnie - the - Pooh . The New York Public Library . Jump up ^ `` Winnie the Pooh 's Canadian beginnings '' . The Spectator , -- Hamilton , Ont. 2 August 1997 , Page : W. 13 Jump up ^ `` Winnie '' . Historica Minutes , The Historica Foundation of Canada . Retrieved 30 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Safire , William . `` Whence Poo - Bah '' , GASBAG , vol. 24 , no . 3 , issue 186 , January / February 1993 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Willard , Barbara ( 1989 ) . The Forest -- Ashdown in East Sussex . Sussex : Sweethaws Press ... Quoted from the Introduction , p. xi , by Christopher Milne . Jump up ^ Willard ( 1989 ) . Quoted from the Introduction , p. xi , by Christopher Milne . Jump up ^ Hope , Yvonne Jefferey ( 2000 ) . `` Winnie - the - Pooh in Ashdown Forest '' . In Brooks , Victoria . Literary Trips : Following in the Footsteps of Fame . 1 . Vancouver , Canada : Greatest Escapes . p. 287 . ISBN 0 - 9686137 - 0 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` About the E.H. Shepard archive '' . University of Surrey . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Plans to improve access to Pooh Bridge unveiled '' . BBC News . Retrieved 11 November 2012 Jump up ^ `` Appeal to save Winnie the Pooh 's bridge '' . BBC News . Retrieved 11 November 2012 Jump up ^ `` Celebrate Winnie - The - Pooh 's 90th with a Rare Recording ( And Hunny ) '' . NPR. 20 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Children 's Story by A.A. Milne '' . London Evening News . 24 December 1925 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Thwaite , Ann ( 2004 ) . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography : Alan Alexander Milne . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Maev ( 4 October 2009 ) . `` Pooh sequel returns Christopher Robin to Hundred Acre Wood '' . The Guardian . UK . p. 15 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Winnie - the - Pooh sequel details revealed '' . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Listen to the moment Winnie - the - Pooh meets penguin friend in new book '' . BBC News . 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Winnie the Pooh meets the Queen in a new story '' . BBC News . 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Merchant of Child '' . Fortune . November 1931 . p. 71 . Jump up ^ McElway , St. Claire ( 26 October 1936 ) . `` The Literary Character in Business & Commerce '' . The New Yorker . Jump up ^ `` The Curse of Pooh . '' Fortune . Jump up ^ `` The Pooh Files '' The Albion Monitor . Jump up ^ Nelson , Valerie J ( 20 July 2007 ) . `` Shirley Slesinger Lasswell , 84 ; fought Disney over Pooh royalties '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 14 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Judge dismisses Winnie the Pooh lawsuit '' The Disney Corner . Jump up ^ James , Meg ( 26 September 2007 ) . `` Disney wins lawsuit ruling on Pooh rights '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 26 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Winnie the Pooh goes to court '' USA Today Jump up ^ `` USATODAY.com -- Justices wo n't hear copyright appeal by relative of Winnie the Pooh '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Disney loses court battle in Winnie the Pooh copyright case '' . ABC News . 17 February 2007 . Retrieved 15 May 2008 . Jump up ^ James , Meg ( 29 September 2009 ) . `` Pooh rights belong to Disney , judge rules '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 5 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Shea , Joe ( 4 October 2009 ) . `` The gordian knot of Pooh rights is finally untied in federal court '' . The American Reporter . Retrieved 5 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hastings Marionettes : Will Open Holiday Season at Guild Theatre on Saturday '' . The New York Times . 22 December 1931 . p. 28 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Carmichael And Full Cast -- The House at Pooh Corner -- HMV Junior Record Club -- UK -- 7EG 117 '' . 45cat. 23 July 2010 . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Winnie the Pooh '' . OCLC WorldCat . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tigger comes to the forest : and other stories '' . OCLC WorldCat . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` His Master 's Voice Speaks Again '' . Playthings . November 1932 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike . `` Disney Sets Live - Action ' Winnie The Pooh ' Film ; Alex Ross Perry To Write '' . Deadline . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( 18 November 2016 ) . `` Marc Forster To Helm Live - Action ' Christopher Robin ' Based On ' Winnie The Pooh ' Character '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` Russian animation in letters and figures `` Winnie the Pooh '' `` . Animator.ru . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Biography : Willie Rushton . BBC . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mini Adventures of Winnie the Pooh '' . IMDb. 22 August 2011 . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ spiked - culture Article Pooh - poohing postmodernism . Spiked-online.com . Retrieved 12 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Sonderbooks Book Review of Pooh and the Philosophers . Sonderbooks.com ( 20 April 2004 ) . Retrieved 12 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ICONS of England -- the 100 ICONS as voted by the public '' . Culture 24 News . 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top - Earning Fictional Characters '' . Forbes ( New York ) . 25 September 2003 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pooh joins Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . BBC . Retrieved 24 November 2014 Jump up ^ `` Google Maps '' . Google Maps . 1 January 1970 . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` House at Pooh Corner by Loggins and Messina Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com. 14 October 1926 . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Plans to improve access to Pooh Bridge unveiled . BBC . Retrieved 15 October 2011 Jump up ^ McDonell , Stephen ( 17 July 2017 ) . `` Why China censors banned Winnie the Pooh '' . BBC News . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . External links Find more aboutWinnie - the - Poohat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Winnie - the - Pooh at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) The original bear , with A.A. Milne and Christopher Robin , at the National Portrait Gallery , London The real locations , from the Ashdown Forest Conservators Winnie - the - Pooh at the New York Public Library `` Winnie the Pooh saga turns 100 years old '' , CBC News , 24 August 2014 . `` The skull of the ' real ' Winnie goes on display '' , BBC News , 20 November 2015 . Winnie - the - Pooh by A.A. Milne Books When We Were Very Young ( 1924 ) Winnie - the - Pooh ( 1926 ) Now We Are Six ( 1927 ) The House at Pooh Corner ( 1928 ) Return to the Hundred Acre Wood ( 2009 ) The Best Bear in All the World ( 2016 ) Winnie - the - Pooh Meets the Queen ( 2016 ) Characters Winnie - the - Pooh Disney version Piglet Tigger Christopher Robin Rabbit Eeyore Owl Roo Heffalumps Featurettes Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) Winnie - the - Pooh ( 1969 ) Winnie - the - Pooh Pays a Visit ( 1971 ) Winnie - the - Pooh and a Busy Day ( 1972 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1974 ) Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore ( 1983 ) Short films Winnie the Pooh Discovers the Seasons ( 1981 ) Feature films Walt Disney Animation Studios films The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) DisneyToon Studios films The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Live - action remake Christopher Robin ( 2018 ) Direct - to - video films Pooh 's Grand Adventure : The Search for Christopher Robin ( 1997 ) Winnie the Pooh : Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) The Book of Pooh : Stories from the Heart ( 2001 ) Winnie the Pooh : A Very Merry Pooh Year ( 2002 ) Winnie the Pooh : Springtime with Roo ( 2004 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Halloween Movie ( 2005 ) Super Sleuth Christmas Movie ( 2007 ) Tigger & Pooh and a Musical Too ( 2009 ) Super Duper Super Sleuths ( 2010 ) Television Welcome to Pooh Corner ( 1983 -- 1987 ) The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1988 -- 1991 ) The Book of Pooh ( 2001 -- 2004 ) My Friends Tigger & Pooh ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Specials Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ( 1990 ) Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too ( 1991 ) Boo to You Too ! Winnie the Pooh ( 1996 ) A Winnie the Pooh Thanksgiving ( 1998 ) A Valentine for You ( 1999 ) Video games Winnie the Pooh in the Hundred Acre Wood ( 1986 ) Disney 's Animated Storybook Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1995 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1999 ) Kingdom Hearts ( 2002 onwards Ready to Read with Pooh ( 1997 ) Tigger 's Honey Hunt ( 2000 ) Piglet 's Big Game ( 2003 ) Winnie the Pooh 's Rumbly Tumbly Adventure ( 2005 ) Disney Friends ( 2007 ) Winnie the Pooh 's Home Run Derby ( 2007 ) Songs `` Winnie the Pooh '' ( 1966 ) `` Up , Down and Touch the Ground '' ( 1966 ) `` Rumbly in My Tumbly '' ( 1966 ) `` Little Black Rain Cloud '' ( 1966 ) `` Mind over Matter '' ( 1966 ) `` A Rather Blustery Day '' ( 1968 ) `` The Wonderful Thing About Tiggers '' ( 1968 ) `` Heffalumps and Woozles '' ( 1968 ) `` The Rain Rain Rain Came Down Down Down '' ( 1968 ) `` Hip Hip Pooh - Ray ! '' ( 1968 ) `` House at Pooh Corner '' ( 1970 ) `` I Hum to Myself '' ( 1983 ) `` Just Say , ' Yes I Can ' '' ( 1983 ) `` The Right Side '' ( 1983 ) `` You 're the Only You '' ( 1983 ) `` Try a Little Something New '' ( 1983 ) People Christopher Robin Milne E.H. Shepard Harry Colebourn Shirley Slesinger Lasswell Stephen Slesinger Sherman Brothers David Benedictus Mark Burgess Related Ashdown Forest Bother ! The Brain of Pooh Disney franchise Hundred Acre Wood The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh attraction More Songs from Pooh Corner Pooh 's Hunny Hunt Poohsticks Return to Pooh Corner The Tao of Pooh The Te of Piglet Eeyore 's Birthday Party Winnipeg the Bear Goodbye Christopher Robin Teddy bears Manufacturers Build - A-Bear Workshop Chad Valley J.K. Farnell Gund Ideal Toy Company Margarete Steiff GmbH Merrythought Teddy Atelier Stursberg Teddy - Hermann Ty Inc . Vermont Teddy Bear Company Types AG Bear Beanie Babies Boyds Bears Care Bears Coffee Bean Bears Forever Friends Freddy Teddy Gund Snuffles Holiday Beanie Babies Me to You Bears WereBears Museums Dorset Teddy Bear Museum Teddy bear museum Teddy Bear Museum of Naples Famous teddies Aloysius Archibald Ormsby - Gore Benjamin Bear Berlino Duffy the Disney Bear Corduroy Fozzie Bear Freddy Fazbear Grizzly Teddy Lotso Microsoft Bear Misha Nassur Nev Paddington Bear Pooky Pudsey Bear Rilakkuma Roosevelt Rupert Bear Rupert ( Family Guy ) Smokey Sooty SuperTed Teddy ( Mr. Bean ) Teddy Ruxpin Uszatek Mr Whoppit Winnie - the - Pooh Yogi Bear Film and television The Adventures of Teddy Ruxpin Bear Behaving Badly Becky and Barnaby Bear Boonie Bears C Bear and Jamal Colargol Disney 's Adventures of the Gummi Bears Issi Noho Old Bear Stories Paddington The Secret World of Benjamin Bear SuperTed Ted Ted 2 Teddybears The Teddy Bear Master Teddy Edward The Upstairs Downstairs Bears The Yogi Bear Show Books Corduroy Little Bear Old Bear and Friends Teddy Dressing The Berenstain Bears Polar the Titanic Bear Uppo - Nalle Winkie Winnie - the - Pooh Music `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' `` Psycho Teddy '' `` Teddy Bears ' Picnic '' `` The Teddy Bear Song '' Video games Build - A-Bear Workshop Hubert the Teddy Bear : Winter Games Opération Teddy Bear Teddy Together Related topics The Bear Club Peter Bull Gummy bears Round and Round the Garden SGUL Teddy Bear Hospital Richard Steiff Stuffed toys Sudanese blasphemy case Teddybear Airdrop Minsk 2012 Teddy bear parachuting Teddy Bear Review Teddy bear toss Teddy Grahams VIAF : 33185902 LCCN : no2014169001 GND : 133372065 NLA : 58458776 United Kingdom portal Children 's literature portal Disney portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winnie-the-Pooh&oldid=818101348 '' Categories : Winnie - the - Pooh Winnie - the - Pooh characters Fictional bears 20th - century British children 's literature Teddy bears Kingdom Hearts characters Fictional characters introduced in 1924 East Sussex in fiction Pigs in literature Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages EngvarB from January 2018 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Use dmy dates from January 2018 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kaszëbsczi Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 15 : 44 . 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where do the royalties for winnie the pooh go

Slesinger, Inc.

here.

Motor neuron - wikipedia Motor neuron Jump to : navigation , search Motor neuron Micrograph of the hypoglossal nucleus showing motor neurons with their characteristic coarse Nissl substance ( `` tigroid '' cytoplasm ) . H&E - LFB stain . Details Location Ventral horn of the spinal cord , some cranial nerve nuclei Shape Projection neuron Function Excitatory projection ( to NMJ ) Neurotransmitter UMN to LMN : glutamate ; LMN to NMJ : ACh Presynaptic connections Primary motor cortex via the Corticospinal tract Postsynaptic connections Muscle fibers and other neurons Identifiers MeSH D009046 NeuroLex ID nifext_103 TA A14. 2.00. 021 FMA 5867 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) A motor neuron ( or motoneuron ) is a neuron whose cell body is located in the motor cortex , brainstem or the spinal cord , and whose axon ( fiber ) projects to the spinal cord or outside of the spinal cord to directly or indirectly control effector organs , mainly muscles and glands . There are two types of motor neuron -- upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons . Axons from upper motor neurons synapse onto interneurons in the spinal cord and occasionally directly onto lower motor neurons . The axons from the lower motor neurons are efferent nerve fibers that carry signals from the spinal cord to the effectors . Types of lower motor neurons are alpha motor neurons , beta motor neurons , and gamma motor neurons . The term ' motor neuron ' is usually restricted to the lower motor neurons , the efferent nerves that directly innervate muscles . A single motor neuron may innervate many muscle fibres and a muscle fibre can undergo many action potentials in the time taken for a single muscle twitch . As a result , if an action potential arrives before a twitch has completed , the twitches can superimpose on one another , either through summation or a tetanic contraction . In summation , the muscle is stimulated repetitively such that additional action potentials coming from the somatic nervous system arrive before the end of the twitch . The twitches thus superimpose on one another , leading to a force greater than that of a single twitch . A tetanic contraction is caused by constant , very high frequency stimulation - the action potentials come at such a rapid rate that individual twitches are indistinguishable , and tension rises smoothly eventually reaching a plateau . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Anatomy and physiology 2.1 Upper motor neurons 2.2 White Matter Tract 2.3 Lower Motor Neurons 2.4 Somatic motor neurons 2.4. 1 Neuromuscular Junction 2.5 Special visceral motor neurons 2.6 General visceral motor neurons 3 Motor neurons in regenerative medicine 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources Development ( edit ) Motor neurons begin to develop early in embryonic development , and motor function continues to develop well into childhood . In the neural tube cells are specified to either the rostral - caudal axis or ventral - dorsal axis . The axons of motor neurons begin to appear in the fourth week of development from the ventral region of the ventral - dorsal axis ( the basal plate ) . This homeodomain is known as the motor neural progenitor domain ( pMN ) . Transcription factors genes here include the Pax6 , OLIG2 , Nkx6. 1 , and Nkx6. 2 factors , which are regulated by sonic hedgehog ( Shh ) . The OLIG2 gene being the most important due to its role in promoting Ngn2 expression , a gene that causes cell cycle exiting as well as promoting further transcription factors associated with motor neuron development . Further specification of motor neurons occurs when retinoic acid , fibroblast growth factor , Wnts , and TGFb , are integrated into the various Hox transcription factors . There are 13 Hox transcription factors and - along with the signals - these determine whether a motor neuron will be more rostral or caudal in character . In the spinal column Hox 4 - 11 sort motor neurons to one of the five motor columns . These columns are further explained in the table below . Motor Columns of Spinal Cord Motor Column Location in Spinal Cord Target Median Motor Column Present entire length Axial muscles Hypaxial Motor Column Thoracic Region Body wall muscles Preganglionic Motor Column Thoracic Region Sympathetic ganglion Laterl Motor Column Brachial and Lumbar region ( both regions are further divided into medial and lateral domains ) Muscles of the limbs Phrenic Motor Coulmn Cervical Region Diaphragm Anatomy and Physiology ( edit ) Spinal cord tracts Location of lower motor neurons in spinal cord Upper motor neurons ( edit ) Upper motor neurons originate in the motor cortex located in the precentral gyrus . The cells that make up the primary motor cortex are Betz cells , which are a type of pyramidal cell . The axons of these cells descend from the cortex to form the corticospinal tract . White matter Tract ( edit ) White matter tracts are bundles of axons and serve as means to propagate nerve impulses on a large scale . These are found in the spinal cord and appear white from the myelin surrounding axons . While these tracts exist for both efferent and afferent nerves , efferent nerves will carry signals down the spinal cord toward their effector target . These tracts also serve as the place of origin for lower motor neurons . There are seven major white matter motor tracts to be found in the spinal cord and are listed below : Lateral Corticospinal Tract Rubrospinal Tract Lateral Reticulospinal Tract Vestibulospinal tract Medial Reticulospinal Tract Tectospinal Tract Anterior Corticospinal Tract Lower motor neurons ( edit ) Lower motor neurons are those that originate in the spinal cord and directly or indirectly innervate effector targets . The target of these neurons varies , but in the somatic nervous system the target will be some sort of muscle fiber . There are three primary categories lower motor neurons , which can be further divided in sub-categories . According to their targets , motor neurons are classified into three broad categories : Somatic motor neurons Special visceral motor neurons General visceral motor neurons Somatic motor neurons ( edit ) Somatic motor neurons originate in the central nervous system , project their axons to skeletal muscles ( such as the muscles of the limbs , abdominal , and intercostal muscles ) , which are involved in locomotion . The three types of these neurons are the alpha efferent neurons , beta efferent neurons , and gamma efferent neurons . They are called efferent to indicate the flow of information from the central nervous system ( CNS ) to the periphery . Alpha motor neurons innervate extrafusal muscle fibers , which are the main force - generating component of a muscle . Their cell bodies are in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and they are sometimes called ventral horn cells . A single motor neuron may synapse with 150 muscle fibers on average . The motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers to which it connects is a motor unit . Motor units are split up into 3 categories : Main Article : Motor Unit Slow ( S ) motor units stimulate small muscle fibers , which contract very slowly and provide small amounts of energy but are very resistant to fatigue , so they are used to sustain muscular contraction , such as keeping the body upright . They gain their energy via oxidative means and hence require oxygen . They are also called red fibers . Fast fatiguing ( FF ) motor units stimulate larger muscle groups , which apply large amounts of force but fatigue very quickly . They are used for tasks that require large brief bursts on energy , such as jumping or running . They gain their energy via glycolytic means and hence do n't require oxygen . They are called white fibers . Fast fatigue - resistant motor units stimulate moderate - sized muscles groups that do n't react as fast as the FF motor units , but can be sustained much longer ( as implied by the name ) and provide more force than S motor units . These use both oxidative and glycolytic means to gain energy . In addition to voluntary skeletal muscle contraction , alpha motor neurons also contribute to muscle tone , the continuous force generated by noncontracting muscle to oppose stretching . When a muscle is stretched , sensory neurons within the muscle spindle detect the degree of stretch and send a signal to the CNS . The CNS activates alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord , which cause extrafusal muscle fibers to contract and thereby resist further stretching . This process is also called the stretch reflex . Beta motor neurons innervate intrafusal muscle fibers of muscle spindles , with collaterals to extrafusal fibres . There are two types of beta motor neurons : Slow Contracting - These innervate extrafusal fibers . Fast Contracting - These innervate intrafusal fibers . Gamma motor neurons innervate intrafusal muscle fibers found within the muscle spindle . They regulate the sensitivity of the spindle to muscle stretching . With activation of gamma neurons , intrafusal muscle fibers contract so that only a small stretch is required to activate spindle sensory neurons and the stretch reflex . There are two types of gamma motor neurons : Dynamic - These focus on Bag1 fibers and enhance dynamic sensitivity . Static - These focus on Bag2 fibers and enhance stretch sensitivity . Regulatory factors of lower motor Neurons Size Principle -- this relates to the of the soma of the motor neuron . This restricts larger neurons to receive a larger excitatory signal in order to stimulate the muscle fibers it innervates . By reducing unnecessary muscle fiber recruitment , the body is able to optimize energy consumption . Persistent Inward Current ( PIC ) -- recent animal study research has shown that constant flow of ions such as calcium and sodium through channels in the soma and dendrites influence the synaptic input . An alternate way to think of this is that the post-synaptic neuron is being primed before receiving an impulse . After Hyper - polarization ( AHP ) -- we are all familiar with the idea of hyperpolarization after an action potential . A trend has been identified that shows slow motor neurons to have more intense AHPs for a longer duration . One way to remember this is that slow muscle fibers can contract for loner , so it makes since that their corresponding motor neurons fire at a slower rate . Neuromuscular junction ( edit ) The interface between a motor neuron and muscle fiber is a specialized synapse called the neuromuscular junction . Upon adequate stimulation , the motor neuron releases a flood of acetylcholine ( Ach ) neurotransmitters from the axon terminals from synaptic vesicles bind with the plasma membrane . The acetylcholine molecules bind to postsynaptic receptors found within the motor end plate . Once two acetylcholine receptors have been bound , an ion channel is opened and sodium ions are allowed to flow into the cell . The influx of sodium into the cell causes depolarization and triggers a muscle action potential . T tubules of the sarcolemma are then stimulated to elicit calcium ion release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum . It is this chemical release that causes the target muscle fiber to contract . In invertebrates , depending on the neurotransmitter released and the type of receptor it binds , the response in the muscle fiber could be either excitatory or inhibitory . For vertebrates , however , the response of a muscle fiber to a neurotransmitter can only be excitatory , in other words , contractile . Muscle relaxation and inhibition of muscle contraction in vertebrates is obtained only by inhibition of the motor neuron itself . Muscle innervation may eventually play a role in the maturation of motor activity . This is how muscle relaxants work by acting on the motor neurons that innervate muscles ( by decreasing their electrophysiological activity ) or on cholinergic neuromuscular junctions , rather than on the muscles themselves . Special visceral motor neurons ( edit ) These are also known as branchial motor neurons , which are involved in facial expression , mastication , phonation , and swallowing . Associated cranial nerves are the oculomotor , abducens , trochlear , and hypoglossal nerves . Branch of NS Position Neurotransmitter Somatic n / a Acetylcholine Parasympathetic Preganglionic Acetylcholine Parasympathetic Ganglionic Acetylcholine Sympathetic Preganglionic Acetylcholine Sympathetic Ganglionic Norepinephrine * * Except fibers to sweat glands and certain blood vessels Motor neuron neurotransmitters General visceral motor neurons ( edit ) These motor neurons indirectly innervate cardiac muscle and smooth muscles of the viscera ( the muscles of the arteries ) : they synapse onto neurons located in ganglia of the autonomic nervous system ( sympathetic and parasympathetic ) , located in the peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) , which themselves directly innervate visceral muscles ( and also some gland cells ) . In consequence : the motor command of skeletal and branchial muscles is monosynaptic ( involving only one motor neuron , respectively , somatic and branchial , which synapses onto the muscle ) . the command of visceral muscles is disynaptic ( involving two neurons : the general visceral motor neuron located in the CNS , which synapses onto a ganglionic neuron , located in the PNS , which synapses onto the muscle ) . All vertebrate motor neurons are cholinergic , that is , they release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine . Parasympathetic ganglionic neurons are also cholinergic , whereas most sympathetic ganglionic neurons are noradrenergic , that is , they release the neurotransmitter noradrenaline . ( see Table ) Motor neurons in Regenerative medicine ( edit ) Human lower motor neurons can be generated in vitro from embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells . See also ( edit ) Betz cell Central chromatolysis Motor dysfunction Nerve References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tortora , Gerard ; Derrickson , Bryan ( 2014 ) . Principles of Anatomy & Physiology ( 14th ed . ) . New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . pp. 406 , 502 , 541 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 34500 - 9 . Jump up ^ Pocock , Gillian ; Richards , Christopher D. ( 2006 ) . Human physiology : the basis of medicine ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 151 -- 153 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 856878 - 0 . Jump up ^ Schacter D.L. , Gilbert D.T. , and Wegner D.M. ( 2011 ) Psychology second edition . New York , NY : Worth Jump up ^ Russell , Peter ( 2013 ) . Biology - Exploring the Diversity of Life . Toronto : Nelson Education . p. 946 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 17 - 665133 - 6 . Jump up ^ Tortora , Gerard ; Derrickson , Bryan ( 2011 ) . Principles of Anatomy Physiology ( 14th ed . ) . New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . pp. 1090 -- 1099 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 34500 - 9 . Jump up ^ Sadler , T. ( 2010 ) . Langman 's medical embryology ( 11th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Lippincott William & Wilkins . pp. 299 -- 301 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 9069 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Davis - Dusenbery , BN ; Williams , LA ; Klim , JR ; Eggan , K ( February 2014 ) . `` How to make spinal motor neurons '' . Development . 141 ( 3 ) : 491 -- 501 . doi : 10.1242 / dev. 097410 . PMID 24449832 . Jump up ^ Edgar R , Mazor Y , Rinon A , Blumenthal J , Golan Y , Buzhor E , Livnat I , Ben - Ari S , Lieder I , Shitrit A , Gilboa Y , Ben - Yehudah A , Edri O , Shraga N , Bogoch Y , Leshansky L , Aharoni S , West MD , Warshawsky D , Shtrichman R ( 2013 ) . `` LifeMap Discovery TM : The Embryonic Development , Stem Cells , and Regenerative Medicine Research Portal '' . PLoS ONE . 8 ( 7 ) : e66629 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0066629 . ISSN 1932 - 6203 . Jump up ^ Philippidou , Polyxeni ; Walsh , Carolyn ; Aubin , Josée ; Jeannotte , Lucie ; Dasen , Jeremy S. `` Sustained Hox5 Gene Activity is Required for Respiratory Motor Neuron Development '' . Nature Neuroscience. 15 ( 12 ) : 1636 -- 1644 . doi : 10.1038 / nn. 3242 . ISSN 1097 - 6256 . PMC 3676175 . PMID 23103965 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , D. ( 2001 ) The Primary Motor Cortex : Upper Motor Neurons That Initiate Complex Voluntary Movements . In D. Purves , G.J. Augustine , D. Fitzpatrick , et al. ( Ed . ) , Neuroscience . Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10962/ Jump up ^ Tortora , G.J. , Derrickson , B. ( 2011 ) . The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves . In B. Roesch , L. Elfers , K. Trost , et al. ( Ed . ) , Principles of Anatomy and Physiology ( pp. 443 - 468 ) . New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , D. ( 2001 ) Lower Motor Neuron Circuits and Motor Control : Overview . In D. Purves , G.J. Augustine , D. Fitzpatrick , et al. ( Ed . ) , Neuroscience . Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10979/ ^ Jump up to : `` CHAPTER NINE '' . www.unc.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Silverthorn , Dee Unglaub ( 2010 ) . Human Physiology : An Integrated Approach . Pearson . p. 398 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 55980 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Tortora , G.J. , Derrickson , B. ( 2011 ) . Muscular Tissue . In B. Roesch , L. Elfers , K. Trost , et al. ( Ed . ) , Principles of Anatomy and Physiology ( pp. 305 - 307 , 311 ) . New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . ^ Jump up to : Purves D , Augustine GJ , Fitzpatrick D , et al. , editors : Neuroscience . 2nd edition , 2001 ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Manuel , Marin ; Zytnicki , Daniel ( 2011 ) . `` Alpha , Beta , and Gamma Motoneurons : Functional Diversity in the Motor System 's Final Pathway '' . Journal of Integrative Neuroscience. 10 ( 03 ) : 243 -- 276 . doi : 10.1142 / S0219635211002786 . ISSN 0219 - 6352 . Sources ( edit ) Sherwood , L. ( 2001 ) . Human Physiology : From Cells to Systems ( 4th ed . ) . Pacific Grove , CA : Brooks - Cole . ISBN 0 - 534 - 37254 - 6 . Marieb , E.N. ; Mallatt , J. ( 1997 ) . Human Anatomy ( 2nd ed . ) . Menlo Park , CA : Benjamin / Cummings . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 4068 - 8 . ( hide ) Nervous tissue CNS Tissue Types Grey matter White matter Projection fibers Association fiber Commissural fiber Lemniscus Funiculus Fasciculus Nerve tract Decussation Commissure Neuropil Meninges Cell Types Neuronal Pyramidal Purkinje Granule Glial insulating : Myelination : Oligodendrocyte other Astrocyte Radial glial cell Ependymal cells Tanycyte Microglia PNS General Dorsal Root Ganglion Ramus Ventral Root Ramus Ramus communicans Gray White Autonomic ganglion ( Preganglionic nerve fibers Postganglionic nerve fibers ) Connective tissues Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium Nerve fascicle Neuroglia Myelination : Schwann cell Neurilemma Myelin incisure Node of Ranvier Internodal segment Satellite glial cell Neurons / nerve fibers Parts Soma Axon hillock Axon Telodendron Axon terminals Axoplasm Axolemma Neurofibril / neurofilament Dendrite Nissl body Dendritic spine Apical dendrite / Basal dendrite Types Bipolar Unipolar Pseudounipolar Multipolar Interneuron Renshaw Afferent nerve fiber / Sensory neuron GSA GVA SSA SVA fibers Ia or Aα Ib or Golgi or Aα II or Aβ and Aγ III or Aδ or fast pain IV or C or slow pain Efferent nerve fiber / Motor neuron GSE GVE SVE Upper motor neuron Lower motor neuron α motorneuron β motorneuron γ motorneuron Termination Synapse Electrical synapse / Gap junction Chemical synapse Synaptic vesicle Active zone Postsynaptic density Autapse Ribbon synapse Neuromuscular junction Sensory receptors Meissner 's corpuscle Merkel nerve ending Pacinian corpuscle Ruffini ending Muscle spindle Free nerve ending Nociceptor Olfactory receptor neuron Photoreceptor cell Hair cell Taste bud Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motor_neuron&oldid=835150311 '' Categories : Efferent neurons Motor system Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский کوردی Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Українська 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 21 : 30 . 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all the motor neurons that control the skeletal muscles are

Somatic

upper motor neurons

Diary of a Wimpy Kid : the Getaway - wikipedia Diary of a Wimpy Kid : the Getaway Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( December 2017 ) This article needs more links to other articles to help integrate it into the encyclopedia . Please help improve this article by adding links that are relevant to the context within the existing text . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Getaway Author Jeff Kinney Country United States Language English Series Diary of a Wimpy Kid Genre Children 's novel Graphic Novel Publisher Amulet Books ( US ) Puffin Books ( UK ) Publication date November 7 , 2017 ( Worldwide ) Media type Print ( hardcover ) Pages 217 story pages ( 224 altogether ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 4197 - 2545 - 6 Preceded by Double Down Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Getaway is the twelfth book in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney . The book was unveiled during the 2017 Diary of a Wimpy Kid Virtually Live Event which was live streamed via YouTube as part of the 10th anniversary of the first book . The book was published and released on November 7 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Release date 3 Reception 4 References Plot ( edit ) After many frustrations , Greg Heffley 's parents decide to skip Christmas and travel by plane to Isla De Corales , the hotel they stayed at while on their honeymoon much to Greg 's dismay . On Christmas Eve they drive to the airport , but are delayed by a series of mishaps . They encounter holiday traffic but arrive at the airport . As they fail to unload in time at the drop off zone , Frank and Greg have to return later with the luggage . Greg steps in a slush puddle and they end up missing the shuttle . In the airport , the family 's suitcases are too heavy , so they stuff some clothes into their carry on baggage . They enter the line for security , but a child unclips a barrier separating the lines , and everybody gets scrambled . They go through security and are delayed again by somebody who has to remove all of his piercings . Manny then gets his toy stuck in an escalator , delaying them more . As a result , the family panic , grab some luggage and dash to the gate . It turns out their flight is delayed . Greg goes to dry his sock but destroys it while doing so . He hears that the flight is overbooked , and tries to stop his family boarding in exchange of a hotel stay and $300 ( soon $500 ) , but is stopped by Susan . A replacement crew for the plane is required and they finally board . Greg is first impressed by the plane 's first class seats before he discovers that he has to sit in economy . However , Frank collected enough air miles because of his business trips to sit in first class . In economy , Mom , Rodrick , and Manny are seated in the right row . Greg finds out he has three seats to himself , until a couple with a baby arrives late on board . The couple sit on either side of him with their baby . Greg becomes paranoid when he watches the plane 's safety video and begins to ask questions about unfortunate events . Greg is very aggravated of the other passengers because most are n't watching the safety video . Mid flight , he feels boxed in when the people in front recline and the person behind slides his feet on Greg 's armrest . Greg tries to recline his chair too but when he asks the flight attendant how , he learns that he ca n't because the row behind him is an emergency exit . He tries to swap seats with Frank but Rodrick beats him to it . He stays in the bathroom because the couple 's baby started to get annoying , but then he returns to his seat after experiencing turbulence . He somehow was able to sleep for the rest of the flight . As they land on Christmas Day , Greg begins to understand why the family came there . They touch down and began to head to the resort , Isla de Corales . He is even excited by the activities the resort offer which he sees on the bus . However , Frank and Susan are disappointed that the resort has since changed , and it is now split with a family side ( the Mild Side ) and a couple side ( the Wild Side ) . The family also discovers that they got the wrong luggage that is locked , and their luggage was sent back home . They only have the clothes they put in their carry on luggage . They attempt to buy some new clothes , but Frank wo n't buy them as they are too expensive . The family goes to explore the resort and end up at the pool . The Director of Fun shows up , however , and gets everybody moving . Greg is forced to take part in two games . After this , Greg sees an iguana by the pool and is worried , so the family goes to get some lunch . Greg and his family try to eat outside ; however , too many birds and bugs keep ruining their meals . Frank contracts a stomach bug from his water , so they head back to the suite . The next day , Greg uses the shower which is outside . As he puts on his slipper , a giant spider falls out . Greg has an intense fear of spiders . As a result , he calls room service , but the lady who answers says that there is a do not disturb sign on the door knob . The lady says he has to order food for someone to come . The waiter who arrives also is scared of spiders . Eventually , they manage to trap the spider and flush it down the toilet . The family heads to the beach without Frank as he is still at the suite . He returns , however and reveals that he found the same spider that Greg attempted to flush away on the toilet seat . Manny develops an obsession with collecting sea creatures in his bucket so he can have them as pets . Unfortunately , he is upset by Susan when she returns them , so they go to the activities . Before this , they have to find Rodrick , who has been in the teen zone helping a girl get her lip ring out of the volleyball net . They first try the banana boat , but this is ruined when a kid using a water trampoline lands on and bursts their float . They get hungry , so they go to the golf clubhouse which turns them down as they are not following the dress code . They go to the swim - up bar , and learn of a monkey which has been returning there for drinks every day . They are chased away when Manny finds the TV remote , changes the channel to his favorite cartoons , and throws the remote in the water . Greg goes to the arcade , and the family regroup later to find Rodrick . The same girl he helped earlier is now his girlfriend . In the evening , they go to the beach bonfire and go to see turtles hatching . Just as they are prepared to leave , they begin to hatch , but they lose their way to the sea as people are using the flashes on their phones to take photos . The next day , Susan goes to the spa and Frank goes to the gym . Rodrick then goes back to the teen zone . Greg takes Manny to the Toddler 's Cabana , but Manny gets out of going there because he is not potty trained . He puts Manny in the pool , but has to get him out again later . Susan booked a charter cruise for the whole family due in thirty minutes . On the cruise ( which turns out to be a regular boat ) , the captain offers them to go scuba diving . Greg is freaked out by all of the deadly animals , including the venomous box jellyfish , and only stays in for one photo . As he surfaces , he swallows a big gulp of water . He thinks a seahorse was in there too : so they return to the resort to see a doctor . Frank and Susan were both seasick , so they just return to the poolside . They see the Director of Fun , who keeps circling their chair , but suddenly stops at a plastic bag in Manny 's bucket . It is actually a box jellyfish which Manny smuggled from the scuba diving , in which the Director of Fun launches it back into the pool in fear . Because the pool workers could n't find the jellyfish , they have to drain the pool . They escape in the commotion , and notice Rodrick is n't there . He had been left in the sea where they went scuba diving and had extreme sunburn . They return to the suite and decide to spend their last few days outdoors . The next day , Greg goes to the tennis court in hopes of learning how to play tennis . Unfortunately , it was just a cage full of children with a ball machine and tennis balls . It turns into a free - for - all , which stops suddenly when a kid recognizes Greg as the family who brought a box jellyfish to the poolside . He tries to tell them that it was Manny 's fault , but they throw tennis balls at him . He quickly escapes the cage and goes back to the suite with his family . They were out of things to do and want to leave the resort early ; however , Frank refuses to leave until he gets a decent meal . Manny discovers that the suitcase they got on mistake fell and broke and also has the clothes they need to get in the clubhouse . They each wear some of the clothes in there ; they first head to the clubhouse , and then the putting green for golf . However , they are spotted by a security guard , who escorts them out of the green . A family had reported them for wearing their missing clothes . They attempted a failed getaway with a golf cart , and are ultimately sent back to the hotel to return the clothes . They were also ejected from the hotel for theft , so they were forced to stay overnight at the airport hotel . The next day , Susan refuses to leave the resort to leave on a high note . So they sneak in . They skip the pool and then find Rodrick 's girlfriend with a man named Rodrigo . They go back to the beach , and scavenge for food by distracting others and then eating their food . They go to take one more photo , but are spotted by the family who they took clothes from . The Heffleys try to escape the resort . Greg heads for the beach and windsurfs away . He gets stuck in the dolphin swimming area , but is chased back to shore by security . He ends up on the Wild Side ( couple ) of the beach and lands on a nude beach . Greg runs for the wall dividing the two sides ; just where his family was passing . Greg tries to climb over the wall , but it is destroyed by a stampede of Mild Side tourists . The family escapes unnoticed and heads to the airport . When they get back , Greg wants to show Rowley where he went to for his Christmas holidays . He discovers there that he and his family has been banned from the resort for the rest of their lives and are wanted . On Isla de Corales ' website , there is a picture of Greg 's family on the banana boat with words in Spanish : `` ¡ Atención ! Póngase en contacto con Isla de Corales si conoce la identidad de las personas en la foto de arriba '' meaning `` Attention ! Contact Isla de Corales if you know the identities of the people in the picture above . '' Release date ( edit ) The Getaway is the 12th book in the series , and was released everywhere except Canada and China on November 7 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) A week since its release , it has received 4.5 / 5 stars on Waterstones with 786 reviews . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wimpy Kid ( 27 April 2017 ) . `` Wimpy Kid LIVE Special 10th Anniversary Presentation and Cover Reveal of Book 12 ! '' . YouTube . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cover Of New Diary Of A Wimpy Kid Book Revealed By Jeff Kinney To Fans Worldwide At Live streamed Carnegie Hall Event Hosted By ABRAMS '' . Tristateupdate.com . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Getaway by Jeff Kinney -- Waterstones '' . Waterstones.com . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . ( hide ) The Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney Novels Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules The Last Straw Dog Days The Ugly Truth Cabin Fever The Third Wheel Hard Luck The Long Haul Old School Double Down The Getaway Characters Greg Heffley Film series Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules Dog Days The Long Haul Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diary_of_a_Wimpy_Kid:_The_Getaway&oldid=822122965 '' Categories : Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( series ) Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from August 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with too few wikilinks from December 2017 All articles with too few wikilinks Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 14 : 44 . 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Heart sounds - wikipedia Heart sounds Jump to : navigation , search Normal heart sounds Normal heart sounds as heard with a stethoscope Problems playing this file ? See media help . 72 BPM Heart sound Front of thorax , showing surface relations of bones , lungs ( purple ) , pleura ( blue ) , and heart ( red outline ) . The locations of best auscultation for each heart valve are labeled with `` M '' , `` T '' , `` A '' , and `` P '' . First heart sound : caused by atrioventricular valves - Mitral ( M ) and Tricuspid ( T ) . Second heart sound caused by semilunar valves -- Aortic ( A ) and Pulmonary / Pulmonic ( P ) . Diagram showing relations of opened heart to front of thoracic wall . Ant . Anterior segment of tricuspid valve . A O. Aorta . A.P. Anterior papillary muscle . In . Innominate artery . L.C.C. Left common carotid artery . L.S. Left subclavian artery . L.V. Left ventricle . P.A. Pulmonary artery . R.A. Right atrium . R.V. Right ventricle . V.S. Ventricular septum . Heart sounds are the noises generated by the beating heart and the resultant flow of blood through it . Specifically , the sounds reflect the turbulence created when the heart valves snap shut . In cardiac auscultation , an examiner may use a stethoscope to listen for these unique and distinct sounds that provide important auditory data regarding the condition of the heart . In healthy adults , there are two normal heart sounds , often described as a lub and a dub ( or dup ) , that occur in sequence with each heartbeat . These are the first heart sound ( S ) and second heart sound ( S ) , produced by the closing of the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves , respectively . In addition to these normal sounds , a variety of other sounds may be present including heart murmurs , adventitious sounds , and gallop rhythms S and S . Heart murmurs are generated by turbulent flow of blood , which may occur inside or outside the heart . Murmurs may be physiological ( benign ) or pathological ( abnormal ) . Abnormal murmurs can be caused by stenosis restricting the opening of a heart valve , resulting in turbulence as blood flows through it . Abnormal murmurs may also occur with valvular insufficiency ( regurgitation ) , which allows backflow of blood when the incompetent valve closes with only partial effectiveness . Different murmurs are audible in different parts of the cardiac cycle , depending on the cause of the murmur . Contents ( hide ) 1 Primary heart sounds 2 Extra heart sounds 3 Murmurs 3.1 Effects of breathing 3.2 Interventions that change murmurs 4 Other abnormal sounds 5 Surface anatomy 6 Recording heart sounds 7 See also 8 Notes and references 9 External links Primary heart sounds ( edit ) Normal heart sounds are associated with heart valves closing : S ( edit ) The first heart sound , or S , forms the `` lub '' of `` lub - dub '' and is composed of components M ( mitral valve closure ) and T ( tricuspid valve closure ) . Normally M precedes T slightly . It is caused by the closure of the atrioventricular valves , i.e. tricuspid and mitral ( bicuspid ) , at the beginning of ventricular contraction , or systole . When the ventricles begin to contract , so do the papillary muscles in each ventricle . The papillary muscles are attached to the cusps or leaflets of the tricuspid and mitral valves via chordae tendineae ( heart strings ) . When the papillary muscles contract , the chordae tendineae become tense and thereby prevent the backflow of blood into the lower pressure environment of the atria . The chordae tendineae act a bit like the strings on a parachute , and allow the leaflets of the valve to balloon up into the atria slightly , but not so much as to evert the cusp edges and allow back flow of blood . It is the pressure created from ventricular contraction that closes the valve , not the papillary muscles themselves . The contraction of the ventricle begins just prior to AV valves closing and prior to the semilunar valves opening . The sudden tensing of the chordae tendineae and the squeezing of the ventricles against closed semilunar valves , sends blood rushing back toward the atria , and the parachute - like valves catch the rush of blood in their leaflets causing the valve to snap shut . The S1 sound results from reverberation within the blood associated with the sudden block of flow reversal by the valves . The delay of T1 even more than normally causes the split S1 which is heard in a right bundle branch blockage . The second heart sound , or S , forms the `` dub '' of `` lub - dub '' and is composed of components A ( aortic valve closure ) and P ( pulmonary valve closure ) . Normally A precedes P especially during inspiration where a split of S can be heard . It is caused by the closure of the semilunar valves ( the aortic valve and pulmonary valve ) at the end of ventricular systole and the beginning of ventricular diastole . As the left ventricle empties , its pressure falls below the pressure in the aorta . Aortic blood flow quickly reverses back toward the left ventricle , catching the pocket - like cusps of the aortic valve , and is stopped by aortic valve closure . Similarly , as the pressure in the right ventricle falls below the pressure in the pulmonary artery , the pulmonary valve closes . The S sound results from reverberation within the blood associated with the sudden block of flow reversal . Splitting of S2 , also known as physiological split , normally occurs during inhalation because the decrease in intrathoracic pressure increases the time needed for pulmonary pressure to exceed that of the right ventricular pressure . A widely split S2 can be associated with several different cardiovascular conditions , including left bundle branch block , pulmonary stenosis , and atrial septal defect . Extra heart sounds ( edit ) The rarer extra heart sounds form gallop rhythms and are heard in both normal and abnormal situations . Main article : Third heart sound Rarely , there may be a third heart sound also called a protodiastolic gallop , ventricular gallop , or informally the `` Kentucky '' gallop as an onomatopoeic reference to the rhythm and stress of S1 followed by S2 and S3 together ( S1 = Ken ; S2 = tuck ; S3 = y ) . `` lub - dub - ta '' or `` slosh - ing - in '' If new , indicates heart failure or volume overload . It occurs at the beginning of diastole after S2 and is lower in pitch than S1 or S2 as it is not of valvular origin . The third heart sound is benign in youth , some trained athletes , and sometimes in pregnancy but if it re-emerges later in life it may signal cardiac problems , such as a failing left ventricle as in dilated congestive heart failure ( CHF ) . S3 is thought to be caused by the oscillation of blood back and forth between the walls of the ventricles initiated by blood rushing in from the atria . The reason the third heart sound does not occur until the middle third of diastole is probably that during the early part of diastole , the ventricles are not filled sufficiently to create enough tension for reverberation . It may also be a result of tensing of the chordae tendineae during rapid filling and expansion of the ventricle . In other words , an S3 heart sound indicates increased volume of blood within the ventricle . An S3 heart sound is best heard with the bell - side of the stethoscope ( used for lower frequency sounds ) . A left - sided S3 is best heard in the left lateral decubitus position and at the apex of the heart , which is normally located in the 5th left intercostal space at the midclavicular line . A right - sided S3 is best heard at the lower - left sternal border . The way to distinguish between a left and right - sided S3 is to observe whether it increases in intensity with inhalation or exhalation . A right - sided S3 will increase on inhalation , while a left - sided S3 will increase on exhalation . S3 can be a normal finding in young patients but is generally pathologic over the age of 40 . The most common cause of pathologic S3 is congestive heart failure . Main article : Fourth heart sound S4 when audible in an adult is called a presystolic gallop or atrial gallop . This gallop is produced by the sound of blood being forced into a stiff or hypertrophic ventricle . `` ta - lub - dub '' or `` a-stiff - wall '' It is a sign of a pathologic state , usually a failing or hypertrophic left ventricle , as in systemic hypertension , severe valvular aortic stenosis , and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy . The sound occurs just after atrial contraction at the end of diastole and immediately before S1 , producing a rhythm sometimes referred to as the `` Tennessee '' gallop where S4 represents the `` Ten - '' syllable . It is best heard at the cardiac apex with the patient in the left lateral decubitus position and holding his breath . The combined presence of S3 and S4 is a quadruple gallop , also known as the `` Hello - Goodbye '' gallop . At rapid heart rates , S3 and S4 may merge to produce a summation gallop , sometimes referred to as S7 . Atrial contraction must be present for production of an S4 . It is absent in atrial fibrillation and in other rhythms in which atrial contraction does not precede ventricular contraction . Murmurs ( edit ) Auscultogram from normal and abnormal heart sounds . Heart murmurs are produced as a result of turbulent flow of blood strong enough to produce audible noise . They are usually heard as a whooshing sound . The term murmur only refers to a sound believed to originate within blood flow through or near the heart ; rapid blood velocity is necessary to produce a murmur . Most heart problems do not produce any murmur and most valve problems also do not produce an audible murmur . Murmurs can be heard in many situations in adults without major congenital heart abnormalities : Regurgitation through the mitral valve is by far the most commonly heard murmur , producing a pansystolic / holosystolic murmur which is sometimes fairly loud to a practiced ear , even though the volume of regurgitant blood flow may be quite small . Yet , though obvious using echocardiography visualization , probably about 20 % of cases of mitral regurgitation do not produce an audible murmur . Stenosis of the aortic valve is typically the next most common heart murmur , a systolic ejection murmur . This is more common in older adults or in those individuals having a two - leaflet , not a three - leaflet , aortic valve . Regurgitation through the aortic valve , if marked , is sometimes audible to a practiced ear with a high quality , especially electronically amplified , stethoscope . Generally , this is a very rarely heard murmur , even though aortic valve regurgitation is not so rare . Aortic regurgitation , though obvious using echocardiography visualization , usually does not produce an audible murmur . Stenosis of the mitral valve , if severe , also rarely produces an audible , low frequency soft rumbling murmur , best recognized by a practiced ear using a high quality , especially electronically amplified , stethoscope . Other audible murmurs are associated with abnormal openings between the left ventricle and right heart or from the aortic or pulmonary arteries back into a lower pressure heart chamber . Gradations of Murmurs ( Defined based on use of an acoustic , not a high - fidelity amplified electronic stethoscope ) Grade Description Grade 1 Very faint , heard only after listener has `` tuned in '' ; may not be heard in all positions . Only heard if the patient `` bears down '' or performs the Valsalva maneuver . Grade 2 Quiet , but heard immediately after placing the stethoscope on the chest . Grade 3 Moderately loud . Grade 4 Loud , with palpable thrill ( a tremor or vibration felt on palpation ) Grade 5 Very loud , with thrill . May be heard when stethoscope is partly off the chest . Grade 6 Very loud , with thrill . May be heard with stethoscope entirely off the chest . Though several different cardiac conditions can cause heart murmurs , the murmurs can change markedly with the severity of the cardiac disease . An astute physician can sometimes diagnose cardiac conditions with some accuracy based largely on the murmur , related physical examination , and experience with the relative frequency of different heart conditions . However , with the advent of better quality and wider availability of echocardiography and other techniques , heart status can be recognized and quantified much more accurately than formerly possible with only a stethoscope , examination , and experience . Another advantage to the use of the echocardiogram is that the devices can be hand held . Effects of breathing ( edit ) Inhalation decreases intrathoracic pressure which allows more venous blood to return to the right heart ( pulling blood into the right side of the heart via a vacuum - like effect ) . Therefore , right - sided heart murmurs generally increase in intensity with inhalation . The decreased ( more negative ) intrathoracic pressure has an opposite effect on the left side of the heart , making it harder for the blood to exit into circulation . Therefore , left - sided murmurs generally decrease in intensity during inhalation . Increasing venous blood return to the right side of the heart by raising a patient 's legs to a 45 - degree while lying supine produces similar effect which occurs during inhalation . Inhalation can also produce a non-pathological split S2 which will be heard upon auscultation . With exhalation , the opposite haemodynamic changes occur : left - sided murmurs generally increase in intensity with exhalation . Interventions that change murmurs ( edit ) Main article : Heart murmur There are a number of interventions that can be performed that alter the intensity and characteristics of abnormal heart sounds . These interventions can differentiate the different heart sounds to more effectively obtain a diagnosis of the cardiac anomaly that causes the heart sound . Other abnormal sounds ( edit ) Clicks -- Heart clicks are short , high - pitched sounds that can be appreciated with modern non-invasive imaging techniques . Rubs -- The pericardial friction rub can be heard in pericarditis , an inflammation of the pericardium , the sac surrounding the heart . This is a characteristic scratching , creaking , high - pitched sound emanating from the rubbing of both layers of inflamed pericardium . It is the loudest in systole , but can often be heard at the beginning and at the end of diastole . It is very dependent on body position and breathing , and changes from hour to hour . Surface anatomy ( edit ) The aortic area , pulmonic area , tricuspid area and mitral area are areas on the surface of the chest where the heart is auscultated . Heart sounds result from reverberation within the blood associated with the sudden block of flow reversal by the valves closing . Because of this , auscultation to determine function of a valve is usually not performed at the position of the valve , but at the position to where the sound waves reverberate . Aortic valve ( to aorta ) right second intercostal space upper right sternal border Pulmonary valve ( to pulmonary trunk ) left second intercostal space upper left sternal border Erb 's point Left third intercostal space left sternal border Tricuspid valve ( to right ventricle ) left fourth , fifth intercostal spaces lower left sternal border Mitral valve ( to left ventricle ) left fifth intercostal space left midclavicular line Recording heart sounds ( edit ) Using electronic stethoscopes , it is possible to record heart sounds via direct output to an external recording device , such as a laptop or MP3 recorder . The same connection can be used to listen to the previously recorded auscultation through the stethoscope headphones , allowing for more detailed study of murmurs and other heart sounds , for general research as well as evaluation of a particular patient 's condition . See also ( edit ) Pulse Physical examination Precordial examination Benign pediatric heart murmur Iambic pentameter , a metre in poetry which follows a similar rhythm to the human heartbeat Pulsatile tinnitus - hearing a heartbeat sound in one or both ears Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://depts.washington.edu/physdx/heart/tech2.html Jump up ^ https://depts.washington.edu/physdx/heart/tech2.html Jump up ^ `` thrill '' . Medline Plus Medical Dictionary . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Lenny ( 2016 - 01 - 02 ) , `` Heart doctors are listening for clues to the future of their stethoscopes '' , Washington Post . External links ( edit ) University of Michigan Heart Sound and Murmur Library . Auscultation Assistant . UCLA Heart Sounds - Heart Murmurs . practicalclinicalskills.com Physiology of the cardiovascular system Heart Cardiac output Cardiac cycle Cardiac output Heart rate Stroke volume Stroke volume End - diastolic volume End - systolic volume Afterload Preload Frank -- Starling law Cardiac function curve Venous return curve Wiggers diagram Pressure volume diagram Ultrasound Fractional shortening = ( End - diastolic dimension End - systolic dimension ) / End - diastolic dimension Aortic valve area calculation Ejection fraction Cardiac index Heart rate Cardiac pacemaker Chronotropic ( Heart rate ) Dromotropic ( Conduction velocity ) Inotropic ( Contractility ) Bathmotropic ( Excitability ) Lusitropic ( Relaxation ) Conduction Conduction system Cardiac electrophysiology Action potential cardiac atrial ventricular Effective refractory period Pacemaker potential Electrocardiography P wave PR interval QRS complex QT interval ST segment T wave U wave Hexaxial reference system Chamber pressure Central venous Right atrial ventricular pulmonary artery wedge Left atrial ventricular Aortic Other Ventricular remodeling Vascular system / Hemodynamics Blood flow Compliance Vascular resistance Pulse Perfusion Blood pressure Pulse pressure Systolic Diastolic Mean arterial pressure Jugular venous pressure Portal venous pressure Regulation of BP Baroreflex Kinin -- kallikrein system Renin -- angiotensin system Vasoconstrictors Vasodilators Autoregulation Myogenic mechanism Tubuloglomerular feedback Cerebral autoregulation Paraganglia Aortic body Carotid body Glomus cell Medical examination and history taking Medical history Chief complaint History of the present illness Systems review Nursing assessment Allergies Medications Past medical history Surgical history Family history Social history Psychiatric history Progress notes Mnemonics SAMPLE OPQRST SOAP COASTMAP Physical examination General / IPPA Inspection Auscultation Palpation Percussion Vital signs Temperature Heart rate Blood pressure Respiratory rate HEENT Oral mucosa TM Eyes ( Ophthalmoscopy , Swinging - flashlight test ) Hearing ( Weber , Rinne ) Respiratory Respiratory sounds Cyanosis Clubbing Cardiovascular Precordial examination Peripheral vascular examination Heart sounds Other Jugular venous pressure Abdominojugular test Carotid bruit Ankle - brachial pressure index Abdominal Digestive Liver span Rectal Murphy 's sign Bowel sounds Urinary Murphy 's punch sign Extremities / Joint Back ( Straight leg raise ) Knee ( McMurray test ) Hip Wrist ( Tinel sign , Phalen maneuver ) Shoulder ( Adson 's sign ) GALS screen Neurological Mental state Mini -- mental state examination Cranial nerve examination Upper limb neurological examination Neonatal Apgar score Ballard Maturational Assessment Gynecological Well - woman examination Vaginal examination Breast examination Cervical motion tenderness Assessment and plan Medical diagnosis Differential diagnosis Symptoms and signs relating to the cardiovascular system ( R00 -- R03 , 785 ) Chest pain Referred pain Angina Aerophagia Auscultation Heart sounds Split S2 S3 S4 Gallop rhythm Heart murmur Systolic Diastolic Continuous Pericardial friction rub Heart click Bruit carotid Pulse Tachycardia Bradycardia Pulsus tardus et parvus Pulsus paradoxus doubled Pulsus bisferiens Dicrotic pulse Pulsus bigeminus Pulsus alternans Pulse deficit Vascular disease Gangrene Other Palpitations Apex beat Cœur en sabot Jugular venous pressure Cannon A waves Hyperaemia Shock Cardiogenic Hypovolemic Distributive Septic Neurogenic Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heart_sounds&oldid=830133817 '' Categories : Cardiology Audible medical signs Symptoms and signs : Cardiac Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Português Svenska ไทย 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 March 2018 , at 23 : 20 . 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when do you hear the lub and dub sounds of the heart

the closing of the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves, respectively

in healthy adults,

Gina Tognoni - wikipedia Gina Tognoni Jump to : navigation , search Gina Tognoni ( 1973 - 11 - 28 ) November 28 , 1973 ( age 44 ) St. Louis , Missouri , U.S. Occupation Actress businesswoman Years active 1995 -- present Television Guiding Light ( 2004 -- 2009 ) One Life to Live ( 1995 -- 2001 , 2002 , 2010 -- 2011 ) The Young and the Restless ( 2014 -- present ) Spouse ( s ) Joseph Chiarello ( m . 2009 ) Gina Tognoni / toʊnˈjoʊni / ( born November 28 , 1973 ) is an American actress , best known for her work with American daytime soap operas . Her most notable performances include Kelly Cramer on One Life to Live and Dinah Marler on Guiding Light . She is currently starring as Phyllis Summers on The Young and the Restless . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Career ( edit ) Tognoni is known for her roles on daytime television soap operas . In 1995 , she made her soap debut as Kelly Cramer in ABC 's One Life to Live . She appeared on the show until 2001 . In April 2001 , it was announced that Tognoni , after six years with the show , had decided not to renew her contract with the series . Tognoni returned to daytime television as Dinah Marler on CBS 's Guiding Light in July 2004 , and won her first Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2006 for her work on the show . In 2007 , she was nominated again in the same category but lost to Genie Francis . She won her second Emmy in 2008 , becoming only the second actress to be a repeat winner in the Supporting Actress category . In 2009 , after CBS canceled Guiding Light , Tognoni returned to her role as Kelly Cramer on One Life to Live . Also it was reported that Tognoni was in talks with several soaps for her post-Guiding Light gig . Following the April 2011 cancelation of One Life to Live and All My Children , it was announced that Tognoni and co-star Tom Degnan , who was portraying Joey Buchanan at the time , would exit the series before its January 2012 finale . In addition to her career on soaps , Tognoni had guest - starring roles in Law & Order : Special Victims Unit and The Sopranos , and co-starred in a number of television shows and independent films . On May 22 , 2014 , it was announced that Tognoni was cast as Phyllis Summers in CBS 's The Young and the Restless , replacing Michelle Stafford . Tognoni made her debut on August 11 , 2014 . Personal Life ( edit ) Tognoni was born in St. Louis , Missouri . She won Miss Rhode Island Teen USA in 1991 and Miss Rhode Island Teen All - American in 1993 . Tognoni became engaged to Joseph Chiarello on November 21 , 2007 . She was introduced to him by her co-star Beth Ehlers . The two were married May 16 , 2009 . Filmography ( edit ) List of acting performances in film and television Year Title Role Notes 1995 -- 2001 , 2002 , 2010 -- 2011 One Life to Live Kelly Cramer Series regular 2002 Pride & Loyalty Stephanie 2003 Fastlane Gabriella Episode : `` Iced '' 2003 This Time Around Cara Cabot Television film 2003 Phenomenon II Officer Claire Television film 2004 -- 2009 Guiding Light Dinah Marler Series regular 2005 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Officer Kristen Vaill Episode : `` Goliath '' 2005 Art Barbara Short film 2006 The Sopranos Catherine Lipman Episode : `` The Fleshy Part of the Thigh '' 2009 Venice : The Series Sami Nelson Web series 2011 In the Family Nurse Jackson 2014 -- present The Young and the Restless Phyllis Summers Series regular Awards and nominations ( edit ) List of acting awards and nominations Year Award Title Result Ref . Soap Opera Digest Award Outstanding Female Newcomer One Life to Live Nominated Soap Opera Digest Award Outstanding Younger Lead Actress One Life to Live Nominated 1998 Soap Opera Digest Award Outstanding Younger Lead Actress One Life to Live Nominated 2005 Soap Opera Digest Award Favorite Return Guiding Light Nominated 2006 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Guiding Light Won 2007 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Guiding Light Nominated 2008 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Guiding Light Won 2015 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series The Young and the Restless Nominated 2017 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series The Young and the Restless Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( 2001 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Tognoni to end six - year stay in Llanview '' . SoapCentral . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( 2009 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Gina Tognoni close to deciding on her post-GL career '' . SoapCentral . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AMC and OLTL Canceled '' . Soap Opera Digest . Soapoperadigest.com. 2011 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( 2011 - 06 - 07 ) . `` Gina Tognoni , Tom Degnan exiting OLTL this summer '' . SoapCentral . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( 2011 - 05 - 31 ) . `` Is Gina Tognoni headed out of One Life to Live early ? '' . Michael Fairman On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ SOD ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` GINA TOGNONI IS Y&R 'S NEW PHYLLIS ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Gina Tognoni Joins The Young and the Restless '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gina Tognoni : Biography '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ellen DeGeneres repeats sweep of Daytime Emmys '' . Kentucky New Era . Los Angeles : Taylor W. Hayes . Associated Press . May 1 , 2006 . p. 8 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bonawitz , Amy ( February 11 , 2009 ) . `` 34th Annual Daytime Emmy Winners '' . New York City : CBS News . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Stephen M. ( June 21 , 2008 ) . `` Ellen DeGeneres , Tyra Banks Win Daytime Emmys '' . People . New York City : Time Inc . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 42nd Annual Daytime Emmy Award Nominations '' ( PDF ) . New York : emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . March 31 , 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 31 , 2015 . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 44th Annual Daytime Emmy Award Nominations '' ( PDF ) . New York City : emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . March 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Gina Tognoni on IMDb Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Elizabeth Hubbard ( 1974 ) Susan Flannery ( 1975 ) Helen Gallagher ( 1976 ) Helen Gallagher ( 1977 ) Laurie Heineman ( 1978 ) Irene Dailey ( 1979 ) Judith Light ( 1980 ) Judith Light ( 1981 ) Robin Strasser ( 1982 ) Dorothy Lyman ( 1983 ) Erika Slezak ( 1984 ) Kim Zimmer ( 1985 ) Erika Slezak ( 1986 ) Kim Zimmer ( 1987 ) Helen Gallagher ( 1988 ) Marcy Walker ( 1989 ) Kim Zimmer ( 1990 ) Finola Hughes ( 1991 ) Erika Slezak ( 1992 ) Linda Dano ( 1993 ) Hillary B. Smith ( 1994 ) Erika Slezak ( 1995 ) Erika Slezak ( 1996 ) Jess Walton ( 1997 ) Cynthia Watros ( 1998 ) Susan Lucci ( 1999 ) Susan Flannery ( 2000 ) Martha Byrne ( 2001 ) Susan Flannery ( 2002 ) Susan Flannery ( 2003 ) Michelle Stafford ( 2004 ) Erika Slezak ( 2005 ) Kim Zimmer ( 2006 ) Maura West ( 2007 ) Jeanne Cooper ( 2008 ) Susan Haskell ( 2009 ) Maura West ( 2010 ) Laura Wright ( 2011 ) Heather Tom ( 2012 ) Heather Tom ( 2013 ) Eileen Davidson ( 2014 ) Maura West ( 2015 ) Mary Beth Evans ( 2016 ) Gina Tognoni ( 2017 ) Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Suzanne Rogers ( 1979 ) Francesca James ( 1980 ) Jane Elliot ( 1981 ) Dorothy Lyman ( 1982 ) Louise Shaffer ( 1983 ) Judi Evans ( 1984 ) Beth Maitland ( 1985 ) Leann Hunley ( 1986 ) Kathleen Noone ( 1987 ) Ellen Wheeler ( 1988 ) Nancy Lee Grahn / Debbi Morgan ( 1989 ) Julia Barr ( 1990 ) Jess Walton ( 1991 ) Maeve Kinkead ( 1992 ) Ellen Parker ( 1993 ) Susan Haskell ( 1994 ) Rena Sofer ( 1995 ) Anna Holbrook ( 1996 ) Michelle Stafford ( 1997 ) Julia Barr ( 1998 ) Sharon Case ( 1999 ) Sarah Joy Brown ( 2000 ) Lesli Kay ( 2001 ) Crystal Chappell ( 2002 ) Vanessa Marcil ( 2003 ) Cady McClain ( 2004 ) Natalia Livingston ( 2005 ) Gina Tognoni ( 2006 ) Genie Francis ( 2007 ) Gina Tognoni ( 2008 ) Tamara Braun ( 2009 ) Julie Pinson ( 2010 ) Heather Tom ( 2011 ) Nancy Lee Grahn ( 2012 ) Julie Berman ( 2013 ) Amelia Heinle ( 2014 ) Amelia Heinle ( 2015 ) Jessica Collins ( 2016 ) Kate Mansi ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gina_Tognoni&oldid=827222635 '' Categories : 1973 births Living people Miss Teen USA 1993 delegates American soap opera actresses American people of Italian descent Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series winners Daytime Emmy Award winners 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses of Italian descent American television actresses Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 13 : 50 . 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List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals - wikipedia List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 19 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search See also : List of footballers in England and Scotland by number of league goals Alan Shearer was the first player to score 200 Premier League goals , and only player to score 100 goals for two clubs . Wayne Rooney is the second Premier League player to score 200 goals or more , behind only Shearer and the only active player as of 2018 to do so . Frank Lampard is the Premier League 's highest scoring midfielder of all time . Thierry Henry scored 175 Premier League goals , the most by a foreign player . Ryan Giggs is the only player to have scored in each of the first 21 Premier League seasons . Didier Drogba is the only African player to score 100 Premier League goals . Since the Premier League 's formation at the start of the 1992 -- 93 season , 28 players have managed to accrue 100 or more goals in the competition . During the 1995 -- 96 season , Alan Shearer became the first player to score 100 Premier League goals , and holds the record for the fewest games taken to reach 100 , doing so in 124 appearances . He also holds the record for most goals scored in the Premier League . After Shearer , Harry Kane is the second - fastest to 100 goals , doing so in 141 games . Players ( edit ) As of 18 April 2018 . Sources : List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals Rank Player Position Premier League club ( s ) Goals Played Ratio Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer Blackburn Rovers , Newcastle United 260 441 0.59 Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney Everton , Manchester United 208 484 0.43 Cole , Andy Andy Cole Newcastle United , Manchester United , Blackburn Rovers , Fulham , Manchester City , Portsmouth 187 414 0.45 Lampard , Frank Frank Lampard MF West Ham United , Chelsea , Manchester City 177 609 0.29 Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry Arsenal 175 258 0.68 6 Fowler , Robbie Robbie Fowler Liverpool , Leeds United , Manchester City 163 379 0.43 7 Defoe , Jermain Jermain Defoe West Ham United , Portsmouth , Tottenham Hotspur , Sunderland , Bournemouth 162 485 0.33 8 Owen , Michael Michael Owen Liverpool , Newcastle United , Manchester United , Stoke City 150 326 0.46 9 Ferdinand , Les Les Ferdinand Queens Park Rangers , Newcastle United , Tottenham Hotspur , West Ham United , Leicester City , Bolton Wanderers 149 351 0.42 10 Sheringham , Teddy Teddy Sheringham Nottingham Forest , Tottenham Hotspur , Manchester United , Portsmouth , West Ham United 146 418 0.35 11 van Persie , Robin Robin van Persie Arsenal , Manchester United 144 280 0.51 12 Agüero , Sergio Sergio Agüero Manchester City 143 204 0.70 13 Hasselbaink , Jimmy Floyd Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink Leeds United , Chelsea , Middlesbrough , Charlton Athletic 127 288 0.44 14 Keane , Robbie Robbie Keane Coventry City , Leeds United , Tottenham Hotspur , Liverpool , West Ham United , Aston Villa 126 349 0.36 15 Anelka , Nicolas Nicolas Anelka Arsenal , Liverpool , Manchester City , Bolton Wanderers , Chelsea , West Bromwich Albion 125 364 0.34 16 Yorke , Dwight Dwight Yorke Aston Villa , Manchester United , Blackburn Rovers , Birmingham City , Sunderland 123 375 0.33 17 Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard MF Liverpool 120 504 0.24 18 Wright , Ian Ian Wright Arsenal , West Ham United 113 213 0.53 19 Dublin , Dion Dion Dublin Manchester United , Coventry City , Aston Villa 111 312 0.36 20 Heskey , Emile Emile Heskey Leicester City , Liverpool , Birmingham City , Wigan Athletic , Aston Villa 110 516 0.21 21 Giggs , Ryan Ryan Giggs MF Manchester United 109 632 0.17 22 Crouch , Peter Peter Crouch Aston Villa , Southampton , Liverpool , Portsmouth , Tottenham Hotspur , Stoke City 107 454 0.23 22 Scholes , Paul Paul Scholes MF Manchester United 107 499 0.21 24 Bent , Darren Darren Bent Ipswich Town , Charlton Athletic , Tottenham Hotspur , Sunderland , Aston Villa , Fulham 106 276 0.38 25 Kane , Harry Harry Kane Tottenham Hotspur , Norwich City 104 149 0.70 26 Drogba , Didier Didier Drogba Chelsea 104 254 0.41 27 Lukaku , Romelu Romelu Lukaku West Bromwich Albion , Everton , Manchester United 101 216 0.47 28 Le Tissier , Matt Matt Le Tissier MF Southampton 100 270 0.37 Italics show players still playing professional football ; Bold shows players still playing in the Premier League . See also ( edit ) English football first tier top scorers List of top Premier League goal scorers by season List of Premier League players with 500 or more appearances References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bent poised to join 100 club '' . PremierLeague.com . Premier League . 30 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bent delighted to join 100 goals club '' . PremierLeague.com . Premier League . 2 February 2012 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Dan Kilpatrick ( 4 February 2018 ) . `` Tottenham striker Harry Kane scores 100th Premier League goal '' . ESPN . ^ Jump up to : `` Premier League Player Stats : Goals '' . PremierLeague.com . Premier League . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League Players -- Overview and Stats '' . PremierLeague.com . Premier League . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Premier League Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Clubs 2017 -- 18 AFC Bournemouth Arsenal Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Stoke City Swansea City Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Former Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Cardiff City Charlton Athletic Coventry City Derby County Fulham Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Norwich City Nottingham Forest Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Sunderland Swindon Town Wigan Athletic Wimbledon ( defunct ) Wolverhampton Wanderers ( returning in 2018 - 19 ) Competition Teams winners Players foreign foreign scorers winners Managers Stadia Founding Broadcasting foundation Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table Hat - tricks Highest scores Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Season Player of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Players with 500 + appearances Players with 100 + goals Top scorers by season Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Transfer records Game 39 Premier League -- Football League gulf Associated competitions Asia Trophy FA Community Shield FA Cup EFL Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Premier League 2 U18 Premier League Premier League International Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Premier_League_players_with_100_or_more_goals&oldid=837185393 '' Categories : Lists of Premier League players Association football records and statistics Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use dmy dates from March 2012 Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Bosanski Dansk Español Italiano Shqip Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 07 : 24 . 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List of Premier League players

List of owners of English football clubs - wikipedia List of owners of English football clubs Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of the current owners of English football clubs , as well as ( in some cases ) their estimated net worth and source of wealth . All figures are listed in millions rather than billions . For example , £ 1,000 m would be one billion ( 1,000,000,000 ) pounds . Only shareholders with a significant interest ( above 10 % ) are listed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premier League 2 Football League Championship 3 League One 4 League Two 5 References Premier League ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Club Owner ( s ) Estimated combined net worth Source of wealth Arsenal ( more information ) E. Stanley Kroenke ( 67.05 % ) Alisher Usmanov ( 30.04 % ) 15 ! $22.4 B Kroenke Sports Enterprises Metal and mining , investment Bournemouth Maxim Demin ( 75 % ) PEAK6 Investments ( 25 % ) Petrochemicals trading Seven Developments Brighton & Hove Albion Tony Bloom ( 75.61 % ) 12 ! $1.7 B Online Gambling , Real Estate , Property , Land Development & Investments Burnley Mike Garlick ( 49.3 % ) John Banaszkiewicz ( 27.55 % ) 18 ! $80 M -- - Michael Bailey Associates Freight Investor Services Chelsea ( more information ) Roman Abramovich 03 ! $9.3 B Oil and industry Crystal Palace Steve Parish Martin Long Joshua Harris David S. Blitzer Jeremy Hosking Stephen Browett 15 ! $65 M $100 M $3.2 B $1.3 B $250 M $110 M Tag Worldwide Churchill Insurance Apollo Global Management Blackstone Group Marathon Asset Management Farr Vintners Everton ( more information ) Farhad Moshiri ( 49.9 % ) Bill Kenwright CBE Jon Woods 15 ! $2.3 B Steel and energy Theatre production Planet Hollywood Ocean Software Huddersfield Town Dean Hoyle 09 ! $475 M Card Factory Leicester City The Srivaddhanaprabha Family 10 ! $4.9 B King Power International Group Liverpool ( more information ) John W. Henry 11 ! $2.5 B Fenway Sports Group Manchester City ( more information ) Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan ( 87 % ) China Media Capital ( 13 % ) 01 ! $44 B Oil and industry investment Government Manchester United ( more information ) The Glazer Family 06 ! $4.9 B First Allied Corporation , Tampa Bay Buccaneers Newcastle United ( more information ) Mike Ashley 04 ! $3.3 B Sports Direct International Southampton Gao Jisheng ( 80 % ) Katharina Liebherr ( 20 % ) 07 ! $3.9 B + Lander Sports Development Co Ltd Inheritance Stoke City The Coates Family 08 ! $3.1 B Bet365 Swansea City Stephen Kaplan & Jason Levien ( 68 % ) Swansea City Supporters Trust ( 21.1 % ) -- - -- - Memphis Grizzlies and D.C. United Investment trust Tottenham Hotspur ( more information ) Joe Lewis ( 70.6 % of 85 % holding company ) Daniel Levy ( 29.4 % of 85 % holding company ) 05 ! $5.6 B -- - Tavistock Group ENIC Group Watford Gino Pozzo -- - Businessman West Bromwich Albion ( more information ) Guochuan Lai ( 87.8 % ) 18 ! $6.2 B Investment West Ham United ( more information ) David Sullivan ( 51.1 % ) David Gold ( 35.1 % ) Straumur Investment Bank ( 10 % ) 13 ! $520 M $325 M -- - Daily Sport , Sunday Sport Gold Group International Straumur Investment Bank Football League Championship ( edit ) Club Owner ( s ) Estimated combined net worth ( £ m ) Source of wealth Aston Villa ( more information ) Dr. Tony Xia $1.2 B ! $1.2 B Recon Group Barnsley Patrick Cryne 14 ! $40 M iSOFT Birmingham City ( more information ) Paul Suen ( 60.78 % ) Wang Lei ( 5.28 % ) Carson Yeung ( 6.51 % ) 21 ! $570 M Birmingham International Holdings Bolton Wanderers Eddie Davies CBE 13 ! $52 M Strix Brentford Matthew Benham ( 96 % ) Bristol City Stephen Lansdown 01 ! $1.9 B Hargreaves Lansdown Burton Albion Ben Robinson Cardiff City Vincent Tan ( 51 % ) 01 ! $820 M Berjaya Group Derby County Mel Morris $520 M King Fulham ( more information ) Shahid Khan 09 ! $8.9 B Flex - N-Gate Corp ( automobile parts manufacturer ) Hull City The Allam Family 15 ! $325 M Allam Marine Ipswich Town Marcus Evans 02 ! $825 M Marcus Evans Group Leeds United Andrea Radrizzani Eleonora Sports Ltd Aser Group Company Middlesbrough Steve Gibson 10 ! $260 M Bulkhaul Limited Millwall John Berylson Richard Smith 11 ! $175 M Chestnut Hill Ventures Norwich City ( more information ) Delia Smith and Michael Wynn - Jones ( 53 % ) Michael Foulger ( 15 % ) 20 ! $30 M Food industry Publishing Poultry Nottingham Forest Evangelos Marinakis 21 ! $650 M Owner of Olympiacos F.C. Preston North End Trevor Hemmings CVO ( 51.4 % ) 02 ! $720 M Blackpool Tower , horse racing , investment , Northern Trust , Sportech Queens Park Rangers ( more information ) Tony Fernandes ( 66 % ) Lakshmi Mittal ( 33 % ) 03 ! $345 M $16.4 B Air Asia , Tune Group ArcelorMittal Reading ( more information ) Narin Niruttinanon ( 50 % ) Sasima Srivikorn ( 25 % ) Sumrith Thanakarnjanasuth ( 25 % ) Sheffield United Abdullah bin Musa'ed ( 50 % ) 03 ! $155 M Property Oil Sheffield Wednesday Dejphon Chansiri Thai Union Group Sunderland Ellis Short 09 ! $2.9 B Lone Star Funds , Skibo Castle Wolverhampton Wanderers Fosun International ( parent company ) Guo Guangchang ( co-owner of Fosun ) $6.2 B Investment League One ( edit ) Club Owner ( s ) Estimated combined net worth Source of wealth AFC Wimbledon Wimbledon Football Club Supporters ' Society ( The Dons Trust ) Supporters Trust Blackburn Rovers Balaji & Venkatesh Rao ( 99.9 % ) 04 ! $650 M Venkateshwara Hatcheries Group Bradford City Bristol Rovers Dwane Sports ( 92 % ) Banking and tourism Bury Save Our Shakers Trust ( 63.8 % ) The Bury F.C. Supporters Society Ltd ( Forever Bury ) ( 11 % ) Investment trusts Charlton Athletic Roland Duchatelet ( 95 % ) 24 ! Staprix NV Doncaster Rovers John Ryan Dick Watson ( 26 % ) Terry Bramall CBE 07 ! $36 M MYA Cosmetic Surgery Construction Keepmoat Fleetwood Town Andy Pilley ( 98 % ) BES Group Gillingham Paul Scally Milton Keynes Dons Pete Winkelman InterMK Group Northampton Town David Anthony Cardoza Anthony Michael Cardoza Deborah Jones Trustees of Stuart Wilson Oldham Athletic Simon Corney ( 97 % ) Oxford United Ian Lenagan Peterborough United Darragh MacAnthony Property Investment Rochdale Chris Dunphy Plymouth Argyle James Brent Portsmouth Michael Eisner $1 B Media ; former CEO of The Walt Disney Company ; Tornante Rotherham United Tony Stewart 49 % J Stewart 46 % R Stewart 5 % $180 M Lighting industry Scunthorpe United Peter Swann and family $445 M Retail ; live entertainments ; horse racing Shrewsbury Town Roland Wycherley Southend United Ron Martin Property Walsall Jeff Bonser Wigan Athletic Dave Whelan 17 ! $250 M DW Sports Fitness , JJB Sports League Two ( edit ) Club Owner ( s ) Estimated combined net worth Source of wealth Accrington Stanley The Styring Family ( 12 % ) Accrington Stanley Supporters Fund ( 12 % ) Peter Marsden ( 10 % ) Investment trust Barnet Blackpool Owen Oyston ( 80 % ) Valeri Belokon ( 25 % ) 07 ! $105 M $195 M Publishing , Media & Estate Agency Finance , Media , Food Industry & Mining Cambridge United Grosvenor Fund Management Grosvenor Group Owned by the Duke of Westminster and family Property Carlisle United ( more information ) A. Jenkins ( 37 % of 93 % holding company ) J. Nixon ( 18 % ) S. Pattison ( 18 % ) The United Trust ( 25.4 % ) Pioneer Foods Businessman ( retired ) Carlisle Glass Investment Trust Cheltenham Town Paul Baker Chesterfield Dave Allen Colchester United Robbie Cowling 09 ! $26 M JobServe Coventry City Joy Seppala & Dermot Coleman Sisu Capital Crawley Town The Executors of Bruce Winfield 's Estate Freight transport and inheritance from marketing services Crewe Alexandra N. Hassall ( 32 % of 60 % holding company ) D. Potts ( 23 % of 60 % holding company ) RJ Rowlinson ( 25 % ) The Rowlinson Group Exeter City Exeter City FC Supporters ' Trust - Trust Ownership Working Group Supporters Trust Grimsby Town John Fenty ( 42.91 % ) Mike Parker ( 22 % ) The Mariners Trust ( 14.13 % ) $18 M Five Star Fish Entrepreneur Supporters Trust Luton Town Luton Town Football Club 2020 LTD Mansfield Town John Radford Morecambe Peter McGuigan Newport County Newport County AFC Supporters Trust Supporters Trust Notts County Alan Hardy ( 1 ) Paragon ) , private companies Port Vale Norman Smurthwaite ( 100 % ) $39 M Property Stevenage Phil Wallace ( 91 % ) 05 ! $60 M Lamex Food Group Swindon Town Wycombe Wanderers Wycombe Wanderers Trust Investment trust Yeovil Town John Fry ( 46.9 % ) Norman Hayward ( 45.1 % ) Property References ( edit ) Jump up ^ . 26 May 2016 https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/may/26/arsenal-stan-kroenke-increases-shareholding . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` # 66 Alisher Usmanov '' . Forbes . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # 182 Stanley Kroenke '' . Forbes . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russian businessman Maxim Demin completes Bournemouth deal '' . BBC Sport. 9 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Wilson . `` AFC Bournemouth owner Maxim Demin sells 25 per cent stake to US private equity firm '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Football Rich List 2011 / 12 : The Full 100 '' . Four Four Two . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Board of Directors / CEO '' . Burnley F.C . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Rich List 2014 '' . Hertfordshire Life . 31 March 2014 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Club Personnel '' . Chelsea F.C . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` # 139 Roman Abramovich '' . Forbes . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # 745 Joshua Harris '' . Forbes . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Senior changes at Tag Worldwide '' . Williams Lea. 24 October 2012 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` # 896 Farhad Moshiri '' . Forbes . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Company Details '' . Leicester City F.C . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha '' . Forbes . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Information '' . Liverpool F.C . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` John Henry '' . Forbes . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who owns the club ? '' . Manchester United F.C . Archived from the original on 15 March 2011 . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Glazer family '' . Forbes . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Ashley '' . Forbes . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Mandy Morrow ( 8 April 2014 ) . `` 9 . Katharina Liebherr -- Southampton -- Net Worth : $3 Billion '' . The Richest . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Who at Stoke City Football Club '' . Stoke City F.C . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Online gambling makes Stoke woman a billionaire '' . Financial Times . 13 April 2015 . Retrieved 17 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Club Ownership '' . Swansea City F.C. 11 August 2016 . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SHAREHOLDER FAQS '' . Tottenham Hotspur F.C . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` # 269 Joe Lewis '' . Forbes . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Club Contacts '' . Watford -- ~ ~ ~ ~ F.C. 12 November 2012 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ACCOUNTS & OWNERSHIP '' . West Bromwich Albion F.C. 2 October 2007 . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/business/birmingham-post-rich-list-2017-12432030 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Ownership '' . West Ham United F.C. 23 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 6 September 2009 . Retrieved 11 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Who '' . Aston Villa F.C . Retrieved 17 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dr Tony Xia '' . Quora . Retrieved 17 August 2016 . Jump up ^ http://almajir.net/useful-information/details-of-ownership/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Chris Wickham . `` Company Details '' . Brentford F.C . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` # 1098 Stephen Lansdown '' . Forbes . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Club Ownership '' . Cardiff City F.C . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Forbes ' Billionaires '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` Club Statement : Mel Morris Completes Purchase Of Derby County '' . Derby County F.C. 4 September 2015 . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Times Rich List : Candy Crush tycoon Mel Morris and Duke of Devonshire among Derbyshire 's millionaires '' . Derby Telegraph . 26 April 2015 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2015 . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome To Shahid Khan '' . Fulham FC. 12 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shahid Khan '' . Forbes . Forbes.com LLC. 19 May 2017 . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Who At The KC '' . Hull City F.C. 25 June 2012 . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Times Rich List 2017 reveals Yorkshire 's 20 wealthiest people '' . Hull Daily Mail . Archived from the original on 2 May 2017 . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ www.calcioefinanza.it Leeds http://www.calcioefinanza.it/2017/01/04/leeds-cellino-radrizzani/ Leeds Check url = value ( help ) . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 10 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ leeds united https://www.leedsunited.com/news/club-news/21921/club-statement . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Steve Gibson '' . gazzettelive . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shareholder Information '' . Milwall Holdings PLC . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Female Entrepreneurs '' . Money . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Superyachtfan . `` Luxury Yacht Amore Mio II - Evangelos Marinakis '' . Superyachtfan.com . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deal agreed for Preston North End takeover '' . BBC Sport. 4 June 2010 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Company Details '' . Preston North End F.C. 24 July 2012 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Winch , Jessica ( 21 October 2012 ) . `` Trevor Hemmings ' Northern Trust returns to profit '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Company details '' . Queens Park Rangers F.C. 10 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 10 August 2012 . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` # 28 Anthony Fernandes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` # 56 Lakshmi Mittal '' . Forbes . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Details , Company . `` COMPANY DETAILS '' . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasy football nut Saudi Prince Abdullah is joint owner of League One side Sheffield United '' . Daily Mail . London . 3 September 2013 . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Board & Management '' . A.F.C. Sunderland . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How the English Premier League Clubs ' Owners Got Rich '' . Archived from the original on 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # 226 Guo Guangchang '' . Forbes . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bury FC Ownership '' . Bury F.C. 25 June 2012 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Directors '' . Charlton Athletic F.C. 30 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Who at Doncaster Rovers '' . Doncaster Rovers F.C . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Bramall Awarded CBE '' . Doncaster Rovers F.C. 29 December 2012 . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ownership '' . Fleetwood Town F.C . Archived from the original on 6 August 2012 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Company details '' . Milton Keynes Dons F.C . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Company Structure '' . MK Dons Supporters Association . Archived from the original on 8 April 2013 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Club Details '' . Northampton Town F.C . Retrieved 4 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Club Officials '' . Oldham Athletic F.C . Archived from the original on 28 July 2012 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Who '' . Rotherham United F.C. 24 May 2012 . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stewart pumps in £ 30m to promotion hopefuls Rotherham '' . Yorkshire Post . Jump up ^ New Scunthorpe United chairman : Peter Swann profile - Scunthorpe Telegraph . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shrewsbury Town restoration needed time , says Wycherley '' . BBC Sport. 3 May 2012 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Who '' . Southend United F.C. 22 June 2012 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's who '' . Walsall F.C. 25 July 2012 . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Club Details '' . Accrington Stanley F.C . Archived from the original on 29 October 2005 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Robbie Cowling , Colchester United owner '' . Essex County Standard . 30 June 2012 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Russell , Jonathan ( 13 August 2011 ) . `` Coventry City owner Sisu Capital posts £ 272,000 loss '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ownership Statement '' . Crawley Town F.C. 27 July 2012 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Chadband , Ian ( 28 January 2011 ) . `` Crawley Town 's owner , Bruce Winfield , on his lifelong passion for the club others love to hate '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 14 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boardroom '' . Crewe Alexandra F.C. 15 February 2012 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ownership '' . Corporate Information . Grimsby Town F.C. 30 March 2016 . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Murray - West , Rosie ( 21 April 2004 ) . `` Grimsby haulier lands £ 14m from fish firm sale '' . The Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Turner , Andy ( 13 December 2012 ) . `` Millionaire Coventry City fan who has just bought Port Vale '' . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Staff directory '' . Stevenage F.C. 15 February 2012 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Club Officials '' . Yeovil Town F.C . Archived from the original on 9 August 2012 . Retrieved 14 February 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_owners_of_English_football_clubs&oldid=802703972 '' Categories : Directors of football clubs in England Association football in England lists Sports owners Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages with URL errors Incomplete lists from February 2013 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Română Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 22 : 38 . 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National Assembly of Pakistan - wikipedia National Assembly of Pakistan Jump to : navigation , search For List of MNAs elected in Pakistani general election , 2013 , see List of MNAs elected in Pakistani general election , 2013 . National Assembly of Pakistan قومی اسمبلئ پاکستان ‬ 14th National Assembly of Pakistan Type Type Lower house of the Parliament of Pakistan Leadership Speaker Ayaz Sadiq ( PML - N ) Since 9 November 2015 Deputy Speaker Javed Abbasi ( PML - N ) Since 3 June 2013 Leader of House Shahid Khaqan Abbasi ( PML - N ) Since 1 August 2017 Leader of Opposition Khurshid Shah ( PPP ) Since 7 June 2013 Structure Seats 332 ( 3 vacant ) Political groups Government Coalition ( 209 ) PML -- N ( 188 ) JUI -- F ( 13 ) PML -- F ( 5 ) NPP ( 2 ) NP ( 1 ) Opposition ( 130 ) PPP ( 47 ) PTI ( 32 ) MQM ( 24 ) JI ( 4 ) PkMAP ( 3 ) ANP ( 2 ) PML -- Q ( 2 ) AJIP ( 1 ) AML ( 1 ) APML ( 1 ) BNP ( 1 ) PML -- Z ( 1 ) QWP ( 1 ) Ind ( 10 ) Elections Voting system Mixed member majoritarian ( First past the post for most seats , 60 seats reserved for women and 10 seats reserved for religious minorities by proportional representation ) Last election 11 May 2013 Meeting place Parliament House , Islamabad Website www.na.gov.pk The Pakistani National Assembly ( Urdu : قومی اسمبلئ پاکستان ‬ ‎ -- Qaumī Asimbli'e Pākistān ) ; is the lower house of the bicameral Majlis - e-Shura , which also comprises the President of Pakistan and Senate ( upper house ) . The National Assembly and the Senate both convene at Parliament House in Islamabad . The National Assembly is a democratically elected body consisting of a total of 332 members who are referred to as Members of the National Assembly ( MNAs ) , of which 272 are directly elected members and 70 reserved seats for women and religious minorities . A political party must secure 172 seats to obtain and preserve a majority . Members are elected through the first - past - the - post system under universal adult suffrage , representing electoral districts known as National Assembly constituencies . According to the constitution , the 70 seats reserved for women and religious minorities are allocated to the political parties according to their proportional representation . Each National Assembly is formed for a five - year term , commencing from the date of the first sitting , after which it is automatically dissolved . Currently the National Assembly can not be dissolved by the President of Pakistan , it is dissolved by the Prime Minister of Pakistan . Election for 13th National Assembly was held on 18 February 2008 . On March 17 , 2013 13th National Assembly was dissolved on completion of its five - year term under Article 52 of the Constitution . Pakistani general election , 2013 ( for the 14th National Assembly ) was held on May 11 , 2013 . Members of 14th National Assembly took oath on June 1 , 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Powers 3 Members of National Assembly 3.1 Qualifications 3.2 Tenure 4 Speaker and Deputy Speaker 5 Sessions 6 Procedure 6.1 Constitutional role 6.2 Legislative procedures 7 Leaders 7.1 Leader of the House 7.2 Leader of the Opposition 8 Committees 9 Composition and elections 10 2013 election 10.1 Results of the Pakistani general election , 2013 11 Dissolution 12 Seat distribution 13 See also 14 Notes 15 External links History ( edit ) Pakistan This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Pakistan Constitution Parliament ( show ) Senate Chairman : Raza Rabbani Deputy Chairman : Abdul Ghafoor Haideri National Assembly Speaker : Sardar A. Sadiq Deputy Speaker : Murtaza Javed Abbasi Government ( show ) President ( list ) Mamnoon Hussain Prime Minister ( list ) Shahid Khaqan Abbasi Federal Cabinet Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Judicial Council Supreme Court Chief Justice Federal Shariat Court Supreme Appellate Court Gilgit - Baltistan Chief Justices Islamabad High Court Provincial High Courts Chief Court Gilgit - Baltistan District Courts Governors ( show ) Punjab Malik Muhammad Rafique Rajwana Balochistan Muhammad Khan Achakzai Sindh Mohammad Zubair Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Iqbal Zafar Jhagra Gilgit -- Baltistan Mir Ghazanfar Ali Khan Chief Ministers ( show ) Punjab Shahbaz Sharif Sindh Murad Ali Shah Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pervez Khattak Balochistan Sanaullah Zehri Gilgit - Baltistan Hafiz Hafeezur Rehman Political parties ( show ) Muttahida Majlis - e-Amal Muttahida Qaumi Movement Pakistan Peoples Party Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) Jamaat - e-Islami Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Awami National Party Minor parties Elections ( show ) Election Commission Electoral College Recent elections Presidential : 2013 2008 2007 General : 2013 2008 2002 Administrative units ( show ) Balochistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Punjab Sindh Capital Territory Tribal areas Azad Kashmir Gilgit -- Baltistan Local government ( show ) Divisions Districts Tehsils Union councils Foreign relations ( show ) China - Pakistan relations India -- Pakistan relations Pakistan United States relations Kashmir conflict Embassies Other countries Atlas Main article : History of Pakistan National Assembly The first session of the first Constituent Assembly of Pakistan was held on 10 August 1947 at Sindh Assembly Building , Karachi . On 11 August 1947 , Quaid - i - Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was elected unanimously as the President of the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan and the National Flag was formally approved by the Assembly . 12 August 1947 , a resolution was approved regarding officially addressing Mr. Muhammad Ali Jinnah as `` Quaid - i - Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah '' . On the same day , a special committee called the `` Committee on Fundamental Rights of Citizens and Minorities of Pakistan '' was appointed to look into and advise the Assembly on matters relating to fundamental rights of the citizens , particularly the minorities , with the aim to legislate on these issues appropriately . On 14 August 1947 , the Transfer of Power took place . Lord Mountbatten , Governor General of India , addressed the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan . The Quaid gave a reply to the address in the House , on which the principles of the State of Pakistan were laid . On 15 August 1947 , Quaid - i - Azam was sworn in as the first Governor General of Pakistan . Mian Sir Abdur Rashid , Chief Justice of Pakistan , administered oath of office from him . The Quaid remained in this position till his death i.e. 11 September 1948 . Powers ( edit ) Legislative Process Chart of National Assembly of Pakistan `` ... you are now a sovereign legislative body and you have got all the powers . It , therefore , places on you the gravest responsibility as to how you should take your decisions . '' -- Muhammad Ali Jinnah , in his presidential address to the First Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on August 11 , 1947 The Constitution which was passed unanimously by the National Assembly in April 1973 , provides a federal parliamentary system of government , with the President as the ceremonial head of the State and an elected Prime Minister as the head of the government . Under Article 50 of the Constitution the federal legislature is the bicameral Majlis - e-Shoora ( Parliament ) , which comprises the President and the two Houses , the National Assembly and the Senate . The National Assembly , Pakistan 's sovereign legislative body , makes laws for the federation under powers spelled out in the Federal Legislative List and also for subjects in the Concurrent List , as given in the fourth schedule of the Constitution . Through debates , adjournment motions , question hour , and Standing Committees , the National Assembly keeps a check on the government . It ensures that the government functions within the parameters set out in the Constitution , and does not violate the people 's fundamental rights . The Parliament scrutinizes public spending and exercises control of expenditure incurred by the government through the work of the relevant Standing Committees . The Public Accounts Committee has a special role to review the report of the Auditor General . Senate , the upper house of the Parliament , has equal representation from the federating units balancing the provincial inequality in the National Assembly , where the number of members is based on population of the provinces . The Senate 's role is to promote national cohesion and harmony , and work as a stabilizing factor of the federation . The Senate numbers a total of 104 members who serve six - year terms which are alternated so that half the senators are up for re-election by the electoral college every three years . The National Assembly consists of 332 members . The Constitution empowers the President to dissolve the National Assembly , but the Senate is not subject to dissolution . Only the Parliament can amend the Constitution , by two - thirds majority vote separately in each House . Members of National Assembly ( edit ) See also : List of Pakistan National Assembly Seats Qualifications ( edit ) The Constitution of Pakistan lists a number of requirements for members of the National Assembly in Article 62 . The constitution also details a number of disqualifications in Article 63 , which include mental instability , insolvency , criminal conviction and accepting dual - citizenship or relinquishing their Pakistani nationality , among others . Furthermore , an individual would stand disqualified if he or she is found to have opposed Pakistan 's ideology or worked against the integrity of the country , after its establishment in 1947 . Tenure ( edit ) The National Assembly is elected for a five - year term on the basis of adult franchise and one person , one vote . The tenure of a Member of the National Assembly is for the duration of the House , or sooner , in case the Member dies or resigns . The tenure of the National Assembly also comes to an end if dissolved on the advice of the Prime Minister or by the President in his discretion under the Constitution . Under the 1973 Constitution , a member of Parliament may not hold the office of the Prime Minister more than twice . In the 1990s , Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Shareef proposed a bill to amend the 1973 constitution to allow a Member to serve a third term as Prime Minister . Speaker and Deputy Speaker ( edit ) According to The Constitution ( 1 ) After a general election , the National Assembly shall , at its first meeting and to the exclusion of any other business , elect from amongst its members a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker and , so often as the office of Speaker or Deputy Speaker becomes vacant , the Assembly shall elect another member as Speaker or , as the case may be , Deputy Speaker . ( 2 ) Before entering upon office , a member elected as Speaker or Deputy Speaker shall make before the National Assembly oath in the form set out in the Third Schedule . ( 3 ) When the office of Speaker is vacant , or the Speaker is absent or is unable to perform his functions due to any cause , the Deputy Speaker shall act as Speaker , and if , at that time , the Deputy Speaker is also absent or is unable to act as Speaker due to any cause , such member as may be determined by the rules of procedure of the Assembly shall preside at the meeting of the Assembly . ( 4 ) The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker shall not preside at a meeting of the Assembly when a resolution for his removal from office is being considered . ( 5 ) The Speaker may , by writing under his hand addressed to the President , resign his office . ( 6 ) The Deputy Speaker may , by writing under his hand addressed to the Speaker , resign his office . ( 7 ) The office of Speaker or Deputy Speaker shall become vacant if : ( a ) he resigns his office ; ( b ) he ceases to be a member of the Assembly ; ( c ) he is removed from office by a resolution of the Assembly , of which not less than seven days ' notice has been given and which is passed by the votes of the majority of the total membership of the Assembly . ( 8 ) When the National Assembly is dissolved the Speaker shall continue in his office till the person elected to fill the office by the next Assembly enters upon his office . The Speaker of the House is the presiding officer of the National Assembly . The Speaker is assisted by the Deputy Speaker . Both officers are elected from within the ranks of the National Assembly and , by current convention , are usually members of the majority party . The election of the two officers is the first matter an incoming National Assembly deals with , as mandated by the constitution . Apart from presiding over National Assembly debates , the Speaker may also assume the duties of Acting President , if the position is vacant ( in case the President as well as Chairman Senate are not available ) . The current Speaker of the House is Sardar Ayaz Sadiq and the Deputy Speaker is Murtaza Javed Abbasi , both are from the PML - N . Sessions ( edit ) The life of National Assembly is divided into sessions . It had to meet for 130 days before the First Amendment passed on 8 May 1974 in the constitution of 1973 . According to this Amendment , maximum duration between successive sessions was reduced to 90 days from 130 days , and there must be at least three sessions in a year . A session of the National Assembly is summoned by the President of Pakistan under Article 54 ( 1 ) of the Constitution . In the summoning order the President gives the date , time and place ( which is usually the Parliament House ) , for the National Assembly to meet . The date and time for the summoning of the National Assembly is immediately announced over Radio and Television . Generally , a copy of the summon is also sent to the Members at their home address . The National Assembly can also be summoned by the Speaker of National Assembly on a request made by at one - fourth of the total membership of the National Assembly . If the National Assembly is so requisitioned , it must be summoned within 14 days . Procedure ( edit ) Constitutional role ( edit ) Article 50 of the Constitution provides that the Parliament of Pakistan shall consist of President and the two Houses known as the National Assembly and the Senate . The National Assembly has an edge over the Senate by legislating exclusively on money matters . With exception to money Bills , however , both the Houses work together to carryout the basic work of the Parliament , i.e. law making . Legislative procedures ( edit ) The Bill relating to the Federal Legislative List can be originated in either House . If the House passed the Bill through majority vote , it shall be transmitted to the other House . If the other House passes it without amendment , it shall be presented to the President for assent . If the Bill , transmitted to the other House , is not passed within ninety days or rejected , it shall be considered in a joint sitting to be summoned by the President on the request of the House in which the Bill was originated . If the Bill is passed in the joint sitting , with or without amendments , by the votes of majority of the members of the two Houses , it shall be presented to the President for assent . If the Bill is presented to the President for assent , he shall assent to the Bill in not later than ten days. If it is not a Money Bill , the President may return the Bill to the Majlis - e-Shoora with a message requesting that the Bill be reconsidered and that an amendment specified in the message be considered . The Majlis - e-Shoora shall reconsider the Bill in a joint sitting. If the Bill is passed again , with or without amendment , by vote of the majority of the members present and voting , it shall be presented to the President and the President shall give his assent within ten days ; failing which such assent shall be deemed to have been given . Under the Constitution , the Parliament may also legislate for two or more Provinces by consent and request made by those Provinces . If the Federal Government proclaims State of Emergency in any province , the power to legislate about that province is vested in the Parliament . But the Bills passed by the Parliament during the State of Emergency , shall cease to be in force after the expiration of six months from the date Emergency is lifted . Nevertheless , the steps already taken under these Acts shall remain valid . Leaders ( edit ) Leader of the House ( edit ) The Leader of the House is the highest ranking representative of the majority party in National Assembly usually the Prime Minister . List of All The Prime Ministers Leader of the opposition ( edit ) The Leader of the Opposition is the highest ranking representative of the main opposition party . List of Leaders of the Opposition Committees ( edit ) While recognizing the Committee System , the committees have been empowered to go into all matters of the ministry . A matter can be remitted to a standing committee by the Speaker or the Assembly suo moto and without moving any motion . The committees have also been empowered to invite or summon before it any member or any other person having a special interest in relation to any matter under its consideration and may hear expert evidence and hold public hearing . Composition and elections ( edit ) The composition of the National Assembly is specified in Article 51 of the Constitution of Pakistan . There are a total of 332 seats in the National Assembly . Of these , 272 are filled by direct elections . In addition , the Pakistani Constitution reserves 10 seats for religious minorities and 60 seats for women , to be filled by proportional representation among parties with more than 5 % of the vote . As of 2006 , there are 72 women members in the Assembly . Members of the National Assembly are elected by the people in competitive multi-party elections , to be held at most five years apart on universal adult franchise . To be a member of electoral college , according to Article 62 of the Constitution , candidates must be citizens of Pakistan and not less than 18 years of age . 2013 election ( edit ) Main article : Pakistani general election , 2013 Results of the Pakistani general election , 2013 ( edit ) # Political Party Votes % Elected seats before independents joined Elected seats after independents joined Reserved seats ( Women ) Reserved seats ( Minorities / Non-Muslims ) Total Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) 14,874,104 32.77 % 129 147 36 6 189 Pakistan Peoples Party 6,911,218 15.23 % 33 33 8 42 Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf 7,679,954 16.92 % 28 28 6 35 Muttahida Qaumi Movement 2,456,153 5.41 % 19 19 24 5 Jamiat Ulema - e-Islam ( F ) 1,461,371 3.22 % 11 11 15 6 Pakistan Muslim League ( F ) 1,072,846 2.36 % 5 5 0 6 7 Jamaat - e-Islami 963,909 2.12 % 0 8 Pakhtunkhwa Milli Awami Party 214,631 0.47 % 0 9 National Peoples Party 197,829 0.44 % 0 10 Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) 1,409,905 3.11 % 0 0 11 Awami National Party 453,057 1.00 % 0 0 12 Qaumi Watan Party ( Sherpao ) 46,574 0.10 % 0 0 13 Pakistan Muslim League ( Z ) 128,510 0.28 % 0 0 14 National Party 61,148 0.13 % 0 0 15 Awami Muslim League Pakistan 93,046 0.20 % 0 0 16 Awami Jamhuri Ittehad Pakistan 71,175 0.16 % 0 0 17 Balochistan National Party 63,979 0.14 % 0 0 18 All Pakistan Muslim League 54,231 0.12 % 0 0 19 Independents 5,880,658 12.96 % 27 8 0 0 8 Total 45,388,404 100 % 266 266 60 10 336 Withheld : NA - 103 , NA - 237 ; Postponed : NA - 38 ; Re-poll ordered : NA - 46 ; Terminated : NA - 83 , NA - 254 Source : Detailed Results General Elections - 2013 , Reserve Seats Women , Reserve Seats Minorities Dissolution ( edit ) National Assembly can be dissolved at the initiative of the Prime Minister . If dissolved , new elections are conducted for the Assembly . Article 58 of the Constitution of Pakistan deals with the dissolution of the Assembly : 58 . Dissolution of the National Assembly : ( 1 ) The President shall dissolve the National Assembly if so advised by the Prime Minister ; and the National Assembly shall , unless sooner dissolved , stand dissolved at the expiration of forty - eight hours after the Prime Minister has so advised . Explanation : Reference in this Article to `` Prime Minister '' shall not be construed to include reference to a Prime Minister against whom a notice of a resolution for a note of no - confidence has been given in the National Assembly but has not been voted upon or against whom such a resolution has been passed or who is continuing in office after his resignation or after the dissolution of the National Assembly . ( 2 ) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause ( 2 ) or Article 48 , the President may dissolve the National Assembly in his discretion where , a vote of no - confidence having been passed against the Prime Minister , no other member of the National Assembly commands the confidence of the majority of the members of the National Assembly in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution , as ascertained in a session of the National Assembly summoned for the purpose . Seat distribution ( edit ) In the 14th Assembly , the seats have been allocated among the four provinces , federally - administered area , and capital territory of Pakistan as follows : Province General Women Total Punjab 148 35 183 Sindh 61 14 75 KPK 35 8 43 Balochistan 14 17 FATA 12 - 12 Federal Capital - See also ( edit ) Speaker of National Assembly Senate of Pakistan Politics of Pakistan Prime Minister of Pakistan Constitution of Pakistan President of Pakistan Supreme Court of Pakistan Pakistan Bar Council Punjab Bar Council Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan List of Pakistan National Assembly Seats List of provincial governments of Pakistan showing provincial assemblies Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` PML - N 's Ayaz Sadiq elected Speaker , Murtaza Abbasi Deputy Speaker in NA '' . Dawn News . 3 June 2013 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PPP 's Khursheed Shah declared leader of opposition in NA '' . Dawn News . 7 June 2013 . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan PM loses vital coalition partner as MQM quits '' . BBC News . 3 January 2011 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Assembly Stands Dissolved '' . The News International . 17 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 6 June 2013 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Gishkori , Zahid ( 16 March 2013 ) . `` National Assembly Stands Dissolved '' . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Newly elected Members of National Assembly take oath '' . The Express Tribune . 1 June 2013 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Jinnah 's presidential address to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan '' . pakistani.org . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 14th elected National Assembly 's inaugural session today '' . The News International . 1 June 2013 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official Website of the National Assembly of Pakistan Constitution of Pakistan Pakistan topics Basic topics Alphabetical index of topics History Ancient Stone age Soanian Mehrgarh Indus Valley Indo - Iranics Indo - Aryan Achaemenid Greco - Bactrian Maurya Gandhara Indo - Greek Indo - Scythians Indo - Parthian Kushan Indo - Sassanid Medieval Indo - Hephthalite Kamboja Rai Dynasty Shahi Pala Solanki Muhammad bin Qasim Ghaznavid Ghurid Mamluk Khalji Tughlaq Sayyid Lodi Timurid Modern Pre-colonial Mughal East India Company Durrani Sikh Confederacy Sikh Empire First Anglo - Afghan War First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Rebellion Colonial British Raj Second Anglo - Afghan War Durand Line Third Anglo - Afghan War Aligarh Movement Hindi -- Urdu controversy Pakistan Movement Muslim League Two nation theory Jinnah 's 14 Points Lahore Resolution Direct Action Day Partition Independence Dominion Dominion of Pakistan Princely states 1947 War Liaquat -- Nehru Pact Baghdad Pact Republic Indus Treaty 1965 War 1971 War Project - 706 Islamisation Baloch insurgency Kargil War Liberalization War in North - West Pakistan Geography Features Beaches Deserts Glaciers Islands Lakes Mountains Passes Rivers Valleys Waterfalls Wetlands Areas Arabian Sea Gwadar Bay Indus Plain Pothohar Plateau Salt Range Sistan Basin Geology Coal fields Gas fields Minerals Oil fields Tectonics Volcanoes Floods Environment Botanical gardens Ecoregions Environmental issues Forests Protected areas national parks game reserves sanctuaries Wildlife flora fauna Zoos Other topics Archaeological sites Climate weather records Borders Natural disasters earthquakes floods Subdivisions provinces districts cities World Heritage Sites Governance State President National Security Council ( C NS ECC AEDB NCA ) Government National government Cabinet Ministries Prime Minister Provincial governments Governors Chief Ministers Local government Union councils Legislative Parliament ( Majlis - e-Shoora ) Senate ( upper house ) Chairman National Assembly ( lower house ) Speaker Provincial assemblies Jirga ( tribal assembly ) Judicial Supreme Council Supreme Court Chief Justice Shariat Court High Courts District Courts Politics Elections Foreign relations Feudalism Intelligence community Political parties Martial law Law Constitution LFO PPC WPB PCO Human rights Forced disappearance LGBT LGBT history Law enforcement Police Criminal Investigation ( CID ) Anti-Narcotics ( ANF ) Capital punishment Terrorism State terrorism Military History Army Air force Navy Marines Coast Guard Paramilitary Nuclear Economy Infrastructure Electricity Thermal Hydro nuclear solar wind Foreign aid Fuel extraction Housing Planning Commission Post Poverty Tallest buildings Telecommunications Pakistan Remote Sensing Satellite Transportation bridges Water management Water supply and sanitation Industry Aerospace Agriculture Defence Automobile Fishery Forestry Husbandry Labour child Media Mining Pharmaceuticals Textiles Silk Tourism Commerce Banking banks Companies Investment board Rupee ( currency ) Securities and Exchange Commission Stock markets Trading Corporation Policy programmes Corporatisation Directive investment Industrialisation Military economisation Nationalisation Privatisation Public - private partnering Redundant Islamic economisation Society and culture Society Crime Culture Education institutions Feudalism Gender discrimination Healthcare hospitals Human rights LGBT Marriage Media Naming List of Pakistanis Prostitution Religion Social clubs Time Urbanisation Women Demographics Diaspora Ethnicity Immigration Languages Urdu Arts Architecture Cinema films Dance Festivals Folklore Literature Mushaira Music Philosophy Textiles Theatre Lifestyle Clothing Shalwar kameez Mehndi Cuisine Etiquette Gun culture Nationalism flags public holidays songs symbols Sports Athletics Baseball Boxing Cricket Cycling Field hockey Football Gilli - danda Golf Kabaddi Motorsport Marathon ( Lahore ) Olympics Paralympics Polo Rugby Squash Swimming Tennis Places Botanical gardens Cemeteries Churches Forts Gurdwaras Hindu temples Libraries Mausolea and shrines Mosques Museums Parks Stadiums World Heritage Sites Zoos Portal Commons ( hide ) Constituencies of National Assembly of Pakistan National Assembly seats by Province National Assembly constituencies from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( NA - 1 to NA - 35 ) NA - 1 ( Peshawar - I ) NA - 2 ( Peshawar - II ) NA - 3 ( Peshawar - III ) NA - 4 ( Peshawar - IV ) NA - 5 ( Nowshera - I ) NA - 6 ( Nowshera - II ) NA - 7 ( Charsadda - I ) NA - 8 ( Charsadda - II ) NA - 9 ( Mardan - I ) NA - 10 ( Mardan - II ) NA - 11 ( Mardan - III ) NA - 12 ( Swabi - I ) NA - 13 ( Swabi - II ) NA - 14 ( Kohat ) NA - 15 ( Karak ) NA - 16 ( Hangu ) NA - 17 ( Abbottabad - I ) NA - 18 ( Abbottabad - II ) NA - 19 ( Haripur ) NA - 20 ( Mansehra - I ) NA - 21 ( Mansehra - II ) NA - 22 ( Battagram ) NA - 23 ( Kohistan ) NA - 24 ( D.I. Khan ) NA - 25 ( D.I. Khan - cum - Tank ) NA - 26 ( Bannu ) NA - 27 ( Lakki Marwat ) NA - 28 ( Buner ) NA - 29 ( Swat - I ) NA - 30 ( Swat - II ) NA - 31 ( Shangla ) NA - 32 ( Chitral ) NA - 33 ( Upper Dir - cum - Lower Dir ) NA - 34 ( Lower Dir ) NA - 35 ( Malakand ) National Assembly constituencies from Islamabad and FATA ( NA - 36 to NA - 49 ) NA - 36 ( Tribal Area - I ) NA - 37 ( Tribal Area - II ) NA - 38 ( Tribal Area - III ) NA - 39 ( Tribal Area - IV ) NA - 40 ( Tribal Area - V ) NA - 41 ( Tribal Area - VI ) NA - 42 ( Tribal Area - VII ) NA - 43 ( Tribal Area - VIII ) NA - 44 ( Tribal Area - IX ) NA - 45 ( Tribal Area - X ) NA - 46 ( Tribal Area - XI ) NA - 47 ( Tribal Area - XII ) NA - 48 ( Islamabad - I ) NA - 49 ( Islamabad - II ) National Assembly constituencies from the Punjab ( NA - 50 to NA - 197 ) NA - 50 ( Rawalpindi - I ) NA - 51 ( Rawalpindi - II ) NA - 52 ( Rawalpindi - III ) NA - 53 ( Rawalpindi - IV ) NA - 54 ( Rawalpindi - V ) NA - 55 ( Rawalpindi - VI ) NA - 56 ( Rawalpindi - VII ) NA - 57 ( Attock - I ) NA - 58 ( Attock - II ) NA - 59 ( Attock - III ) NA - 60 ( Chakwal - I ) NA - 61 ( Chakwal - II ) NA - 62 ( Jhelum - I ) NA - 63 ( Jhelum - II ) NA - 64 ( Sargodha - I ) NA - 65 ( Sargodha - II ) NA - 66 ( Sargodha - III ) NA - 67 ( Sargodha - IV ) NA - 68 ( Sargodha - V ) NA - 69 ( Khushab - I ) NA - 70 ( Khushab - II ) NA - 71 ( Mianwali - I ) NA - 72 ( Mianwali - II ) NA - 73 ( Bhakkar - I ) NA - 74 ( Bhakkar - II ) NA - 75 ( Faisalabad - I ) NA - 76 ( Faisalabad - II ) NA - 77 ( Faisalabad - III ) NA - 78 ( Faisalabad - IV ) NA - 79 ( Faisalabad - V ) NA - 80 ( Faisalabad - VI ) NA - 81 ( Faisalabad - VII ) NA - 82 ( Faisalabad - VIII ) NA - 83 ( Faisalabad - IX ) NA - 84 ( Faisalabad - X ) NA - 85 ( Faisalabad - XI ) NA - 86 ( Jhang - I ) NA - 87 ( Jhang - II ) NA - 88 ( Jhang - III ) NA - 89 ( Jhang - IV ) NA - 90 ( Jhang - V ) NA - 91 ( Jhang - VI ) NA - 92 ( Toba Tek Singh - I ) NA - 93 ( Toba Tek Singh - II ) NA - 94 ( Toba Tek Singh - III ) NA - 94 ( Toba Tek Singh - III ) NA - 95 ( Gujranwala - I ) NA - 96 ( Gujranwala - II ) NA - 97 ( Gujranwala - III ) NA - 98 ( Gujranwala - IV ) NA - 99 ( Gujranwala - V ) NA - 100 ( Gujranwala - VI ) NA - 101 ( Gujranwala - VII ) NA - 102 ( Hafizabad - I ) NA - 103 ( Hafizabad - II ) NA - 104 ( Gujrat - I ) NA - 105 ( Gujrat - II ) NA - 106 ( Gujrat - III ) NA - 107 ( Gujrat - IV ) NA - 108 ( M.B. Din - I ) NA - 109 ( M.B. 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Muscle relaxant - wikipedia Muscle relaxant Jump to : navigation , search This article is about skeletal muscle relaxants . For information on smooth muscle relaxants , see Antispasmodic . A muscle relaxant is a drug that affects skeletal muscle function and decreases the muscle tone . It may be used to alleviate symptoms such as muscle spasms , pain , and hyperreflexia . The term `` muscle relaxant '' is used to refer to two major therapeutic groups : neuromuscular blockers and spasmolytics . Neuromuscular blockers act by interfering with transmission at the neuromuscular end plate and have no central nervous system ( CNS ) activity . They are often used during surgical procedures and in intensive care and emergency medicine to cause temporary paralysis . Spasmolytics , also known as `` centrally acting '' muscle relaxants , are used to alleviate musculoskeletal pain and spasms and to reduce spasticity in a variety of neurological conditions . While both neuromuscular blockers and spasmolytics are often grouped together as muscle relaxants , the term is commonly used to refer to spasmolytics only . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Neuromuscular blockers 3 Spasmolytics 3.1 Terminology 3.2 Clinical use 3.3 Mechanism 4 Side effects 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The earliest known use of muscle relaxant drugs was by natives of the Amazon Basin in South America who used poison - tipped arrows that produced death by skeletal muscle paralysis . This was first documented in the 16th century , when European explorers encountered it . This poison , known today as curare , led to some of the earliest scientific studies in pharmacology . Its active ingredient , tubocurarine , as well as many synthetic derivatives , played a significant role in scientific experiments to determine the function of acetylcholine in neuromuscular transmission . By 1943 , neuromuscular blocking drugs became established as muscle relaxants in the practice of anesthesia and surgery . The U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) approved the use of carisoprodol in 1959 , metaxalone in August 1962 , and cyclobenzaprine in August 1977 . Other skeletal muscle relaxants of that type used around the world come from a number of drug categories and other drugs used primarily for this indication include orphenadrine ( anticholinergic ) , chlorzoxazone , tizanidine ( clonidine relative ) , diazepam , tetrazepam and other benzodiazepines , mephenoxalone , methocarbamol , dantrolene , baclofen , Drugs once but no longer or very rarely used to relax skeletal muscles include meprobamate , barbiturates , methaqualone , glutethimide and the like ; some subcategories of opioids have muscle relaxant properties , and some are marketed in combination drugs with skeletal and / or smooth muscle relaxants such as whole opium products , some ketobemidone , piritramide and fentanyl preparations and Equagesic . Neuromuscular blockers ( edit ) Detailed view of a neuromuscular junction : 1 . Presynaptic terminal 2 . Sarcolemma 3 . Synaptic vesicle 4 . Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor 5 . Mitochondrion Main article : Neuromuscular - blocking drug Muscle relaxation and paralysis can theoretically occur by interrupting function at several sites , including the central nervous system , myelinated somatic nerves , unmyelinated motor nerve terminals , nicotinic acetylcholine receptors , the motor end plate , and the muscle membrane or contractile apparatus . Most neuromuscular blockers function by blocking transmission at the end plate of the neuromuscular junction . Normally , a nerve impulse arrives at the motor nerve terminal , initiating an influx of calcium ions , which causes the exocytosis of synaptic vesicles containing acetylcholine . Acetylcholine then diffuses across the synaptic cleft . It may be hydrolysed by acetylcholine esterase ( AchE ) or bind to the nicotinic receptors located on the motor end plate . The binding of two acetylcholine molecules results in a conformational change in the receptor that opens the sodium - potassium channel of the nicotinic receptor . This allows Na + and Ca 2 + ions to enter the cell and K + ions to leave the cell , causing a depolarization of the end plate , resulting in muscle contraction . Following depolarization , the acetylcholine molecules are then removed from the end plate region and enzymatically hydrolysed by acetylcholinesterase . Normal end plate function can be blocked by two mechanisms . Nondepolarizing agents , such as tubocurarine , block the agonist , acetylcholine , from binding to nicotinic receptors and activating them , thereby preventing depolarization . Alternatively , depolarizing agents , such as succinylcholine , are nicotinic receptor agonists which mimic Ach , block muscle contraction by depolarizing to such an extent that it desensitizes the receptor and it can no longer initiate an action potential and cause muscle contraction . Both of these classes of neuromuscular blocking drugs are structurally similar to acetylcholine , the endogenous ligand , in many cases containing two acetylcholine molecules linked end - to - end by a rigid carbon ring system , as in pancuronium ( a nondepolarizing agent ) . Chemical diagram of pancuronium , with red lines indicating the two acetylcholine `` molecules '' in the structure Spasmolytics ( edit ) Main article : antispasmodic A view of the spinal cord and skeletal muscle showing the action of various muscle relaxants -- black lines ending in arrow heads represent chemicals or actions that enhance the target of the lines , blue lines ending in squares represent chemicals or actions that inhibition the target of the line The generation of the neuronal signals in motor neurons that cause muscle contractions are dependent on the balance of synaptic excitation and inhibition the motor neuron receives . Spasmolytic agents generally work by either enhancing the level of inhibition , or reducing the level of excitation . Inhibition is enhanced by mimicking or enhancing the actions of endogenous inhibitory substances , such as GABA . Terminology ( edit ) Because they may act at the level of the cortex , brain stem or spinal cord , or all three areas , they have traditionally been referred to as `` centrally acting '' muscle relaxants . However , it is now known not every agent in this class has CNS activity ( e.g. dantrolene ) , so this name is inaccurate . Most sources still use the term `` centrally acting muscle relaxant '' . According to MeSH , dantrolene is usually classified as a centrally acting muscle relaxant . The World Health Organization , in its ATC , uses the term `` centrally acting agents '' , but adds a distinct category of `` directly acting agents '' , for dantrolene . Use of this terminology dates back to at least 1973 . The term `` spasmolytic '' is also considered a synonym for antispasmodic . Clinical use ( edit ) Spasmolytics such as carisoprodol , cyclobenzaprine , metaxalone , and methocarbamol are commonly prescribed for low back pain or neck pain , fibromyalgia , tension headaches and myofascial pain syndrome . However , they are not recommended as first - line agents ; in acute low back pain , they are not more effective than paracetamol or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) , and in fibromyalgia they are not more effective than antidepressants . Nevertheless , some ( low - quality ) evidence suggests muscle relaxants can add benefit to treatment with NSAIDs . In general , no high - quality evidence supports their use . No drug has been shown to be better than another , and all of them have adverse effects , particularly dizziness and drowsiness . Concerns about possible abuse and interaction with other drugs , especially if increased sedation is a risk , further limit their use . A muscle relaxant is chosen based on its adverse - effect profile , tolerability , and cost . Muscle relaxants ( according to one study ) were not advised for orthopedic conditions , but rather for neurological conditions such as spasticity in cerebral palsy and multiple sclerosis . Dantrolene , although thought of primarily as a peripherally acting agent , is associated with CNS effects , whereas baclofen activity is strictly associated with the CNS . Muscle relaxants are thought to be useful in painful disorders based on the theory that pain induces spasm and spasm causes pain . However , considerable evidence contradicts this theory . In general , muscle relaxants are not approved by FDA for long - term use . However , rheumatologists often prescribe cyclobenzaprine nightly on a daily basis to increase stage 4 sleep . By increasing this sleep stage , patients feel more refreshed in the morning . Improving sleep is also beneficial for patients who have fibromyalgia . Muscle relaxants such as tizanidine are prescribed in the treatment of tension headaches . Diazepam and carisoprodol are not recommended for older adults , pregnant women , or people who suffer depression or for those with a history of drug or alcohol addiction . Mechanism ( edit ) Because of the enhancement of inhibition in the CNS , most spasmolytic agents have the side effects of sedation , drowsiness and may cause dependence with long - term use . Several of these agents also have abuse potential , and their prescription is strictly controlled . The benzodiazepines , such as diazepam , interact with the GABA receptor in the central nervous system . While it can be used in patients with muscle spasm of almost any origin , it produces sedation in most individuals at the doses required to reduce muscle tone . Baclofen is considered to be at least as effective as diazepam in reducing spasticity , and causes much less sedation . It acts as a GABA agonist at GABA receptors in the brain and spinal cord , resulting in hyperpolarization of neurons expressing this receptor , most likely due to increased potassium ion conductance . Baclofen also inhibits neural function presynaptically , by reducing calcium ion influx , and thereby reducing the release of excitatory neurotransmitters in both the brain and spinal cord . It may also reduce pain in patients by inhibiting the release of substance P in the spinal cord , as well . Clonidine and other imidazoline compounds have also been shown to reduce muscle spasms by their central nervous system activity . Tizanidine is perhaps the most thoroughly studied clonidine analog , and is an agonist at α - adrenergic receptors , but reduces spasticity at doses that result in significantly less hypotension than clonidine . Neurophysiologic studies show that it depresses excitatory feedback from muscles that would normally increase muscle tone , therefore minimizing spasticity . Furthermore , several clinical trials indicate that tizanidine has a similar efficacy to other spasmolytic agents , such as diazepam and baclofen , with a different spectrum of adverse effects . The hydantoin derivative dantrolene is a spasmolytic agent with a unique mechanism of action outside of the CNS . It reduces skeletal muscle strength by inhibiting the excitation - contraction coupling in the muscle fiber . In normal muscle contraction , calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum through the ryanodine receptor channel , which causes the tension - generating interaction of actin and myosin . Dantrolene interferes with the release of calcium by binding to the ryanodine receptor and blocking the endogenous ligand ryanodine by competitive inhibition . Muscle that contracts more rapidly is more sensitive to dantrolene than muscle that contracts slowly , although cardiac muscle and smooth muscle are depressed only slightly , most likely because the release of calcium by their sarcoplasmic reticulum involves a slightly different process . Major adverse effects of dantrolene include general muscle weakness , sedation , and occasionally hepatitis . Other common spasmolytic agents include : methocarbamol , carisoprodol , chlorzoxazone , cyclobenzaprine , gabapentin , metaxalone , and orphenadrine . Side effects ( edit ) Muscle relaxants are very powerful drugs which may produce negative effects , including heart failure and paralysis . Patients most commonly report sedation as the main adverse effect of muscle relaxants . Usually , people become less alert when they are under the effects of muscle relaxant drugs . People are normally advised not to drive vehicles or operate heavy machinery while under muscle relaxants ' effects . Cyclobenzaprine produces confusion and lethargy , as well as anticholinergic side effects . When taken in excess or in combination with other substances , it may also be toxic . While the body adjusts to this medication , it is possible for patients to experience dry mouth , fatigue , lightheadedness , constipation or blurred vision . Some serious but unlikely side effects may be experienced , including mental or mood changes , possible confusion and hallucinations , and difficulty urinating . In a very few cases , very serious but rare side effects may be experienced : irregular heartbeat , yellowing of eyes or skin , fainting , abdominal pain including stomachache , nausea or vomiting , lack of appetite , seizures , dark urine , or loss of coordination . Patients taking carisoprodol for a prolonged time have reported dependence , withdrawal and abuse , although most of these cases were reported by patients who had had a history of addiction . These effects were also reported by patients who took it in combination with other drugs with abuse potential , and in fewer cases , there were reports of carisoprodol - associated abuse when used without other drugs with abuse potential . Common side effects eventually caused by metaxalone include dizziness , headache , drowsiness , nausea , irritability , nervousness , upset stomach and vomiting . Severe side effects may be experienced when consuming metaxalone , such as severe allergic reactions ( rash , hives , itching , difficulty breathing , tightness in the chest , swelling of the mouth , face , lips , or tongue ) , chills , fever , and sore throat , may require medical attention . Other severe side effects include unusual or severe tiredness or weakness , as well as yellowing of the skin or the eyes . When baclofen is administered intrathecally , it may cause CNS depression accompanied with cardiovascular collapse and respiratory failure . Tizanidine may lower blood pressure . This effect can be controlled by administering a low dose at the beginning and increasing it gradually . See also ( edit ) Paralysis Quaternary ammonium muscle relaxants Caroverine References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Definition of Muscle relaxant . '' MedicineNet.com . ( c ) 1996 -- 2007 . Retrieved on September 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` muscle relaxant . '' mediLexicon . ( c ) 2007 . Retrieved on September 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Muscle relaxants . '' WebMD . Last Updated : February 15 , 2006 . Retrieved on September 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Skeletal Muscle Relaxant ( Oral Route , Parenteral Route ) . '' Mayo Clinic . Last Updated : April 1 , 2007 . Retrieved on September 19 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , R.D. ( 1998 ) . `` Skeletal Muscle Relaxants '' . In Katzung , B.G. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology ( 7th ed . ) . Appleton & Lange . pp. 434 -- 449 . ISBN 0 - 8385 - 0565 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bowman WC ( January 2006 ) . `` Neuromuscular block '' . Br. J. 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Jump up ^ Bras H , Jankowska E , Noga B , Skoog B ( 1990 ) . `` Comparison of Effects of Various Types of NA and 5 - HT Agonists on Transmission from Group II Muscle Afferents in the Cat '' . The European Journal of Neuroscience. 2 ( 12 ) : 1029 -- 39 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1460 - 9568.1990. tb00015. x . PMID 12106064 . Jump up ^ Jankowska E , Hammar I , Chojnicka B , Hedén CH ( 2000 ) . `` Effects of monoamines on interneurons in four spinal reflex pathways from group I and / or group II muscle afferents '' . Eur. J. Neurosci. 12 ( 2 ) : 701 -- 14 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1460 - 9568.2000. 00955. x . PMID 10712650 . Jump up ^ Young RR , Wiegner AW ( 1987 ) . `` Spasticity '' . Clin. Orthop . Relat . Res. 219 : 50 -- 62 . PMID 3581584 . Jump up ^ `` The Effects of Muscle Relaxant Drugs Are Powerful '' . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Cyclobenzaprine - Oral '' . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Carisoprodolx '' . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Side Effects of Metaxalone -- for the Consumer '' . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Precautions '' . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Skeletal Muscle Relaxants at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Skeletal muscle relaxants ( M03 ) Peripherally acting ( primarily antinicotinic , NMJ block ) Non-depolarizing Curare alkaloids Alcuronium Dimethyltubocurarine Tubocurarine 4 ° ammonium agents ultra-short duration : Gantacurium short duration : Mivacurium Chandonium intermediate duration : Atracurium Cisatracurium Fazadinium Rocuronium Vecuronium long duration : Doxacurium Dimethyltubocurarine Pancuronium Pipecuronium Laudexium Gallamine unsorted : Hexafluronium ( Hexafluorenium ) Depolarizing Choline derivatives : Suxamethonium ( Succinylcholine ) Polyalkylene derivatives : Hexamethonium ACh release inhibitors Botulinum toxin Centrally acting Carbamic acid esters Carisoprodol Cyclarbamate Difebarbamate Febarbamate Meprobamate Phenprobamate Styramate Tybamate Benzodiazepines Bromazepam Diazepam Clonazepam Flunitrazepam Lorazepam Nitrazepam Temazepam Tetrazepam Nonbenzodiazepines Eszopiclone Thienodiazepines Etizolam Quinazolines Methaqualone Anticholinergics ( Antimuscarinics ) Cyclobenzaprine Orphenadrine Other Arbaclofen placarbil Baclofen Chlormezanone Chlorphenesin Chlorzoxazone Donepezil Eperisone Fenyramidol Flopropione Gabapentin GHB Inaperisone Lanperisone Mephenesin Mephenoxalone Metaxalone Methocarbamol Phenibut Pregabalin Pridinol Promoxolane Quinine Silperisone Thiocolchicoside Tizanidine Tolperisone Zoxazolamine Directly acting Dantrolene Pharmacology : major drug groups Gastrointestinal tract / metabolism ( A ) stomach acid Antacids H antagonists Proton pump inhibitors Antiemetics Laxatives Antidiarrhoeals / Antipropulsives Anti-obesity drugs Anti-diabetics Vitamins Dietary minerals Blood and blood forming organs ( B ) Antithrombotics Antiplatelets Anticoagulants Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics Antihemorrhagics Platelets Coagulants Antifibrinolytics Cardiovascular system ( C ) cardiac therapy / antianginals Cardiac glycosides Antiarrhythmics Cardiac stimulants Antihypertensives Diuretics Vasodilators Beta blockers Calcium channel blockers renin - angiotensin system ACE inhibitors Angiotensin II receptor antagonists Renin inhibitors Antihyperlipidemics Statins Fibrates Bile acid sequestrants Skin ( D ) Emollients Cicatrizants Antipruritics Antipsoriatics Medicated dressings Genitourinary system ( G ) Hormonal contraception Fertility agents SERMs Sex hormones Endocrine system ( H ) Hypothalamic - pituitary hormones Corticosteroids Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids Sex hormones Thyroid hormones / Antithyroid agents Infections and infestations ( J , P , QI ) Antimicrobials : Antibacterials ( Antimycobacterials ) Antifungals Antivirals Antiparasitics Antiprotozoals Anthelmintics Ectoparasiticides IVIG Vaccines Malignant disease ( L01 - L02 ) Anticancer agents Antimetabolites Alkylating Spindle poisons Antineoplastic Topoisomerase inhibitors Immune disease ( L03 - L04 ) Immunomodulators Immunostimulants Immunosuppressants Muscles , bones , and joints ( M ) Anabolic steroids Anti-inflammatories NSAIDs Antirheumatics Corticosteroids Muscle relaxants Bisphosphonates Brain and nervous system ( N ) Analgesics Anesthetics General Local Anorectics Anti-ADHD Agents Antiaddictives Anticonvulsants Antidementia Agents Antidepressants Antimigraine Agents Antiparkinson 's Agents Antipsychotics Anxiolytics Depressants Entactogens Entheogens Euphoriants Hallucinogens Psychedelics Dissociatives Deliriants Hypnotics / Sedatives Mood Stabilizers Neuroprotectives Nootropics Neurotoxins Orexigenics Serenics Stimulants Wakefulness - Promoting Agents Respiratory system ( R ) Decongestants Bronchodilators Cough medicines H antagonists Sensory organs ( S ) Ophthalmologicals Otologicals Other ATC ( V ) Antidotes Contrast media Radiopharmaceuticals Dressings Senotherapeutics NDL : 00565878 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muscle_relaxant&oldid=798000648 '' Categories : Muscle relaxants Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 August 2017 , at 11 : 38 . 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when are centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants used

to alleviate musculoskeletal pain and spasms and to reduce spasticity in a variety of neurological conditions

in 1943

Rio Bravo ( film ) - wikipedia Rio Bravo ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Rio Bravo . Rio Bravo Theatrical release poster Directed by Howard Hawks Produced by Howard Hawks Screenplay by Jules Furthman Leigh Brackett Based on `` Rio Bravo '' by B.H. McCampbell Starring John Wayne Dean Martin Ricky Nelson Angie Dickinson Walter Brennan Ward Bond John Russell Music by Dimitri Tiomkin Cinematography Russell Harlan Edited by Folmar Blangsted Production company Warner Bros . Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date March 18 , 1959 ( 1959 - 03 - 18 ) ( USA ) Running time 141 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $5.2 million ( est . US / Canada rentals ) Rio Bravo is a 1959 American Western film produced and directed by Howard Hawks and starring John Wayne , Dean Martin , Ricky Nelson , Angie Dickinson , Walter Brennan , and Ward Bond . Written by Jules Furthman and Leigh Brackett , based on the short story `` Rio Bravo '' by B.H. McCampbell , the film is about the sheriff of the town of Rio Bravo , Texas , who arrests the brother of a powerful local rancher to help his drunken deputy / friend . With the help of a cripple and a young gunfighter , they hold off the rancher 's gang . Rio Bravo was filmed on location at Old Tucson Studios outside Tucson , Arizona , in Technicolor . In 2014 , Rio Bravo was deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 High Noon debate 5 Reception 6 Remakes and inspirations 6.1 Remakes 6.2 Inspirations 7 Music 8 Comic book adaption 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Plot ( edit ) In the town of Rio Bravo , Texas , sheriff 's deputy Dude ( Dean Martin ) , who has acquired the contemptuous nickname Borrachón ( pronounced ( bo. raˈtʃon ) , Spanish for `` big drunk '' ) , enters a saloon but can not afford a drink . Joe Burdette ( Claude Akins ) , brother of rancher Nathan Burdette , watches as a barfly ( Myron Healey ) , tosses a silver dollar into a spittoon . Presidio County , Texas , Sheriff John T. Chance ( John Wayne ) appears and kicks the spittoon away , looking at Dude with disgust . Dude is shamed by his plight and takes out his anger on Chance , knocking him out with an ax handle . Joe begins punching Dude , then shoots and kills an unarmed bystander who tries to intervene . Joe heads to his brother 's saloon , where a bloody Chance comes to arrest him for the murder of the bystander . Another patron draws his gun on Chance , but Dude shoots the gun out of the man 's hand . Joe is locked up in the local jail . Chance is willing to deputize Dude , provided he can stay sober . Both remember how good with a gun Dude used to be . Chance 's friend Pat Wheeler ( Ward Bond ) and his wagon train of supplies stop in town , with a young gunslinger , Colorado Ryan ( Ricky Nelson ) , riding guard . Inside the jail , Stumpy ( Walter Brennan ) , Chance 's game - legged deputy , keeps watch over the jail and Joe , who knows that Stumpy holds an old grudge against Joe 's wealthy and powerful brother . Joe warns his jailers that Nathan Burdette will not like how his brother is being treated . A mysterious woman nicknamed Feathers ( Angie Dickinson ) is in the saloon , playing poker . In the meantime , Dude and Chance patrol the town . Hotel owner Carlos ( Pedro Gonzalez - Gonzalez ) stops the sheriff , saying Wheeler has been talking too much about Chance needing help . In the saloon , Chance implores Wheeler to stop , as it will draw attention from the wrong people . Wheeler suggests that Colorado could be of assistance , but Colorado politely declines , saying he wants to `` mind my own business '' . Colorado also promises not to start any trouble without telling the sheriff first . Feathers leaves the poker game a winner . Chance follows her up to her room and confronts her as a card cheat , with his evidence three missing aces from the deck of cards being used in the game and a handbill indicating she is wanted for card cheating . Colorado intervenes , saying another participant in the game is the real cheat . They confront the card cheat and prove his guilt . Chance refuses to apologize to Feathers for doing his job , but is no longer in a hurry to make her leave town . As Wheeler is walking back to the hotel , he is shot dead by a Burdette man hiding in the stable . Colorado offers to help , but is angrily turned away by Chance , who says , `` You had a chance to get in this and you did n't want it . '' Chance and Dude flush out the shooter , who escapes into Nathan 's saloon after Dude wounds him . Dude believes the man has muddy boots , but everyone in the bar has clean boots . Two of Burdette 's men suggest Dude needs a drink and one throws a silver dollar into a spittoon . The bartender puts a beer on the bar , but Dude notices blood dripping into the glass from above . He turns , fires , and kills the shooter . Chance goes back to the hotel to sleep . Without his knowledge , Feathers stands guard at the door to keep him safe , then returns to her room when he awakens . Chance discovers what she did and advises that she should leave on the next stagecoach . Nathan Burdette ( John Russell ) arrives in town with his men , intent on seeing his brother Joe . Dude is standing guard and confiscating all guns . One of Burdette 's men ignores him until Dude cuts one of his horse 's reins with a single shot . Nathan agrees to turn in their guns until they leave . Carlos says Feathers will not get on the stagecoach . She tells the sheriff she does not want to leave , then gives him a kiss . He indicates if he were not in such a fix at the jail , things between them might be different . Colorado visits the jail to tell Chance the meaning of a song , `` Degüello '' , or `` The Cutthroat Song '' , that Nathan is paying men to play at his saloon . The song , reported to have been played by Antonio López de Santa Anna 's men at the siege of the Alamo , indicates that `` no quarter '' will be given to one 's enemy , no mercy . Dude is trying hard to stay sober . He is given back his guns ( the ones he had before he left town , sold by Dude , but bought back by Chance ) , as well as some clothes he left behind . The next morning , while Dude is standing guard at the town entryway , four Burdette men attack him from behind and tie him up in a stable . Others get the drop on Chance , whose rifle is just out of reach . From inside the hotel , acting on Colorado 's instructions , Feathers throws a flower pot through a window a moment after Colorado steps out on the porch , distracting the Burdette men . Colorado quickly throws Chance 's rifle to him and the two men shoot the three Burdette hands . Chance decides to have his men hole up in the jail , as it will take several more days for the United States Marshal to arrive to take Joe to the Presidio . Dude 's nerves are shot , but as he is about to take a drink , the sound of `` The Cutthroat Song '' played by Burdette 's musicians steels his resolve . He and Chance go to the hotel to round up additional supplies , but Carlos and Consuela are captured by Burdette 's men , who trick Chance into charging and falling over a rope tied at the bottom of the stairs . Dude and Feathers are unable to help . Chance is ordered to take the men to the jail to let Joe go . He is reluctant to do so , but Dude implores Chance to cooperate , saying that Stumpy is alone and has no food or water to hold out very long . The remaining Burdette men at the hotel take Dude hostage and Nathan Burdette offers to trade him later for Joe . Stumpy opens fire at the jail , holding off Burdette 's men . Chance and Colorado then take Joe to make the trade for Dude at a warehouse , leaving Stumpy behind because of his bad leg . During the trade , walking in opposite directions , Dude tackles Joe and they scuffle while a gunfight erupts . Stumpy turns up and helps even the odds . Dude overpowers Joe . The lawmen throw dynamite sticks at the warehouse where Burdette and his men are based , shooting the sticks to explode them . After a few explosions rock the warehouse , the criminals surrender . All is quiet in town as Chance gets reacquainted with Feathers , who models a skimpy new costume she will be wearing in her new job singing at the hotel . After a pair of sheer tights comes floating from a window to the street , a delighted Stumpy retrieves it , but Dude cautions him to mind his own business . Cast ( edit ) John Wayne and Angie Dickinson in Rio Bravo John Wayne as John T. Chance Dean Martin as Dude Ricky Nelson as Colorado / Ryan Angie Dickinson as Feathers Walter Brennan as Stumpy Ward Bond as Pat Wheeler John Russell as Nathan Burdette Pedro Gonzalez Gonzalez as Carlos Robante Estelita Rodriguez as Consuela Robante Claude Akins as Joe Burdette Joseph Shimada as Burt Malcolm Atterbury and Harry Carey Jr. also receive a screen credit in the film 's opening , but their scenes were deleted from the final film . Production ( edit ) Ricky Nelson performing the song `` Get Along Home , Cindy '' in Rio Bravo Exteriors for the film were shot at Old Tucson Studios , just outside Tucson . Filming took place in the summer of 1958 , and the movie 's credits gave 1958 as the year of production , although the film was not released until 1959 . Rio Bravo is generally regarded as one of Hawks ' best , and is notable for its long opening scene which contains no dialogue . The film received favorable reviews , and was successful , taking in over US $ 5.5 million . The musical score was composed by Dimitri Tiomkin . His score includes the hauntingly ominous `` El Degüello '' theme , which is heard several times . The Colorado character identifies the tune as `` The Cutthroat Song '' . He relates that the song was played on the orders of General Antonio López de Santa Anna to the Texans holed up in the Alamo , to signify that no quarter would be given to them . The tune was used the following year in Wayne 's film , The Alamo . Composer Ennio Morricone recalled that director Sergio Leone asked him to write `` Dimitri Tiomkin music '' for A Fistful of Dollars . The trumpet theme is similar to Tiomkin 's `` Degüello '' ( the Italian title of Rio Bravo was Un dollaro d'onore , A Dollar of Honor ) . Because the film starred a crooner , Martin , and a teen idol , Nelson , Hawks included three songs in the soundtrack . Before the big showdown , in the jail house , Martin sings `` My Rifle , My Pony , and Me '' ( which contained new lyrics to a Tiomkin tune that appeared in Red River ) accompanied by Nelson , after which Nelson sings a brief version of `` Get Along Home , Cindy '' , accompanied by Martin and Brennan . Over the closing credits , Martin , backed by the Nelson Riddle Orchestra , sings a specially composed song , `` Rio Bravo '' , written by Tiomkin with lyrics by Paul Francis Webster . Nelson later paid homage to both the film and his character , Colorado , by including the song `` Restless Kid '' on his 1959 LP , Ricky Sings Again . Members of the Western Writers of America chose `` My Rifle , My Pony , and Me '' as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time . A brief clip from Rio Bravo was among the archive footage later incorporated into the opening sequence of Wayne 's last film , The Shootist , to illustrate the backstory of Wayne 's character . High Noon debate ( edit ) The film was made as a response to High Noon , which is sometimes thought to be an allegory for blacklisting in Hollywood , as well as a critique of McCarthyism . Wayne would later call High Noon `` un-American '' and say he did not regret helping run the writer , Carl Foreman , out of the country . Director Howard Hawks went on the record to criticize High Noon by saying , `` I did n't think a good sheriff was going to go running around town like a chicken with his head cut off asking for help , and finally his Quaker wife had to save him . '' According to film historian Emanuel Levy , Wayne and Hawks teamed up deliberately to rebut High Noon by telling a somewhat similar story their own way : portraying a hero who does not show fear or inner conflict and who never repudiates his commitment to public duty , while only allying himself with capable people , despite offers of help from many other characters . In Rio Bravo , Chance is surrounded by allies -- a deputy who is brave and good with a gun , despite recovering from alcoholism ( Dude ) , a young untried but self - assured gunfighter ( Colorado ) , a limping `` crippled '' old man who is doggedly loyal ( Stumpy ) , a Mexican innkeeper ( Carlos ) , his wife ( Consuela ) , and an attractive young woman ( Feathers ) -- and repeatedly turns down aid from anyone he does not think is capable of helping him , though in the final shootout they come to help him anyway . `` Who 'll turn up next ? '' Wayne asks amid the gunfire , to which Colorado replies : `` Maybe the girl with another flower pot . '' Reception ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , Rio Bravo was not originally even reviewed for Sight & Sound ; in August 1976 , Leslie Halliwell gave the film two out of four stars , describing it as a `` cheerfully overlong and slow - moving Western '' that was nevertheless `` very watchable for those with time to spare '' . The film was taken more seriously by independent British critics such as Robin Wood , who rated it as his top film of all time and wrote a book on it in 2003 for the British Film Institute , publishers of Sight & Sound . It now has a 100 % Rotten Tomatoes rating and was the second highest - ranking Western in the 2012 Sight & Sound critics ' poll of the greatest films ever made . In 2008 , the American Film Institute nominated this film for its Top 10 Western Films list . Remakes and inspirations ( edit ) Remakes ( edit ) Howard Hawks went on to make two loose variations of Rio Bravo , on both occasions under a different title . Both of these remakes were directed by Hawks , both starred John Wayne , and in each case , the script was written by Leigh Brackett . All involve lawmen working against an entrenched criminal element , partially by `` holing up '' in their jailhouses . The first remake , El Dorado , was filmed in 1966 , but its release was held up by Paramount until the late summer of 1967 . In this film , Robert Mitchum played the Dean Martin role , Arthur Hunnicutt the Walter Brennan character , and James Caan the Ricky Nelson role . Hawks again named the Nelson / Caan character after a state ( in this case , Mississippi ) and in a wry , humorous twist on the original film , Hawks made him inept with firearms , but skilled with a knife . The second remake , Rio Lobo , was made in 1970 with a plot much further off the original mold , starting with the absence of a lawman - turned - drunkard character . This began with a Confederate train robbery of a Union gold shipment during the American Civil War , then moved to a postwar Texas county thoroughly controlled by a rich , arrogant rancher . The heroes , with the exception of an old man similar to Brennan and Hunnicutt 's characters in the previous pictures ( Jack Elam here ) , were complete outsiders . Along with Wayne and Elam , this movie starred Mexican film star Jorge Rivero ( as Frenchie ) , Christopher Mitchum ( Robert Mitchum 's son ) , and Jennifer O'Neill . Inspirations ( edit ) Feathers ' dialogue was occasionally inspired by the character of `` Slim '' ( Lauren Bacall ) in the 1944 To Have and Have Not , as when , after the first kiss , she says : `` It 's better when two people do it , '' recalling the phrase `` It 's even better when you help ; '' and again later when she says , `` I 'm hard to get -- you 're going to have to say you want me , '' recalling Slim 's `` I 'm hard to get , Steve -- all you have to do is ask me . '' L'homme à l'étoile d'argent ( The Man with the Silver Star ) , a 1969 album from the French comics series Lt. Blueberry was directly inspired by Rio Bravo . The plot is virtually the same . Blueberry plays the role of sheriff John T. Chance ; McClure , a whiskey - adoring old man , combines the roles of Dude and Stumpy ; Dusty plays the role of Colorado ; Miss March , the teacher , plays the role of a less morally challenged Feathers ; and instead of the Burdettes , it has the Bass brothers . John Carpenter 's 1976 film Assault on Precinct 13 , though not a remake of Rio Bravo , was inspired by the film . Carpenter borrowed some elements from the earlier film 's plot , but set it in 1970s Los Angeles . He also paid homage to the original film by using the pseudonym `` John T. Chance '' , the name of Wayne 's character , for his editing credit . This film was also remade in 2005 by Jean - Francois Richet , starring Ethan Hawke , Laurence Fishburne , Gabriel Byrne , Maria Bello , Drea de Matteo , John Leguizamo , Brian Dennehy , and Ja Rule , moving the film 's setting to Detroit . Ghosts of Mars , a 2001 film also by Carpenter , retains many of the elements that were developed in Rio Bravo and Assault on Precinct 13 , but takes place in a science - fiction setting . The Nest , a 2002 film by Florent Emilio Siri , starring Samy Naceri , Benoît Magimel , Nadia Farès , Pascal Greggory , and Sami Bouajila , is a quasi-remake of Assault on Precinct 13 . Borrachón : A Prequel to Rio Bravo , by Kevin Cullen , 2016 . This book is a prequel to the Rio Bravo story and film and provides the complete background leading up to the classic tale . Music ( edit ) `` My Rifle , My Pony and Me '' -- sung by Dean Martin and Ricky Nelson `` Cindy '' -- sung by Ricky Nelson , Dean Martin and Walter Brennan `` Rio Bravo '' -- sung by Dean Martin ( end credits ) Comic book adaption ( edit ) Dell Four Color # 1018 ( June 1959 ) See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1959 John Wayne filmography El Dorado ( 1966 ) Rio Lobo ( 1970 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1959 : Probable Domestic Take '' , Variety , 6 January 1960 p. 34 . Jump up ^ https://www.loc.gov/today/pr/2014/14-210.html Jump up ^ Commemoration : Howard Hawks ' Rio Bravo , Warner Bros. DVD supplement . Jump up ^ The Handbook of Texas Online , Texas State Historical Association ( retrieved on November 22 , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` Un dollaro d'onore '' . Wikipedia ( in Italian ) . 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Western Writers of America ( 2010 ) . `` The Top 100 Western Songs '' . American Cowboy . Archived from the original on 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Munn , Michael ( 2005 ) . John Wayne : The Man Behind the Myth . New York : Penguin . p. 190 . ISBN 0451214145 . Retrieved 1 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Blacklist Archived 2009 - 02 - 07 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Manfred Weidhorn . `` High Noon . '' Bright Lights Film Journal . February 2005 . Accessed 12 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Stafford , Jeff . `` Rio Bravo '' . TCM Film Article . Turner Entertainment Network . Retrieved 1 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Levy , Emanuel . `` High Noon : Why John Wayne Hated the Film '' . Cinema 24 / 7 . Retrieved 1 February 2015 . Jump up ^ The Movie article by Phil Hardy , 1980 Jump up ^ Halliwell , Leslie ( 1979 ) . Halliwell 's Film Guide to 8,000 English Language Films , Hart - Davis , MacGibbon , Granada . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' top 100 '' . British Film Institute . 2012 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Dell Four Color # 1018 '' . Grand Comics Database . Jump up ^ Dell Four Color # 1018 at the Comic Book DB Further reading ( edit ) Byman , Jeremy ( 2004 ) . Showdown at High Noon . Metuchen : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 4998 - 4 . McCarthy , Todd ( 2000 ) . Howard Hawks . New York : Grove Press . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3740 - 7 . Roberts , Randy ( 1997 ) . John Wayne . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8970 - 7 . Wood , Robin ( 2006 ) . Howard Hawks . Detroit : Wayne State University Press . ISBN 0 - 8143 - 3276 - 5 . Wood , Robin ( 2003 ) . Rio Bravo . London : BFI Pub . ISBN 0 - 85170 - 966 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rio Bravo . Rio Bravo at the American Film Institute Catalog Rio Bravo on IMDb Rio Bravo at AllMovie Rio Bravo at the TCM Movie Database Rio Bravo at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films directed by Howard Hawks The Road to Glory ( 1926 ) Fig Leaves ( 1926 ) Cradle Snatchers ( 1927 ) Paid to Love ( 1927 ) A Girl in Every Port ( 1928 ) Fazil ( 1928 ) The Air Circus ( 1928 ) Trent 's Last Case ( 1929 ) The Dawn Patrol ( 1930 ) The Criminal Code ( 1931 ) Scarface ( 1932 ) The Crowd Roars ( 1932 ) Tiger Shark ( 1932 ) Today We Live ( 1933 ) The Prizefighter and the Lady ( 1933 ) Viva Villa ! ( 1934 ) Twentieth Century ( 1934 ) Barbary Coast ( 1935 ) Ceiling Zero ( 1936 ) The Road to Glory ( 1936 ) Come and Get It ( 1936 ) Bringing Up Baby ( 1938 ) Only Angels Have Wings ( 1939 ) His Girl Friday ( 1940 ) Sergeant York ( 1941 ) Ball of Fire ( 1941 ) Air Force ( 1943 ) The Outlaw ( 1943 ) ( uncredited ) To Have and Have Not ( 1944 ) The Big Sleep ( 1946 ) Red River ( 1948 ) A Song Is Born ( 1948 ) I Was a Male War Bride ( 1949 ) The Big Sky ( 1951 ) Monkey Business ( 1952 ) O. Henry 's Full House ( 1952 ) Gentlemen Prefer Blondes ( 1953 ) Land of the Pharaohs ( 1955 ) Rio Bravo ( 1959 ) Hatari ! ( 1962 ) Man 's Favorite Sport ? ( 1964 ) Red Line 7000 ( 1965 ) El Dorado ( 1966 ) Rio Lobo ( 1970 ) VIAF : 316751659 GND : 4764446 - 1 SUDOC : 104486708 BNF : cb145169957 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rio_Bravo_(film)&oldid=817646117 '' Categories : 1959 films English - language films 1950s Western ( genre ) films American Western ( genre ) films American buddy films Films scored by Dimitri Tiomkin Films about alcoholism Films directed by Howard Hawks Films set in Texas Films shot in Arizona Films shot in California Screenplays by Leigh Brackett Warner Bros. films United States National Film Registry films Screenplays by Jules Furthman American films Siege films Films adapted into comics Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 18 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who played stumpy in the movie rio bravo

Walter Brennan

False

Protein biosynthesis - wikipedia Protein biosynthesis Jump to : navigation , search RNA is transcribed in the nucleus ; once completely processed , it is transported to the cytoplasm and translated by the ribosome ( shown in very pale grey behind the tRNA ) . Protein synthesis is the process whereby biological cells generate new proteins ; it is balanced by the loss of cellular proteins via degradation or export . Translation , the assembly of amino acids by ribosomes , is an essential part of the biosynthetic pathway , along with generation of messenger RNA ( mRNA ) , aminoacylation of transfer RNA ( tRNA ) , co-translational transport , and post-translational modification . Protein biosynthesis is strictly regulated at multiple steps . They are principally during transcription ( phenomena of RNA synthesis from DNA template ) and translation ( phenomena of amino acid assembly from RNA ) . The cistron DNA is transcribed into the first of a series of RNA intermediates . The last version is used as a template in synthesis of a polypeptide chain . Protein will often be synthesized directly from genes by translating mRNA . However , when a protein must be available on short notice or in large quantities , a protein precursor is produced . A proprotein is an inactive protein containing one or more inhibitory peptides that can be activated when the inhibitory sequence is removed by proteolysis during posttranslational modification . A preprotein is a form that contains a signal sequence ( an N - terminal signal peptide ) that specifies its insertion into or through membranes , i.e. , targets them for secretion . The signal peptide is cleaved off in the endoplasmic reticulum . Preproproteins have both sequences ( inhibitory and signal ) still present . In protein synthesis , a succession of tRNA molecules charged with appropriate amino acids are brought together with an mRNA molecule and matched up by base - pairing through the anti-codons of the tRNA with successive codons of the mRNA . The amino acids are then linked together to extend the growing protein chain , and the tRNAs , no longer carrying amino acids , are released . This whole complex of processes is carried out by the ribosome , formed of two main chains of RNA , called ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) , and more than 50 different proteins . The ribosome latches onto the end of an mRNA molecule and moves along it , capturing loaded tRNA molecules and joining together their amino acids to form a new protein chain . Protein biosynthesis , although very similar , is different for prokaryotes and eukaryotes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Transcription 2 Translation 3 Events during or following protein translation 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Transcription ( edit ) Main article : Transcription ( genetics ) Diagram showing the process of transcription Phenomena of RNA synthesis from DNA template In transcription an mRNA chain is generated , with one strand of the DNA double helix in the genome as a template . This strand is called the template strand . Transcription can be divided into 3 stages : initiation , elongation , and termination , each regulated by a large number of proteins such as transcription factors and coactivators that ensure that the correct gene is transcribed . Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus , where the DNA is held . The DNA structure of the cell is made up of two helixes made up of sugar and phosphate held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases of opposite strands . The sugar and the phosphate in each strand are joined together by stronger phosphodiester covalent bonds . The DNA is `` unzipped '' ( disruption of hydrogen bonds between different single strands ) by the enzyme helicase , leaving the single nucleotide chain open to be copied . RNA polymerase reads the DNA strand from the 3 - prime ( 3 ' ) end to the 5 - prime ( 5 ' ) end , while it synthesizes a single strand of messenger RNA in the 5 ' - to - 3 ' direction . The general RNA structure is very similar to the DNA structure , but in RNA the nucleotide uracil takes the place that thymine occupies in DNA . The single strand of mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores , and migrates into the cytoplasm . The first product of transcription differs in prokaryotic cells from that of eukaryotic cells , as in prokaryotic cells the product is mRNA , which needs no post-transcriptional modification , whereas , in eukaryotic cells , the first product is called primary transcript , that needs post-transcriptional modification ( capping with 7 - methyl - guanosine , tailing with a poly A tail ) to give hnRNA ( heterogeneous nuclear RNA ) . hnRNA then undergoes splicing of introns ( noncoding parts of the gene ) via spliceosomes to produce the final mRNA . Translation ( edit ) Main article : Translation ( biology ) Diagram showing the process of translation Diagram showing the translation of mRNA and the synthesis of proteins by a ribosome Phenomena of amino acid assembly from RNA . The synthesis of proteins from RNA is known as translation . In eukaryotes , translation occurs in the cytoplasm , where the ribosomes are located . Ribosomes are made of a small and large subunit that surround the mRNA . In translation , messenger RNA ( mRNA ) is decoded to produce a specific polypeptide according to the rules specified by the trinucleotide genetic code . This uses an mRNA sequence as a template to guide the synthesis of a chain of amino acids that form a protein . Translation proceeds in four phases : activation , initiation , elongation , and termination ( all describing the growth of the amino acid chain , or polypeptide that is the product of translation ) . In activation , the correct amino acid ( AA ) is joined to the correct transfer RNA ( tRNA ) . While this is not , in the technical sense , a step in translation , it is required for translation to proceed . The AA is joined by its carboxyl group to the 3 ' OH of the tRNA by an ester bond . When the tRNA has an amino acid linked to it , it is termed `` charged '' . Initiation involves the small subunit of the ribosome binding to 5 ' end of mRNA with the help of initiation factors ( IF ) , other proteins that assist the process . Elongation occurs when the next aminoacyl - tRNA ( charged tRNA ) in line binds to the ribosome along with GTP and an elongation factor . Termination of the polypeptide happens when the A site of the ribosome faces a stop codon ( UAA , UAG , or UGA ) . When this happens , no tRNA can recognize it , but releasing factor can recognize nonsense codons and causes the release of the polypeptide chain . The capacity of disabling or inhibiting translation in protein biosynthesis is used by some antibiotics such as anisomycin , cycloheximide , chloramphenicol , tetracycline , streptomycin , erythromycin , puromycin , etc . Events during or following protein translation ( edit ) Main articles : Proteolysis , Posttranslational modification , and Protein folding Events that occur during or following biosynthesis include proteolysis , post-translational modification and protein folding . Proteolysis may remove N - terminal , C - terminal or internal amino - acid residues or peptides from the polypeptide . The termini and side - chains of the polypeptide may be subjected to post-translational modification . These modifications may be required for correct cellular localisation or the natural function of the protein . During and after synthesis , polypeptide chains often fold to assume , so called , native secondary and tertiary structures . This is known as protein folding and is typically required for the natural function of the protein . See also ( edit ) Central dogma of molecular biology Cistron Gene expression Genetic code Operon Peptide synthesis Protein production References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kafri M , Metzl - Raz E , Jona G , Barkai N. 2016 . The Cost of Protein Production . Cell Rep 14 : 22 -- 31 . https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.015 ^ Jump up to : Alberts , Bruce ( 2002 ) . Molecular biology of the cell . New York : Garland Science . p. 760 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . Jump up ^ Alberts , Bruce . Molecular Biology of the Cell , 5e . New York : Garland Science , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Interactive Java simulation of transcription initiation . From Center for Models of Life at the Niels Bohr Institute . A website focused primarily on Protein Synthesis . Protein primary structure and posttranslational modifications General Peptide bond Protein biosynthesis Proteolysis Racemization N-O acyl shift N terminus Acetylation Carbamylation Formylation Glycation Methylation Myristoylation ( Gly ) C terminus Amidation Glycosyl phosphatidylinositol ( GPI ) O - methylation Detyrosination Single specific AAs Serine / Threonine Phosphorylation Dephosphorylation Glycosylation Methylidene - imidazolone ( MIO ) formation Tyrosine Phosphorylation Dephosphorylation Sulfation Porphyrin ring linkage Adenylylation Flavin linkage Topaquinone ( TPQ ) formation Detyrosination Cysteine Palmitoylation Prenylation Aspartate Succinimide formation Glutamate Carboxylation Methylation Polyglutamylation Polyglycylation Asparagine Deamidation Glycosylation Glutamine Transglutamination Lysine Methylation Acetylation Acylation Adenylylation Hydroxylation Ubiquitination Sumoylation ADP - ribosylation Deamination Oxidative deamination to aldehyde O - glycosylation Imine formation Glycation Carbamylation Succinylation Arginine Citrullination Methylation ADP - ribosylation Proline Hydroxylation Histidine Diphthamide formation Adenylylation Tryptophan C - mannosylation Crosslinks between two AAs Cysteine - Cysteine Disulfide bond Methionine - Hydroxylysine Sulfilimine bond Lysine - Tyrosylquinone Lysine tyrosylquinone ( LTQ ) formation Tryptophan - Tryptophylquinone Tryptophan tryptophylquinone ( TTQ ) formation Three consecutive AAs ( chromophore formation ) Serine -- Tyrosine -- Glycine p - Hydroxybenzylidene - imidazolinone formation Histidine -- Tyrosine -- Glycine 4 - ( p - hydroxybenzylidene ) - 5 - imidazolinone formation Crosslinks between four AAs Allysine - Allysine - Allysine - Lysine Desmosine Gene expression Introduction to genetics Genetic code Central dogma DNA → RNA → Protein Special transfers RNA → RNA RNA → DNA Protein → Protein Transcription Types Bacterial Eukaryotic Key elements Transcription factor RNA polymerase Promoter Post-transcription Precursor mRNA ( pre-mRNA / hnRNA ) 5 ' capping Splicing Polyadenylation Histone acetylation and deacetylation Translation Types Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Key elements Ribosome Transfer RNA ( tRNA ) Ribosome - nascent chain complex ( RNC ) Post-translational modification ( functional groups peptides structural changes ) Regulation Epigenetic imprinting Transcriptional Gene regulatory network cis - regulatory element lac operon Post-transcriptional sequestration ( P - bodies ) alternative splicing microRNA Translational Post-translational reversible irreversible Influential people François Jacob Jacques Monod Proteins Processes Protein biosynthesis Post-translational modification Protein folding Protein targeting Proteome Protein methods Structures Protein structure Protein structural domains Proteasome Types List of types of proteins List of proteins Membrane protein Globular protein Globulin Albumin Fibrous protein Proteins : key methods of study Experimental Protein purification Green fluorescent protein Western blot Protein immunostaining Protein sequencing Gel electrophoresis / Protein electrophoresis Protein immunoprecipitation Peptide mass fingerprinting / Protein mass spectrometry Dual - polarization interferometry Microscale thermophoresis Chromatin immunoprecipitation Surface plasmon resonance Isothermal titration calorimetry X-ray crystallography Protein NMR Cryo - electron microscopy Freeze - fracture electron microscopy Bioinformatics Protein structure prediction Protein -- protein docking Protein structural alignment Protein ontology Protein -- protein interaction prediction Assay Enzyme assay Protein assay Secretion assay Display techniques Bacterial display mRNA display Phage display Ribosome display Yeast display Super-resolution microscopy Photoactivated localization microscopy Vertico SMI Metabolism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein_biosynthesis&oldid=820664044 '' Categories : Gene expression Proteins Biosynthesis Metabolism Protein biosynthesis Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans تۆرکجه Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 January 2018 , at 22 : 32 . 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where is the protien made in the cell

in the cell nucleus

in the nucleus

Vanishing point - wikipedia Vanishing point Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Vanishing point ( disambiguation ) . A vanishing point can be seen at the far end of this railroad . A vanishing point is a point on the image plane of a perspective drawing where the two - dimensional perspective projections ( or drawings ) of mutually parallel lines in three - dimensional space appear to converge . When the set of parallel lines is perpendicular to a picture plane , the construction is known as one - point perspective , and their vanishing point corresponds to the oculus , or `` eye point '' , from which the image should be viewed for correct perspective geometry . Traditional linear drawings use objects with one to three sets of parallels , defining one to three vanishing points . Part of a series on Graphical projection Planar ( show ) Parallel projection Orthographic projection Multiview projection Axonometric projection Isometric projection Oblique projection Perspective projection Curvilinear perspective Reverse perspective Views ( show ) 2.5 D Bird 's - eye view Cross section Cutaway drawing Exploded view drawing Fisheye lens Panorama Worm 's - eye view Zoom lens Topics ( show ) 3D projection Anamorphosis Axonometry Computer graphics Computer - aided design Descriptive geometry Engineering drawing Map projection Picture plane Plans ( drawings ) Projection ( linear algebra ) Projection plane Projective geometry Stereoscopy Technical drawing Vanishing point Video game graphics Viewing frustum Contents ( hide ) 1 Vector notation 2 Theorem 3 Vanishing line 4 Properties of vanishing points 5 Curvilinear and reverse perspective 6 Detection of vanishing points 7 Applications of vanishing points 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Vector notation ( edit ) A 2D construction of perspective viewing , showing the formation of a vanishing point The vanishing point may also be referred to as the `` direction point '' , as lines having the same directional vector , say D , will have the same vanishing point or converge at the same vanishing points . Mathematically , let q ≡ ( x , y , f ) be a point lying on the image plane , where f is the focal length ( of the camera associated with the image ) , and let v ≡ ( x / h , y / h , f / h ) be the unit vector associated with q , where h = √ x + y + f . If we consider a straight line in space S with the unit vector n ≡ ( n , n , n ) and its vanishing point v , the unit vector associated with v is equal to n , assuming both are assumed to point towards the image plane . When the image plane is parallel to two world - coordinate axes , lines parallel to the axis which is cut by this image plane will meet at infinity i.e. at the vanishing point . Lines parallel to the other two axes will not form vanishing points as they are parallel to the image plane . This is one - point perspective . Similarly , when the image plane intersects two world - coordinate axes , lines parallel to those planes will meet at infinity and form two vanishing points . This is called two - point perspective . In three - point perspective the image plane intersects the x , y , and z axes and therefore lines parallel to these axes intersect , resulting in three different vanishing points . See also : Property 1 below Theorem ( edit ) The vanishing point theorem is the principal theorem in the science of perspective . It says that the image in a picture plane π of a line L in space , not parallel to the picture , is determined by its intersection with π and its vanishing point . Some authors have used the phrase , `` the image of a line includes its vanishing point '' . Guidobaldo del Monte gave several verifications , and Humphry Ditton called the result the `` main and Great Proposition '' . Brook Taylor wrote the first book in English on perspective in 1714 , which introduced the term `` vanishing point '' and was the first to fully explain the geometry of multipoint perspective , and historian Kirsti Andersen compiled these observations . She notes , in terms of projective geometry , the vanishing point is the image of the point at infinity associated with L , as the sightline from O through the vanishing point is parallel to L . Vanishing line ( edit ) As a vanishing point originates in a line , so a vanishing line originates in a plane α that is not parallel to the picture π . Given the eye point O , and β the plane parallel to α and lying on O , then the vanishing line of α is β ∩ π . For example , when α is the ground plane and β is the horizon plane , then the vanishing line of α is the horizon line β ∩ π . Anderson notes , `` Only one particular vanishing line occurs , often referred to as the `` horizon '' . To put it simply , the vanishing line of some plane , say α , is obtained by the intersection of the image plane with another plane , say β , parallel to the plane of interest ( α ) , passing through the camera center . For different sets of lines parallel to this plane α , their respective vanishing points will lie on this vanishing line . The horizon line is a theoretical line that represents the eye level of the observer . If the object is below the horizon line , its vanishing lines angle up to the horizon line . If the object is above , they slope down . All vanishing lines end at the horizon line . Properties of vanishing points ( edit ) 1 . Projections of two sets of parallel lines lying in some plane π appear to converge , i.e. the vanishing point associated with that pair , on a horizon line , or vanishing line H formed by the intersection of the image plane with the plane parallel to π and passing through the pinhole . Proof : Consider the ground plane π , as y = c which is , for the sake of simplicity , orthogonal to the image plane . Also , consider a line L that lies in the plane π , which is defined by the equation ax + bz = d . Using perspective pinhole projections , a point on L projected on the image plane will have coordinates defined as , x ′ = f x / z = f d − bz / az y ′ = f y / z = f c / z This is the parametric representation of the image L ′ of the line L with z as the parameter . When z → − ∞ it stops at the point ( x ′ , y ′ ) = ( − fb / a , 0 ) on the x ′ axis of the image plane . This is the vanishing point corresponding to all parallel lines with slope − b / a in the plane π . All vanishing points associated with different lines with different slopes belonging to plane π will lie on the x ′ axis , which in this case is the horizon line . 2 . Let A , B , and C be three mutually orthogonal straight lines in space and v ≡ ( x , y , f ) , v ≡ ( x , y , f ) , v ≡ ( x , y , f ) be the three corresponding vanishing points respectively . If we know the coordinates of one of these points , say v , and the direction of a straight line on the image plane , which passes through a second point , say v , we can compute the coordinates of both v and v 3 . Let A , B , and C be three mutually orthogonal straight lines in space and v ≡ ( x , y , f ) , v ≡ ( x , y , f ) , v ≡ ( x , y , f ) be the three corresponding vanishing points respectively . The orthocenter of the triangle with vertices in the three vanishing points is the intersection of the optical axis and the image plane . Curvilinear and reverse perspective ( edit ) A curvilinear perspective is a drawing with either 4 or 5 vanishing points . In 5 - point perspective the vanishing points are mapped into a circle with 4 vanishing points at the cardinal headings N , W , S , E and one at the circle 's origin . A reverse perspective is a drawing with vanishing points that are placed outside the painting with the illusion that they are `` in front of '' the painting . Single point perspective projection . Double point perspective projection . Pietro Perugino 's use of perspective in the Delivery of the Keys fresco at the Sistine Chapel ( 1481 -- 82 ) helped bring the Renaissance to Rome . Detection of vanishing points ( edit ) Several methods for vanishing point detection make use of the line segments detected in images . Other techniques involve considering the intensity gradients of the image pixels directly . There are significantly large numbers of vanishing points present in an image . Therefore , the aim is to detect the vanishing points that correspond to the principal directions of a scene . This is generally achieved in two steps . The first step , called the accumulation step , as the name suggests , clusters the line segments with the assumption that a cluster will share a common vanishing point . The next step finds the principal clusters present in the scene and therefore it is called the search step . In the accumulation step , the image is mapped onto a bounded space called the accumulator space . The accumulator space is partitioned into units called cells . Barnard assumed this space to be a Gaussian sphere centered on the optical center of the camera as an accumulator space . A line segment on the image corresponds to a great circle on this sphere , and the vanishing point in the image is mapped to a point . The Gaussian sphere has accumulator cells that increase when a great circle passes through them , i.e. in the image a line segment intersects the vanishing point . Several modifications have been made since , but one of the most efficient techniques was using the Hough Transform , mapping the parameters of the line segment to the bounded space . Cascaded Hough Transforms have been applied for multiple vanishing points . The process of mapping from the image to the bounded spaces causes the loss of the actual distances between line segments and points . In the search step , the accumulator cell with the maximum number of line segments passing through it is found . This is followed by removal of those line segments , and the search step is repeated until this count goes below a certain threshold . As more computing power is now available , points corresponding to two or three mutually orthogonal directions can be found . Applications of vanishing points ( edit ) Use of cross-ratios in projective geometry to measure real - world dimensions of features depicted in a perspective projection . A , B , C , D and V are points on the image , their separation given in pixels ; A ' , B ' , C ' and D ' are in the real world , their separation in metres . In ( 1 ) , the width of the side street , W is computed from the known widths of the adjacent shops . In ( 2 ) , the width of only one shop is needed because a vanishing point , V is visible . Camera calibration : The vanishing points of an image contain important information for camera calibration . Various calibration techniques have been introduced using the properties of vanishing points to find intrinsic and extrinsic calibration parameters . 3D reconstruction : A man - made environment has two main characteristics -- several lines in the scene are parallel , and a number of edges present are orthogonal . Vanishing points aid in comprehending the environment . Using sets of parallel lines in the plane , the orientation of the plane can be calculated using vanishing points . Torre and Coelho performed extensive investigation in the use of vanishing points to implement a full system . With the assumption that the environment consists of objects with only parallel or perpendicular sides , also called Lego - land , using vanishing points constructed in a single image of the scene they recovered the 3D geometry of the scene . Similar ideas are also used in the field of robotics , mainly in navigation and autonomous vehicles , and in areas concerned with object detection . See also ( edit ) Graphical projection References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kirsti Andersen ( 2007 ) Geometry of an Art , p. xxx , Springer , ISBN 0 - 387 - 25961 - 9 ^ Jump up to : B. Caprile , V. Torre ( 1 ) `` Using Vanishing Points for Camera Calibration '' , International Journal of Computer Vision , Volume 4 , Issue 2 , pp. 127 - 139 , March 1990 Jump up ^ H. Ditton ( 1712 ) Treatise on Perspective , p 45 Jump up ^ S.T. Barnard ' Interpreting Perspective Images `` , Artificial Intelligence 21 , 1983 , pp. 435 - 462 Jump up ^ D. Liebowitz and A. Zisserman `` Metric Rectification for perspective images of planes '' , IEEE Conf . Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition , June 1998 , Santa Barbara , CA , pp. 482 - 488 Jump up ^ R.T. Collins , and R. Weiss `` Vanishing Point Calculation as a Statistical Inference on the Unit Sphere '' Proceedings of ICCV3 , December , 1990 Jump up ^ C. Coelho , M. Straforani , M. Campani `` Using Geometrical Rules and a priori Knowledge for the Understanding of Indoor Scenes '' Proceedings BMVC90 , p. 229 - 234 Oxford , September 1990 . External links ( edit ) Vanishing point detection by three different proposed algorithms Vanishing point detection for images and videos using open CV A tutorial covering many examples of linear perspective Trigonometric Calculation of Vanishing Points Brief explanation of the rationale with an easy example Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vanishing_point&oldid=833992453 '' Categories : Perspective projection Geometry in computer vision Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2013 Talk Views Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Occitan Português Simple English Svenska Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 11 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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if there is a line that lies parallel to the horizon it is said to be

A vanishing point

vanishing point

A Time for Choosing - wikipedia A Time for Choosing Jump to : navigation , search A '' Time for Choosing Speech '' Play media In support of Goldwater , Reagan delivers the address , A Time for Choosing . The speech launches Reagan to national prominence . Date October 27 , 1964 ( 1964 - 10 - 27 ) Duration 29 : 33 Location Los Angeles County , California , U.S. Also known as `` The Speech '' Type Televised campaign speech Participants Ronald Reagan Website Video clip , audio , transcript This article is part of a series about Ronald Reagan Electoral history Political positions Early life Career Films Public image Governor of California Governorship 1976 General election Primaries Convention 40th President of the United States Presidency Timeline Policies Domestic Reaganomics Foreign Reagan Doctrine International trips Appointments Cabinet Judicial appointments First Term Campaign for the Presidency 1980 general election Primaries Convention 1st inauguration Assassination attempt Invasion of Grenada Cold War Second Term Re-election campaign 1984 general election Primaries Convention 2nd inauguration Cold War Libya bombing Challenger disaster Iran -- Contra affair `` Tear down this wall ! '' INF Treaty Post-Presidency Presidential Library Medal of Freedom Bibliography An American Life The Reagan Diaries Alzheimer 's diagnosis State funeral Legacy Speeches and debates `` A Time for Choosing '' Reagan Era Reagan Award `` A Time for Choosing '' , also known as `` The Speech '' , was a speech presented during the 1964 U.S. presidential election campaign by future president Ronald Reagan on behalf of Republican candidate Barry Goldwater . The speech launched Reagan into national prominence . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Aftermath 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Background ( edit ) Many versions of the speech exist , since it was altered over many weeks . Contrary to popular belief , however , the speech was not given at the 1964 Republican National Convention in San Francisco , California as a nomination speech for presidential candidate Senator Barry Goldwater ; Richard Nixon gave that nomination speech . Reagan , though he campaigned for Goldwater , did not use `` A Time for Choosing '' until October 27 , 1964 , when it was part of a pre-recorded television program , Rendezvous with Destiny . In his autobiography , An American Life , Reagan recalled going to bed that night `` hoping I had n't let Barry down . '' Speaking for Goldwater , Reagan stressed his belief in the importance of smaller government . In the speech , he revealed his ideological motivation : `` The Founding Fathers knew a government ca n't control the economy without controlling people . And they knew when a government sets out to do that , it must use force and coercion to achieve its purpose . So we have come to a time for choosing . '' He also said , `` You and I are told we must choose between a left or right , but I suggest there is no such thing as a left or right . There is only an up or down . Up to man 's age - old dream -- the maximum of individual freedom consistent with law and order -- or down to the ant heap of totalitarianism . '' The speech raised $1 million for Goldwater 's campaign , and is considered the event that launched Reagan 's political career . Aftermath ( edit ) To this day , `` The Speech '' is considered one of the most effective ever made on behalf of a candidate . Nevertheless , Barry Goldwater lost the election by one of the largest margins in history . Soon afterwards , Reagan was asked to run for Governor of California ; he ran for office and won election in 1966 . Reagan was later dubbed the `` Great Communicator '' in recognition of his effective oratory skills . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Reagan , Ronald ( 1990 ) . An American Life : The Autobiography . New York City : Simon & Schuster . p. 143 . ISBN 0671691988 . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . When it was over , the others in the room said I had done well . But I was still nervous about it and , when I went to bed , I was hoping I had n't let Barry down ^ Jump up to : `` A Time for Choosing '' . PBS . Retrieved April 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Richard A. Harris , Daniel J. Tichenor . A History of the U.S. Political System : Ideas , Interests , and Institutions , Volume 1 . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO , 2009 . p. 384 Jump up ^ Cannon , Lou ( June 6 , 2004 ) . `` Actor , Governor , President , Icon '' . The Washington Post . p . A01 . Retrieved January 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cannon ( 2001 ) , p. 36 Jump up ^ Peter Schweizer ; Wynton C. Hall ( 2007 ) . Landmark Speeches of the American Conservative Movement . Texas A&M University Press . p. 42 . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Bimes , Terri . `` Ronald Reagan and the New Conservative Populism . '' ( Institute of Governmental Studies , 2002 ) . online Friedenberg , Robert V. ( 2002 ) . Notable Speeches in Contemporary Presidential Campaigns . Greenwood . pp. 143ff . Kiewe , Amos , Davis W. Houck , and Davis L. Houck . A shining city on a hill : Ronald Reagan 's economic rhetoric , 1951 -- 1989 ( Greenwood , 1991 ) Perlstein , Rick ( 2009 ) . Before the Storm : Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus . Nation Books . pp. 509ff . Ritter , Kurt W. `` Ronald Reagan and ' the speech ' : The rhetoric of public relations politics . '' Western Journal of Communication ( 1968 ) 32 # 1 pp. 50 -- 58 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : A Time for Choosing Ronald Reagan , `` A time for choosing '' ( 1964 ) Online Transcript , audio , and video of the broadcast Analysis of `` The Speech '' , The History Channel ( hide ) Ronald Reagan 40th President of the United States ( 1981 -- 1989 ) 33rd Governor of California ( 1967 -- 1975 ) Life and politics Birthplace Pitney Store Boyhood home Rancho del Cielo Filmography Presidential Library Death and state funeral Political positions Governship of California Namesakes and memorials Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Domestic policy Economic policy Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 Tax Reform Act of 1986 Assassination attempt Strategic Defense Initiative Foreign policy Reagan Doctrine Cold War 1st term 2nd term 1985 Geneva Summit 1986 Reykjavík Summit INF Treaty 1987 Washington Summit 1988 Moscow Summit Invasion of Grenada Iran -- Contra affair International trips The Grace Commission Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Supreme Court controversies Administration scandals `` We begin bombing in five minutes '' Speeches Ronald Reagan Speaks Out Against Socialized Medicine `` A Time for Choosing '' Reagan 's Neshoba County Fair `` states ' rights '' speech First inaugural address Second inaugural address `` Ash heap of history '' `` Evil empire '' `` Tear down this wall ! '' State of the Union : 1982 1984 1985 1986 Books Where 's the Rest of Me ? ( 1965 autobiography ) ( with Richard G. Hubler ) An American Life ( 1990 autobiography ) ( with Robert Lindsey ) The Reagan Diaries ( 2007 ) ( edited by Douglas Brinkley ) Elections California gubernatorial election , 1966 1970 Republican Party presidential primaries , 1968 1976 1980 1984 Republican National Convention 1968 1976 1980 1984 Ronald Reagan presidential campaign , 1980 `` There you go again '' `` Make America Great Again '' United States presidential election , 1976 1980 1984 `` Morning in America '' `` Bear in the woods '' Popular culture In fiction In music U.S. Postage stamps The Day Reagan Was Shot ( 2001 film ) The Reagans ( 2003 film ) Reagan ( 2011 documentary ) The Butler ( 2013 film ) Killing Reagan ( 2016 film ) `` What would Reagan do ? '' Family Jack Reagan ( father ) Nelle Wilson Reagan ( mother ) Neil Reagan ( brother ) Jane Wyman ( first wife ) Nancy Reagan ( second wife ) Maureen Reagan ( daughter ) Michael Reagan ( adopted son ) Patti Davis ( daughter ) Ron Reagan ( son ) Rex ( dog ) ← Jimmy Carter George H.W. Bush → Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Time_for_Choosing&oldid=805876525 '' Categories : Speeches by Ronald Reagan 1964 speeches United States presidential election , 1964 Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch עברית Português Scots Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2017 , at 05 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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where was a time for choosing speech given

Los Angeles County, California, U.S.

Los Angeles County

Super Bowl XXXIX - wikipedia Super Bowl XXXIX Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl XXXIX New England Patriots ( AFC ) Philadelphia Eagles ( NFC ) 24 21 Total NE 0 7 7 10 24 PHI 0 7 7 7 21 Date February 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 06 ) Stadium Alltel Stadium , Jacksonville , Florida MVP Deion Branch , Wide Receiver Favorite Patriots by 7 Referee Terry McAulay Attendance 78,125 Future Hall of Famers Patriots : None Eagles : Brian Dawkins , Terrell Owens Ceremonies National anthem The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy , the U.S. Naval Academy , the U.S. Air Force Academy , and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy , and U.S. Army Herald Trumpets . Coin toss Youth football players from Jacksonville : Tyler Callahan , Tyler Deal , Lawrence McCauley , and Jacob Santana ; New Orleans NFL Junior Player Development coach Tamaris Jackson Halftime show Paul McCartney TV in the United States Network Fox Announcers Joe Buck , Troy Aikman , Cris Collinsworth , Pam Oliver and Chris Myers Nielsen ratings 41.1 ( est. 86 million viewers ) Market share 62 Cost of 30 - second commercial $2.3 million ← XXXVIII Super Bowl XL → Super Bowl XXXIX was an American football game played between the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion New England Patriots and the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Philadelphia Eagles to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 2004 season . The Patriots defeated the Eagles by the score of 24 -- 21 . The game was played on February 6 , 2005 , at Alltel Stadium in Jacksonville , Florida , the first time the Super Bowl was played in that city . The Patriots , who entered the Super Bowl after compiling a 14 -- 2 regular season record , became the first team since the 1997 -- 1998 Denver Broncos to win consecutive Super Bowls . New England also became the second team after the Dallas Cowboys to win three Super Bowls in four years . The Eagles were making their second Super Bowl appearance after posting a 13 -- 3 regular season record . The game was close throughout , with the teams battling to a 14 -- 14 tie by the end of the third quarter . The Patriots then scored 10 points in the 4th quarter with Corey Dillon 's 2 - yard touchdown run and Adam Vinatieri 's 22 - yard field goal . The Eagles then cut their deficit to 24 -- 21 , with quarterback Donovan McNabb 's 30 - yard touchdown pass to receiver Greg Lewis , with 1 : 48 remaining in the game but could not sustain the comeback . Overall , New England forced four turnovers , while Patriots wide receiver Deion Branch was named Super Bowl MVP for recording 133 receiving yards and tied the Super Bowl record with 11 catches . To avoid the possibility of an incident similar to the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show during the previous year , the league selected Paul McCartney as a `` safe '' choice to perform during Super Bowl XXXIX 's halftime . The broadcast of the game on Fox was watched by an estimated 86 million viewers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Patriots seek to become a dynasty 1.2 Eagles return to the Super Bowl 1.3 Playoffs 1.4 Super Bowl pregame news 2 Television and entertainment 2.1 Pregame ceremonies 2.2 Halftime show 2.3 Theme 2.4 Presidential appearances 3 Game summary 3.1 First Quarter 3.2 Second Quarter 3.3 Third Quarter 3.4 Fourth Quarter 3.5 Box score 3.6 Statistical overview 4 Aftermath 5 Final statistics 5.1 Statistical comparison 5.2 Individual leaders 6 Starting lineups 7 Commercials 8 Player bonuses 9 Officials 10 Notes and references 11 External links Background ( edit ) The field of Super Bowl XXXIX before kickoff NFL owners voted to award Super Bowl XXXIX to Jacksonville during their November 1 , 2000 meeting held in Atlanta . Patriots seek to become a dynasty ( edit ) Main article : 2004 New England Patriots season New England finished the regular season with a record of 14 -- 2 , bested only by the Steelers ' 15 -- 1 mark , and ranking 7th in yards gained ( 5,773 ) and fourth in points scored ( 437 ) . The Patriots ' major acquisition prior to the season was veteran running back Corey Dillon , who joined the team after playing 7 seasons with the Cincinnati Bengals . In his first 6 seasons in the league , Dillon averaged over 1,250 rushing yards per year , including setting a single - game rushing record ( 278 yards , but has since been broken ) against the Denver Broncos on October 22 , 2000 . In 2003 , however , injuries , conflicts with the Bengals ' management and coaching staff , and other off - field problems limited him to just 541 yards during the season . By the end of the 2003 season , Dillon had lost his starting job to running back Rudi Johnson , and thus demanded to be traded . Although many observers questioned how effective the 30 - year - old Dillon would be after recovering from his injuries as well as his ability to function in a team environment , the Patriots decided to sign the running back in exchange for a second - round draft pick . Dillon became a significant offensive weapon for the 2004 Patriots , recording 1,635 rushing yards ( franchise record ) and 12 touchdowns , both career highs , and was named to the Pro Bowl for the fourth time in his career . He also caught 15 passes for 103 yards and another touchdown . His contributions helped lead the team to break the NFL record for the most consecutive regular season victories ( 18 ) , the record for the most consecutive overall victories ( 21 ) and earned the second best regular season record during the year at 14 -- 2 . The team 's only losses during the year were to the Pittsburgh Steelers , who ended up with the league 's best regular season record at 15 -- 1 , and a 29 -- 28 loss to the Miami Dolphins on ABC 's Monday Night Football . Another weapon in the Patriots ' offensive backfield was running back Kevin Faulk , who rushed for 255 yards , recorded 26 receptions for 248 yards , returned 20 punts for 113 yards , returned 4 kickoffs for 73 yards , and scored 3 total touchdowns . Fullback Patrick Pass also emerged as a big contributor , rushing for 141 yards , catching 28 passes for 215 yards , and gaining another 115 yards on kickoff returns . Pro Bowl quarterback Tom Brady remained at the helm of the Patriots offense , completing 288 out of 474 ( 60.8 percent ) of his passes for 3,692 yards , 28 touchdowns , and 14 interceptions . Although wide receiver Deion Branch , New England 's major deep threat , missed most of the season because of injuries , he did record 35 receptions for 454 yards and 4 touchdowns . Wide receiver David Givens ended up being the team 's leading receiver with 56 catches for 874 yards and 3 touchdowns . Wide receiver David Patten also contributed with 44 receptions for 800 yards and 7 touchdowns , and tight end Daniel Graham had 30 receptions for 364 yards and 7 touchdowns . On special teams , pro bowl kicker Adam Vinatieri had the best season of his career , leading the NFL in field goals made ( 31 ) , field goal percentage ( 93.9 ) and scoring ( 141 points ) On defense , the Patriots were plagued by injuries , especially in their secondary . Defensive backs Tyrone Poole and Ty Law suffered season - ending injuries , while safety Eugene Wilson , who led the team with 4 interceptions , missed several games . In order to compensate for the losses , the following players were promoted to starters : Rookie cornerback Randall Gay , who did not play at all in the first 3 games of the season , and did not start until the 6th week . Cornerback Asante Samuel , who normally only played in dime formations . Safety Earthwind Moreland , who came off of the team 's practice squad and had only played in three games in his entire 5 - year NFL career . Veteran wide receiver Troy Brown . Head Coach Bill Belichick used Brown in the secondary during training camp , gave him playing time there during the preseason and saw Brown did very well . With their patchwork secondary , the Patriots ranked just 17th in passing yards allowed ( 3,400 ) and 22nd in completions allowed ( 315 ) . However , they did rank 7th in interceptions ( 20 ) and 10th in fewest passing touchdowns allowed ( 18 ) . Most importantly , New England continued to win despite the injuries . Brown actually turned out to be very effective playing as a defensive back , ranking second on the team with 3 interceptions . Safety Rodney Harrison was also an impact player , leading the team with 138 tackles while also recording 3 sacks and 2 interceptions . Up front , the Patriots ' defensive line was anchored by Pro Bowler Richard Seymour , who recorded 5 sacks and 1 fumble recovery . New England also still had their trio of impact veteran linebackers : Pro Bowler Tedy Bruschi ( 122 tackles , 3.5 sacks , 3 interceptions , and 70 return yards ) , Willie McGinest ( 9.5 sacks , 1 fumble recovery , and 1 interception ) , and Mike Vrabel ( 71 tackles and 5.5 sacks ) , along with Ted Johnson . Vrabel also frequently played at the tight end position during offensive plays near the opponent 's goal line , recording 2 touchdown receptions . Eagles return to the Super Bowl ( edit ) Main article : 2004 Philadelphia Eagles season The Eagles gained the 2004 NFC Super Bowl berth after 3 consecutive defeats in the NFC Championship Game to the St. Louis Rams , Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( who won Super Bowl XXXVII that year ) , and Carolina Panthers , respectively . The Eagles hired Andy Reid as their head coach in 1999 following two straight losing seasons . That same year , they used their first - round pick in the NFL draft ( the second overall ) to select quarterback Donovan McNabb . Although they finished the 1999 regular season with a 5 -- 11 record , they became a playoff team in 2000 , with McNabb throwing for 3,365 yards and 21 touchdowns while also rushing for 629 yards and another 6 touchdowns . The Eagles achieved the best regular season record in the conference during the combined 2001 , 2002 , and 2003 seasons with a total of 35 wins out of 48 games , but lost the NFC Championship Game in each of those 3 years . Prior to the 2004 season , the Eagles traded for wide receiver Terrell Owens to be the impact player to help get them to the Super Bowl . Owens joined the team after 8 seasons with the San Francisco 49ers . He was considered one of the top receivers in the league , but he was also widely considered a troublemaker because of controversial touchdown celebrations and his tendency to berate his teammates during media interviews . Nevertheless , Owens became the Eagles ' deep - ball threat , finishing the season with 77 receptions for 1,200 yards and 14 touchdowns . McNabb had the best season of his career in 2004 , completing 300 out of 469 ( 64 percent ) passes for 3,875 yards , 31 touchdowns , and 8 interceptions , making him the first quarterback to ever throw for more than 30 touchdowns and fewer than 10 interceptions in a season . He also rushed for 220 yards and 3 touchdowns . Wide receiver Todd Pinkston was also a reliable target , recording 36 catches for 676 yards . Philadelphia 's running game was not as strong as their passing attack , ranking just 24th in the league in rushing yards ( 1,639 ) . Running back Brian Westbrook led the team with 812 rushing yards and 3 touchdowns , however he also led all NFL running backs in receiving with 73 receptions for 706 yards and 6 touchdowns . Veteran running back Dorsey Levens was also a big contributor with 410 rushing yards . The Eagles ' offensive line was led by Pro Bowl tackles Tra Thomas and Jon Runyan and center Hank Fraley . Three of their four starters in the defensive secondary were named to the Pro Bowl : Cornerback Lito Sheppard ( 1 sack , 5 interceptions , 172 return yards and 2 touchdowns ) , safety Michael Lewis ( 88 tackles , 2 forced fumbles , 1 sack , and 1 interception ) and safety Brian Dawkins ( 3 sacks , 2 forced fumbles , 1 fumble recovery , and 4 interceptions for 40 return yards ) , while their fourth starter , cornerback Sheldon Brown , also enjoyed a solid year ( 89 tackles , 3 sacks , 1 forced fumble , and 2 interceptions ) . Their defensive line was anchored by Pro Bowl defensive tackle Corey Simon ( 5.5 sacks ) and defensive ends Jevon Kearse ( 7.5 sacks , Pro Bowl ) and Derrick Burgess . Pro Bowl middle linebacker Jeremiah Trotter , who only started 9 games , recorded 69 tackles and 1 sack . The Eagles started the 2004 regular season with seven straight wins before suffering a loss to the 15 - 1 Steelers . After that , they finished the season with a 13 -- 3 record . Their only other 2 losses were in their last 2 games of the season , when they decided to rest all of their starters because they had already clinched the NFC # 1 seed , and thus home - field advantage in the playoffs . However , during a December 19 , 12 -- 7 win over the Dallas Cowboys , Owens was seriously injured on a `` horse - collar tackle '' by Cowboys defensive back Roy Williams and had to miss the rest of the regular season and the playoffs . Playoffs ( edit ) Main article : 2004 -- 05 NFL playoffs Despite the loss of Owens , the Eagles beat the Minnesota Vikings , 27 -- 14 , and the Atlanta Falcons , 27 -- 10 , in the playoffs with relative ease . McNabb recorded 21 out of 33 completions for 286 yards and two touchdowns , while receiver Freddie Mitchell scored two touchdowns in the victory over the Vikings . Although Minnesota quarterback Daunte Culpepper threw for 316 yards , the Eagles defense recorded 2 interceptions , 2 sacks , and a forced fumble . McNabb then completed 17 out of 26 passes for 180 yards and two touchdowns in the win over the Falcons . The Eagles defense held dual - threat quarterback Michael Vick to only 136 passing yards , 26 rushing yards , and no touchdowns , while also recording an interception , 4 sacks , and a forced fumble on Vick . McNabb had an average passer rating of 111.3 in the two games , with 466 passing yards , 35 rushing yards , 4 touchdowns , and no turnovers . Safety Brian Dawkins was also an important player , recording a sack and a forced fumble against the Vikings , followed by an interception and a forced fumble against the Falcons in the NFC Championship Game . Meanwhile , the Patriots defeated the Indianapolis Colts , 20 -- 3 , holding the league 's highest scoring team with 522 total points to just one field goal , Indianapolis ' lowest point total since their opening game of the 2003 season . Colts quarterback Peyton Manning threw for 4,557 yards during the regular season , and set NFL records for most touchdown passes in a regular season ( 49 ) and highest quarterback rating ( 121.4 ) . Running back Edgerrin James gained 2,031 combined rushing and receiving yards and scored 9 touchdowns . Wide receivers Marvin Harrison , Reggie Wayne , and Brandon Stokley each recorded over 1,000 receiving yards and 10 touchdowns . However , the Patriots limited Manning to 238 passing yards with 1 interception and no touchdowns , and James to just 39 rushing yards . The Patriots also held possession of the ball for 37 : 43 , including 21 : 26 in the second half , and recorded three long scoring drives that each took over 7 minutes off the clock . One reason New England was able to hold the ball so long was because of Dillon 's rushing . He finished the game with 23 carries for 144 yards and 5 receptions for 17 yards . The Patriots then defeated the first seeded Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Championship Game , 41 -- 27 . Although Pittsburgh had beaten New England , 34 -- 20 , during the regular season and led the league in fewest total yards allowed , they could not stop the Patriots . Brady threw for 207 yards and 2 touchdowns ; Dillon rushed for 73 yards and a touchdown ; and Branch , who was coming off of his injuries , recorded 4 receptions for 116 yards and a touchdown , along with 37 rushing yards and another touchdown on 2 carries . Steelers quarterback Ben Roethlisberger ( who had struggled the previous week against the New York Jets ) was intercepted 3 times , and running back Jerome Bettis , Pittsburgh 's leading rusher , was held to just 64 yards . Super Bowl pregame News ( edit ) Owens was cleared to play in Super Bowl XXXIX , defying doctors orders by playing on his injured ankle containing 2 screws and a metal plate . The other major story was the Patriots ' potential loss of both their offensive coordinator and defensive coordinator at the end of the season , and how it might affect the team in 2005 . On December 12 , 2004 , about a month and a half before the game , New England offensive coordinator Charlie Weis signed a contract to become the head coach of Notre Dame starting in the 2005 season . Rumors were also circulating that defensive coordinator Romeo Crennel would also leave the team to become the head coach of the Cleveland Browns ( which ended up being true as Crennel and the Browns agreed to a contract a couple of weeks after the Super Bowl ) . Due to injuries at the tight end spot , the Eagles were forced to sign Jeff Thomason , a former tight end who was working construction at the time , to a one - game contract for the Super Bowl . Thomason saw time during several plays , although never had a ball thrown his way . This was his third Super Bowl , playing in two with the Green Bay Packers during Andy Reid 's days as a Packer assistant . With this appearance the Patriots became the 8th team to make it to the Super Bowl for the 5th time . They joined the Dallas Cowboys , Denver Broncos , Pittsburgh Steelers , San Francisco 49ers , Miami Dolphins , Washington Redskins , and Oakland / Los Angeles Raiders . They would be joined by the Green Bay Packers in 2011 and the New York Giants in 2012 . The Eagles were trying to win their first NFL title since 1960 and the first championship for the city of Philadelphia since Moses Malone 's `` fo ' , fi ' , fo ' '' during the 76ers run to the 1983 NBA Championship . With President George W. Bush being inaugurated for a second time in January , the Eagles were also trying to end a losing streak -- teams in the city of Philadelphia had lost six straight championships during presidential inauguration years , beginning with the 76ers loss in 1977 . The streak included the Eagles in Super Bowl XV in 1981 . 1989 was not included in that streak , but 1977 , 1981 , 1985 ( Flyers ) , 1993 ( Phillies ) , 1997 ( Flyers ) , and 2001 ( 76ers ) were . Television and entertainment ( edit ) The game was televised in the United States by Fox , with play - by - play announcer Joe Buck and color commentators Cris Collinsworth and Troy Aikman . Pam Oliver ( Patriots sideline ) and Chris Myers ( Eagles sideline ) served as sideline reporters . This marked the first time since Super Bowl I that none of the network commentators had ever called a Super Bowl game before ( although Collinsworth had worked three prior Super Bowl telecasts as a pregame analyst ) . This was the last game that Cris Collinsworth broadcast as a member of the Fox NFL team , as he chose to sign with NBC in the following off - season . James Brown hosted all the events with help from his fellow Fox NFL Sunday cast members Terry Bradshaw , Howie Long , and Jimmy Johnson . Jillian Barberie served as weather and entertainment reporter . Following the game , Fox aired a special episode of The Simpsons ( `` Homer and Ned 's Hail Mary Pass '' ) and the series premiere of American Dad ! ( `` Pilot '' ) , except in Philadelphia and Boston , where local newscasts delayed the premieres by an hour . Pregame ceremonies ( edit ) Before the game , performances came from the Black Eyed Peas , Earth Wind & Fire , Charlie Daniels , John Fogerty , and Gretchen Wilson . Shortly before kickoff , Alicia Keys sang `` America the Beautiful , '' paying tribute to Ray Charles , who died in June 2004 . The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy , the U.S. Naval Academy , the U.S. Air Force Academy , and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy ( including members of The Idlers ) sang the national anthem accompanied by the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets . This was the first time in more than 30 years that all four service academies sang together -- the last time was at the second inauguration of President Richard Nixon in 1973 . The traditional military missing man formation flyby was this year performed by a pair of F / A-18 Super Hornets from VFA - 106 at NAS Oceana and a pair of the Air Force 's newest fighters , the F - 22 Raptor , flying from Tyndall AFB , the training base for the Raptor . The earlier military flyby during the veterans ' salute was conducted by 2 T - 6 Texan trainers and a B - 25 Mitchell bomber . The coin toss ceremony featured youth football players from Jacksonville : Tyler Callahan , Tyler Deal , Lawrence McCauley , and Jacob Santana ; and New Orleans NFL Junior Player Development coach Tamaris Jackson . They were billed as the first non-celebrities to participate in the coin toss . For the third straight year , each team took the field en masse , following a tradition the Patriots had started in Super Bowl XXXVI . In prerecorded video segments , Andover , Massachusetts native Michael Chiklis introduced the Patriots , and Philadelphia - born Will Smith introduced the Eagles . Halftime show ( edit ) Paul McCartney performed during the halftime show Paul McCartney performed during the halftime show ; his selection by the NFL , the show 's producers , Don Mischer Productions , and the show 's sponsor , Ameriquest Mortgage , was considered to be a `` safe '' choice , as it avoided the possibility for an incident similar to that which sparked the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy the previous year . McCartney 's set consisted of these songs : `` Drive My Car '' `` Get Back '' `` Live and Let Die '' from his career with Wings . `` Hey Jude '' Theme ( edit ) Taking the concept a step further , for the first time , a theme was tied to the event : Building Bridges , as symbolized by the theme logo , represented by the Main Street Bridge , one of the seven bridges that crosses over the St. Johns River in the host city , and according to the League , symbolized the bridging of a nation under the NFL football umbrella . The theme was also used by Jacksonville - area nonprofit Fresh Ministries in a major event entitled `` Bridges of Peace , '' featuring city officials asking the people to unite for the Super Bowl and heal the wounds of segregation . Presidential appearances ( edit ) Former Presidents George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton appeared in support of their bipartisan effort to raise money for relief of the December 26 , 2004 tsunami in southeast Asia through the USA Freedom Corps , an action which former President Bush described as `` transcending politics . '' Game Summary ( edit ) The Eagles on offense First quarter ( edit ) On the first drive of the game , Eagles quarterback Donovan McNabb fumbled while being sacked by New England linebacker Willie McGinest , and the Patriots recovered the ball at Philadelphia 's 34 - yard line . Fortunately for the Eagles , coach Andy Reid 's instant replay challenge overruled the fumble ; officials ruled that McNabb had been down by contact before the ball came out of his hands . Later in the quarter after each team had punted twice , McNabb completed a 30 - yard pass to Terrell Owens , with a roughing the passer penalty adding 9 yards , moving the ball inside the Patriots 20 - yard line . However , linebacker Mike Vrabel sacked McNabb for a 16 - yard loss on the next play . On the following play , the Eagles once again appeared to turn the ball over : McNabb 's pass was intercepted in the end zone by Patriots defensive back Asante Samuel , but it was nullified by an illegal contact penalty on linebacker Roman Phifer , moving the ball back inside the 20 and giving the Eagles a first down . However , McNabb 's second chance was wasted as he threw an interception to safety Rodney Harrison on the next play . This was Donovan McNabb 's first red zone interception of the season . The Eagles defense then forced New England to a three - and - out on their ensuing possession , and Philadelphia got great field position by receiving the punt at the Patriots 45 - yard line . But once again , they gave up another turnover : tight end L.J. Smith lost a fumble while being tackled by defensive back Randall Gay , and Eugene Wilson recovered the ball at the 38 . Brady takes the snap Brady throws a pass Second quarter ( edit ) The Eagles defense once again forced New England to punt , and got the ball back at their own 19 - yard line . Aided by a pair of completions from McNabb to wide receiver Todd Pinkston for gains of 17 and 40 yards , the Eagles drove 81 yards in nine plays and scored on McNabb 's six - yard touchdown pass to Tight End LJ Smith , taking a 7 -- 0 lead with 9 : 55 left in the second quarter . It was the first time New England trailed during the entire postseason . On their ensuing drive , the Patriots moved the ball to the Eagles four - yard line , mainly on plays by running back Corey Dillon , who caught two screen passes for 29 yards and rushed for 25 . But quarterback Tom Brady fumbled the ball on a fake handoff Play - action pass and Philadelphia defender Darwin Walker recovered it . However , the Eagles could not take advantage of the turnover and had to punt after 3 plays . Eagles punter Dirk Johnson 's punt went just 29 yards , giving the Patriots the ball at Philadelphia 's 37 - yard line . The Patriots then drove 37 yards to score on Brady 's 4 - yard pass to receiver David Givens with 1 : 10 remaining in the period , tying the game 7 -- 7 by halftime . It was only the second halftime tie in Super Bowl history and the first time both of the game 's first two quarters ended tied . Third quarter ( edit ) On the opening drive of the second half , Patriots wide receiver Deion Branch caught 4 passes for 71 yards on a drive that ended with Brady 's 2 - yard touchdown pass to Vrabel , who lined up at the tight end spot on the play . The Eagles later tied the game with 3 : 39 left in the third period with a 74 - yard , 10 - play drive that was capped by McNabb 's 10 - yard touchdown pass to running back Brian Westbrook . For the first time in Super Bowl history , the game was tied going into the fourth quarter . Fourth quarter ( edit ) Early in the final period , the Patriots put together a 9 - play , 66 - yard scoring drive that was keyed by 3 plays from running back Kevin Faulk , who caught 2 passes for 27 combined yards and rushed once for 12 . Dillon capped off the drive with a 2 - yard touchdown run to give the Patriots a 21 -- 14 lead . Then after forcing another Eagles punt , Branch made a spectacular catch , taking the ball out of the hands of cornerback Sheldon Brown . The 19 yard gain , and a roughing - the - passer penalty on Philadelphia defensive lineman Corey Simon on the same play , set up kicker Adam Vinatieri 's 22 - yard field goal with 8 : 43 left in the game to increase the score 24 -- 14 in favor of New England . In all three Patriots ' Super Bowl wins in the decade , they held a double digit lead in the 4th quarter . The Eagles responded with a long McNabb completion to Owens . However , after reaching the New England 36 - yard line , McNabb fired a pass over the head of Dorsey Levens , where Tedy Bruschi was waiting to intercept it at the Patriots 24 - yard line . At this point , there was only 7 : 20 to play in the game , with the Patriots still up by 10 points . The Eagles did force New England to punt , and got the ball back at their own 21 - yard line , but with 5 : 40 left in the game . The Eagles then drove 79 yards in 13 plays , however they used a full huddle for the entire drive . McNabb 's 30 - yard touchdown pass to receiver Greg Lewis cut the deficit to 24 - 21 . Because the Eagles used a full huddle , the drive consumed 3 : 52 of the clock , and only 1 : 48 remained in the game by the time Lewis scored . Because of this , many sportswriters later criticized the Eagles for not immediately going to a no - huddle offense at the start of the possession . Anecdotal reports later came out alleging that McNabb was suffering from dry - heaves , and teammates Jon Ritchie and Lito Sheppard have gone on record years later that McNabb was suffering from dry - heaves or vomiting , though no video evidence exists and the stories have not been confirmed . Hank Fraley said in an interview the day after the game that McNabb was `` almost puking '' due to two large hits from Tedy Bruschi and Jarvis Green on back - to - back plays . McNabb himself denies that he was vomiting or dry - heaving during the final drive , and Brian Westbrook later claimed that McNabb was merely `` coughing . '' The Eagles failed to recover their ensuing onside kick attempt , with Christian Fauria catching the ball cleanly and sliding down to seal possession for New England . The Patriots then played it safe by running the ball 3 times and forcing Philadelphia to use all of its timeouts . New England punter Josh Miller then pinned the Eagles back at their own 4 - yard line with just 46 seconds left in the game . Philadelphia then tried one last desperate drive to win or tie the game . But on first down , McNabb was pressured into making a rushed pass to Westbrook at the line of scrimmage . Instead of dropping the pass to stop the clock , Westbrook made the mistake of catching the ball and was immediately tackled for no gain , keeping the clock running and forcing the Eagles to run back to the line of scrimmage for their next play with no huddle . On second down , McNabb threw an incomplete pass intended for Owens . Finally on third down , McNabb threw a pass that deflected off of the outstretched fingertips of Smith and into the arms of Harrison for an interception with nine seconds left . Tom Brady took a knee to run out the clock , clinching the 3rd Super Bowl title in 4 years for the Patriots , and in the eyes of many establishing themselves as a dynasty . Adam Vinatieri warms up before the game An Eagles offensive play Philadelphia kicks off after scoring a touchdown Brian Westbrook 's touchdown catch ( photo 1 of 2 ) Brian Westbrook 's touchdown catch ( photo 2 of 2 ) Box score ( edit ) Super Bowl XXXIX : New England Patriots 24 , Philadelphia Eagles 21 Total Patriots ( AFC ) 0 7 7 10 24 Eagles ( NFC ) 0 7 7 7 21 at Alltel Stadium , Jacksonville , Florida Date : February 6 , 2005 Game time : 6 : 38 p.m. EST Game weather : 59 ° F ( 15 ° C ) , clear ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP NE PHI 9 : 55 9 81 4 : 36 PHI L.J. Smith 6 - yard touchdown reception from Donovan McNabb , David Akers kick good 0 7 1 : 10 7 37 3 : 15 NE David Givens 4 - yard touchdown reception from Tom Brady , Adam Vinatieri kick good 7 7 11 : 04 9 69 3 : 56 NE Mike Vrabel 2 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Vinatieri kick good 14 7 3 : 35 10 74 4 : 17 PHI Brian Westbrook 10 - yard touchdown reception from McNabb , Akers kick good 14 14 13 : 44 9 66 4 : 51 NE Corey Dillon 2 - yard touchdown run , Vinatieri kick good 21 14 8 : 40 8 43 3 : 49 NE 22 - yard field goal by Vinatieri 24 14 1 : 48 13 79 3 : 52 PHI Greg Lewis 30 - yard touchdown reception from McNabb , Akers kick good 24 21 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 24 21 Statistical overview ( edit ) The Patriots score their second touchdown of the game McNabb completed 30 out of 51 passes for 357 yards and 3 touchdowns , but threw 3 interceptions and was sacked four times . McNabb 's 357 yards are tied with Joe Montana for the fifth most in Super Bowl history and third most of any quarterback , as Tom Brady holds the top spot with 505 yards in Super Bowl LII and Kurt Warner holds the following 3 spots . Westbrook was the Eagles leading rusher with 44 yards , while also catching 6 passes for 70 yards and a touchdown and returning 3 punts for 19 yards . Pinkston caught 4 passes for 82 yards , while Owens was the Eagles ' top receiver with 9 catches for 122 yards , however neither of them scored a touchdown . Brady completed 23 out of 33 passes for 236 yards and 2 touchdowns . Dillon was the top rusher of the game with 75 yards and a touchdown , and had 3 catches for 31 yards . Running back Kevin Faulk contributed 38 rushing yards and 27 receiving yards . Branch 's Super Bowl record 11 catches tied Cincinnati Bengals ' Dan Ross in Super Bowl XVI and San Francisco 49ers ' Jerry Rice in Super Bowl XXIII . Coincidentally , all three would later be traded to the Seattle Seahawks : Ross in 1985 , Rice in 2004 and Branch in 2006 . Branch 's combined 21 catches in Super Bowls XXXVIII and XXXIX are the most in back - to - back Super Bowls . Branch also became the third offensive player ever to win Super Bowl MVP honors without scoring a touchdown or throwing a touchdown pass . The other two players were Joe Namath in Super Bowl III and Fred Biletnikoff in Super Bowl XI . Branch and Terrell Owens each had 100 yards receiving , marking the third time in Super Bowl history , one player from each team had over 100 yards in a Super Bowl . Michael Irvin and Andre Reed were the first in Super Bowl XXVII , and Branch and Muhsin Muhammad the second a year earlier in Super Bowl XXXVIII . Branch also became the fourth player to have at least 100 yards receiving in back - to - back Super Bowls , joining John Stallworth , Jerry Rice and Antonio Freeman . Also , Mike Vrabel and David Givens became just the 14th and 15th players to score a touchdown in consecutive Super Bowls . Vrabel is the most surprising person on this list because he is a linebacker and he scored his on offense . They also became just the 7th and 8th players to catch a touchdown in back - to - back Super Bowls . With the victory , Tom Brady became just the fourth quarterback to win at least three Super Bowls , along with Terry Bradshaw , Joe Montana and Troy Aikman . Brady also became the fourth quarterback to throw a touchdown pass in three different Super Bowls . Other quarterbacks to do it were Terry Bradshaw , Joe Montana and John Elway , with Kurt Warner later accomplishing the feat during Super Bowl XLIII . The Patriots joined the Dallas Cowboys as the only teams in NFL history to win three Super Bowls in a span of four years . Aftermath ( edit ) The Patriots ' Super Bowl win was the third championship for Boston - area sports teams in 12 months , following the Patriots winning Super Bowl XXXVIII the year before and the Red Sox winning the World Series -- first in 86 years -- three months earlier . This marked the first time since 1989 -- 1990 in the San Francisco Bay Area that the same market has had 2 Super Bowl and World Series winners in 12 months . The Patriots would later appear in Super Bowl XLII and Super Bowl XLVI , losing both to Eli Manning 's New York Giants , before winning Super Bowl XLIX against the Seattle Seahawks , 28 -- 24 , ten years later and Super Bowl LI against the Atlanta Falcons , 34 - 28 , two years later . The latest Super Bowl win for the Patriots makes it ten titles among the four Boston teams ( 5 by the Patriots , 3 by the Red Sox , and one each by the Celtics and Bruins ) since 2002 . For the Eagles , with the loss , the city of Philadelphia would not see its first championship since the 76ers swept the 1983 NBA Finals until the next time their city 's teams played for a championship , when the Phillies won the 2008 World Series . The Eagles did not return to the Super Bowl until 2017 , also with a 13 - 3 record , and defeating the Falcons and Vikings in the playoffs . The Eagles and the Patriots met again in Super Bowl LII , following the 2017 season , with the Eagles taking their revenge 41 -- 33 . This is the last time that a team has won back - to - back Super Bowls , with the Patriots losing their second playoff game a year later and then , for the next eight years , every team either losing their first playoff game or missing them altogether . The streak was broken in 2014 when the Seahawks defeated the Panthers and ultimately advanced to the Super Bowl , only to lose to a Patriots goal line stand . The next year , the Patriots , having faltered down the stretch , entered those playoffs as the second seed behind the Broncos , who then defeated New England in the AFC Title Game that year en route to a title of their own in Super Bowl 50 . Two years later , the Patriots , defending champions themselves from Super Bowl LI , returned to repeat their title only to lose the aforementioned Super Bowl LII . Final statistics ( edit ) Sources : NFL.com Super Bowl XXXIX , Super Bowl XXXIX Play Finder NE , Super Bowl XXXIX Play Finder Phi Statistical comparison ( edit ) New England Patriots Philadelphia Eagles First downs 21 24 First downs rushing 6 First downs passing 14 18 First downs penalty Third down efficiency 4 / 12 9 / 16 Fourth down efficiency 0 / 0 0 / 0 Net yards rushing 112 45 Rushing attempts 28 17 Yards per rush 4.0 2.6 Passing -- Completions -- attempts 23 / 33 30 / 51 Times sacked -- total yards 2 -- 17 4 -- 33 Interceptions thrown 0 Net yards passing 219 324 Total net yards 331 369 Punt returns -- total yards 4 -- 26 3 -- 19 Kickoff returns -- total yards 4 -- 63 5 -- 114 Interceptions -- total return yards 3 -- 5 0 -- 0 Punts -- average yardage 7 -- 45.1 5 -- 42.8 Fumbles -- lost 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 Penalties -- yards 7 -- 47 3 -- 35 Time of possession 31 : 37 28 : 23 Turnovers Individual leaders ( edit ) Patriots Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Tom Brady 23 / 33 236 0 110.2 Patriots Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Corey Dillon 18 75 25 4.17 Kevin Faulk 8 38 0 12 4.75 Patrick Pass 0 0 0 0.00 Tom Brady − 1 0 − 1 - 1.00 Patriots Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Deion Branch 11 133 0 27 12 Corey Dillon 31 0 16 David Givens 19 13 7 Kevin Faulk 27 0 14 Troy Brown 17 0 12 Daniel Graham 7 0 7 Mike Vrabel 2t David Patten 0 0 0 0 Eagles Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Donovan McNabb 30 / 51 357 75.4 Eagles Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Brian Westbrook 15 44 0 22 2.93 Dorsey Levens 0 1.00 Donovan McNabb 0 0 0 0.00 Eagles Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Terrell Owens 9 122 0 36 14 Brian Westbrook 7 60 15 11 Todd Pinkston 82 0 40 7 Greg Lewis 53 30t 5 L.J. Smith 27 9 8 Freddie Mitchell 11 0 11 Josh Parry 0 Dorsey Levens 0 0 0 0 Completions / attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted Starting lineups ( edit ) Source : Hall of Fame ‡ New England Position Position Philadelphia Offense David Givens WR Todd Pinkston Matt Light LT Tra Thomas Joe Andruzzi LG Artis Hicks Dan Koppen Hank Fraley Stephen Neal RG Jermane Mayberry Brandon Gorin RT Jon Runyan Daniel Graham TE L.J. Smith Deion Branch WR Terrell Owens ‡ Tom Brady QB Donovan McNabb Corey Dillon RB Brian Westbrook Patrick Pass FB Josh Parry Defense Rosevelt Colvin OLB LDE Derrick Burgess Vince Wilfork NT LDT Corey Simon Jarvis Green RE RDT Darwin Walker Mike Vrabel OLB RDE Jevon Kearse Tedy Bruschi ILB WLB Keith Adams Roman Phifer ILB MLB Jeremiah Trotter Willie McGinest OLB SLB Dhani Jones Randall Gay LCB Lito Sheppard Asante Samuel RCB Sheldon Brown Rodney Harrison SS Michael Lewis Eugene Wilson FS Brian Dawkins ‡ Commercials ( edit ) As usual , the television coverage of this year 's Super Bowl was the showcase for the most expensive commercials in television -- both to produce and to buy airtime ( at the rate of $2.4 million US for 30 seconds ) . One ad that drew the ire of many -- including the NFL -- was for the internet domain provider Go Daddy , which tweaked the controversial halftime of the previous year 's game with a mock censorship hearing featuring a comely woman , Nikki Cappelli ( played by WWE Wrestler Candice Michelle ) , having a `` wardrobe malfunction '' . Fox pulled the second airing of the ad , scheduled for the two - minute warning of the fourth quarter , along with a five - second plug , and it was replaced with a promo for The Simpsons . The Scottsdale , Arizona - based World Wide Web domain registration company got a refund on the second ad . Another popular ad was made by the NFL . It featured players who were not in the Super Bowl , headlined by Pittsburgh Steelers rookie quarterback Ben Roethlisberger being at a beach resort , depressed he did not make it in . Joe Montana comforted Roethlisberger , and soon both Montana and Roethlisberger joined many other players in different locations in an off - key yet rousing edition of `` Tomorrow '' from the musical Annie . The commercial ended with the tagline : `` Tomorrow , we 're all undefeated again . '' Roethlisberger went on to lead the Steelers to victory in Super Bowl XL the very next season . The top ad , as chosen by the USA Today Super Bowl Ad Meter was for Anheuser - Busch 's Bud Light featuring a timid skydiver making his first jump getting enticed with a six - pack of the product . This ad was ranked second on ADBOWL . The highest ranked commercial by ADBOWL was Anheuser - Busch 's `` Applause . '' For the first time since the campaign started in Super Bowl XXI , no `` I 'm going to Disney World ! '' ad aired following Super Bowl XXXIX . Player bonuses ( edit ) Each member of the Patriots received a payment of $68,000 for winning the game . The Eagles each received $36,500 . When adjusted for inflation , the Patriots salary was actually less than the $15,000 paid to members of the Green Bay Packers for winning Super Bowl I in 1967 . That amount of money in 1967 equated to approximately $85,000 in 2005 . Officials ( edit ) Referee : Terry McAulay # 77 first Super Bowl Umpire : Carl Paganelli # 124 first Super Bowl Head Linesman : Gary Slaughter # 30 first Super Bowl Line Judge : Mark Steinkerchner # 84 second Super Bowl ( XXXVII ) Field Judge : Tom Sifferman # 118 third Super Bowl ( XXXVII , XXXVIII ) Side Judge : Rick Patterson # 15 second Super Bowl ( XXXV ) Back Judge : Tony Steratore # 112 first Super Bowl Alternate Referee : Ed Hochuli # 85 ( referee for XXXII , XXXVIII ) Alternate Umpire : Garth DeFelice # 53 Alternate Field Judge : Larry Rose # 128 Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ DiNitto , Marcus ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` Super Bowl Betting History -- Underdogs on Recent Roll '' . Sporting News . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . Vegas Insider . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX Box Score : New England 24 , Philadelphia 21 '' . NFL.com . National Football League . February 7 , 2005 . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Super Bowl Nielsen TV Ratings , 1967 -- 2009 -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hack , Damon ( February 7 , 2005 ) . `` The Dynasty Is Official '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dallas won the Super Bowl after the 1992 , ' 93 and ' 95 seasons . Jump up ^ Player Bio , Patriots . `` Deion Branch '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History : 1991 - 2000 '' . NFL.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tadych , Frank ( February 18 , 2005 ) . `` Position Breakdown : Running Backs '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Super Bowl XXXIX Veneziano , John . Super Bowl XXXIX Game Program . NFL Publishing . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Quarterbacks of the Modern Era , Version 1.0 '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ CBS , CBS Sports . `` Donovan McNabb , QB '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Shapiro , Leonard ( February 7 , 2005 ) . `` Patriots Grab Share of NFL History '' . Washington Post . p . A1 . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Ken ( June 2 , 2010 ) . `` Two cities that could use a CUP '' . Ottawa Citizen . p . B3 . Jump up ^ Byron , Master Sgt . David ( February 1 , 2005 ) . `` Super Bowl goes super blue '' . Air Force Print News . af.mil . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cadets to sing at Super Bowl XXXIX '' . Air Force Print News . af.mil . January 25 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Mucha , Peter ( August 8 , 2014 ) , Yes , McNabb puked at Super Bowl , ex-fullback says Jump up ^ Florio , Mike ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Lito Sheppard says McNabb puked during Super Bowl '' . Pro Football Talk . National Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tanier , Mike ( 2015 ) . `` NFL URBAN LEGENDS : DONOVAN MCNABB 'S SUPER PUKE '' . Bleacher Report . Atlanta , Georgia : Turner Broadcasting System , Inc. ( published August 5 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Game - Time Temperatures '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX -- National Football League Game Summary '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . February 6 , 2005 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A Super Bowl share not so super paying MSNBC.com . Accessed September 27 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Super Bowl XXXIX . Super Bowl official website 2006 NFL Record and Fact Book . Time Inc . Home Entertainment . ISBN 1 - 933405 - 32 - 5 . 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Second Great Awakening - wikipedia Second Great Awakening Jump to : navigation , search An engraving of a Methodist camp meeting in 1819 ( Library of Congress ) . Great Awakening First ( c. 1730 -- 1755 ) Second ( c. 1790 -- 1840 ) Third ( c. 1855 -- 1900 ) Fourth ( c. 1960 -- 1980 ) The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious revival during the early 19th century in the United States . The movement began around 1790 , gained momentum by 1800 and , after 1820 , membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations whose preachers led the movement . It was past its peak by the late 1850s . The Second Great Awakening reflected Romanticism characterized by enthusiasm , emotion , and an appeal to the super-natural . It rejected the skeptical rationalism and deism of the Enlightenment . The revivals enrolled millions of new members in existing evangelical denominations and led to the formation of new denominations . Many converts believed that the Awakening heralded a new millennial age . The Second Great Awakening stimulated the establishment of many reform movements designed to remedy the evils of society before the anticipated Second Coming of Jesus Christ . Historians named the Second Great Awakening in the context of the First Great Awakening of the 1730s and 1740s and of the Third Great Awakening of the late 1850s to early 1900s . These revivals were part of a much larger Romantic religious movement that was sweeping across Europe at the time , mainly throughout England , Scotland , and Germany . Contents ( hide ) 1 Spread of revivals 1.1 Background 1.2 Theology 1.3 Burned - over district 1.4 West and Tidewater South 1.5 West 1.6 Church membership soars 2 Subgroups 2.1 Adventism 2.2 Holiness movement 2.3 Restoration Movement 3 Culture and society 4 Slaves and free Africans 5 Women 6 Prominent figures 7 Political implications 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 10.1 Historiography Spread of revivals ( edit ) Part of a series on Baptists Background ( show ) Christianity Protestantism Puritanism Anabaptism Doctrine ( show ) Priesthood of all believers Individual soul liberty Separation of church and state Sola scriptura Congregationalism Ordinances Offices Confessions Key figures ( show ) John Smyth Thomas Helwys Roger Williams John Clarke John Bunyan Shubal Stearns Andrew Fuller Charles Spurgeon D.N. Jackson James Robinson Graves William Bullein Johnson William Carey Luther Rice Martin Luther King Jr . Billy Graham Organizations ( show ) Baptist denominations Baptist colleges and universities Baptist World Alliance Baptist portal Part of a series on Calvinism John Calvin Background ( show ) Christianity St. Augustine The Reformation Five Solas Synod of Dort Theology ( show ) Theology of John Calvin Covenant theology Lord 's Supper Regulative principle Predestination in Calvinism Documents ( show ) Institutes of the Christian Religion Geneva Bible Three Forms of Unity Westminster Standards Canons of Dort Second Helvetic Confession Heidelberg Catechism Belgic Confession La Rochelle Confession Savoy Declaration 1689 Baptist Confession of Faith First Helvetic Confession Scots Confession Influences ( show ) Huldrych Zwingli Martin Bucer Peter Martyr Vermigli William Farel Heinrich Bullinger John Calvin John Knox Theodore Beza Francis Turretin Jonathan Edwards Charles Hodge Churches ( show ) Continental Reformed Presbyterian Congregationalist Reformed Baptist Low church Anglican Peoples ( show ) Afrikaners Huguenots Pilgrims Puritans Largest groups ( show ) World Communion of Reformed Churches World Reformed Fellowship International Conference of Reformed Churches North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council Presbyterianism in South Korea List of Reformed denominations Calvinism portal Background ( edit ) Like the First Great Awakening a half century earlier , the Second reflected Romanticism characterized by enthusiasm , emotion , and an appeal to the super-natural . It rejected the skepticism , deism , and rationalism left over from the Enlightenment . At about the same time , similar movements flourished in Europe . Pietism was sweeping German countries . Evangelicalism was waxing strong in England . The Second Great Awakening occurred in several episodes and over different denominations ; however , the revivals were very similar . As the most effective form of evangelizing during this period , revival meetings cut across geographical boundaries , and the movement quickly spread throughout Kentucky , Tennessee and southern Ohio . Each denomination had assets that allowed it to thrive on the frontier . The Methodists had an efficient organization that depended on itinerant ministers , known as circuit riders , who sought out people in remote frontier locations . The circuit riders came from among the common people , which helped them establish rapport with the frontier families they hoped to convert . Theology ( edit ) Main article : Postmillennialism Postmillennialism theology dominated American Protestantism in the first half of the 19th century . Postmillennialists believed that Christ will return to earth after the `` millennium '' , which could entail either a literal 1,000 years or a figurative `` long period '' of peace and happiness . Christians thus had a duty to purify society in preparation for that return . This duty extended beyond American borders to include Christian Restorationism . George Fredrickson argues that Postmillennial theology `` was an impetus to the promotion of Progressive reforms , as historians have frequently pointed out . '' During the Second Great Awakening of the 1830s , some diviners expected the millennium to arrive in a few years . By the 1840s , however , the great day had receded to the distant future , and postmillennialism became a more passive religious dimension of the wider middle - class pursuit of reform and progress . Burned - over district ( edit ) Main article : Burned - over district In the early nineteenth century , western New York State was called the `` burned - over district '' because of the highly publicized revivals that crisscrossed the region . Charles Finney , a leading revivalist active in the area , coined the term . Linda K. Pritchard uses statistical data to show that compared to the rest of New York State , the Ohio River Valley in the lower Midwest , and the country as a whole , the religiosity of the Burned - over District was typical rather than exceptional . West and Tidewater South ( edit ) On the American Frontier , evangelical denominations sent missionary preachers and exhorters out to the people in the backcountry , which supported the growth of membership among Methodists and Baptists . Revivalists ' techniques were based on the camp meeting , with its Scottish Presbyterian roots . Most of the Scots - Irish immigrants before the American Revolutionary War settled in the backcountry of Pennsylvania and down the spine of the Appalachian Mountains . These denominations were based on an interpretation of man 's spiritual equality before God , which led them to recruit members and preachers from a wide range of classes and all races . Baptists and Methodist revivals were successful in some parts of the Tidewater in the South , where an increasing number of common planters , plain folk , and slaves were converted . West ( edit ) Main article : Revival of 1800 In the newly settled frontier regions , the revival was implemented through camp meetings . These often provided the first encounter for some settlers with organized religion , and they were important as social venues . The camp meeting was a religious service of several days ' length with preachers . Settlers in thinly populated areas gathered at the camp meeting for fellowship as well as worship . The sheer exhilaration of participating in a religious revival with crowds of hundreds and perhaps thousands of people inspired the dancing , shouting , and singing associated with these events . The revivals followed an arc of great emotional power , with an emphasis of the individual 's sins and need to turn to Christ , restored by a sense of personal salvation . Upon their return home , most converts joined or created small local churches , which grew rapidly . The Second Great Awakening marked a religious transition in society in America . Many Americans from the Calvinist sect emphasized man 's inability to save themselves and that their only way to be saved was from grace from God . The Revival of 1800 in Logan County , Kentucky , began as a traditional Presbyterian sacramental occasion . The first informal camp meeting began there in June , when people began camping on the grounds of the Red River Meeting House . Subsequent meetings followed at the nearby Gasper River and Muddy River congregations , all three under the ministry of James McGready . One year later , an even larger sacrament occasion was held at Cane Ridge , Kentucky under Barton Stone , attracting perhaps as many as 20,000 people . Numerous Presbyterian , Baptist and Methodist ministers participated in the services . Thanks to such leaders as Barton W. Stone ( 1772 -- 1844 ) and Alexander Campbell ( 1788 -- 1866 ) , the camp meeting revival became a major mode of church expansion for the Methodists and Baptists . The Cumberland Presbyterian Church emerged in Kentucky . Cane Ridge was also instrumental in fostering what became known as the Restoration Movement . This was made up of non-denominational churches committed to what they saw as the original , fundamental Christianity of the New Testament . They were committed to individuals ' achieving a personal relationship with Christ . Churches with roots in this movement include the Churches of Christ , Christian Church ( Disciples of Christ ) , and the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada Church membership soars ( edit ) 1839 Methodist camp meeting The Methodist circuit riders and local Baptist preachers made enormous gains ; to a lesser extent the Presbyterians gained members , particularly with the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in sparsely settled areas . As a result , the numerical strength of the Baptists and Methodists rose relative to that of the denominations dominant in the colonial period -- the Anglicans , Presbyterians , Congregationalists . Among the new denominations that grew from the religious ferment of the Second Great Awakening are the Churches of Christ , Christian Church ( Disciples of Christ ) , the Seventh - day Adventist Church , and the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada . The converts during the Second Great Awakening were predominantly female . A 1932 source estimated at least three female converts to every two male converts between 1798 and 1826 . Young people ( those under 25 ) also converted in greater numbers , and were the first to convert . Subgroups ( edit ) Adventism ( edit ) Part of a series on Adventism William Miller Background ( show ) Christianity Protestantism Anabaptists Restorationism Pietism Millerism History ( show ) Second Great Awakening Great Disappointment Biographies ( show ) William Miller Nelson H. Barbour Joseph Bates Sylvester Bliss Jonathan Cummings Elon Galusha Apollos Hale Joshua V. Himes Charles F. Hudson Josiah Litch Rachel O. Preston T.M. Preble George Storrs John T. Walsh Jonas Wendell Ellen G. White James White John Thomas Theology ( show ) Annihilationism Conditional immortality Historicism Intermediate state Premillennialism Denominations ( show ) Advent Christian Church Christadelphians Seventh - day Adventist Church Church of God ( Seventh - Day ) Church of God General Conference Church of the Blessed Hope Seventh Day Adventist Reform Movement Davidian SDA ( Shepherd 's Rod ) United Seventh - Day Brethren Branch Davidians Primitive Advent Christian Church Sabbath Rest Advent Church The Advent Movement emerged in the 1830s and 1840s in North America , and was preached by ministers such as William Miller , whose followers became known as Millerites . The name refers to belief in the soon Second Advent of Jesus ( popularly known as the Second coming ) and resulted in several major religious denominations , including Seventh - day Adventists and Advent Christians . Holiness movement ( edit ) Part of a series on Methodism John Wesley Background ( show ) History ( in the United States ) Anglicanism Arminianism First Great Awakening Nonconformism Pietism Wesleyanism Theology ( show ) Articles of Religion Assurance of salvation Conditional preservation of the saints Four sources of theological authority Covenant theology Substitutionary atonement Imparted righteousness New birth Prevenient grace Plain dress Real presence Sanctification Sunday Sabbatarianism Temperance Christian perfection Works of Piety Works of Mercy People ( show ) John Wesley Charles Wesley George Whitefield Richard Allen Francis Asbury Thomas Coke William Law William Williams Pantycelyn Howell Harris Albert Outler James Varick Countess of Huntingdon Bishops Theologians Groups Churches ( show ) Methodist Church of Great Britain Free Methodist Church United Methodist Church World Methodist Council Other Methodist denominations Organization ( show ) Connexionalism Methodist Circuit Related groups ( show ) Holiness movement Conservative holiness movement Pentecostalism Evangelicalism Other topics ( show ) Circuit rider Saints in Methodism Christian views on alcohol Methodist local preacher Homosexuality and Methodism Ordination of women in Methodism Methodism portal Main article : Holiness movement Though its roots are in the First Great Awakening and earlier , a re-emphasis on Wesleyan teachings on sanctification emerged during the Second Great Awakening , leading to a distinction between Mainline Methodism and Holiness churches . Restoration movement ( edit ) Main article : Restoration Movement See also : Restorationism The idea of restoring a `` primitive '' form of Christianity grew in popularity in the U.S. after the American Revolution . This desire to restore a purer form of Christianity without an elaborate hierarchy contributed to the development of many groups during the Second Great Awakening , including the Mormons , Baptists and Shakers . Several factors made the restoration sentiment particularly appealing during this time period : To immigrants in the early 19th century , the land in the United States seemed pristine , edenic and undefiled -- `` the perfect place to recover pure , uncorrupted and original Christianity '' -- and the tradition - bound European churches seemed out of place in this new setting . A primitive faith based on the Bible alone promised a way to sidestep the competing claims of the many denominations available and for congregations to find assurance of being right without the security of an established national church . The Restoration Movement began during , and was greatly influenced by , the Second Great Awakening . While the leaders of one of the two primary groups making up this movement , Thomas Campbell and Alexander Campbell , resisted what they saw as the spiritual manipulation of the camp meetings , the revivals contributed to the development of the other major branch , led by Barton W. Stone . The Southern phase of the Awakening `` was an important matrix of Barton Stone 's reform movement '' and shaped the evangelistic techniques used by both Stone and the Campbells . Culture and society ( edit ) Efforts to apply Christian teaching to the resolution of social problems presaged the Social Gospel of the late 19th century . Converts were taught that to achieve salvation they needed not just to repent personal sin but also work for the moral perfection of society , which meant eradicating sin in all its forms . Thus , evangelical converts were leading figures in a variety of 19th century reform movements . Congregationalists set up missionary societies to evangelize the western territory of the northern tier . Members of these groups acted as apostles for the faith , and also as educators and exponents of northeastern urban culture . The Second Great Awakening served as an `` organizing process '' that created `` a religious and educational infrastructure '' across the western frontier that encompassed social networks , a religious journalism that provided mass communication , and church - related colleges . Publication and education societies promoted Christian education ; most notable among them was the American Bible Society , founded in 1816 . Women made up a large part of these voluntary societies . The Female Missionary Society and the Maternal Association , both active in Utica , NY , were highly organized and financially sophisticated women 's organizations responsible for many of the evangelical converts of the New York frontier . There were also societies that broadened their focus from traditional religious concerns to larger societal ones . These organizations were primarily sponsored by affluent women . They did not stem entirely from the Second Great Awakening , but the revivalist doctrine and the expectation that one 's conversion would lead to personal action accelerated the role of women 's social benevolence work . Social activism influenced abolition groups and supporters of the Temperance movement . They began efforts to reform prisons and care for the handicapped and mentally ill . They believed in the perfectibility of people and were highly moralistic in their endeavors . 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Conversions and congregations started with the First Great Awakening , resulting in Baptist and Methodist preachers being authorized among slaves and free African Americans more than a decade before 1800 . `` Black Harry '' Hosier , an illiterate freedman who drove Francis Asbury on his circuits , proved to be able to memorize large passages of the Bible verbatim and became a cross-over success , as popular among white audiences as the black ones Asbury had originally intended for him to minister . His sermon at Thomas Chapel in Chapeltown , Delaware , in 1784 was the first to be delivered by a black preacher directly to a white congregation . Despite being called the `` greatest orator in America '' by Benjamin Rush and one of the best in the world by Bishop Thomas Coke , Hosier was repeatedly passed over for ordination and permitted no vote during his attendance at the Christmas Conference that formally established American Methodism . Richard Allen , the other black attendee , was ordained by the Methodists in 1799 , but his congregation of free African Americans in Philadelphia left the church there because of its discrimination . They founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church ( AME ) in Philadelphia . After first submitting to oversight by the established Methodist bishops , several AME congregations finally left to form the first independent African - American denomination in the United States in 1816 . Soon after , the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church ( AME Zion ) was founded as another denomination in New York City . Early Baptist congregations were formed by slaves and free African Americans in South Carolina and Virginia . Especially in the Baptist Church , African Americans were welcomed as members and as preachers . By the early 19th century , independent African American congregations numbered in the several hundred in some cities of the South , such as Charleston , South Carolina , and Richmond and Petersburg , Virginia . With the growth in congregations and churches , Baptist associations formed in Virginia , for instance , as well as Kentucky and other states . The revival also inspired slaves to demand freedom . In 1800 , out of African American revival meetings in Virginia , a plan for slave rebellion was devised by Gabriel Prosser , although the rebellion was discovered and crushed before it started . Despite white attempts to control independent African American congregations , especially after the Nat Turner Uprising of 1831 , a number of African American congregations managed to maintain their separation as independent congregations in Baptist associations . State legislatures passed laws requiring them always to have a white man present at their worship meetings . Women ( edit ) Women , who made up the majority of converts during the Awakening , played a crucial role in its development and focus . It is not clear why women converted in larger numbers than men . Various scholarly theories attribute the discrepancy to a reaction to the perceived sinfulness of youthful frivolity , an inherent greater sense of religiosity in women , a communal reaction to economic insecurity , or an assertion of the self in the face of patriarchal rule . Husbands , especially in the South , sometimes disapproved of their wives ' conversion , forcing women to choose between submission to God or their spouses . Church membership and religious activity gave women peer support and place for meaningful activity outside the home , providing many women with communal identity and shared experiences . Despite the predominance of women in the movement , they were not formally indoctrinated or given leading ministerial positions . However , women took other public roles ; for example , relaying testimonials about their conversion experience , or assisting sinners ( both male and female ) through the conversion process . Leaders such as Charles Finney saw women 's public prayer as a crucial aspect in preparing a community for revival and improving their efficacy in conversion . Women also took crucial roles in the conversion and religious upbringing of children . During the period of revival , mothers were seen as the moral and spiritual foundation of the family , and were thus tasked with instructing children in matters of religion and ethics . The greatest change in women 's roles stemmed from participation in newly formalized missionary and reform societies . Women 's prayer groups were an early and socially acceptable form of women 's organization . Through their positions in these organizations , women gained influence outside of the private sphere . Changing demographics of gender also affected religious doctrine . In an effort to give sermons that would resonate with the congregation , ministers stressed Christ 's humility and forgiveness , in what the historian Barbara Welter calls a `` feminization '' of Christianity . Prominent figures ( edit ) Richard Allen , founder , African Methodist Episcopal Church Francis Asbury , Methodist , circuit rider and founder of American Methodism Henry Ward Beecher , Presbyterian Lyman Beecher , Presbyterian , his father Antoinette Brown Blackwell , Congregationalist & later Unitarian , the first ordained female minister in the United States Alexander Campbell , Presbyterian , and early leader of the Restoration Movement Thomas Campbell Presbyterian , then early leader of the Restoration Movement Peter Cartwright , Methodist Lorenzo Dow , Methodist Timothy Dwight IV , Congregationalist Charles Finney , Presbyterian & anti-Calvinist `` Black Harry '' Hosier , Methodist , the first African American to preach to a white congregation Ann Lee , Shakers Jarena Lee , Methodist , a female AME circuit rider Robert Matthews , cult following as Matthias the Prophet William Miller , Millerism , forerunner of Adventism Asahel Nettleton , Reformed Benjamin Randall , Free Will Baptist Joseph Smith , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints Barton Stone , Presbyterian non-Calvinist , then early leader of the Restoration Movement Nathaniel William Taylor , heterodox Calvinist Ellen G. White , Seventh - day Adventist Church Political implications ( edit ) Revivals and perfectionist hopes of improving individuals and society continued to increase from 1840 to 1865 across all major denominations , especially in urban areas . Evangelists often directly addressed issues such as slavery , greed , and poverty , laying the groundwork for later reform movements . The influence of the Awakening continued in the form of more secular movements . In the midst of shifts in theology and church polity , American Christians began progressive movements to reform society during this period . Known commonly as antebellum reform , this phenomenon included reforms in against the consumption of alcohol , for women 's rights and abolition of slavery , and a multitude of other issues faced by society . The religious enthusiasm of the Second Great Awakening was echoed by the new political enthusiasm of the Second Party System . More active participation in politics by more segments of the population brought religious and moral issues into the political sphere . The spirit of evangelical humanitarian reforms was carried on in the antebellum Whig party . Historians stress the understanding common among participants of reform as being a part of God 's plan . As a result , local churches saw their roles in society in purifying the world through the individuals to whom they could bring salvation , and through changes in the law and the creation of institutions . Interest in transforming the world was applied to mainstream political action , as temperance activists , antislavery advocates , and proponents of other variations of reform sought to implement their beliefs into national politics . While Protestant religion had previously played an important role on the American political scene , the Second Great Awakening strengthened the role it would play . See also ( edit ) Baptist portal Methodism portal Calvinism portal Seventh - day Adventist Church portal Latter Day Saints portal LDS Church portal Advent Christian Church Christian revival Christianity in the 19th century The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints Cumberland Presbyterian Church Ethnocultural politics in the United States Holiness movement Restoration Movement Seventh - day Adventist Church References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Timothy L. Smith , Revivalism and Social Reform : American Protestantism on the Eve of the Civil War ( 1957 ) . Jump up ^ Heyrman , Christine Leigh . `` The First Great Awakening '' . Divining America , TeacherServe . National Humanities Center . Jump up ^ Henry B. Clark ( 1982 ) . Freedom of Religion in America : Historical Roots , Philosophical Concepts , Contemporary Problems . Transaction Publishers . p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Cott , `` Young Women in the Second Great Awakening in New England , '' Feminist Studies , ( 1975 ) , 3 # 1 p. 15 . JSTOR 3518952 . doi : 10.2307 / 3518952 . Jump up ^ Hans Schwarz ( 2005 ) . Theology in a Global Context : The Last Two Hundred Years . Wm . B. Eerdmans . p. 91 . Jump up ^ Frederick Cyril Gill , The romantic movement and Methodism : a study of English romanticism and the evangelical revival ( 1937 ) . Jump up ^ Susan Hill Lindley , You Have Stept Out of Your Place : a History of Women and Religion in America ( Westminster John Knox Press , 1996 ) : 59 ^ Jump up to : Fredrickson , George M. ( 1998 ) . `` The Coming of the Lord : The Northern Protestant Clergy and the Civil War Crisis '' . In Miller , Randall M. ; Stout , Harry S. ; Wilson , Charles Reagan . Religion and the American Civil War . Oxford University Press . pp. 110 -- 30 . ISBN 9780198028345 . Jump up ^ Whitney R. Cross , The Burned - over District : The Social and Intellectual History of Enthusiastic Religion in Western New , 1800 -- 1850 ( 1951 ) Jump up ^ Judith Wellman , Grassroots Reform in the Burned - over District of Upstate New York : Religion , Abolitionism , and Democracy ( 2000 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ Geordan Hammond ; William Gibson ( March 1 , 2012 ) . Wesley and Methodist Studies . Clements . p. 32 . Jump up ^ Linda K. Pritchard , `` The burned - over district reconsidered : A portent of evolving religious pluralism in the United States . '' Social Science History ( 1984 ) : 243 -- 265 . JSTOR 1170853 . doi : 10.2307 / 1170853 . Jump up ^ On Scottish influences see Long ( 2002 ) and Elizabeth Semancik , `` Backcountry Religious Ways '' at ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Dickson D. Bruce , Jr. , And They All Sang Hallelujah : Plain Folk Camp - Meeting Religion , 1800 -- 1845 , ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ ushistory.org , Religious Transformation and the Second Great Awakening , U.S. History Online Textbook , http://www.ushistory.org/us/22c.asp Monday , October 27 , 2014 ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Douglas Foster , et al. , The Encyclopedia of the Stone - Campbell Movement ( 2005 ) ^ Jump up to : Sydney E. Ahlstrom , A Religious History of the American People ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Melton , Encyclopedia of American Religions ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Nancy Cott , `` Young Women in the Second Great Awakening in New England , '' Feminist Studies , ( 1975 ) , 3 # 1 pp. 15 -- 16 . JSTOR 3518952 . doi : 10.2307 / 3518952 . Jump up ^ Gary Land , Adventism in America : A History ( 1998 ) ^ Jump up to : C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes , Discovering Our Roots : The Ancestry of the Churches of Christ , Abilene Christian University Press , 1988 , ISBN 0 - 89112 - 006 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant , The Encyclopedia of the Stone - Campbell Movement : Christian Church ( Disciples of Christ ) , Christian Churches / Churches of Christ , Churches of Christ , Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 3898 - 7 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3898 - 8 , 854 pages , entry on Great Awakenings Jump up ^ Elizabeth J. Clapp , and Julie Roy Jeffrey , ed. , Women , Dissent and Anti-slavery in Britain and America , 1790 -- 1865 , ( Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press , 2011 ) : 13 -- 14 Jump up ^ Barbara Welter , `` The Feminization of American Religion : 1800 -- 1860 , '' in Clio 's Consciousness Raised , edited by Mary S. Hartman and Lois Banner . New York : Octagon Books , 1976 , 139 Jump up ^ Mary Ryan , `` A Woman 's Awakening : Evangelical Religion and the Families of Utica , New York , 1800 to 1840 , '' American Quarterly 30 , no . 5 ( Winter 1978 ) : 616 -- 19 Jump up ^ Susan Hill Lindley , You Have Stept Out of Your Place : a History of Women and Religion in America , 1st paperback ed , ( Louisville , Ky : Westminster John Knox Press , 1996 ) : 65 Jump up ^ Morgan , Philip . Slave Counterpoint : Black Culture in the Eighteenth - Century Chesapeake and Lowcountry , p. 655 . UNC Press ( Chapel Hill ) , 1998 . Accessed 17 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Jessie C. Black Firsts : 4,000 Ground - Breaking and Pioneering Historical Events ( 3rd ed . ) , pp. 1820 -- 1821 . `` Methodists : 1781 '' . Visible Ink Press ( Canton ) , 2013 . Accessed 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Webb , Stephen H. `` Introducing Black Harry Hoosier : The History Behind Indiana 's Namesake '' . Indiana Magazine of History , Vol . XCVIII ( March 2002 ) . Trustees of Indiana University . Accessed 17 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Albert J. Raboteau , Slave Religion : The ' Invisible Institution ' in the Antebellum South , New York : Oxford University Press , 2004 , p. 137 , accessed 27 Dec 2008 Jump up ^ Alan Brinkley , The Unfinished Nation , p 168 Jump up ^ Susan Hill Lindley , You Have Stept Out of Your Place : a History of Women and Religion in America , 1st paperback ed , ( Louisville , Ky : Westminster John Knox Press , 1996 ) : 59 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Susan Hill Lindley , You Have Stept Out of Your Place : a History of Women and Religion in America , 1st paperback ed , ( Louisville , Ky : Westminster John Knox Press , 1996 ) : 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Mary Ryan , `` A Woman 's Awakening : Evangelical Religion and the Families of Utica , New York , 1800 to 1840 , '' American Quarterly 30 , no . 5 ( Winter 1978 ) : 614 Jump up ^ Mary Ryan , `` A Woman 's Awakening : Evangelical Religion and the Families of Utica , New York , 1800 to 1840 , '' American Quarterly 30 , no . 5 ( Winter 1978 ) : 619 . Jump up ^ Susan Hill Lindley , You Have Stept Out of Your Place : a History of Women and Religion in America , 1st paperback ed , ( Louisville , Ky : Westminster John Knox Press , 1996 ) : 62 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Barbara Welter , `` The Feminization of American Religion : 1800 -- 1860 , '' in Clio 's Consciousness Raised , edited by Mary S. Hartman and Lois Banner . New York : Octagon Books , 1976 , 141 Jump up ^ Barbara Leslie Epstein , The Politics of Domesticity . Middletown : Wesleyan University Press , 1981 . Jump up ^ Alice Felt Tyler , Freedom 's Ferment : Phases of American Social History from the Colonial Period to the Outbreak of the Civil War ( 1944 ) . Jump up ^ Stephen Meardon , `` From Religious Revivals to Tariff Rancor : Preaching Free Trade and Protection during the Second American Party System , '' History of Political Economy , Winter 2008 Supplement , Vol. 40 , p. 265 - 298 Jump up ^ Daniel Walker Howe , `` The Evangelical Movement and Political Culture in the North During the Second Party System '' , The Journal of American History 77 , no . 4 ( March 1991 ) , p. 1218 and 1237 . Further reading ( edit ) Abzug , Robert H. Cosmos Crumbling : American Reform and the Religious Imagination ( 1994 ) ( ISBN 0 - 195 - 04568 - 8 ) Ahlstrom , Sydney . A Religious History of the American People ( 1972 ) ( ISBN 0 - 385 - 11164 - 9 ) Billington , Ray A . The Protestant Crusade . New York : The Macmillan Company , 1938 . Birdsall , Richard D . `` The Second Great Awakening and the New England Social Order '' , Church History 39 ( 1970 ) : 345 -- 364 . JSTOR 3163469 . Bratt , James D. `` Religious Anti-revivalism in Antebellum America '' , Journal of the Early Republic ( 2004 ) 24 ( 1 ) : 65 -- 106 . ISSN 0275 - 1275 . JSTOR 4141423 . Brown , Kenneth O. Holy Ground ; a Study on the American Camp Meeting . Garland Publishing , Inc. , ( 1992 ) . Brown , Kenneth O. Holy Ground , Too , the Camp Meeting Family Tree . Hazleton : Holiness Archives , ( 1997 ) . Bruce , Dickson D. , Jr . And They All Sang Hallelujah : Plain Folk Camp - Meeting Religion , 1800 -- 1845 ( 1974 ) Butler , Jon . Awash in a Sea of Faith : Christianizing the American People . 1990 . Carwardine , Richard J. Evangelicals and Politics in Antebellum America . Yale University Press , 1993 . Carwardine , Richard J. `` The Second Great Awakening in the Urban Centers : An Examination of Methodism and the ' New Measures ' '' , Journal of American History 59 ( 1972 ) : 327 -- 340 . JSTOR 1890193 . doi : 10.2307 / 1890193 . Cott , Nancy F. `` Young Women in the Second Great Awakening in New England , '' Feminist Studies , ( 1975 ) , 3 # 1 pp. 15 -- 29 . JSTOR 3518952 . doi : 10.2307 / 3518952 Cross , Whitney , R . The Burned - Over District : The Social and Intellectual History of Enthusiastic Religion in Western New York , 1800 -- 1850 , ( 1950 ) . Foster , Charles I. An Errand of Mercy : The Evangelical United Front , 1790 -- 1837 , ( University of North Carolina Press , 1960 ) Hambrick - Stowe , Charles . Charles G. Finney and the Spirit of American Evangelicalism. ( 1996 ) . Hankins , Barry . The Second Great Awakening and the Transcendentalists . Greenwood , 2004 . Hatch , Nathan O . The Democratization of American Christianity ( 1989 ) . Heyrman , Christine Leigh . Southern Cross : The Beginnings of the Bible Belt ( 1997 ) . Johnson , Charles A . `` The Frontier Camp Meeting : Contemporary and Historical Appraisals , 1805 -- 1840 '' , The Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1950 ) 37 # 1 pp. 91 -- 110 . JSTOR 1888756 . doi : 10.2307 / 1888756 . Kyle , I. Francis , III . An Uncommon Christian : James Brainerd Taylor , Forgotten Evangelist in America 's Second Great Awakening ( 2008 ) . See Uncommon Christian Ministries Long , Kimberly Bracken . `` The Communion Sermons of James Mcgready : Sacramental Theology and Scots - Irish Piety on the Kentucky Frontier '' , Journal of Presbyterian History , 2002 80 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 16 . ISSN 0022 - 3883 . JSTOR 23336302 . Loveland Anne C. Southern Evangelicals and the Social Order , 1800 -- 1860 , ( 1980 ) McLoughlin William G. Modern Revivalism , 1959 . McLoughlin William G. Revivals , Awakenings , and Reform : An Essay on Religion and Social Change in America , 1607 -- 1977 , 1978 . Marsden , George M. The Evangelical Mind and the New School Presbyterian Experience : A Case Study of Thought and Theology in Nineteenth - Century America ( 1970 ) . Meyer , Neil . `` Falling for the Lord : Shame , Revivalism , and the Origins of the Second Great Awakening . '' Early American Studies 9.1 ( 2011 ) : 142 -- 166 . JSTOR 23546634 . Posey , Walter Brownlow . The Baptist Church in the Lower Mississippi Valley , 1776 -- 1845 ( 1957 ) Posey , Walter Brownlow . Frontier Mission : A History of Religion West of the Southern Appalachians to 1861 ( 1966 ) Raboteau , Albert . Slave Religion : The `` invisible Institution ' in the Antebellum South , ( 1979 ) Roth , Randolph A . The Democratic Dilemma : Religion , Reform , and the Social Order in the Connecticut River Valley of Vermont , 1791 -- 1850 , ( 1987 ) Smith , Timothy L. Revivalism and Social Reform : American Protestantism on the Eve of the Civil War ( 1957 ) Historiography ( edit ) Conforti , Joseph . `` The Invention of the Great Awakening , 1795 -- 1842 '' . Early American Literature ( 1991 ) : 99 -- 118 . JSTOR 25056853 . Griffin , Clifford S. `` Religious Benevolence as Social Control , 1815 -- 1860 '' , The Mississippi Valley Historical Review , ( 1957 ) 44 # 3 pp. 423 -- 444 . JSTOR 1887019 . doi : 10.2307 / 1887019 . Mathews , Donald G . `` The Second Great Awakening as an organizing process , 1780 -- 1830 : An hypothesis '' . American Quarterly ( 1969 ) : 23 -- 43 . JSTOR 2710771 . doi : 10.2307 / 2710771 . Shiels , Richard D . `` The Second Great Awakening in Connecticut : Critique of the Traditional Interpretation '' , Church History 49 ( 1980 ) : 401 -- 415 . JSTOR 3164815 . Varel , David A . `` The Historiography of the Second Great Awakening and the Problem of Historical Causation , 1945 -- 2005 '' . Madison Historical Review ( 2014 ) 8 # 4 online Restoration Movement History Background revivalism Second Great Awakening Cane Ridge Revival Predecessor movements Christians ( Stone Movement ) Disciples of Christ ( Campbell Movement ) Formative documents Last Will and Testament of The Springfield Presbytery Declaration and Address of the Christian Association of Washington Early related groups Brush Run Church Christian Association of Washington Christian Connection Mahoning Baptist Association Redstone Baptist Association Springfield Presbytery Early leaders Alexander Campbell Thomas Campbell Isaac Errett Tolbert Fanning Benjamin Franklin Marshall Keeble David Lipscomb William Lipscomb Charles J. Lister Elijah Martindale John William McGarvey James O'Kelly David Purviance Walter Scott `` Raccoon '' John Smith Daniel Sommer Barton W. Stone Pre-1900 journals The British Millennial Harbinger Christian Baptist Christian Messenger Christian Standard Firm Foundation Gospel Advocate Millennial Harbinger U.S. branches Christian Church ( Disciples of Christ ) Christian churches and churches of Christ North American Christian Convention Churches of Christ The churches of Christ ( non-institutional ) Sponsoring church International Churches of Christ International Christian Church Non-U.S. branches Churches of Christ in Australia Christian Church ( Disciples of Christ ) in Canada Churches of Christ in Europe Evangelical Christian Church in Canada Restorationism History of Christianity Centuries : 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st Ministry of Jesus and Apostolic Age Jesus Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Holy Spirit Leadership Apostles Seventy disciples Paul the Apostle Council of Jerusalem Great Commission New Testament Background Gospels Acts Pauline epistles General epistles Revelation Ante - Nicene Period Judaism split Justin Martyr Ignatius Persecution Fathers Irenaeus Marcionism Canon Tertullian Montanism Origen Late ancient Constantine Monasticism Councils : Nicaea I Creed Athanasius Arianism Jerome Augustine Constantinople I Ephesus I Chalcedon Eastern Christianity Eastern Orthodoxy Church of the East Oriental Orthodoxy Chrysostom Nestorianism Iconoclasm Great Schism Fall of Constantinople Armenia Georgia Greece Egypt Syria Ethiopia Bulgaria Ottoman Empire Russia America Middle Ages Pelagianism Gregory I Celtic Germanic Scandinavian Kievan Rus ' Investiture Anselm Abelard Bernard of Clairvaux Bogomils Cathars Crusades Waldensians Inquisition Scholasticism Dominic Francis Bonaventure Aquinas Wycliffe Avignon Papal Schism Bohemian Reformation Hus Conciliarism Catholicism Primacy development Papacy Timeline Lateran IV Trent Counter-Reformation Thomas More Leo X Guadalupe Jesuits Jansenists Xavier Monastery dissolution Wars Teresa Vatican I and II Modernism Reformation Protestantism Erasmus Five solae Eucharist Calvinist -- Arminian debate Arminianism Dort Wars Lutheranism Martin Luther 95 Theses Diet of Worms Melanchthon Orthodoxy Eucharist Book of Concord Calvinism Zwingli Calvin Presbyterianism Scotland Knox TULIP Dort Three Forms of Unity Westminster Anglicanism Timeline Henry VIII Cranmer Settlement 39 Articles Common Prayer Puritans Civil War Anabaptism Radical Reformation Grebel Swiss Brethren Müntzer Martyrs ' Synod Menno Simons Smyth 1640 -- 1789 Revivalism English denominations Baptists Congregationalism First Great Awakening Methodism Millerism Pietism Neo - and Old Lutherans 1789 -- present Camp meeting Holiness movement Independent Catholic denominations Second Great Awakening Restoration Movement Jehovah 's Witnesses Mormonism Seventh - day Adventist Adventism Third Great Awakening Azusa Revival Fundamentalism Ecumenism Evangelicalism Jesus movement Mainline Protestant Pentecostalism Charismatics Liberation theology Christian right Christian left Genocide by ISIL Timeline Missions Timeline Martyrs Theology Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Protestantism Catholicism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Great_Awakening&oldid=835146911 '' Categories : Restoration Movement History of Christianity in the United States Christian revivals Christian terminology 19th - century Protestantism Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español Esperanto فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Simple English Svenska Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 21 : 05 . 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what was the purpose of a revival meeting during the second great awakening

evangelizing

to remedy the evils of society before the anticipated Second Coming of Jesus Christ

Catch Me If You Can - wikipedia Catch Me If You Can Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2002 film . For other uses , see Catch Me If You Can ( disambiguation ) . Catch Me If You Can Theatrical release poster Directed by Steven Spielberg Produced by Steven Spielberg Walter F. Parkes Screenplay by Jeff Nathanson Based on Catch Me If You Can by Frank Abagnale and Stan Redding Starring Leonardo DiCaprio Tom Hanks Music by John Williams Cinematography Janusz Kamiński Edited by Michael Kahn Production company Amblin Entertainment Parkes / MacDonald Productions Distributed by DreamWorks Pictures Release date December 25 , 2002 ( 2002 - 12 - 25 ) Running time 141 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $52 million Box office $352.1 million Catch Me If You Can is a 2002 American biographical crime film directed and co-produced by Steven Spielberg from a screenplay by Jeff Nathanson . The film is based on the life of Frank Abagnale , who , before his 19th birthday , successfully performed cons worth millions of dollars by posing as a Pan American World Airways pilot , a Georgia doctor and a Louisiana parish prosecutor . His primary crime was check fraud ; he became so experienced that the FBI eventually turned to him for help in catching other checking forgers . The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hanks , with Christopher Walken , Martin Sheen , and Nathalie Baye in supporting roles . Development for the film started in 1980 , but did not progress until 1997 , when the film rights to Abagnale 's book were sold to Spielberg 's DreamWorks . David Fincher , Gore Verbinski , Lasse Hallström , Miloš Forman , and Cameron Crowe had all been possible candidates for director before Spielberg decided to direct . Filming took place from February to May 2002 . The film was a financial and critical success , and was received positively by both critics and Abagnale . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Music 5 Historical accuracy 6 Themes 7 Release 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 7.3 Home media 8 Musical adaptation 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1963 , teenaged Frank Abagnale lives in New Rochelle , New York with his father Frank Abagnale , Sr. , and French mother Paula . When Frank Sr. is denied a business loan at Chase Manhattan Bank due to unknown difficulties with the IRS , the family is forced to move from their large home to a small apartment . Paula carries on an affair with Jack , a friend of her husband . Meanwhile , Frank poses as a substitute teacher in his French class . Frank 's parents file for divorce , and Frank runs away . When he runs out of money , he begins relying on confidence scams to get by . Soon , Frank 's cons increase and he even impersonates an airline pilot . He forges Pan Am payroll checks and succeeds in stealing over $2.8 million . Meanwhile , Carl Hanratty , an FBI bank fraud agent , begins tracking Frank . Carl and Frank meet at a hotel , where Frank convinces Carl his name is Barry Allen of the Secret Service , and that he was also after the fraud . Frank leaves , Carl angrily realizing a minute too late that he has been fooled . Later , at Christmas , Carl is still at work when Frank calls him , attempting to apologize for duping Carl . Carl rejects his apology and tells him he will soon be caught , but laughs when he realizes Frank actually called him because he has no one else to talk to . Frank hangs up , and Carl continues to investigate , suddenly realizing ( thanks to a waiter ) that the name `` Barry Allen '' is from the Flash comic books and that Frank is actually a teenager . Frank , meanwhile , has expanded his con to include the identities of a doctor and lawyer . While playing Dr. Frank Conners , he falls in love with Brenda . While asking her father 's permission to marry her , he admits the truth about himself and asks for help with the Louisiana State Bar exam . Carl tracks him to his engagement party and Frank is able to sneak out a bedroom window minutes before Carl bursts in . Before leaving , Frank makes Brenda promise to meet him in Miami two days later so they can elope . Frank sees her waiting for him two days later , but also notices plainclothes agents waiting to arrest him ; realizing he has been set up , he escapes on a flight to Europe . Seven months later , Carl shows his boss that Frank has been forging checks all over western Europe and asks permission to go to Europe to look for him . When his boss refuses , Carl brings Frank 's checks to printing professionals who claim that the checks were printed in France . From an interview with Frank 's mother , Carl remembers that she was actually born in Montrichard , France . He goes there and locates Frank , and tells him that the French police will kill him if he does not go with Carl quietly . Frank assumes he is lying at first , but Carl promises Frank he would never lie to him , and Carl takes him outside , where the French police escort him to prison . The scene then flashes forward to a plane returning Frank home from prison , where Carl informs him that his father has died . Grief - stricken , Frank escapes from the plane and goes back to his old house , where he finds his mother with the man she left his father for , as well as a girl who Frank realizes is his half - sister . Frank gives himself up and is sentenced to 12 years in prison , getting visits from time to time from Carl . When Frank points out how one of the checks Carl is carrying as evidence is fake , Carl convinces the FBI to offer Frank a deal by which he can live out the remainder of his sentence working for the bank fraud department of the FBI , which Frank accepts . While working at the FBI , Frank misses the thrill of the chase and even attempts to fly as an airline pilot again . He is cornered by Carl , who insists that Frank will return to the FBI job since no one is chasing him . On the following Monday , Carl is nervous that Frank has not yet arrived at work . However , Frank eventually arrives and they discuss their next case . The ending credits reveal that Frank has been happily married for 26 years , has three sons , lives in the Midwest , is still good friends with Carl , has caught some of the world 's most elusive money forgers , and earns millions of dollars each year because of his work creating unforgeable checks . Cast ( edit ) Leonardo DiCaprio and the real Frank Abagnale . Leonardo DiCaprio as Frank Abagnale , Jr . Before his 19th birthday , Frank successfully conned millions of dollars ' worth of checks as a Pan Am pilot , doctor , and Louisiana parish prosecutor . Tom Hanks as Carl Hanratty , an FBI agent who pursues Frank for most of the film . Hanratty is often teased by other agents who take check fraud as a joke . Hanratty is divorced , and his daughter and ex-wife live in Chicago . In the end , Carl and Frank become great friends . Christopher Walken as Frank Abagnale , Sr. , Frank 's father , and a World War II veteran . Frank , Sr. loses his wife Paula and most of his wealth after he committed tax evasion . Frank , Sr. dies after falling down a staircase in a train station . Nathalie Baye as Paula Abagnale . Frank , Sr. meets her when she is 18 years old in Montrichard , France during World War II . Five weeks later , the couple marries . They divorce when Frank Jr. is 16 , leaving Paula to marry Jack Barnes , with whom she has a daughter . Amy Adams as Brenda Strong . Before becoming a nurse , Brenda had an abortion . Her strict Lutheran parents disown her , until they meet Frank , Jr . Martin Sheen as Roger Strong , Brenda 's father , and Carol 's husband . Roger is a well - recognized district attorney in Louisiana and is not easily convinced that Frank , Jr. graduated from law school . James Brolin as Jack Barnes , an associate of Frank , Sr. at the New Rochelle , New York Rotary Club . Barnes later carries on an affair with Paula , leading to the divorce of Frank Jr. 's parents . Nancy Lenehan as Carol Strong , Brenda 's mother and Roger 's wife . When thinking that Frank , Jr. is a doctor , lawyer and Lutheran , she is highly ecstatic for her daughter 's marriage . Brian Howe , Frank John Hughes and Chris Ellis portray FBI agents . Jennifer Garner cameos as a call girl . Ellen Pompeo , Elizabeth Banks , and Kaitlin Doubleday have supporting roles . The real Frank Abagnale appears in a cameo as a French police officer arresting his character . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Frank Abagnale sold the film rights to his autobiography in 1980 . Executive Producer Michel Shane purchased the film rights in 1990 , for Paramount Pictures . By December 1997 , Barry Kemp purchased the film rights from Shane , bringing the project to DreamWorks , with Jeff Nathanson writing the script . By April 2000 , David Fincher was attached to direct over the course of a few months , but dropped out in favor of Panic Room . In July 2000 , Leonardo DiCaprio had entered discussions to star , with Gore Verbinski to direct . Steven Spielberg signed on as producer , and filming was set to begin in March 2001 . Casting ( edit ) Verbinski cast James Gandolfini as Carl Hanratty , Ed Harris as Frank Abagnale , Sr. , and Chloë Sevigny as Brenda Strong . Verbinski dropped out because of DiCaprio 's commitment on Gangs of New York . Lasse Hallström was in negotiations to direct by May 2001 , but dropped out in July 2001 . At this stage Harris and Sevigny left the film , but Gandolfini was still attached . Spielberg , co-founder of DreamWorks , offered the job of director to Miloš Forman , and considered hiring Cameron Crowe . During this negotiation period , Spielberg began to consider directing the film himself , eventually dropping projects such as Big Fish and Memoirs of a Geisha . Spielberg officially committed to directing in August 2001 . The search for Strong 's portrayer lasted months but Amy Adams was eventually cast . Spielberg `` loved '' her tape and producer Walter F. Parkes commented that she was `` as fresh and honest as anyone we 'd seen , '' which was an important element in the role . Christopher Walken was cast as Frank Abagnale , Sr. following Parkes ' suggestion . Martin Sheen played Roger Strong as he had `` intimidating presence '' . Spielberg wanted a French actress to portray Paula Abagnale to stay true to the facts . He asked for the help of Brian De Palma , who was living in Paris and he did tests with several actresses such as Nathalie Baye . Spielberg had seen Jennifer Garner on Alias and wanted her to play a small role in the film due to her busy schedule . Filming ( edit ) The original start date was January 2002 , but was pushed to February 7 in Los Angeles , California . Locations included Burbank , Downey , New York City , LA / Ontario International Airport ( which doubled for Miami International Airport ) , Quebec City and Montreal . The film was shot in 147 locations in only 52 days . DiCaprio reflected , `` Scenes that we thought would take three days took an afternoon '' . Filming ran from April 25 -- 30 in Park Avenue , just outside the Waldorf - Astoria Hotel . Production moved to Orange , New Jersey and returned to Brooklyn for bank and courthouse scenes . Shooting also took place at the TWA Flight Center at John F. Kennedy International Airport . Quebec City was chosen for its European character and French feel . Place Royale , within Old Quebec , stands for Montrichard -- the church in the background of the arrest scene is Notre - Dame - des - Victoires . Filming ended on May 12 in Montreal . Music ( edit ) Main article : Catch Me If You Can ( soundtrack ) The film 's soundtrack was released on December 10 , 2002 by DreamWorks Records . The original score was composed and conducted by John Williams . Historical accuracy ( edit ) Despite the various changes from real - life events , Abagnale believed Spielberg was the only filmmaker who `` could do this film justice '' . However , Abagnale had little involvement with the film . In November 2001 Abagnale reported , `` I 've never met nor spoken to Steven Spielberg and I have not read the script . I prefer not to . I understand that they now portray my father in a better light , as he really was . Steven Spielberg has told the screenplay writer ( Jeff Nathanson ) that he wants complete accuracy in the relationships and actual scams that I perpetrated . I hope in the end the movie will be entertaining , exciting , funny and bring home an important message about family , childhood and divorce '' . The real Abagnale never saw his father again after he ran away from home . Spielberg `` wanted to continue to have that connection where Frank kept trying to please his father ; by making him proud of him ; by seeing him in the uniform , the Pan-American uniform '' . However , Abagnale praised the idea . `` Even though I did n't see my dad again , every night after living a brilliant day and meeting many women , and making much money , I 'd come back alone to a hotel room and I would just think of my mom and dad and fantasize about getting them back together again , and cry . It 's the justification of a fantasy . '' In the shooting script the character was referred to as Joseph Shea , but was changed to Carl Hanratty for unknown reasons . Themes ( edit ) Catch Me if You Can deals with themes of broken homes and troubled childhoods . Spielberg 's parents divorced when he was a teenager , similar to Frank Abagnale 's situation . In the film , Carl Hanratty is also divorced from his wife , who lives with their daughter in Chicago . `` Some of my films have had to do with broken homes and people on the run from their sad pasts '' , Spielberg stated . `` But there are those strands that got me to say : you know , there 's something also about me that I can say through the telling of this kind of lighthearted story '' . Spielberg also wanted to create a film that sympathized with a crook . He explained , `` Frank was a 21st century genius working within the innocence of the mid ' 60s , when people were more trusting than they are now . I do n't think this is the kind of movie where somebody could say , ' I have a career plan . ' '' Release ( edit ) `` I know that Hollywood has made a number of changes to the story , but I am honored that Steven Spielberg , Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hanks participated in the making of the movie inspired by my life . It is important to understand that it is just a movie , not a biographical documentary . '' -- Frank Abagnale 's reaction to the film Game Show Network aired the 1977 episode of the television game show To Tell the Truth that featured Frank Abagnale . Segments were shown on December 29 , 2002 and January 1 , 2003 as promotion . The marketing department was careful to market the film as `` inspired by a true story '' in order to avoid controversy similar to that surrounding A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) and The Hurricane ( 1999 ) , both of which deviated from history . The premiere took place at Westwood , Los Angeles , California on December 18 , 2002 . Box Office ( edit ) Catch Me If You Can was released on December 25 , 2002 , earning slightly above $30 million in 3,225 theaters during its opening weekend . The film went on to gross $164.6 million in North America and $187.5 million in foreign countries , coming at a worldwide total of $352.1 million . The film was a financial success , recouping the $52 million budget six times over . Catch Me If You Can was the eleventh highest - grossing film of 2002 . Minority Report ( also directed by Spielberg ) was tenth highest . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a certified fresh rating of 96 % , based on 197 reviews , with an average rating of 7.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reading , `` With help from a strong performance by Leonardo DiCaprio as real - life wunderkind con artist Frank Abagnale , Steven Spielberg crafts a film that 's stylish , breezily entertaining , and surprisingly sweet . '' On Metacritic the film has a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 38 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Roger Ebert heavily praised DiCaprio 's performance , and concluded `` This is not a major Spielberg film , although it is an effortlessly watchable one '' . Mick LaSalle said it was `` not Spielberg 's best movie , but one of his smoothest and maybe his friendliest . The colorful cinematography , smart performances and brisk tempo suggest a filmmaker subordinating every other impulse to the task of manufacturing pleasure . '' Stephen Hunter believed DiCaprio shows `` the range and ease and cleverness that Martin Scorsese so underutilized in Gangs of New York '' . James Berardinelli observed , `` Catch Me if You Can never takes itself or its subjects too seriously , and contains more genuinely funny material than about 90 % of the so - called ' comedies ' found in multiplexes these days '' . In addition Berardinelli praised John Williams ' film score , which he felt was `` more intimate and jazzy than his usual material , evoking ( intentionally ) Henry Mancini '' . Peter Travers was one of few who gave the film a negative review . Travers considered Catch Me if You Can to be `` bogged down over 140 minutes . A film that took off like a hare on speed ends like a winded tortoise . '' At the 75th Academy Awards , Christopher Walken and John Williams were nominated for Best Supporting Actor and Best Original Score . Walken won the same category at the 56th British Academy Film Awards , while Williams , costume designer Mary Zophres and screenwriter Jeff Nathanson received nominations . DiCaprio was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture -- Drama . Williams also earned a Grammy Award nomination . Elements of the film were later parodied in The Simpsons episode `` Catch ' Em If You Can '' . Home media ( edit ) Catch Me If You Can was released on DVD on May 6 , 2003 and on Blu - ray on December 4 , 2012 . Musical adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Catch Me If You Can ( musical ) A musical adaptation of the same name premiered at the 5th Avenue Theatre in Seattle , Washington in July 2009 , starring Aaron Tveit and Norbert Leo Butz . It began previews on Broadway at the Neil Simon Theatre on March 11 , 2011 and officially opened April 10 , 2011 . The musical was nominated for four Tony Awards , including Best Musical . See also ( edit ) The Great Impostor , a 1961 film based on the story of an impostor named Ferdinand Waldo Demara . The Pretender , a TV series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CATCH ME IF YOU CAN ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 13 , 2002 . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Luling , Todd ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` 11 Easter Eggs You Never Noticed In Your Favorite Movies '' . The Huffington Post . TheHuffingtonPost.com , Inc . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Frank Abagnale ( September 3 , 2002 ) . `` Comments '' . Abagnale & Associates . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2009 . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Claude Brodesser ; Dana Harris ( August 21 , 2001 ) . `` D'Works to play ' Catch ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Charles Lyons ; Dade Hayes ( January 8 , 2002 ) . `` D'Works sets play date for pricey ' Catch ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dan Cox ( December 15 , 1997 ) . `` TV vet Kemp prepping pix at U , UA , D'Works '' . Variety . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( April 4 , 2000 ) . `` ' Noon ' strikes twice at Spyglass for 3 scribes '' . Variety . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Claude Brodesser ; Charles Lyons ( July 31 , 2000 ) . `` DiCaprio plays ' Catch ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( August 22 , 2000 ) . `` Fox rocks with Mamas & Papas pic '' . Variety . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Fleming ( July 30 , 2001 ) . `` Dish : Billionaire Reveres films '' . Variety . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Claude Brodesser ; Dana Harris ( November 6 , 2000 ) . `` Inside Move : DiCaprio misses ' Catch ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Stax ( July 6 , 2001 ) . `` Another ' Catch ' for Leo 's Next Flick '' . IGN . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( March 15 , 2001 ) . `` Beresford goes home again ; ' Project ' pulled '' . Variety . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Charles Lyons ; Dana Harris ( May 22 , 2001 ) . `` Hallstrom plays ' Catch ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Claude Brodesser ; Cathy Dunkley ( August 5 , 2001 ) . `` IEG , DiCaprio ' Gang ' up '' . Variety . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Catch Me If You Can : Production Notes '' . Culture.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Army Archerd ( February 11 , 2002 ) . `` Kudos to Opening Ceremonies '' . Variety . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Army Archerd ( April 2 , 2002 ) . `` ' Tonight Show ' employees get anni bonus '' . Variety . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Catch Me If You Can '' . Extra . December 12 , 2002 . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Army Archerd ( April 30 , 2002 ) . `` Who will fill Frank Sinatra 's shoes ? '' . Variety . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brian Linder ( May 2 , 2002 ) . `` Spielly Update : ' Report ' , ' Catch Me ' '' . IGN . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Army Archerd ( May 14 , 2002 ) . `` ' Sierra Madre ' inspires ' Spider - Man ' helmer '' . Variety . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Stax ( November 15 , 2001 ) . `` The Man Behind ' Catch Me If You Can ' '' . IGN . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Steve Head ( December 17 , 2002 ) . `` An Interview with Steven Spielberg '' . IGN . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Claude Brodesser ( August 28 , 2001 ) . `` D'Works tracking top cop for Catch '' . Variety . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Josef Adalian ( December 10 , 2002 ) . `` Inside Move : Net game for movie link '' . Variety . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` H'w 'd plays ' Catch ' '' . Variety . December 18 , 2002 . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Yearly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Catch Me If You Can '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixter . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` Catch Me If You Can '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mick LaSalle ( December 25 , 2002 ) . `` Holiday Movies '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stephen Hunter ( December 25 , 2002 ) . `` A Merry Chase '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James . `` Catch Me If You Can '' . ReelViews.net . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( January 2 , 2003 ) . `` Catch Me If You Can '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2008 . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 74th Academy Awards '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 56th BAFTA Awards '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes : 2003 '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Awards : 2003 '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Matthew Nastuk , Ian Maxtone - Graham ( 2004 - 04 - 25 ) . `` Catch ' Em if You Can '' . The Simpsons . Season 15 . Episode 331 . Fox Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ `` Catch Me If You Can -- Box Office Data , DVD Sales , Movie News , Cast Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Perkis , Ed ( December 4 , 2012 ) . `` Catch Me If You Can ( Blu - ray ) DVD Review '' . CinemaBlend.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . Broadway - Aimed `` Catch Me If You Can Ends Seattle Premiere Run Aug. 16 '' Archived August 19 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Playbill . August 16 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` CATCH ME IF YOU CAN to Open on Broadway April 10 ; Previews March 7 , 2011 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Catch Me If You Can Books Broadway 's Neil Simon Theatre '' Archived September 26 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Playbill . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Tony Nominations Announced ; Book of Mormon Earns 14 Nominations '' Archived September 14 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Playbill . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Frank Abagnale , Jr. and Stan Redding . Catch Me If You Can : The Amazing True Story of the Youngest and Most Daring Con Man in the History of Fun and Profit . ( ISBN 0 - 06 - 052971 - 7 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Catch Me If You Can Catch Me If You Can on IMDb Catch Me If You Can at AllMovie Catch Me If You Can at the TCM Movie Database Catch Me If You Can at the American Film Institute Catalog Catch Me If You Can at Box Office Mojo Catch Me If You Can at Rotten Tomatoes Catch Me If You Can at Metacritic An Interview with Leonardo DiCaprio - Movies Feature at IGN Official website for Catch Me If You Can the musical ( hide ) Steven Spielberg Filmography Awards and nominations Films directed Firelight ( 1964 ) Slipstream ( 1967 ) Amblin ' ( 1968 ) Night Gallery ( `` Eyes '' segment , 1969 ) L.A. 2017 ( 1971 ) Duel ( 1971 ) Something Evil ( 1972 ) Savage ( 1973 ) The Sugarland Express ( 1974 , also wrote ) Jaws ( 1975 ) Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 , also wrote ) 1941 ( 1979 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Twilight Zone : The Movie ( `` Kick the Can '' segment , 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) The Color Purple ( 1985 ) Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Always ( 1989 ) Hook ( 1991 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) Amistad ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 , also wrote ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) The Terminal ( 2004 ) War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) Munich ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Lincoln ( 2012 ) Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) The Post ( 2017 ) Ready Player One ( 2018 ) Films written Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies ( 1973 ) Poltergeist ( 1982 , also produced ) The Goonies ( 1985 ) Films produced An American Tail : Fievel Goes West ( 1991 ) Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Super 8 ( 2011 ) The Hundred - Foot Journey ( 2014 ) Television Amazing Stories ( 1985 -- 87 ) High Incident ( 1996 -- 97 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) See also Steven Spielberg bibliography Amblin Partners Amblin Entertainment Amblin Television DreamWorks Television Amblimation DreamWorks USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education GND : 4818806 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catch_Me_If_You_Can&oldid=821436887 '' Categories : 2002 films English - language films 2000s biographical films 2000s crime drama films Amblin Entertainment films American biographical films American chase films American crime drama films American films Biographical films about fraudsters Crime films based on actual events Drama films based on actual events DreamWorks Pictures films Films scored by John Williams Films about con artists Films about identity theft Films based on biographies Films directed by Steven Spielberg Films set in Atlanta Films set in California Films set in Florida Films set in France Films set in Louisiana Films set in Westchester County , New York Films set in New York City Films set in the 1960s Films shot in California Films shot in Montreal Films produced by Steven Spielberg True crime films Fraud in fiction Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from October 2015 Good articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 13 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when was catch me if you can made

2002

2002

Eastern coastal plains - Wikipedia Eastern coastal plains Jump to : navigation , search This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( May 2015 ) View of Fields at Biccavolu , Eastern coastal plains , Andhra Pradesh The Eastern Coastal Plains refers to a wide stretch of landmass of India , lying between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal . It is wider and leveled than the western coastal plains and stretches from Tamil Nadu in the south to West Bengal in the north through Andhra Pradesh and Odisha . Chilka Lake is a brackish water lake along the eastern coastal plain . It lies in the state of Odisha and stretches to the south of the Mahanadi Delta . Deltas of many of India 's rivers form a major portion of these plains . The Mahanadi , Godavari , Kaveri and Krishna rivers drain these plains . The region receives both the Northeast & Southwest monsoon rains with its annual rainfall averaging between 1,000 and 3,000 mm ( 39 and 118 in ) . The width of the plains varies between 100 and 130 km ( 62 to 80 miles ) . It is locally known as Utkal Plains in the Northern part between Cossye and Rushikulya Rivers , Northern Circars in the Central part between Rushikulya and Krishna Rivers and , as Coromandel Coast in the Southern part from the south of river Krishna till the Southern tip of Mainland India at Cape Comorin where it merges with the Western Coastal Plains . See also ( edit ) Western Coastal Plains References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sr. Bimcy ; Sr. Sisily ; Charlotte . Bibliographic information . Scholar Publishing House . pp. 20 -- 21 . ISBN 8171725163 . Geography of India Climate Climate Climatic regions Geology Fossil Parks Geology of India Indian Plate Stones Landforms Beaches Canals Desert Extreme points Glaciers Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Valleys Volcanoes Waterfalls Plains Indo - Gangetic Eastern Coastal Western Coastal Regions North India Northeast India East India South India West India Central India Subdivisions Autonomous administrative divisions States and territories Districts Cities Towns Municipalities Environment Biogeographic classification Ecoregions Fauna Flora Forests Issues Protected Areas Wildlife This Indian location article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_coastal_plains&oldid=812520937 '' Categories : Plains of India Coasts of India India geography stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references India articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia हिन्दी Português தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 28 November 2017 , at 08 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

where are the coastal plains located in india

between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal

Biccavolu

Toyota - wikipedia Toyota Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Toyota ( disambiguation ) . Toyota Motor Corporation hkl headquarters in Toyota City , Japan Type Public ( K.K. ) Traded as TYO : 7203 LSE : TYT NYSE : TM TOPIX Core 30 Component Industry Automotive Founded August 28 , 1937 ; 80 years ago ( 1937 - 08 - 28 ) Headquarters Toyota , Aichi , Japan Area served Worldwide Key people Kiichiro Toyoda ( Chairman ) Shigeru Hayakawa ( Vice Chairman ) Takeshi Uchiyamada ( President ) Products Automobiles , luxury vehicles , commercial vehicles , engines Production output 16,985,870 units ( CY 2015 ) Services Banking , financing , leasing Revenue ¥ 28.40 trillion ( 2016 ) Operating income ¥ 2.85 trillion ( 2016 ) Profit ¥ 2.31 trillion ( 2016 ) Total assets ¥ 47.42 trillion ( 2016 ) Total equity ¥ 17.22 trillion ( 2016 ) Owner Toyota Industries ( 6.73 % ) Nippon Life ( 3.59 % ) Denso ( 2.59 % ) Number of employees 364,445 ( 2017 ) Divisions Lexus Scion ( defunct ) TRD Subsidiaries 545 List ( show ) Japan : Hino ( 57.21 % ) Daihatsu Toyota Financial Services Toyota Motor East Japan International : Toyota Pakistan Toyota Motor North America Toyota Kirloskar India ( 89 % ) Toyota Canada ( 51 % ) Toyota Motor Sales USA Toyota Motor Europe Toyota Motor Manufacturing UK Toyota ( GB ) PLC Toyota Motor Manufacturing France Toyota Motor Thailand ( 86.43 % ) Toyota Peugeot Citroën Automobile Czech ( 50 % ) Toyota Motor Russia Toyota Motor Corporation Australia Toyota South Africa Motors Perodua ( 25 % ) Website toyota-global.com Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japanese : トヨタ 自動車 株式 会社 , Hepburn : Toyota Jidōsha KK , IPA : ( toꜜjota ) , English : / tɔɪˈoʊtə / ) is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota , Aichi , Japan . In 2017 , Toyota 's corporate structure consisted of 364,445 employees worldwide and , as of October 2016 , was the fifth - largest company in the world by revenue . As of 2016 , Toyota is the world 's largest automotive manufacturer . Toyota was the world 's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year which it has done since 2012 , when it also reported the production of its 200 - millionth vehicle . As of July 2014 , Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization ( worth more than twice as much as # 2 - ranked SoftBank ) and by revenue . Toyota is the world 's market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles , and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass - market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe . Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 . Its Prius family is the world 's top selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017 . The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 , as a spinoff from his father 's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles . Three years earlier , in 1934 , while still a department of Toyota Industries , it created its first product , the Type A engine , and its first passenger car in 1936 , the Toyota AA . Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands , including the Toyota brand , Hino , Lexus , Ranz , and Daihatsu . It also holds a 16.66 % stake in Subaru Corporation , a 5.9 % stake in Isuzu , as well as joint - ventures with two in China ( GAC Toyota and Sichuan FAW Toyota Motor ) , one in India ( Toyota Kirloskar ) , one in the Czech Republic ( TPCA ) , along with several `` nonautomotive '' companies . TMC is part of the Toyota Group , one of the largest conglomerates in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Corporate governance 1.1 Global Ranking 2 History 2.1 1930s 2.2 1940s -- 1950s 2.3 1960s -- 1970s 2.4 1980s 2.5 1990s 2.6 2000s 2.7 2010s 3 Recalls 3.1 2009 3.2 2012 3.3 2014 4 Logo and branding 4.1 Japan 4.2 Toyota slogans 4.2. 1 Australia 4.2. 2 Bangladesh 4.2. 3 Europe 4.2. 4 India 4.2. 5 Indonesia 4.2. 6 Japan 4.2. 7 Malaysia 4.2. 8 Philippines 4.2. 9 Singapore 4.2. 10 South Africa 4.2. 11 South Korea 4.2. 12 Sri Lanka 4.2. 13 Thailand 4.2. 14 United States 4.3 Sports 5 Company strategy 5.1 Operations 5.2 Worldwide presence 5.2. 1 North America 5.2. 2 Europe 5.2. 3 Australia 6 Product line 6.1 Electric technology 6.1. 1 Hybrid electric vehicles 6.1. 2 Plug - in hybrids 6.1. 3 All - electric vehicles 6.1. 4 Hydrogen fuel - cell 6.2 Cars 6.2. 1 SUVs and crossovers 6.2. 2 Pickup trucks 6.2. 3 Luxury - type vehicles 6.3 Buses 6.4 Pleasure boats 7 Motorsports 7.1 TRD 8 Nonautomotive activities 8.1 Aerospace 8.2 Philanthropy 8.3 Higher education 8.4 Robotics 8.5 Agricultural biotechnology 8.6 Sewing machine technology 9 Environmental record 10 Production and sales numbers 11 Labor problem 11.1 Death from overwork 11.2 21 June 2010 Chinese labour strike 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Corporate governance ( edit ) Principal headquarters building of Toyota Toyota is headquartered in Toyota City , Aichi . The main headquarters of Toyota is located in a 4 - storey building in Toyota . As of 2006 , the head office has the `` Toyopet '' Toyota logo and the words `` Toyota Motor '' . The Toyota Technical Center , a 14 - story building , and the Honsha plant , Toyota 's second plant engaging in mass production and formerly named the Koromo plant , are adjacent to one another in a location near the headquarters . Vinod Jacob from The Hindu described the main headquarters building as `` modest '' . In 2013 , company head Akio Toyoda reported that it had difficulties retaining foreign employees at the headquarters due to the lack of amenities in the city . Its Tokyo office is located in Bunkyo , Tokyo . Its Nagoya office is located in Nakamura - ku , Nagoya . In addition to manufacturing automobiles , Toyota provides financial services through its Toyota Financial Services division , and also builds robots . Akio Toyoda , CEO of Toyota , at the annual results press conference , May 11 , 2011 Toyota 's global network : Red -- Japan Green -- Official dealership ( s ) present . Blue -- Localized manufacturing plant ( s ) Cyan -- Regional headquarters ( HQ ) Dark Blue -- Regional headquarters ( HQ ) and localized manufacturing plants Typical breakdown of sales by region Presidents of Toyota Motor Company : Rizaburo Toyoda ( 1937 -- 1941 ) Kiichiro Toyoda ( 1941 -- 1950 ) Taizo Ishida ( 1950 -- 1961 ) Fukio Nakagawa ( 1961 -- 1967 ) Eiji Toyoda ( 1967 -- 1981 ) In 1981 , Toyota Motor Co. , Ltd. announced plans to merge with its sales entity Toyota Motor Sales Co. , Ltd . Since 1950 , the two entities had existed as separate companies as a prerequisite for reconstruction in postwar Japan . Shoichiro Toyoda presided over Toyota Motor Sales in preparation for the consummation of the merger that occurred in 1982 . Shoichiro then succeeded his uncle Eiji as the President of the combined organization that then became known as Toyota Motor Corporation . Presidents of Toyota Motor Corporation : Eiji Toyoda ( 1981 ) Shoichiro Toyoda ( 1982 -- 1992 ) Tatsuro Toyoda ( 1992 -- 1995 ) Hiroshi Okuda ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Fujio Cho ( 1999 -- 2005 ) Katsuaki Watanabe ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Akio Toyoda ( 2009 -- present ) Chairmen of Toyota Motor Corporation : Shoichiro Toyoda ( 1992 -- 1999 ) Hiroshi Okuda ( 1999 -- 2006 ) Fujio Cho ( 2006 -- 2013 ) Takeshi Uchiyamada ( 2013 -- present ) On June 14 , 2013 , Toyota Motor Corp. announced the appointment of external board members ; this was a first for the corporation and occurred following approval from general shareholders at a meeting on the same day . Additionally , Vice Chairman Takeshi Uchiyamada replaced Fujio Cho as chairman , as the latter became an honorary chairman while Toyoda remains in the post of President . Toyota is publicly traded on the Tokyo , Osaka , Nagoya , Fukuoka , and Sapporo exchanges under company code TYO : 7203 . In addition , Toyota is foreign - listed on the New York Stock Exchange under NYSE : TM and on the London Stock Exchange under LSE : TYT . Toyota has been publicly traded in Japan since 1949 and internationally since 1999 . As reported on its consolidated financial statements , Toyota has 540 consolidated subsidiaries and 226 affiliates . Toyota Motor North America ( 100 % -- 2004 ) Toyota Canada Inc. ( 51 % -- 2013 ) Toyota Tsusho -- Trading company for the Toyota Group Daihatsu Motor Company ( 100 % ) Hino Motors ( 50.1 % -- 2001 ) Lexus 100 % ( 1989 ) Scion 100 % ( 2003 ) DENSO ( 24.74 % -- September 30 , 2006 ) Toyota Industries ( 23.51 % -- March 31 , 2006 ) Aisin Seiki Co . ( 23.0 % -- September 30 , 2006 ) Subaru Corporation ( 16.66 % -- June 28 , 2008 ) Isuzu Motors ( 5.9 % -- November 10 , 2006 ) PT Toyota Astra Motor ( 49 % -- 2003 ) Noble Automotive ( 23 % -- 2014 ) PT Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia ( 95 % -- 2003 ) Global ranking ( edit ) Toyota , which earlier was the world 's third largest automotive manufacturer behind American General Motors and Ford , produced for first time in history more vehicles than Ford in 2005 , and in 2006 even more than General Motors and has been the world 's largest automotive manufacturer since then , except in 2011 when it , triggered by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami , fell to the # 3 position behind General Motors and German Volkswagen Group . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Toyota 1930s ( edit ) In 1924 , Sakichi Toyoda invented the Toyoda Model G Automatic Loom . The principle of jidoka , which means the machine stops itself when a problem occurs , became later a part of the Toyota Production System . Looms were built on a small production line . In 1929 , the patent for the automatic loom was sold to the British company Platt Brothers , generating the starting capital for the automobile development . Mass production of Toyoda automated loom , displayed at the Toyota Museum in Nagakute - cho , Aichi - gun , Aichi Pref . Japan The production of Toyota automobiles was started in 1933 as a division of Toyoda Automatic Loom Works devoted to the production of automobiles under the direction of the founder 's son , Kiichiro Toyoda . Its first vehicles were the A1 passenger car and the G1 in 1935 . The Toyota Motor Co. was established as an independent company in 1937 Toyoda Standard Sedan AA 1936 Vehicles were originally sold under the name `` Toyoda '' ( トヨダ ) , from the family name of the company 's founder , Kiichirō Toyoda . In April 1936 , Toyoda 's first passenger car , the Model AA , was completed . The sales price was 3,350 yen , 400 yen cheaper than Ford or GM cars . House of Toyota founder Kiichiro Toyoda , near Toyota City In September 1936 , the company ran a public competition to design a new logo . Of 27,000 entries , the winning entry was the three Japanese katakana letters for `` Toyoda '' in a circle . But Rizaburo Toyoda , who had married into the family and was not born with that name , preferred `` Toyota '' ( トヨタ ) because it took eight brush strokes ( a lucky number ) to write in Japanese , was visually simpler ( leaving off the diacritic at the end ) , and with a voiceless consonant instead of a voiced one ( voiced consonants are considered to have a `` murky '' or `` muddy '' sound compared to voiceless consonants , which are `` clear '' ) . Inside the house of Toyota founder Kiichiro Toyoda , near Toyota City Since toyoda literally means `` fertile rice paddies '' , changing the name also prevented the company from being associated with old - fashioned farming . The newly formed word was trademarked and the company was registered in August 1937 as the Toyota Motor Company . The Supra JZA80 has now become an automobile icon the world over . Rivaling Nissan 's GTR . The MR2 SW20 , a mid-engine sports car from the 1990s . First - generation Toyopet Crown Model RSD ( 1955 / 1 -- 1958 / 10 ) Toyota at the Rally Dakar , 1992 1940s -- 1950s ( edit ) From September 1947 , Toyota 's small - sized vehicles were sold under the name `` Toyopet '' ( トヨペット ) . The first vehicle sold under this name was the Toyopet SA , but it also included vehicles such as the Toyopet SB light truck , Toyopet Stout light truck , Toyopet Crown , Toyopet Master , and the Toyopet Corona . The word `` Toyopet ( Japanese article ) '' was a nickname given to the Toyota SA due to its small size , as the result of a naming contest the Toyota Company organized in 1947 . However , when Toyota eventually entered the American market in 1957 with the Crown , the name was not well received due to connotations of toys and pets . The name was soon dropped for the American market , but continued in other markets until the mid-1960s . 1960s -- 1970s ( edit ) By the early 1960s , the US had begun placing stiff import tariffs on certain vehicles . The so - called `` chicken tax '' of 1964 placed a 25 % tax on imported light trucks . In response to the tariff , Toyota , Nissan Motor Co. and Honda Motor Co. began building plants in the US by the early 1980s . 1980s ( edit ) With over 40 million sold , the Corolla is one of the most popular and best selling cars in the world . Toyota received its first Japanese Quality Control Award at the start of the 1980s and began participating in a wide variety of motorsports . Due to the 1973 oil crisis , consumers in the lucrative US market began turning to small cars with better fuel economy . American car manufacturers had considered small economy cars to be an entry - level product , and their small vehicles employed a low level of quality to keep the price low . Conservative Toyota held on to rear - wheel - drive designs for longer than most ; while a clear first in overall production they were only third in production of front - wheel - drive cars in 1983 , behind Nissan and Honda . In part due to this , Nissan 's Sunny managed to squeeze by the Corolla in numbers built that year . In 1982 , the Toyota Motor Company and Toyota Motor Sales merged into one company , the Toyota Motor Corporation . Two years later , Toyota entered into a joint venture with General Motors called the New United Motor Manufacturing , Inc , NUMMI , operating an automobile - manufacturing plant in Fremont , California . The factory was an old General Motors plant that had been closed for two years . Toyota then started to establish new brands at the end of the 1980s , with the launch of their luxury division Lexus in 1989 . 1990s ( edit ) In the 1990s , Toyota began to branch out from producing mostly compact cars by adding many larger and more luxurious vehicles to its lineup , including a full - sized pickup , the T100 ( and later the Tundra ) , several lines of SUVs , a sport version of the Camry , known as the Camry Solara , and the Scion brand . They would also launch newer and arguably more iconic iterations of their sports cars , namely the MR2 , Celica , and Supra during this era , all of which have already become icons of the 1990s . With a major presence in Europe , due to the success of Toyota Team Europe , the corporation decided to set up Toyota Motor Europe Marketing and Engineering , TMME , to help market vehicles in the continent . Two years later , Toyota set up a base in the United Kingdom , TMUK , as the company 's cars had become very popular among British drivers . Bases in Indiana , Virginia , and Tianjin were also set up . In 1999 , the company decided to list itself on the New York and London Stock Exchanges . 2000s ( edit ) In 2001 , Toyota 's Toyo Trust and Banking merged with two other banks to form UFJ Bank , which was accused of corruption by Japan 's government for making bad loans to alleged Yakuza crime syndicates with executives accused of blocking Financial Service Agency inspections . The UFJ was listed among Fortune Magazine 's largest money - losing corporations in the world , with Toyota 's chairman serving as a director . At the time , the UFJ was one of the largest shareholders of Toyota . As a result of Japan 's banking crisis , UFJ merged with the Bank of Tokyo - Mitsubishi to become the Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group . In 2002 , Toyota managed to enter a Formula One works team and establish joint ventures with French motoring companies Citroën and Peugeot a year after Toyota started producing cars in France . Toyota ranked eighth on Forbes 2000 list of the world 's leading companies for the year 2005 but slid to 55 for 2011 . The company was number one in global automobile sales for the first quarter of 2008 . In 2007 , Toyota released an update of its full - sized truck , the Tundra , produced in two American factories , one in Texas and one in Indiana . Motor Trend named the Tundra `` Truck of the Year '' , and the 2007 Toyota Camry `` Car of the Year '' for 2007 . It also began the construction of two new factories , one to build the RAV4 in Woodstock , Ontario , Canada , and the other to build the Toyota Prius in Blue Springs , Mississippi , USA . This plant was originally intended to build the Toyota Highlander , but Toyota decided to use the plant in Princeton , Indiana , USA , instead . The company has also found recent success with its smaller models -- the Corolla and Yaris . 2010s ( edit ) In 2011 , Toyota , along with large parts of the Japanese automotive industry , suffered from a series of natural disasters . The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami led to a severe disruption of the supplier base and a drop in production and exports . Severe flooding during the 2011 monsoon season in Thailand affected Japanese automakers that had chosen Thailand as a production base . Toyota is estimated to have lost production of 150,000 units to the tsunami and production of 240,000 units to the floods . On February 10 , 2014 , it was announced that Toyota would cease manufacturing vehicles and engines in Australia by the end of 2017 . The decision was based on the unfavourable Australian dollar making exports not viable , the high cost of local manufacture and the high amount of competition in a relatively small local market . The company plans to consolidate its corporate functions in Melbourne by the end of 2017 . The head office will remain in Port Melbourne and the Altona plant will be retained for other functions . The workforce is expected to be reduced from 3,900 to 1,300 . The automaker narrowly topped global sales for the first half of 2014 , selling 5.1 million vehicles in the six months ending June 30 , 2014 , an increase of 3.8 % on the same period the previous year . Volkswagen AG , which recorded sales of 5.07 million vehicles , was close behind . In August 2014 , Toyota announced it would be cutting its spare - parts prices in China by up to 35 % . The company admitted the move was in response to a probe foreshadowed earlier in the month by China 's National Development and Reform Commission of Toyota 's Lexus spare - parts policies , as part of an industry - wide investigation into what the Chinese regulator considers exorbitantly high prices being charged by automakers for spare parts and after - sales servicing . In November 2015 , the company announced that it would invest US $1 billion over the next 5 years into artificial intelligence and robotics research . In 2016 , Toyota invested in Uber . In March 2016 , Toyota partnered with Yanmar to create a fibreglass pleasure boat using Yanmar outboard marine diesel engines or Toyota inboard engines . Recalls ( edit ) 2009 ( edit ) From November 2009 through 2010 , Toyota recalled more than 9 million cars and trucks worldwide in several recall campaigns , and briefly halted production and sales . Toyota initiated the recalls , the first two with the assistance of the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) , after reports that several vehicles experienced unintended acceleration . Main article : 2009 -- 11 Toyota vehicle recalls 2012 ( edit ) In October 2012 , Toyota announced a recall of 7.43 million vehicles worldwide to fix malfunctioning power window switches , the largest recall since that of Ford Motor Company in 1996 . The move came after a series of recalls between 2009 and 2011 in which it pulled back around 10 million cars amidst claims of faulty mechanics . In March 2014 , Toyota agreed to pay a fine of US $1.2 billion for concealing information and misleading the public about the safety issues behind the recalls on Toyota and Lexus vehicles affected by unintended acceleration . 2014 ( edit ) In early November 2014 , Toyota USA enlisted a recall involving defective inflaters and propellant devices that may deploy improperly in the event of a crash , shooting metal fragments into vehicle occupants . More than 7 million vehicles are potentially affected in the United States . This recall only affects vehicles equipped with Takata airbags released after the year 2000 in North America . The airbags were manufactured by Takata automotive manufacturing . Toyota is offering a free repair to all affected vehicles worldwide . The fault in the Takata air bags also affected other North American automobile manufacturers . Logo and branding ( edit ) Employee at Toyota Museum explains development of Toyota name and brand In 1936 , Toyota entered the passenger car market with its Model AA and held a competition to establish a new logo emphasizing speed for its new product line . After receiving 27,000 entries , one was selected that additionally resulted in a change of its moniker to `` Toyota '' from the family name `` Toyoda '' . The new name was believed to sound better , and its eight - stroke count in the Japanese language was associated with wealth and good fortune . The original logo is no longer found on its vehicles but remains the corporate emblem used in Japan . Still , no guidelines existed for the use of the brand name , so `` TOYOTA '' , which was used throughout most of the world , led to inconsistencies in its worldwide marketing campaigns . To remedy this , Toyota introduced a new worldwide logo in October 1989 to commemorate the 50th year of the company , and to differentiate it from the newly released luxury Lexus brand . The logo made its debut on the 1989 Toyota Celsior and quickly gained worldwide recognition . The three ovals in the new logo combine to form the letter `` T '' , which stands for Toyota . The overlapping of the two perpendicular ovals inside the larger oval represents the mutually beneficial relationship and trust between the customer and the company while the larger oval surrounding both of these inner ovals represents the `` global expansion of Toyota 's technology and unlimited potential for the future '' . Hubcap of 1936 Toyota AA , with the old `` Toyoda '' name The new logo started appearing on all printed material , advertisements , dealer signage , and the vehicles themselves in 1990 . In predominantly Chinese - speaking countries or regions using traditional Chinese characters , e.g. Hong Kong and Taiwan , Toyota is known as `` 豐田 '' . In Chinese - speaking countries using simplified Chinese characters ( e.g. China ) , Toyota is known as `` 丰田 '' ( pronounced as Fēngtián in Mandarin Chinese and Hɔng Tshan in Minnanese ) . These are the same characters as the founding family 's name `` Toyoda '' in Japanese . Logo until 1989 , now still used as a corporate logo Logo since 1989 Japan ( edit ) Toyota Store Aichi Toyopet Store , Saitama Corolla Store Kyotanabe Netz Store , Tsurumi - ku , Osaka Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toyota dealerships . In Japan , Toyota currently maintains separate dealership sales channels . The first sales channel established in 1946 called `` Toyota Store '' ( トヨタ 店 Toyota Mise ) sells large luxury sedans such as the Toyota Century , and the Toyota Crown . In 1955 , the `` Toyopet Store '' ( トヨペット 店 Toyopetto - ten ) arrived , originally established to sell the Toyota Corona and the Toyopet ToyoAce truck . ( Toyota 's five channel dealerships in Japan chronology in Japanese . ) Toyota sought out to use a hierarchical marketing approach , similar to methods used in North America , but implemented it at all of its dealership chains , with some models being exclusive to particular locations . Toyota operated a commercial dealership called Toyota Diesel Shop ( トヨタ ディーゼル 店 Toyota Dīzeru - ten ) from 1957 until 1988 that sold various commercial platform trucks , buses , and forklifts , such as the Toyota Dyna and the Toyota Coaster . Hino products were sold at specific Hino locations and shared at Toyota Diesel Store locations after Toyota acquired the company in 1967 . Starting in 1980 , the Diesel Shop also sold the Starlet , Corolla , Corona , Vista , and Crown installed with diesel engines . When the Toyota Diesel Store was disbanded , commercial products were divided between Toyota Store and Toyopet Store locations . Currently , the `` Toyota Corolla Store '' ( トヨタ カローラ 店 Toyota Karōra - ten ) was renamed from the `` Toyota Publica Store '' ( トヨタ パブリカ 店 Toyota Paburika - ten ) , which was established to sell the Toyota Publica in 1961 , then renamed to sell the Toyota Corolla in 1966 . In 1980 , the `` Toyota Vista Store '' replaced the `` Toyota Auto Store '' ( トヨタ オート 店 Toyota Ōto - ten ) sales network that sold the Corolla companion , called the Toyota Sprinter established in 1967 . The `` Vista '' name was used on a new Camry - clone , called the Toyota Vista . The Toyota Vista network was replaced with two networks ; `` Toyota NETZ '' ( ネッツ 店 Nettsu - ten ) in August 1998 , and Lexus in 2004 . Some former Vista models were rebranded as Lexus ( レクサス Rekusasu ) , such as the Altezza and the Aristo , while other products have been taken over by the `` Toyota NETZ '' , which was already selling the Toyota ist and the Toyota RAV4 . `` NETZ '' is an acronym for `` Network of Energetic Teams for Zenith '' . In 2012 , selected Japanese dealership locations were given a special designation called `` Area 86 '' that resembled the North American Toyota network , called Scion , to sell the Toyota 86 , building on the marketing approach started with WiLL branded products . As of 2017 , the `` Area 86 '' network was rebranded as `` GR '' for Gazoo Racing , sharing a similar approach to the performance division Toyota Racing Development or `` TRD '' , providing various upgrades for the 86 , Vitz , Prius , Mark X , Harrier , Noah and Voxy . Vehicles sold at Toyota Store ( nationally ) The following is a list of all past and present models and where they were available at retail channels nationally . Most models were exclusive to particular retail chains while some models , like the Prius , are available at all sales channels . Retail chains in Tokyo , Osaka and Okinawa are different . Century , Crown Majesta , Crown , Master , SAI , Mirai , Prius , Aqua , Allion , Succeed , Blade , Avensis , Sienta , Corolla RunX , C - HR , Porte , Estima , Isis , Roomy , FJ Cruiser , Comfort , Land Cruiser , Hilux Surf , Land Cruiser Prado , Dyna , Stout , Esquire , Coaster , QuickDelivery , 2000GT , Carina , Carina ED , GT - 86 , Brevis , Gaia , Cavalier , Classic , MasterAce , Hilux , Mega Cruiser , Soarer , Origin , Caldina . Vehicles sold at Toyopet Store ( nationally ) Mark X , SAI , Mirai , Premio , Prius , Aqua , Belta , Mark X ZiO , Succeed , Ractis , Auris , Blade , GT - 86 , Porte , Harrier , Vanguard , Esquire , Rush , C - HR , Avensis , Alphard , Comfort , HiAce , ToyoAce , Tank , Sienta , Pixis Space , Mark II - Mark II Qualis - Mark II Blit , Corona , Corona EXiV , Corona Coupe , Corsa , Opa , Avalon , Progrès , Cami , ist , Platz , Soarer , Hilux , Cynos , Regius , Celsior , Origin , Caldina , Ipsum . Vehicles sold at Toyota Corolla Store ( starting 1966 ) , formerly Toyota Publica Store ( nationally ) SAI , Camry , Prius , Aqua , Corolla Axio , GT - 86 , Belta , Spade , Probox , Corolla Rumion , C - HR , Ractis , Passo , Corolla Verso , Sera , Vanguard , Roomy , Estima , Noah , Avensis , Sienta , TownAce , Pixis , Publica , Tercel , Windom , Scepter , Corolla Ceres , Origin , Nadia , WiLL , RAV4 , Sports 800 , Celica , Supra , Corolla Levin , Celica XX , Celica Camry . Vehicles sold at Netz Store ( starting 1998 ) , formerly Toyota Vista Store ( starting 1980 ) , formerly Toyota Auto Store ( starting 1967 ) ( nationally ) Vitz , SAI , Prius , Aqua , ist , Auris , bB , Avensis , Raum , Spade , Wish , Voxy , RAV4 , C - HR , Kluger , Vellfire , iQ , Allex , Tank , Pixis , Fun Cargo , Pronard , Altezza , Verossa , Curren , Aristo , MR - S , MR2 , Starlet , Vista , Cresta , Sprinter , Voltz , Blizzard , Chaser , Sprinter Marino , Carib , Granvia , Sprinter Trueno , LiteAce , Ipsum , GT - 86 , WiLL ( 1999 -- 2004 ) . Toyota slogans ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Oh What a feeling ! ( 1979 -- present ) Bangladesh ( edit ) Running Towards ( 1974 -- 1979 ) Leads away your life ( 1979 -- 1986 ) The Greatest ( 1986 -- 1991 ) Interesting vehicle ( 1991 -- 1998 ) The Quality ( 1998 -- 2005 ) The Perfection of life ( 2005 -- 2010 ) The Amazing ( 2010 -- present ) Europe ( edit ) My Toyota Is Fantastic The car in front is a Toyota Today , Tomorrow , Toyota Always A Better Way Nichts ist unmöglich ( Germany , English : `` Nothing is impossible '' , 1985 -- present ) India ( edit ) Everyday ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Touch The Perfection ( 2001 -- 2005 ) Moving Forward ( 2005 -- 2012 ) Quality Revolution ( 2012 -- present ) Indonesia ( edit ) Choice Of Trust ( Indonesian : Terpilih Karena Terpercaya , 1984 -- 1989 ) Leads You Ahead ( 1989 -- 2001 ) Passion ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Because We Love You ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Moving Forward ( 2006 -- 2015 ) Let 's Go Beyond ( 2015 -- present ) Japan ( edit ) ファミリー カー の トヨタ ( Roma - ji : Famirika no Toyota , English : Toyota Family Car , 1966 -- 1969 ) 進歩 の マーク ( Roma - ji : Shinpo no Maku , English : Mark of Progress , 1967 -- 1970 ) 愛さ れる 車 を めざし て ( Roma - ji : Aisareru - sha no Mezashite , English : Toward the car be loved , 1971 -- 1980 ) 安全 は トヨタ の 願い ( Roma - ji : Anzen wa Toyota no Negai , English : Safety Wish of Toyota , 1978 -- 1982 ) 新 技術 - 時代 は TOYOTA ( Roma - ji : Shingijutsu jidai wa TOYOTA , English : The New Era of Toyota Technology , 1982 -- 1988 ) Fun To Drive ( 1984 -- 1990 ) 新しい トヨタ が 走り はじめ ます . ( Roma - ji : Atarashi Toyota ga Hashiri Hajimemasu , English : The New Toyota Will Begin Running , 1989 -- 1990 ) シート ベルト を 忘れ ず に ( Roma - ji : Shītoberuto o wasurezu ni , English : Do n't Forget Your Seatbelt , 1989 -- 1991 ) 人 へ. 社会 へ. 地球 へ . ( Roma - ji : Hito e , Shakai e , Chikyuu e , English : For People , For Society , For The Earth , 1990 -- 1999 ) BIG CHALLENGE ( 1993 -- 1996 ) Sedan Innovation ( 1993 -- 1998 ) ACTION TOYOTA ( 1997 -- 1998 ) クルマ が 未来 に なっ て いく . ( Roma - ji : Kuruma ga Mirai ni Natte iku , English : The car is Gradually Turned to The Future , 1998 -- 1999 ) Drive Your Dreams. ( 2000 -- 2012 ) Fun to Drive , Again . ( 2012 -- present ) Malaysia ( edit ) Leads You Ahead ( 1989 -- 2001 ) Passion ( 2001 -- 2005 ) Get The Feeling ( 2001 -- 2005 ) Moving Forward ( 2005 -- 2016 ) All About The Drive ( 2016 -- present ) Philippines ( edit ) You Asked For It You Got It ( Mid 70s - Early 80s ) ( Delta Motors Corp ) Leads You Ahead ( 1989 -- 1995 ) I Love This Car ( 1996 - 1999 ) Passion ( 2001 -- 2005 ) Moving Forward ( 2005 -- present ) Singapore ( edit ) I Love what you do for me ( 1989 -- 1997 ) Everyday ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Get The Feeling ( 2001 -- 2005 ) Moving Forward ( 2005 -- 2012 ) Always Better ( 2012 -- present ) South Africa ( edit ) Everything keeps going right , Toyota ( 1973 -- 2004 ) Lead The Way ( 2004 -- Present ) South Korea ( edit ) You Are So Smart ( 2014 - present ) Sri Lanka ( edit ) Moving Forward ( 2014 - Present ) Thailand ( edit ) Leads You Ahead ( 1989 -- 2001 ) Passion ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Yes We Drive ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Moving Forward ( 2005 -- 2012 ) Mobility Of Happiness ( 2012 -- present ) United States ( edit ) You asked for it , You got it ! ( 1975 -- 1979 ) Oh What a feeling ! ( 1979 -- 1985 ) Who could ask for anything more ? ( 1985 -- 1989 ) I love what you do for me ( 1989 -- 1997 ) Everyday ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Get The Feeling ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Moving Forward ( 2004 -- 2012 ) Let 's Go Places ( 2012 -- present ) Sports ( edit ) Further information : Toyota Racing Development , Toyota in motorsports , and Toyota Motorsport GmbH Toyota sponsors several teams and has purchased naming rights for several venues , including : Toyota Center , Houston , Texas Toyota Center , Kennewick , Washington Toyota Field , San Antonio , Texas Toyota Park , Bridgeview , Illinois Toyota Sports Center , El Segundo , California Toyota Stadium , Georgetown , Kentucky Toyota Stadium , Frisco , Texas As of 2017 , Toyota is an official sponsor of Cricket Australia , the England and Wales Cricket Board and the AFL . In March 2015 , Toyota became a sponsor partner for the Olympic Games , in the form of supplying vehicles and communications between vehicles until 2024 . Company strategy ( edit ) Main article : The Toyota Way Toyota 's management philosophy has evolved from the company 's origins and has been reflected in the terms `` Lean Manufacturing '' and Just In Time Production , which it was instrumental in developing . Toyota 's managerial values and business methods are known collectively as the Toyota Way . In April 2001 , Toyota adopted the `` Toyota Way 2001 '' , an expression of values and conduct guidelines that all Toyota employees should embrace . Under the two headings of Respect for People and Continuous Improvement , Toyota summarizes its values and conduct guidelines with these five principles : Challenge Kaizen ( improvement ) Genchi genbutsu ( go and see ) Respect Teamwork According to external observers , the Toyota Way has four components : Long - term thinking as a basis for management decisions A process for problem - solving Adding value to the organization by developing its people Recognizing that continuously solving root problems drives organizational learning The Toyota Way incorporates the Toyota Production System . Operations ( edit ) Main article : Toyota Production System New Toyota factory in Ohira , near Sendai , Miyagi Prefecture , Japan : A month after this picture was taken , the region was devastated by the March 11 earthquake and tsunami . The plant was only lightly damaged , but remained closed more than a month , mainly due to lack of supplies and energy , in addition to a badly damaged Sendai port . Toyota has long been recognized as an industry leader in manufacturing and production . Three stories of its origin have been found , one that they studied Piggly - Wiggly 's just - in - time distribution system , one that they followed the writings of W. Edwards Deming , and one that they were given the principles from a WWII US government training program ( Training Within Industry ) . As described by external observers of Toyota , the principles of the Toyota Way are : Base your management decisions on a long - term philosophy , even at the expense of short - term goals Create continuous process flow to bring problems to the surface Use `` pull '' systems to avoid overproduction Level out the workload Build a culture of stopping to fix problems , to get quality right the first time Standardized tasks are the foundation for continuous improvement and employee empowerment Use visual control so no problems are hidden Use only reliable , thoroughly tested technology that serves your people and processes Grow leaders who thoroughly understand the work , live the philosophy , and teach it to others Develop exceptional people and teams who follow your company 's philosophy Respect your extended network of partners and suppliers by challenging them and helping them improve Go and see for yourself to thoroughly understand the situation ( genchi genbutsu ) Make decisions slowly by consensus , thoroughly considering all options ; implement decisions rapidly Become a learning organization through relentless reflection and continuous improvement ( kaizen ) Toyota Pavilion at the Expo in Aichi Toyota has grown from its origins in Japan during the 1930s to become a large multinational corporation . It displaced GM and became the world 's largest automobile maker for the year 2008 . It held the title of the most profitable automobile maker ( US $11 billion in 2006 ) along with increasing sales in , among other countries , the United States . The world headquarters of Toyota are located in its home country in Toyota City , Japan . Its subsidiary , Toyota Financial Services sells financing and participates in other lines of business . Toyota brands include Scion and Lexus and the corporation is part of the Toyota Group . Toyota also owns 51 % of Daihatsu , and 16.7 % of Fuji Heavy Industries , which manufactures Subaru vehicles . They also acquired 5.9 % of Isuzu Motors Ltd. on November 7 , 2006 , and will be introducing Isuzu diesel technology into their products . Toyota has introduced new technologies , including one of the first mass - produced hybrid gasoline - electric vehicles , of which it says it has sold 2 million globally as of 2010 , Advanced Parking Guidance System ( automatic parking ) , a four - speed electronically controlled automatic with buttons for power and economy shifting , and an eight - speed automatic transmission . Toyota , and Toyota - produced Lexus and Scion automobiles , consistently rank near the top in certain quality and reliability surveys , primarily J.D. Power and Consumer Reports although they led in automobile recalls for the first time in 2009 . In 2005 , Toyota , combined with its half - owned subsidiary Daihatsu Motor Company , produced 8.54 million vehicles , about 500,000 fewer than the number produced by GM that year . Toyota has a large market share in the United States , but a small market share in Europe . It also sells vehicles in Africa and is a market leader in Australia . Due to its Daihatsu subsidiary , it has significant market shares in several fast - growing Southeast Asian countries . According to the 2008 Fortune Global 500 , Toyota is the fifth largest company in the world . Since the recession of 2001 , it has gained market share in the United States . Toyota 's market share struggles in Europe where its Lexus brand has 0.3 % market share , compared to nearly 2 % market share as the US luxury segment leader . In the first three months of 2007 , Toyota together with its half - owned subsidiary Daihatsu reported number one sales of 2.348 million units . Toyota 's brand sales had risen 9.2 % largely on demand for Corolla and Camry sedans . The difference in performance was largely attributed to surging demand for fuel - efficient vehicles . In November 2006 , Toyota Motor Manufacturing Texas added a facility in San Antonio . Toyota has experienced quality problems and was reprimanded by the government in Japan for its recall practices . In 2007 , Toyota maintained over 16 % of the US market share and was listed second only to GM in terms of volume . Toyota Century Royal is the official state car of the Japanese imperial family , namely for the current Emperor of Japan . Toyota was hit by the global financial crisis of 2008 as it was forced in December 2008 to forecast its first annual loss in 70 years . In January 2009 , it announced the closure of all of its Japanese plants for 11 days to reduce output and stocks of unsold vehicles . Akio Toyoda became the new president and CEO of the company on June 23 , 2009 , by replacing Katsuaki Watanabe , who became the new vice chairman by replacing Katsuhiro Nakagawa . Worldwide presence ( edit ) The Toyota Camry is assembled in several facilities around the world including Australia , China , Taiwan , Japan , Malaysia , the Philippines , Pakistan , Russia , Thailand , India , Vietnam , and the United States Toyota has factories in most parts of the world , manufacturing or assembling vehicles for local markets in Japan , Australia , India , Sri Lanka , Canada , Indonesia , Poland , South Africa , Turkey , Colombia , the United Kingdom , the United States , France , Brazil , Portugal , and more recently , Argentina , Czech Republic , Mexico , Malaysia , Thailand , Pakistan , Egypt , China , Vietnam , Venezuela , the Philippines , and Russia . Toyota 's net revenue by geographical regions for the year ended March 31 , 2007 : Geographic region Total sales ( Yen in millions ) Japan 8,152,884 North America 8,771,495 Europe 3,346,013 Asia 1,969,957 Others 1,707,742 The Toyota Innova is one of the vehicles designed as part of the IIMV project . In 2002 , Toyota initiated the Innovative International Multi-purpose Vehicle project ( IIMV ) to optimize global manufacturing and supply systems for pickup trucks and multipurpose vehicles , and to satisfy market demand in more than 140 countries worldwide . IIMV called for diesel engines to be made in Thailand , gasoline engines in Indonesia , and manual transmissions in India and the Philippines , for supply to the countries charged with vehicle production . For vehicle assembly , Toyota would use plants in Thailand , Indonesia , Argentina , and South Africa . These four main IIMV production and export bases supply Asia , Europe , Africa , Oceania , Latin America , and the Middle East with three vehicles : The Toyota Hilux ( Vigo ) , the Fortuner , and the Toyota Innova . North America ( edit ) Main article : Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America Toyota Motor North America headquarters is located in Plano , Texas , and operates as a holding company in North America . Its manufacturing headquarters is located in Erlanger , Kentucky , and is known as Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America . Toyota Canada Inc. has been in production in Canada since 1983 with an aluminium wheel plant in Delta , British Columbia , which currently employs a workforce of roughly 260 . Its first vehicle assembly plant , in Cambridge , Ontario , since 1988 , now produces Corolla compact cars , Matrix crossover vehicles , and Lexus RX 350 luxury SUVs , with a workforce of 4,300 workers . Its second assembly operation in Woodstock , Ontario , began manufacturing the RAV4 late in 2008 . In 2006 , Toyota 's subsidiary Hino Motors opened a heavy duty truck plant , also in Woodstock , employing 45 people and producing 2000 trucks annually . Toyota Technical Center , Ann Arbor Charter Township , Michigan Toyota has a large presence in the United States with six major assembly plants in Huntsville , Alabama , Georgetown , Kentucky , Princeton , Indiana , San Antonio , Texas , Buffalo , West Virginia , and Blue Springs , Mississippi . Toyota had a joint - venture operation with General Motors at New United Motor Manufacturing Inc. in Fremont , California , which began in 1984 and ended in 2009 . It still has a joint venture with Subaru at Subaru of Indiana Automotive , Inc. in Lafayette , Indiana , which started in 2006 . In these assembly plants , the Camry and the Tundra are manufactured , among others . Toyota marketing , sales , and distribution in the US are conducted through a separate subsidiary , Toyota Motor Sales , U.S.A. , Inc . It has started producing larger trucks , such as the new Tundra , to go after the large truck market in the United States . Toyota is also pushing hybrid vehicles in the US such as the Prius , Camry Hybrid , Highlander Hybrid , and various Lexus products . Currently , Toyota has no plans to offer diesel motor options in its North American products , including the light - duty pickup trucks . Europe ( edit ) Main article : Toyota Motor Europe Australia ( edit ) Main article : Toyota Australia In 1963 , Australia was one of the first countries to assemble Toyotas outside Japan . However , in February 2014 , Toyota was the last of Australia 's major automakers to announce the end of production in Australia . The closure of Toyota 's Australian plant will be completed by 2017 . Before Toyota , Ford and GM 's Holden had announced similar moves , all citing an unfavorable currency and attendant high manufacturing costs . Product line ( edit ) Electric technology ( edit ) Hybrid electric vehicles ( edit ) Main articles : Hybrid Synergy Drive , Hybrid electric vehicle , and Toyota Prius Toyota is the world 's market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles , one of the largest companies to encourage the mass - market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe , and the first to commercially mass - produce and sell such vehicles , with the introduction of the Toyota Prius in 1997 . The company eventually began providing this option on its main passenger cars such as Camry and later with the Lexus divisions , producing some hybrid luxury vehicles . It labeled such technology in Toyota cars as `` Hybrid Synergy Drive '' and in Lexus versions as `` Lexus Hybrid Drive '' . Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models passed the 10 million milestone in January 2017 . Its Prius family is the world 's top - selling hybrid nameplate with more than 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017 . The Toyota Prius , flagship of Toyota 's hybrid technology , is the world 's best - selling hybrid car with almost 4 million units sold as of January 2017 . As of January 2017 , Toyota Motor Corporation sells 33 Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models and one plug - in hybrid in over 90 countries and regions around the world , and the carmaker expects to achieve annual sales of 1.5 million units , and cumulative sales of 15 million units by 2020 . The Prius liftback is the world 's top selling hybrid gasoline - electric car , its sales achieved the 3 million unit milestone in June 2013 , and cumulative sales since 1997 totaled 3,984,600 units at the end of January 2017 . The Prius liftback ranks as the top selling hybrid car in the U.S. market , and passed the 1 million milestone in April 2011 . Cumulative sales of the Prius in Japan reached the 1 million mark in August 2011 . As of January 2017 , sales of the Prius liftback totaled over 1.8 million units in Japan and 1.75 million in the United States . Cumulative TMC hybrid sales since the Prius introduction in Europe in 2000 passed the 1 million unit milestone in November 2015 . Worldwide sales of hybrid vehicles produced by Toyota reached 1 million vehicles by May 31 , 2007 , and the 2 million mark was reached by August 2009 , with hybrids sold in 50 countries . The 5 million hybrid sales milestone was reached in March 2013 . During 2012 , Toyota and Lexus hybrid models sold more than 1 million units a year for the first time , with 1.219 million units sold . During 2013 , TMC sold 1.279 million units , and the 6 million sales milestone was achieved in December 2013 , just nine months after its latest million unit milestone . The 7 million sales mark was reached in September 2014 , again , selling one million hybrids in nine months , and the 8 million sales milestone was achieved in July 2015 , just 10 months after the previous million - unit milestone . The 9 million sales mark was reached in April 2016 , again , selling one million hybrids in just nine months , and the 10 million milestone in January 2017 , one more time nine months later . Toyota estimates that up to January 31 , 2017 , its hybrids have saved about 7.66 billion U.S. gallons of gasoline ( 29 billion liters ) compared to the amount used by gasoline - powered vehicles of similar size , and have emitted approximately 77 million fewer tons of carbon dioxide ( CO ) emissions than would have been emitted by gasoline - powered vehicles of similar size and driving performance . The Toyota Prius c is the second spin - off of the Prius family , and the second most sold TMC hybrid after the Prius liftback , with almost 1.38 million units sold as of January 2017 . As of April 2016 , besides the four Prius liftback generations , Toyota 's hybrid lineup includes the Prius α / Prius v / Prius + , Aqua / Prius c , Camry Hybrid ( 1st and 2nd generation ) , Toyota Highlander Hybrid ( Kluger Hybrid in Japan ) , Toyota Avalon Hybrid , Toyota Auris Hybrid , Toyota Yaris Hybrid ( Europe only ) , and the following models sold only in Japan : Alphard Hybrid / Vellfire Hybrid , Estima Hybrid , Toyota Sai , Toyota Harrier , Toyota Crown Hybrid , Toyota Crown Mild Hybrid , Toyota Crown Majesta , Corolla Axio , Corolla Fielder , Toyota Voxy / Noah / Esquire , Toyota Sienta , Toyota Corolla Hybrid , Toyota Levin Hybrid , and Toyota RAV4 Hybrid . Beginning in 2011 , TMC introduced three new members to the Prius family , the Prius v ( Prius α in Japan and Prius + in Europe ) , the Prius c ( Toyota Aqua in Japan ) , and the Toyota Prius Plug - in Hybrid , released in 2012 in Japan , the U.S. , and Europe . With a total of 247,230 vehicles sold during the first quarter of 2012 , the Toyota Prius family became the third top selling nameplate in the world in terms of total global sales after the Toyota Corolla ( 300,800 units ) and the Ford Focus ( 277,000 units ) . Until September 2012 , the Prius liftback was the top selling new car in Japan for 16 months in a row , until it was surpassed by the Toyota Aqua ( Prius c ) in October 2012 . With 266,567 units sold in Japan in 2012 , the Aqua is considered the most successful nameplate launch in the Japanese market in the last 20 years . The Lexus RX 450h is the top selling hybrid of the Lexus brand with global sales of 363,000 units as of January 2017 . The Prius c / Aqua model , with global sales of 1,380,100 units through January 2017 , is TMC 's second best - selling hybrid after the Prius liftback , followed the Prius α / v / + with 671,200 units , and the two generations of the Camry Hybrid , with 614,700 units sold worldwide , all through January 2017 . For both Prius family variants , Japan is the top selling market while the U.S. is the top - selling Camry market . Ranking next is the Auris with 378,000 units sold , with Europe as the top market with 354,600 units sold . Lexus also has their own hybrid lineup , and as of August 2015 , consist of the LS 600h / LS 600h L , GS 450h , RX 400h / RX 450h , Lexus HS 250h , Lexus CT 200h , Lexus ES 300h , Lexus IS 300h , Lexus NX 300h , and Lexus RC 300h . Global cumulative sales of Lexus brand hybrids reached the 500 thousand mark in November 2012 . The 1 million sales milestone was achieved in March 2016 . The Lexus RX 400h / RX 450h ranks as the top selling Lexus hybrid with 363,000 units delivered worldwide as of January 2017 , followed by the Lexus CT 200h with 290,800 units , and the Lexus ES 300h with 143,200 units . Plug - in Hybrids ( edit ) Main article : Toyota Prius Plug - in Hybrid First generation Toyota Prius Plug - in Hybrid Toyota 's plug - in hybrid electric vehicle project began in 2007 , with road trials of the prototype vehicle in France and the UK in 2008 . Toyota made 600 Prius plug - in demonstration vehicles for lease to fleet and government customers . 230 were delivered in Japan beginning in late December 2009 , 125 models released in the U.S. by early 2010 , and 200 units in 18 European countries in 2010 . France , the UK , and Germany had the largest fleets with 150 PHEVs . Canada , China , Australia , and New Zealand also participated in the global demonstration program . The production version of the Toyota Prius Plug - in Hybrid was released in Japan in January 2012 , followed by the United States in late February , and deliveries in Europe began in late June 2012 . As of April 2016 , global sales totaled 75,400 Prius PHVs since 2012 , with North America as the leading regional market with 42,700 units , followed by Japan with about 22,100 units , Europe with 10,500 units , and only about 100 units in the rest of the world . The United States is the country market leader with 42,320 units delivered through April 2016 . The leading European market is the Netherlands with 4,134 units registered as of 30 November 2015 . During its first year in the market , a total of 27,279 Prius PHVs were sold worldwide , allowing the plug - in version to rank as the second most sold plug - in electric car for 2012 . Accounting for cumulative sales since its inception , the Prius PHV was the world 's all - time third best selling plug - in electric car by December 2014 . Production of the first generation Prius Plug - in ended in June 2015 . As of May 2015 , the Prius Plug - in Hybrid ranked as the world 's second top selling plug - in hybrid ever after the Volt / Ampera family . As of April 2016 , the Prius plug - in ranking among the top selling plug - in cars fell to fifth place after the Tesla Model S and the Mitsubishi Outlander P - HEV . The second generation Prius plug - in hybrid , the Toyota Prius Prime , unveiled at the 2016 New York International Auto Show , is expected to be released in the U.S. by the end of 2016 , and , unlike the first generation model , it will be available in all 50 states . All - electric vehicles ( edit ) See also : Toyota RAV4 EV and Toyota iQ EV The first generation Toyota RAV4 EV was leased in the United States from 1997 to 2003 , and at the lessees ' request , many units were sold after the vehicle was discontinued . A total of 1,484 were leased and / or sold in California to meet the state 's CARB mandate for zero - emissions vehicles . As of mid-2012 , there were almost 500 units still in use . First generation Toyota RAV4 EV Second generation Toyota RAV4 EV In May 2010 , Toyota launched a collaboration with Tesla Motors to create electric vehicles . Toyota agreed to purchase US $50 million of Tesla common stock subsequent to the closing of Tesla 's planned initial public offering . Toyota , with the assistance of Tesla , built 35 converted RAV4s ( Phase Zero vehicles ) for a demonstration and evaluation program that ran through 2011 . The lithium metal - oxide battery and other power train components were supplied by Tesla Motors . Four years later , Toyota , along with Daimler , began to unwind its position in Tesla . Toyota and Daimler made more than $1 bln from the investment . The Toyota RAV4 EV Concept was released in September 2012 . The RAV4 EV was assembled at Toyota 's facility in Woodstock , Ontario along with the regular gasoline version . Tesla built the electric powertrain at its plant at Tesla Factory in Fremont , California , and then shipped them to Canada . The RAV4 EV was sold only in California , beginning with the San Francisco Bay Area , Los Angeles / Orange County , and San Diego . Production was limited to 2,600 units during a three - year period . As of 31 December 2015 , a total of 2,340 RAV4 EVs were sold in the U.S. to retail customers . Production ended in September 2014 . A prototype of the Toyota iQ EV ( Scion iQ EV in the US ) was exhibited at the 2011 Geneva Motor Show . The Scion iQ EV is the successor to the FT - EV II as an electric vehicle based on the Toyota iQ chassis . Toyota produced three generations of FT - EV concept cars , and the iQ EV is a production version of those concepts , incorporating the technological and design strengths of all three models . The exterior of the production version is based on the FT - EV III concept shown at the 2011 Tokyo Motor Show . The Toyota iQ / Scion iQ EV is based on Toyota 's three generations of FT - EV concept . Shown the Toyota FT - EV III concept car at the 2011 Tokyo Motor Show . The U.S. launch of the Scion iQ EV was announced for 2012 , and according to Toyota , for the initial roll - out the iQ EV would not be available to individual consumers , instead , the carmaker decided to focus on fleet customers and car sharing programs . The iQ EV was scheduled to be produced at Toyota 's Takaoka Plant in Toyota City beginning in August 2012 and the initial production was planned to be limited to 600 units , with 400 staying in Japan , 100 units destined to the U.S. , and the other 100 for Europe . In September 2012 , Toyota announced that due to customers ' concerns about range and charging time , the production of the Scion iQ ( Toyota eQ in Japan ) will be limited to about 100 units for special fleet use in Japan and the U.S. only . The iQ EV / eQ was scheduled to be released in both countries in December 2012 . Toyota I - Road in Grenoble The first 30 iQ EVs were delivered in the U.S. to the University of California , Irvine in March 2013 for use in its Zero Emission Vehicle - Network Enabled Transport ( ZEV - NET ) carsharing fleet . Since 2002 , the ZEV - NET program has been serving the transport needs of the Irvine community with all - electric vehicles for the critical last mile of commutes from the Irvine train station to the UC campus and local business offices . In addition , Toyota announced that is backing away from fully electric vehicles . The company 's vice chairman , Takeshi Uchiyamada , said : `` The current capabilities of electric vehicles do not meet society 's needs , whether it may be the distance the cars can run , or the costs , or how it takes a long time to charge . '' Toyota 's emphasis would be re-focused on the hybrid concept , and 21 new hybrid gas - electric models scheduled to be on the market by 2015 . Toyota 's project called Ha : mo ( Harmonious Mobility Network ) , is using the Toyota i - Road , an all - electric vehicle which combines the potential of both cars and motorbikes . The project is being run in Grenoble , France ; Toyota City , Japan ; and also Tokyo , Japan . Hydrogen fuel - cell ( edit ) In 2002 , Toyota began a development and demonstration program to test the Toyota FCHV , a hybrid hydrogen fuel cell vehicle based on the Toyota Highlander production SUV . Toyota also built a FCHV bus based on the Hino Blue Ribbon City low - floor bus . Toyota has built several prototypes / concepts of the FCHV since 1997 , including the Toyota FCHV - 1 , FCHV - 2 , FCHV - 3 , FCHV - 4 , and Toyota FCHV - adv . The Toyota FCV - R fuel cell concept car was unveiled at the 2011 Tokyo Motor Show . The FCV - R sedan seats four and has a fuel cell stack including a 70 MPa high - pressure hydrogen tank , which can deliver a range of 435 mi ( 700 km ) under the Japanese JC08 test cycle . Toyota said the car was planned for launch in about 2015 . The Toyota Mirai fuel - cell vehicle In August 2012 , Toyota announced its plans to start retail sales of a hydrogen fuel - cell sedan in California in 2015 . Toyota expects to become a leader in this technology . The prototype of its first hydrogen fuel cell vehicle will be exhibited at the November 2013 Tokyo Motor Show , and in the United States at the January 2014 Consumer Electronics Show . Toyota 's first hydrogen fuel - cell vehicles to be sold commercially , the Toyota Mirai ( Japanese for `` future '' ) , was unveiled at the November 2014 Los Angeles Auto Show . In January 2015 , it was announced that production of the Mirai fuel cell vehicle would increase from 700 units in 2015 to approximately 2,000 in 2016 and 3,000 in 2017 . Sales in Japan began on December 15 , 2014 , at a price of ¥ 6,700,000 ( ~ US $57,400 ) . The Japanese government plans to support the commercialization of fuel - cell vehicles with a subsidy of ¥ 2,000,000 ( ~ US $19,600 ) . Retail sales in the U.S. began in August 2015 at a price of US $57,500 before any government incentives . Initially , the Mirai will only be available in California . The market release in Europe is slated for September 2015 , and initially will be available only in the UK , Germany , and Denmark , followed by other countries in 2017 . Pricing in Germany starts at € 60,000 ( ~ US $75,140 ) plus VAT ( € 78,540 ) . In 2015 , Toyota released 5,600 patents for free use until 2020 , hoping to promote global development of hydrogen fuel - cell technology . Cars ( edit ) Further information : List of Toyota vehicles As of 2009 , Toyota officially lists approximately 70 different models sold under its namesake brand , including sedans , coupes , vans , trucks , hybrids , and crossovers . Many of these models are produced as passenger sedans , which range from the subcompact Toyota Yaris and compact Corolla , to mid-size Camry and full - size Avalon . Vans include the Previa / Estima , Sienna , and others . Several small cars , such as the xB and tC , are sold under the Scion brand . SUVs and crossovers ( edit ) Toyota Fortuner Toyota Highlander Toyota crossovers range from the compact Matrix and RAV4 , to midsize Venza and Kluger / Highlander . Toyota SUVs range from the midsize 4Runner to full - size Land Cruiser . Other SUVs include the Prado , FJ Cruiser , Fortuner , and Sequoia . Pickup trucks ( edit ) Toyota Hilux Toyota Tacoma Toyota first entered the pickup truck market in 1947 with the SB that was only sold in Japan and limited Asian markets . It was followed in 1954 by the RK ( renamed in 1959 as the Stout ) and in 1968 by the compact Hilux . With continued refinement , the Hilux ( simply known as the Pickup in some markets ) became famous for being extremely durable and reliable , and many of these trucks from as early as the late 1970s are still on the road today , some with over 300,000 miles . Extended - and crew - cab versions of these small haulers were eventually added , and Toyota continues to produce them today under various names depending on the market . Riding on the success of the compact pickups in the US , Toyota decided to attempt to enter the traditionally domestic - dominated full - size pickup market , introducing the T100 for the 1993 US model year , with production ending in 1998 . While having a bed at the traditional full - size length of 8 feet , the suspension and engine characteristics were still similar to that of a compact pickup . It proved to be as economical and reliable as any typical Toyota pickup , but sales never became what Toyota brass had hoped for . It was criticized as being too small to appeal to the traditional American full - size pickup buyer . Another popular full - size truck essential , a V8 engine , was never available . Additionally , the truck was at first only available as a regular cab , though Toyota addressed this shortcoming and added the Xtracab version in mid-1995 . In 1999 for the 2000 model year , Toyota replaced the T100 with the larger Tundra . The Tundra addressed criticisms that the T100 did not have the look and feel of a legitimate American - style full - size pickup . It also added the V8 engine that the T100 was criticized for not having . However , the Tundra still came up short in towing capacity as well as still feeling slightly carlike . These concerns were addressed with an even larger 2007 redesign . A stronger V6 and a second V8 engine among other things were added to the option list . As of early 2010 , the Tundra has captured 16 % of the full - size half - ton market in the US . The all - new Tundra was assembled in San Antonio , Texas , US . Toyota assembled around 150,000 Standard and Double Cabs , and only 70,000 Crew Max 's in 2007 . The smaller Tacoma ( which traces its roots back to the original Hilux ) was also produced at the company 's San Antonio facility . Outside the United States , Toyota produced the Hilux in Standard and Double Cab , gasoline and diesel engine , and 2WD and 4WD versions . The BBC 's Top Gear TV show featured two episodes of a Hilux that was deemed `` virtually indestructible '' . Luxury - type vehicles ( edit ) Further information : List of Lexus vehicles Toyota Crown Royal As of 2009 , the company sold nine luxury - branded models under its Lexus division , ranging from the LS sedan to RX crossover and LX SUV . Luxury - type sedans produced under the Toyota brand included the Century , Crown , and Crown Majesta . A limited - edition model produced for the Emperor of Japan was the Century Royal . Buses ( edit ) Toyota Coaster bus Toyota Coaster minibus Hino Liesse II Hino Liesse minibus Pleasure boats ( edit ) In 1997 , building on a previous partnership with Yamaha Marine , Toyota created `` Toyota Marine '' , building private ownership motorboats , currently sold only in Japan . A small network in Japan sells the luxury craft at 54 locations , called the `` Toyota Ponam '' series , and in 2017 , a boat was labeled under the Lexus brand name starting May 26 , 2017 . Motorsports ( edit ) Main articles : Toyota in motorsports and Toyota Motorsport GmbH Toyota has been involved in many global motorsports series . They also represent their Lexus brand in other sports car racing categories . Toyota also makes engines and other auto parts for other Japanese motorsports including formula Nippon , Super GT , formula 3 , and formula Toyota series . Toyota also runs a driver development programme known as the Toyota Young Drivers Program , which they made for funding and educating future Japanese motorsports talent . Toyota Motorsport GmbH , with headquarters in Cologne , Germany , has been responsible for Toyota 's major motorsports development including Formula One , the World Rally Championship , the Le Mans Series , and most recently the FIA World Endurance Championship . Toyota enjoyed success in all these motorsports categories . In 2002 , Toyota entered Formula One as a constructor and engine supplier ; however , despite having experienced drivers and a larger budget than many other teams , they failed to match their success in other categories , with five second - place finishes as their best results . On November 4 , 2009 , Toyota announced they were pulling out of the sport due to the global economic situation . Toyota 's nationwide driver hunt of drivers for Etios Motor Racing Series ended up with selection of 25 drivers , who will participate in the race in 2013 . TRD ( edit ) Toyota Racing Development ( TRD ) was brought about to help develop true high - performance racing parts for many Toyota vehicles . TRD has often had much success with their aftermarket tuning parts , as well as designing technology for vehicles used in all forms of racing . TRD is also responsible for Toyota 's involvement in NASCAR motorsports . TRD also made Lexus 's performance division `` F - Sport '' . Nonautomotive Activities ( edit ) Aerospace ( edit ) Toyota is a minority shareholder in Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation , having invested US $67.2 million in the new venture which will produce the Mitsubishi Regional Jet , slated for first deliveries in 2017 . Toyota has also studied participation in the general aviation market and contracted with Scaled Composites to produce a proof of concept aircraft , the TAA - 1 , in 2002 . Philanthropy ( edit ) The Toyota Municipal Museum of Art in Aichi , sponsored by the manufacturer Toyota supports a variety of philanthropic work in areas such as education , conservation , safety , and disaster relief . Some of the organizations that Toyota has worked with in the US include the American Red Cross , the Boys and Girls Club , Leaders in Environmental Action for the Future ( LEAF ) , and the National Center for Family Literacy . The Toyota USA Foundation exists to support education in the areas of science , technology , engineering , and mathematics . In addition , Toyota works with nonprofits to improve their processes and operations such as the Food Bank For New York City . Toyota also supports a variety of work in Japan . The Toyota Foundation takes a global perspective providing grants in the three areas of human and natural environments , social welfare , and education and culture . Higher education ( edit ) Toyota established the Toyota Technological Institute in 1981 , as Sakichi Toyoda had planned to establish a university as soon as he and Toyota became successful . Toyota Technological Institute founded the Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago in 2003 . Toyota is supporter of the Toyota Driving Expectations Program , Toyota Youth for Understanding Summer Exchange Scholarship Program , Toyota International Teacher Program , Toyota TAPESTRY , Toyota Community Scholars ( scholarship for high school students ) , United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce Internship Program , and Toyota Funded Scholarship . It has contributed to a number of local education and scholarship programs for the University of Kentucky , Indiana , and others . Robotics ( edit ) Main article : Toyota Partner Robot Toyota trumpet - playing robot In 2004 , Toyota showcased its trumpet - playing robot . Toyota has been developing multitask robots destined for elderly care , manufacturing , and entertainment . A specific example of Toyota 's involvement in robotics for the elderly is the Brain Machine Interface . Designed for use with wheelchairs , it `` allows a person to control an electric wheelchair accurately , almost in real - time '' , with his or her mind . The thought controls allow the wheelchair to go left , right , and forward with a delay between thought and movement of just 125 milliseconds . Toyota also played a part in the development of Kirobo , a ' robotic astronaut ' . Agricultural biotechnology ( edit ) Toyota invests in several small start - up businesses and partnerships in biotechnology , including : P.T. Toyota Bio Indonesia in Lampung , Indonesia Australian Afforestation Pty. Ltd. in Western Australia and Southern Australia Toyota Floritech Co. , Ltd. in Rokkasho - Mura , Kamikita District , Aomori Prefecture Sichuan Toyota Nitan Development Co. , Ltd. in Sichuan , China Toyota Roof Garden Corporation in Miyoshi - Cho , Aichi Prefecture Sewing machine technology ( edit ) Toyota developed an oekaki - style sewing machine called the Oekaki Renaissance , which , like others of its type , is designed to allow the user to be able to draw ideas directly onto fabric using the art of free - motion embroidery . Environmental Record ( edit ) Toyota has been a leader in environmentally friendly vehicle technologies , most notably the RAV4 EV ( produced from 1997 to 2003 , then 2012 to present ) and the Toyota Prius ( 1997 to present ) . Toyota implemented its fifth Environmental Action Plan in 2005 . The plan contains four major themes involving the environment and the corporation 's development , design , production , and sales . The five - year plan is directed at the , `` arrival of a revitalized recycling and reduction based society '' . Toyota had previously released its Eco-Vehicle Assessment System ( Eco-VAS ) which is a systematic life cycle assessment of the effect a vehicle will have on the environment including production , usage , and disposal . The assessment includes , `` ... fuel efficiency , emissions and noise during vehicle use , the disposal recovery rate , the reduction of substances of environmental concern , and CO emissions throughout the life cycle of the vehicle from production to disposal . '' 2008 marks the ninth year for Toyota 's Environmental Activities Grant Program which has been implemented every year since 2001 . Themes of the 2008 program consist of `` Global Warming Countermeasures '' and `` Biodiversity Conservation . '' Since October 2006 , Toyota 's new Japanese - market vehicle models with automatic transmissions are equipped with an Eco Drive Indicator . The system takes into consideration rate of acceleration , engine and transmission efficiency , and speed . When the vehicle is operated in a fuel - efficient manner , the Eco Drive Indicator on the instrument panel lights up . Individual results vary depending on traffic issues , starting and stopping the vehicle , and total distance traveled , but the Eco Drive Indicator may improve fuel efficiency by as much as 4 % . Along with Toyota 's eco-friendly objectives on production and use , the company plans to donate US $1 million and five vehicles to the Everglades National Park . The money will be used to fund environmental programs at the park . This donation is part of a program which provides US $5 million and 23 vehicles for five national parks and the National Parks Foundation . However , new figures from the United States National Research Council show that the continuing hidden health costs of the auto industry to the US economy in 2005 amounted to US $56 million . The United States EPA has awarded Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America , Inc . ( TEMA ) with an ENERGY STAR Sustained Excellence Award in 2007 , 2008 , and 2009 . In 2016 , Toyota was recognized as the top company on the Carbon Clean 200 list of the world 's largest clean energy companies . In 2007 , Toyota 's Corporate Average Fuel Economy ( CAFE ) fleet average of 26.69 mpg ( 8.81 L / 100 km ; 32.05 mpg ) exceeded all other major manufacturers selling cars within the United States . Only Lotus Cars , which sold the Elise and Exige ( powered by Toyota 's 2ZZ - GE engine ) , did better with an average of 30.2 mpg ( 7.8 L / 100 km ; 36.3 mpg ) . Production and sales numbers ( edit ) Calendar year Total Japan United States Production Sales Production Sales Sales 1935 21 1936 1,142 1937 4,013 1938 4,615 1939 11,981 1940 14,787 1941 14,611 1942 16,302 1943 9,827 1944 12,720 1945 3,275 1946 5,821 1947 3,922 1948 6,703 1949 10,824 1950 11,706 1951 14,228 1952 42,106 1953 16,496 1954 22,713 1955 22,786 1956 46,716 1957 79,527 1958 78,856 1959 101,194 1960 154,770 1961 210,937 1962 230,350 1963 318,495 1964 425,764 1965 477,643 1966 587,539 1967 832,130 1968 1,097,405 1969 1,471,211 1970 1,609,190 1971 1,955,033 1972 2,087,133 1973 2,308,098 2,114,980 2,336,053 1976 2,487,851 1977 2,720,758 1978 2,929,157 1979 2,996,225 1980 3,293,344 1981 3,220,418 1982 3,144,557 3,272,335 1984 3,429,249 1985 3,665,622 1986 3,660,167 3,638,279 3,956,697 2,120,273 3,975,902 2,308,863 945,353 4,212,373 2,504,291 1,058,005 1991 4,085,071 2,355,356 1,010,480 3,931,341 2,228,941 1,023,641 3,561,750 2,057,848 1,033,211 3,508,456 2,031,064 1,088,073 1995 3,171,277 2,060,125 1,083,351 3,410,060 2,135,276 1,159,718 3,502,046 2,005,949 1,230,112 1998 5,210,000 1,361,025 1999 5,462,000 1,475,441 2000 5,954,723 1,619,206 5,847,743 4,046,637 2,291,503 1,741,254 2002 6,309,307 4,138,873 2,218,324 1,756,127 2003 6,826,166 4,244,667 2,305,635 1,866,314 7,547,177 4,454,212 2,387,556 2,060,049 2005 8,232,143 4,611,076 2,368,817 2,260,296 2006 9,017,786 5,085,600 2,368,706 2,542,524 2007 9,497,754 5,119,631 2,261,515 2,620,825 2008 9,225,236 4,911,861 2,153,197 2,217,662 2009 8,150,542 3,543,199 1,996,174 1,770,147 8,557,351 8,418,000 4,047,343 2,203,849 1,763,595 2011 7,858,091 3,483,464 1,783,521 1,644,661 2012 9,909,440 9,748,000 4,420,158 2,411,890 2,082,504 2013 10,117,274 9,980,000 4,290,652 2,295,222 2,236,042 2014 10,285,546 10,231,000 4,211,492 2,319,997 2,373,771 2015 10,083,783 10,151,000 4,035,434 2,169,469 2,499,313 2016 10,213,486 10,175,000 4,035,186 2,231,202 2,449,630 Calendar year Production Sales Production Sales Sales Total Japan United States Note : Japan production numbers 1937 to 1987 . Global production since 1998 , global and Japanese production , Japanese sales since 2001 consolidated include Daihatsu and Hino . Citations for years 2014 - 2016 are for total production and sales and Japan production and sales -- - U.S. sales figures are not included in these citations . Labor problem ( edit ) Death from overwork ( edit ) On January 2 , 2006 , an unnamed chief engineer of the Camry Hybrid , aged 45 years , died from heart failure in his bed . February 9 , 2002 , Kenichi Uchino , aged 30 years , a quality control manager , collapsed then died at work 21 June 2010 Chinese labour strike ( edit ) 21 June 2010 Chinese labor strike happened in Tianjin Toyoda Gosei Co , Tianjin Toyoda Gosei Co supplies parts to Tianjin FAW Toyota Motor Co . See also ( edit ) Companies portal Japanese cars portal List of Toyota engines List of Toyota manufacturing facilities List of Toyota transmissions List of Toyota vehicles Nagoya Grampus , formerly the company 's football club and still sponsored by them Toyota Verblitz , the company 's rugby team Toyota War , a conflict between Libya and Chad which saw a heavy use of Toyota 's pickup trucks . Toyota i - Road , a new concept car shown at March 's 2013 Geneva Motor Show References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` TMC Announces Results for December 2015 and CY2015 '' ( Press release ) . Japan : Toyota Motor Corporation . January 28 , 2015 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Consolidated Results for FY2013 ( April 1 , 2012 through March 31 , 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . Global website ( Press release ) . Toyota Motor Corporation . May 8 , 2013 . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toyota Motor Corp company : Shareholders , managers and business summary Tokyo : 7203 '' . 4 - Traders . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://fortune.com/global500/toyota-motor/ Jump up ^ `` FORM 20 - F '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . US : Toyota . March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://fortune.com/global500/toyota-motor/ Jump up ^ Flynn , Malcolm ( July 25 , 2012 ) . `` Toyota Announces Its 200 Millionth Vehicle After 77 Years Of Production Reviews Prices Australian specifications '' . Themotorreport.com.au . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 時価 総額 上位 : 株式 ランキング ( Market capitalization : Top stock rankings ) ( in Japanese ) . Japan : Yahoo . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 売上 高 : 株式 ランキング ( Sales : stock rankings ) ( in Japanese ) . Japan : Yahoo . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Motor on the Forbes World 's Most Valuable Brands List '' . Forbes . May 2015 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Worldwide Sales of Toyota Hybrids Surpass 10 Million Units '' ( Press release ) . Toyota City , Japan : Toyota . 2017 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota : Non-Automotive '' . Japan : Toyota Motor Corporation . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Overview '' . Global website . Toyota Motor Corporation . March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jacob , Vinod ( August 18 , 2006 ) . `` In Toyota land '' . The Hindu -- Business Line . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Greimel , Hans ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` Dreary HQ city is a handicap in global glitz plan '' . Automotive News . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brother to Get Post at Toyota '' . The New York Times . July 29 , 1992 . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BIZ BRIEF : Toyota appoints first outside board members '' . The Asahi Shimbun . June 14 , 2013 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota for investors , Frequently Asked Questions '' . Japan : Toyota Motor Corporation . February 2 , 2007 . Retrieved July 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Maierbrugger , Arno ( July 24 , 2013 ) . `` Toyota builds new engine plant in Indonesia '' . Inside Investor . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Story of Sakichi Toyoda '' . Toyota Industries Corporation . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History Of Toyota '' . Toyota . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Company History from 1867 to 1939 '' . Toyota . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Information from a sign at the Toyota Museum in Nagakute - cho , Aichi - gun , Aichi Pref '' . Toyota . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schmitt , Bertel ( July 5 , 2011 ) . `` At Home With The Toyodas -- And A Mysterious Cherry Tree '' . Thetruthaboutcars . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Davis , Pedr ( 1999 ) . The Long Run -- Toyota : The first 40 years in Australia . South Hurstville : Type Forty Pty Ltd. p. 24 . ISBN 0 - 947079 - 99 - 8 . Jump up ^ Toyota : A history of the First 50 Years . Toyota . 1988 . p. 64 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 61777 - 3 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Chester ( 2004 ) . Lexus : The Relentless Pursuit . Singapore : John Wiley & . Jump up ^ Toyota archives ( English ) ( Japanese ) Jump up ^ `` Toyota : A history of the First 50 Years '' , Toyota Motor Corporation , 1988 , ISBN 0 - 517 - 61777 - 3 , p102 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Truck 48HP '' , Toyota brochure No. 228 , Japan Jump up ^ Toyota 's 50th Anniversary in America -- Toyopet , retrieved on August 4 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : `` To Outfox the Chicken Tax , Ford Strips Its Own Vans '' . The Wall Street Journal , Matthew Dolan , September 22 , 2009 . September 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hattori , Yoshi ( June 1984 ) . `` Japan : Minica magic '' . Wheels . Sydney , Australia : Murray Publishers : 19 . Nissan built 1,200,000 fwds , Honda about one million , and Toyota 800,000 . Mazda was fourth , with 700,000 fwd cars . Jump up ^ Ex-UFJ Execs. Japan Times Weekly : April 30 , 2005 . Jump up ^ UFJ Holdings Inc. , company profile Yahoo Finance . Retrieved on May 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Forbes Global 2000 '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2006 . Retrieved December 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Motors '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Claims World 's Best - Selling Automaker Title '' . Automotive . US News . April 24 , 2008 . Retrieved December 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota 's Financials Hit By Earthquake '' . Thetruthaboutcars.com . August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` This Is A Tsunami Wave '' . Thetruthaboutcars.com . July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dunckley , Mathew ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` Toyota confirms exit from Australian manufacturing in 2017 '' . Port Macquarie News . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toyota Australia Announces Future Plan For Local Manufacturing '' ( Press release ) . Australia : Toyota . February 10 , 2014 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Australia announces its future plans '' ( Press release ) . Australia : Toyota . December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World biggest carmaker tag retained by Toyota '' . The Japan News.Net . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-trust probe forces Toyota to cut auto spare parts prices in China '' . Asia Pacific Star . August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Heather ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Toyota to invest $1 billion into artificial intelligence '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota is establishing a ' strategic partnership ' with Uber , which is a really big deal '' . The Verge . Vox Media . May 24 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` `` ガリバー '' ヤマハ の 牙城 を 崩せる か ! ? トヨタ と ヤンマー が プレジャー ボート で タッグ '' ( `` Gulliver '' Can you break down the stronghold of Yamaha ? Toyota and Yanmar join to make a pleasure boat ) . My Navi ( in Japanese ) . March 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maynard , Micheline ( May 18 , 2010 ) . `` Toyota Pays Its $16.4 million Fine Over Pedals '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Yoko Kubota ( October 10 , 2012 ) . `` Toyota to recall 7.4 million vehicles globally on power window glitch '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Atiyeh , Clifford ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Massive Takata Airbag Recall : Everything You Need to Know , Including Full List of Affected Vehicles '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Atiyeh , Clifford ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` 9 Automakers Have Now Issued Recalls for Dangerous Airbags , NHTSA Still Investigating '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Company > Vision & Philosophy > Nov / Dec 2004 '' . TOYOTA . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Passion Toyota Motor Corporation Global Website '' . Toyota-global.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Crown Motors Ltd . ( Hong Kong ) Corporate Information '' ( in Chinese ) . 2010 . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota China '' . Toyota.com.cn . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of Toyota Dealerships in Japan '' . Toyota Japan . Toyota Motor Corporation . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Imai , Noriyuki ; Matsuo , Takami ; Monden , Yasuhiro ( 2012 ) . Management of Service Businesses in Japan . Singapore : World Scientific . p. 42 . ISBN 9789814374668 . Jump up ^ `` JAPAN : Area 86 will be first stop for Toyota coupe buyers '' . Just Auto . Aroq Ltd . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Gazoo Racing '' . Toyota Gazoo Racing . Toyota Motor Corporation . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` トヨタ 販売 店 トヨタ 自動車 WEB サイト '' ( Toyota dealer Toyota Motor web site ) . Japan : Toyota . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Reidel ( March 13 , 2013 ) . `` Slogan - Ranking : Die Deutschen lieben `` Nichts ist unmöglich '' `` . Horizont ( in German ) . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . 1985 hatte die japanische Automarke den Spruch im deutschen Markt eingeführt . Jump up ^ `` Nichts ist unmöglich '' ( in German ) . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Corolla E-Broschüre '' ( in German ) . Germany : Toyota . p. 29 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Toyota Indonesia - Let 's Go Beyond . YouTube . Indonesia : Toyota . November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ toyotamy ( February 14 , 2016 ) . `` Toyota : It 's All About The Drive '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ Triton Film ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Yes we drive Camry : Toyota '' . YouTube . ^ Jump up to : `` Company History '' ( Press release ) . US : Toyota . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Commercial Partners Cricket Australia '' . www.cricketaustralia.com.au . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Long , Michael ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` English cricketers to drive Toyotas under new ECB deal '' . SportsPro . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota signs on as premier partner for three more years - AFL.com.au '' . afl.com.au . August 31 , 2016 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC Announces Toyota as TOP Partner to 2024 '' . Olympic News ( Press release ) . March 13 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strategos - International . Toyota Production System and Lean Manufacturing . Jump up ^ Toyota internal document , `` The Toyota Way 2001 , '' April 2001 ^ Jump up to : Liker , J. 2004 . The Toyota Way : 14 Management Principles from the World 's Greatest Manufacturer . Jump up ^ How Toyota Became # 1 : Leadership Lessons from the World 's Greatest Car Company By David Magee . Penguin Group . 2007 Jump up ^ How Toyota Became # 1 : Leadership Lessons from the World 's Greatest Car Company By David Magee . Penguin Group . 2007 Jump up ^ Kaizen Event Implementation Manual By Geoffrey L. Mika ; 2006 Jump up ^ `` Toyota : over two million Prius sold since launch '' . Google.com . October 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Consumer reports lists Toyota as having the most reliable cars '' . MSNBC . November 9 , 2006 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hyde , Justin ( December 30 , 2009 ) . `` Toyota 's 1st in safety recalls for 1st time '' . freep.com . Detroit Free Press . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2010 . Retrieved December 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Toyota 's plan for Lexus is a reminder of its real goal ( August 1 , 2005 ) . Financial Times , p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Surpasses GM in Global Sales in First Quarter ( Update3 ) '' , Bloomberg.com , April 24 , 2007 Jump up ^ Vella , Matt ( July 17 , 2006 ). The Most recalled Cars Business Week Online at Yahoo News . Jump up ^ Inoue , Kae ( July 20 , 2007 ) . `` G.M. narrows sales gap with Toyota on non-U.S. demand '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vlasic , Bill ; Fackler , Martin ( December 23 , 2008 ) . `` Car Slump Jolts Toyota , Halting 70 Years of Gain '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fackler , Martin ( January 7 , 2009 ) . `` Toyota to Shut Factories for 11 Days '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota names Akio Toyoda as next president '' . UPI.com . January 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Breakdown of sales and distribution by geographical markets from company 20Fs Jump up ^ `` TOYOTA : IMV Project '' . Toyota . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2008 . Retrieved February 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota 's Woodstock plant opens '' . Canadiandriver.com . December 4 , 2008 . Retrieved July 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hinocanada.com Archived January 4 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Alan Ohnsman and Kae Inoue ( August 28 , 2009 ) . `` Toyota Will Shut California Plant in First Closure '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved August 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Is Toyota planning on introducing a diesel - powered vehicle ? '' . Toyota.com . Jump up ^ Wallace , Rick ; Ferguson , John ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` Toyota to stop making cars in Australia , follows Ford and Holden '' . The Australian . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Worldwide Sales of Toyota Hybrids Surpass 9 Million Units '' ( Press release ) . Toyota City , Japan : Toyota . May 20 , 2016 . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Klippenstein , Matthew ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` Does Toyota 's Hybrid Leadership Blind It To Electric Cars ? '' . Green Car Reports . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Toyota Europe News ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` Worldwide Prius sales top 3 - million mark ; Prius family sales at 3.4 million '' . Green Car Congress . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota sells One - Millionth Prius in the US '' . Green Car Congress . April 6 , 2011 . Retrieved April 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eric Loveday ( September 15 , 2011 ) . `` Toyota sells 1 millionth Prius in Japan '' . Autoblog . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` German driver becomes Toyota 's millionth hybrid customer in Europe , goes home with two Auris Hybrids '' ( Press release ) . Brussels , Belgium : Toyota Europe . December 2 , 2015 . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Global Hybrid Sales Top Two Million Mark '' . Kelly Blue Book Green . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota tops 2 million hybrid sales worldwide '' . Autoblog . September 4 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Toyota Press Room ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` Toyota cumulative global hybrid sales pass 5M , nearly 2M in US '' . Green Car Congress . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Toyota Press Release ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` Worldwide Sales of TMC Hybrids Top 5 Million Units '' . Toyota . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Toyota News Release ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Worldwide Sales of Toyota Hybrids Top 6 Million Units '' . Toyota USA . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ John Voelcker ( October 3 , 2014 ) . `` Toyota Racks Up 7 Million Hybrids Sold Since 1997 '' . Green Car Reports . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` With 8 Million Units Sold , Toyota Proves Hybrids Have Staying Power '' ( Press release ) . Toyota City , Japan : Toyota . August 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Toyota News ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Cumulative sales of Toyota Motor hybrids top 2M units in Japan , 4.6 M worldwide ; 1.02 M from Jan to Oct . '' . Green Car Congress . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Patrick Rall ( May 30 , 2012 ) . `` Toyota Prius becomes 3rd bestselling nameplate in the world '' . Torque News . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hans Cheong ( May 30 , 2012 ) . `` Corolla World 's Top Selling Nameplate , Focus World 's Best Selling Model '' . New Sunday Times . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Aqua Tops Prius as Best - Selling Car in Japan '' . Product Design and Development ( PDDnet ) . Associated Press . October 6 , 2012 . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mat Gasnier ( November 6 , 2012 ) . `` Japan October 2012 : Toyota Aqua takes the lead , 86 up to # 14 '' . Best Selling Cars Blog . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mat Gasnier ( January 12 , 2013 ) . `` Japan Full Year 2012 : All - new Toyota Aqua tickles Prius '' . Best Selling Cars Blog . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lexus Hybrid Owners , Thanks a Million '' ( Press release ) . Tokyo : Toyota Global Newsroom. April 12 , 2016 . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sebastian Blanco ( September 14 , 2011 ) . `` 2012 Toyota Prius Plug - In Hybrid now offers 111 MPGe '' . Autoblog . Retrieved September 16 , 2011 . See details in Toyota Press Release ^ Jump up to : `` TMC Introduces ' Prius Plug - in Hybrid ' into Key Markets '' . Toyota News release . December 14 , 2009 . Retrieved April 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hiroko Tabuchi ( December 14 , 2009 ) . `` Toyota to Sell Plug - In Hybrid in 2011 '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Prius Plug - in Hybrid Demo Program '' . Toyota . Retrieved April 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota to Start Trials of Plug - in Prius in China '' . Green Car Congress . April 25 , 2010 . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Toyota Motor Company ( October 29 , 2011 ) . `` Toyota starts taking orders for soon - to - be-launched Prius PHV plug - in hybrid in Japan ; targeting 35,000 -- 40,000 units per year '' . Green Car Congress . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stephen Munday ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` Prius Plug - In Hybrid On Sale January in Japan -- Charging Stations at 5,500 Dealerships and Car Rental Locations '' . Integrity Exports . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ John Voelcker ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Plug - In Car Sales Soar In March , Led By Chevrolet Volt '' . Green Car Reports . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Toyota Motor Europe ( July 13 , 2012 ) . `` Solid 13 % Q2 sales increase for Toyota and Lexus vehicles in Europe '' . Toyota Media Press Release . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Undercoffler , David ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Toyota 's fuel - thrifty Prius family may shrink as automaker ponders strategy '' . Automotive News . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Prius PHV sales totaled 42,293 units through December 2015 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` April 2016 Dashboard '' . HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Prius PHV sales in the U.S. totaled 27 units during the first fourth months of 2016 . Jump up ^ Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland ( RVO ) ( December 2015 ) . `` Cijfers elektrisch vervoer -- Top 5 geregistreerde modellen plug - in hybride elektrische voertuigen ( November 30 , 2015 ) '' ( Figures electric transport -- Top 5 registered plug - in electric hybrid vehicle models ( November 30 , 2015 ) ) ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . RVO ( Dutch National Office for Enterprising ) . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Toyota Global Newsroom ( October 14 , 2014 ) . 実績 データ ( ハイブリッド 車 グローバル 販売 ) ( Actual data ( hybrid vehicles sold globally ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Toyota . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Prius Plug - in Hybrid sales by year between 2012 and September 2014 . Jump up ^ Eric Loveday ( April 8 , 2013 ) . `` World 's Most Comprehensive 2012 Global Plug - In Vehicle Sales List '' . InsideEVs.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jeff Cobb ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` The World 's 10 - Best Selling Plug - in Cars '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brad Berman ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` Toyota Halts Production of Prius Plug - in Hybrid Until Late 2016 '' . Plugincars.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jeff Cobb ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Three More Plug - in Cars Cross 25,000 Sales Milestone '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Mitsubishi Sells 100,000 th Outlander PHEV '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . As of March 2016 , the world 's top selling plug - in electric cars are the Nissan Leaf ( over 218,000 ) , Tesla Model S ( about 120,000 ) , Chevrolet Volt and Ampera variants ( over 110,000 ) , Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV ( 101,900 ) , and Toyota Prius Plug - in Hybrid ( 75,000 ) . All figures cumulative global sales since market launch . Jump up ^ Undercoffler , David ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Toyota looks to boost Prius with all - new plug - in Prime '' . Automotive News . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Halvorson , Bengt ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Toyota Prius Prime : details on 120 MPGe plug - in hybrid , all - electric mode '' . Green Car Reports . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sherry Boschert ( 2006 ) . Plug - in Hybrids : The Cars that will Recharge America . New Society Publishers , Gabriola Island , Canada . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86571 - 571 - 4 . Jump up ^ Jim Motavalli ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` Toyota and Tesla Plan an Electric RAV4 '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Concept Vehicles -- RAV4 EV '' . Toyota USA . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Voelcker ( August 2 , 2012 ) . `` 2012 Toyota RAV4 EV : First Drive Of Tesla - Powered Crossover '' . Green Car Reports . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` News Releases > Tesla Motors and Toyota Intend to Work Jointly on EV Development , TMC to Invest in Tesla '' . TOYOTA . May 21 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota unveils RAV4 EV demonstration vehicle ; targeting fully - engineered version in 2012 for market '' . Green Car Congress . November 17 , 2010 . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tori Tellem ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` 2012 Toyota RAV4 - EV : Take Two '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Yuki Hagiwara and Craig Trudell ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Toyota Sells Tesla Shares as EV Project Winds Down '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ James Ayre ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` TToyota & Daimler Made Over $1 Billion In Profits Off Tesla Stock , More Than Tesla 's Profits '' . CleanTechnica . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Karla Sanchez ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` 2012 Toyota RAV4 EV Gets EPA - Rated 103 - Mile Range , 76 MPGe Combined '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McCrank , John ( August 5 , 2011 ) . `` Ontario gets Toyota 's 1st non-Japan electric vehicle '' . Reuters . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jim Motavalli ( August 5 , 2011 ) . `` Tesla - Powered Toyota RAV4 E.V. to Be Built in Canada , Not California '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Christie Schweinsberg ( August 10 , 2011 ) . `` Toyota Planning More EVs ; Expecting Regional Demand for Prius Plug - In '' . Ward Auto . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brad Berman ( January 16 , 2012 ) . `` Toyota Confirms Limited Production of Electric RAV4 and Scion iQ in 2012 '' . PluginCars.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jeff Cobb ( January 6 , 2014 ) . `` December 2013 Dashboard '' . HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeff Cobb ( January 6 , 2015 ) . `` December 2014 Dashboard '' . HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` December 2015 Dashboard '' . HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Berman ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` Toyota Wraps Up Production of RAV4 EV '' . PluginCars.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Electric Vehicle ( EV ) prototype . iQ platform , all - electric '' . Toyota Europe . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Geneva Motor Show : Scion iQ electric car to debut '' . Consumer Reports . February 17 , 2011 . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sebastian Blanco ( September 24 , 2012 ) . `` Toyota kills plans for widespread iQ EV sales after misreading demand and battery tech '' . Autoblog . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Confirms Highlights of Annual National Dealer Meeting '' . Toyota News Release . June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota officially confirms 2012 launch of electric Scion iQ '' . Autoblog . July 1 , 2011 . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota to sell RAV4 EV to public and fleets in 2012 '' . Green Car Congress . July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota iQ EV -- Most of 2012 ′ s 600 Vehicles Destined for Japan '' . Integrity Exports . September 8 , 2011 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( September 24 , 2012 ) . `` Toyota beefs up green vehicles , plans electric car for this year , fuel cell vehicle by 2015 '' . Toledo Blade . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ UC Irvine Press Release ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` UC Irvine 's car - sharing program charges ahead '' . University of California , Irvine . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ludwig , Sean ( September 24 , 2012 ) . `` Toyota kills electric car plans , says ' capabilities of electric vehicles do not meet society 's needs ' '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TOYOTA i - ROAD '' . Toyota . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Inside Ha : mo , Toyota 's Optimized Urban Transport System . YouTube . June 28 , 2014 . Retrieved November 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Global Site Intelligent Transport Systems Ha : mo Activities '' . Toyota . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota FCHV Fact Sheet '' ( Press release ) . Toyota USA . September 11 , 2008 . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota to Begin Leasing Advanced Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle '' ( Press release ) . Toyota Japan . August 29 , 2008 . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zach Bowman ( November 30 , 2011 ) . `` Toyota FCV - R Concept is otherworldly '' . Autoblog . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alisa Priddle ( March 17 , 2013 ) . `` Toyota to start selling hydrogen fuel - cell car in 2015 '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Joann Muller ( August 29 , 2013 ) . `` Toyota Unveils Plans For 15 New Or Improved Hybrids ( It Already Has 23 ) '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Millikin , Mike ( November 17 , 2014 ) . `` Akio Toyoda announces name of Toyota 's new fuel cell sedan in web video : Mirai '' . Green Car Congress . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Mirai production to be increased '' ( Press release ) . UK : Toyota . January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ken Moritsugu ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` oyota to start sales of fuel cell car next month '' . Associated Press . Fox News Chicago . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ John Voelcker ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` 2016 Toyota Mirai Priced At $57,500 , With $499 Monthly Lease '' . Green Car Reports . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeff Cobb ( November 17 , 2014 ) . `` Toyota Mirai To Be Priced From $57,500 '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Ushers In The Future With Launch Of ' Mirai ' Fuel Cell Sedan '' ( Press release ) . Europe : Toyota . November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Gabe ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Toyota opens up 5,600 hydrogen - related patents to advance fuel cell technology '' . Autoweek . US . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hasegawa , Takahiko ; Imanishi , Hiroyuki ; Nada , Mitsuhiro ; Ikogi , Yoshihiro ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Development of the Fuel Cell System in the Mirai FCV '' . US : SAE . doi : 10.4271 / 2016 - 01 - 1185 . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mizutani , Nobuaki ; Ishibashi , Kazunobu ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Enhancing PtCo Electrode Catalyst Performance for Fuel Cell Vehicle Application '' . US : SAE . doi : 10.4271 / 2016 - 01 - 1187 . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kato , Hisao ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` In - Situ Liquid TEM Study on the Degradation Mechanism of Fuel Cell Catalysts '' . US : SAE . doi : 10.4271 / 2016 - 01 - 1192 . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toyota Product Line up 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top Gear -- Episode Archive -- Series 3 '' . BBC . November 23 , 2003 . Retrieved July 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Marine '' . Toyota Marine . Toyota Motor Corporation . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lexus pleasure boat introduced '' . Nikkei Inc . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Outlines Motor Sports Activities for 2009 '' . March 16 , 2009 . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota selects drivers for Etios race '' . June 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota to sink $67.2 mln in Mitsubishi passenger jet , China Economic Net , May 23 , 2008 '' . En.ce.cn . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Toyota press release of first flight Jump up ^ `` MRJ Program Schedule Announcement '' . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota : Supporting Our Communities '' . Toyota . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota : Supporting Our Communities Education Outreach '' . Toyota . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota : Supporting Our Communities Local Support '' . Toyota . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ El - Naggar , Mona ( July 26 , 2013 ) . `` In Lieu of Money , Toyota Donates Efficiency to New York Charity '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` トヨタ 社会 貢献 活動 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toyota . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Prospectus and History The Toyota Foundation '' . The Toyota Foundation . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toyota Education '' . Toyota Motor Corporation . 2001 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Technology Robot trumpets Toyota 's know - how '' . BBC News . March 11 , 2004 . Retrieved July 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toyota Developing A Wheelchair Driven By The Mind '' . PopSci.com.au . July 1 , 2009 . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Oekaki Renaissance -- The Brand - new Toyota , Oekaki & Jeans Machine '' . Toyota Oekaki . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Toyota Outlines Fourth Toyota Environmental Action Plan japancorp.net May 13 , 2005 . Retrieved April 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Toyota Unveils `` Eco-VAS '' for Environmental Assessment Japan 's Corporate News June 16 , 2003 . Retrieved April 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Toyota Environmental Activities Grant Program Accepting Applications Japan 's Corporate News April 25 , 2008 . Retrieved April 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Toyota to Introduce Eco Drive Indicator ; New Feature Aims to Encourage Environmentally Considerate Driving JCN Newswire September 29 , 2006 . Retrieved April 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Toyota Announces Million Dollar Donation to Everglades National Park . cnn. money May 6 , 2008 . Retrieved May 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New Study Shows $56 billion in Hidden Health Damage From Autos '' . October 21 , 2009 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Manufacturing & Engineering : EPA Recognizes Toyota with 2007 Energy Star Sustained Excellence Award / Toyota '' . Pressroom.toyota.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Manufacturing & Engineering : EPA Recognizes Toyota with 2008 Energy Star Sustained Excellence Award / Toyota '' . Pressroom.toyota.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NUMMI Truck Plant : ENERGY STAR '' . Energystar.gov . Retrieved July 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota , Tesla and Vestas ranked among world 's top green companies '' . The Guardian . UK . August 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abuelsamid , Sam ( July 25 , 2008 ) . `` Toyota tops big company CAFE ratings for 2007 model year with 29.69 mpg '' . Autoblog . Retrieved July 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Toyota Motor Corporation ( 1998 ) . `` Outline of Toyota '' . Jump up ^ `` World motor vehicle production by manufacturer '' ( PDF ) . OICA . June 1 , 1999 . Retrieved May 30 , 2010 . Toyota and Daihatsu Jump up ^ `` World motor vehicle production by manufacturer '' ( PDF ) . OICA . June 1 , 2000 . Retrieved May 30 , 2010 . Toyota and Daihatsu Jump up ^ `` World motor vehicle production by manufacturer '' ( PDF ) . OICA . June 1 , 2001 . Retrieved May 30 , 2010 . Toyota , Daihatsu , Hino Jump up ^ `` Toyota Sets Sales Record for Sixth Year in a Row '' ( Press release ) . Theautochannel.com . November 17 , 2004 . Retrieved July 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Overseas Production Up in CY 2001 '' ( Press release ) . Toyota Motor Corporation . January 24 , 2002 . Retrieved May 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Overseas Production Continues to Climb in CY2002 '' ( Press release ) . January 27 , 2003 . Retrieved May 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Announces Best Sales Year in Its 46 - Year History , Breaks Sales Record for Eighth Year in a Row '' ( Press release ) . Theautochannel.com . November 17 , 2004 . Retrieved July 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Worldwide Production Up in CY2003 '' ( Press release ) . Toyota Motor Corporation . January 26 , 2004 . Retrieved May 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Worldwide Production and Sales Continue to Increase '' ( Press release ) . Toyota Motor Corporation . January 25 , 2005 . Retrieved May 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Reports 2005 and December Sales '' ( Press release ) . Theautochannel.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` TMC Announces Results for December 2005 and CY2005 '' ( Press release ) . Toyota Motor Corporation . January 26 , 2006 . Retrieved May 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` TMC Announces Results for December 2006 and CY2006 '' ( Press release ) . Toyota Motor Corporation . January 26 , 2007 . Retrieved May 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Reports 2007 and December Sales '' ( Press release ) . Theautochannel.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` TMC Announces Results for December 2007 and CY2007 '' ( Press release ) . Toyota Motor Corporation . January 28 , 2008 . Retrieved May 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Reports 2007 And December Sales '' ( Press release ) . Toyota Motor Corporation . January 3 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2008 . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` TMC Announces Results for December 2008 and CY2008 '' . Toyota Motor Corporation . January 28 , 2009 . Retrieved May 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Reports 2008 and December Sales '' . Theautochannel.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` TMC Announces Results for December 2009 and CY2009 '' . Toyota Motor Corporation . January 25 , 2010 . Retrieved May 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Data Center : U.S. total vehicle sales by make , Dec . & YTD '' . Automotive News . January 11 , 2010 . Retrieved May 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TTAC Announces The Top 3 Automakers Of 2010 '' . The Truth About Cars . July 27 , 2010 . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Announces Sales Results for 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Toyota Motor Corporation . January 24 , 2011 . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toyota Announces Results for December 2010 and CY2010 '' . Toyota Motor Corporation . January 27 , 2011 . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Reports December and 2010 Sales '' . USA : Toyota . January 4 , 2011 . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` TMC Announces Results for December 2011 and CY2011 '' ( Press release ) . Toyota Motor Corporation . January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Reports December 2011 and Year - End Sales '' ( Press release ) . Toyota Motor Corporation . January 4 , 2012 . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` TTMC Announces Results for December 2012 and CY2012 '' ( Press release ) . January 28 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` December 2012 and Year - End Sales Chart '' ( Press release ) . USA : Toyota . January 3 , 2013 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` TMC Announces Results for December 2013 and CY2013 '' ( Press release ) . Japan : Toyota Motor Corporation . January 29 , 2013 . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` December 2013 Sales Chart '' ( Press release ) . USA : Toyota . January 2013 . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TMC Announces Results for December 2014 and CY2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` Toyota U.S. Sales Summary '' ( Press release ) . USA : Toyota . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TMC Announces Results for December 2015 and CY2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` TMC Announces Results for December 2016 and CY2016 '' . Jump up ^ Toyota : A history of the First 50 Years . Toyota Motor Corporation . 1988 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 61777 - 3 . , p461 . ^ Jump up to : Harden , Blaine ( July 13 , 2008 ) . `` Japan 's Killer Work Ethic '' . Washington Post Foreign Service . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nagoya court rules Toyota employee died from overwork '' . The Japan Times . December 1 , 2007 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Strike halts production at Denso plant in China text = The settlement allowed Tianjin Toyoda Gosei Co. , a subsidiary of Toyoda Gosei Co. , to resume supplying parts to Tianjin FAW Toyota Motor Co source = google ( denso guangzhou strike ) result 1 `` . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toyota . Official website Business data for Toyota Motor Corp : Reuters SEC filings Toyota Motor Corporation Marques Toyota Daihatsu Hino Leahead Lexus Ranz Subaru Former marques Scion Subsidiaries Calty Design Research Central Motors Hino Motors Kanto Auto Works Toyota Australia Toyota Central R&D Labs Toyota Financial Services Toyota Manufacturing UK Toyota ( GB ) PLC Toyota Motor Europe Toyota Motor Manufacturing Canada Toyota Motor Manufacturing France Toyota Motor Manufacturing Turkey Toyota Motor North America Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America Toyota Motor Philippines Toyota Motor Thailand Toyota Motorsport GmbH Joint ventures WiLL GAC Toyota ( 50 % ) Indus Motors Company Sichuan FAW Toyota Motor ( 50 % ) Toyota Kirloskar Motor Toyota Peugeot Citroën Automobile Czech UMW Toyota Motor ( 49 % ) Current models Cars 86 Agya Allion Auris Aurion Avalon Avensis Aygo Camry Camry Hybrid Corolla Corolla Altis Corolla Axio Corolla Fielder Corolla iM Crown Crown Athlete Crown Hybrid Crown Majesta Crown Royal Etios Mark X Mirai Passo Pixis Epoch Pixis Joy Pixis Mega Premio Porte Prius Prius Plug - in Hybrid Prius c Probox Roomy Sai Succeed Tank Verso Vios Vitz Yaris Yaris iA Pickup trucks / Utilities Hilux Hilux Vigo Hilux Revo Land Cruiser 79 Series Pixis Truck Tacoma Tundra SUVs / Crossovers 4Runner C - HR Fortuner Harrier Harrier Hybrid Highlander Kluger Highlander Hybrid Kluger Hybrid Land Cruiser 200 Land Cruiser Prado Land Cruiser 74 Series Land Cruiser 76 Series Land Cruiser 78 Series RAV4 Rush Sequoia Vans Alphard Avanza Calya Esquire Estima Estima Hybrid HiAce Innova Isis Kijang LiteAce Noah Pixis Van Previa Prius v / Prius + / Prius α ProAce Sienna Sienta TownAce Voxy WISH Commercial trucks Dyna ToyoAce Type 73 Medium Truck Buses Coaster Discontinued models 1000 1900 2000 2000GT AA AB AC AE Allex Altezza ( Gita ) Aristo Avensis Verso BA Bandeirante bB Belta Blade Blizzard Brevis Briska Caldina Cami Camry Coupe Camry Station wagon Camry Solara Carina Carina E Carina ED Carina FF Carina Surf Carina II Celica Celica Camry Celica Supra Celica XX Celsior Century Chaser Classic Comfort Corolla Ceres Corolla Levin Corolla II Corolla Spacio Corolla Sprinter Corolla SR5 Corolla Rumion Corolla Verso Corolla Tercel Corona Corona Absolute Corona Exsior Corona EXiV Corona Mark II Corona SF Corsa Cressida Cresta Crown Comfort Crown Sedan Curren Cynos DA Duet Echo FA FJ40 FJ Cruiser Fun Cargo Gaia Grand Hiace Granvia Hilux Surf Ipsum Nadia Picnic iQ Isis ist Kijang Lexcen Light Stout Macho Mark II Mark II Blit Mark II Qualis Mark X ZiO Master MasterAce Matrix Mega Cruiser MiniAce Model F MR2 MR - S Opa Origin Paseo Pixis Space Platz Progrès Pronard Publica Quick Delivery Ractis Raum Regius Revo RH RK RR SA SB Scepter SD Sera SF SG Soarer Solara Soluna Space Cruiser Sparky Sports 800 SportsVan Sprinter Sprinter Carib Sprinter Cielo Sprinter Marino Sprinter Trueno Stallion Starlet Stout Su - Ki SunChaser Super Supra T100 Tamaraw Tercel Tiara Urban Cruiser Van VanWagon Venza Verossa Verso - S Vienta Vista Voltz Windom Yaris Verso Zelas Concepts and prototypes 1957 Sports 4500GT A-BAT Alessandro Volta Auris HSD Full Hybrid Concept Avalon AXV - II Toyota AXV - III AXV - IV CAL - 1 Camry TS - 01 Celica Cruising Deck Celica XYR Century GT45 C - HR concept Corona 1500S Convertible Corona 1900S Sporty Sedan Corona Sports Coupe Crown Convertible CS&S CX - 80 DMT Dream Car Dream Car Model eCom Electronics Car ES3 EX-I EX-II EX-III EX-7 EX-11 F101 F110 F1 / Ultimate Celica F3R FCHV Fine - N Fine - S Fine - X FSC FT - 1 FT - 86 FT - CH FT - EV FT - HS FT - SX FTX FX - 1 FXV FXV - II FXS GTV HC - CV Hybrid X i - foot i - real i - swing i - unit Marinetta Marinetta 10 Motor Triathlon Race Car MP - 1 NLSV PM Pod Prius c Concept Prius Custom Plus Concept Project Go Publica Sports RiN RSC RV - 1 RV - 2 RV - 5 Sport Sportivo Coupe Sports 800 Gas Turbine Hybrid Sports X Street Affair SV - 1 SV - 2 SV - 3 TAC3 VM180 Zagato Winglet X X-Runner Motorsports Formula Toyota Tom 's Toyota Finance 86 Championship Toyota Team Australia Toyota Team Europe Toyota Racing Other Toyota Group Engines Transmissions Manufacturing facilities Hybrid Synergy Drive Toyota Racing Development Model codes G - Book telematics Entune Telematics TTC Toyota flower A brand of Sichuan FAW Toyota Motor Toyota holds a 16.1 % stake in Subaru 's parent company Fuji Heavy Industries Category Commons Toyota Navigational boxes Toyopet / Toyota road car timeline , Japan market , 1980 -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Model year 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 Subcompact Starlet KP60 Starlet KP70 Starlet KP80 Vitz XP10 Vitz XP90 Vitz XP130 Starlet KP90 ist XP60 ist XP110 Corolla II L20 Corolla II L30 Corolla II L40 Corolla II L50 Platz Belta Corsa L20 Corsa L30 Corsa L40 Corsa L50 Corolla FX E80 Corolla FX E90 Corolla FX E100 Corolla RunX Auris E150 Auris E180 Sprinter E70 Sprinter E80 Sprinter E90 Allex Blade Sprinter Trueno E80 Sprinter Marino Corolla E70 Corolla E80 Corolla E90 Corolla Levin E70 Corolla Levin E80 Corolla Levin E90 Subcompact Wagon / Van Corolla E70 Funcargo Ractis XP100 Ractis XP120 bB bB Compact Corolla E100 Corolla E110 Corolla E120 Corolla E140 Corolla E160 Corona T130 Corona T150 Corona T170 Corona T190 Corona T210 Corona Premio Premio Corona EXIV Corona EXIV Cynos Cynos Celica Camry A40 Camry V10 Camry V20 Camry V30 Camry V40 Avensis Avensis Vista V10 Vista V20 Vista V30 Vista V40 Vista V50 Compact luxury Altezza Progress Brevis Compact Wagon / VAN Altezza Ghita Corolla E100 Voltz Carina Surf Caldina T190 Caldina T210 Caldina T240 Mid-size car Camry XV20 Camry XV30 Camry XV40 Scepter Windom XV10 Windom XV20 Windom XV30 Aristo S140 Aristo S160 Mark X X120 Mark X X130 Mark II X60 Mark II X70 Mark II X80 Mark II X90 Mark II X100 Mark II X110 Mid-size sport Chaser X60 Chaser X70 Chaser X80 Chaser X90 Chaser X100 Verossa X110 Mid-size luxury Cresta X60 Cresta X70 Cresta X80 Cresta X90 Cresta X100 Mid-size wagon Mark II X60 Mark II X70 Mark II Qualis XV20 Mark II Blit X110 Mark X Zio AA10 Camry Gracia XV20 Full - size Crown S110 Crown S120 Crown S130 Crown S130 / S140 Crown S150 Crown S170 Crown S180 Crown S200 Crown S210 Celsior XF10 Celsior XF20 Celsior XF30 Hybrid Prius XW10 Prius XW11 Prius XW20 Prius XW30 Prius XW50 Flagship car Century G35 Century G40 Century G50 Sport compact Celica A40 Celica A60 Celica T160 Celica T180 Celica T200 Celica T230 Carina A40 Carina A60 Cavalier Carina T150 Carina T170 Carina T190 Carina T210 Allion T240 Allion T260 Carina ED T160 Carina ED T180 Carina ED T200 Sports Soarer Z10 Soarer Z20 Soarer Z30 Soarer Z40 Celica XX A40 Celica XX A60 Supra A70 Supra A80 Roadster MR2 W10 MR2 W20 MR - S W30 Limited edition Sera Classic Origin `` previous -- Toyota road car timeline , North American market , 1980s -- present ( model years ) Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Model year 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 Subcompact Tercel Tercel Tercel Tercel Tercel Echo Yaris Sedan Yaris iA Yaris Liftback Yaris Liftback Starlet Corolla FX Prius c Corolla Corolla Compact Corolla Corolla Corolla Corolla Corolla Corolla Matrix Matrix Corolla iM Corona Camry Camry Prius Mid-size Prius Prius Prius Cressida Cressida Cressida Cressida Camry Solara Camry Solara Prius v Camry Camry Camry Camry Camry Mirai Full - size Avalon Avalon Avalon Avalon Sport compact Corolla GT - S / SR5 Celica Celica Celica Celica Celica Celica Paseo Paseo Sports car Celica Supra Celica Supra 86 Supra Supra MR2 MR2 MR2 Spyder Toyota light truck timeline , North American market , 1980s -- present ( model years ) Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Mini SUV RAV4 RAV4 C - HR Compact SUV 4Runner 4Runner 4Runner RAV4 RAV4 Mid-size crossover Highlander Highlander Highlander Venza Mid-size SUV 4Runner 4Runner FJ Cruiser Land Cruiser Land Cruiser Land Cruiser Land Cruiser Full - size SUV Sequoia Sequoia Minivan Van Previa Sienna Sienna Sienna Pickup Pickup Pickup Pickup Tacoma Tacoma Tacoma T100 Tundra Tundra `` previous -- Toyota road cars timeline , 1985 -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Calendar year 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Subcompact car Starlet P70 Starlet P80 Vitz XP10 Vitz XP90 Vitz XP130 Starlet P90 Tercel , Corolla II , Corsa L20 Tercel , Corolla II , Corsa L30 Tercel , Corolla II , Corsa L40 Tercel , Corolla II , Corsa L50 Platz XP10 Belta XP90 Vios XP150 FunCargo XP20 Ractis XP100 Ractis Verso - S XP120 bB XP30 bB QNC2x ist XP60 ist XP110 iQ Aygo AB10 Aygo AB40 Subcompact SUV C - HR Compact car Corolla , Sprinter E80 Corolla , Sprinter E90 Corolla , Sprinter E100 Corolla , Sprinter E110 Corolla E120 / 130 Corolla E140 / 150 Corolla E160 / 170 Cynos L40 Cynos L50 Compact luxury car Altezza XE10 Progrès XG10 Brevis XG10 Compact wagon Altezza Gita XE10 Voltz E130 Voltz E140 Carina Surf T150 Carina Surf T170 Caldina T190 Caldina T210 Caldina T240 Mid-size car Corona T150 Corona T170 Corona T190 Corona T210 Premio T240 Premio T260 Corona EXIV T180 Corona EXIV T200 Avensis T220 Avensis T250 Avensis T270 Camry , Vista V10 Camry , Vista V20 Camry , Vista V30 Camry , Vista V40 Camry , Vista V50 Scepter , Camry XV10 Camry XV20 Camry XV30 Camry XV40 Camry XV50 Camry XV70 Windom XV10 Windom XV20 Windom XV30 Aristo S147 Aristo S160 Mark II , Cressida , Chaser , Cresta X70 Mark II , Cressida , Chaser , Cresta X80 Mark II , Chaser , Cresta X90 Mark II , Chaser , Cresta X100 Mark II , Verossa X110 Mark X X120 Mark X X130 Mid-size wagon Mark II Qualis XV20 Mark II Blit X110 Mark X Zio AA10 Camry Gracia XV20 Full - size car Avalon XX10 Avalon XX20 Avalon XX30 Avalon XX40 Crown S120 Crown S130 Crown S130 / S140 Crown S150 Crown S170 Crown S180 Crown S200 Crown S210 Celsior XF10 Celsior XF20 Celsior XF30 Hybrid car Prius XW10 Prius XW11 Prius XW20 Prius XW30 Prius XW40 Limousine Century G40 Century G50 Sport compact car Celica A60 Celica T160 Celica T180 Celica T200 Celica T230 Carina A60 Cavalier Carina T150 Carina T170 Carina T190 Carina T210 Allion T240 Allion T260 Carina ED T160 Carina ED T180 Carina ED T200 Sports car Soarer Z10 Soarer Z20 Soarer Z30 Soarer Z40 Celica Supra A60 Supra A70 Supra A80 86 ZN6 Roadster MR2 W10 / 11 MR2 W20 MR - S W30 Limited edition Toyota Sera XY10 Toyota Classic N80 Toyota Origin XG10 Lexus , a division of Toyota Motor Corporation , vehicle production timeline Type Line 1990s 2000s 2010s 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 Compact CT A10 IS XE10 XE20 XE30 HS ANF10 Mid-size ES V20 XV10 XV20 XV30 XV40 XV60 GS S140 S160 S190 L10 Full - size LS XF10 XF20 XF30 XF40 XF50 Crossover NX AZ10 RX XU10 XU30 AL10 AL20 SUV GX J120 J150 LX J80 J100 J200 Coupé RC XC10 SC Z30 Z40 LC Z100 LFA LFA Panasonic Toyota Racing Personnel Tadashi Yamashina John Howett Pascal Vasselon Ove Andersson Tsutomu Tomita Noted drivers Timo Glock Kamui Kobayashi Cristiano da Matta Allan McNish Olivier Panis Mika Salo Ralf Schumacher Jarno Trulli Ricardo Zonta Formula One cars TF101 TF102 TF103 TF104 TF104B TF105 TF105B TF106 TF106B TF107 TF108 TF109 TF110 Toyota sportscar racers ( 1968 -- present ) Group 7 ( 1968 -- 1970 ) 7 Group 5 ( 1977 -- 1982 ) Celica LB Turbo TOM 'S Corolla G5 Dome Celica Turbo Group C ( 1983 -- 1993 ) TOM 'S Celica C 82C 83C 84C 85C 86C 87C 88C 88C - V 89C - V 90C - V 91C - V 92C - V TS010 93C - V IMSA GTP ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Mk . I 88C HF89 MkIII GT1 / LMGTP / LMP ( 1994 -- ) 94C - V TOM 'S LMP GT - One ( TS020 ) TS030 Hybrid TS040 Hybrid TS050 Hybrid Automotive industry in Japan Automotive industry in Japan Economy of Japan Transport in Japan Companies Vehicle producers ASL Duesen Bayern Subaru Corporation Blitzen Subaru Honda Acura Isuzu Kawasaki Kawasaki Motorcycle & Engine Mazda Amati Autozam Ẽfini Eunos M2 Xedos Mitsubishi Group Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Mitsubishi Motors ( 20 % ) Mitsubishi Fuso ( 10.71 % ) Mitsuoka Nissan Cony Datsun Infiniti Kurogane Ohta Otomo Prince Shatai Tama Suzuki Hope Toyota Daihatsu Scion Lexus Hino WiLL UD Trucks Yamaha Active Factories Toyota Factories Defunct Factories - Components Aisin Seiki Akebono Brake Bridgestone Calsonic Kansei Clarion Denso Fujitsu Ten GS Yuasa Hitachi HKS IHI Corporation Jatco JECS JTEKT Kawasaki Kayaba Industry Mabuchi Motor Mikuni Mitsuba Corporation NGK NHK Spring Nidec Nisshinbo NSK NTN Corporation Sumitomo Riko Sumitomo Rubber Industries Takata Corporation Tokico Toyo Tire & Rubber Company Toyota Boshoku Tsubakimoto Chain Yanmar Yazaki Corporation Yokohama Rubber Company Zexel Motorsport and tuners 5Zigen A'PEXi Autech Blitz Car Make T&E Dome Enkei GReddy HKS Impul JUN Auto Kojima Mazdaspeed Mine 's Mugen Motorsports Nismo Rauh - Welt Begriff Rays Engineering RE Amemiya RS Watanabe SARD Spoon Sports Subaru Tecnica International Tanabe Speed Star Racing Tein Toda Racing Tomei Tommykaira Top Secret TOM 'S Toyota Racing Development Veilside WALD International WedsSport Yashio Factory Services Autobacs Seven Tokyo Trading Yanase Imported Cars Related topics Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association Tokyo Motor Show Tokyo Auto Salon Used vehicle exporting J - NCAP National Highway Expressways Category Portal Note : defunct companies and marques above are shown in italics Bus manufacturing companies of Asia Active Ankai Ashok Leyland BharatBenz Bonluck Bus BYD Auto Daewoo Bus ( Zyle Daewoo bus ) Dongfeng Nissan - Diesel Eicher Motors Force Foton Ganja Auto Plant Gemilang Coachworks Ghandhara GAG Bus HICOM AM Hindustan Huanghai Bus Hyundai Motor Group Hyundai Kia ( Granbird ) Fujian Motors Group King Long Xiamen Golden Dragon Higer Bus Iran Khodro Diesel Isuzu JAC Mahindra Mahindra Navistar SsangYong Master Mitsubishi Fuso Mudan Nissan Saipa Diesel SHL Coach Sunlong Bus Swaraj Mazda Tata Tata Daewoo Tata Marcopolo Toyota Hino Hinopak UD Trucks Zhongtong Bus Defunct BakAZ Changzhou Changjiang FHI Ghandhara Nissan Samsung Nikkei 225 companies of Japan 7&i Advantest ÆON AGC Ajinomoto Alps ANA Amada Aozora Bank Asahi Breweries Asahi Kasei Astellas Bridgestone Canon Casio Chiba Bank Chiyoda Chuden Chugai Citizen Comsys Concordia Financial Credit Saison Dai - ichi Life Daiichi Sankyo Daikin Dainippon Screen Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Daiwa House Daiwa Securities Denka Denso Dentsu DNP Dowa Ebara Eisai Fanuc Fast Retailing Fuji Electric Fuji Heavy Industries Fujifilm Fujikura Fujitsu Fukuoka Financial Furukawa Co. , Ltd . 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when did toyota first come to the united states

1957

August 28, 1937

Quebec winter carnival - wikipedia Quebec winter carnival Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Quebec Winter Carnival Carnaval de Québec Bonhomme Carnaval in 2011 Genre Festival Begins End of January Ends Mid February Frequency Annually Location ( s ) Quebec City Country Canada Website Carnaval de Québec The Quebec Winter Carnival or the Carnaval de Québec is a pre-Lenten festival held in Quebec City . After being held intermittently since 1894 , the Carnaval de Québec has been celebrated annually since 1955 . That year Bonhomme Carnaval , the mascot of the festival , made his first appearance . Up to one million people attended the Carnaval de Québec in 2006 making it the largest winter festival in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Activities and attractions 2 Feasts and restaurants 3 Races and tournaments 4 Gallery 5 References Activities and attractions ( edit ) The most famous attractions of this winter festival are the night - time and daytime parades led by mascot Bonhomme Carnaval . The parades wind through the upper city , decorated for the occasion with lights and ice sculptures . Numerous public and private parties , shows and balls are held across the city , some of them outside in the bitter cold , testimony to the Québécois ' fabled joie de vivre . Other major events include : A masquerade ball with up to 400 participants at the grand ballroom of the Château Frontenac . The opening and closing ceremonies taking place at the Ice Palace before thousands of participants , Bonhomme and the mayor of Quebec . Outdoor sport events ( snowboarding , ice canoe , snowshoes , hockey , dog - sledding , etc. , some of them part of World Championship tournaments ) inside and outside the city . Free outdoor public banquets ( brunch , breakfast , etc . ) . . The Canadian , Québécois , International and Student artist snow sculpture contests on the Plains of Abraham , the main setting of the carnival . The Plains are a public city park and stay open for leisure activities , including snowshoeing and cross-country skiing trails , during carnival time . Part of the Plains around the Citadel is transformed into an outdoor winter amusement park with various family - themed activities , including the display of the three main snow - sculpting contests ( Canada 's provinces , Quebec 's regions , International ) and the traditional bikini snow bath event ( bain de neige ) Outdoor dance parties are held at the Ice Palaces . Kiosks and other outlets in the city sell the Bonhomme effigy tag that grants admission into most of the events , although some are free outside the main site . Most commercial main streets are decorated and some bars and restaurants set up a winter patio in front of their establishments . Bonhomme -- short for bonhomme de neige ( `` snowman '' ) is the official ambassador of the festivities , the castle lord of the Ice Palace . Bonhomme is described as a seven - foot - tall , four - hundred pound snowman sporting a red cap , black buttons and a ceinture fléchée . It is traditional to drink Caribou , a hot alcoholic beverage , to keep warm . The public auction is a fundraising event in aid of the carnival . This auction features many goods and services donated for silent auction and live auction . Feasts and restaurants ( edit ) The Business Leaders ' Luncheon , organized by the Québec City Chamber of Commerce . The Calgary Stampede Flap Jack Breakfast . In 2008 , carnival - goers were served by Prime Minister Stephen Harper . The ' Restaurant Partners ' Campaign is a 179 - day promotion during which Québec City restaurants offer customers a special menu for a fixed price throughout the carnival ( including appetizer , soup , or salad , a main course , and a dessert ) . Races and tournaments ( edit ) A sleigh race in which drivers and their horses take part in a single - and double - harness race on the Plains of Abraham . An Ice canoe race on the St. Lawrence river . The Québec International Pee - Wee Hockey Tournament ( not officially part of the carnival program since 1977 ) . The Snowboard World Cup in Quebec City ( not part of the carnival official program ) . Also not part of the official program but worth a visit or a stay , the Quebec City Ice Hotel is open every year from early January to late March with its bar , nightclub , exhibition galleries and ceremonial chapel . Gallery ( edit ) Ice sculpture ( 2005 ) Family venue ( 2006 ) Ice Palace ( 2009 ) Parade in Montreal ( 2011 ) Canoe race ( 2011 ) Ice Palace ( 2011 ) Toboggan at Terrasse Dufferin References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Daniel Shafto ( 1 January 2009 ) . Carnival . Infobase Publishing . p. 80 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 2660 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hilary Davidson ; Paul Karr ; Herbert Bailey Livesey ; Bill McRae ; Donald Olson ( 14 August 2006 ) . Frommer 's Canada : With the best hiking & outdoor adventures . John Wiley & Sons . p. 300 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 04457 - 5 . Jump up ^ https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/travel/activities-and-interests/the-snowman-behind-the-legend-get-to-know-quebecs-beloved-bonhomme/article37716316/ Quebec Winter Carnaval virtual tour in panoramic photography Tornoipee-wee.qc.ca Fissnowboard.com Icehotel-canada.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quebec_Winter_Carnival&oldid=822352977 '' Categories : Tourist attractions in Quebec City Festivals in Quebec City Winter festivals in Canada Mardi Gras 1894 establishments in Quebec Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Quebec articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 日本 語 Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 21 : 54 . About Wikipedia

what is the official symbol of the carnival of quebec

Bonhomme Carnaval

wikipedia

Dancing on Ice - wikipedia Dancing on Ice Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the British series . For elsewhere , see Dancing on Ice around the world . For the most recent series , see Dancing on Ice ( series 10 ) . Dancing on Ice Title -- card used for the 2018 revival Created by ITV Studios Creative director ( s ) Christopher Dean ( 2006 -- 2014 ) Jayne Torvill ( 2006 -- 2014 ) Presented by Phillip Schofield Holly Willoughby Christine Bleakley Jordan Banjo ( backstage ) Judges Robin Cousins Karen Barber Jason Gardiner Karen Kresge Nicky Slater Natalia Bestemianova Ruthie Henshall Emma Bunton Louie Spence Katarina Witt Ashley Roberts Christopher Dean Jayne Torvill Ashley Banjo Voices of Tony Gubba ( 2006 -- 13 ) Simon Reed ( 2013 -- 14 ) Matt Chapman ( 2018 ) Sam Matterface ( 2018 -- ) Theme music composer Paul Farrer Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 10 No. of episodes 138 Production Executive producer ( s ) Jane Beacon Katie Rawcliffe Location ( s ) Elstree Studios ( 2006 -- 10 , 2012 -- 14 ) Shepperton Studios ( 2011 ) RAF Bovingdon ( 2018 -- ) Running time 60 -- 120 minutes Production company ( s ) ITV Studios Release Original network ITV Picture format 16 : 9 1080i ( HDTV ) 16 : 9 576i ( SDTV ) Original release Original Series : 14 January 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 14 ) -- 9 March 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 09 ) Revived Series : 7 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 07 ) -- present External links Website Dancing on Ice is a British television show presented by Phillip Schofield alongside Holly Willoughby from 2006 to 2011 , and Christine Bleakley from 2012 to 2014 . The show consists of celebrities and their professional partners figure skate in front of a panel of judges . The series , broadcast on ITV , started on 14 January 2006 and ended on 9 March 2014 after the show 's contract was not renewed by ITV . On 4 September 2017 , it was announced that a revived series would air on ITV from 7 January 2018 with Schofield and Willoughby returning as hosts alongside a new backstage host , Jordan Banjo . It was confirmed on 25 January 2018 , that Dancing on Ice had been recommissioned for an eleventh series to air in 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and history 1.1 Cancellation and revival 2 Format 3 Series overview 4 Presenters , judges and coaches 5 Professionals 6 Required elements 7 Main series results 7.1 Series 1 ( 2006 ) 7.2 Series 2 ( 2007 ) 7.3 Series 3 ( 2008 ) 7.4 Series 4 ( 2009 ) 7.5 Series 5 ( 2010 ) 7.6 Series 6 ( 2011 ) 7.7 Series 7 ( 2012 ) 7.8 Series 8 ( 2013 ) 7.9 Series 9 : All -- Stars ( 2014 ) 7.10 Series 10 ( 2018 ) 7.11 Series 11 ( 2019 ) 8 Series averages 9 Awards 10 Guest singers 11 Spin - offs 11.1 Champion of Champions ( 2007 ) 11.2 Dancing on Ice at Christmas ( 2008 ) 11.3 Dancing on Ice : Make Me a Star ( 2008 ) 11.4 Dancing on Ice : Ice Star ( 2009 ) 11.5 Dancing on Ice Goes Gold ( 2012 ) 11.6 Dancing on Ice Friday ( 2010 ) 12 Studio set and ice rink 13 Dancing on Ice : The Tour 14 Merchandise 15 References 16 External links Background and history Former Dancing on Ice title -- card The series was announced in November 2004 and originally titled Stars on Thin Ice , the show was renamed following the failure of ITV 's celebrity oriented 2005 summer schedule . Dancing on Ice is frequently compared to the BBC 's Strictly Come Dancing . In 2004 , the BBC aired a Strictly special entitled Strictly Ice Dancing at Christmas , which was won by England goalkeeper David Seaman ( who was a contestant in series 1 of Dancing on Ice ) . ITV 's show was given a January premiere amidst network doubts about its viability but became a surprise hit in Britain , where it became the third highest rated television show of 2006 . It attained an impressive 13 million viewers for the final in March . Britain 's best - known ice - skating duo and former Olympic champions Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean help to train the aspiring dancers , and also appear throughout the show with comments and advice . Head Coach Karen Barber also trains the skaters for the live show . From the beginning , Torvill and Dean opened every episode with a performance , with the exception of the second , third and fourth shows of the fourth series , when Torvill performed alone due to Dean 's recovery from a shoulder operation . In 2012 they performed less regularly . Schofield previously presented with Holly Willoughby , with commentary originally from Tony Gubba ( later Simon Reed ) and voiceovers done by John Sachs . The members of The Ice Panel were originally Karen Barber , Jason Gardiner , Nicky Slater and Robin Cousins , and the fifth judge varied from series to series : Karen Kresge in the first series , Natalia Bestemianova in the second , Ruthie Henshall in the third and fourth and Emma Bunton in the fifth . In series 6 , there were only three judges : Gardiner , Cousins and Bunton . During the shows first two series , it ran two supplementary programmes -- Dancing on Ice Defrosted , presented by Stephen Mulhern , and Dancing on Ice Exclusive ( or Dancing on Ice Extra during series 1 ) presented by Andi Peters alongside Andrea McLean in series 1 and Ben Shephard in series 2 . In mid-2007 , it was announced that both shows would not return to accompany the third series as the audience attracted was out of ITV2 's target range . As part of ITV 's new revamped schedule at the start of 2008 , from the third series , the show aired on a Sunday night and featured updated music and new titles as well as redesigned graphics . The series 3 finale was a massive draw , pulling an average 11.7 million viewers ( up from 9.6 million the previous year ) peaking at 12.6 million viewers over the two - hour slot , up over a million from series 2 . The seventh series began on 8 January 2012 , with Torvill and Dean as coaches for which they will be paid £ 250,000 each series . Christine Bleakley was announced as the new co-presenter of the show replacing Holly Willoughby , whilst Katarina Witt and Louie Spence replaced Emma Bunton and Jason Gardiner on the judging panel . On 20 November 2012 , it was announced that Gardiner was to return to the panel for the 2013 series , replacing Spence . The full judging panel for the 2013 series was revealed on 28 December 2012 , with former The Pussycat Dolls singer Ashley Roberts joining and Karen Barber returning to the panel after acting as head coach on the show the previous two years ; they joined Gardiner and head judge Robin Cousins on the panel . Cancellation and revival On 21 May 2013 , Torvill and Dean announced that they would leave the series after its ninth series in 2014 , leading to speculation that the whole show would be axed . On 24 June 2013 it was rumoured that Dancing on Ice may continue after they have left with new coaches , however , on 22 October 2013 it was confirmed that the show would end after its ninth series in 2014 . On 4 September 2017 , ITV confirmed that the show would return in 2018 . Torvill and Dean will return to the show as head judges along with Schofield and Willoughby as presenters . On 19 October 2017 , Ashley Banjo was confirmed as a judge . Later that month Gardiner confirmed that he would return to the judging panel . Ashley 's brother Jordan Banjo acts as the show 's backstage digital host . ITV Racing 's betting presenter Matt Chapman was announced as the new commentator on 16 December 2017 . However , following the first live show on 7 January , Chapman claimed that he had `` quit '' the show but it was later confirmed to be a decision by the ITV producers , responding to pressure from the TV audience . Sport commentator Sam Matterface was later confirmed as Chapman 's replacement . It was announced on 25 January 2018 that Dancing on Ice would return for an eleventh series in 2019 . The presenters , judges and participating celebrities are yet to be confirmed by ITV . Format Each week the celebrities and their partners perform a live ice dance routine . The four / five ( as of Series 8 ) judges ( commonly known as the Ice Panel ) judge each performance and give a mark between 0.0 and 10.0 ( 0.0 to 6.0 between series 1 and 5 ) , depending on the performance . These total scores then create a leaderboard which combines with the public vote in order to determine the two lowest placed couples . As this is the case , the pair with the lowest score from the judges can avoid being in the bottom two if the public vote for them . Once the scores and votes are combined to form the final leaderboard for that week 's show , the two / three couples at the bottom compete in a final showdown known as the `` Skate Off '' , where they perform their routine again . Once the couples have performed their routines for the judging panel , the judges decide on who deserves to stay and cast their votes , based on their second performance . The couple with the most votes from the judges receives a place in the following week 's show , while the couple with the fewest votes leaves the competition . One couple leaves each week , but in series 7 , two couples left in one week , due to numbering issues . A live reunion special was staged one week after the end of each season , with all celebrities talking about their experiences during the season , and answering questions from a live studio audience . Torvil and Dean themselves then made a special in - studio appearance towards the end , thanking the contestants , hosts and judges , and of course , the home viewers for their votes . Series overview Nine series have been broadcast , as summarised below . Series Start Finish Couples Weeks Winning celebrity Winning professional Presenters Ice panel Guest judges 14 January 2006 4 March 2006 10 8 Gaynor Faye Daniel Whiston Phillip Schofield Holly Willoughby Robin Cousins Karen Barber Nicky Slater Jason Gardiner Karen Kresge N / A 20 January 2007 17 March 2007 11 9 Kyran Bracken Melanie Lambert Robin Cousins Karen Barber Nicky Slater Jason Gardiner Natalia Bestemianova 13 January 2008 16 March 2008 13 10 Suzanne Shaw Matt Evers Robin Cousins Karen Barber Nicky Slater Jason Gardiner Ruthie Henshall 11 January 2009 22 March 2009 11 Ray Quinn Maria Filippov 5 10 January 2010 28 March 2010 14 12 Hayley Tamaddon Daniel Whiston Robin Cousins Karen Barber Nicky Slater Jason Gardiner Emma Bunton Michael Ball ( week 6 ) Angela Rippon ( week 7 ) 6 9 January 2011 27 March 2011 16 Sam Attwater Brianne Delcourt Robin Cousins Jason Gardiner Emma Bunton N / A 7 8 January 2012 25 March 2012 15 Matthew Wolfenden Nina Ulanova Phillip Schofield Christine Bleakley Robin Cousins Louie Spence Katarina Witt 8 6 January 2013 10 March 2013 12 10 Beth Tweddle Daniel Whiston Robin Cousins Karen Barber Jason Gardiner Ashley Roberts 9 5 January 2014 9 March 2014 14 Ray Quinn Maria Filippov Nicky Slater ( weeks 6 & 7 ) 10 7 January 2018 11 March 2018 12 Jake Quickenden Vanessa Bauer Phillip Schofield Holly Willoughby Jordan Banjo ( Backstage ) Christopher Dean Jayne Torvill Jason Gardiner Ashley Banjo N / A Presenters , judges and coaches Presenters gallery Phillip Schofield ( 2006 -- 2014 , 2018 -- ) Holly Willoughby ( 2006 -- 2011 , 2018 -- ) Christine Bleakley ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Key Presenter Backstage Presenter Mentor Head judge ( s ) Judge Guest judge Coach Contestant Series ( 2006 ) ( 2007 ) ( 2008 ) ( 2009 ) 5 ( 2010 ) 6 ( 2011 ) 7 ( 2012 ) 8 ( 2013 ) 9 ( 2014 ) 10 ( 2018 ) Phillip Schofield Holly Willoughby Christine Bleakley Jordan Banjo Christopher Dean Jayne Torvill Robin Cousins Karen Barber Nicky Slater Jason Gardiner Karen Kresge Natalia Bestemianova Ruthie Henshall Emma Bunton Louie Spence Katarina Witt Ashley Roberts Ashley Banjo Michael Ball Angela Rippon Professionals Main article : List of Dancing on Ice professional skaters Winner Runner - up Third place First Eliminated Withdrew or injured Participating ( hide ) Professional Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 Series 4 Series 5 Series 6 Series 7 Series 8 Series 9 Series 10 Pavel Aubrecht N / A Ulrika Jonsson Samantha Mumba Jessica Taylor Sharron Davies N / A Vanessa Bauer N / A Jake Quickenden Victoria Borzenkova N / A Tim Vincent N / A Andrew Buchanan N / A Anthea Turner Zaraah Abrahams N / A Brooke Castile N / A Corey Feldman N / A Brianne Delcourt N / A Kieron Richardson Sam Attwater Sébastien Foucan Matt Lapinskas Gareth Gates Alex Beresford Matt Evers Bonnie Langford Lisa Scott - Lee Suzanne Shaw Zoë Salmon Heather Mills Denise Welch Jorgie Porter Pamela Anderson Suzanne Shaw Candice Brown Maria Filippov N / A Duncan James Gareth Gates Ray Quinn Gary Lucy Craig McLachlan Andy Akinwolere Shayne Ward Ray Quinn N / A Hamish Gaman N / A Perri Shakes - Drayton Isabelle Gauthier N / A Jeff Brazier N / A Matthew Gonzalez N / A Danniella Westbrook N / A Charlene Tilton N / A Mark Hanretty N / A Nadia Sawalha Rosemary Conley Oona King Injured Donna Air Jodeyne Higgins N / A Johnson Beharry Chico N / A Florentine Houdinière N / A Donal MacIntyre N / A Marika Humphreys Sean Wilson N / A Ale Izquierdo N / A Max Evans Robin Johnstone N / A Gareth Thomas Joe Pasquale N / A Melanie Lambert N / A Kyran Bracken Michael Underwood Michael Underwood Mikey Graham N / A Melody Le Moal N / A Lemar Kristina Lenko Stefan Booth Stephen Gately Greg Rusedski Graeme Le Saux N / A Andrei Lipanov N / A Clare Buckfield Natalie Pinkham Gemma Bissix Sinitta N / A Heidi Range N / A Bonnie Langford N / A Susie Lipanova N / A Steve Backley Todd Carty Jeremy Sheffield N / A Sylvain Longchambon N / A Jennifer Metcalfe Injured Samia Ghadie Jorgie Porter Stephanie Waring Brandee Malto N / A Antony Cotton Sergey Malyshev Tamara Beckwith N / A Aggie MacKenzie N / A Molly Moenkhoff N / A Bobby Davro N / A Alex Murphy N / A Kem Cetinay Darya Nucci N / A Jeremy Edwards N / A Pam O'Connor David Seaman Neil Fox N / A Vicky Ogden N / A Andy Whyment Joe Pasquale Sam Attwater N / A Fred Palascak N / A Kay Burley Sarah Greene Melinda Messenger Emily Atack N / A Zaraah Abrahams Natalia Pestova N / A Phil Gayle N / A Frankie Poultney N / A Lee Sharpe Chris Fountain Ellery Hanley Danny Young Comedy Dave Mark Rhodes N / A David Seaman N / A Colin Ratushniak N / A Laura Hamilton N / A Sean Rice N / A Angela Rippon Chemmy Alcott N / A Łukasz Różycki N / A Elen Rivas Laila Morse N / A Beth Tweddle N / A Todd Sand Kelly Holmes N / A Alexandra Schauman N / A Dr. Hilary Jones Dominic Cork Sam Nixon N / A Todd Carty N / A Tamara Sharp Andi Peters N / A Olga Sharutenko John Barrowman N / A Keith Chegwin N / A Matej Silecky N / A Brooke Vincent Jenna Smith N / A Luke Campbell N / A Katie Stainsby N / A Vanilla Ice N / A Gary Lucy N / A Nina Ulanova N / A Steven Arnold Matthew Wolfenden N / A Kyran Bracken N / A Doug Webster Andrea McLean N / A Daniel Whiston Gaynor Faye Emily Symons Linda Lusardi Roxanne Pallett Hayley Tamaddon Kerry Katona Jennifer Ellison Beth Tweddle Hayley Tamaddon Cheryl Baker Stuart Widdall N / A Coleen Nolan Tana Ramsay N / A Michael Zenezini N / A Chloe Madeley N / A Lauren Goodger N / A Required elements From Series 1 to 8 , there was an element that the skaters were required to perform as part of their routines . These required elements included : Assisted and unassisted jumps Use of a prop Forming a spiral position Flying above the ice , suspended by a harness A one footed spin Shadow steps Classic moves of Torvill and Dean , sometimes with a choice between them Cross rolls Toe step sequences Pair spin One unique move Solo skate Change of edge As of Series 9 , the required skating elements format has been removed . Main series results Series 1 ( 2006 ) Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 1 ) The first series began on Saturday 14 January 2006 and ended on Saturday 4 March 2006 , including ten celebrity skaters . The co-presenters were Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby , while The Ice Panel consisted of one - time World Junior Figure Skating champion Nicky Slater , choreographer Karen Kresge , theatre producer Jason Gardiner , two - time NHK Trophy champion Karen Barber and 1980 Olympic champion Robin Cousins . The contestants for the first series were : Celebrity Known for Professional partner Status Tamara Beckwith Socialite Sergey Malyshev Eliminated 1st Andi Peters TV presenter Tamara Sharp Eliminated 2nd Andrea McLean TV presenter Doug Webster Eliminated 3rd John Barrowman Actor & singer Olga Sharutenko Eliminated 4th Sean Wilson Actor Marika Humphreys Eliminated 5th Kelly Holmes Olympic middle distance runner Todd Sand Eliminated 6th David Seaman Retired footballer Pam O'Connor Eliminated 7th Bonnie Langford Actress Matt Evers Third place Stefan Booth Actor & singer Kristina Lenko Runner - up Gaynor Faye Actress Daniel Whiston Winner Series 2 ( 2007 ) Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 2 ) The second series began on Saturday 20 January 2007 . In it , 11 celebrities competed , compared to ten in the first series . The final was held on Saturday 17 March 2007 . Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby returned to co-present , while Nicky Slater , Jason Gardiner , Karen Barber and Robin Cousins returned to The Ice Panel . Karen Kresge did not return as a judge for a second series and was replaced by five - time European champion Natalia Bestemianova . The contestants for the second series were : Celebrity Known for Professional partner Status Neil Fox TV & radio presenter Pam O'Connor Eliminated 1st Phil Gayle Journalist & TV presenter Natalia Pestova Eliminated 2nd Ulrika Jonsson TV presenter Pavel Aubrecht Eliminated 3rd Stephen Gately Singer ( Boyzone ) Kristina Lenko Eliminated 4th Kay Burley TV presenter Fred Palascak Eliminated 5th Lisa Scott - Lee Singer ( Steps ) Matt Evers Eliminated 6th Lee Sharpe Footballer Frankie Poultney Eliminated 7th Emily Symons Actress Daniel Whiston Eliminated 8th Duncan James Singer ( Blue ) Maria Filippov Third place Clare Buckfield Actress Andrei Lipanov Second place Kyran Bracken Rugby player Melanie Lambert Winner Series 3 ( 2008 ) Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 3 ) The commissioning of the third series of Dancing on Ice was first confirmed by Phillip Schofield at the BAFTA awards . The third series began on 13 January 2008 , moving to Sunday nights in the process and ended on 16 March 2008 , when Suzanne Shaw was crowned as the winner . Schofield and Holly Willoughby returned to co-present , while Nicky Slater , Jason Gardiner and Robin Cousins returned to The Ice Panel . The third series saw the replacement of judge Natalia Bestemianova by West End star Ruthie Henshall . And for the first time in the history of the series , a contestant withdrew due to injury , and it was TV presenter Michael Underwood who did so . The contestants for the third series were : Celebrity Known for Professional partner Status Sarah Greene TV presenter Fred Palascak Eliminated 1st Natalie Pinkham TV presenter Andrei Lipanov Eliminated 2nd Michael Underwood TV presenter Melanie Lambert Withdrew Samantha Mumba Singer Pavel Aubrecht Eliminated 3rd Aggie MacKenzie TV presenter Sergey Malyshev Eliminated 4th Tim Vincent TV presenter Victoria Borzenkova Eliminated 5th Steve Backley Olympic javelin thrower Susie Lipanova Eliminated 6th Linda Lusardi Model & actress Daniel Whiston Eliminated 7th Greg Rusedski Tennis player Kristina Lenko Eliminated 8th Gareth Gates Singer Maria Filippov Eliminated 9th Zaraah Abrahams Actress Fred Palascak Third place Chris Fountain Actor Frankie Poultney Runner - up Suzanne Shaw Singer ( Hear'Say ) Matt Evers Winner Series 4 ( 2009 ) Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 4 ) The fourth series started on 11 January 2009 and ended on 22 March 2009 . Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby returned to co-present as well as Jayne Torvill , Christopher Dean and Karen Barber to mentor the celebrities . Barber , Nicky Slater , Jason Gardiner , Robin Cousins and Ruthie Henshall all returned to The Ice Panel for the fourth series . The contestants for the fourth series were : Celebrity Known for Professional partner Status Graeme Le Saux Former footballer Kristina Lenko Eliminated 1st ( Men 's round ) Gemma Bissix Actress Andrei Lipanov Eliminated 2nd ( Women 's round ) Jeremy Edwards Actor Darya Nucci Eliminated 3rd Michael Underwood TV presenter Melanie Lambert Eliminated 4th Todd Carty Actor Susie Lipanova Eliminated 5th Ellery Hanley Rugby player Frankie Poultney Eliminated 6th Melinda Messenger Model & TV presenter Fred Palascak Eliminated 7th Roxanne Pallett Actress Daniel Whiston Eliminated 8th Zöe Salmon TV presenter Matt Evers Eliminated 9th Coleen Nolan Singer & TV presenter Stuart Widdall Eliminated 10th Jessica Taylor Singer ( Liberty X ) Pavel Aubrecht Third place Donal MacIntyre Journalist Florentine Houdinière Runner - up Ray Quinn Singer & actor Maria Filippov Winner Series 5 ( 2010 ) Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 5 ) The fifth series began on 10 January 2010 and ended on 28 March 2010 . Jayne Torvill , Christopher Dean and Karen Barber returned to train the celebrities , with Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby returning as co-presenters . Barber , Nicky Slater , Jason Gardiner and Robin Cousins returned for their fifth series on The Ice Panel . However , Ruthie Henshall did not return for her third series on The Ice Panel and was replaced by singer Emma Bunton . In addition to the main show , there was also a new spin - off show called Dancing on Ice Friday which gives viewers the insight to the training of the celebrities . It was presented by Ben Shephard and former contestant Coleen Nolan and broadcast from 8 pm to 8.30 pm on Friday evenings on ITV . Cousins did not appear as a judge for weeks 6 and 7 due to commentary commitments for the Winter Olympics , so Barber was temporary head judge during Cousins 's absence . Michael Ball took his place on 14 February and Angela Rippon filled in for him on 21 February . The contestants for the fifth series were : Celebrity Known for Professional partner Status Sinitta Singer Andrei Lipanov Eliminated 1st ( Women 's round ) Bobby Davro Comedian Molly Moenkhoff Eliminated 2nd ( Men 's round ) Jeremy Sheffield Actor Susie Lipanova Eliminated 3rd Tana Ramsay TV presenter Stuart Widdall Eliminated 4th Heather Mills Businesswoman & activist Matt Evers Eliminated 5th Dr. Hilary Jones TV presenter Alexandra Schauman Eliminated 6th Sharron Davies Former Olympic swimmer Pavel Aubrecht Eliminated 7th Emily Atack Actress Fred Palascak Eliminated 8th Mikey Graham Singer ( Boyzone ) Melanie Lambert Eliminated 9th Danny Young Actor Frankie Poultney Eliminated 10th Danniella Westbrook Actress Matthew Gonzalez Eliminated 11th Kieron Richardson Actor Brianne Delcourt Third place Gary Lucy Actor Maria Filippov Second place Hayley Tamaddon Actress Daniel Whiston Winner Series 6 ( 2011 ) Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 6 ) The sixth series started on 9 January 2011 and ended on 27 March 2011 with the following 16 celebrities taking part . Although 16 celebrities are confirmed to take part , in a shocking twist , the first two episodes were qualifying rounds , in each of which eight couples skated and two were eliminated , so that only 12 couples reached the competition proper . For the first time , viewers in the Republic of Ireland were able to vote via the TV3 Ireland website . Christopher Dean and Jayne Torvill returned to mentor the contestants , with Karen Barber moving from The Ice Panel to the role of head coach . Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby returned as co-presenters for their sixth series . Jason Gardiner , Robin Cousins and Emma Bunton returned to The Ice Panel , but Nicky Slater did not . The contestants for the sixth series are : Celebrity Known for Professional partner Status Angela Rippon TV presenter Sean Rice Did not qualify ( Qualifying round 1 ) Nadia Sawalha Actress & TV presenter Mark Hanretty Craig McLachlan Actor Maria Filippov Did not qualify ( Qualifying round 2 ) Elen Rivas Model Łukasz Różycki Steven Arnold Actor Nina Ulanova Eliminated 1st Dominic Cork Cricketer Alexandra Schauman Eliminated 2nd Jennifer Metcalfe Actress Sylvain Longchambon Eliminated 3rd Comedy Dave Radio DJ Frankie Poultney Eliminated 4th Kerry Katona Singer ( Atomic Kitten ) Daniel Whiston Eliminated 5th Vanilla Ice Rapper Katie Stainsby Eliminated 6th Denise Welch Actress & TV presenter Matt Evers Eliminated 7th Jeff Brazier TV presenter Isabelle Gauthier Eliminated 8th Johnson Beharry Soldier Jodeyne Higgins Eliminated 9th Chloe Madeley Model & TV presenter Michael Zenezini Third place Laura Hamilton TV presenter Colin Ratushniak Second place Sam Attwater Actor Brianne Delcourt Winner Series 7 ( 2012 ) Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 7 ) The seventh series started on 8 January 2012 . The celebrities were revealed on 3 January 2012 . Phillip Schofield returned as presenter and was joined by Christine Bleakley following the departure of Holly Willoughby , with Christopher Dean , Jayne Torvill and Karen Barber returning to mentor the celebrities . Robin Cousins was the only judge from series 6 to return , with six consecutive European champion Katarina Witt and choreographer Louie Spence replacing Emma Bunton and Jason Gardiner . The contestants for the seventh series are as follows . Singer Chesney Hawkes was originally part of the line - up , but withdrew after sustaining an injury . His replacement was The X Factor contestant Chico Slimani . Celebrity Known for Professional partner Status Andy Akinwolere TV presenter Maria Filippov Eliminated 1st Laila Morse Actress Łukasz Różycki Eliminated 2nd Mark Rhodes TV presenter Frankie Poultney Eliminated 3rd Corey Feldman Actor Brooke Castile Eliminated 4th Charlene Tilton Actress Matthew Gonzalez Eliminated 5th Rosemary Conley Businesswoman & author Mark Hanretty Eliminated 6th Sébastien Foucan Freerunner Brianne Delcourt Eliminated 7th Heidi Range Singer ( Sugababes ) Andrei Lipanov Eliminated 8th Sam Nixon TV presenter Alexandra Schauman Eliminated 9th Andy Whyment Actor Vicky Ogden Eliminated 10th Chemmy Alcott Alpine ski racer Sean Rice Eliminated 11th Jennifer Ellison Actress Daniel Whiston Eliminated 12th Chico Slimani Singer Jodeyne Higgins Third place Jorgie Porter Actress Matt Evers Second place Matthew Wolfenden Actor Nina Ulanova Winner Series 8 ( 2013 ) Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 8 ) The eighth series started on 6 January 2013 . The line - up was officially announced on 18 December 2012 . Consisting of twelve couples , series 8 was the shortest series to air , and had the lowest number of couples since series 3 in 2008 . Christopher Dean , Jayne Torvill and Karen Barber returned to mentor the celebrities , with Barber returning to The Ice Panel after two series away . Phillip Schofield and Christine Bleakley returned to co-present . Head judge Robin Cousins and Barber were joined on The Ice Panel by former judge Jason Gardiner and former The Pussycat Dolls singer Ashley Roberts , who replaced Louie Spence and Katarina Witt . Celebrity Known for Professional partner Status Pamela Anderson Actress Matt Evers Eliminated 1st Lauren Goodger Reality TV star Michael Zenezini Eliminated 2nd Oona King Politician Mark Hanretty Eliminated 3rd Anthea Turner TV presenter Andrew Buchanan Eliminated 4th Shayne Ward Singer Maria Filippov Eliminated 5th Joe Pasquale Comedian Vicky Ogden Eliminated 6th Keith Chegwin TV presenter Olga Sharutenko Eliminated 7th Samia Ghadie Actress Sylvain Longchambon Eliminated 8th Gareth Thomas Retired rugby player Robin Johnstone Withdrew Luke Campbell Boxer Jenna Smith Third place Matt Lapinskas Actor Brianne Delcourt Second place Beth Tweddle Olympic gymnast Daniel Whiston Winner Series 9 : all -- Stars ( 2014 ) Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 9 ) The ninth series of Dancing on Ice began airing on 5 January 2014 . It was announced on 21 May 2013 by Christopher Dean and Jayne Torvill that it would be their last time as coaches , and ITV 's Director of Television , Peter Fincham , confirmed that the programme would be cancelled after this . On 24 June 2013 , it was reported that Dancing on Ice could continue with new coaches , however , on 22 October 2013 it was confirmed that this series will be the show 's last series . It was later announced that the ninth series would be an `` all -- star '' series , featuring former winners and other contestants from the eight previous series . The 14 - strong line up was revealed on 11 December 2013 , included 6 former champions , 6 other top - four finishers , plus Joe Pasquale and Todd Carty . Phillip Schofield and Christine Bleakley returned to co-present . Dean , Torvill and Karen Barber returned to mentor the celebrities . Robin Cousins , Jason Gardiner , Barber and Ashley Roberts returned for their respective ninth , eighth , seventh and second series on The Ice Panel . Cousins was absent for weeks 6 and 7 due to commentating the 2014 Winter Olympics , so former judge Nicky Slater returned in his place and Barber was temporary head judge . Celebrity Original series Professional partner Status Jorgie Porter Series 7 -- 2nd Sylvain Longchambon Eliminated 1st Joe Pasquale Series 8 -- 7th Robin Johnstone Eliminated 2nd David Seaman Series 1 -- 4th Frankie Poultney Eliminated 3rd Gary Lucy Series 5 -- 2nd Katie Stainsby Eliminated 4th Todd Carty Series 4 -- 9th Alexandra Schauman Eliminated 5th Zaraah Abrahams Series 3 -- 3rd Andrew Buchanan Eliminated 6th Bonnie Langford Series 1 -- 3rd Andrei Lipanov Eliminated 7th Gareth Gates Series 3 -- 4th Brianne Delcourt Eliminated 8th Suzanne Shaw Series 3 -- 1st Matt Evers Eliminated 9th Kyran Bracken Series 2 -- 1st Nina Ulanova Eliminated 10th Sam Attwater Series 6 -- 1st Vicky Ogden Eliminated 11th Beth Tweddle Series 8 -- 1st Łukasz Różycki Third place Hayley Tamaddon Series 5 -- 1st Daniel Whiston Runner up Ray Quinn Series 4 -- 1st Maria Filippov Winner Series 10 ( 2018 ) Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 10 ) On 4 September 2017 , it was announced on This Morning that Dancing on Ice would return with Willoughby and Schofield as presenters , and Torvill and Dean returning in new roles of head judges . It was also revealed that Jason Gardiner would be returning to the Ice Panel , along with Diversity member Ashley Banjo . With the announcement of the new series it was confirmed that the show would have a new set , new graphics , a new logo and a new theme tune , including the contestants and professionals faces for the first time . The show 's new logo was released on the official Twitter account . The series will be filmed at RAF Bovingdon . Celebrity Known for Professional partner Status Candice Brown The Great British Bake Off winner Matt Evers Eliminated 1st Stephanie Waring Actress Sylvain Longchambon Eliminated 2nd Perri Shakes - Drayton Athlete Hamish Gaman Eliminated 3rd Cheryl Baker Singer ( Bucks Fizz ) & TV presenter Daniel Whiston Eliminated 4th Lemar Singer , songwriter & producer Melody Le Moal Eliminated 5th Antony Cotton Actor Brandee Malto Eliminated 6th & 7th Donna Air Actress & TV presenter Mark Hanretty Alex Beresford Weather forecaster Brianne Delcourt Eliminated 8th Kem Cetinay Reality TV star Alex Murphy Eliminated 9th Max Evans Rugby union player Ale Izquierdo Third place Brooke Vincent Actress Matej Silecky Runner - up Jake Quickenden Singer & reality TV star Vanessa Bauer Winner Series 11 ( 2019 ) It was announced on 25 January 2018 that Dancing on Ice would return for an eleventh series in 2019 . The presenters , judges and participating celebrities are yet to be confirmed by ITV . Series averages All information in this table comes from BARB . including figures from ITV + 1 and ITV HD channels Series Day # Ep . Premiere Final Aired Average viewers ( in millions ) Date Viewers ( in millions ) Date Viewers ( in millions ) Saturdays 16 14 January 2006 9.83 4 March 2006 11.68 2006 9.12 18 20 January 2007 9.08 17 March 2007 9.14 2007 8.00 Sundays 20 13 January 2008 9.34 16 March 2008 12.08 2008 8.93 22 11 January 2009 8.83 22 March 2009 11.31 2009 8.86 5 23 10 January 2010 9.64 28 March 2010 9.42 8.28 6 23 9 January 2011 10.23 27 March 2011 9.35 2011 8.15 7 23 8 January 2012 8.42 25 March 2012 7.01 2012 6.63 8 19 6 January 2013 7.49 10 March 2013 7.36 2013 6.32 9 19 5 January 2014 6.76 9 March 2014 5.98 2014 5.04 10 10 7 January 2018 8.56 11 March 2018 2018 Awards Year Group Award Result Reference ( s ) 2006 National Television Awards Most Popular Entertainment Programme Nominated 2007 National Television Awards Most Popular Talent Show Nominated 2008 National Television Awards Most Popular Talent Show Nominated TV Quick Awards Best Talent Show Nominated 2009 National Television Awards Most Popular Talent Show Nominated TV Quick Awards Best Talent Show Nominated RTS Craft & Design Award Best Costume Design Won RTS Craft & Design Award Best Multicamera Work Nominated RTS Craft & Design Award Best Costume Design Nominated 2011 National Television Awards Most Popular Talent Show Nominated RTS Craft & Design Award Best Costume Design Nominated 2012 National Television Awards Most Popular Talent Show Nominated 2013 National Television Awards Most Popular Talent Show Nominated 2014 National Television Awards Most Popular Talent Show Nominated TRIC Awards TRIC Special Award Won Guest singers Series 2 -- Week 6 : Take That with `` Shine '' and `` Patience '' Series 3 -- Week 3 : Westlife with `` World of Our Own '' and `` Us Against The World '' Series 3 -- Week 9 : Leona Lewis with `` Footprints in the Sand '' and `` Better in Time '' Series 4 -- Week 5 : Bette Midler with `` From a Distance '' Series 4 -- Week 7 : Will Young with `` Let It Go '' Series 4 -- Week 10 : Girls Aloud with `` Untouchable '' Series 5 -- Week 2 : The Saturdays with `` Ego '' Series 5 -- Week 5 : Mumford & Sons with `` The Cave '' Series 5 -- Week 5 : Pixie Lott with `` Use Somebody '' and `` Cry Me Out '' Series 5 -- Week 8 : Katherine Jenkins and Andrew Lloyd Webber with `` Love Never Dies '' Series 5 -- Week 11 : Alexandra Burke with `` All Night Long '' Series 6 -- Qualifying Week 2 : Ellie Goulding with `` Your Song '' Series 6 -- Week 5 : Rumer with `` What the World Needs Now Is Love '' Series 6 -- Week 7 : Nicole Scherzinger with `` Do n't Hold Your Breath '' Series 6 -- Week 8 & 10 : The Overtones ( house band for week 10 ) Series 7 -- Week 2 : Pixie Lott with `` Kiss the Stars '' Series 7 -- Week 4 : Christina Perri with `` Jar of Hearts '' Series 7 -- Week 5 : One Direction with `` What Makes You Beautiful '' and `` One Thing '' Series 7 -- Week 10 : Marcus Collins with `` Seven Nation Army '' Series 8 -- Week 3 : Little Mix with `` Change Your Life '' Series 8 -- Week 7 : Olly Murs with `` Army of Two '' Series 8 -- Week 8 : Jools Holland and Rumer Series 9 -- Week 4 : Rebecca Ferguson with `` In My Life '' ( with Torvill and Dean ) and `` All That I 've Got '' ( with professional skaters ) Series 9 -- Semi-final : Kodaline with `` High Hopes '' Series 10 -- Week 7 : Camila Cabello with `` Never Be the Same '' Spin - offs Like many other reality TV shows , Dancing on Ice has had a number of supplementary shows . The first was Dancing on Ice Defrosted . It was presented by Stephen Mulhern and aired on ITV2 immediately after the main ITV show and again after the results show . The show featured opinions from celebrity guests and past contestants as well as from Torvill and Dean , the judges , presenters and competitors . Judge Nicky Slater also offered in - depth analysis of various performances using the latest video technology that the judges use to judge performances . The second spin - off show was originally called Dancing on Ice Extra and was presented by Andi Peters and Andrea McLean , both competitors in the first series . Midway through the first series Paul O'Grady left ITV to join Channel 4 meaning that ITV had no show to put on air at 5 pm . The format of Dancing on Ice Defrosted was modified so that it could be broadcast every weekday . Due to Andrea 's maternity leave during the second series she did not return to present the show and therefore Ben Shephard joined the show as the anchor presenter , and , unlike during the previous , series Andi Peters was now a roving reporter around the studio . For its second run the show was renamed Dancing on Ice Exclusive . Neither of these first two spin - off shows returned in 2008 nor 2009 . In 2010 it was announced that a new spin - off show would accompany Dancing on Ice , named Dancing on Ice Friday , presented by Ben Shephard and Coleen Nolan . Champion of champions ( 2007 ) This took place on Saturday 24 March 2007 and featured finalists from both Series 1 and Series 2 . All six celebrities did one routine each , scored by the judges , and then voted on by the public . The two couples finishing first after the public voted skated again in the skate off to decide the winner . The skaters that did not reach the skate off -- 3rd to 6th -- were announced `` in no particular order '' , so ranks may not be accurate . Place Celebrity Partner Position on Dancing on Ice Score 1st Kyran Bracken Melanie Lambert Series 2 winner 6.0 + 6.0 + 5.5 + 6.0 + 6.0 = 29.5 2nd Clare Buckfield Andrei Lipanov Series 2 runner - up 5.5 + 5.5 + 4.5 + 5.0 + 5.5 = 26.0 3rd Bonnie Langford Matt Evers Series 1 third place ( final ) 5.0 + 5.5 + 5.5 + 5.5 + 5.0 = 26.5 4th Duncan James Maria Filippov Series 2 third place ( final ) 4.5 + 5.5 + 5.5 + 5.5 + 5.0 = 26.0 5th Gaynor Faye Daniel Whiston Series 1 winner 5.0 + 5.5 + 5.0 + 5.0 + 5.0 = 25.5 6th Stefan Booth Kristina Lenko Series 1 runner - up 4.5 + 5.0 + 4.0 + 4.5 + 4.5 = 22.5 Dancing on Ice at Christmas ( 2008 ) For Christmas 2008 , Torvill and Dean went head to head with Jayne Torvill having a team of three female celebrities , and Christopher Dean having a team of three male celebrities . The judges were the usual line - up of Robin Cousins , Ruthie Henshall , Jason Gardiner , Karen Barber and Nicky Slater . Holly Willoughby and Phillip Schofield presented the 90 - minute programme . Place Celebrity Partner Position on Dancing on Ice Score 1st Suzanne Shaw Matt Evers Series 3 winner 6.0 + 6.0 + 6.0 + 6.0 + 6.0 = 30.0 2nd Chris Fountain Frankie Poultney Series 3 runner - up 6.0 + 6.0 + 5.0 + 5.5 + 5.5 = 28.0 3rd Kyran Bracken Melanie Lambert Series 2 winner 5.5 + 5.5 + 5.0 + 5.5 + 5.5 = 27.0 4th Clare Buckfield Pavel Aubrecht Series 2 runner - up 5.5 + 5.5 + 4.5 + 5.0 + 5.5 = 26.0 5th Duncan James Maria Filippov Series 2 third place 5.0 + 5.0 + 5.0 + 5.0 + 4.5 = 24.5 6th Zaraah Abrahams Fred Palascak Series 3 third place 5.0 + 4.5 + 4.5 + 5.0 + 5.0 = 24.0 Team Torvill scored 80 points to Team Dean 's 79.5 and won the show by also receiving the majority of the audience votes . Suzanne Shaw received the perfect score of 30 for the third time in a row . In her last two appearances on the show she has picked up the trophy . Dancing on Ice : Make Me a star ( 2008 ) A 30 - minute prime time spin - off to Dancing on Ice premiered on 26 January 2008 and ran for a few episodes , presented solely by Holly Willoughby . This both showed some exclusive footage of the celebrities training for the Sunday night main show and followed Torvill and Dean on the search for a member of the public to perform on the Dancing on Ice final in 2009 . Shows : Kyran Bracken skated with his new partner ( they have been on Holiday on Ice ) David Seaman and Melanie Lambert showed what to expect on the Tour Clare Buckfield and Andrei Lipanov did a new performance of `` Reach '' Dancing on Ice : Ice star ( 2009 ) This was shown after the announcement of the bottom two had been made but before the skate off . It showed Torvill and Dean 's search for an entertainment act on ice , with auditions from all kinds of ice skaters . The winner skated live on the Dancing on Ice 2009 final and join Torvill and Dean on tour . From a shortlist of 20 acts , Torvill and Dean invited only 4 back to give another performance in the Dancing on Ice studio . The final 4 were : Hannah and Daniel -- Child pairs skaters Nick Rigby -- Figure skater The Oxford Freestylers -- Stunt and trick performers The Elody -- Skating girlband The best skater to slip through the net was Grimsby born Daniel Bennett who initially impressed Christopher Dean on his first audition . Controversially however Jane Torvil denied him entry after his cataclismic fall on the quarter finals just metres away from the legendary skating duo . The Oxford Freestylers won and performed live on the Dancing on Ice 2009 final . Dancing on Ice goes gold ( 2012 ) An Olympic special aired on 22 July 2012 , before the London 2012 Summer Olympics . It featured medal - winning Olympic athletes . The one - off special featured the judges from series 7 , with Phillip Schofield and Christine Bleakley returning as presenters . Torvill & Dean unveiled a new and specially - crafted performance . Head judge , Robin Cousins also performed a solo routine for first time in twelve years . Olympian Sport Medals Professional partner Judges scores Status Steve Williams OBE Rowing Gold , Coxless Four ( Athens 2004 , Beijing 2008 ) Katie Stainsby 9.5 , 9.5 , 10.0 = 29.0 Gold ( Winner ) Olga Korbut Gymnastics 4 Gold & 2 Silver ( Munich 1972 , Montreal 1976 ) Matthew Gonzalez 10.0 , 9.0 , 9.5 = 28.5 Silver ( 2nd place ) Pippa Wilson MBE Sailing Gold , Yngling sailing ( Beijing 2008 ) Mark Hanretty 9.0 , 9.5 , 9.5 = 28.0 Bronze ( 3rd place ) Gail Emms MBE Badminton Silver , Mixed Doubles ( Athens 2004 ) Łukasz Różycki 9.0 , 9.0 , 9.5 = 27.5 Eliminated Colin Jackson CBE Hurdling , Sprinting Silver , 110m Hurdles ( Seoul Olympics 1988 ) Frankie Poultney 9.0 , 8.5 , 9.0 = 26.5 Eliminated Jamie Baulch Sprinting Silver , 4 × 400 m relay ( Atlanta 1996 ) Maria Filippov 8.5 , 8.5 , 9.0 = 26.0 Eliminated Tessa Sanderson CBE Javelin Gold ( LA 1984 ) Yannick Bonheur 7.5 , 7.5 , 8.0 = 23.0 Eliminated The judges scores were added to the studio audiences votes to decide the winner . No public vote took place , as the programme was recorded earlier in the year . Dancing on Ice Friday ( 2010 ) A brand new spin - off show for the 2010 series of Dancing on Ice , appropriately called Dancing on Ice Friday , gave viewers the insight to the training of the celebrities over the last week . It was presented by television presenter Ben Shephard and former contestant and Loose Women star Coleen Nolan . The show was broadcast from 8 pm to 8.30 pm on Friday evenings on ITV throughout the duration of the main shows season . STV who broadcast the main show did not broadcast this on the Friday evening but after repeating the previous week 's main show on the following Saturday afternoon . Due to poor ratings , Dancing on Ice Friday was axed prior to the 2011 series . Studio set and Ice rink The show was based in the George Lucas Stage at Elstree Studios from 2006 to 2010 . In 2011 the show was broadcast from Shepperton Studios . In 2012 it returned to Elstree with a new , more modern set . There were several areas of the Elstree studio . The Tunnel was to the left of the rink and was where the couples entered the rink . The Ice Cave was situated at the back of the rink and was where Phillip Schofield stood to interview the couples . The Judges and Contestants Area was to the right of the rink and was where the judging panel were based , and where Holly Willoughby or Christine Bleakley stood to speak to them and the couples . The ice rink measured 30 × 15m . For the 2018 revival series the show was relocated to a purpose - built studio at RAF Bovingdon . Dancing on Ice : The Tour Main article : Dancing on Ice : The Tour Merchandise A DVD , featuring highlights from Series 1 , and a CD , containing music from Series 1 , were released shortly after it ended . A highlights DVD for Series 2 was released on 2 April 2007 and a Series 3 highlights DVD was released on 7 April 2008 . There is a Series 4 DVD in The Series 1 -- 5 Boxset ; you can ` t buy it by itself . The Series 5 Highlights DVD was released on 12 April 2010 and the Live Tour 2010 DVD was released on 29 November 2010 . A compilation boxset of highlights of Series 1 -- 5 has also been released . The Live Tours are also filmed at a different location each year by Live Nation UK Ltd who own the rights to the tours and released on DVD by Universal Media . The Live 25th Bolero Anniversary Tour DVD was released in November 2009 . References Jump up ^ `` Torvill and Dean skate on to ITV '' . BBC News . 25 November 2004 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Judges -- Karen Barber ITV -- Dancing on Ice Jump up ^ Midgley , Neil ( 28 August 2007 ) . `` Dancing on thin ice '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ TV ratings : March 16 -- Dancing on Ice final wins for ITV The Guardian Jump up ^ Dancing on Ice -- News -- Torvill and Dean get £ 1.5 m ' Dancing ' deal Digital Spy Jump up ^ Magrath , Andrea ( 18 November 2011 ) . `` Skating on in : Christine Bleakley to replace Holly Willoughby as co-host of Dancing on Ice '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` Press releases Programme press releases Dancing on Ice judges -- ITV Press Centre '' . Itv.com . Archived from the original on 6 December 2011 . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing on Ice ' : Jason Gardiner to replace Louie Spence -- Dancing on Ice News -- Reality TV '' . Digital Spy. 20 November 2012 . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TV News '' . AudienceTickets.net . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 26 January 2013 at Archive.is ^ Jump up to : Eames , Tom ( 21 May 2013 ) . `` ' Dancing on Ice ' to air final series in 2014 , confirms Torvill and Dean '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Dancing on Ice ' to survive axe ? '' . Digital Spy. 24 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dancing on Ice to end in 2014 '' . ITV Press Centre . 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice to return in 2018 '' . ITV Press Centre . 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice confirms Ashley Banjo as judge for 2018 series '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Is Jason Gardiner returning to Dancing on Ice ? Judging line - up of ITV show CONFIRMED '' . Radio Times . 25 October 2017 . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Banjo will join brother Ashley on Dancing on Ice as digital host ... whatever that means '' . Digital Spy. 8 December 2017 . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Mottershead , Lee ( 16 December 2017 ) . `` Matt Chapman gets his skates on to become voice of ITV 's Dancing on Ice - Horse Racing News - Racing Post '' . www.racingpost.com . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice commentator Matt Chapman quits after one episode '' . Radio Times . 12 January 2018 . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Matterface replaces Matt Chapman as Dancing on Ice commentator '' . Radio Times . 12 January 2018 . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dancing on Ice will return in 2019 '' . Radio Times . 25 January 2018 . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice series 3 '' . Digital Spy. 21 May 2007 . Retrieved 21 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` About the show '' . itv.com. 5 December 2007 . Retrieved 30 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice -- TV3 '' . Tv3.ie . Archived from the original on 15 March 2011 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice dates confirmed News Phillip Schofield '' . Officialphillipschofield.com . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing on Ice ' lineup revealed : Heidi Range , Jennifer Ellison , more -- Dancing on Ice News -- Reality TV '' . Digital Spy. 3 January 2012 . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chesney 's ice exit '' . itv.com. 4 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 9 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing on Ice ' return date confirmed '' . Digital Spy. 13 December 2012 . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice 2013 celebrity line - up revealed '' . Newsbeat . BBC Online . 18 December 2012 . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pamela Anderson , Samia Ghadie and Shayne Ward get their skates on as Dancing on Ice 2013 line - up is announced '' . Daily Mail . 17 December 2012 . Retrieved 19 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing on Ice ' returns for All Stars final series '' . Digital Spy. 14 November 2013 . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Line up revealed tonight ! '' . Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice All - Stars cast unveiled '' . 11 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice returning to ITV in 2018 with big change '' . Digital Spy. 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice ( @ dancingonice ) - Twitter '' . twitter.com . Jump up ^ `` Dancing On Ice makes Bovingdon its new home '' . www.hemeltoday.co.uk . Jump up ^ Top Programmes BARB Jump up ^ `` NTAs 2013 - Nominations in full '' . 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Take That on Dancing On Ice Metro , 16 February 2007 Jump up ^ `` Log into Facebook - Facebook '' . Facebook . Jump up ^ Leona Lewis ' blades of glory The Sun , 29 February 2008 Jump up ^ Pixie Lott sings ' Cry Me Out ' on Dancing On Ice 2010 Archived 12 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Unreality TV , 7 February 2010 Jump up ^ Pixie Lott opens Dancing on Ice with Kings of Leon classic STV , 9 February 2010 Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice : Make Me a Star '' . itv.com. 16 January 2008 . Retrieved 18 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing On Ice makes Bovingdon its new home '' . www.hemeltoday.co.uk . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dancing on Ice . Dancing on Ice at itv.com Dancing on Ice at stv.tv Dancing on Ice on Facebook Dancing on Ice on Twitter Dancing on Ice on IMDb Dancing on Ice Series 5 6 7 8 9 10 Winners Celebrities Gaynor Faye Kyran Bracken Suzanne Shaw Ray Quinn Hayley Tamaddon Sam Attwater Matthew Wolfenden Beth Tweddle Jake Quickenden Professionals Daniel Whiston Melanie Lambert Matt Evers Maria Filippov Brianne Delcourt Nina Ulanova Vanessa Bauer Other Professionals Viktoria Borzenkova Brooke Castile Hamish Gaman Isabelle Gauthier Mark Hanretty Jodeyne Higgins Florentine Houdinière Marika Humphreys Sylvain Longchambon Pamela O'Connor Colin Ratushniak Sean Rice Łukasz Różycki Todd Sand Olga Sharutenko Michael Zenezini Dancing on Ice around the world Versions United Kingdom United States Poland Greece Australia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dancing_on_Ice&oldid=835628998 '' Categories : 2000s British reality television series 2006 British television programme debuts 2010s British reality television series British reality television series Dancing on Ice English - language television programs Figure skating in the United Kingdom Figure skating on television ITV reality television programmes Television series by ITV Studios Television series revived after cancellation Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from January 2014 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Gaeilge Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Svenska 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 20 : 53 . 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The Rolling Stones - wikipedia The Rolling Stones Jump to : navigation , search `` Rolling Stones '' redirects here . For other uses , see Rolling Stones ( disambiguation ) . For the magazine , see Rolling Stone . The Rolling Stones The Rolling Stones performing at Summerfest in Milwaukee in 2015 . Left to right : Charlie Watts , Ronnie Wood , Mick Jagger and Keith Richards Background information Origin London , England Genres Rock blues Years active 1962 -- present Labels Decca London Rolling Stones Virgin ABKCO Interscope Polydor Associated acts The New Barbarians Billy Preston Faces The Pretty Things John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers Bill Wyman 's Rhythm Kings Website rollingstones.com Members Mick Jagger Keith Richards Charlie Watts Ronnie Wood Past members Brian Jones Ian Stewart Dick Taylor Bill Wyman Mick Taylor The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in London , England in 1962 . The first stable line - up consisted of Brian Jones ( guitar , harmonica ) , Mick Jagger ( lead vocals ) , Keith Richards ( guitar , backing vocals ) , Bill Wyman ( bass ) , Charlie Watts ( drums ) , and Ian Stewart ( piano ) . Stewart was removed from the official line - up in 1963 but continued as a touring member until his death in 1985 . Jones left the band less than a month before his death in 1969 , having already been replaced by Mick Taylor , who remained until 1974 . After Taylor left the band , Ronnie Wood took his place in 1975 and has been on guitar in tandem with Richards ever since . Following Wyman 's departure in 1993 , Darryl Jones joined as their touring bassist . Touring keyboardists for the band have been Nicky Hopkins ( 1967 -- 1982 ) , Ian McLagan ( 1978 -- 1981 ) , Billy Preston ( through the mid-1970s ) and Chuck Leavell ( 1982 -- present ) . The band was first led by Brian Jones , but after developing into the band 's songwriters , Jagger and Richards assumed leadership when Jones was dealing with personal troubles and legal issues . The Rolling Stones were at the forefront of the British Invasion of bands that became popular in the United States in 1964 , and identified with the youthful and rebellious counterculture of the 1960s . Rooted in blues and early rock and roll , the group began a short period of musical experimentation in the mid-1960s that peaked with the psychedelic album Their Satanic Majesties Request ( 1967 ) . Subsequently , the group returned to its `` bluesy '' roots with Beggars Banquet ( 1968 ) which along with its follow - ups Let It Bleed ( 1969 ) , Sticky Fingers ( 1971 ) and Exile on Main St. ( 1972 ) is generally considered to be the band 's best work and is seen as their `` Golden Age '' . During this period , they were first introduced on stage as `` The Greatest Rock and Roll Band in the World '' . Musicologist Robert Palmer attributed the endurance of the Rolling Stones to their being `` rooted in traditional verities , in rhythm - and - blues and soul music '' , while `` more ephemeral pop fashions have come and gone '' . The band continued to release commercially successful albums , including Some Girls ( 1978 ) and Tattoo You ( 1981 ) , which were their most popular albums worldwide . From 1983 to 1987 , tensions between Jagger and Richards almost caused the band to split . However , they managed to patch up their friendship after they separated temporarily to work on solo projects , and experienced a comeback with Steel Wheels ( 1989 ) , which was followed by a large stadium and arena tour . Since the 1990s , new recorded material from the group has been less well - received and less frequent . Despite this , the Rolling Stones have continued to be a huge attraction on the live circuit , with stadium tours in the 1990s and 2000s . By 2007 , the band had four of the top five highest - grossing concert tours of all time : Voodoo Lounge Tour ( 1994 -- 1995 ) , Bridges to Babylon Tour ( 1997 -- 1998 ) , Licks Tour ( 2002 -- 2003 ) and A Bigger Bang Tour ( 2005 -- 2007 ) . The Rolling Stones were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989 and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2004 . Rolling Stone magazine ranked them fourth on the `` 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' list and their estimated album sales are above 250 million . They have released 30 studio albums , 18 live albums and numerous compilations . Let It Bleed ( 1969 ) was their first of five consecutive No. 1 studio and live albums in the UK . Sticky Fingers ( 1971 ) was the first of eight consecutive No. 1 studio albums in the US . In 2008 , the band ranked 10th on the Billboard Hot 100 All - Time Top Artists chart . In 2012 , the band celebrated its 50th anniversary . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 1962 -- 1964 : Building a following 1.3 1965 -- 1967 : Height of fame 1.4 1968 -- 1972 : `` Back to basics '' 1.5 1972 -- 1977 : Critical fluctuations and Ronnie Wood 1.6 1978 -- 1982 : Commercial peak 1.7 1983 -- 1988 : Band turmoil and solo efforts 1.8 1989 -- 1999 : Comeback , return to popularity , and record - breaking tours 1.9 2000 -- 2011 : A Bigger Bang and continued success 1.10 2012 -- present : 50th anniversary and covers album 2 Musical development 3 Legacy 4 Tours 5 Band members 6 Discography 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Footnotes 9.2 Sources 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) Early History ( edit ) Keith Richards and Mick Jagger became childhood friends and classmates in 1950 in Dartford , Kent , before the Jagger family moved to Wilmington , five miles ( 8.05 km ) away , in 1954 . In the mid-1950s , Jagger formed a garage band with his friend Dick Taylor ; the group mainly played material by Muddy Waters , Chuck Berry , Little Richard , Howlin ' Wolf and Bo Diddley . Jagger met Richards again on 17 October 1961 on platform two of Dartford railway station and the Chuck Berry and Muddy Waters records that Jagger was carrying revealed a common interest . A musical partnership began shortly afterwards . Richards joined Jagger and Taylor at frequent meetings at Jagger 's house . The meetings switched to Taylor 's house in late 1961 , where the three were joined by Alan Etherington and Bob Beckwith ; the quintet called themselves the Blues Boys . In March 1962 , the Blues Boys read about the Ealing Jazz Club in Jazz News newspaper , which mentioned Alexis Korner 's rhythm and blues band , Blues Incorporated . The group sent a tape of their best recordings to Korner , who was favourably impressed . On 7 April , Korner visited Ealing Jazz Club , where they met the members of Blues Incorporated , who included the slide guitarist Brian Jones , the keyboardist Ian Stewart and the drummer Charlie Watts . After a meeting with Korner , Jagger and Richards started jamming with the group . Jones , no longer in a band , advertised for bandmates in Jazz Weekly , while Stewart found them a practice space ; together they decided to start a band playing Chicago blues . Soon after , Jagger , Taylor and Richards left Blues Incorporated to join Jones and Stewart . At the first rehearsal were also the guitarist Geoff Bradford and the vocalist Brian Knight , both of whom decided not to join the band , citing objections to playing the Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley songs preferred by Jagger and Richards . In June 1962 the line - up of Jagger , Richards , Jones , Stewart and Taylor was completed with the addition of the drummer Tony Chapman . According to Richards , Jones named the band during a phone call to Jazz News . When asked by a journalist for the band 's name , Jones saw a Muddy Waters LP lying on the floor ; one of the tracks was `` Rollin ' Stone '' . 1962 -- 1964 : building a following ( edit ) The back room of what was the Crawdaddy Club in Richmond , London where the Rolling Stones had their first residency in 1963 Jones , Jagger , Richards , Stewart and Taylor played a gig billed as `` the Rollin ' Stones '' on 12 July 1962 , at the Marquee Club in London . Shortly afterwards the band went on their first tour of the UK , which they called a `` training ground '' tour , because it was a new experience for all of them . Their material included the Chicago blues as well as Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley songs . At that time , the line - up included neither bassist Bill Wyman , who joined in December 1962 , nor drummer Charlie Watts , who joined in January 1963 , thus completing the band 's original rhythm section . By 1963 they were finding their musical stride as well as popularity , and in 1964 two unscientific opinion polls rated them as Britain 's most popular group , even outranking the Beatles . The name of the band was changed shortly after their first gig to `` The Rolling Stones '' . The group 's then acting manager Giorgio Gomelsky secured a Sunday afternoon residency at the Crawdaddy Club in Richmond in February 1963 , which , Gomelsky claimed , triggered an `` international renaissance for the blues '' . In May 1963 , The Rolling Stones signed Andrew Loog Oldham as their manager ; he was a former publicist who had been directed to the band by his previous clients , the Beatles . Because Oldham was only nineteen and had not reached the age of majority -- he was also younger than anyone in the band -- he could not get an agent 's licence nor sign any contracts without his mother also signing . By necessity he joined with booking agent Eric Easton in order to secure record financing and assistance booking venues . Gomelsky , who had no written agreement with the band , was not consulted . Initially , Oldham tried to apply the strategy used by Brian Epstein , the Beatles ' manager : making the band members wear suits . Later , he changed his mind and imagined a band which contrasted with the Beatles , featuring unmatched clothing , long hair , an unclean appearance . He later said he wanted to make the Stones `` a raunchy , gamy , unpredictable bunch of undesirables '' and to `` establish that the Stones were threatening , uncouth and animalistic '' . Stewart left the official line - up , but remained road manager and touring keyboardist . On Stewart 's decision , Oldham later said `` Well , he just does n't look the part , and six is too many for ( fans ) to remember the faces in the picture . '' Later , Oldham reduced the ages of the band members in publicity to make them appear as teenagers . Decca Records , which had declined to enter into a deal with the Beatles , gave the Rolling Stones a recording contract with favourable terms . The band got three times a new act 's typical royalty rate , full artistic control of recordings and ownership of the recording master tapes . The deal also let the band use non-Decca recording studios . Regent Sound Studios , a mono facility equipped with egg boxes on the ceiling for sound treatment , became their preferred location . Oldham , who had no recording experience but made himself the band 's producer , said Regent had a sound that `` leaked , instrument - to - instrument , the right way '' creating a `` wall of noise '' that worked well for the band . Because of Regent 's low booking rates , the band could record for extended periods rather than the usual three - hour blocks then common at other studios . All tracks on the first Rolling Stones album were recorded there . Oldham contrasted the Rolling Stones ' independence with the Beatles ' obligation to record in EMI 's studios , saying it made them appear as `` mere mortals ... sweating in the studio for the man '' . He promoted the Rolling Stones as the nasty counterpoints to the Beatles by having the band pose unsmiling on the cover of their first album . He also encouraged the press to use provocative headlines such as `` Would you let your daughter marry a Rolling Stone ? '' , although Wyman says `` Our reputation and image as the Bad Boys came later , completely there , accidentally ... ( Oldham ) never did engineer it . He simply exploited it exhaustively '' . In a 1972 interview , Wyman stated `` We were the first pop group to break away from the whole Cliff Richard thing where the bands did little dance steps , wore identical uniforms and had snappy patter . '' A cover version of Chuck Berry 's `` Come On '' was the Rolling Stones ' first single , released on 7 June 1963 . The band refused to play it at live gigs , and Decca bought only one ad to promote the record . With Oldham 's direction , fan - club members bought copies at record shops polled by the charts , helping `` Come On '' rise to No. 21 on the UK Singles Chart . Having a charting single gave the band entree to play outside London , starting with a booking at the Outlook Club in Middlesbrough on 13 July , sharing the billing with the Hollies . Later in 1963 Oldham and Easton arranged the band 's first big UK concert tour as a supporting act for American stars including Bo Diddley , Little Richard and the Everly Brothers . The tour gave the band the opportunity to hone their stagecraft . During the tour the band recorded their second single , a Lennon -- McCartney - penned number entitled `` I Wanna Be Your Man '' ; it reached No. 12 in the UK charts . `` I Wanna Be Your Man '' was written and given to the Stones when John Lennon and Paul McCartney visited them in the studio as the two Beatles liked to give the copyrights to songs away to their friends . A Beatles version of the song was also recorded and released on the 1963 album With the Beatles . The third single by the Stones , Buddy Holly 's `` Not Fade Away '' , itself based on Bo Diddley 's style , was released in February 1964 and reached No. 3 . Oldham saw little future for an act that lost significant songwriting royalties by playing songs of what he described as `` middle - aged blacks '' , limiting the appeal to teenage audiences . Jagger and Richards decided to write songs together , the first batch of which Oldham described as `` soppy and imitative '' . Because the band 's songwriting developed slowly , songs on their first album The Rolling Stones ( 1964 ; issued in the US as England 's Newest Hit Makers ) , were primarily covers , with only one Jagger / Richards original -- `` Tell Me ( You 're Coming Back ) '' -- and two numbers credited to Nanker Phelge , the pen name for songs written by the entire group . The Rolling Stones ' first US tour in June 1964 was , according to Wyman , `` a disaster ... When we arrived , we did n't have a hit record ( there ) or anything going for us . '' When the band appeared on the variety show The Hollywood Palace , that week 's guest host Dean Martin mocked both their hair and their performance . During the tour they recorded for two days at Chess Studios in Chicago , meeting many of their most important influences , including Muddy Waters . These sessions included what would become the Rolling Stones ' first No. 1 hit in the UK , their cover version of Bobby and Shirley Womack 's `` It 's All Over Now '' . The Stones followed the Famous Flames -- featuring James Brown -- in the filmed theatrical release of the 1964 film T.A.M.I. Show , which showcased American acts with British Invasion artists . According to Jagger , `` We were n't actually following James Brown because there was considerable time between the filming of each section . Nevertheless , he was still very annoyed about it ... '' On 25 October the band also appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show . Because of the initial pandemonium the Rolling Stones caused , Sullivan banned the band from his show , though he booked them for subsequent appearances in the following years . Their second LP , 12 X 5 , which was only available in the US , was released during the tour . During the early Stones releases , Richards was typically credited as ' Richard ' . The Rolling Stones ' fifth UK single , a cover of Willie Dixon 's `` Little Red Rooster '' -- with `` Off the Hook '' , credited to Nanker Phelge , as the B - side -- was released in November 1964 and became their second No. 1 hit in the UK . The band 's US distributors , London Records , declined to release `` Little Red Rooster '' as a single . In December 1964 , the distributor released the band 's first single with Jagger / Richards originals on both sides : `` Heart of Stone '' , with `` What a Shame '' as the B - side ; the single went to No. 19 in the US . 1965 -- 1967 : height of Fame ( edit ) The Rolling Stones performing at Georgia Southern College in Statesboro , Georgia , May 1965 . The band 's second UK LP , The Rolling Stones No. 2 , was released in January 1965 and reached No. 1 in the charts . The US version was released in February as The Rolling Stones , Now ! and reached No. 5 . The album was recorded at Chess Studios in Chicago and RCA Studios in Los Angeles . In January and February that year the band played 34 shows for around 100,000 people in Australia and New Zealand . The single `` The Last Time '' , released in February , was the first Jagger / Richards composition to reach No. 1 in the UK charts ; it reached No. 9 in the US . It was later identified by Richards as `` the bridge into thinking about writing for the Stones . It gave us a level of confidence ; a pathway of how to do it . '' Their first international No. 1 hit was `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' , recorded in May 1965 during the band 's third North American tour . Richards recorded the guitar riff that drives the song with a fuzzbox , planning to be a scratch track to guide a horn section . Nevertheless , the final cut was without the planned horn overdubs . Issued in the summer of 1965 , it was their fourth UK No. 1 and first in the US where it spent four weeks at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 , establishing worldwide commercial success for the band . The US version of the LP Out of Our Heads , released in July 1965 , also went to No 1 ; it included seven original songs , three Jagger / Richards numbers and four credited to Nanker Phelge . Their second international No. 1 single , `` Get Off of My Cloud '' was released in the autumn of 1965 , followed by another US - only LP , December 's Children . A trade ad for the 1965 Rolling Stones ' North American tour The album Aftermath , released in the late spring of 1966 , was the first LP to be composed entirely of Jagger / Richards songs ; it reached No. 1 in the UK and No. 2 in the US . On this album Jones ' contributions expanded beyond guitar and harmonica . To the Middle Eastern - influenced `` Paint It , Black '' he added sitar , to the ballad `` Lady Jane '' he added dulcimer and to `` Under My Thumb '' he added marimbas . Aftermath also contained `` Goin ' Home '' , a nearly 12 - minute - long song that included elements of jamming and improvisation . The Stones ' success on the British and American singles charts peaked during the 1960s . `` 19th Nervous Breakdown '' was released in February 1966 , and reached No. 2 in the UK and US charts ; `` Paint It , Black '' reached No. 1 in the UK and US in May 1966 . `` Mother 's Little Helper '' , released in June 1966 , reached No. 8 in the US ; it was one of the first pop songs to address the issue of prescription drug abuse . `` Have You Seen Your Mother , Baby , Standing in the Shadow ? '' was released in September 1966 and reached No. 5 in the UK and No. 9 in the US . It had a number of firsts for the group : it was the first Stones recording to feature brass horns , the back - cover photo on the original US picture sleeve depicted the group satirically dressed in drag and the song was accompanied by one of the first official music videos , directed by Peter Whitehead . January 1967 saw the release of Between the Buttons ( UK No. 3 ; US 2 ) ; the album was Andrew Oldham 's last venture as the Rolling Stones ' producer ; Oldham 's role as the band 's manager was taken over by Allen Klein in 1965 to `` get ( them ) out of the original English scene '' and due to Oldham 's fear , after the 12 February drug bust in Sussex , of being arrested . The US version included the double A-side single `` Let 's Spend the Night Together '' and `` Ruby Tuesday '' , which went to No. 1 in the US and No. 3 in the UK . When the band went to New York to perform the numbers on The Ed Sullivan Show , they were ordered to change the lyrics of the refrain to `` let 's spend some time together '' . In early 1967 , Jagger , Richards and Jones began to be hounded by authorities over their recreational drug use , after News of the World ran a three - part feature entitled `` Pop Stars and Drugs : Facts That Will Shock You '' . The series described alleged LSD parties hosted by the Moody Blues and attended by top stars including the Who 's Pete Townshend and Cream 's Ginger Baker , and alleged admissions of drug use by leading pop musicians . The first article targeted Donovan ( who was raided and charged soon after ) ; the second instalment ( published on 5 February ) targeted the Rolling Stones . A reporter who contributed to the story spent an evening at the exclusive London club Blaise 's , where a member of the Rolling Stones allegedly took several Benzedrine tablets , displayed a piece of hashish and invited his companions back to his flat for a `` smoke '' . The article claimed that this was Mick Jagger , but it turned out to be a case of mistaken identity ; the reporter had in fact been eavesdropping on Brian Jones . On the night the article was published Jagger appeared on the Eamonn Andrews chat show and announced that he was filing a writ for libel against the News of the World . Brian Jones , 1965 A week later on 12 February , Sussex police , tipped off by the paper , who in turn were tipped off by Richards ' chauffeur , raided a party at Keith Richards ' home , Redlands . No arrests were made at the time but Jagger , Richards and their friend art dealer Robert Fraser were subsequently charged with drug offences . Richards said in 2003 , `` When we got busted at Redlands , it suddenly made us realize that this was a whole different ball game and that was when the fun stopped . Up until then it had been as though London existed in a beautiful space where you could do anything you wanted . '' On the treatment of the man responsible for the raid he later added : `` As I heard it , he never walked the same again . '' In March 1967 , while awaiting the consequences of the police raid , Jagger , Richards and Jones took a short trip to Morocco , accompanied by Marianne Faithfull , Jones ' girlfriend Anita Pallenberg and other friends . During this trip the stormy relations between Jones and Pallenberg deteriorated to the point that Pallenberg left Morocco with Richards . Richards said later : `` That was the final nail in the coffin with me and Brian . He 'd never forgive me for that and I do n't blame him , but hell , shit happens . '' Richards and Pallenberg would remain a couple for twelve years . Despite these complications , the Rolling Stones toured Europe in March and April 1967 . The tour included the band 's first performances in Poland , Greece , and Italy . On 10 May 1967 , the same day Jagger , Richards and Fraser were arraigned in connection with the Redlands charges , Jones ' house was raided by police and he was arrested and charged with possession of cannabis . Three out of five Rolling Stones now faced drug charges . Jagger and Richards were tried at the end of June . On 29 June , Jagger received a three - month prison sentence for the possession of four amphetamine tablets ; Richards was found guilty of allowing cannabis to be smoked on his property and sentenced to one year in prison . Both Jagger and Richards were imprisoned at that point , but were released on bail the next day pending appeal . The Times ran the famous editorial entitled `` Who breaks a butterfly on a wheel ? '' in which conservative editor William Rees - Mogg surprised his readers by his unusually critical discourse on the sentencing , pointing out that Jagger had been treated far more harshly for a minor first offence than `` any purely anonymous young man '' . While awaiting the appeal hearings , the band recorded a new single , `` We Love You '' , as a thank - you for the loyalty shown by their fans . It began with the sound of prison doors closing , and the accompanying music video included allusions to the trial of Oscar Wilde . On 31 July , the appeals court overturned Richards ' conviction , and Jagger 's sentence was reduced to a conditional discharge . Jones ' trial took place in November 1967 ; in December , after appealing the original prison sentence , Jones received a £ 1,000 fine and was put on three years ' probation , with an order to seek professional help . December 1967 also saw the release of Their Satanic Majesties Request ( UK No. 3 ; US No. 2 ) , which received unfavourable reviews and was widely regarded as a poor imitation of the Beatles ' Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band . Satanic Majesties had been recorded in difficult circumstances while Jagger , Richards and Jones were dealing with their court cases . The band parted ways with Oldham during the sessions . The split was amicable , at least publicly , but in 2003 Jagger said : `` The reason Andrew left was because he thought that we were n't concentrating and that we were being childish . It was not a great moment really -- and I would have thought it was n't a great moment for Andrew either . There were a lot of distractions and you always need someone to focus you at that point , that was Andrew 's job . '' Satanic Majesties thus became the first album the Rolling Stones produced on their own . Its psychedelic sound was complemented by the cover art , which featured a 3D photo by Michael Cooper , who had also photographed the cover of Sgt . Pepper . Bill Wyman wrote and sang a track on the album : `` In Another Land '' , which was also released as a single , the first on which Jagger did not sing lead . 1968 -- 1972 : `` back to Basics '' ( edit ) Keith Richards , 1972 The band spent the first few months of 1968 working on material for their next album . Those sessions resulted in the song `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' , released as a single in May . The song and the subsequent album , Beggars Banquet ( UK No. 3 ; US 5 ) , an eclectic mix of country and blues - inspired tunes , marked the band 's return to their roots , and the beginning of their collaboration with producer Jimmy Miller . It featured the lead single `` Street Fighting Man '' ( which addressed the political upheavals of May 1968 ) and `` Sympathy for the Devil '' . Beggars Banquet was delayed for nearly six months due to controversy over the design of the album cover , which featured a public toilet with graffiti covering the walls of the stall . Beggars Banquet was well received at the time of release . Richards said , `` There is a change between material on Satanic Majesties and Beggars Banquet . I 'd grown sick to death of the whole Maharishi guru shit and the beads and bells . Who knows where these things come from , but I guess ( the music ) was a reaction to what we 'd done in our time off and also that severe dose of reality . A spell in prison ... will certainly give you room for thought ... I was fucking pissed with being busted . So it was , ' Right we 'll go and strip this thing down . ' There 's a lot of anger in the music from that period . '' The end of 1968 saw the filming of The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus , which originally started as an idea about `` the new shape of the rock - and - roll concert tour '' . It featured John Lennon , Yoko Ono , the Dirty Mac , the Who , Jethro Tull , Marianne Faithfull , and Taj Mahal . The footage was shelved for twenty - eight years but was finally released officially in 1996 , with a DVD version released in October 2004 . By the release of Beggars Banquet , Brian Jones was only sporadically contributing to the band . Jagger said that Jones was `` not psychologically suited to this way of life '' . His drug use had become a hindrance , and he was unable to obtain a US visa . Richards reported that , in a June meeting with Jagger , Richards , and Watts at Jones ' house , Jones admitted that he was unable to `` go on the road again '' , and left the band , saying , `` I 've left , and if I want to I can come back '' . On 3 July 1969 , less than a month later , Jones drowned in the swimming pool under mysterious circumstances at his home , Cotchford Farm , in Hartfield , East Sussex . Mick Taylor ( pictured in 1972 ) is , in part , responsible for the Stones ' new sound in the early 1970s . Replacing Brian Jones in 1969 , Taylor came from John Mayall 's Bluesbreakers and was a member of the Stones until 1974 The Rolling Stones were scheduled to play at a free concert for Blackhill Enterprises in London 's Hyde Park , two days after Jones ' death ; they decided to proceed with the show as a tribute to him . The concert , their first with new guitarist Mick Taylor , was performed in front of an estimated 250,000 fans . The performance was filmed by a Granada Television production team , and was shown on British television as The Stones in the Park . The Blackhill Enterprises stage manager Sam Cutler introduced the Rolling Stones on to the stage by announcing ; Let 's welcome the Greatest Rock and Roll Band in the World . Cutler repeated the description throughout their 1969 US tour , a label which has stuck to this day ( Cutler left Blackhill Enterprises to become the Stones ' road manager following the Hyde Park concert ) . Jagger read an excerpt from Shelley 's poem Adonaïs , an elegy written on the death of his friend John Keats , and they released thousands of butterflies in memory of Jones before opening their set with `` I 'm Yours and I 'm Hers '' , a Johnny Winter number . Also performed , but previously unheard by the audience , were `` Midnight Rambler '' and `` Love in Vain '' from their forthcoming album Let It Bleed ( released December 1969 ) and `` Give Me A Drink '' which eventually appeared on Exile on Main St. ( released May 1972 ) . The show also included the concert debut of `` Honky Tonk Women '' , which the band had just released the previous day . `` Gimme Shelter '' Sample of `` Gimme Shelter '' by the Rolling Stones , from Let It Bleed ( 1969 ) `` Brown Sugar '' Sample of `` Brown Sugar '' by the Rolling Stones , from Sticky Fingers ( 1971 ) Problems playing these files ? See media help . Their last album of the sixties , Let It Bleed ( UK No. 1 ; US 3 ) featured `` Gimme Shelter '' with guest lead female vocals from Merry Clayton ( sister of Sam Clayton , of the American rock band Little Feat ) . Other tracks include `` You Ca n't Always Get What You Want '' ( with accompaniment by the London Bach Choir , who initially asked for their name to be removed from the album 's credits after being apparently ' horrified ' by the content of some of its other material , but later withdrew this request ) , `` Midnight Rambler '' as well as a cover of Robert Johnson 's `` Love in Vain '' . Jones and Taylor are both featured on the album . Just after the US tour the band performed at the Altamont Free Concert at the Altamont Speedway , about 50 miles east of San Francisco . The biker gang Hells Angels provided security , and a fan , Meredith Hunter , was stabbed and beaten to death by the Angels after they realised that he was armed . Part of the tour and the Altamont concert were documented in Albert and David Maysles ' film Gimme Shelter . As a response to the growing popularity of bootleg recordings ( in particular Live'r Than You 'll Ever Be , recorded during the 1969 tour ) , the album Get Yer Ya - Yas Out ! ( UK 1 ; US 6 ) was released in 1970 ; it was declared by critic Lester Bangs to be the best ever live album . At the end of the decade the band appeared on the BBC 's review of the sixties music scene Pop Go the Sixties , performing `` Gimme Shelter '' , which was broadcast live on 31 December 1969 . That following year , the band wanted out of contracts with both Klein and Decca , but still owed them a Jagger / Richards credited single . To get back at the label , and fulfil their final contractual obligation , the band came up with the track `` Schoolboy Blues '' -- deliberately making it as crude as they could in hopes of forcing Decca to keep it `` in the vaults . '' Amid contractual disputes with Klein , they formed their own record company , Rolling Stones Records . Sticky Fingers ( UK No. 1 ; US No. 1 ) , released in March 1971 , the band 's first album on their own label , featured an elaborate cover design by Andy Warhol . The cover of the album was an Andy Warhol photograph of a man in tight jeans ( from the waist down ) featuring a functioning zipper . When unzipped , it revealed the subject 's underwear , imprinted with a saying -- `` This Is Not Etc . '' In some markets , an alternate cover was released due to the zippered cover 's offensive nature at the time . The Stones ' Decca catalogue is currently owned by Klein 's ABKCO label . In 1968 , the Stones , following a suggestion by pianist Ian Stewart , put a control room in a van and created a mobile recording studio so that they would not be limited to the standard 9 -- 5 hours most recording studios operated by . The band lent the mobile studio out to other artists , including Led Zeppelin , which used it to record Led Zeppelin III ( 1970 ) and Led Zeppelin IV ( 1971 ) . The Rolling Stones ' logo , designed by John Pasche and modified by Craig Braun , was introduced in 1971 Sticky Fingers was the first to feature the logo of Rolling Stones Records , which effectively became the band 's logo . It consisted of a pair of lips with a lapping tongue . Designer John Pasche created the logo following a suggestion by Jagger to copy the outstuck tongue of the Hindu goddess Kali . Critic Sean Egan has said of the logo , `` Without using the Stones ' name , it instantly conjures them , or at least Jagger , as well as a certain lasciviousness that is the Stones ' own ... It quickly and deservedly became the most famous logo in the history of popular music . '' The tongue and lips design was part of a package that , in 2003 , VH1 named the `` No. 1 Greatest Album Cover '' of all time . The album contains one of their best known hits , `` Brown Sugar '' , and the country - influenced `` Dead Flowers '' . Both were recorded at Alabama 's Muscle Shoals Sound Studio during the 1969 American tour . The album continued the band 's immersion into heavily blues - influenced compositions . The album is noted for its `` loose , ramshackle ambience '' and marked Mick Taylor 's first full release with the band . Following the release of Sticky Fingers , the Rolling Stones left England after receiving financial advice from their financial manager at the time , Prince Rupert Loewenstein , recommending that they go into tax exile before the start of the next financial year . They had learned that despite promises made that taxes were taken care of , they had not been paid for seven years and that they owed the UK government a relative fortune that could have meant the end of the band . They moved to the South of France , where Richards rented the Villa Nellcôte and sublet rooms to band members and entourage . Using the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio , they held recording sessions in the basement ; they completed the resulting tracks , along with material dating as far back as 1969 , at Sunset Studios in Los Angeles . The resulting double album , Exile on Main St. ( UK No. 1 ; US No. 1 ) , was released in May 1972 . Given an A+ grade by critic Robert Christgau and disparaged by Lester Bangs -- who reversed his opinion within months -- Exile is now accepted as one of the Stones ' best albums . The films Cocksucker Blues ( never officially released ) and Ladies and Gentlemen : The Rolling Stones ( released in 1974 ) document the subsequent highly publicised 1972 North American Tour . The band 's double compilation , Hot Rocks 1964 -- 1971 , was released in 1972 ; it reached number 3 in the UK charts and No. 4 in the US . It is certified Diamond in the US having sold over 12 million copies , and has spent over 264 weeks on the Billboard album chart . In 1974 Wyman released his first solo album , Monkey Grip , making him the first Rolling Stone to release solo material . As of 2017 Wyman has published five solo albums , with the most recent , Back to Basics , released in 2015 . 1972 -- 1977 : critical fluctuations and Ronnie Wood ( edit ) Members of the band set up a complex financial structure in 1972 to reduce payment of taxes . Their holding company , Promogroup , has offices in both The Netherlands and the Caribbean . The Netherlands was chosen because it does not directly tax royalty payments . The band has been tax exiles ever since , meaning they no longer can use Britain as their main residence . Due to the arrangements with the holding company , the band has reportedly paid a tax of just 1.6 % on their total earnings of £ 242 million over the past 20 years . In November 1972 the band began recording sessions in Kingston , Jamaica for the album Goats Head Soup ; it was released in 1973 and reached No. 1 in both the UK and US . The album , which contained the worldwide hit `` Angie '' , proved to be the first in a string of commercially successful but tepidly received studio albums . The sessions for Goats Head Soup contained unused material , most notably an early version of the popular ballad `` Waiting on a Friend '' , which was not released until the LP Tattoo You eight years later . Bill Wyman , 1975 The making of Goats Head Soup was interrupted by another legal battle over drugs , dating back to their stay in France ; a warrant for Richards ' arrest had been issued , and the other band members had to return briefly to France for questioning . This , along with Jagger 's 1967 and 1970 convictions on drug charges , complicated the band 's plans for their Pacific tour in early 1973 : they were denied permission to play in Japan and almost banned from Australia . This was followed by a European tour in September and October 1973 which bypassed France , prior to which Richards had been arrested once more on drug charges , this time in England . The 1974 album It 's Only Rock ' n Roll was recorded in the Musicland studios in Munich , Germany ; it reached No. 2 in the UK and No. 1 in the US . Miller was not invited , and Jagger and Richards produced the album under the credit of `` the Glimmer Twins '' . Both the album and the single of the same name were hits . Near the end of 1974 , Taylor began to lose patience . The band 's situation made normal functioning complicated , with band members living in different countries , and legal barriers restricting where they could tour . In addition , drug use was starting to affect Richards ' productivity , and Taylor felt some of his own creative contributions were going unrecognised . At the end of 1974 , with a recording session already booked in Munich to record another album , Taylor quit the Rolling Stones . Taylor said in 1980 , `` I was getting a bit fed up . I wanted to broaden my scope as a guitarist and do something else ... I was n't really composing songs or writing at that time . I was just beginning to write , and that influenced my decision ... There are some people who can just ride along from crest to crest ; they can ride along somebody else 's success . And there are some people for whom that 's not enough . It really was n't enough for me . '' Ronnie Wood ( left ) and Jagger ( right ) in Chicago , 1975 The Rolling Stones needed to find a new guitarist , and the recording sessions for the next album , Black and Blue ( UK 2 ; US 1 ) ( 1976 ) in Munich provided an opportunity for some hopefuls to work while trying out for the band . Guitarists as stylistically disparate as Peter Frampton and Jeff Beck were auditioned as well as Robert A. Johnson and Shuggie Otis . Both Beck and Irish blues rock guitarist Rory Gallagher later claimed that they had played without realising they were being auditioned , and both agreed that they would never have joined . American session players Wayne Perkins and Harvey Mandel also tried out but Richards and Jagger had a preference for the band to remain purely British . When Ronnie Wood auditioned , everyone agreed that he was the right choice . He had already recorded and played live with Richards , and had contributed to the recording and writing of the track `` It 's Only Rock ' n Roll '' . He had earlier declined Jagger 's offer to join the Stones , because of his commitment to the Faces , saying `` that 's what 's really important to me '' . Faces ' lead singer Rod Stewart went so far as to say he would take bets that Wood would not join the Stones . Wood officially joined the Rolling Stones in 1975 for their upcoming Tour of the Americas , while the Faces disbanded . Unlike the other band members , however , Wood was paid an employee 's salary , and that remained the case until the early 1990s , when he finally joined the Rolling Stones ' business partnership . Jagger in 1976 The 1975 Tour of the Americas kicked off in New York City with the band performing on a flatbed trailer being pulled down Broadway . The tour featured stage props including a giant phallus and a rope on which Jagger swung out over the audience . Jagger had booked live recording sessions at the El Mocambo club in Toronto to balance a long - overdue live album , 1977 's Love You Live ( UK 3 ; US 5 ) , the first Stones live album since Get Yer Ya - Ya 's Out ! . Richards ' addiction to heroin delayed his arrival in Toronto ; the other members had already arrived , waiting for him , and sent him a telegram asking him where he was . On 24 February 1977 , when Richards and his family flew in from London , they were temporarily detained by Canada Customs after Richards was found in possession of a burnt spoon and hash residue . Three days later , the Royal Canadian Mounted Police , armed with an arrest warrant for Pallenberg , discovered 22 grams of heroin in Richards ' room . Richards was charged with importing narcotics into Canada , an offence that carried a minimum seven - year sentence . El Mocambo where part of the live album Love You Live was recorded in 1977 Later the Crown prosecutor conceded that Richards had procured the drugs after arrival . Despite the incident , the band played two shows in Toronto , only to raise more controversy when Margaret Trudeau , then - wife of Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau , was seen partying with the band after one show . The band 's two shows were not advertised to the public . Instead , the El Mocambo had been booked for the entire week by April Wine for a recording session . 1050 CHUM , a local radio station , ran a contest for free tickets to see April Wine . Contest winners who selected tickets for Friday or Saturday night were surprised to find the Rolling Stones playing . On 4 March , Richards ' partner Anita Pallenberg pleaded guilty to drug possession and incurred a fine in connection with the original airport incident . The drug case against Richards dragged on for over a year . Ultimately , Richards received a suspended sentence and was ordered to play two free concerts for the CNIB in Oshawa ; both shows featured the Rolling Stones and the New Barbarians , a group that Wood had put together to promote his latest solo album , and which Richards also joined . This episode strengthened Richards ' resolve to stop using heroin . It also ended his relationship with Pallenberg , which had become strained since the death of their third child , Tara . Pallenberg was unable to curb her heroin addiction while Richards struggled to get clean . While Richards was settling his legal and personal problems , Jagger continued his jet - set lifestyle . He was a regular at New York 's Studio 54 disco club , often in the company of model Jerry Hall . His marriage to Bianca Jagger ended in 1977 , although they had long been estranged . Although the Rolling Stones remained popular through the early 1970s , music critics had begun to grow dismissive of the band 's output , and record sales failed to meet expectations . By the mid-1970s , after punk rock became influential , many people had begun to view the Rolling Stones as an outdated band . 1978 -- 1982 : commercial peak ( edit ) The group 's fortunes changed in 1978 , after the band released Some Girls ( UK No. 2 ; US No. 1 ) , which included the hit single `` Miss You '' , the country ballad `` Far Away Eyes '' , `` Beast of Burden '' , and `` Shattered '' . In part as a response to punk , many songs , particularly `` Respectable '' , were fast , basic , guitar - driven rock and roll , and the album 's success re-established the Rolling Stones ' immense popularity among young people . Following the US Tour 1978 , the band guested on the first show of the fourth season of the TV series Saturday Night Live . Following the success of Some Girls , the band released their next album Emotional Rescue ( UK 1 ; US 1 ) in mid-1980 . During the recording sessions of the album , a rift between Jagger and Richards was slowly beginning to form . Richards wanted to tour in summer or autumn of 1980 to promote the new album . Much to his disappointment , Jagger declined . Emotional Rescue hit the top of the charts on both sides of the Atlantic and the title track reached No. 3 in the US . The Rolling Stones performing in December 1981 In early 1981 , the group reconvened and decided to tour the US that year , leaving little time to write and record a new album , as well as rehearse for the tour . That year 's resulting album , Tattoo You ( UK 2 ; US 1 ) , featured a number of outtakes , including lead single `` Start Me Up '' , which reached No. 2 in the US and ranked No. 22 on Billboard 's Hot 100 year - end chart . Two songs ( `` Waiting on a Friend '' ( US No. 13 ) and `` Tops '' ) featured Mick Taylor 's unused rhythm guitar tracks , while jazz saxophonist Sonny Rollins played on `` Slave '' and `` Waiting on a Friend '' . The Rolling Stones scored one more top 20 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1982 , the No. 20 hit `` Hang Fire '' . The Stones ' American Tour 1981 was their biggest , longest and most colourful production to date , with the band playing from 25 September through 19 December . It was the highest - grossing tour of that year . The tour included a concert at Chicago 's Checkerboard Lounge with Muddy Waters , in what would be one of his last performances before his death in 1983 . Some shows were recorded , resulting in the 1982 live album Still Life ( American Concert 1981 ) ( UK 4 ; US 5 ) , and the 1983 Hal Ashby concert film Let 's Spend the Night Together , which was filmed at Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe , Arizona and the Brendan Byrne Arena in the Meadowlands , New Jersey . In mid-1982 , to commemorate their 20th anniversary , the Rolling Stones took their American stage show to Europe . The European Tour 1982 was their first European tour in six years , with a similar format to the American tour . The band were joined by former Allman Brothers Band keyboardist Chuck Leavell , who continues to perform and record with the Rolling Stones . By the end of the year , the band had signed a new four - album recording deal with a new label , CBS Records , for a reported $50 million , then the biggest record deal in history . 1983 -- 1988 : band turmoil and solo efforts ( edit ) Before leaving Atlantic , the Rolling Stones released Undercover ( UK 3 ; US 4 ) in late 1983 . Despite good reviews and the Top Ten peak position of the title track , the record sold below expectations and there was no tour to support it . Subsequently , the Stones ' new marketer / distributor CBS Records took over distributing the Stones ' Atlantic catalogue . Richards and Wood during a Stones concert in Turin , Italy in 1982 By this time , the Jagger / Richards rift had grown significantly . To Richards ' annoyance , Jagger had signed a solo deal with CBS Records , and he spent much of 1984 writing songs for his first album . He also declared his growing lack of interest in the Rolling Stones . By 1985 , Jagger was spending more time on solo recordings , and much of the material on 1986 's Dirty Work was generated by Richards , with more contributions by Wood than on previous Rolling Stones albums . The album was recorded in Paris , and Jagger was often absent from the studio , leaving Richards to keep the recording sessions moving forward . In June 1985 , Jagger teamed up with David Bowie for `` Dancing in the Street '' , which was recorded as part of the Live Aid charity movement . This was one of Jagger 's first solo performances , and the song reached No. 1 in the UK , and No. 7 in the US . In December 1985 , Stewart died of a heart attack . The Rolling Stones played a private tribute concert for him at London 's 100 Club in February 1986 , two days before they were presented with a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . Dirty Work ( UK No. 4 ; US No. 4 ) was released in March 1986 to mixed reviews despite the presence of the US Top Five hit `` Harlem Shuffle '' . With relations between Richards and Jagger at a low , Jagger refused to tour to promote the album , and instead undertook his own solo tour , which included Rolling Stones songs . As a result of the animosity within the band during this period , they almost broke up . Jagger 's solo records , She 's the Boss ( UK 6 ; US 13 ) ( 1985 ) and Primitive Cool ( UK 26 ; US 41 ) ( 1987 ) , met with moderate success , and in 1988 , with the Rolling Stones mostly inactive , Richards released his first solo album , Talk Is Cheap ( UK 37 ; US 24 ) . It was well received by fans and critics , going gold in the US . Richards has subsequently referred to this late - 80s period , where the two were recording solo albums with no obvious reunion of the Stones in sight , as `` World War III '' . The following year 25x5 : The Continuing Adventures of the Rolling Stones , a documentary spanning the career of the band was released for their 25th anniversary . 1989 -- 1999 : comeback , return to popularity , and record - breaking tours ( edit ) In early 1989 , the Rolling Stones , including Mick Taylor and Ronnie Wood as well as Brian Jones and Ian Stewart ( posthumously ) , were inducted into the American Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Jagger and Richards set aside animosities and went to work on a new Rolling Stones album , Steel Wheels ( UK 2 ; US 3 ) . Heralded as a return to form , it included the singles `` Mixed Emotions '' ( US No. 5 ) , `` Rock and a Hard Place '' ( US No. 23 ) and `` Almost Hear You Sigh '' . The album also included `` Continental Drift '' , which the Rolling Stones recorded in Tangier , Morocco in 1989 with the Master Musicians of Jajouka led by Bachir Attar , coordinated by Tony King and Cherie Nutting . A BBC documentary film , The Rolling Stones in Morocco , was produced by Nigel Finch . The subsequent Steel Wheels / Urban Jungle Tours , encompassing North America , Japan , and Europe , saw the Rolling Stones touring for the first time in seven years and it was their biggest stage production to date . Opening acts included Living Colour and Guns N ' Roses ; the onstage personnel included a horn section and backup singers Lisa Fischer and Bernard Fowler , both of whom continue to tour regularly with the band . Recordings from the Steel Wheels / Urban Jungle tours produced the 1991 concert album Flashpoint ( UK 6 ; US 16 ) , which also included two studio tracks recorded in 1991 : the single `` Highwire '' and `` Sex Drive '' . The tour produced the IMAX concert film Live at the Max released in 1991 . The tour was the last to feature Wyman , who left the band after years of deliberation , although his retirement was not made official until January 1993 . He then published Stone Alone , an autobiography based on scrapbooks and diaries he had been keeping since the band 's early days . A few years later he formed Bill Wyman 's Rhythm Kings and began recording and touring again . After the successes of the Steel Wheels / Urban Jungle tours , the band took a break . Watts released two jazz albums ; Wood recorded his fifth solo album , the first in 11 years , called Slide On This , Wyman released his fourth solo album , Richards released his second solo album in late 1992 , Main Offender , and did a small tour including big concerts in Spain and Argentina . Jagger got good reviews and sales with his third solo album , Wandering Spirit ( UK 12 ; US 11 ) . The album sold more than two million copies worldwide , going gold in the US . Multiple platinum award for their 1994 album Voodoo Lounge , on display at the Museo del Rock in Madrid After Wyman 's departure , the Rolling Stones ' new distributor / record label , Virgin Records , remastered and repackaged the band 's back catalogue from Sticky Fingers to Steel Wheels , except for the three live albums , and issued another hits compilation in 1993 entitled Jump Back . By 1993 , the Rolling Stones were ready to start recording another studio album . Darryl Jones , former sideman of Miles Davis and Sting , was chosen by Charlie Watts as Wyman 's replacement for 1994 's Voodoo Lounge ( UK 1 ; US 2 ) . The album met strong reviews and sales , going double platinum in the US . Reviewers took note of the album 's `` traditionalist '' sounds , which were credited to the Rolling Stones ' new producer Don Was . Voodoo Lounge would win the Stones the Grammy Award for Best Rock Album at the 1995 Grammy Awards . Richards in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil during the Voodoo Lounge Tour , 1995 1994 also brought the accompanying Voodoo Lounge Tour , which lasted into the following year . The tour grossed $320 million , becoming the world 's highest - grossing tour at the time . Numbers from various concerts and rehearsals ( mostly acoustic ) made up Stripped ( UK 9 ; US 9 ) , which featured a cover of Bob Dylan 's `` Like a Rolling Stone '' , as well as infrequently played songs like `` Shine a Light '' , `` Sweet Virginia '' and `` The Spider and the Fly '' . On 8 September 1994 , the Stones performed their new song `` Love Is Strong '' as well as `` Start Me Up '' at the 1994 MTV Video Music Awards at Radio City Music Hall in New York . The band received the Lifetime Achievement Award at the ceremony . The Rolling Stones were the first major recording artists to broadcast a concert over the Internet ; a 20 - minute video was broadcast on 18 November 1994 using the Mbone at 10 frames per second . The broadcast , engineered by Thinking Pictures and financed by Sun Microsystems , was one of the first demonstrations of streaming video ; while it was not a true webcast , it introduced many to the technology . The Rolling Stones ended the 1990s with the album Bridges to Babylon ( UK 6 ; US 3 ) , released in 1997 to mixed reviews . The video of the single `` Anybody Seen My Baby ? '' featured Angelina Jolie as guest and met steady rotation on both MTV and VH1 . Sales were reasonably equivalent to those of previous records ( about 1.2 million copies sold in the US ) , and the subsequent Bridges to Babylon Tour , which crossed Europe , North America and other destinations , proved the band to be a strong live attraction . Once again , a live album was culled from the tour , No Security ( UK 67 ; US 34 ) , only this time all but two songs ( `` Live With Me '' and `` The Last Time '' ) were previously unreleased on live albums . In 1999 , the Rolling Stones staged the No Security Tour in the US and continued the Bridges to Babylon tour in Europe . 2000 -- 2011 : a Bigger Bang and continued success ( edit ) In late 2001 , Mick Jagger released his fourth solo album , Goddess in the Doorway ( UK 44 ; US 39 ) which met with mixed reviews . A month after the September 11 attacks , Jagger and Richards took part in `` The Concert for New York City '' , performing `` Salt of the Earth '' and `` Miss You '' with a backing band . In 2002 , the band released Forty Licks ( UK 2 ; US 2 ) , a greatest hits double album , to mark their forty years as a band . The collection contained four new songs recorded with the latter - day core band of Jagger , Richards , Watts , Wood , Leavell and Jones . The album has sold more than 7 million copies worldwide . The same year , Q magazine named the Rolling Stones as one of the `` 50 Bands To See Before You Die '' , and the 2002 -- 2003 Licks Tour gave people that chance . The tour included shows in small theatres . The band headlined the Molson Canadian Rocks for Toronto concert in Toronto , Canada , to help the city -- which they have used for rehearsals since the Steel Wheels tour -- recover from the 2003 SARS epidemic . The concert was attended by an estimated 490,000 people . On 9 November 2003 , the band played their first concert in Hong Kong as part of the Harbour Fest celebration , also in support of the SARS - affected economy . The same month , the band exclusively licensed the right to sell their new four - DVD boxed set , Four Flicks , recorded on the band 's most recent world tour , to the US Best Buy chain of stores . In response , some Canadian and US music retail chains ( including HMV Canada and Circuit City ) pulled Rolling Stones CDs and related merchandise from their shelves and replaced them with signs explaining the situation . In 2004 , a double live album of the Licks Tour , Live Licks ( UK 38 ; US 50 ) , was released , going gold in the US . In November 2004 , the Rolling Stones were among the inaugural inductees into the UK Music Hall of Fame . The Rolling Stones at the San Siro stadium in Milan , Italy , July 2006 On 26 July 2005 ( Jagger 's birthday ) , the band announced the name of their new album , A Bigger Bang ( UK 2 ; US 3 ) , their first album in almost eight years . It was released on 6 September to strong reviews , including a glowing write - up in Rolling Stone magazine . The single `` Streets of Love '' reached the top 15 in the UK . The album included the political `` Sweet Neo Con '' , a criticism of American Neoconservatism from Jagger . The song was reportedly almost dropped from the album because of objections from Richards . When asked if he was afraid of political backlash such as the Dixie Chicks had endured , Richards responded that the album came first , and that , `` I do n't want to be sidetracked by some little political ' storm in a teacup ' . '' The subsequent A Bigger Bang Tour began in August 2005 , and visited North America , South America and East Asia . In February 2006 , the group played the half - time show of Super Bowl XL in Detroit , Michigan . By the end of 2005 , the Bigger Bang tour set a record of $162 million in gross receipts , breaking the North American mark also set by the band in 1994 . On 18 February 2006 the band played a free concert to over one million people at the Copacabana beach in Rio de Janeiro ; one of the biggest rock concerts of all time . The Rolling Stones at Twickenham Stadium , London during A Bigger Bang Tour in August 2006 After performances in Japan , China , Australia and New Zealand in March / April 2006 , the Rolling Stones tour took a scheduled break before proceeding to Europe ; during this break Keith Richards was hospitalised in New Zealand for cranial surgery after a fall from a tree on Fiji , where he had been on holiday . The incident led to a six - week delay in launching the European leg of the tour . In June 2006 it was reported that Ronnie Wood was continuing his programme of rehabilitation for alcohol abuse , but this did not affect the rearranged European tour schedule . Two out of the 21 shows scheduled for July -- September 2006 were later cancelled due to Mick Jagger 's throat problems . The Rolling Stones returned to North America for concerts in September 2006 , and returned to Europe on 5 June 2007 . By November 2006 , the Bigger Bang tour had been declared the highest - grossing tour of all time . The Rolling Stones performances at New York City 's Beacon Theatre on 29 October and 1 November 2006 were filmed by Martin Scorsese for a documentary film , Shine a Light , which was released in 2008 . The film also features guest appearances by Buddy Guy , Jack White , and Christina Aguilera . An accompanying soundtrack , also titled Shine a Light ( UK 2 ; US 11 ) , was released in April 2008 . The album 's debut at No. 2 in the UK charts was the highest position for a Rolling Stones concert album since Get Yer Ya - Ya 's Out ! The Rolling Stones in Concert in 1970 . At the Beacon Theater show , Music Executive , Ahmet Ertegun fell and ultimately succumbed to his injury . On 24 March 2007 , the band announced a tour of Europe called the `` Bigger Bang 2007 '' tour . 12 June 2007 saw the release of the band 's second four - disc DVD set : The Biggest Bang , a seven - hour document featuring their shows in Austin , Rio de Janeiro , Saitama , Shanghai and Buenos Aires , along with extras . On 10 June 2007 , the band performed their first gig at a festival in 30 years , at the Isle of Wight Festival , to a crowd of 65,000 , and were joined onstage by Amy Winehouse . On 26 August 2007 , they played their last concert of the Bigger Bang tour at the O2 Arena in London . At the conclusion of the tour , the band had grossed a record setting $558 million and were listed in the latest edition of Guinness World Records . Mick Jagger released a compilation of his solo work called The Very Best of Mick Jagger ( UK 57 ; US 77 ) , including three unreleased songs , on 2 October 2007 . On 12 November 2007 , ABKCO released Rolled Gold : The Very Best of the Rolling Stones ( UK 26 ) , a double - CD remake of the 1975 compilation Rolled Gold . The Rolling Stones in 2008 ( from left to right : Watts , Wood , Richards , Jagger ) at the Berlin Film Festival 's world premiere of Martin Scorsese 's documentary film Shine a Light In March 2008 , Richards sparked rumours that a new Rolling Stones studio album may be forthcoming , saying during an interview following the premiere of Shine a Light , `` I think we might make another album . Once we get over doing promotion on this film '' . Watts remarked that he got ill whenever he stopped working . In July 2008 it was announced that the Rolling Stones were leaving EMI and signing with Vivendi 's Universal Music , taking with them their catalogue stretching back to Sticky Fingers . New music released by the band while under this contract will be issued through Universal 's Polydor label . Mercury Records will hold the US rights to the pre-1994 material , while the post-1994 material will be handled by Interscope Records ( once a subsidiary of Atlantic ) . During the autumn , Jagger and Richards worked with producer Don Was to add new vocals and guitar parts to ten unfinished songs from the Exile on Main St. sessions . Jagger and Taylor also recorded a session together in London where Taylor added lead guitar to what would be the expanded album 's single , `` Plundered My Soul '' . On 17 April 2010 , the band released a limited edition 7 - inch vinyl single of the previously unreleased track `` Plundered My Soul '' as part of Record Store Day . The track , part of the group 's 2010 re-issue of Exile on Main St. , was combined with `` All Down the Line '' as its B - side . The band appeared at Cannes Festival for the premiere of the documentary Stones in Exile ( directed by Stephen Kijak ) about the recording of the album Exile on Main St ... On 23 May , the re-issue of Exile on Main St. reached No. 1 in the UK charts , almost 38 years to the week after it first occupied that position , with the band becoming the first act to see a classic work return to No. 1 decades after it was first released . In the US , the album re-entered the charts at No. 2 . In October 2010 , the Stones released Ladies and Gentlemen : The Rolling Stones to the cinemas and later on to DVD . A digitally remastered version of the film was shown in select cinemas across the United States . Although originally released to cinemas in 1974 , it had never been available for home release apart from bootleg recordings . In October 2011 , the Stones released The Rolling Stones : Some Girls Live In Texas ' 78 to the cinemas and later on to DVD . A digitally remastered version of the film was shown in select cinemas across the US . This live performance was recorded during one show in Ft . Worth , Texas in support of their US Tour 1978 and their album Some Girls . The film was released in ( DVD / Blu - ray Disc ) on 15 November 2011 . On 21 November , the band reissued Some Girls as a 2 CD deluxe edition with a second CD of twelve previously unreleased tracks ( except `` So Young , '' which was a B - side to `` Out of Tears '' ) from the sessions with mostly newly recorded vocals from Jagger . 2012 -- present : 50th anniversary and covers album ( edit ) Stage set for the 50 & Counting tour at the Prudential Center , New Jersey on 13 December 2012 The Rolling Stones celebrated their 50th anniversary in the summer of 2012 by releasing the book The Rolling Stones : 50 . A new take on the band 's lip - and - tongue logo , designed by Shepard Fairey , was also released and used during the celebrations . Jagger 's brother Chris performed a gig at The Rolling Stones Museum in Slovenia in conjunction with the celebrations . The documentary Crossfire Hurricane , directed by Brett Morgen , was released in October 2012 . He conducted approximately fifty hours of interviews for the documentary , including extensive interviews with Wyman and Taylor . This would be the first official career - spanning documentary since 1989 's 25x5 : The Continuing Adventures of the Rolling Stones , which was filmed for their 25th anniversary in 1988 . A new compilation album , GRRR ! , was released on 12 November , available in four different formats and including two new tracks , `` Doom and Gloom '' and `` One More Shot '' , which were recorded at Studio Guillaume Tell in Paris , France , within the last few weeks of August 2012 . The album debuted at No. 3 in the UK and No. 19 in the US and went to sell over 2 million copies worldwide . The music video for `` Doom and Gloom '' featuring Noomi Rapace was released on 20 November . The Rolling Stones performing in Hyde Park , London on 13 July 2013 In November 2012 , the Stones commenced their 50 & Counting ... tour at London 's O2 Arena , where they were joined by Jeff Beck . At their second show in London the group was joined onstage by Eric Clapton and Florence Welch . Their third anniversary concert took place on 8 December at the Barclays Center , Brooklyn , New York . The last two dates were at the Prudential Center in Newark , New Jersey on 13 and 15 December , and the band were joined by Bruce Springsteen and blues rock band the Black Keys on the final night . They also played two songs at 12 - 12 - 12 : The Concert for Sandy Relief . The Stones played nineteen shows in the US in spring 2013 , before returning to the UK . The band announced a return to Hyde Park , though it would not be free like the 1969 concert . Jagger quipped , `` I 'll try and keep the poetry to a minimum , '' and remarked , in respect of the white dress that he wore for the 1969 concert , `` I can still just about get into the zippers . '' On 29 June , the band performed at the Glastonbury Festival 2013 . Hyde Park Live , a live album recorded at the two Hyde Park gigs on 6 and 13 July , was released exclusively as a digital download through iTunes later that month and peaked at No. 16 in the UK and No. 19 in the US . A live DVD , Sweet Summer Sun : Live in Hyde Park , was released on 11 November . In February 2014 , the band embarked on their 14 On Fire tour spanning Middle East , Asia , Australia and Europe , scheduled to last through to the summer . On 17 March , Jagger 's longtime partner L'Wren Scott died suddenly , resulting in the cancellation and rescheduling of the opening tour dates to October . On 4 June , The Rolling Stones performed for the first time in Israel with Haaretz describing the concert as being `` Historic with a capital H '' . In a 2015 interview with Jagger , when asked if retirement crosses his mind he stated , `` Nah , not in the moment . I 'm thinking about what the next tour is . I 'm not thinking about retirement . I 'm planning the next set of tours , so the answer is really , `` No , not really . '' '' The Stones in Cuba in March 2016 . A spokesman for the band called it `` the first open air concert in Cuba by a British rock band '' The Rolling Stones embarked on their Latin American tour in February 2016 . On 25 March , the band played a bonus show , a free open air concert in Havana , Cuba . In June of that year , The Rolling Stones released , Totally Stripped , an expanded and reconceived edition of Stripped , available in multiple formats . The Rolling Stones announced on 28 July that their concert on 25 March 2016 in Cuba had been commemorated in the film Havana Moon , which premiered on 23 September for one night only in more than a thousand theatres worldwide . The Rolling Stones announced Olé Olé Olé : A Trip Across Latin America on 7 September , a documentary of their 2016 Latin America tour , which was shown in theatres on 12 December for one night only . Olé Olé Olé : A Trip Across Latin America came out on DVD and Blu - ray 26 May 2017 . The band released Blue & Lonesome on 2 December 2016 . The album consisted of 12 blues covers of artists such as Howlin ' Wolf , Jimmy Reed and Little Walter . Recording took place in British Grove Studios , London , in December 2015 , and featured Eric Clapton on two tracks . The album reached No. 1 in the UK , the second - highest opening sales week for an album that year . It also debuted at No. 4 on the Billboard 200 . In July 2017 , it was reported that the Rolling Stones were getting ready to record their first album of original material in more than a decade . In early October 2017 , the Rolling Stones announced the forthcoming release on 1 December 2017 of On Air , a collection of 18 recordings ( plus 14 bonus tracks on the Deluxe edition ) the band performed on the BBC between October 1963 and September 1965 . The compilation featured eight songs the band has never recorded or released commercially . In February 2018 , the Rolling Stones announced their first UK tour since 2006 , with performances scheduled for May and June . Musical development ( edit ) See also : Instruments played by the Rolling Stones A copy of `` Micawber '' , Keith Richards ' signature Telecaster model , in the Fender Guitar Factory Museum The Rolling Stones have assimilated various musical genres into their own collective sound . Throughout the band 's career , their musical contributions have been marked by a continual reference and reliance on musical styles including blues , psychedelia , R&B , country , folk , reggae , dance , and world music , exemplified by Jones ' collaboration with the Master Musicians of Jajouka , as well as traditional English styles that use stringed instrumentation like harps . Brian Jones experimented with the use of non-traditional instruments such as the sitar and slide guitar in their early days . The group started out covering early rock ' n ' roll and blues songs , and have never stopped playing live or recording cover songs . Jagger and Richards shared an admiration of Jimmy Reed , Muddy Waters , Howlin ' Wolf , and Little Walter , which influenced Brian Jones , of whom Richards says , `` He was more into T - Bone Walker and jazz blues stuff . We 'd turn him onto Chuck Berry and say , ' Look , it 's all the same shit , man , and you can do it . ' '' Charlie Watts , a traditional jazz drummer , was also introduced to the blues through his association with the pair . `` Keith and Brian turned me on to Jimmy Reed and people like that . I learned that Earl Phillips was playing on those records like a jazz drummer , playing swing , with a straight four . '' Jagger , recalling when he first heard the likes of Chuck Berry , Bo Diddley , Muddy Waters , Fats Domino , and other major American R&B artists , said it `` seemed the most real thing '' he had heard up to that point . Similarly , Keith Richards , describing the first time he listened to Muddy Waters , said it was the `` most powerful music ( he had ) ever heard ... the most expressive . '' He also stated , `` when you think of some dopey , spotty seventeen year old from Dartford , who wants to be Muddy Waters -- and there were a lot of us -- in a way , very pathetic , but in another way , very ... heartwarming '' . Despite the Rolling Stones ' predilection for blues and R&B numbers on their early live set lists , the first original compositions by the band reflected a more wide - ranging interest . The first Jagger / Richards single , `` Tell Me ( You 're Coming Back ) '' , has been described by critic Richie Unterberger as a `` pop rock ballad ... When ( Jagger and Richards ) began to write songs , they were usually not derived from the blues , but were often surprisingly fey , slow , Mersey - type pop numbers '' . `` As Tears Go By '' , the ballad originally written for Marianne Faithfull , was one of the first songs written by Jagger and Richards and also one of many written by the duo for other artists . Jagger said of the song , `` It 's a relatively mature song considering the rest of the output at the time . And we did n't think of ( recording ) it , because the Rolling Stones were a butch blues group . '' The Rolling Stones did later record a version which became a top five hit in the US . On the early experience , Richards said , `` The amazing thing is that although Mick and I thought these songs were really puerile and kindergarten - time , every one that got put out made a decent showing in the charts . That gave us extraordinary confidence to carry on , because at the beginning songwriting was something we were going to do in order to say to Andrew ( Loog Oldham ) , ' Well , at least we gave it a try ... ' '' Jagger said , `` We were very pop - orientated . We did n't sit around listening to Muddy Waters ; we listened to everything . In some ways it 's easy to write to order ... Keith and I got into the groove of writing those kind of tunes ; they were done in ten minutes . I think we thought it was a bit of a laugh , and it turned out to be something of an apprenticeship for us . '' A Vox Teardrop guitar as used by Brian Jones , on display at the Hard Rock Cafe in Sacramento , California The writing of `` The Last Time '' , the Rolling Stones ' first major single , proved a turning point . Richards called it `` a bridge into thinking about writing for the Stones . It gave us a level of confidence ; a pathway of how to do it . '' The song was based on a traditional gospel song popularised by the Staple Singers , but the Rolling Stones ' number features a distinctive guitar riff , played by Brian Jones . Prior to the emergence of Jagger / Richards as the Stones ' songwriters , the band members occasionally were given collective credit under the pseudonym Nanker Phelge . Some songs attributed to Nanker Phelge have been re-attributed to Jagger / Richards . Beginning with Jones and continuing with Wood , the Rolling Stones have developed what Richards refers to as the `` ancient art of weaving '' responsible for part of their sound -- the interplay between two guitarists on stage . Unlike most bands , the Stones follow Richards ' lead rather than the drummer 's ( Watts ) . Likewise , Watts is primarily a jazz player who was able to bring that genre 's influences to the style of the band 's drumming . The following of Richards ' lead has led to conflicts between Jagger and Richards and they have been known to annoy one another , but they have both agreed it makes a better record ; Watts in particular has praised Jagger 's production skills . In the studio , the band have tended to use a fluid personnel for recordings and not use the same players for each song . Guest pianists were commonplace on recordings ; several songs on Beggars Banquet are driven by Nicky Hopkins ' piano playing . On Exile on Main St. , Richards plays bass on three tracks while Taylor plays on four . Richards started using open tunings for rhythm parts ( often in conjunction with a capo ) , most prominently an open - E or open - D tuning in 1968 . Beginning in 1969 , he often used 5 - string open - G tuning ( with the lower 6th string removed ) , as heard on the 1969 single `` Honky Tonk Women '' , `` Brown Sugar '' ( Sticky Fingers , 1971 ) , `` Tumbling Dice '' ( capo IV ) , `` Happy '' ( capo IV ) ( Exile on Main St. , 1972 ) , and `` Start Me Up '' ( Tattoo You , 1981 ) . The feuds between Jagger and Richards had some origin in the 1970s when Richards was a heroin addict , resulting in Jagger managing the band 's affairs for numerous years . When Richards got himself off heroin and became more present in the decision making , Jagger was not used to this and did not like his authority diminished , resulting in the period which Richards has referred to as `` World War III '' . Musical collaboration between members of the band and supporting musicians was key , due to the fluid lineups typically experienced by the band in the studio , as tracks tended to be recorded `` by whatever members of the group happened to be around at the time of the sessions . '' Over time , Jagger has developed into the template for rock frontmen and , with the help of the Stones , has , in the words of the Telegraph , `` changed music '' through his contributions to it as a pioneer of the modern music industry . Legacy ( edit ) Overhead shot of the Stones concert at Washington -- Grizzly Stadium in Montana , October 2006 . The Stones have had the highest - grossing concert tour three times Since their formation in 1962 , the Rolling Stones survived multiple feuds and have gone on to release 30 studio albums , 13 live albums and 109 singles . According to OfficialCharts.com , the Stones are ranked the fourth bestselling group of all time , with their top single being `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' , regarded by many at the time as `` the classic example of rock and roll . '' The Stones have also contributed to the blues lexicon , creating their own `` codewords '' and slang , which they have used throughout their catalog of songs , including some of their more popular songs . The band has been viewed as the musical `` vanguard of a major transfusion '' of various cultural attitudes , making them accessible to youth in both America and Britain . Muddy Waters was quoted as stating that the Rolling Stones and other English bands enhanced the interest of American youth into blues musicians ; after they came to the United States , sales of Waters ' albums -- and those of other blues musicians -- increased with public interest , thus helping to reconnect the country with its own music . The Rolling Stones have sold over 240 million albums worldwide and have held over 48 tours of varying length . The Stones have also held three of the highest - grossing tours of all time , Bridges to Babylon , Voodoo Lounge , and A Bigger Bang . In May 2013 , Rolling Stone declared them the `` most definitional band that rock & roll has produced , '' with the Telegraph stating that Mick Jagger was `` the Rolling Stone who changed music '' . The band has been the subject of numerous documentaries and were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame by Pete Townshend in 1989 . The Rolling Stones have inspired and mentored new generations of musical artists both as a band and individually . They are also credited with changing the `` whole business model of popular music . '' The band has received -- and been nominated for -- multiple awards during their 55 years as a band ; including three Grammy awards ( and 12 nominations ) , the Juno award for International Entertainer of the Year in 1991 , U.K. 's Jazz FM Awards Album of the Year ( 2017 ) for their album Blue & Lonesome , and NME awards such as best live band and the NME award for best music film , for their documentary Crossfire Hurricane . Tours ( edit ) Main article : The Rolling Stones concerts The Rolling Stones ' first concert was on 12 July 1962 at the Marquee Club in London . The most documented of all the band 's concerts was the Altamont Free Concert at the Altamont Speedway in 1969 . For this concert , the biker gang Hells Angels provided security , which resulted in a fan , Meredith Hunter , being stabbed and beaten to death by the Angels . Part of the tour and the Altamont concert were documented in Albert and David Maysles ' film Gimme Shelter . As a response to the growing popularity of bootleg recordings , the album Get Yer Ya - Yas Out ! ( UK 1 ; US 6 ) was released in 1970 ; it was declared by critic Lester Bangs to be the best live album ever . From small clubs and hotels in London with little room for Jagger to move around to selling out stadiums worldwide , Rolling Stones tours have significantly changed over the decades . Setups for the band started off simplistic compared to what they later became in the band 's career . with pyrotechnics , giant screens , and elaborate stage designs . By the Rolling Stones American tour of 1969 , the band began to fill large halls and arenas , such as The Forum in Inglewood , California . They were also using more equipment , such as lighting rigs and better sound equipment compared to the clubs . The 1969 tour is considered a `` great watershed tour '' by Mick Jagger due to the fact that they `` started hanging the sound and therefore hanging the lights '' . Attributing the birth of arena rock to the Stones 1969 US tour , The Guardian ranked the tour number 19 on their list of the 50 key events in rock music history . Prior to the tour the loudest sound at big - capacity shows was often the crowd , so the Stones ensured they had lighting and sound systems that would allow them to be seen and heard in the biggest arenas , with The Guardian stating their `` combination of front - of - house excellence and behind the scenes savvy took the business of touring to an entirely new level . '' During the 1972 tour , the Stones developed a complex light show in which they hung up giant mirrors and bounced the light off them . During the 1975 Tour of the Americas , arena shows became an industry for the band and the Stones hired a new lighting director , Jules Fisher . The props used on stage by the band increased in both size and sophistication , similar to things done on Broadway . The band started to use multiple stages , from which they would select for a particular show . On this tour they had two versions what Jagger referred to as the `` lotus stage '' -- one version of the stage that had a large Venetian ( cylindrical ) curtain and the other has leaves that would start in the folded up position and lower during the beginning of the concert . This period also included a variety of props , including inflatables and other gimmicks ranging from inflatable penises `` and things . '' The tour also incorporated a number of circus tricks . `` ... at the beginning of the show the stage was completely covered with a kind of sheath gauze . I had to get inside the lotus , climb up a ladder and hang on like grim death to one of the petals , which then opened to reveal the band playing . '' -- Mick Jagger , speaking of stage design in According to The Rolling Stones Runway ( pictured in 2012 ) first appeared in Stones ' concerts in 1981 During the 1981 -- 1982 American tour , the Stones worked with Japanese designer Kazuhide Yamazari in constructing their stages for stadium sized locations and audiences . During this period , stages increased in size to include runways , movable sections of stage going out into the audience , and growing in all other aspects . This tour used coloured panels and was one of the last Stones tours to do so before switching to devices such as video screens . Stadium shows provided a new challenge for the band , the venues were large enough in size that the band became `` like ants '' to audience members . This resulted in Jagger having to project himself `` over the footlights '' and the band needing to employ more gimmicks , such as pyrotechnics , lights , and video screens . `` When you 're out there in this vast stadium , you have to physically tiny up on stage , so that 's why on the 1981 - 2 tour we had those coloured panels and later we started using devices like video screens . We became very aware of not being seen , of just being there like ants . Mick is the one who really has to project himself over the footlights . And when the show gets that big , you need a little extra help , you need a couple of gimmicks , as we call it , in the show . You need fireworks , you need lights , you need a bit of theatre . '' -- Charlie Watts , According to the Rolling Stones As time went on , their props and stage equipment became increasingly sophisticated . When they started to fill stadium sized venues and bigger , they ran into the problem of the audience no longer being able to see them due to the increased seating capacity -- this problem was especially clear in their free 2006 concert in Rio de Janeiro on the A Bigger Bang tour , which used over 500 lights , hundreds of speakers , and a video screen almost 13 metres in length . Due to the vast size of the beach which the Stones performed on ( 2.5 km ) , sound systems had to be set up in a relay pattern down the length of the beach , in order to keep the sound in sync with music from the stage ; for every 340 metres of beach , the sound had to be delayed an additional second . Band members ( edit ) Current members Mick Jagger -- vocals , harmonica , rhythm guitar , percussion , keyboards ( 1962 -- present ) Keith Richards -- rhythm and lead guitar , bass guitar , vocals ( 1962 -- present ) Charlie Watts -- drums , percussion ( 1963 -- present ) Ronnie Wood -- lead and rhythm guitar , bass guitar , backing vocals ( 1975 -- present ) Former members Brian Jones -- rhythm guitar , harmonica , keyboards , piano , backing vocals ( 1962 -- 1969 ; died 1969 ) Ian Stewart -- keyboards , piano ( 1962 -- 1963 ; touring 1969 , 1975 -- 1976 , 1978 , 1981 -- 1982 ; died 1985 ) Mick Taylor -- lead guitar , bass guitar , backing vocals ( 1969 -- 1974 ; guest 1981 , 2012 -- 2014 ) Bill Wyman -- bass guitar , keyboards , piano , backing vocals ( 1962 -- 1993 ; guest 2012 ) Early members Dick Taylor -- bass guitar ( 1962 ) Ricky Fenson -- bass guitar ( 1962 -- 1963 ) Colin Golding -- bass guitar ( 1962 -- 1963 ) Tony Chapman -- drums ( 1962 -- 1963 ) Carlo Little -- drums ( 1962 -- 1963 ) Current touring members Chuck Leavell -- keyboards , backing vocals ( 1982 -- present ) Bernard Fowler -- backing vocals , percussion ( 1989 -- present ) Darryl Jones -- bass guitar , backing vocals ( 1993 -- present ) Matt Clifford -- keyboards , French horn , musical integrator ( 1989 -- 1990 , 2012 -- present ) Tim Ries -- saxophone , keyboards ( 1999 -- present ) Karl Denson -- saxophone ( 2014 -- present ) Sasha Allen -- backing vocals , co-lead vocals on `` Gimme Shelter '' ( 2016 -- present ) Former touring musicians Bobby Keys -- saxophone ( 1969 -- 1973 ; 1981 -- 2014 ; died 2014 ) Jim Price -- trumpet ( 1970 -- 1973 ) Lisa Fischer -- backing vocals , co-lead vocals on `` Gimme Shelter '' ( 1989 -- 2015 ) Billy Preston -- keyboards , backing vocals ( 1973 -- 1977 ; died 2006 ) Nicky Hopkins -- keyboards ( 1971 -- 1973 ; died 1994 ) Ernie Watts -- saxophone ( 1981 ) Ian McLagan -- keyboards ( 1978 -- 1981 ; died 2014 ) Blondie Chaplin -- additional guitar , backing vocals ( 1997 -- 2007 ) Ollie E. Brown -- percussion ( 1975 -- 1976 ) Timeline Discography ( edit ) Main article : The Rolling Stones discography Studio albums The Rolling Stones ( 1964 , UK ) / England 's Newest Hit Makers ( 1964 , US ) 12 X 5 ( 1964 , US ) The Rolling Stones No. 2 ( 1965 , UK ) / The Rolling Stones , Now ! ( 1965 , US ) Out of Our Heads ( 1965 , UK ) / Out of Our Heads ( 1965 , US ) December 's Children ( And Everybody 's ) ( 1965 , US ) Aftermath ( 1966 , UK ) / Aftermath ( 1966 , US ) Between the Buttons ( 1967 , UK ) / Between the Buttons ( 1967 , US ) Their Satanic Majesties Request ( 1967 ) Beggars Banquet ( 1968 ) Let It Bleed ( 1969 ) Sticky Fingers ( 1971 ) Exile on Main St. ( 1972 ) Goats Head Soup ( 1973 ) It 's Only Rock ' n Roll ( 1974 ) Black and Blue ( 1976 ) Some Girls ( 1978 ) Emotional Rescue ( 1980 ) Tattoo You ( 1981 ) Undercover ( 1983 ) Dirty Work ( 1986 ) Steel Wheels ( 1989 ) Voodoo Lounge ( 1994 ) Bridges to Babylon ( 1997 ) A Bigger Bang ( 2005 ) Blue & Lonesome ( 2016 ) See also ( edit ) The Rolling Stones portal Book : The Rolling Stones The Rolling Stones Museum List of highest - grossing concert tours Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mick Avory himself has categorically denied `` on many occasions '' that he played with the Rollin ' Stones that night . In fact he only rehearsed twice with them in the Bricklayers Arms pub , before they became known as the Rollin ' Stones . Jump up ^ Wyman 's book Rolling With The Stones incorrectly states the band played the Alcove club that night . Jump up ^ The comma in the title of the song was later dropped . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Rolling Stones : are they really the world 's greatest rock ' n ' roll band ? '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on 11 July 2015 . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Stones may be old , but they can still rock '' . Msnbc . Archived from the original on 26 December 2005 . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Robert ( 27 December 1981 ) . `` The Year of the Rolling Stones '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on 1 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson 2010 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ `` Mick Jagger The Rolling Stones '' . www.rollingstones.com . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Charles . ( 2003 ) , pp. 119 -- 120 , The Life and Times of Little Richard : The Authorised Biography , Omnibus Press . ^ Jump up to : Nelson 2010 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Anniversary of Mick Jagger and Keith Richards Dartford meeting '' . BBC News . 17 October 2011 . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Nelson 2010 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Greenfield 1981 . Jump up ^ Nelson 2010 , pp. 10 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson 2010 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Jones Leaves Rolling Stones '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Jagger et al. 2003 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Jagger et al. 2003 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Nelson 2010 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Wyman 2002 , pp. 36 -- 37 . ^ Jump up to : Faulk , B.J. ( 2011 ) . New Left in Victorian Drag : `` The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus '' . Texas Studies In Literature & Language , 53 ( 2 ) , 138 -- 158 . Jump up ^ It 's Only Rock ' n ' Roll , The Ultimate Guide To The Rolling Stones , James Karnbach and Carol Bernson , Facts On File , Inc. , New York , NY , 1997 Jump up ^ Wyman , Bill . Rolling With the Stones New York : DK Publishing , 2002 . 36 . Print Jump up ^ Bockris 1992 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Nelson 2010 , pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Wyman 2002 , pp. 40 -- 41 ; 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Wyman , Bill . Rolling With the Stones New York : DK Publishing , 2002 . 122 . Print Jump up ^ `` Mick Jagger '' entry , Contemporary Musicians , Volume 53 . Thomson Gale , 2005 . Jump up ^ Januszczak , Waldemar . `` The Rolling Stones up close '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stones '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Haslam , Dave ( 2015 - 08 - 13 ) . Life After Dark : A History of British Nightclubs & Music Venues . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9780857207005 . Jump up ^ Jagger et al. 2003 , pp. 50 -- 51 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Loog Oldham '' . 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All the Rage : A Riotous Romp Through Rock and Roll History . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8230 - 7842 - 4 . Moon , Tom ( 2004 ) . `` The Rolling Stones '' . In Brackett , Nathan ; Hoard , Christian . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide . London : Fireside . pp. 695 -- 699 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0169 - 8 . Portions posted at `` The Rolling Stones Album Guide '' . rollingstone.com . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Nathan , David ; Lindsay , Susan Gedutis ( 2001 ) . Inside the Hits . Berklee Press . p. 217 . Neill , Andy ( 2015 ) . Keith Richards : A Life in Pictures . Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 857 - 12873 - 7 . Nelson , Murray N. ( 2010 ) . The Rolling Stones : A Musical Biography . Santa Barbara , California : Greenwood . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38034 - 1 . Norman , Philip ( 2001 ) . The Stones . London : Sidgwick & Jackson . ISBN 0 - 283 - 07277 - 6 . Oldham , Andrew Loog ( 2000 ) . Stoned . St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 27094 - 0 . Patell , Cyrus R.K. ( 2011 ) . Rolling Stones ' Some Girls . A&C Black . p. 24 . Paytress , Mark ( 2003 ) . Rolling Stones : Off the Record . London : Omnibus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 8869 - 9 . Perone , James ( 2012 ) . The Album : A Guide to Pop Music 's Most Provocative , Influential , and Important Creations . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37906 - 2 . < / ref > Richards , Keith ( 2010 ) . Life ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 03438 - 8 . Sandford , Christopher ( 1999 ) . Mick Jagger : Primitive Cool . New York : Cooper Square Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8154 - 1002 - 7 . Sandford , Christopher ( 2003 ) . Keith Richards : Satisfaction . New York : Caroll & Graf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7867 - 1368 - 4 . Schinder , Scott ; Schwartz , Andy ( 2010 ) . Icons of Rock : An Encyclopedia of the Legends Who Changed Music Forever . ABC - CLIO . p. 230 . Szatmary , David P. ( 2014 ) . Rockin ' in Time ( 8th ed . ) . Pearson . Wells , Simon ( 2012 ) . The Great Rolling Stones Drug Bust . Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 857 - 12711 - 2 . Wyman , Bill ( 1990 ) . Bill Wyman , Stone Alone : The Story of a Rock ' n ' Roll Band . New York : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 82894 - 4 . Wyman , Bill ( 2002 ) . Rolling with the Stones . DK Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7894 - 8967 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) Booth , Stanley ( 1984 ) . Dance with the Devil : The Rolling Stones & Their Times . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 53488 - 3 . Booth , Stanley ( 1995 ) . Keith : Standing in the Shadows . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 11841 - 4 . Carr , Roy ( 1976 ) . The Rolling Stones : An Illustrated Record . Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 52641 - 7 . Cutler , Tom ( 2010 ) . A Gentleman 's Bedside Book : Entertainment for the Last Fifteen Minutes of the Day . Little , Brown Book Group . ISBN 978 - 1 - 849 - 01803 - 6 . Egan , Sean ( 2006 ) . The Rough Guide to the Rolling Stones . London : Penguin . ISBN 1 - 84353 - 719 - 2 . Flippo , Chet ( 1985 ) . On the Road With the Rolling Stones . Doubleday / Dolphin . ISBN 0 - 385 - 19374 - 2 . Forget , Thomas ( 2003 ) . The Rolling Stones . New York : Rosen Central . ISBN 0 - 8239 - 3644 - 9 . Greenfield , Robert ( 2002 ) ( 1974 ) . S.T.P. : A Journey Through America with the Rolling Stones . Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81199 - 5 . Hector , James ( 1995 ) . The Complete Guide to the Music of the Rolling Stones . London : Omnibus . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 4303 - 6 . Hotchner , A.E. ( 1990 ) . Blown Away : The Rolling Stones and the Death of the Sixties . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 69316 - 6 . Jackson , Laura ( 1993 ) . Golden Stone : The Untold Life and Tragic Death of Brian Jones . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 09820 - 0 . Janovitz , Bill ( 2013 ) . Rocks Off : 50 Tracks That Tell the Story of the Rolling Stones . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 1 - 250 - 02631 - 8 . McMillian , John ( 2013 ) . Beatles vs. Stones . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 1 - 4391 - 5969 - 6 . Miller , Jim ( 1980 ) . The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll : The Definitive History of the Most Important Artists and Their Music . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 73728 - 6 . Phelge , James ( 2000 ) . Nankering with the Stones . ISBN 1 - 55652 - 373 - 4 . Sanchez , Tony ( 1996 ) . Up and Down with The Rolling Stones . New York : Da Capo . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80711 - 4 . Spitz , Marc ( 2011 ) . Jagger : Rebel , Rock Star , Rambler , Rogue . Gotham Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59240 - 655 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutThe Rolling Stonesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Discussion from Meta - Wiki Official website The Rolling Stones at Encyclopædia Britannica The Rolling Stones at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) `` The Rolling Stones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . The Rolling Stones at AllMusic The Rolling Stones discography at Discogs The Rolling Stones on IMDb The Rolling Stones discography at MusicBrainz The Rolling Stones The Rolling Stones Mick Jagger Keith Richards Charlie Watts Ronnie Wood Brian Jones Ian Stewart Mick Taylor Bill Wyman Tony Chapman Ricky Fenson Colin Golding Carlo Little Dick Taylor Video releases Let 's Spend the Night Together ( 1983 ) Stones at the Max ( 1992 ) The Rolling Stones : Voodoo Lounge Live ( 1995 ) The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus ( 1996 ) Bridges to Babylon Tour ' 97 -- 98 ( 1998 ) Four Flicks ( 2003 ) The Biggest Bang ( 2007 ) Ladies and Gentlemen : The Rolling Stones ( 2010 ) Some Girls : Live in Texas ' 78 ( 2011 ) Sweet Summer Sun : Live in Hyde Park ( 2013 ) The Rolling Stones : Havana Moon ( 2016 ) Documentaries The Stones in the Park ( 1969 ) Gimme Shelter ( 1970 ) Cocksucker Blues ( 1972 ) Video Rewind ( 1984 ) 25 × 5 : the Continuing Adventures of the Rolling Stones ( 1989 ) Shine a Light ( 2008 ) Stones in Exile ( 2010 ) Crossfire Hurricane ( 2012 ) Olé Olé Olé ! : A Trip Across Latin America ( 2017 ) Tours British Tour 1963 1964 tours 1965 tours 1966 tours European Tour 1967 American Tour 1969 European Tour 1970 UK Tour 1971 American Tour 1972 Pacific Tour 1973 European Tour 1973 Tour of the Americas ' 75 Tour of Europe ' 76 US Tour 1978 American Tour 1981 European Tour 1982 Steel Wheels / Urban Jungle Tour Voodoo Lounge Tour Bridges to Babylon Tour No Security Tour Licks Tour A Bigger Bang 50 & Counting 14 On Fire Zip Code Tour América Latina Olé Tour 2016 Fall 2016 US Tour No Filter Tour Associated places Redlands Stargroves Nellcôte The Wick Downe House The Mick Jagger Centre Related Discography Songs The Rolling Stones concerts Jagger / Richards Nanker Phelge Rolling Stones Records Promotone The Stones in the Park Altamont Free Concert Rolling Stones Mobile Studio The Rolling Stones : An Illustrated Record The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus Andrew Loog Oldham Allen Klein Peter Meaden John Pasche Instruments played Book Portal The Rolling Stones singles discography Decca ( UK ) and London ( US ) singles `` Come On '' `` I Wanna Be Your Man '' / `` Stoned '' `` Not Fade Away '' / `` Little by Little '' `` It 's All Over Now '' `` Tell Me '' / `` I Just Want to Make Love to You '' `` Time Is on My Side '' `` Little Red Rooster '' `` Heart of Stone '' `` The Last Time '' / `` Play with Fire '' `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' / `` The Spider and the Fly '' `` Get Off of My Cloud '' / `` I 'm Free '' `` As Tears Go By '' `` 19th Nervous Breakdown '' / `` As Tears Go By '' `` Paint It Black '' / `` Stupid Girl '' `` Mother 's Little Helper '' / `` Lady Jane '' `` Have You Seen Your Mother , Baby , Standing in the Shadow ? '' `` Let 's Spend the Night Together '' / `` Ruby Tuesday '' `` We Love You '' / `` Dandelion '' `` In Another Land '' `` She 's a Rainbow '' / `` 2000 Light Years from Home '' `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' `` Street Fighting Man '' / `` No Expectations '' `` Honky Tonk Women '' / `` You Ca n't Always Get What You Want '' Rolling Stones / Atlantic singles `` Brown Sugar '' / `` Bitch '' / `` Let It Rock '' `` Wild Horses '' / `` Sway '' `` Tumbling Dice '' / `` Sweet Black Angel '' `` Happy '' / `` All Down the Line '' `` Angie '' / `` Silver Train '' `` Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo ( Heartbreaker ) '' / `` Dancing with Mr. D '' `` It 's Only Rock ' n Roll ( But I Like It ) '' `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' / `` Dance Little Sister '' `` Fool to Cry '' `` Hot Stuff '' Rolling Stones `` Miss You '' / `` Far Away Eyes '' `` Beast of Burden '' / `` When the Whip Comes Down '' `` Respectable '' / `` When the Whip Comes Down '' `` Shattered '' `` Emotional Rescue '' `` She 's So Cold '' / `` Send It to Me '' `` Start Me Up '' `` Waiting on a Friend '' / `` Little T&A '' `` Hang Fire '' / `` Neighbours '' `` Going to a Go - Go '' ( live ) / `` Beast of Burden '' ( live ) `` Time Is on My Side '' ( live ) / `` Twenty Flight Rock '' ( live ) `` Undercover of the Night '' `` She Was Hot '' `` Too Much Blood '' `` Harlem Shuffle '' `` One Hit ( To the Body ) '' `` Mixed Emotions '' `` Rock and a Hard Place '' `` Almost Hear You Sigh '' `` Highwire '' / `` 2000 Light Years from Home '' ( live ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( live ) / `` Play with Fire '' ( live ) `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' ( live ) / `` Tumbling Dice '' ( live ) Virgin singles `` Love Is Strong '' `` You Got Me Rocking '' `` Out of Tears '' `` I Go Wild '' `` Like a Rolling Stone '' ( live ) / `` Black Limousine '' / `` All Down the Line '' `` Wild Horses '' ( live ) / `` Live with Me '' ( live ) / `` Tumbling Dice '' ( live ) `` Anybody Seen My Baby ? '' `` Saint of Me '' / `` Gimme Shelter '' ( live ) `` Out of Control '' `` Do n't Stop '' / `` Miss You '' ( remix ) `` Streets of Love '' / `` Rough Justice '' `` Rain Fall Down '' `` Biggest Mistake '' / `` Before They Make Me Run '' ( live ) Universal singles `` Plundered My Soul '' / `` All Down the Line '' `` No Spare Parts '' / `` Before They Make Me Run '' `` Doom and Gloom '' `` One More Shot '' Other countries `` Let It Bleed '' / `` You Got the Silver '' ( London Japan ) `` Rocks Off '' / `` Sweet Virginia '' ( Japan ) `` Star Star '' / `` Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo ( Heartbreaker ) '' ( France , Germany ) The Rolling Stones album discography UK & US releases 1964 -- 1967 UK releases The Rolling Stones ( 1964 ) The Rolling Stones No. 2 ( 1965 ) US releases The Rolling Stones ( England 's Newest Hit Makers ) ( 1964 ) 12 X 5 ( 1964 ) The Rolling Stones , Now ! ( 1965 ) December 's Children ( And Everybody 's ) ( 1965 ) UK & US releases Out of Our Heads ( 1965 ) Aftermath ( 1966 ) Between the Buttons ( 1967 ) US live releases Got Live If You Want It ! ( 1966 ) UK EPs The Rolling Stones ( 1964 ) Five by Five ( 1964 ) Got Live If You Want It ! ( 1965 ) Compilations Big Hits ( High Tide and Green Grass ) ( UK & US ) ( 1966 ) Flowers ( US ) ( 1967 ) International releases 1967 -- present Studio albums Their Satanic Majesties Request ( 1967 ) Beggars Banquet ( 1968 ) Let It Bleed ( 1969 ) Sticky Fingers ( 1971 ) Exile on Main St. ( 1972 ) Goats Head Soup ( 1973 ) It 's Only Rock ' n Roll ( 1974 ) Black and Blue ( 1976 ) Some Girls ( 1978 ) Emotional Rescue ( 1980 ) Tattoo You ( 1981 ) Undercover ( 1983 ) Dirty Work ( 1986 ) Steel Wheels ( 1989 ) Voodoo Lounge ( 1994 ) Bridges to Babylon ( 1997 ) A Bigger Bang ( 2005 ) Blue & Lonesome ( 2016 ) Live albums ' Get Yer Ya - Ya 's Out ! ' ( 1970 ) Love You Live ( 1977 ) Still Life ( 1982 ) Flashpoint ( 1991 ) Stripped ( 1995 ) No Security ( 1998 ) Live Licks ( 2004 ) Shine a Light ( 2008 ) Brussels Affair ( Live 1973 ) ( 2011 ) Some Girls : Live in Texas ' 78 ( 2011 ) Hampton Coliseum ( Live 1981 ) ( 2012 ) L.A. Friday ( Live 1975 ) ( 2012 ) Live at the Tokyo Dome ( 1990 ) ( 2012 ) Light the Fuse ( Live 2005 ) ( 2012 ) Live at Leeds ( 2012 ) Hyde Park Live ( 2013 ) Marquee Club ( Live in 1971 ) ( 2015 ) Sticky Fingers Live ( 2015 ) Totally Stripped ( 2016 ) Havana Moon ( 2016 ) Compilations Through the Past , Darkly ( Big Hits Vol. 2 ) ( 1969 ) Made in the Shade ( 1975 ) Time Waits for No One : Anthology 1971 -- 1977 ( 1979 ) Sucking in the Seventies ( 1981 ) Rewind ( 1971 -- 1984 ) ( 1984 ) Jump Back : The Best of The Rolling Stones ( 1993 ) Forty Licks ( 2002 ) Rarities 1971 -- 2003 ( 2005 ) GRRR ! ( 2012 ) On Air ( 2017 ) Post-contract ABKCO albums Hot Rocks 1964 -- 1971 ( 1971 ) More Hot Rocks ( Big Hits & Fazed Cookies ) ( 1972 ) Metamorphosis ( 1975 ) Singles Collection : The London Years ( 1989 ) The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus ( 1996 ) Post-contract Decca albums Stone Age ( 1971 ) Gimme Shelter ( 1971 ) Milestones ( 1972 ) Rock ' n ' Rolling Stones ( 1972 ) No Stone Unturned ( 1973 ) Rolled Gold : The Very Best of the Rolling Stones ( 1975 ) Solid Rock ( 1980 ) Slow Rollers ( 1981 ) Rolled Gold+ : The Very Best of the Rolling Stones ( 2007 ) Other albums Jamming with Edward ! ( 1972 ) Story of The Stones ( 1982 ) Live at the Checkerboard Lounge , Chicago 1981 ( 2012 ) Box sets Singles 1963 -- 1965 ( 2004 ) Singles 1965 -- 1967 ( 2004 ) Singles 1968 -- 1971 ( 2005 ) The Rolling Stones Box Set ( 2009 ) Singles 1971 -- 2006 ( 2011 ) The Rolling Stones in Mono ( 2016 ) The Rolling Stones videography Videos T.A.M.I. Show ( 1964 ) Charlie Is My Darling ( 1966 ) Sympathy for the Devil ( 1968 ) Gimme Shelter ( 1970 ) Cocksucker Blues ( 1972 ) Ladies and Gentlemen : The Rolling Stones ( 1974 ) Let 's Spend the Night Together ( 1982 ) Video Rewind ( 1984 ) 25x5 : The Continuing Adventures of the Rolling Stones ( 1989 ) Stones at the Max ( 1992 ) The Rolling Stones : Voodoo Lounge Live ( 1995 ) The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus ( 1996 ) Bridges to Babylon Tour ' 97 -- 98 ( 1998 ) Four Flicks ( 2003 ) The Biggest Bang ( 2007 ) Shine a Light ( 2008 ) Stones in Exile ( 2010 ) The Rolling Stones : Some Girls Live In Texas ' 78 ( 2011 ) Muddy Waters & The Rolling Stones Live At The Checkerboard Lounge , Chicago 1981 ( 2012 ) Crossfire Hurricane ( 2012 ) Sweet Summer Sun : Live in Hyde Park ( 2013 ) The Rolling Stones : Havana Moon ( 2016 ) The Rolling Stones Olé Olé Olé ! : A Trip Across Latin America ( 2016 ) From The Vault - Sticky Fingers : Live At The Fonda Theatre 2015 ( 2017 ) Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Class of 1989 Performers Dion Otis Redding The Rolling Stones ( Mick Jagger , Brian Jones , Keith Richards , Ian Stewart , Mick Taylor , Charlie Watts , Ronnie Wood , Bill Wyman ) The Temptations ( Dennis Edwards , Melvin Franklin , Eddie Kendricks , David Ruffin , Otis Williams , Paul Williams ) Stevie Wonder Early influences The Ink Spots Bessie Smith The Soul Stirrers Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) Phil Spector Mick Jagger Albums She 's the Boss Primitive Cool Wandering Spirit Goddess in the Doorway Alfie The Very Best of Mick Jagger Songs `` Memo from Turner '' `` State of Shock '' `` Just Another Night '' `` Lucky in Love '' `` Dancing in the Street '' `` Let 's Work '' `` Sweet Thing '' `` God Gave Me Everything '' `` Visions of Paradise '' `` Joy '' `` Old Habits Die Hard '' `` England Lost '' `` Gotta Get a Grip '' Featured singles `` T.H.E. 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Council of Jerusalem - wikipedia Council of Jerusalem Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the first century Council of early Christianity . For other uses , see Jerusalem Council . Council of Jerusalem Date c. 50 Accepted by most Christian denominations Next council Ancient church councils ( pre-ecumenical ) President unspecified , but presumably James the Just and perhaps Simon Peter Topics Controversy of circumcision and the validity of the Law of Moses . Documents and statements Excerpts from New Testament ( Acts of Apostles and perhaps Epistle to the Galatians ) . Chronological list of Ecumenical councils Part of a series on Ecumenical councils of the Catholic Church Renaissance depiction of the Council of Trent Antiquity ( c. 50 -- 451 ) Jerusalem Nicaea I Constantinople I Ephesus Chalcedon Early Middle Ages ( 553 -- 870 ) Constantinople II Constantinople III Nicaea II Constantinople IV High and Late Middle Ages ( 1122 -- 1517 ) Lateran I Lateran II Lateran III Lateran IV Lyon I Lyon II Vienne Constance Florence Lateran V Modernity ( 1545 -- 1965 ) Trent Vatican I Vatican II Catholicism portal James the Just , whose judgment was adopted in the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15 : 19 -- 29 , c. 78 AD : `` we should write to them ( Gentiles ) to abstain only from things polluted by idols and from fornication and from whatever has been strangled and from blood ... '' ( NRSV ) Part of a series on the Bible Canons and books ( show ) Tanakh Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim Christian biblical canons Hebrew Bible Old Testament ( OT ) New Testament ( NT ) Deuterocanon Antilegomena Chapters and verses Apocrypha Jewish OT NT Authorship and development ( show ) Authorship Dating Hebrew canon Old Testament canon New Testament canon Documentary hypothesis Mosaic authorship Pauline epistles Petrine epistles Johannine works Translations and manuscripts ( show ) Samaritan Torah Dead Sea scrolls Masoretic Text Targumim Peshitta Septuagint Vulgate Gothic Bible Vetus Latina Luther Bible English Bibles Biblical studies ( show ) Archeology Artifacts Dating Historicity Internal consistency People Places Names Novum Testamentum Graece Documentary hypothesis Synoptic problem NT textual categories Biblical criticism Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation ( show ) Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Literalism Prophecy Inspiration Perspectives ( show ) Gnostic Islamic Qur'anic Muhammad Inerrancy Infallibility Criticism of the Bible Outline of Bible - related topics Bible book Bible portal The Council of Jerusalem or Apostolic Council was held in Jerusalem around AD 50 . It is unique among the ancient pre-ecumenical councils in that it is considered by Catholics and Orthodox to be a prototype and forerunner of the later ecumenical councils and a key part of Christian ethics . The council decided that Gentile converts to Christianity were not obligated to keep most of the Law of Moses , including the rules concerning circumcision of males . The Council did , however , retain the prohibitions on eating blood , meat containing blood , and meat of animals not properly slain , and on fornication and idolatry , sometimes referred to as the Apostolic Decree or Jerusalem Quadrilateral . Accounts of the council are found in Acts of the Apostles chapter 15 ( in two different forms , the Alexandrian and Western versions ) and also possibly in Paul 's letter to the Galatians chapter 2 . Some scholars dispute that Galatians 2 is about the Council of Jerusalem ( notably because Galatians 2 describes a private meeting ) while other scholars dispute the historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical background 2 Issues and outcome 3 Historicity 4 Interpreting the Council 's decision 4.1 Modern interpretation 4.1. 1 Circumcision 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Historical background ( edit ) See also : Biblical law in Christianity § History and background , and Circumcision controversy in early Christianity § Jewish background The Council of Jerusalem is generally dated to 48 AD , roughly 15 to 25 years after the crucifixion of Jesus , between 26 and 36 AD . Acts 15 and Galatians 2 both suggest that the meeting was called to debate whether or not male Gentiles who were converting to become followers of Jesus were required to become circumcised ; circumcision was considered repulsive during the period of Hellenization of the Eastern Mediterranean . At the time , most followers of Jesus ( which historians refer to as Jewish Christians ) were Jewish by birth and even converts would have considered the early Christians as a part of Judaism . According to Alister McGrath , the Jewish Christians affirmed every aspect of the then contemporary Second Temple Judaism with the addition of the belief that Jesus was the Messiah . Unless males were circumcised , they could not be God 's People . The meeting was called to decide whether circumcision for gentile converts was requisite for community membership since certain individuals were teaching that `` ( u ) nless you are circumcised according to the custom of Moses , you can not be saved '' . Circumcision as a mandate was associated with Abraham ( see also Abrahamic covenant ) , but it is cited as `` the custom of Moses '' because Moses is considered the traditional giver of the Law as a whole . The circumcision mandate was made more official and binding in the Mosaic Law Covenant . In John 7 : 22 the words of Jesus are reported to be that Moses gave the people circumcision . Issues and outcome ( edit ) The purpose of the meeting , according to Acts , was to resolve a disagreement in Antioch , which had wider implications than just circumcision , since circumcision is the `` everlasting '' sign of the Abrahamic Covenant ( Genesis 17 : 9 -- 14 ) . Some of the Pharisees who had become believers insisted that it was `` needful to circumcise them , and to command ( them ) to keep the law of Moses '' ( KJV ) . The primary issue which was addressed related to the requirement of circumcision , as the author of Acts relates , but other important matters arose as well , as the Apostolic Decree indicates . The dispute was between those , such as the followers of the `` Pillars of the Church '' , led by James , who believed , following his interpretation of the Great Commission , that the church must observe the Torah , i.e. the rules of traditional Judaism , and Paul the Apostle , who believed there was no such necessity . ( See also Supersessionism , New Covenant , Antinomianism , Hellenistic Judaism , Paul the Apostle and Judaism . ) At the Council , following advice offered by Simon Peter ( Acts 15 : 7 -- 11 and Acts 15 : 14 ) , Barnabas and Paul gave an account of their ministry among the gentiles ( Acts 15 : 12 ) , and the apostle James quoted from the words of the prophet Amos ( Acts 15 : 16 -- 17 , quoting Amos 9 : 11 -- 12 ) . James added his own words to the quotation : `` Known to God from eternity are all His works '' and then submitted a proposal , which was accepted by the Church and became known as the Apostolic Decree : It is my judgment , therefore , that we should not make it difficult for the Gentiles who are turning to God . Instead we should write to them , telling them to abstain from food polluted by idols , from sexual immorality , from the meat of strangled animals and from blood . For the law of Moses has been preached in every city from the earliest times and is read in the synagogues on every Sabbath . ( Acts 15 : 19 -- 21 ) Acts 15 : 23 -- 29 sets out the content of the letter written in accordance with James ' proposal . The Western version of Acts ( see Acts of the Apostles : Manuscripts ) adds the negative form of the Golden Rule ( `` and whatever things ye would not have done to yourselves , do not do to another '' ) . This determined questions wider than that of circumcision , particularly dietary questions , but also fornication and idolatry and blood , and also the application of Biblical law to non-Jews . It was stated by the Apostles and Elders in the Council : `` the Holy Spirit and we ourselves have favored adding no further burden to you , except these necessary things , to abstain from things sacrificed to idols , and from blood , and from things strangled , and from fornication . If you carefully keep yourselves from these things , you will prosper . '' ( Acts 15 : 27 -- 28 ) And this Apostolic Decree was considered binding on all the other local Christian congregations in other regions . See also Biblical law directed at non-Jews , Seven Laws of Noah , Biblical law in Christianity , and the Ten Commandments in Christianity . The writer of Acts gives an account of a restatement by James and the elders in Jerusalem of the contents of the letter on the occasion of Paul 's final Jerusalem visit , immediately prior to Paul 's arrest at the temple , recounting : `` When we had come to Jerusalem , the brothers received us gladly . On the following day Paul went in with us to James , and all the elders were present . '' ( Acts 21 : 17 -- 18 , ESV ) The elders then proceed to notify Paul of what seems to have been a common concern among Jewish believers , that he was teaching Diaspora Jewish converts to Christianity `` to forsake Moses , telling them not to circumcise their children or walk according to our customs . '' They remind the assembly that , `` as for the Gentiles who have believed , we have sent a letter with our judgment that they should abstain from what has been sacrificed to idols , and from blood , and from what has been strangled , and from sexual immorality '' . In the view of some scholars , the reminder of James and the elders here is an expression of concern that Paul was not fully teaching the decision of the Jerusalem Council 's letter to Gentiles , particularly in regard to non-strangled kosher meat , which contrasts with Paul 's advice to Gentiles in Corinth , to `` eat whatever is sold in the meat markets '' ( 1 Corinthians 10 : 25 ) . Historicity ( edit ) See also : Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles The description of the Apostolic Council in Acts 15 , generally considered the same event described in Galatians 2 , is considered by some scholars to be contradictory to the Galatians account . The historicity of Luke 's account has been challenged , and was rejected completely by some scholars in the mid to late 20th century . However , more recent scholarship inclines towards treating the Jerusalem Council and its rulings as a historical event , though this is sometimes expressed with caution . Bruce Metzger 's Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament includes a summary of current research on the topic as of about 1994 : In conclusion , therefore , it appears that the least unsatisfactory solution of the complicated textual and exegetical problems of the Apostolic Decree is to regard the fourfold decree as original ( foods offered to idols , strangled meat , eating blood , and unchastity -- whether ritual or moral ) , and to explain the two forms of the threefold decree in some such way as those suggested above . An extensive literature exists on the text and exegesis of the Apostolic Decree ... According to Jacques Dupont , `` Present day scholarship is practically unanimous in considering the ' Eastern ' text of the decree as the only authentic text ( in four items ) and in interpreting its prescriptions in a sense not ethical but ritual '' ( Les problèmes du Livre des Actes d'après les travaux récents ( Louvain , 1950 ) , p. 70 ) . Interpreting the Council 's decision ( edit ) See also : Paul the Apostle and Judaism and Early Christianity Part of a series on Jewish Christianity Figures Jesus John the Baptist Simon Peter Twelve Apostles James , brother of Jesus Simeon of Jerusalem Jude Paul Ancient groups Ebionites Elcesaites Nazarenes Pejoratives Judaizers Legalists Pauline Christianity Recent groups Hebrew Christian movement Messianic Judaism Saint Thomas Christians Adversity Split of Christianity and Judaism Paul and Judaism Marcionism Christian anti-semitism Constantine Writings Gospel of Matthew Epistle of James Clementine Didache Liturgy of St James Book of Elchasai Jewish -- Christian gospels Gospel of the Ebionites Gospel of the Hebrews Gospel of the Nazarenes Issues Aramaic of Jesus Yeshua ( name ) Council of Jerusalem Expounding of the Law Sabbath Quartodecimanism Noahide laws James 's Apostolic Decree was that most Mosaic law , including the requirement for circumcision of males , was not obligatory for Gentile converts , possibly in order to make it easier for them to join the movement . However , the Council did retain the prohibitions against Gentile converts eating meat containing blood , or meat of animals not properly slain . It also retained the prohibitions against `` fornication '' and `` idol worship '' . See also Old Testament Law directed at non-Jews . In effect , the Jerusalem Church created a flexible approach which some accuse of being a double - standard : one for Jewish Christians and one for Gentile converts ( for the parallel in Judaism , see Convert to Judaism and Noahides ) . The Decree may be a major act of differentiation of the Church from its Jewish roots , depending on when Jewish Noahide law was developed . Around the same time period , the authorities of Rabbinic Judaism made their circumcision requirement even stricter . The decision created a category of persons who were members of the Christian community ( which still considered itself to be part of the Jewish community ) who , in certain situations , would be unacceptable to the wider Jewish community , because they were uncircumcised , besides other objections relating to the 613 mitzvot . On the other hand , some in the early Church did not take long to decide that the Torah requirements were not necessary for Jewish converts either ( see the Epistle to the Hebrews , and Justin Martyr 's Dialog with Trypho and Marcionism ; Paul also repeatedly states that Jews and Gentiles are one in Christ , which may be interpreted as saying that they are not distinguished in any way , including their relationship to the Mosaic Law , but this is just one interpretation and the issues of Paul the Apostle and Judaism and interpretation of Pauline passages supporting antinomianism and Pauline passages opposing antinomianism are still widely disputed . See also Criticism of Dual - Covenant theology ) . Determining what followed depends on how reliable one believes the various texts to be . Some scholars have taken a very skeptical view of the probity of Acts . Moreover , Paul seems to have refused `` to be tied down to particular patterns of behavior and practice '' . For example , see 1 Corinthians 9 : 20 -- 23 . He does not engage in a dispute with those Corinthians who apparently feel quite free to eat anything offered to idols , never appealing or even mentioning the Jerusalem council . He rather attempts to persuade them by appealing to the care they should have for other believers who might not feel so free . From its position of dominance , due in part to its leadership by James , the Jerusalem Church suffered first persecution and eventual decline , but never total elimination ( see for example Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem and Jerusalem in Christianity and Pentarchy ) . The question of the relationship with Jews and Jewish Christians continued for some time , indeed it is still debated today . Modern interpretation ( edit ) Jewish Encyclopedia : New Testament -- Spirit of Jewish Proselytism in Christianity states : For great as was the success of Barnabas and Paul in the heathen world , the authorities in Jerusalem insisted upon circumcision as the condition of admission of members into the church , until , on the initiative of Peter , and of James , the head of the Jerusalem church , it was agreed that acceptance of the Noachian Laws -- namely , regarding avoidance of idolatry , fornication , and the eating of flesh cut from a living animal -- should be demanded of the heathen desirous of entering the Church . Jewish Encyclopedia : Gentiles : Gentiles May Not Be Taught the Torah states : R. Emden , in a remarkable apology for Christianity contained in his appendix to `` Seder ' Olam '' ( pp. 32b - 34b , Hamburg , 1752 ) , gives it as his opinion that the original intention of Jesus , and especially of Paul , was to convert only the Gentiles to the seven moral laws of Noah and to let the Jews follow the Mosaic law -- which explains the apparent contradictions in the New Testament regarding the laws of Moses and the Sabbath . The Catholic Encyclopedia article on Judaizers states : Paul , on the other hand , not only did not object to the observance of the Mosaic Law , as long as it did not interfere with the liberty of the Gentiles , but he conformed to its prescriptions when occasion required ( 1Corinthians 9 : 20 ) . Thus he shortly after circumcised Timothy ( Acts 16 : 1 -- 3 ) , and he was in the very act of observing the Mosaic ritual when he was arrested at Jerusalem ( Acts 21 : 26 sqq . ) Joseph Fitzmyer disputes the claim that the Apostolic Decree is based on Noahide Law ( Gen 9 ) and instead proposes Lev 17 -- 18 as the basis , see also Leviticus 18 . He also argues that the decision was meant as a practical compromise to help Jewish and Gentile Christians to get along , not a theological statement intended to bind Christians for all time . According to the 19th - century Roman Catholic Bishop Karl Josef von Hefele , the Apostolic Decree of the Jerusalem Council `` has been obsolete for centuries in the West '' , though it is still recognized and observed by the Greek Orthodox Church . Acts 28 Hyperdispensationalists , such as the 20th century Anglican E.W. Bullinger , would be another example of a group that believes the decree ( and everything before Acts 28 ) no longer applies . Circumcision ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : Fill in all citations needed Synchronize with section Religious male circumcision # In Christianity . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2014 ) Main article : Religious male circumcision § In Christianity Most Christians consider circumcision to be only an optional ritual , but Orthodox Judaism considers it one of the mandatory 613 mitzvot , following Genesis 17 : 10 -- 27 , and the signature - law ( or eternal sign ) by which men signed the covenant with God , in blood , and thereby became a People of God , subject to God 's protection and curse . This , according to the Torah , was the way that Abraham signed the covenant with God and thereby started Judaism , see also Abrahamic religions # Circumcision . In the 1st century AD , modern anesthesia and antibiotics did not exist and the death - rates were high from even minor medical operations . Demanding a Gentile adult male be circumcised in order to become a follower of Jesus , may not only have been terrifying , but it may have been life - threatening . This is the reason why this Council was called by Jesus ' apostle James , who , according to Paul 's account in Galatians 2 : 10 concluded that Paul would not have to demand his men to become circumcised , and according to Luke 's account in Acts 15 : 13 -- 21 , James not only permitted uncircumcised men to remain in the group , but he said in closing the Council ( Acts 15 : 19 ) `` We should not trouble the Gentiles who are turning to God . '' As for Orthodox Judaism today , the rabbis do not believe that Gentiles need to be circumcised , unless they wish to convert to Judaism , which is discouraged . Instead , Gentiles need only follow the Seven Laws of Noah to be assured of a place in the `` World to Come '' . See also ( edit ) Christianity portal Ancient church councils ( pre-ecumenical ) Antinomianism Biblical law in Christianity Binding and loosing Brotherly love ( philosophy ) Christian Torah - submission Circumcision controversy in early Christianity Circumcision in the Bible # In rabbinic literature Circumcision in the Bible Jewish Christians Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification Judaizers Legalism ( theology ) New Perspective on Paul Pauline Christianity Restorationism ( Christian primitivism ) Christian ethics Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Galatians 2 : 12 ^ Robert Eisenman in James the Brother of Jesus identifies Paul with Ananias the Jewish merchant ( as described by Josephus : Jewish Antiquities 20.2. 3 -- 4 ) , who proselytized Gentiles teaching them that faith in God is superior to circumcision . ^ There are two major versions of Acts : Alexandrian and Western ; with preference generally given to the Alexandrian , see Bruce Metzger 's Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament which has for the Western 15 : 2 , `` for Paul spoke maintaining firmly that they should stay as they were when converted ; but those who had come from Jerusalem ordered them , Paul and Barnabas and certain others , to go up to Jerusalem to the apostles and elders that they might be judged before them about this question . '' ^ According to Bruce Metzger 's Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament : `` the Apostolic Decree ( 15.29 , 15.20 , 21.25 ) ... contain many problems concerning text and exegesis '' ; `` it is possible ... ( fornication means ) marriage within the prohibited Levitical Degrees ( Leviticus 18 : 6 -- 18 ) , which the rabbis described as `` forbidden for porneia '' , or mixed marriages with pagans ( Numbers 25 : 1 ; also compare 2Corinthians 6.14 ) , or participation in pagan worship which had long been described by Old Testament prophets as spiritual adultery and which , in fact , offered opportunity in many temples for religious prostitution `` ; `` An extensive literature exists on the text and exegesis '' ; NRSV has things polluted by idols , fornication , whatever has been strangled , blood ; NIV has food polluted by idols , sexual immorality , meat of strangled animals , blood ; Young 's has pollutions of the idols , whoredom , strangled thing , blood ; Gaus ' Unvarnished New Testament has pollution of idolatrous sacrifices , unchastity , meat of strangled animals , blood ; NAB has pollution from idols , unlawful marriage , meat of strangled animals , blood . Karl Josef von Hefele 's commentary on canon II of Gangra notes : `` We further see that , at the time of the Synod of Gangra , the rule of the Apostolic Synod with regard to blood and things strangled was still in force . With the Greeks , indeed , it continued always in force as their Euchologies still show . Balsamon also , the well - known commentator on the canons of the Middle Ages , in his commentary on the sixty - third Apostolic Canon , expressly blames the Latins because they had ceased to observe this command . What the Latin Church , however , thought on this subject about the year 400 , is shown by St. Augustine in his work Contra Faustum , where he states that the Apostles had given this command in order to unite the heathens and Jews in the one ark of Noah ; but that then , when the barrier between Jewish and heathen converts had fallen , this command concerning things strangled and blood had lost its meaning , and was only observed by few . But still , as late as the eighth century , Pope Gregory the Third ( 731 ) forbade the eating of blood or things strangled under threat of a penance of forty days . No one will pretend that the disciplinary enactments of any council , even though it be one of the undisputed Ecumenical Synods , can be of greater and more unchanging force than the decree of that first council , held by the Holy Apostles at Jerusalem , and the fact that its decree has been obsolete for centuries in the West is proof that even Ecumenical canons may be of only temporary utility and may be repealed by disuse , like other laws . '' ^ Hillel the Elder when asked by a Gentile to teach the whole Torah while standing on one foot cited the negative form of the Golden Rule , also cited in Tobit 4 : 15 . Jesus in Matthew 7 : 12 , part of the Sermon on the Mount , cited the positive form as summary of the `` Law and Prophets . '' ^ Whether or not Galatians 2 : 1 -- 10 is a record of the Council of Jerusalem or a different event is not agreed . Paul writes of laying his gospel before the others `` privately , '' not as in a Council . It has been argued that Galatians was written as Paul was on his way to the Council ( see Paul the Apostle ) . Raymond E. Brown in Introduction to the New Testament argues that they are the same event but each from a different viewpoint with its own bias . ^ Acts 16 says Paul personally circumcised Timothy , even though his father was Greek , because his mother was a Jewish believer , i.e. a Jewish Christian . ^ Some took `` freedom in Christ '' to mean lawlessness , for example , Acts 21 : 21 . ^ Possibly a reference to the Ebionites ^ Acts 15 : 19 ^ Hans Conzelmann ^ Christopher Rowland , Christian Origins ( SPCK 1985 ) p. 234 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whether or not Galatians 2 : 1 -- 10 is a record of the Council of Jerusalem or a different event is not agreed . Paul writes of laying his gospel before the others `` privately '' , not in a Council . It has been argued that Galatians was written as Paul was on his way to the Council ( see Paul the Apostle ) . Raymond E. Brown in his Introduction to the New Testament argues that they ( Acts 15 and Galatians 2 ) are the same event but each from a different viewpoint with its own bias . Jump up ^ Jewish Encyclopedia : Circumcision : In Apocryphal and Rabbinical Literature : `` Contact with Grecian life , especially at the games of the arena ( which involved nudity ) , made this distinction obnoxious to the Hellenists , or antinationalists ; and the consequence was their attempt to appear like the Greeks by epispasm ( '' making themselves foreskins `` ; I Macc . i . 15 ; Josephus , `` Ant . '' xii. 5 , § 1 ; Assumptio Mosis , viii. ; I Cor . vii. 18 ; Tosef. , Shab . xv. 9 ; Yeb . 72a , b ; Yer . Peah i . 16b ; Yeb . viii . 9a ) . All the more did the law - observing Jews defy the edict of Antiochus Epiphanes prohibiting circumcision ( I Macc . i . 48 , 60 ; ii. 46 ) ; and the Jewish women showed their loyalty to the Law , even at the risk of their lives , by themselves circumcising their sons . '' Hodges , Frederick , M. ( 2001 ) . `` The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome : Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos , Circumcision , Foreskin Restoration , and the Kynodesme '' ( PDF ) . The Bulletin of the History of Medicine . 75 ( Fall 2001 ) : 375 -- 405 . doi : 10.1353 / bhm. 2001.0119 . PMID 11568485 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ McGrath , Alister E. , Christianity : An Introduction . Blackwell Publishing ( 2006 ) . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 0899 - 1 . Page 174 : `` In effect , they ( Jewish Christians ) seemed to regard Christianity as an affirmation of every aspect of contemporary Judaism , with the addition of one extra belief -- that Jesus was the Messiah . '' Jump up ^ Acts 15 : 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ Acts 15 : 5 Jump up ^ Gill , J. , Gill 's Exposition of the Whole Bible http://biblehub.com/commentaries/gill/acts/15.htm accessed 13 September 2015 Jump up ^ Acts 15 : 18 Jump up ^ Apostolic Presbyterianism -- by William Cunningham and Reg Barrow Jump up ^ Robert McQueen Grant Augustus to Constantine : the rise and triumph of Christianity in the Roman World Louisville : Westminster John Knox , 2004 , p. iv `` According to Acts 21 : 25 , the elders at Jerusalem were still concerned with observance of them when Paul last '' Jump up ^ Paul Barnett Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity : A History of New Testament p. 292 `` He chided Paul later for his failure to require the Gentiles to observe the decree ( Acts 21 : 25 ) . Paul delivered the letter from the Jerusalem meeting expressing James 's decree , but only to churches in Syria , Cilicia and Galatia ... Paul did not impose the food requirements for the kosher - killed meat and against the idol - sacrificed meat upon the Corinthians '' Jump up ^ 1 Corinthians : a new translation Volume 32 Anchor Bible William Fridell Orr , James Arthur Walther -- 1976 `` Paul 's openness regarding dietary restrictions raises again the question of the connection with the decrees of the council at Jerusalem ( Acts 15 : 29 ; Introduction , pp. 63 -- 65 ) . There is no hint here of an apostolic decree involving food . '' Jump up ^ Gordon D. Fee The First Epistle to the Corinthians 1987 p480 `` Paul 's `` rule '' for everyday life in Corinth is a simple one : `` Eat anything sold in the meat market '' '' Jump up ^ `` In spite of the presence of discrepancies between these two accounts , most scholars agree that they do in fact refer to the same event . '' , Paget , `` Jewish Christianity '' , in Horbury , et al. , `` The Cambridge History of Judaism : The Early Roman Period '' , volume 3 , p. 744 ( 2008 ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ `` Paul 's account of the Jerusalem Council in Galatians 2 and the account of it recorded in Acts have been considered by some scholars as being in open contradiction . '' , Paget , `` Jewish Christianity '' , in Horbury , et al. , `` The Cambridge History of Judaism : The Early Roman Period '' , volume 3 , p. 744 ( 2008 ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ `` There is a very strong case against the historicity of Luke 's account of the Apostolic Council '' , Esler , `` Community and Gospel in Luke - Acts : The Social and Political Motivations of Lucan Theology '' , p. 97 ( 1989 ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ `` The historicity of Luke 's account in Acts 15 has been questioned on a number of grounds . '' , Paget , `` Jewish Christianity '' , in Horbury , et al. , `` The Cambridge History of Judaism : The Early Roman Period '' , volume 3 , p. 744 ( 2008 ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ `` However , numerous scholars have challenged the historicity of the Jerusalem Council as related by Acts , Paul 's presence there in the manner that Luke describes , the issue of idol - food being thrust on Paul 's Gentile mission , and the historical reliability of Acts in general . '' , Fotopolous , `` Food Offered to Idols in Roman Corinth : a socio - rhetorical reconsideration '' , pp. 181 -- 182 ( 2003 ) . Mohr Siebeck . Jump up ^ `` Sahlin rejects the historicity of Acts completely ( Der Messias und das Gottesvolk ( 1945 ) ) . Haenchen 's view is that the Apostolic Council `` is an imaginary construction answering to no historical reality '' ( The Acts of the Apostles ( Engtr 1971 ) , p. 463 ) . Dibelius ' view ( Studies in the Acts of the Apostles ( Engtr 1956 ) , pp. 93 -- 101 ) is that Luke 's treatment is literary - theological and can make no claim to historical worth. `` , Mounce , `` Apostolic Council '' , in Bromiley ( ed . ) `` The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia '' , volume 1 , p. 200 ( rev . ed. 2001 ) . Wm . B. Eerdmans . Jump up ^ `` There is an increasing trend among scholars toward considering the Jerusalem Council as historical event . An overwhelming majority identifies the reference to the Jerusalem Council in Acts 15 with Paul 's account in Gal. 2.1 -- 10 , and this accord is not just limited to the historicity of the gathering alone but extends also to the authenticity of the arguments deriving from the Jerusalem church itself . '' , Philip , `` The Origins of Pauline Pneumatology : the Eschatological Bestowal of the Spirit '' , Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2 , Reihe , p. 205 ( 2005 ) . Mohr Siebeck . Jump up ^ `` The present writer accepts its basic historicity , i.e. that there was an event at Jerusalem concerning the matter of the entry of the Gentiles into the Christian community , but would be circumspect about going much further than that . For a robust defence of its historicity , see Bauckham , `` James '' , and the relevant literature cited there. `` , Paget , `` Jewish Christianity '' , in Horbury , et al. , `` The Cambridge History of Judaism : The Early Roman Period '' , volume 3 , p. 744 ( 2008 ) . Cambridge University Press . ^ Jump up to : For a clarification of `` fourfold decree '' vs `` threefold decree '' , see International Standard Bible Encyclopedia : A-D , 1995 , by Geoffrey W. Bromiley ( `` Apostolic Council '' ) , page 202 . Jump up ^ Bruce M. Metzger , A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament , 2nd edn , ( NY : Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft , 1994 ) , 382 . Jump up ^ Metzger , Textual Commentary , 383n9 . Jump up ^ Jewish law or Halakha was formalized later , see Jewish Encyclopedia : Jesus of Nazareth : Attitude Toward the Law : `` Jesus , however , does not appear to have taken into account the fact that the Halakah was at this period just becoming crystallized , and that much variation existed as to its definite form ; the disputes of the Bet Hillel and Bet Shammai were occurring about the time of his maturity . '' Jump up ^ Jewish Encyclopedia : Baptism : `` According to rabbinical teachings , which dominated even during the existence of the Temple ( Pes . viii. 8 ) , Baptism , next to circumcision and sacrifice , was an absolutely necessary condition to be fulfilled by a proselyte to Judaism ( Yeb . 46b , 47b ; Ker . 9a ; ' Ab . Zarah 57a ; Shab . 135a ; Yer . Kid . iii. 14 , 64d ) . Circumcision , however , was much more important , and , like baptism , was called a `` seal '' ( Schlatter , `` Die Kirche Jerusalems '' , 1898 , p. 70 ) . But as circumcision was discarded by Christianity , and the sacrifices had ceased , Baptism remained the sole condition for initiation into religious life . The next ceremony , adopted shortly after the others , was the imposition of hands , which , it is known , was the usage of the Jews at the ordination of a rabbi . Anointing with oil , which at first also accompanied the act of Baptism , and was analogous to the anointment of priests among the Jews , was not a necessary condition . '' Jump up ^ An early form of Noahide Law may appear in the Book of Jubilees which is generally dated to the 2nd century BC : Jubilees Archived February 24 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . 7 : 20 -- 28 : `` And in the twenty - eighth jubilee ( 1324 -- 1372 A.M. ) Noah began to enjoin upon his sons ' sons the ordinances and commandments , and all the judgments that he knew , and he exhorted his sons to observe righteousness , and to cover the shame of their flesh , and to bless their Creator , and honour father and mother , and love their neighbour , and guard their souls from fornication and uncleanness and all iniquity . For owing to these three things came the flood upon the earth ... For whoso sheddeth man 's blood , and whoso eateth the blood of any flesh , shall all be destroyed from the earth . '' The earliest clear reference is found in Tosefta Avodah Zarah 8.4 , dated circa 300 . Jump up ^ `` peri'ah '' , ( Shab . xxx. 6 ) Jump up ^ Justin Martyr , Dialog With Trypho , http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_I/JUSTIN_MARTYR/Dialogue_with_Trypho Jump up ^ The Acts of the Apostles ( The Anchor Yale Bible Commentaries ) , Yale University Press ( December 2 , 1998 ) , ISBN 0 - 300 - 13982 - 9 , chapter V Jump up ^ Karl Josef von Hefele 's commentary on canon II of Gangra notes : `` We further see that , at the time of the Synod of Gangra , the rule of the Apostolic Synod with regard to blood and things strangled was still in force . With the Greeks , indeed , it continued always in force as their Euchologies still show . Balsamon also , the well - known commentator on the canons of the Middle Ages , in his commentary on the sixty - third Apostolic Canon , expressly blames the Latins because they had ceased to observe this command . What the Latin Church , however , thought on this subject about the year 400 , is shown by St. Augustine in his work Contra Faustum , where he states that the Apostles had given this command in order to unite the heathens and Jews in the one ark of Noah ; but that then , when the barrier between Jewish and heathen converts had fallen , this command concerning things strangled and blood had lost its meaning , and was only observed by few . But still , as late as the eighth century , Pope Gregory the Third ( 731 ) forbade the eating of blood or things strangled under threat of a penance of forty days . No one will pretend that the disciplinary enactments of any council , even though it be one of the undisputed Ecumenical Synods , can be of greater and more unchanging force than the decree of that first council , held by the Holy Apostles at Jerusalem , and the fact that its decree has been obsolete for centuries in the West is proof that even Ecumenical canons may be of only temporary utility and may be repealed by disuse , like other laws . '' Further reading ( edit ) Badenas , Robert . Christ the End of the Law , Romans 10.4 in Pauline Perspective , 1985 ISBN 0 - 905774 - 93 - 0 Brown , Raymond E. An Introduction to the New Testament . Anchor Bible Series , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 24767 - 2 . Bruce , Frederick Fyvie . Peter , Stephen , James and John : Studies in Early Non-Pauline Christianity Bruce , Frederick Fyvie . Men and movements in the primitive church : Studies in early non-Pauline Christianity Clark , A.C. The Acts of the Apostles Dunn , James D.G. `` The Incident at Antioch ( Galatians 2 : 11 -- 18 ) , '' JSNT 18 , 1983 , pg 95 -- 122 Dunn , James D.G. Jesus , Paul and the Law , ISBN 0 - 664 - 25095 - 5 Dunn , James D.G. The Theology of Paul 's Letter to the Galatians 1993 ISBN 0 - 521 - 35953 - 8 Dunn , James D.G. The Theology of Paul the Apostle Eerdmans 1997 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 3844 - 8 Ehrman , Bart D. Lost Christianities : The Battle for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew 2003 Eisenman , Robert , 1997 . James the Brother of Jesus : The Key to Unlocking the Secrets of Early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls . ISBN 0 - 670 - 86932 - 5 A cultural historian 's dissenting view based on contemporary texts . Elsner , Jas . Imperial Rome and Christian Triumph : Oxford History of Early Non-Pauline Christianity 1998 ISBN 0 - 19 - 284201 - 3 Gaus , Andy . The Unvarnished New Testament 1991 ISBN 0 - 933999 - 99 - 2 Kim , Seyoon Paul and the New Perspective : Second Thoughts on the Origin of Paul 's Gospel 2001 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4974 - 1 Maccoby , Hyam . The Mythmaker : Paul and the Invention of Christianity . New York : Harper & Row , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 015582 - 5 . MacDonald , Dennis Ronald , 1983 . The Legend and the Apostle : The Battle for Paul in Story and Canon Philadelphia : Westminster Press . Metzger , Bruce M. A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament 1975 ISBN 3 - 438 - 06010 - 8 Mount , Christopher N. Pauline Christianity : Luke - Acts and the Legacy of Paul 2001 Ropes , J.H. , The Text of Acts , Vol . III ; The Beginnings of Christianity : Part I : The Acts of the Apostles , London : MacMillan & Co. , Ltd. , 1926 Sanders , E.P. Paul and Palestinian Judaism : A Comparison of Patterns of Religion 1977 ISBN 0 - 8006 - 1899 - 8 Sanders , E.P. Paul the Law and the Jewish People 1983 Sanders , E.P. Jesus and Judaism , Fortress Press , 1987 , ISBN 0 - 8006 - 2061 - 5 Simon , Marcel . The Apostolic Decree and its Setting in the Ancient Church . Bulletin of the John Rylands Library , LII ( 1969 -- 70 ) , pp. 437 -- 460 Telfer , W . The Didache and the Apostolic Synod of Antioch The Journal of Theological Studies , 1939 , pp. 133 -- 146 , 258 -- 271 Westerholm , Stephen . Perspectives Old and New on Paul : The `` Lutheran '' Paul and His Critics 2003 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4809 - 5 Wright , N.T. What Saint Paul Really Said : Was Paul of Tarsus the Real Founder of Christianity ? 1997 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4445 - 6 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Book of Acts , Chapter 15 NA26 Greek Acts 15 Catholic Encyclopedia : Judaizers Catholic Encyclopedia : Apostolic Canons Didache Apostolic Constitutions Didascalia Apostolorum Jewish Antiquities 20 New Perspective on Paul Early Christian Writings Jewish Encyclopedia : Hillel v. 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Crown - of - thorns starfish - wikipedia Crown - of - thorns starfish Jump to : navigation , search Crown - of - thorns starfish Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Echinodermata Class : Asteroidea Order : Valvatida Family : Acanthasteridae Genus : Acanthaster Species : Acanthaster planci Binomial name Acanthaster planci ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) The crown - of - thorns starfish , Acanthaster planci , is a large , multiple - armed starfish that usually preys upon hard , or stony , coral polyps ( Scleractinia ) . The crown - of - thorns starfish receives its name from venomous thorn - like spines that cover its upper surface , resembling the biblical crown of thorns . It is one of the largest starfish in the world . A. planci has a very wide Indo - Pacific distribution . It is perhaps most common in Australia , but can occur at tropical and subtropical latitudes from the Red Sea and the east African coast across the Indian Ocean , and across the Pacific Ocean to the west coast of Central America . It occurs where coral reefs or hard coral communities occur in this region . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 2.1 Family 2.2 Genus and species 2.3 Genetic studies 3 Biology 3.1 Toxins 3.2 Behaviour 3.3 Predators 4 Life - cycle 4.1 Gametes and embryos 4.2 Larval stages 4.3 Metamorphosis , development and growth 4.4 Field observations of life - cycle 5 Ecology 5.1 Ecological impact on reefs 5.2 Population outbreaks 5.3 Causes of population outbreaks 6 Population control 7 References 8 External links Description ( edit ) Unusual brightly coloured crown - of - thorns starfish , Thailand The body form of the crown - of - thorns starfish is fundamentally the same as that of a typical starfish , with a central disk and radiating arms . Its special traits , however , include being disc - shaped , multiple - armed , flexible , prehensile , and heavily spined , and having a large ratio of stomach surface to body mass . Its prehensile ability arises from the two rows of numerous tube feet that extend to the tip of each arm . In being multiple - armed , it has lost the five-fold symmetry ( pentamerism ) typical of starfish , although it begins its life cycle with this symmetry . Adult crown - of - thorns starfish normally range in size from 25 to 35 cm ( 9.8 to 13.8 in ) . They have up to 21 arms . Although the body of the crown of thorns has a stiff appearance , it is able to bend and twist to fit around the contours of the corals on which it feeds . The underside of each arm has a series of closely fitting plates which form a groove and extend in rows to the mouth . They are usually of subdued colours , pale brown to grey - green , but they may be garish with bright warning colours in some parts of their wide range . The long , sharp spines on the sides of the starfish 's arms and upper ( aboral ) surface resemble thorns and create a crown - like shape , giving the creature its name . The spines are stiff and very sharp , and readily pierce through soft surfaces . Despite the battery of sharp spines on the aboral surface and blunt spines on the oral surface , the crown - of - thorns starfish 's general body surface is membranous and soft . When the starfish is removed from the water , the body surface ruptures and the body fluid leaks out , so the body collapses and flattens . The spines bend over and flatten , as well . They recover their shape when reimmersed , if they are still alive . Taxonomy ( edit ) Family ( edit ) The family Acanthasteridae is monogeneric ; its position within the Asteroides is unsettled . It is generally recognised as a distinctly isolated taxon . Recently , Blake concluded from comparative morphology studies of Acanthaster planci that it has strong similarities with various members of the Oreasteridae . He transferred Acanthasteridae from the Spinulosida to the Valvatida and assigned it a position near to the Oreasteridae , from which it appears to be derived . He attributed Acanthaster morphology as possibly evolving in association with its locomotion over irregular coral surfaces in higher energy environments . There is a complication , however , in that Acanthaster is not a monospecific genus and any consideration of the genus must also take into account another species , Acanthaster brevispinus , which lives in a completely different environment . A. brevispinus lives on soft substrates , perhaps buried in the substrate at times like other soft substrate - inhabiting starfish , at moderate depths where presumably the surface is regular and there is little wave action . Genus and species ( edit ) Short - spined form from Gulf of California -- live specimen Acanthaster planci has a long history in the scientific literature with great confusion in the generic and species names from the outset , with a long list of complex synonyms . As a very distinctive starfish , it is not surprising that it was first described in 1705 . Rhumphius used the name Stella marina quindecium radiotorum . Later , Linnaeus described it as Asterias planci , based on an illustration by Plancus and Gualtieri ( 1743 ) , when he introduced his system of binomial nomenclature . No type specimens are known ; the specimen described by Plancus and Gualtieri ( 1743 ) is no longer extant . Subsequent generic names used for the crown - of - thorns starfish included Stellonia , Echinaster and Echinites , before settling on Acanthaster ( Gervais 1841 ) . Species names included echintes , solaris , mauritensis , ellisii , and ellisii pseudoplanci ( with subspecies ) . Most of these names arose from confusion in the historical literature , but Acanthaster ellisii came to be used for the distinctive starfish in the eastern Pacific Gulf of California . The eastern Pacific Acanthaster is very distinctive ( see image to the right ) with its rather ' plump ' body , large disk to total diameter ratio and short , blunt spines . It gives the impression of living in a habitat where having sharp defenses against predators has little value , although it lives on coral reef and feeds on coral . Genetic studies ( edit ) Nishida and Lucas examined variation at 14 allozyme loci of ten population samples of A. planci using starch - gel electrophoresis . The samples were from localities across the Pacific : Ryukyu archipelago ( four locations ) , Micronesia ( two locations ) , and samples from one location each of the Great Barrier Reef , Fiji , Hawaii , and Gulf of California . A sample of 10 specimens of A. brevispinus from the Great Barrier Reef region was included for comparison . There was considerable genetic differentiation between the A. brevispinus and A. planci populations ( D = 0.20 + / - 0.02 ) ( D is genetic distance ) . The genetic differences between geographic populations of A. planci were , however , small ( D = 0.03 + / - 0.00 ; Fsr = 0.07 + 0.02 ) ( Fsr is standardized genetic variance for each polymorphic locus ) despite the great distances separating them . A positive correlation was observed between degree of genetic differentiation and geographic distance , suggesting the genetic homogeneity among A. planci populations is due to gene flow by planktonic larval dispersion . The distance effect on genetic differentiation most probably reflects decreasing levels of successful larval dispersal over long distances . In view of the level of macrogeographic homogeneity , significant allele frequency differences were observed between adjacent populations separated by approximately 10 km . The Hawaiian population was most differentiated from other populations . Treating the morphologically distinctive , eastern Pacific Acanthaster as a separate species , A. ellisii , is not supported by these data . The lack of unique alleles in the central ( Hawaii ) and eastern Pacific ( Gulf of California ) populations suggests they were derived from those in the western Pacific . Further details of the genetic relationship between A. planci and Acanthaster brevispinus are presented in the entry for the latter species . These are clearly sibling species and it is suggested that A. planci , the specialised coral - feeding species arose from A. brevispinus , the less specialised soft - bottom inhabitant . In a very comprehensive geographic study , Benzie examined allozyme loci variation in 20 populations of A. planci , throughout the Pacific and Indian Oceans . The most striking result was a very marked discontinuity between the Indian and Pacific Ocean populations . Those , however , off northern Western Australia had a strong Pacific affinity . With the exception of the very strong connection of southern Japanese populations to the Great Barrier Reef populations , the patterns of variation within regions were consistent with isolation by distance . Again , the pattern of decreasing levels of successful larval dispersal over long distances is apparent . Benzie suggests that the divergence between Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean populations began at least 1.6 million years ago and is likely to reflect responses to changes in climate and sea level . A more recent comprehensive geographic study of A. planci by Vogler et al. , using DNA analyses ( one mitochondrial gene ) , suggests it is actually a species complex consisting of four species or clades . The four cryptic species / clades are defined geographically : northern Indian Ocean , southern Indian Ocean , Red Sea and Pacific Ocean . These molecular data suggest the species / clades diverged 1.95 and 3.65 million years ago . ( The divergence of A. planci and A. brevispinus is not included in this time - scale . ) The authors suggest the differences between the four putative species in behaviour , diet or habitat may be important for the design of appropriate reef conservation strategies . There are , however , problems with this proposal of cryptic speciation ( cryptic species ) . The basis of these data from one mitochondrial gene . mtDNA data are , however , only one source of information about the status of taxa and the use of one mtDNA gene as a sole criterion for species identification is disputed . The allozyme data should also be taken into account . Three localities that were sampled by Vogler et al. are of particular interest : Palau Sebibu , UEA and Oman were found to have two clades / sibling species in sympatry . These are important to investigate the nature of the co-existence and barriers to introgression of genetic material . A. planci as a taxon is a generalist , being amongst the most ubiquitous of large coral predators on coral reefs , feeding on virtually all hard coral species , reproducing during summer without a pattern of spawning and often participating in mass multi-species spawnings , and releasing vast amounts of gametes that trigger spawning in other individuals . It is very difficult to conceive of two species / clades of A. planci in sympatry without habitat competition and introgression of genetic material , especially the latter . Biology ( edit ) Toxins ( edit ) Broken and regenerating spines Swollen right hand after punctured Frothing in water containing A. planci Starfish handled to avoid damaging it ( spines on the underside are blunt ) Starfish are characterised by having saponins known as asterosaponins in their tissues . They contain a mix of these saponins , and at least 15 chemical studies have been conducted seeking to characterise these saponins . The saponins have detergent - like properties , and keeping starfish in limited water volumes with aeration results in large amounts of foam at the surface . A. planci has no mechanism for injecting the toxin , but as the spines perforate tissue of a predator or unwary person , tissue containing the saponins is lost into the wound . In humans , this immediately causes a sharp , stinging pain that can last for several hours , persistent bleeding due to the haemolytic effect of saponins , and nausea and tissue swelling that may persist for a week or more . The spines , which are brittle , may also break off and become embedded in the tissue where they must be removed surgically . Saponins seem to occur throughout the lifecycle of the crown - of - thorns starfish . The saponins in the eggs are similar to those in the adult tissues , and presumably these carry over to the larvae . The mouthing behaviour of predators of juvenile starfish with rejection suggests the juveniles contain saponins . Behaviour ( edit ) Juveniles concealed under coral rubble Feeding scars of white coral skeleton Feeding on branching Acropora coral Starfish ' competing ' for remaining live coral The adult crown - of - thorns is a carnivorous predator that usually preys on reef coral polyps . It climbs onto a section of living coral colony using the large number of tube feet on its oral surface and flexible body . It fits closely to the surface of the coral , even the complex surfaces of branching corals . It then extrudes its stomach out through its mouth over the surface to virtually its own diameter . The stomach surface secretes digestive enzymes that allow the starfish to absorb nutrients from the liquefied coral tissue . This leaves a white scar of coral skeleton which is rapidly infested with filamentous algae . An individual starfish can consume up to 6 square metres ( 65 sq ft ) of living coral reef per year . In a study of feeding rates on two coral reefs in the central Great Barrier Reef region , large starfish ( 40 cm and greater diameter ) killed about 61 cm2 / day in winter and 357 -- 478 cm2 / day in summer . Smaller starfish , 20 -- 39 cm , killed 155 and 234 cm2 / day in the equivalent seasons . The area killed by the large starfish is equivalent to about 10 m ( 110 sq ft ) from these observations . Differences in feeding and locomotion rates between summer and winter reflect the fact that the crown - of - thorns , like all marine invertebrates , is a poikilotherm whose body temperature and metabolic rate are directly affected by the temperature of the surrounding water . In tropical coral reefs , crown - of - thorns specimens reach mean locomotion rates of 35 cm / min , which explains how outbreaks can damage large reef areas in relatively short periods . The starfish show preferences between the hard corals on which they feed . They tend to feed on branching corals and table - like corals , such as Acropora species , rather than on more rounded corals with less exposed surface area , such as Porites species . Avoidance of Porites and some other corals may also be due to resident bivalve molluscs and polychaete worms in the surface of the coral which discourage the starfish . Similarly , some symbionts , such as small crabs , living within the complex structures of branching corals , may ward off the starfish as it seeks to spread its stomach over the coral surface . In reef areas of low densities of hard coral , reflecting the nature of the reef community or due to feeding by high density crown - of - thorns , the starfish may be found feeding on soft corals ( Alcyonacea ) . The starfish are cryptic in behavior during their first two years , emerging at night to feed . They usually remain so as adults when solitary . The only evidence of a hidden individual may be white feeding scars on adjacent coral . However , their behavior changes under two circumstances : During the breeding season , which is typically during early to midsummer , the starfish may gather together high on a reef and synchronously release gametes to achieve high levels of egg fertilisation . This pattern of synchronised spawning is not at all unique , but it is very common amongst marine invertebrates that do not copulate . Solitary spawning gives no opportunity for fertilisation of eggs and wastes gametes and evidence exists of a spawning pheromone that causes the starfish to aggregate and release gametes synchronously . When the starfish are at high densities , they may move day and night , competing for living coral . Predators ( edit ) A Triton 's trumpet ( Charonia tritonis ) , one of the main predators of A. planci . The elongated sharp spines covering nearly the entire upper surface of the crown - of - thorns serve as a mechanical defense against large predators . It also has a chemical defense . Saponins presumably serve as an irritant when the spines pierce a predator , in the same way as they do when they pierce the skin of humans . Saponins have an unpleasant taste . A study to test the predation rate on juvenile Acanthaster by appropriate fish species found that the starfish were often mouthed , tasted , and rejected . These defenses tend to make it an unattractive target for coral community predators . In spite of this , however , Acanthaster populations are typically composed of a proportion of individuals with regenerating arms . A variety of about 11 species have been reported to prey occasionally on uninjured and healthy adults of A. planci . All of these are generalist feeders and none of these , however , seems to specifically prefer the starfish as a food source . This number , however , is probably lower , as some of these presumed predators have not been witnessed reliably in the field . Some of those witnessed are : A species of pufferfish and two triggerfish have been observed to feed on crown - of - thorns starfish in the Red Sea , and , although they may have some effect on the A. planci population , no evidence exists of systematic predation . The Triton 's trumpet , a very large gastropod mollusc , is a known predator of Acanthaster in some parts of the starfish 's range . The triton has been described as tearing the starfish to pieces with its file - like radula . The small painted shrimp Hymenocera picta , a general predator of starfish , has been found to prey on A. planci at some locations . A polychaete worm , Pherecardia striata , was observed to be feeding on the starfish together with the shrimp on an east Pacific coral reef . About 0.6 % of the starfish in the reef population were being attacked by both the shrimp and polychaete worm , killing the starfish in about a week . Glynn suggested this resulted in a balance between mortality and recruitment in this population , leading to a relatively stable population of starfish . Since P. striata can only attack a damaged A. planci and cause its death , it may be regarded as an ' impatient scavenger ' rather than a predator . As distinct from predators , dead and mutilated adults of A. planci attract a number of scavengers . Glynn lists two polychaete worms , a hermit crab , a sea urchin , and seven species of small reef fish . Apparently , they are able to tolerate the distasteful saponins for an easy meal . A large polyp - like creature of the genus Pseudocorynactis was observed attacking , and then wholly ingesting a crown - of - thorns starfish of similar size . Continued studies revealed this polyp is able to completely ingest a crown - of - thorns specimen of up to 34 cm ( 13 in ) in diameter . Life - cycle ( edit ) Gametes and embryos ( edit ) Stained cross-section of ripe ovary full of ova Stained cross-section of testis ( sperm are blue ) Spawning First cell divisions within fertilised eggs , ca . 0.3 mm diam Free - living gastrula stage , ca . 0.5 mm long Gonads increase in size as the animals become sexually mature and at maturity fill the arms and extend into the disk region . The ripe ovaries and testes are readily distinguished with the former being more yellow and having larger lobes . In section they are very different with the ovaries densely filled with nutrient - packed ova ( see ovum and photograph ) and the testes densely filled with sperm , which consist of little more than a nucleus and flagellum . Fecundity in female Crown - of - thorns starfish is related to size with large starfish committing proportionally more energy into ova production such that a : 200 mm diameter female produces 0.5 -- 2.5 million eggs representing 2 -- 8 % of its wet weight 300 mm diameter female produces 6.5 -- 14 million eggs representing 9 -- 14 % of its wet weight 400 mm diameter female produces 47 -- 53 million eggs representing 20 -- 25 % of its wet weight In coral reefs in the Philippines , female specimens were found with a gonadosomatic index ( ratio of gonad mass to body mass ) as high as 22 % , which underlines the high fecundity of this starfish . Babcock et al. ( 1993 ) monitored changes in fecundity and fertility ( fertilisation rate ) over the spawning season of the Crown - of - thorns starfish on Davies Reef , central Great Barrier Reef , from 1990 to 1992 . The starfish were observed to spawn ( photograph ) from December to January ( early to mid-summer ) in this region with most observations being in January . However , both gonadosomatic index and fertility peaked early and declined to low levels by late January , indicating that most successful reproductive events took place early in the spawning season . In northern hemisphere coral reefs however , crown - of - thorns populations reproduce in April and May , and were also observed spawning in the Gulf of Thailand in September . High rates of egg fertilisation may be achieved through the behaviour of proximate and synchronised spawning ( see above in Behaviour ) . Embryonic development begins about 1.5 hours after fertilisation , with the early cell divisions ( cleavage ) ( photograph ) . By 8 -- 9 hours it has reached the 64 - cell stage . Larval stages ( edit ) Bipinnaria larva SEM of bipinnaria larva Brachiolaria larva Late brachiolaria with starfish primordium SEM brachiolarian arms By Day 1 the embryo has hatched as a ciliated gastrula stage ( photograph ) . By Day 2 the gut is complete and the larva is now known as a bipinnaria ( photographs ) . It has ciliated bands along the body and uses these to swim and filter feed on microscopic particles , particularly unicellular green flagellates ( phytoplankton ) . The SEM photograph is a scanning electron micrograph , which clearly shows the complex ciliated bands of the bipinnaria larva . By Day 5 it is an early brachiolaria larva . The arms of the bipinnaria have further elongated , there are two stump - like projections in the anterior ( not evident in the photograph ) and structures are developing within the posterior of the larva . In the late brachiolaria larva ( Day 11 ) ( photograph ) the larval arms are elongate and there are three distinctive arms at the anterior with small structures on their inner surfaces ( photographs ) . To this stage the larva has been virtually transparent , but the posterior section is now opaque with the initial development of a starfish . The late brachiolaria is 1 - 1.5 mm . It tends to sink to the bottom and test the substrate with its brachiolar arms , including flexing the anterior body to orient the brachiolar arms against the substrate . This description and assessment of optimum rate of development is based on early studies in the laboratory under attempted optimum conditions . However , not unexpectedly , there are large differences in growth rate and survival under various environmental conditions ( see Causes of population outbreaks ) . Metamorphosis , development and growth ( edit ) Settling brachiolaria larva 5 - armed juvenile starfish immediately after metamorphosis Early juvenile starfish feeding on coralline algae ( = > white feeding scars ) Very young coral - feeding juvenile with full set of arms and madreporites Young coral - feeding juvenile The late brachiolaria search substrates with their arms and , when offered a choice of substrates , tend to settle on coralline algae , which they will subsequently feed on . In the classic pattern for echinoderms , the bilaterally symmetrical larva is replaced by a pentamerously symmetrical stage at metamorphosis , with the latter 's body axis bearing no relationship to that of the larva . Thus the newly metamorphosed starfish are five - armed and are 0.4 -- 1 mm diameter . ( Note the size of the tube feet relative to the size of the animal . ) They feed on the thin coating layers of hard encrusting algae ( coralline algae ) on the undersides of dead coral rubble and other concealed surfaces . They extend their stomach over the surface of the encrusting algae and digest the tissue , as in the feeding by larger crown - of - thorns starfish on hard corals . The living tissue of the encrusting algae is approximately pink to dark red and feeding by these early juveniles results in white scars on the surface of the algae ( photograph ) . During the next months , the juveniles grow and add arms and associated madreporites in the pattern described by Yamaguchi until the adult numbers is attained 5 -- 7 months after metamorphosis . Two hard corals with small polyps , Pocillopora damicornis and Acropora acunimata , were included in the aquaria with the encrusting algae and at about the time the juvenile starfish achieved their full number of arms they began feeding on the corals . Juvenile A. planci that had reached the stage of feeding on coral were then reared for some years in the same large closed - circuit seawater system that was used for the early juveniles . They were moved to larger tanks and kept supplied with coral so that food was not a limiting factor on growth rate . The growth curves of size versus age were sigmoidal , as seen in majority marine invertebrates . There was an initial period of relatively slow growth while the starfish were feeding on coralline algae . This was followed by a phase of rapid growth which led to sexual maturity at the end of the second year . The starfish were in the vicinity of 200 mm diameter at this stage . They continued to grow rapidly and were in the order of 300 mm at 3 years of age . Then they reached a plateau between 3 and 4 years and tended to decline after 4 years . Gonad development was greater in the third and subsequent years than at 2 years and there was a seasonal pattern of gametogenesis and spawning with water temperature being the only apparent cue in the indoor aquarium . Most specimens of A. planci died from ' senility ' during the period 5 - 7.5 years , i.e. they fed poorly and shrank . Field observations of life - cycle ( edit ) The data above are derived from laboratory studies of A. planci , which are much more readily obtained than equivalent data from the field . The laboratory observations , however , accord with the limited field observations of life - cycle . As in laboratory studies where A. planci larvae were found to select coralline algae for settlement , early juveniles ( < 20 mm diameter ) were found on subtidal coralline algae ( Porolithon onkodes ) on the windward reef front of Suva Reef ( Fiji ) . The juveniles were found in a variety of habitats where they were highly concealed : under coral blocks and rubble in the boulder zone of the exposed reef front ; on dead bases of Acropora species in more sheltered areas ; in narrow spaces within the reef crest ; and on the fore - reef slope to depths of 8 m . Growth rates on Suva Reef were found to be 2.6 , 16.7 and 5.3 mm / month increase in diameter in the pre-coral feeding , early coral feeding and adult phases , respectively . This is in accord with the sigmoidal pattern of size versus age observed in laboratory studies , i.e. slow initial growth , a phase of very rapid growth beginning at coral feeding and tapering off of growth after the starfish reaches sexual maturity . In reefs in the Philippines , female and male specimens matured at 13 and 16 cm respectively . Stump identified bands in the upper surface spines of A. planci and attributed these to annual growth bands . He did n't report growth rates based on these age determinations , and mark and recapture data , but he reported that the growth bands revealed 12 + year - old starfish : much older than those that became ' senile ' and died in the laboratory . In a small number of field studies , mortality rates of juvenile A. planci have to found to be very high , e.g. 6.5 % per day for month - old and 0.45 % per day for 7 - month - old . Most of the mortality comes from predators , such as small crabs , that occur in and on the substrate with the juveniles . It is possible , however , that these rates may not reflect mortality over the range of habitats occupied by small juveniles . Ecology. ( edit ) Ecological impact on reefs ( edit ) Coral before A. planci predation Filamentous algae encrusting coral skeletons after A. planci predation Collapsed coral skeletons after A. planci predation and storm Popular anxiety to news of high densities of A. planci on the Great Barrier Reef was reflected in many newspaper reports and publications such as ' Requiem for the Reef ' , which also suggested that there was a cover - up of the extent of damage . There was a popular idea that the coral and with it whole reefs were being destroyed by the starfish . In fact , as described in section 3.2 Behaviour , the starfish preys on coral by digesting the surface of living tissue from the coral skeletons . These skeletons persist , together with the mass of coralline algae that is essential for reef integrity . The initial change ( first order effect ) is loss of the veneer of living coral tissue . A. planci is a component of the fauna of most coral reefs and the effects of A. planci populations on coral reefs are very dependent on the population density . At low densities ( 1 to perhaps 30 / hectare ) the rate at which coral is being preyed upon by the starfish , is less than the growth rate of the coral , i.e. the surface area of living coral is increasing . The starfish may , however , influence the coral community structure . Because the starfish do n't feed indiscriminately they may cause a distribution of coral species and colony sizes that differs from a pattern without them . This is evident by comparison of coral reefs where A. planci has n't been found to the more typical reefs with A. planci . Some ecologists suggest that the starfish has an important and active role in maintaining coral reef biodiversity , driving ecological succession . Before overpopulation became a significant issue , crown - of - thorns prevented fast - growing coral from overpowering the slower growing coral varieties . At high densities ( ' outbreaks ' , ' plagues ' ) , which may be defined as when the starfish are too abundant for the coral food supply , coral cover goes into decline . The starfish must broaden their diet from their preferred species , colony size and shape . The starfish often aggregate during feeding , even at low densities , but during high densities the cleared coral patches become almost continuous or completely continuous ( photograph ) . There are second - order effects of these large areas of predated coral . The bare coral skeletons are rapidly colonised by filamentous algae ( photograph ) Large stands of staghorn coral , Acropora species , may collapse and become rubble reducing the topographical complexity of the reef ( photograph ) Sometimes the predated surfaces are further invaded by macroalgae , soft coral and sponges . These tend to take over reef surfaces for long periods as alternatives to hard coral communities , as , once established , they limit recruitment by hard coral larvae . Aesthetically , in all the above cases , the reef surface is not as attractive as the living coral surface , but it is anything but dead . There is a third - order effect potentially arising from the invasion by filamentous algae . Animals that depend directly or indirectly on hard corals , e.g. for shelter and food , should lose out , and herbivores and less specialist feeders gain . It would be expected that this would be most conspicuous in the fish fauna and long - terms studies of coral reef fish communities confirm this expectation . Observations of species abundance of coral reef fish communities considered 210 fish species from 10 reefs on the Great Barrier Reef . Over a period of 11 years , major disturbances , including outbreaks of A. planci and severe storms , resulted in major declines in coral cover on all reefs . Species abundance of coral reef fishes persisted on nine of the disturbed reefs . Extensive loss of coral resulted in declines in the group of species which were heavily coral - dependent , but this loss of diversity was more than compensated for by increases in the number of species that feed on invertebrates , algae and detritus . Because of this , species abundance in coral reef fish communities was estimated to be greatest at approximately 20 % coral cover . Coral loss > 20 % , however , typically resulted in a decline in abundance of species in coral reef fish communities . The greatest impact , however , came from severe tropical storms , that resulted in an immediate loss of topographical complexity ( photograph ) . Fish species from all trophic levels were more affected than by disturbances , such as A. planci predation , that kill corals but leave the reef framework intact . Population outbreaks ( edit ) Outbreak in French Polynesia Large populations of crown - of - thorns starfish ( sometime emotively known as ' plagues ' ) have been substantiated as occurring at twenty one locations of coral reefs during the 1960s to 1980s . These locations ranged from the Red Sea through the tropical Indo - Pacific region to French Polynesia . There were at least two substantiated repeated outbreaks at ten of these locations . Values of starfish density from 140 / ha to 1,000 / ha have been considered in various reports to be outbreak populations , while starfish densities less than 100 / ha have been considered to be low ; however , at densities below 100 / ha there may be feeding by A. planci that exceeds the growth of coral and there is net loss of coral . From the surveys of many reef locations throughout the starfish 's distribution large abundances of Acanthaster can be categorised as : Primary outbreaks where there are abrupt population increases of at least two magnitudes that can not be explained by the presence of a previous outbreak . Secondary outbreaks that can plausibly be related to previous outbreaks through the reproduction of a previous cohort of the starfish . These may appear as recruits to reefs down current from an existing outbreak population . Chronic situations where there is a persistent moderate to high density population at a reef location where the coral is sparse due to persistent feeding by the starfish . The Great Barrier Reef ( GBR ) is the most outstanding coral reef system in the world because of its great length , number of individual reefs and species diversity . When high densities of Acanthaster which were causing heavy mortality of coral were first seen about Green Island , off Cairns , in 1960 -- 65 , there was considerable alarm . High - density populations were subsequently found of a number of reefs to the south of Green Island , in the Central Great Barrier Reef region Some popular publications suggested that the whole Reef was in danger of dying : ' Requiem for the Reef ' and ' Crown of Thorns : The Death of the Barrier Reef ? ' . They influenced and reflected some public alarm over the state and future of Great Barrier Reef . There have been a number of studies modeling the population outbreaks on the GBR as a means to understand the phenomenon , e.g. The Australian and Queensland governments funded research and set up advisory committees during the period of great anxiety about the nature of the starfish outbreaks on the GBR . They were regarded as not coming to terms with the unprecedented nature and magnitude of this problem and the two references above . Many scientists were criticised for not being able to give definitive but unsubstantiated answers . Others were more definitive in their answers Scientists were criticised for their reticence and for disagreeing on the nature and causes of the outbreaks on the GBR , hence the publication ' Starfish Wars ' ( cf . ' Star Wars ' ) . Causes of population outbreaks ( edit ) There was serious discussion and some strongly held views about the causes of this phenomenon . Some hypotheses focused on changes in the survival of juvenile and adult starfish - the `` predator removal hypothesis '' : over-collecting of tritons , a predator of the starfish overfishing of predators of the starfish decline in predator populations through habitat destruction warmer sea temperatures enhance larvae development Many of the reports of fish preying on Acanthaster are single observations or presumed predation from the nature of the fish . For example , the humphead wrasse may prey on the starfish amongst its more usual diet . Individual puffer fish and trigger - fish have been observed to feed crown - of - thorns starfish in the Red Sea , but there is no evidence that they are a significant factor in population control . A study , however , based on the stomach contents of large carnivorous fish that are potential predators of the starfish found no evidence of the starfish in the fish 's guts . These carnivorous fish were caught commercially on the coral reefs on the Gulf of Oman and examined at local fish markets . One problem with the concept of predators of large juvenile and adult starfish causing total mortality is that the starfish have good regenerative powers and they would n't keep still while being eaten . Also , they would need to be consumed completely or almost completely to die . 17 -- 60 % of starfish in various populations had missing or regenerating arms . Clearly the starfish experience various levels of sublethal predation . When the damage includes a major section of the disk together with arms , the number of arms regenerating on the disk may be less than the number lost . Another hypothesis is the `` aggregation hypothesis '' , whereby large aggregations of A. planci appear as apparent outbreaks because they have consumed all the adjacent coral . This seems to imply that there is apparently a dense population outbreak when there has already been a more diffuse population outbreak that has been dense enough to comprehensively prey on large areas of hard coral . Female crown - of - thorns starfish are very fecund . Based on the eggs in ovaries , 200 , 300 and 400 mm diameter females potentially spawn approximately 4 , 30 and 50 million eggs , respectively ( see also Gametes and embryos ) . Lucas adopted a different approach , focusing on the survival of the larvae arising from the eggs . The rationale for this approach was that small changes in the survival of larvae and developmental stages would result in very large changes in the adult population . Considering two hypothetical situations . Twenty million eggs , from a female spawning and having a survival rate of about 0.00000001 % throughout development would replace two adult starfish in a low - density population where the larvae recruit . If , however , the survival rate increases to 0.1 % ( one in a thousand ) throughout development from one spawning of 20 million eggs this would result in 20,000 adult starfish where the larvae have recruited . Since the larvae are the most abundant stages of development it is likely that changes in survival will be most importance during this phase of development . Temperature and salinity have little effect on the survival of crown - of - thorns larvae . However , abundance and species of the particular component of phytoplankton ( unicellular flagellates ) on which the larvae feed has a profound effect on survival and rate of growth . The abundance of phytoplankton cells is especially important . As autotrophs , phytoplankton abundance is strongly influenced by the concentration of inorganic nutrients , such as nitrogenous compounds . Birkeland had observed a correlation between the abundance of crown - of - thorns on reefs adjacent to land masses . These occurred on mainland islands as distinct from coral atolls about three years after heavy rainfall that followed a period of drought . He suggested that runoff from such heavy rainfall may stimulate phytoplankton blooms of sufficient size to produce enough food for the larvae of A. planci through input of nutrients . Combining Birkeland observations with the influence of inorganic nutrients on survival of the starfish larvae in experimental studies gave support for a mechanism for starfish outbreaks : increased terrestrial runoff → increased nutrients denser phytoplankton ↑ → better larval survival → increased starfish populations There have been further conformations of these connections , however research by Olson ( 1987 ) , Kaufmann ( 2002 ) , and Byrne ( 2016 ) suggests terrestrial runoff has little or no impact on larval survival . The conflicting data describing the negligible role of terrestrial agricultural runoff has been described as `` an inconvenient study '' . There is also a flow - on effect in that where there are large starfish populations producing large numbers of larvae , there is likely to be heavy recruitment on reefs downstream to which the larvae are carried and then settle . Population control ( edit ) Blue Acanthaster planci in Balicasag Island ( Philippines ) Population numbers for the crown - of - thorns have been increasing since the 1970s . However , historic records of distribution patterns and numbers are hard to come by , as SCUBA technology , necessary to conduct population censuses , had only been developed in the previous few decades . To prevent overpopulation of crown - of - thorns causing widespread destruction to coral reef habitats , humans have implemented a variety of control measures . Manual removals have been successful , but are relatively labour - intensive . Injecting sodium bisulphate into the starfish is the most efficient measure in practice . Sodium bisulphate is deadly to crown - of - thorns , but it does not harm the surrounding reef and oceanic ecosystems . To control areas of high infestations , teams of divers have had kill rates of up to 120 per hour per diver . The practice of dismembering them was shown to have a kill rate of 12 per hour per diver and the diver performing this test was spiked three times . Therefore , it is for this reason and not rumours that they might be able to regenerate that dismembering is not recommended . An even more labour - intensive route , but less risky to the diver , is to bury them under rocks or debris . This route is only suitable for areas with low infestation and if materials are available to perform the procedure without damaging corals . A 2015 study by James Cook University showed that common household vinegar is also effective , as the acidity causes the starfish to disintegrate within days . Vinegar is also harmless to the environment , and is not restricted by regulations regarding animal products such as bile . A new successful method of population control is by the injection of thiosulfate - citrate - bile salts - sucrose agar ( TCBS ) . Only one injection is needed , leading to the organism 's death in 24 hours from a contagious disease marked by `` discoloured and necrotic skin , ulcerations , loss of body turgor , accumulation of colourless mucus on many spines especially at their tip , and loss of spines . Blisters on the dorsal integument broke through the skin surface and resulted in large , open sores that exposed the internal organs . '' An autonomous starfish - killing robot called COTSBot has been developed and as of September 2015 was close to being ready for trials on the Great Barrier Reef . The COTSbot , which has a neural net - aided vision system , is designed to seek out crown - of - thorns starfish and give them a lethal injection of bile salts . After it eradicates the bulk of the starfish in a given area , human divers can move in and remove the survivors . Field trials of the robot have begun in Moreton Bay in Brisbane to refine its navigation system , according to Queensland University of Technology researcher Matthew Dunbabin . There are no crown - of - thorns starfish in Moreton Bay , but when the navigation has been refined , the robot will be used on the reef . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Birkeland and Lucas ( 1990 ) . Acanthaster planci : major management problem of coral reefs . Florida : CRC Press . pp. 97 -- 98 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 6599 - 6 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , R.C. ( 1997 ) Invertebrate Predators and Grazers '' In : C. Birkeland , Life and death of coral reefs , Springer . ISBN 978 - 0 - 412 - 03541 - 8 . Jump up ^ Caso , M.J. ( 1974 ) . `` External morphology of Acanthaster planci ( Linnaeus ) '' . Journal of the Marine Biological Associataion of India . 16 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 93 . Jump up ^ `` Crown of Thorns Starfish ( Acanthaster Planci ) . '' Crown of Thorns Starfish Videos , Photos and Facts . Web . 5 November 2014 . < http://www.arkive.org/crown-of-thorns-starfish/acanthaster-planci/ > . Jump up ^ Shedd , John G. ( 2006 ) . `` Crown of Thorns Sea Star '' . Shedd Aquarium . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Lucas , J.S. ; Jones , M.M. ( 1976 ) . `` Hybrid crown - of - thorns starfish ( Acanthaster planci x A. Brevispinus ) reared to maturity in the laboratory '' . Nature . 263 ( 5576 ) : 409 -- 12 . Bibcode : 1976Natur. 263 ... 409L . doi : 10.1038 / 263409a0 . PMID 972678 . Jump up ^ Blake , DJ ( 1979 ) . `` The affinities and origins of the crown - of - thorns sea star Acanthaster Gervais '' . J. Nat . Hist. 13 ( 3 ) : 303 -- 314 . doi : 10.1080 / 00222937900770241 . Jump up ^ Birkeland C , Lucas JS ( 1990 ) . Acanthaster planci : Major Management Problem of Coral Reefs . CRC Press . pp. 13 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Lucas , JS ; Nash , WJ ; Nishida , M ( 1985 ) . Aspects of the evolution of Acanthaster planci ( L ) ( Echinodermata , Asteroidea ) . Proceedings of the fifth international coral reef congress , Tahiti 27 May - 1 June 1985 , Vol. 5 : . Jump up ^ Benzie JAH ( 1999 ) . `` Major genetic differences between crown - of - thorns starfish ( Acanthaster planci ) populations in the Indian and Pacific Oceans '' . Evolution. 53 ( 6 ) : 1782 -- 1795 . doi : 10.2307 / 2640440 . JSTOR 2640440 . Jump up ^ Vogler , C. ; Benzie , J. ; Lessios , H. ; Barber , P. ; Worheide , G. ( 2008 ) . `` A threat to coral reefs multiplied ? Four species of crown - of - thorns starfish '' . Biology Letters. 4 ( 6 ) : 696 -- 9 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2008.0454 . PMC 2614177 . PMID 18832058 . Jump up ^ `` Coral - killing starfish turns out to be four species , not one '' . Yahoo ! News . AFP . 2008 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Hudson R.R. ; Coyne J. 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Jump up ^ Birkeland , C ( 1982 ) . `` Terrestrial runoff as a cause of outbreaks of Acanthaster planci ( Echinodermata : Asteroidea ) '' . Marine biology . Berlin , Heidelberg. 69 ( 2 ) : 175 -- 185 . doi : 10.1007 / bf00396897 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfe , Kennedy ; Graba - Landry , Alexia ; Dworjanyn , Symon A. ; Byrne , Maria ( 2017 ) . `` Superstars : Assessing nutrient thresholds for enhanced larval success of Acanthaster planci , a review of the evidence '' . Marine Pollution Bulletin . doi : 10.1016 / j. marpolbul. 2016.12. 079 . Jump up ^ Brodie , Jon ; Fabricius , Katharina ; De'Ath , Glenn ; Okaji , Ken ( 2005 ) . `` Are increased nutrient inputs responsible for more outbreaks of crown - of - thorns starfish ? An appraisal of the evidence '' . Marine Pollution Bulletin . 51 ( 1 -- 4 ) : 266 -- 78 . doi : 10.1016 / j. marpolbul. 2004.10. 035 . PMID 15757727 . Jump up ^ Fabricius , K.E. ; Okaji , K. ; De'Ath , G. ( 2010 ) . `` Three lines of evidence to link outbreaks of the crown - of - thorns seastar Acanthaster planci to the release of larval food limitation '' . Coral Reefs. 29 ( 3 ) : 593 -- 605 . Bibcode : 2010CorRe ... 29 ... 593F . doi : 10.1007 / s00338 - 010 - 0628 - z . Jump up ^ Kaufman , MG ; Goodfriend , W ; Kohler - Garrigan , A ; Walker , ED ; Klug , MJ ( 2002 ) . `` Soluble nutrient effects on microbial communities and mosquito production in Ochlerotatus triseriatus habitats '' . Aquatic Microbial Ecology. 29 : 73 -- 88 . doi : 10.3354 / ame029073 . Jump up ^ Olson , Richard Randolph ( 1987 ) . `` In situ culturing as a test of the larval starvation hypothesis for the crown - of - thoms starfish , Acanthaster planci '' . Limnology and Oceanography. 32 ( 4 ) : 895 -- 904 . doi : 10.4319 / lo. 1987.32. 4.0895 . Jump up ^ Scientists : To save Great Barrier Reef , kill starfish . CNN News . October 2 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Controlling Crown - of Thorns Starfish '' . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . April 1995 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2008 . Retrieved 15 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Household vinegar advances the fight against crown of thorns starfish threat on Great Barrier Reef '' . ABC News . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.int-res.com/articles/dao_oa/d097p085.pdf Jump up ^ McLeish , Kathy COTSBot : New robot aims to terminate crown - of - thorns starfish destroying Great Barrier Reef ABC News . September 4 , 2015 Jump up ^ Espiner , Tom Starfish - killing robot close to trials on Great Barrier Reef BBC News . September 4 , 2015 Jump up ^ Griggs , Mary Beth Robot Designed To Kill Starfish Will Be Released On Australian Reefs Popular Science . September 4 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Aquatic robot seeks and destroys reef - killing starfish '' . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crown - of - thorns starfish . This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An overview of the crown - of - thorns starfish as observed on the Great Barrier Reef Current status of crown - of - thorns starfish on Australia 's Great Barrier Reef History of outbreaks of crown - of - thorns starfish on Australia 's Great Barrier Reef since 1986 ( Animation ) Recent information on crown - of - thorns starfish on Australia 's Great Barrier Reef Controlling crown - of - thorns starfish Crown - of - thorn outbreak simulation Microdocs : Crown - of - thorns Acanthaster planci expedition 1969 to Eastern Caroline Islands An infographic relating to the crown - of - thorns starfish in the Great Barrier Reef Crown of Thorns starfish 1971 Fathom magazine ( Australia ) Taxon identifiers Wd : Q26634 ADW : Acanthaster_planci ARKive : acanthaster - planci BioLib : 422188 EoL : 598484 Fossilworks : 100993 GBIF : 2271208 iNaturalist : 50915 ITIS : 157194 NCBI : 133434 WoRMS : 213289 NDL : 01030270 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crown-of-thorns_starfish&oldid=814983736 '' Categories : Acanthasteridae Fauna of Western Australia Animals described in 1758 Invasive echinoderm species Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 errors : external links Articles needing more detailed references Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Wikipedia external links cleanup from March 2016 Wikipedia spam cleanup from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Кырык мары Latina Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 01 : 33 . 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where is the crown of thorns starfish located

perhaps most common in Australia, but can occur at tropical and subtropical latitudes from the Red Sea and the east African coast across the Indian Ocean, and across the Pacific Ocean to the west coast of Central America

Thailand

Will Friedle - wikipedia Will Friedle Jump to : navigation , search Will Friedle William Alan Friedle ( 1976 - 08 - 11 ) August 11 , 1976 ( age 41 ) Hartford , Connecticut , U.S. Occupation Actor , voice actor Years active 1988 -- present Spouse ( s ) Susan Martens ( m . 2016 ) William Alan `` Will '' Friedle ( born August 11 , 1976 ) is an American actor and voice actor . He is best known for his comedic roles , most notably the underachieving elder brother Eric Matthews on the long - running TV sitcom Boy Meets World from 1993 to 2000 . More recently , he has voiced a number of animated characters such as Terry McGinnis / Batman , the title character of Batman Beyond , and Ron Stoppable of Kim Possible . He voices Deadpool in Ultimate Spider - Man and Star - Lord in the animated version of Guardians of the Galaxy , replacing Chris Cox . He also performed the voices of Doyle in The Secret Saturdays , Lion - O in the rebooted ThunderCats series , and Blue Beetle on Batman : The Brave and the Bold . One of his most recent roles has been the speaking voice of Bumblebee in the final episode of Transformers : Prime and the movie Transformers Prime Beast Hunters : Predacons Rising and in the sequel series Transformers : Robots in Disguise , as well as in Transformers : Rescue Bots . In December 2013 , it was announced that Friedle would reprise his Boy Meets World role of Eric Matthews on the continuation series Girl Meets World . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Friedle was born in Hartford , Connecticut , the son of Patricia Joan ( née Leary ) and Gary Allen Friedle , both lawyers . After committing himself to becoming an actor , Friedle continually commuted from Avon , Connecticut to New York City for auditions . He attended Avon High School in 1994 . Friedle attended Occidental College . In the July 4 , 2006 issue of People , Friedle mentioned he had thought about attending culinary school . Career ( edit ) After co-hosting Nickelodeon 's Do n't Just Sit There for three seasons ( 1988 -- 1991 ) , Friedle was cast as Cory Matthews ' likeable but underachieving elder brother Eric on the long - running TV sitcom Boy Meets World from 1993 to 2000 . In 2004 , he co-starred with Chris Owen in the independent film National Lampoon 's Gold Diggers ( originally titled Lady Killers ) . He also appeared in a supporting role in the 2005 ABC Family movie Everything You Want . Friedle was cast as Mike in the WB sitcom Off Centre , but could not accept the role because of a previous commitment to the UPN series The Random Years . The role ended up going to Eddie Kaye Thomas . Friedle voiced Seifer Almasy in the English version of the video game Kingdom Hearts II , Gideon Wyeth in the English version of the video game Advent Rising , and Jaster Rogue in the English version of the video game Rogue Galaxy . Personal life ( edit ) In 1997 , Friedle dated American actress Jennifer Love Hewitt , and co-starred with her in the romantic teen comedy Trojan War . Hewitt made a guest appearance as Jennifer Love `` Feffy '' Fefferman on Boy Meets World episode `` And Then There Was Shawn '' . Friedle is best friends with actor Jason Marsden and was the best man at Marsden 's wedding in October 2004 . The two have also worked together in numerous productions : Boy Meets World , Trojan War , Static Shock , Kim Possible , Batman Beyond , Justice League Unlimited , Batman : The Brave and the Bold , ThunderCats and Mad . He married his girlfriend , Susan Martens , on September 25 , 2016 in Connecticut . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Film Role Notes Trojan War Brad Kimble 2000 Batman Beyond : Return of the Joker Terry McGinnis / Batman Voice role Direct - to - DVD release 2003 National Lampoon 's Gold Diggers Calvin Menhoffer The Greatest Short Film Ever ! ! ! Mark Short film Howl 's Moving Castle Additional voices Voice role 2005 Everything You Want Calvin Dillwaller 2008 Batman : Gotham Knight Anton , Cultist , Youth # 1 Voice role Direct - to - DVD release 2015 Batman Unlimited : Animal Instincts Nightwing / Dick Grayson Voice role Direct - to - DVD release Batman Unlimited : Monster Mayhem Nightwing / Dick Grayson Voice role Direct - to - DVD release 2016 Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League : Gotham City Breakout Nightwing / Dick Grayson Voice role Direct - to - DVD release Batman Unlimited : Mech vs. Mutants Nightwing / Dick Grayson Voice role Direct - to - DVD release Television Year Title Role Notes Do n't Just Sit There Host Law & Order Russ Episode : `` Trust '' 1993 -- 2000 Boy Meets World Eric Matthews Series regular ( 157 episodes ) Young Artist Award ( nominated ) The Gift of Love Luke CBS television movie Are You Afraid of the Dark ? Jimmy Armstrong Episode : `` The Tale of the Long Ago Locket '' ABC Afterschool Special Jason Gallagher Episode : `` Educating Mom '' 1998 My Date with the President 's Daughter Duncan Fletcher Disney Channel television movie 1999 Zoe , Duncan , Jack and Jane Jeremy Pinter Episode : `` A Good Man is Hard to Find '' H-E Double Hockey Sticks Griffelkin ABC television movie Odd Man Out Phillip Evans Episode : `` Punch Line '' 1999 -- 2001 Batman Beyond Terry McGinnis / Batman , additional voices Voice role 48 episodes The Zeta Project Terry McGinnis / Batman Voice role Episode : `` Shadows '' 3rd Rock from the Sun Stan Episode : `` Dick Soup for the Soul '' Go Fish Pete Troutner Series regular 2002 All That Himself Season 7 , episode 6 2002 The Random Years Alex Series regular 2002 -- 2007 Kim Possible Ron Stoppable Series regular Voice role 87 episodes 2003 Jack 's House Jack Unsold television pilot Regular Joe Larry Episode : `` Time and Punishment '' Kim Possible : A Sitch in Time Ron Stoppable Voice role Disney Channel television movie 2003 -- 2005 Lilo & Stitch : The Series Mackey Macaw Manager , Ron Stoppable Voice roles Episode : `` Phantasmo '' Episode : `` Rufus '' Static Shock Terry McGinnis / Batman , Pilot Voice role Episode : `` Future Shock '' Teen Titans Fang , Frozen Promgoer Voice role Episode : `` Date with Destiny '' Less Than Perfect Caleb Episode : `` Claude Want to Know '' 2004 -- 2005 Justice League Unlimited Kyle Rayner / Green Lantern , Terry McGinnis / Batman II , Redcoat # 3 Voice roles Episode : `` The Return '' Episode : `` The Once and Future Thing , Part 2 : Time Warped '' Episode : `` Epilogue '' 2005 Kim Possible Movie : So the Drama Ron Stoppable Voice role Disney Channel television movie Everything You Want Calvin Dillwaller ABC Family television movie The Batman Gearhead Voice role Episode : `` RPM '' Credited as Will Friedel 2006 American Dragon : Jake Long Cousin Greggy Voice role Episode : `` Feeding Frenzy '' 2008 Ben 10 : Alien Force Ken Tennyson Voice role Episode : `` Max Out '' The Secret Saturdays Doyle Blackwell Voice role 2008 TMNT : Back to the Sewer Splinter Voice role 2009 Turtles Forever Miyamoto Usagi , additional voices Voice role 2008 -- 2011 Batman : The Brave and the Bold Jaime Reyes / Blue Beetle Voice role 2010 -- 2011 The Penguins of Madagascar Randy the Sheep Voice role Sym - Bionic Titan Bryan , Jason , Student # 1 Voice role 2011 -- 2012 Thundercats Lion - O / Leo Voice role Writer ( 2 episodes ) 2011 Mad Lion - LOL , Captain America , Owen Lars Voice role 2012 -- 2013 Winx Club Nereus Voice role 2012 Gravity Falls Reginald Voice role 2012 Green Lantern : The Animated Series Ragnar Voice role 2013 -- 2016 Ultimate Spider - Man Wade Wilson / Deadpool Web - Beard Voice role Transformers Prime : Beast Hunters Bumblebee Voice role 2013 -- present Teen Titans Go ! Kid Flash Writer ( 2 episodes ) Voice role 2015 -- 2017 Girl Meets World Eric Matthews Recurring role Writer ( 1 episode ) 2015 - 2017 Transformers : Robots in Disguise Bumblebee , additional voices Voice role 2015 Avengers Assemble Peter Quill / Star - Lord , Jeter Kan Toon Voice role Replaces Chris Cox as Star - Lord in season 2 2015 Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. Peter Quill / Star - Lord Voice role Replaces Chris Cox in the episode `` Planet Monster , Part 2 '' 2015 Guardians of the Galaxy Peter Quill / Star - Lord Voice role Video games Year Title Role Notes 2002 Disney 's Kim Possible : Revenge of Monkey Fist Ron Stoppable 2003 Batman : Rise of Sin Tzu Additional voices Medal of Honor : Pacific Assault Willy Gaines 2005 Jade Empire Lu the Prodigy Advent Rising Gideon Wyeth Rogue Galaxy Jaster Rogue Teen Titans Fang Chicken Little Tony Hawk 's American Wasteland Hero / `` Kensucky '' Kingdom Hearts II Seifer Almasy Batman : The Brave and the Bold Jamie Reyes / Blue Beetle 2013 Lego Marvel Super Heroes Rick Jones , Archangel , Nova Web series Year Title Role Notes 2015 - 2017 Critical Role Kashaw Vesh Special guest on 5 episodes 2017 - present Painter 's Guild Himself Host Discography Year Album Song Notes 2003 - 2005 Kim Possible The Naked Mole Rap ( as Ron Stoppable ) Featuring Nancy Cartwright ( as Rufus ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Phegley , Kiel ( 28 January 2009 ) . `` The Bravest & Boldest : Will Friedle '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved 30 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Andy Swift . `` ' Girl Meets World ' : Eric Returns With Mr. Feeny -- Season 2 Spoilers - TVLine '' . TVLine . Retrieved 4 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Girl Meets Writers '' . Twitter . Retrieved 4 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Will Friedle on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 4 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Art - World Movie Shot In State To Be Shown Saturday In New Milford '' . tribunedigital - thecourant . Retrieved 4 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Hartford Courant article archive - Friedle - Leary '' . Retrieved 4 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Hartford Courant article archive - She Chose to Have Both '' . Retrieved 4 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Friedle lands UPN sitcom Neil Wilkes , DigitalSpy , 4 March 2002 Jump up ^ `` Will Friedle '' . Retrieved 4 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Meets World star Will Friedle celebrates his marriage '' . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Miereanu '' . Twitter . Retrieved 4 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Gerding , Stephen ( 2 June 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE TRAILER DEBUT : Joker Rules in `` Batman Unlimited : Monster Mayhem '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved 6 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : WB Reveals Next LEGO DC Comics Movie with Announcement Trailer '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Frontiers '' . Avengers Assemble . Season 2 . Episode 25 . September 13 , 2015 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy ' Assemble ' again on TV '' . USA TODAY. 19 February 2015 . Retrieved 4 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Widow 's Run '' . Avengers Assemble . Season 2 . Episode 12 . February 22 , 2015 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ `` Planet Monster , Part 2 '' . Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H . Season 2 . Episode 26 . June 28 , 2015 . Disney XD . External links ( edit ) Will Friedle on IMDb Will Friedle on Twitter Will Friedle at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia VIAF : 73553097 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Will_Friedle&oldid=838363769 '' Categories : 1976 births Living people American male television actors American male video game actors American male voice actors Occidental College alumni Male actors from Hartford , Connecticut American male child actors 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors People from Hartford , Connecticut Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Cymraeg Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Suomi Svenska Tagalog 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 15 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

actor who plays eric on boy meets world

William Alan "Will" Friedle

Eric Matthews

Academy award for Best animated Feature - wikipedia Academy award for Best animated Feature Jump to : navigation , search Academy Award for Best Animated Feature Awarded for The best animated film with a running time of more than 40 minutes , a significant number of the major characters animated , and at least 75 percent of the picture 's running time including animation . Country United States Presented by Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) First awarded 2001 ( for Shrek ) Currently held by Zootopia ( 2016 ) Website oscars.org The Academy Awards are given each year by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS or the Academy ) for the best films and achievements of the previous year . The Academy Award for Best Animated Feature is given each year for animated films . An animated feature is defined by the Academy as a film with a running time of more than 40 minutes in which characters ' performances are created using a frame - by - frame technique , a significant number of the major characters are animated , and animation figures in no less than 75 percent of the running time . The Academy Award for Best Animated Feature was first awarded in 2002 for films made in 2001 . The entire AMPAS membership has been eligible to choose the winner since the award 's inception . If there are sixteen or more films submitted for the category , the winner is voted from a shortlist of five films , which has happened eight times , otherwise there will only be three films on the shortlist . Additionally , eight eligible animated features must have been theatrically released in Los Angeles County within the calendar year for this category to be activated . Animated films can be nominated for other categories , but have rarely been so ; Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) was the first animated film ever nominated for Best Picture . Up ( 2009 ) and Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) also received Best Picture nominations after the Academy expanded the number of nominees from five to ten . Waltz with Bashir ( 2008 ) is the only animated film ever nominated for Best Foreign Language Film ( though it did not receive a nomination for Best Animated Feature ) . The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) and Kubo and the Two Strings ( 2016 ) are the only two animated films to ever be nominated for Best Visual Effects . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Winners and nominations 2.1 2000s 2.2 2010s 2.3 Multiple wins 2.4 Multiple nominations 3 Studio breakdown 3.1 Computer - animated nominees 3.1. 1 Pixar 3.1. 2 Disney 3.1. 3 DreamWorks Animation 3.1. 4 Nickelodeon 3.1. 5 Blue Sky 3.1. 6 Other films 3.2 Stop - motion nominees 3.2. 1 Aardman 3.2. 2 Laika 3.2. 3 Tim Burton 3.2. 4 Other films 3.3 Traditionally - animated nominees 3.3. 1 Disney 3.3. 2 Studio Ghibli 3.3. 3 Les Armateurs 3.3. 4 Cartoon Saloon 3.3. 5 Other films 4 Foreign language films 5 Events 6 See also 7 External links History ( edit ) For much of the Academy Awards ' history , AMPAS was resistant to the idea of a regular Oscar for animated features considering there were simply too few produced to justify such consideration . Instead , the Academy occasionally bestowed special Oscars for exceptional productions , usually for Walt Disney Pictures , such as for Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in 1938 , and the Special Achievement Academy Award for the live action / animated hybrid Who Framed Roger Rabbit in 1989 and Toy Story in 1996 . In fact , prior to the creation of the award , only one animated film received a Best Picture nomination : 1991 's Beauty and the Beast , also by Walt Disney Pictures . By 2001 , the rise of sustained competitors to Disney in the feature animated film market , such as DreamWorks Animation ( ironically , founded by former Disney executive Jeffrey Katzenberg ) , created an increase of film releases of significant annual number enough for AMPAS to reconsider . The Academy Award for Best Animated Feature was first given out at the 74th Academy Awards , held on March 24 , 2002 . The Academy included a rule that stated that the award would not be presented in a year in which fewer than eight eligible films opened in theaters . People in the animation industry and fans expressed hope that the prestige from this award and the resulting boost to the box office would encourage the increased production of animated features . Some members and fans have criticized the award , however , saying it is only intended to prevent animated films from having a chance of winning Best Picture . DreamWorks had advertised heavily during the holiday 2001 season for Shrek , but was disappointed when the rumored Best Picture nomination did not materialize , though it was nominated for and ended up winning the inaugural Best Animated Feature award. . the Shrek franchise to date is most succsfull franchise with one win and three nomtied . The criticism of Best Animated Feature was particularly prominent at the 81st Academy Awards , in which WALL - E won the award but was not nominated for Best Picture , despite receiving widespread acclaim from critics and audiences and being generally considered one of the best films of 2008 . This led to controversy over whether the film was deliberately snubbed of the nomination by the Academy . Film critic Peter Travers commented that `` If there was ever a time where an animated feature deserved to be nominated for Best Picture , it 's WALL - E . '' However , official Academy Award regulations state that any movie nominated for this category can still be nominated for Best Picture . There have been complaints that the Best Animated Feature award is held in unfairly low regard by Academy members with many members refusing to vote for films they consider mere children 's fare beneath them , or letting their own children see the films and go with their opinions instead . The dominance of Disney and Pixar allegedly as a result of this bias is suggested to be injuring the credibility of the award . In 2009 , when the nominee slots for Best Picture were doubled to ten , Up was nominated for both Best Animated Feature and Best Picture at the 82nd Academy Awards , the first film to do so since the creation of the Animated Feature category . This feat was repeated the following year by Toy Story 3 . Since 2010 onward , with the increasing competitiveness of the Animated Feature category , Pixar ( a perennial nominee ) did not receive nominations for several recent films considering the studio has released films of more mixed critical reaction and box office earnings , while Pixar 's sister studio Disney Animation won their first three awards . In 2010 , the Academy enacted a new rule regarding the performance capture technique employed in films such as Disney 's A Christmas Carol from Robert Zemeckis and The Adventures of Tintin from Steven Spielberg , and how they might not be eligible in this category in the future . This rule was possibly made to prevent nominations of live - action films that rely heavily on motion capture , such as James Cameron 's Avatar . When the category was first instated , the nomination went to the person ( s ) most involved in creating the winning film . This could be the producer , the director , or both . For the 76th Academy Awards in 2004 , only the director ( s ) of the film received the nomination . For the 86th Academy Awards ten years later , this was amended to include one producer and up to two directors . Winners and nominations ( edit ) 2000s ( edit ) Year Film Nominees 2001 ( 74th ) Shrek Aron Warner Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius Steve Oedekerk and John A. Davis Monsters , Inc . Pete Docter and John Lasseter 2002 ( 75th ) Spirited Away Hayao Miyazaki Ice Age Chris Wedge Lilo & Stitch Chris Sanders Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron Jeffrey Katzenberg Treasure Planet Ron Clements 2003 ( 76th ) Finding Nemo Andrew Stanton Brother Bear Aaron Blaise and Robert Walker The Triplets of Belleville Sylvain Chomet ( 77th ) The Incredibles Brad Bird Shark Tale Bill Damaschke Shrek 2 Andrew Adamson 2005 ( 78th ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit Nick Park and Steve Box Howl 's Moving Castle Hayao Miyazaki Corpse Bride Mike Johnson and Tim Burton 2006 ( 79th ) Happy Feet George Miller Cars John Lasseter Monster House Gil Kenan 2007 ( 80th ) Ratatouille Brad Bird Persepolis Marjane Satrapi and Vincent Paronnaud Surf 's Up Ash Brannon and Chris Buck 2008 ( 81st ) WALL - E Andrew Stanton Bolt Chris Williams and Byron Howard Kung Fu Panda John Stevenson and Mark Osborne 2009 ( 82nd ) Up Pete Docter Coraline Henry Selick Fantastic Mr. Fox Wes Anderson The Princess and the Frog John Musker and Ron Clements The Secret of Kells Tomm Moore 2010s ( edit ) Year Film Nominees ( 83rd ) Toy Story 3 Lee Unkrich How to Train Your Dragon Chris Sanders and Dean DeBlois The Illusionist Sylvain Chomet 2011 ( 84th ) Rango Gore Verbinski A Cat in Paris Alain Gagnol and Jean - Loup Felicioli Chico & Rita Fernando Trueba and Javier Mariscal Kung Fu Panda 2 Jennifer Yuh Nelson Puss in Boots Chris Miller 2012 ( 85th ) Brave Mark Andrews and Brenda Chapman Frankenweenie Tim Burton ParaNorman Sam Fell and Chris Butler The Pirates ! Band of Misfits Peter Lord Wreck - It Ralph Rich Moore 2013 ( 86th ) Frozen Chris Buck , Jennifer Lee , and Peter Del Vecho The Croods Chris Sanders , Kirk DeMicco , and Kristine Belson Despicable Me 2 Pierre Coffin , Chris Renaud , and Chris Meledandri Ernest & Celestine Benjamin Renner and Didier Brunner The Wind Rises Hayao Miyazaki and Toshio Suzuki 2014 ( 87th ) Big Hero 6 Don Hall , Chris Williams , and Roy Conli The Boxtrolls Anthony Stacchi , Graham Annable , and Travis Knight How to Train Your Dragon 2 Dean DeBlois and Bonnie Arnold Song of the Sea Tomm Moore and Paul Young The Tale of the Princess Kaguya Isao Takahata and Yoshiaki Nishimura 2015 ( 88th ) Inside Out Pete Docter and Jonas Rivera Anomalisa Charlie Kaufman , Duke Johnson , and Rosa Tran Boy and the World Alê Abreu Shaun the Sheep Movie Mark Burton and Richard Starzak When Marnie Was There Hiromasa Yonebayashi and Yoshiaki Nishimura 2016 ( 89th ) Zootopia Byron Howard , Rich Moore , and Clark Spencer Kubo and the Two Strings Travis Knight and Arianne Sutner Moana John Musker , Ron Clements , and Osnat Shurer My Life as a Zucchini Claude Barras and Max Karli The Red Turtle Michaël Dudok de Wit and Toshio Suzuki 2017 ( 90th ) The Boss Baby Tom McGrath and Ramsey Ann Naito The Breadwinner Nora Twomey and Anthony Leo Coco Lee Unkrich and Darla K. Anderson Ferdinand Carlos Saldanha Loving Vincent Dorota Kobiela , Hugh Welchman , and Ivan Mactaggart Multiple wins ( edit ) 2 wins Brad Bird Pete Docter Andrew Stanton 1 win Chris Buck Byron Howard Hayao Miyazaki Rich Moore Lee Unkrich Chris Williams Multiple nominations ( edit ) 3 nominations Ron Clements Pete Docter Hayao Miyazaki Chris Sanders 2 nominations Brad Bird Chris Buck Tim Burton Sylvain Chomet Dean DeBlois Byron Howard Travis Knight John Lasseter Rich Moore Tomm Moore John Musker Yoshiaki Nishimura Andrew Stanton Toshio Suzuki Lee Unkrich Chris Williams Studio breakdown ( edit ) Studio Wins Nominations Films Pixar 8 11 Monsters , Inc. , Finding Nemo , The Incredibles , Cars , Ratatouille , WALL - E , Up , Toy Story 3 , Brave , Inside Out , Coco Disney 10 Lilo & Stitch , Treasure Planet , Brother Bear , Bolt , The Princess and the Frog , Wreck - It Ralph , Frozen , Big Hero 6 , Zootopia , Moana DreamWorks Animation 12 Shrek , Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron , Shrek 2 , Shark Tale , Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit , Kung Fu Panda , How to Train Your Dragon , Kung Fu Panda 2 , Puss in Boots , The Croods , How to Train Your Dragon 2 , The Boss Baby Studio Ghibli 6 Spirited Away , Howl 's Moving Castle , The Wind Rises , The Tale of the Princess Kaguya , When Marnie Was There , The Red Turtle Aardman Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit , The Pirates ! Band of Misfits , Shaun the Sheep Movie Nickelodeon Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius , Rango Laika 0 5 Corpse Bride , Coraline , ParaNorman , The Boxtrolls , Kubo and the Two Strings Les Armateurs The Triplets of Belleville , The Secret of Kells , Ernest & Celestine Fox Ice Age , Fantastic Mr. Fox , Ferdinand Cartoon Saloon The Secret of Kells , Song of the Sea , The Breadwinner Sony Surf 's Up , The Pirates ! Band of Misfits Blue Sky Ice Age , Ferdinand Tim Burton Corpse Bride , Frankenweenie Computer - animated nominees ( edit ) Pixar ( edit ) Monsters , Inc . Finding Nemo The Incredibles Cars Ratatouille WALL - E Up Toy Story 3 Brave Inside Out Coco Disney ( edit ) Bolt Wreck - It Ralph Frozen Big Hero 6 Zootopia Moana DreamWorks Animation ( edit ) Shrek Shrek 2 Shark Tale Kung Fu Panda How to Train Your Dragon Kung Fu Panda 2 Puss in Boots The Croods How to Train Your Dragon 2 The Boss Baby Nickelodeon ( edit ) Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius Rango Blue Sky ( edit ) Ice Age Ferdinand Other films ( edit ) Monster House Happy Feet Surf 's Up Despicable Me 2 Stop - motion nominees ( edit ) Aardman ( edit ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit The Pirates ! Band of Misfits Shaun the Sheep Movie Laika ( edit ) Coraline ParaNorman The Boxtrolls Kubo and the Two Strings Tim Burton ( edit ) Corpse Bride Frankenweenie Other films ( edit ) Fantastic Mr. Fox Anomalisa My Life as a Zucchini Traditionally - animated nominees ( edit ) Disney ( edit ) Lilo & Stitch Treasure Planet Brother Bear The Princess and the Frog Studio Ghibli ( edit ) Spirited Away Howl 's Moving Castle The Wind Rises The Tale of the Princess Kaguya When Marnie Was There The Red Turtle Les Armateurs ( edit ) The Triplets of Belleville The Secret of Kells Ernest & Celestine Cartoon Saloon ( edit ) The Secret of Kells Song of the Sea The Breadwinner Other films ( edit ) Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron Persepolis The Illusionist Chico and Rita A Cat in Paris Boy and the World Loving Vincent Foreign language films ( edit ) The Academy Awards have also nominated a number of non-English - language films . Spirited Away ( Japanese ) The Triplets of Belleville ( French ) Howl 's Moving Castle ( Japanese ) Persepolis ( French ) The Illusionist ( French ) Chico and Rita ( Spanish ) A Cat in Paris ( French ) Ernest & Celestine ( French ) The Wind Rises ( Japanese ) The Tale of the Princess Kaguya ( Japanese ) Boy and the World ( Portuguese ) When Marnie Was There ( Japanese ) My Life as a Zucchini ( French ) All the Japanese films on this list have also been released with English - language dubbing . Events ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Shrek ' wins for animated feature '' . USA Today . Associated Press . March 25 , 2002 . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Movies , TV Shows , and More '' . Entertainment Weekly . December 4 , 2009 . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rule Seven : Special Rules for the Animated Feature Film Award '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2011 . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Osbourne , Robert ( 2013 ) . 85 Years of the Oscar . Abberville Press . p. 357 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7892 - 1142 - 2 . Jump up ^ Osbourne. 85 Years . p. 58 . Jump up ^ Osbourne. 85 Years . p. 298 . Jump up ^ Osbourne. 85 Years . p. 327 . Jump up ^ Osbourne. 85 Years . p. 357 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Academy Awards '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved August 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 74th Academy Awards Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Reasons the Academy Overlooked ' The LEGO Movie ' '' . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` The 2008 Top Tens '' . Archived from the original on 31 May 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Keegan Winters , Rebecca ( July 7 , 2008 ) . `` Can WALL - E Win Best Picture ? '' . Time . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bandyk , Matthew ( January 22 , 2009 ) . `` Academy Awards Controversy : Wall - E Gets Snubbed For Best Picture Oscar '' . US News . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 2 , 2008 ) . `` Is the best - picture Oscar within WALL - E 's reach ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid . `` Academy Members Do n't Care About Animation : 2017 Edition '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` 75th Academy Awards Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 76th Academy Awards Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 77th Academy Awards Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 78th Academy Awards Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 79th Academy Awards Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 80th Academy Awards Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 81st Academy Awards Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 82nd Academy Awards Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 83rd Academy Awards Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 84th Academy Awards Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 85th Academy Awards Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 86th Academy Awards Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 87th Academy Awards Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 88th Academy Awards Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 89th Academy Awards Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 90th Academy Awards Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . See also ( edit ) Lists of animated feature films BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film Annie Award for Best Animated Feature Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Animated Feature Annie Award for Best Animated Feature -- Independent List of animated feature films nominated for Academy Awards Producers Guild of America Award for Best Animated Motion Picture Saturn Award for Best Animated Film External links ( edit ) Academy Awards Database -- AMPAS Academy Award WInning Feature Films at BCDB Best Animated Picture Submissions for 2011 Oscars Academy Awards Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Most wins per ceremony Oscar season Governors Awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting Pre-show Awards of Merit Best Picture Director Actor Actress Supporting Actor Supporting Actress Adapted Screenplay Original Screenplay Animated Feature Documentary Feature Foreign Language Film Animated Short Film Documentary Short Subject Live Action Short Film Cinematography Costume Design Film Editing Makeup and Hairstyling Original Score Original Song Production Design Sound Editing Sound Mixing Visual Effects Special awards Governors Awards Academy Honorary Award Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Special Achievement Academy Award Academy Scientific and Technical Awards Academy Award of Merit ( non-competitive ) Scientific and Engineering Award Technical Achievement Award John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation Gordon E. Sawyer Award Student Awards Student Academy Award Former awards Merit Awards Assistant Director Dance Direction Director of a Comedy Picture Engineering Effects Short Subject , Two - reel Short Subject , Comedy Short Subject , Novelty Story Title Writing Unique and Artistic Quality of Production Special Awards Academy Juvenile Award Ceremonies ‡ ( List Book ) 1927 / 28 1928 / 29 1929 / 30 1930 / 31 1931 / 32 1932 / 33 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2001 2017 Footnotes ‡ Dates and years listed for each ceremony were the eligibility period of film release in Los Angeles County , California . For the first five ceremonies , the eligibility period was done on a seasonal basis , from August to July . For the 6th ceremony held in 1934 , the eligibility period lasted from August 1 , 1932 to December 31 , 1933 . Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935 , the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31 . Book Portal Academy Award for Best Animated Feature Shrek -- Aron Warner ( 2001 ) Spirited Away -- Hayao Miyazaki ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo -- Andrew Stanton ( 2003 ) The Incredibles -- Brad Bird ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit -- Nick Park and Steve Box ( 2005 ) Happy Feet -- George Miller ( 2006 ) Ratatouille -- Brad Bird ( 2007 ) WALL - E -- Andrew Stanton ( 2008 ) Up -- Pete Docter ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 -- Lee Unkrich ( 2010 ) Rango -- Gore Verbinski ( 2011 ) Brave -- Mark Andrews and Brenda Chapman ( 2012 ) Frozen -- Chris Buck , Jennifer Lee , and Peter Del Vecho ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 -- Don Hall , Chris Williams , and Roy Conli ( 2014 ) Inside Out -- Pete Docter and Jonas Rivera ( 2015 ) Zootopia -- Byron Howard , Rich Moore , and Clark Spencer ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy_Award_for_Best_Animated_Feature&oldid=822187345 '' Categories : Academy Awards Awards for best animated feature film Lists of animated films Animation awards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 22 : 22 . 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which film won the oscar for best animated feature in 2007

Ratatouille

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The Dukes of Hazzard ( film ) - wikipedia The Dukes of Hazzard ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Dukes of Hazzard Theatrical release poster Directed by Jay Chandrasekhar Produced by Bill Gerber Screenplay by John O'Brien Story by John O'Brien Jonathan L. Davis Based on Characters by Gy Waldron Starring Johnny Knoxville Seann William Scott Jessica Simpson Burt Reynolds Willie Nelson Narrated by Junior Brown Music by Nathan Barr Cinematography Lawrence Sher Edited by Lee Haxall Myron I. Kerstein Production company Village Roadshow Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date August 5 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 05 ) Running time 104 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $50 million Box office $111.1 million The Dukes of Hazzard is a 2005 American buddy comedy road film based on the television series , The Dukes of Hazzard . The film was directed by Jay Chandrasekhar and released on August 5 , 2005 , by Warner Bros. Pictures . As in the television series , the film depicts the adventures of cousins Bo , Luke , and Daisy , and their Uncle Jesse , as they outfox crooked Hazzard County Commissioner Boss Hogg and Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane . The film was the acting debut of pop singer Jessica Simpson . While financially successful , the film met with negative reviews from critics . The film was followed by a direct - to - video prequel titled The Dukes of Hazzard : The Beginning ( 2007 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Cameos 3 Production 3.1 Stunts 3.2 Locations 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 4.3 Awards 5 Controversy 6 Soundtrack 7 Unrated Cut 8 Prequel 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Cousins Bo ( Seann William Scott ) , Luke ( Johnny Knoxville ) , and Daisy Duke ( Jessica Simpson ) run a moonshine business for their Uncle Jesse ( Willie Nelson ) in Hazzard County , Georgia . The cousins ' primary mode of transportation is an orange 1969 Dodge Charger that the boys affectionately refer to as the `` General Lee '' . Along the way , the family is tormented by corrupt Hazzard County Commissioner Jefferson Davis Hogg , widely known as `` Boss Hogg '' ( Burt Reynolds ) , and his willing but dimwitted henchman , Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane ( M.C. Gainey ) . After Rosco has the General Lee impounded after Bo and Luke 's attempt to run away from a daughter of one their many moonshine customers , Billy Prickett ( James Roday ) , a famous stock - car driver , enters Hazzard to participate in the rally . Meanwhile , Rosco plants a fake moonshine still ( `` ' cause he 's too dumb to find the real one '' ) in Uncle Jesse 's barn and seizes the Duke property in the interest of eminent domain for Boss Hogg , forcing the family to temporarily reside with neighbor and Uncle Jesse 's love - interest , Pauline ( Lynda Carter ) . Pauline informs the Dukes that Rosco seized another farm on charges , so Bo and Luke investigate a local construction site and find geologic core samples with the help of bait - shop owner Sheev ( Kevin Heffernan ) . Meanwhile , Coltrane makes arrangements to seize the General Lee as `` evidence '' from the local auto body shop run by the Dukes ' friend Cooter Davenport ( David Koechner ) , who instead turns the car into a hot rod and applies a new paint job and horn , in return for finally getting payment for all the work he has done ( `` ... ' cause that 's how this works ... '' ) for the boys in the past . Sheriff 's car at location in Thousand Oaks , California After retrieving the General Lee before Rosco can , the Dukes go to Atlanta to visit a local university geology lab , meeting with Katie - Lynn Johnson ( Nikki Griffin ) , a Hazzard county girl and the Dukes ' love interest , and her Australian roommate Annette ( Jacqui Maxwell ) . At the lab , they discover Boss Hogg 's intentions of turning the county into a strip coal mine . They are later arrested by Atlanta Police after running from campus police . Back in Hazzard , Daisy learns , with the help of Sheriff 's Deputy Enos Strate ( Michael Weston ) , that Billy Prickett has been hired by Boss Hogg to participate in the rally as a ringer . Boss Hogg then heads to Atlanta , where he informs the Duke boys , in lock - up , that they are too late to stop him and reveals that the vote on Hogg 's proposition is at the same time as the rally , explaining Billy Prickett 's involvement . During a transfer from detainment , Daisy helps the boys escape from the patrol car , and they speed home to try to inform the townsfolk , escaping Atlanta Police , and the Georgia State Patrol after Bo outmaneuvers the city cops . Upon returning home , the Dukes discover that Boss Hogg and Rosco had taken Uncle Jesse and Pauline hostage , an obvious trap for the boys , and that Billy is in on the scheme because he is ashamed of the town 's low status . The two race to the farmhouse to cause a distraction to the waiting Hazzard County sheriff 's deputies and Georgia state troopers , while Daisy and Cooter rescue Jesse and Pauline . Meanwhile , the college girls head to the rally with Sheev to inform the townsfolk about the vote on the strip - mining ordinance . Because of Sheev 's armadillo hat and lack of pants , no one listens , so Bo leaves for the rally while Luke and Jesse team up to foil the county and state police who are chasing Bo , interfering with the race . Upon crossing the finish line first , before Billy , the two continue racing back and forth all the way into town , leading the townsfolk to the courthouse just in time to vote against Boss Hogg 's proposed ordinance . At the courthouse , Daisy takes advantage of the governor of Georgia 's presence and TV cameras to convince him to pardoning the boys , so Uncle Jesse takes the opportunity to knock out Boss Hogg and gets a pardon for assaulting a county commissioner at the same time . The final scene shows a cook - out at the Dukes ' house where Pauline convinces Uncle Jesse , who could not be found because he was `` using the meat smoker '' , to get up and play the television series ' main theme . Bo and Luke are romantically involved with the girls in the General Lee when they are caught by Luke 's other love - interest Laurie Pullman ( Alice Greczyn ) from the introduction of the film , who proceeds to chase them with a shotgun as they drive away . During the credits , outtakes from the production of the film are shown . Cast ( edit ) Knoxville and Scott at the premiere Johnny Knoxville as Luke Duke Seann William Scott as Bo Duke Jessica Simpson as Daisy Duke Burt Reynolds as Boss Hogg Willie Nelson as Uncle Jesse Duke David Koechner as Cooter Davenport M.C. Gainey as Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane Michael Weston as Deputy Enos Strate Lynda Carter as Pauline James Roday as Billy Prickett Kevin Heffernan as Derek `` Sheev '' Sheevington Nikki Griffin as Katie - Lynn Johnson Jacqui Maxwell as Annette Alice Greczyn as Laurie Pullman Junior Brown as The Balladeer ( narrator ) Joe Don Baker as Governor Jim Applewhite Barry Corbin as Bill Pullman Andrew Prine as Angry Man Randy Orton as Bo Duke ( Stunt double ) Cameos ( edit ) All five members of the comedy film troupe Broken Lizard make appearances in the film , classified as cameos , except for Kevin Heffernan , who had a larger speaking role ( Sheev ) . Broken Lizard cameos Steve Lemme appears as Jimmy Pullman , the son of Bill Pullman , in an early car chase scene in which he accidentally shoots the inside of his father 's truck . Jay Chandrasekhar and Erik Stolhanske reprise their roles as Ramathorn and Rabbit from the Broken Lizard comedy , Super Troopers . The characters are now campus security officers , who give a warning to the Duke boys for driving too slowly . Paul Soter appears as TV newsman Rick Shakely , who is reporting from the Hazzard Road Rally . Charlie Finn , who played a dimwitted fast - food employee in Super Troopers , appears as a dimwitted geology student who assists the Duke boys with the coal samples . Other notable cameos During the bar - fight scene , Indy - car driver A.J. Foyt IV appears as himself . Bloopers roll under the ending credits , one of which features Rip Taylor interrupting the bedroom scene with Luke and the two college girls . Taylor had previously appeared with Knoxville in Jackass : The Movie . Production ( edit ) Stunts ( edit ) Knoxville said he was initially reluctant to take on the role , but was persuaded by script changes and the presence of Dan Bradley as stunt coordinator and second unit for the car chase scenes . Knoxville praised him , saying , `` everyone in Hollywood wants Dan Bradley to shoot their car stuff '' . Locations ( edit ) The majority of the film was shot in and around Clinton , Louisiana . The street scenes are set in Atlanta , but filmed in the New Orleans Central Business District , and the university scenes were shot on the campus of Louisiana State University . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film was number one at the box office its opening weekend and grossed $30.7 million on 3,785 screens . It also had an adjusted - dollar rank of number 24 all - time for August releases . The film eventually collected $111 million worldwide , although it was much less successful financially outside the United States . Critical reception ( edit ) Roger Ebert gave the film one star , calling it a `` lame - brained , outdated wheeze '' and wondered that Burt Reynolds ' part in the film is `` karma-wise ... the second half of what Smokey and the Bandit was the first half of '' . Ebert also named it the second - worst film of the year and Richard Roeper named it the worst film of 2005 . According to review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , 14 % of critics gave the film positive reviews , based on 168 reviews ; the website 's consensus called the film `` A dumb , goofy , and vacuous adaptation of a TV show where plot is simply an excuse to string together the car chases . '' The film received an average rating of 33 % on Metacritic based on 36 reviews , indicating `` Generally unfavorable reviews . '' Longtime fans of the original Dukes of Hazzard series were generally disappointed by the film . Awards ( edit ) At the 26th Golden Raspberry Awards , the film received seven nominations , but did not win any . Worst Picture - lost to Dirty Love Worst Director ( Jay Chandrasekhar ) - lost to John Mallory Asher for Dirty Love Worst Screenplay ( John O'Brien ) - lost to Jenny McCarthy for Dirty Love Worst Supporting Actor ( Burt Reynolds ) - lost to Hayden Christensen in Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith Worst Supporting Actress ( Jessica Simpson ) - lost to Paris Hilton in House of Wax Worst Screen Couple ( Jessica Simpson and her Daisy Dukes ) - lost to Nicole Kidman and Will Ferrell in Bewitched Worst Remake or Sequel - lost to Son of the Mask At the People 's Choice Awards , Simpson won the `` Favorite Song from a Movie '' award for her cover of Nancy Sinatra 's `` These Boots Are Made For Walkin ' '' . The film was nominated for two MTV Movie Awards , including Best On - Screen Team ( Johnny Knoxville , Seann William Scott , and Jessica Simpson ) , and Sexiest Performance ( Jessica Simpson ) . Simpson won the Choice Breakout Female award for her role in the film at the Teen Choice Awards . Controversy ( edit ) Before the release of this film , Warner Bros. reportedly paid $17.5 million to the producer of Moonrunners , the movie that inspired the television series . This was soon followed by a claim from screenwriter Gy Waldron . The Hollywood Reporter reported that James Best , who portrayed Rosco P. Coltrane in the original series , filed suit in late July 2011 over royalties he was contracted to receive over spinoffs that `` used his identity '' . Ben Jones , who played Cooter Davenport in the original series , criticized the film for its emphasis on sexual content , suggesting that the original series was more family - oriented and not as sexualized . He called for fans of the television series to boycott the film `` unless they clean it up before the August 5th release date . '' Some have countered that the original series also contained sexual themes , primarily Catherine Bach 's ( Daisy Duke ) much - displayed `` short shorts '' ( which have become so ubiquitous in American culture that skimpy blue jean cutoff shorts are now often simply called `` Daisy Dukes '' ) . In a film review , a New York Daily News entertainment columnist said the movie 's sex humor is `` cruder '' than the TV series , but that it is `` nearly identical to the TV series in ... its ogling of the posterior of cousin Daisy Duke . '' Although initially he commented that he enjoyed the new style of relationship between the movie versions of Bo and Luke , John Schneider , who played Bo Duke in the original series , was later asked if he saw the film and said : `` My gosh ... it was terrible ! It was n't Dukes . It was true to whatever it was ; I just do n't know what that was ! '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' § Jessica Simpson version Jessica Simpson recorded her own version of `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( and added her own lyrics ) for the soundtrack to the film The Dukes of Hazzard ( 2005 ) . Performed from the point of view of her character in the movie , Simpson 's cover was co-produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis , and was released as the soundtrack 's first single in 2005 . It became Simpson 's fifth top - 20 single in the United States and its music video drew some controversy because of its sexual imagery . Both the original Ram Jam version of `` Black Betty '' , and the Sylvia Massy produced remake by Spiderbait appear in the film . `` If You Want Blood ( You 've Got It ) '' and `` Shoot to Thrill '' are played by AC / DC . Unrated cut ( edit ) In 2008 , an unrated cut restored changes made to get a PG - 13 rating from the Motion Picture Association of America . The unrated cut was released on DVD , and included rated and unrated bonus features , including unrated deleted scenes and blooper scenes . This edition was not rated by the MPAA , but would have unquestionably been rated R for nudity , language , and violent driving stunts . Prequel ( edit ) A prequel to the film , titled The Dukes of Hazzard : The Beginning , was released to television on March 4 , 2007 , and released to DVD on March 13 , 2007 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Johnny Knoxville interview for Dukes Of Hazzard '' . Web.archive.org. 2007 - 12 - 28 . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Top August Opening Weekends at the Box Office '' . Boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert Reviews The Dukes of Hazzard Jump up ^ `` Ebert and Roeper 's Worst of 2005 '' . Rope Of Silicon.com . Jump up ^ `` Dukes of Hazzard , The ( 2005 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dukes of Hazzard ' Sheriff Sues Warner Bros. for Millions in Royalties '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2011 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Dukes of Hazzard , Cooter 's Place , archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 16 Jump up ^ NY Daily News , New York , August 5 , 2005 , archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 30 , retrieved September 2009 Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Exclusive Interview : John Schneider , Moviehole , 2007 - 12 - 28 , archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 28 Jump up ^ `` Jessica Simpson : Singles Chart History '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` USATODAY.com - Jessica Simpson kicks off People 's Choice Awards '' . www.usatoday.com . January 5 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Wurm , Gerald . `` Dukes of Hazzard , The ( Comparison : Theatrical Cut - Unrated Edition ) - Movie-Censorship.com '' . www.movie-censorship.com . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Dukes of Hazzard ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The_Dukes_of_Hazzard_ ( film ) The Dukes of Hazzard on IMDb The Dukes of Hazzard at AllMovie The Dukes of Hazzard at Box Office Mojo The Dukes of Hazzard at Rotten Tomatoes The Dukes of Hazzard at HazzardNet.com The Dukes of Hazzard Episodes Characters Bo Duke Luke Duke Daisy Duke Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane Boss Hogg Television films The Dukes of Hazzard : Reunion ! ( 1997 ) The Dukes of Hazzard : Hazzard in Hollywood ( 2000 ) Remake films The Dukes of Hazzard ( 2005 ) The Dukes of Hazzard : The Beginning ( 2007 ) Video games The Dukes of Hazzard Racing for Home Daisy Dukes It Out Return of the General Lee Spin - offs Enos The Dukes See also The General Lee Boar 's Nest Jerry Rushing `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' Moonrunners Hazard Run Films directed by Jay Chandrasekhar Puddle Cruiser ( 1996 ) Super Troopers ( 2001 ) Club Dread ( 2004 ) The Dukes of Hazzard ( 2005 ) Beerfest ( 2006 ) Broken Lizard Stands Up ( 2010 ) The Babymakers ( 2012 ) Super Troopers 2 ( 2018 ) VIAF : 185752175 LCCN : no2005089888 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dukes_of_Hazzard_(film)&oldid=838270535 '' Categories : 2005 films English - language films The Dukes of Hazzard films 2000s buddy films 2000s comedy films 2000s adventure comedy films 2000s road movies American adventure comedy films American action comedy films American buddy films American road movies Auto racing films Buddy comedy films Films about cousins Films about fraternities and sororities Films based on adaptations Films based on television series Films directed by Jay Chandrasekhar Films set in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Films shot in Louisiana Films shot in New Orleans Village Roadshow Pictures films Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Film articles using image size parameter Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 00 : 08 . 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Prime Minister of Australia - Wikipedia Prime Minister of Australia This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 26 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the office of the Prime Minister of Australia . For a list of Australian Prime Ministers , see List of Prime Ministers of Australia . Prime Minister of Australia Commonwealth Coat of Arms Incumbent Malcolm Turnbull since 15 September 2015 Government of Australia Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet Style The Honourable ( formal ) Prime Minister ( spoken ) His / Her Excellency ( in international correspondence ) Member of Cabinet National Security Committee Federal Executive Council Reports to Parliament , Governor - General Residence The Lodge Kirribilli House Seat Canberra Appointer Governor - General of Australia by convention , based on appointee 's ability to command confidence in the House of Representatives Term length At the Governor - General 's pleasure contingent on the Prime Minister 's ability to command confidence in the lower house of Parliament Inaugural holder Edmund Barton Formation 1 January 1901 Deputy Michael McCormack Salary $527,852 ( AUD ) Website pm.gov.au The Prime Minister of Australia ( sometimes informally abbreviated to PM ) is the head of government of Australia . The individual who holds the office is the most senior Minister of the Crown , the leader of the Cabinet and the chairperson of the National Security Committee . The Prime Minister also has the responsibility of administering the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . The office is not mentioned in the Constitution of Australia and exists only through longstanding political convention and tradition . The individual who holds the office is commissioned by the Governor - General of Australia and at the Governor - General 's pleasure subject to the Constitution of Australia . Almost always and according to convention , the Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party or largest party in a coalition of parties in the House of Representatives and continues to be so as long as they command the confidence of this House . Some commentators argue that the Governor General may also dismiss a Prime Minister who is unable to pass the government 's supply bill through both houses of parliament , including the Australian Senate , where the government does n't normally command the majority , as happened in the 1975 constitutional crisis . Other commentators argue that the Governor General acted improperly in 1975 as Whitlam still retained the confidence of the House of Representatives , and there are no generally accepted conventions to guide the use of the Governor General 's reserve powers in this circumstance. . However , there is no constitutional requirement that the Prime Minister sit in the House of Representatives , or even be a member of the federal parliament ( subject to a constitutionally prescribed limit of three months ) , though by convention this is always the case . The only case where a member of the Senate was appointed Prime Minister was John Gorton , who subsequently resigned his Senate position and was elected as a member of the House of Representatives ( Senator George Pearce was acting Prime Minister for seven months in 1916 while Billy Hughes was overseas ; and Senator Mathias Cormann acted for a few days in February 2018 while Malcolm Turnbull was overseas ) . Malcolm Turnbull has held the office of Prime Minister since 15 September 2015 . He received his commission after replacing Tony Abbott as the leader of the Liberal Party , the dominant party in the Coalition government , following the outcome of the September 2015 Liberal leadership ballot . Contents ( hide ) 1 Constitutional basis and appointment 2 Powers and role 3 Privileges of office 3.1 Salary 3.2 Allowances 3.3 After office 4 Acting and interim Prime Ministers 5 Former Prime Ministers 6 Ages 7 List and timeline 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Constitutional basis and appointment ( edit ) Australia This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Australia Constitution ( show ) Constitution of Australia Statute of Westminster Adoption Act Australia Act The Crown ( show ) Monarch : Elizabeth II Governor - General : Sir Peter Cosgrove Executive ( show ) Prime Minister : Malcolm Turnbull Deputy Prime Minister : Barnaby Joyce Federal Executive Council Ministry Current ( 71st ) Cabinet Legislature ( show ) Parliament Senate President : Scott Ryan House of Representatives Speaker : Tony Smith Opposition Leader : Bill Shorten Shadow Ministry Judiciary ( show ) High Court Lower Courts Laws of Australia Elections ( show ) Federal electoral system Electoral divisions Political parties Recent elections Federal : 2016 2013 Federal by - elections Referendums States and territories ( show ) Governors and Administrators Premiers and Chief Ministers Parliaments and Assemblies State courts State electoral systems Local government ( show ) NSW Vic Qld WA SA Tas NT Related topics ( show ) Regions Foreign relations Defence Force Public holidays Republicanism Other countries Atlas Australia 's first Prime Minister , Edmund Barton at the central table in the House of Representatives in 1901 . The Prime Minister of Australia is appointed by the Governor - General of Australia under Section 64 of the Australian Constitution , which empowers the Governor - General , as the official representative of the monarch , to appoint government ministers of state and requires them to be members of the House of Representatives or the Senate , or become members within three months of the appointment . The Prime Minister and Treasurer are traditionally members of the House , but the Constitution does not have such a requirement . Before being sworn in as a Minister of the Crown , a person must first be sworn in as a member of the Federal Executive Council if they are not already a member . Membership of the Federal Executive Council entitles the member to the style of The Honourable ( usually abbreviated to The Hon ) for life , barring exceptional circumstances . The senior members of the Executive Council constitute the Cabinet of Australia . The Prime Minister is , like other ministers , normally sworn in by the Governor - General and then presented with the commission ( Letters patent ) of office . When defeated in an election , or on resigning , the Prime Minister is said to `` hand in the commission '' and actually does so by returning it to the Governor - General . In the event of a Prime Minister dying in office , or becoming incapacitated , or for other reasons , the Governor - General can terminate the commission . Ministers hold office `` during the pleasure of the Governor - General '' ( s . 64 of the Constitution of Australia ) , so theoretically , the Governor - General can dismiss a minister at any time , by notifying them in writing of the termination of their commission ; however , their power to do so except on the advice of the Prime Minister is heavily circumscribed by convention . Despite the importance of the office of Prime Minister , the Constitution does not mention the office by name . The conventions of the Westminster system were thought to be sufficiently entrenched in Australia by the authors of the Constitution that it was deemed unnecessary to detail them . The formal title of the portfolio has always been simply `` Prime Minister '' , except for the period of the Fourth Deakin Ministry ( June 1909 to April 1910 ) , when it was known as `` Prime Minister ( without portfolio ) '' . If a government can not get its appropriation ( budget ) legislation passed by the House of Representatives , or the House passes a vote of `` no confidence '' in the government , the Prime Minister is bound by convention to immediately advise the Governor - General to dissolve the House of Representatives and hold a fresh election . Following a resignation in other circumstances , or the death of a Prime Minister , the governor - general will generally appoint as Prime Minister the person elected as leader by the governing party or , in the case of a coalition , the senior party in the coalition . There have been four notable exceptions to this : When Joseph Lyons , Prime Minister and leader of the United Australia Party ( UAP ) , died suddenly in April 1939 , the governor - general , Lord Gowrie , called on Sir Earle Page to become caretaker Prime Minister . Page was the leader of the smaller party in the governing coalition , the Country Party . He held the office for three weeks until the UAP elected a new leader , Robert Menzies . In August 1941 Menzies resigned as Prime Minister . The UAP was so bereft of leadership at this time that the Country Party leader Arthur Fadden was invited to become Prime Minister , although the Country Party was the smaller of the two coalition parties . The government depended on support from two independents , who two months later voted against Fadden 's budget and brought the government down , paving the way for John Curtin to be appointed as Labor Prime Minister . In July 1945 John Curtin died suddenly . His deputy , Frank Forde , was sworn in the next day as Prime Minister , although the Labor Party had not had an opportunity to meet and elect a new leader . Forde served for eight days until Ben Chifley was elected leader . Chifley was then sworn in , replacing Forde , who became Australia 's shortest - serving Prime Minister . Harold Holt disappeared while swimming on 17 December 1967 and was declared presumed dead on 19 December . The governor - general , Lord Casey , commissioned the Leader of the Country Party , John McEwen , to form a government until the Liberal Party elected a new leader . McEwen was Prime Minister for 23 days , until the election of ( then Senator ) John Gorton . Excluding the brief transition periods during changes of government or leadership elections , there have only been a handful of cases where someone other than the leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives was Prime Minister : Federation occurred on 1 January 1901 , but elections for the first parliament were not scheduled until late March . In the interim , an unelected caretaker government was necessary . In what is now known as the Hopetoun Blunder , the governor - general , Lord Hopetoun , invited Sir William Lyne , the premier of the most populous state , New South Wales , to form a government . Lyne was unable to do so and returned his commission in favour of Edmund Barton , who became the first Prime Minister and led the inaugural government into and beyond the election . During the second parliament , three parties ( Free Trade , Protectionist and Labor ) had roughly equal representation in the House of Representatives . The leaders of the three parties , Alfred Deakin , George Reid and Chris Watson each served as Prime Minister before losing a vote of confidence . As a result of the Labor Party 's split over conscription , Billy Hughes and his supporters were expelled from the Labor Party in November 1916 . He subsequently continued on as prime minister at the head of the new National Labor Party , which had only 14 members out of a total of 75 in the House of Representatives . The Commonwealth Liberal Party -- despite still forming the Official Opposition -- provided confidence and supply until February 1917 , when the two parties agree to merge and form the Nationalist Party . During the 1975 constitutional crisis , on 11 November 1975 , the governor - general , Sir John Kerr , dismissed the Labor Party 's Gough Whitlam as Prime Minister . Despite Labor holding a majority in the House of Representatives , Kerr appointed the Leader of the Opposition , Liberal leader Malcolm Fraser as caretaker Prime Minister , conditional on the passage of the Whitlam government 's Supply bills through the Senate and the calling of an election for both houses of parliament . Fraser accepted these terms and immediately advised a double dissolution . An election was called for 13 December , which the Liberal Party won in its own right ( although the Liberals governed in a coalition with the Country Party ) . Powers and role ( edit ) The first Prime Minister of Australia , Edmund Barton ( sitting second from left ) , with his Cabinet , 1901 . Most of the Prime Minister 's powers derive from being head of Government . In practice , the Federal Executive Council will act to ratify all decisions made by the cabinet and decisions of the cabinet will always require the support of the Prime Minister . The powers of the governor - general to grant Royal Assent to legislation , to dissolve and prorogue parliament , to call elections and to make appointments are exercised on the advice of the Prime Minister . The Prime Minister is also the responsible minister for the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet , which is tasked with supporting the policy agendas of the Prime Minister and Cabinet through policy advice and the coordination of the implementation of key government programs , to manage Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander policy and programs and to promote reconciliation , to provide leadership for the Australian Public Service alongside the Australian Public Service Commission , to oversee the honours and symbols of the Commonwealth , to provide support to ceremonies and official visits , to set whole of government service delivery policy , and to coordinate national security , cyber , counterterrorism , regulatory reform , cities , population , data , and women 's policy . The formal power to appoint the Governor - General lies with the Queen of Australia , but this appointment is done on the formal advice of the Prime Minister . By convention , this advice is provided by the Prime Minister alone , and thus the appointment is effectively the Prime Minister 's personal choice . The Prime Minister may also advise the monarch to dismiss the Governor - General , though it remains unclear how quickly the monarch would act on such advice in a constitutional crisis . This uncertainty , and the possibility of a `` race '' between the Governor - General and Prime Minister to sack the other , was a key question in the 1975 constitutional crisis . The power of the Prime Minister is subject to a number of limitations . Prime Ministers removed as leader of their party , or whose government loses a vote of no - confidence in the House of Representatives , are expected to advise an election of the lower house or resign the office . If they fail to do this they will be dismissed by the Governor - General . The Prime Minister 's party will normally have a majority in the House of Representatives and party discipline is exceptionally strong in Australian politics , so passage of the government 's legislation through the House of Representatives is mostly a formality . Attaining the support of the Senate can be more difficult as government usually lacks an absolute majority because the Senate 's representation is based on overall proportion of votes and often includes minor parties . Privileges of office ( edit ) Salary ( edit ) Prime Ministerial salary history Effective date Salary 2 June 1999 $289,270 6 September 2006 $309,270 1 July 2007 $330,356 1 October 2009 $340,704 1 August 2010 $354,671 1 July 2011 $366,366 1 December 2011 $440,000 15 March 2012 $481,000 1 July 2012 $495,430 1 July 2013 $507,338 1 January 2016 $517,504 1 July 2017 $527,852 On 1 July 2017 , the Australian Government 's Remuneration Tribunal adjusted the Prime Ministerial salary , raising it to its current amount of $527,852 . Allowances ( edit ) Prime Ministers Curtin , Fadden , Hughes , Menzies and Governor - General The Duke of Gloucester 2nd from left , in 1945 . Whilst in office , the Prime Minister has two official residences . The primary official residence is The Lodge in Canberra . Most Prime Ministers have chosen The Lodge as their primary residence because of its security facilities and close proximity to Parliament House . There have been some exceptions , however . James Scullin preferred to live at the Hotel Canberra ( now the Hyatt Hotel ) and Ben Chifley lived in the Hotel Kurrajong . More recently , John Howard used the Sydney Prime Ministerial residence , Kirribilli House , as his primary accommodation . On her appointment on 24 June 2010 , Julia Gillard said she would not be living in The Lodge until such time as she was returned to office by popular vote at the next general election . ( She became Prime Minister mid-term after replacing the incumbent , Kevin Rudd , who resigned in the face of an unwinnable party - room ballot . ) During his first term , Rudd had a staff at The Lodge consisting of a senior chef and an assistant chef , a child carer , one senior house attendant , and two junior house attendants . At Kirribilli House in Sydney , there is one full - time chef and one full - time house attendant . The official residences are fully staffed and catered for both the Prime Minister and their family . In addition , both have extensive security facilities . These residences are regularly used for official entertaining , such as receptions for Australian of the Year finalists . The Prime Minister receives a number of transport amenities for official business . The Royal Australian Air Force 's No. 34 Squadron transports the Prime Minister within Australia and overseas by specially converted Boeing Business Jets and smaller Challenger aircraft . The aircraft contain secure communications equipment as well as an office , conference room and sleeping compartments . The call - sign for the aircraft is `` Envoy '' . For ground travel , the Prime Minister is transported in an armoured BMW 7 Series model . It is referred to as `` C - 1 '' , or Commonwealth One , because of its licence plate . It is escorted by police vehicles from state and federal authorities . After office ( edit ) Prime Ministers are usually granted certain privileges after leaving office , such as office accommodation , staff assistance , and a Life Gold Pass , which entitles the holder to travel within Australia for `` non-commercial '' purposes at government expense . Only one Prime Minister who had left the Federal Parliament ever returned . Stanley Bruce was defeated in his own seat in 1929 while Prime Minister , but was re-elected to parliament in 1931 . Other Prime Ministers were elected to parliaments other than the Australian federal parliament : Sir George Reid was elected to the UK House of Commons ( after his term as High Commissioner to the UK ) ; and Frank Forde was re-elected to the Queensland Parliament ( after his term as High Commissioner to Canada , and a failed attempt to re-enter the Federal Parliament ) . Privileges of office The Lodge Kirribilli House Prime Ministerial car Official aircraft Acting and interim Prime Ministers ( edit ) From time to time Prime Ministers are required to leave the country on government business and a deputy acts in their place during that time . In the days before jet aircraft , such absences could be for extended periods . For example , William Watt was acting prime Minister for 16 months , from April 1918 until August 1919 , when Prime Minister Billy Hughes was away at the Paris Peace Conference , and Senator George Pearce was acting Prime Minister for more than seven months in 1916 . An acting Prime Minister is also appointed when the prime minister takes leave . The Deputy Prime Minister most commonly becomes acting Prime Minister in those circumstances . Three Prime Ministers have died in office -- Joseph Lyons ( 1939 ) , John Curtin ( 1945 ) and Harold Holt ( 1967 ) -- and Robert Menzies resigned as Prime Minister in 1941 . In each of these cases the Deputy Prime Minister ( an unofficial office at the time ) became an interim Prime Minister , pending an election of a new leader of the government party . In none of these cases was the interim Prime Minister successful at the subsequent election . Former Prime Ministers ( edit ) As of April 2018 , there are six living former Australian Prime Ministers . Bob Hawke In office : 1983 -- 1991 Age : 88 Paul Keating In office : 1991 -- 1996 Age : 74 John Howard In office : 1996 -- 2007 Age : 78 Kevin Rudd In office : 2007 -- 2010 ; 13 Age : 60 Julia Gillard In office : 2010 -- 2013 Age : 56 Tony Abbott , In office : 2013 -- 2015 Age : 60 The greatest number of living former Prime Ministers at any one time was eight . This has occurred twice : Between 7 October 1941 ( when John Curtin succeeded Arthur Fadden ) and 18 November 1941 ( when Chris Watson died ) , the eight living former Prime Ministers were Bruce , Cook , Fadden , Hughes , Menzies , Page , Scullin and Watson . Between 13 July 1945 ( when Ben Chifley succeeded Frank Forde ) and 30 July 1947 ( when Sir Joseph Cook died ) , the eight living former Prime Ministers were Bruce , Cook , Fadden , Forde , Hughes , Menzies , Page and Scullin . Of the other Prime Ministers , Ben Chifley died only one year and six months after leaving the Prime Ministership and Alfred Deakin lived another nine years and five months . All the others who have left office have lived at least another 10 years . Nine of them ( Bruce , Cook , Fadden , Forde , Fraser , Gorton , Hughes , Watson , and Whitlam ) lived more than 25 years after leaving the office , and all but one of them have survived longer than 30 years ( Hughes lived for 29 years and 8 months following service ) . Bob Hawke , who is , as of 2017 , still alive , has also lived 25 years beyond the end of his prime ministership . The longest - surviving was Gough Whitlam , who lived 38 years and 11 months after office , surpassing Stanley Bruce 's previous record of 37 years and 10 months after leaving the office . Ages ( edit ) Four Australian prime ministers -- Forde , Curtin , Menzies , and Hughes -- at a meeting of the Advisory War Council in 1940 . The three youngest people when they first became Prime Minister were : Chris Watson -- 37 Stanley Bruce -- 39 Robert Menzies -- 44 The three oldest people when they first became Prime Minister were : John McEwen -- 67 William McMahon -- 63 Malcolm Turnbull -- 60 The three youngest people to last leave the office of Prime Minister were : Chris Watson -- 37 Arthur Fadden -- 46 years 5 months 22 days Stanley Bruce -- 46 years 6 months 7 days The three oldest people to last leave the office of Prime Minister were : Robert Menzies -- 71 John Howard -- 68 John McEwen -- 67 List and timeline ( edit ) Main article : List of Prime Ministers of Australia The longest - serving Prime Minister was Sir Robert Menzies , who served in office twice : from 26 April 1939 to 28 August 1941 , and again from 19 December 1949 to 26 January 1966 . In total Robert Menzies spent 18 years , 5 months and 12 days in office . He served under the United Australia Party and the Liberal Party respectively . The shortest - serving Prime Minister was Frank Forde , who was appointed to the position on 6 July 1945 after the death of John Curtin , and served until 13 July 1945 when Ben Chifley was elected leader of the Australian Labor Party . Parties Australian Labor Party Liberal Party of Australia Australian Country Party Nationalist Party of Australia United Australia Party Commonwealth Liberal Party National Labor Party Free Trade Party Protectionist Party No . Name ( birth -- death ) Portrait Party Term of office Electorate served Elections won Ministry Ref Sir Edmund Barton ( 1849 -- 1920 ) Protectionist 1 January 1901 24 September 1903 Hunter , NSW , 1901 -- 1903 ( resigned ) 1901 Barton Alfred Deakin ( 1856 -- 1919 ) Protectionist 24 September 1903 27 April 1904 Ballaarat , Vic , 1901 -- 1913 ( retired ) 1903 1st Deakin Chris Watson ( 1867 -- 1941 ) Labour 27 April 1904 18 August 1904 Bland , NSW , 1901 -- 1906 South Sydney , NSW , 1906 -- 1910 ( retired ) -- Watson George Reid ( 1845 -- 1918 ) Free Trade 18 August 1904 5 July 1905 East Sydney , NSW , 1901 -- 1909 ( resigned ) -- Reid ( 2 ) Alfred Deakin ( 1856 -- 1919 ) Protectionist 5 July 1905 13 November 1908 Ballaarat , Vic , 1901 -- 1913 ( retired ) -- 2nd Deakin 1906 3rd Deakin 5 Andrew Fisher ( 1862 -- 1928 ) Labour 13 November 1908 2 June 1909 Wide Bay , Qld , 1901 -- 1915 ( resigned ) -- 1st Fisher ( 2 ) Alfred Deakin ( 1856 -- 1919 ) Commonwealth Liberal 2 June 1909 29 April 1910 Ballaarat , Vic , 1901 -- 1913 ( retired ) -- 4th Deakin ( 5 ) Andrew Fisher ( 1862 -- 1928 ) Labor 29 April 1910 24 June 1913 Wide Bay , Qld , 1901 -- 1915 ( resigned ) 1910 2nd Fisher 6 Joseph Cook ( 1860 -- 1947 ) Commonwealth Liberal 24 June 1913 17 September 1914 Parramatta , NSW , 1901 -- 1921 ( resigned ) 1913 Cook ( 5 ) Andrew Fisher ( 1862 -- 1928 ) Labor 17 September 1914 27 October 1915 Wide Bay , Qld , 1901 -- 1915 ( resigned ) 1914 3rd Fisher Billy Hughes ( 1862 -- 1952 ) Labor 27 October 1915 14 November 1916 West Sydney , NSW , 1901 -- 1917 Bendigo , Vic , 1917 -- 1922 North Sydney , NSW , 1922 -- 1949 Bradfield , NSW , 1949 -- 1952 ( died ) -- 1st Hughes 7 National Labor 14 November 1916 17 February 1917 -- 2nd Hughes Nationalist 17 February 1917 9 February 1923 -- 3rd Hughes 1917 4th Hughes 1919 5th Hughes 8 Stanley Bruce ( 1883 -- 1967 ) Nationalist ( Coalition ) 9 February 1923 22 October 1929 Flinders , Vic , 1918 -- 1929 ( defeated ) ; 1931 -- 1933 ( resigned ) 1922 1st Bruce 1925 2nd Bruce 1928 3rd Bruce 9 James Scullin ( 1876 -- 1953 ) Labor 22 October 1929 6 January 1932 Corangamite , Vic , 1910 -- 1913 ( defeated ) Yarra , Vic , 1922 -- 1949 ( retired ) 1929 Scullin 10 Joseph Lyons ( 1879 -- 1939 ) United Australia ( Coalition ) 6 January 1932 7 April 1939 † Wilmot , Tas , 1929 -- 1939 ( died ) 1931 1st Lyons 1934 2nd Lyons -- 3rd Lyons 1937 4th Lyons 11 Sir Earle Page ( 1880 -- 1961 ) Country ( Coalition ) 7 April 1939 26 April 1939 Cowper , NSW 1919 -- 1961 ( defeated ) -- Page 12 Robert Menzies ( 1894 -- 1978 ) United Australia ( Coalition ) 26 April 1939 28 August 1941 Kooyong , Vic , 1934 -- 1966 ( resigned ) -- 1st Menzies 2nd Menzies 1940 3rd Menzies 13 Arthur Fadden ( 1894 -- 1973 ) Country ( Coalition ) 28 August 1941 7 October 1941 Darling Downs , Qld 1936 -- 1949 McPherson , Qld 1949 -- 1958 ( retired ) -- Fadden 14 John Curtin ( 1885 -- 1945 ) Labor 7 October 1941 5 July 1945 † Fremantle , WA , 1928 -- 1931 ( defeated ) ; 1934 -- 1945 ( died ) -- 1st Curtin 1943 2nd Curtin 15 Frank Forde ( 1890 -- 1983 ) Labor 6 July 1945 13 July 1945 Capricornia , Qld , 1922 -- 1946 ( defeated ) -- Forde 16 Ben Chifley ( 1885 -- 1951 ) Labor 13 July 1945 19 December 1949 Macquarie , NSW , 1928 -- 1931 ( defeated ) ; 1940 -- 1951 ( died ) -- 1st Chifley 1946 2nd Chifley ( 12 ) Sir Robert Menzies ( 1894 -- 1978 ) Liberal ( Coalition ) 19 December 1949 26 January 1966 Kooyong , Vic , 1934 -- 1966 ( resigned ) 1949 4th Menzies 1951 5th Menzies 1954 6th Menzies 1955 7th Menzies 1958 8th Menzies 1961 9th Menzies 1963 10th Menzies 17 Harold Holt ( 1908 -- 1967 ) Liberal ( Coalition ) 26 January 1966 19 December 1967 † Fawkner , Vic , 1935 -- 1949 Higgins , Vic , 1949 -- 1967 ( disappeared ) -- 1st Holt 1966 2nd Holt 18 John McEwen ( 1900 -- 1980 ) Country ( Coalition ) 19 December 1967 10 January 1968 Echuca , Vic , 1934 -- 1937 Indi , Vic , 1937 -- 1949 Murray , Vic , 1949 -- 1971 ( resigned ) -- McEwen 19 John Gorton ( 1911 -- 2002 ) Liberal ( Coalition ) 10 January 1968 10 March 1971 Senator 1950 -- 1968 ( resigned ) MP for Higgins , Vic , 1968 -- 1975 ( retired ) -- 1st Gorton 1969 2nd Gorton 20 William McMahon ( 1908 -- 1988 ) Liberal ( Coalition ) 10 March 1971 5 December 1972 Lowe , NSW , 1949 -- 1982 ( resigned ) -- McMahon 21 Gough Whitlam ( 1916 -- 2014 ) Labor 5 December 1972 11 November Werriwa , NSW , 1952 -- 1978 ( resigned ) 1972 1st Whitlam -- 2nd Whitlam 3rd Whitlam 22 Malcolm Fraser ( 1930 -- 2015 ) Liberal ( Coalition ) 11 November 11 March Wannon , Vic , 1955 -- 1983 ( resigned ) -- 1st Fraser 2nd Fraser 1977 3rd Fraser 1980 4th Fraser 23 Bob Hawke ( 1929 -- ) Labor 11 March 20 December 1991 Wills , Vic , 1980 -- 1992 ( resigned ) 1st Hawke 1984 2nd Hawke 3rd Hawke 1990 4th Hawke 24 Paul Keating ( 1944 -- ) Labor 20 December 1991 11 March Blaxland , NSW , 1969 -- 1996 ( resigned ) -- 1st Keating 1993 2nd Keating 25 John Howard ( 1939 -- ) Liberal ( Coalition ) 11 March 3 December 2007 Bennelong , NSW , 1974 -- 2007 ( defeated ) 1st Howard 1998 2nd Howard 2001 3rd Howard 4th Howard 26 Kevin Rudd ( 1957 -- ) Labor 3 December 2007 24 June Griffith , Qld , 1998 -- 2013 ( resigned ) 2007 1st Rudd 27 Julia Gillard ( 1961 -- ) Labor 24 June 27 June 2013 Lalor , Vic , 1998 -- 2013 ( retired ) -- 1st Gillard 2nd Gillard ( 26 ) Kevin Rudd ( 1957 -- ) Labor 27 June 2013 18 September 2013 Griffith , Qld , 1998 -- 2013 ( resigned ) -- 2nd Rudd 28 Tony Abbott ( 1957 -- ) Liberal ( Coalition ) 18 September 2013 15 September 2015 Warringah , NSW , since 1994 2013 Abbott 29 Malcolm Turnbull ( 1954 -- ) Liberal ( Coalition ) 15 September 2015 Incumbent Wentworth , NSW , since 2004 -- 1st Turnbull 2016 2nd Turnbull See also ( edit ) Deputy Prime Minister of Australia List of Prime Ministers of Australia List of Prime Ministers of Australia by age List of Prime Ministers of Australia by time in office List of Prime Ministers of Australia ( graphical ) Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of Australia Prime Ministers Avenue in Horse Chestnut Avenue in the Ballarat Botanical Gardens contains a collection of bronze busts of former Australian Prime Ministers . Spouse of the Prime Minister of Australia Transportation of the Prime Minister of Australia List of Australian Leaders of the Opposition Prime Ministers of Queen Elizabeth II List of Commonwealth Heads of Government List of Privy Counsellors ( 1952 -- present ) Prime Minister 's XI Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Electoral Division of Ballaarat was spelled with a double a until 1977 . Jump up ^ Gorton was elected to the Senate at the general election of 10 December 1949 , but his term did not commence until 22 February 1950 . He was appointed Prime Minister on 10 January 1968 ; resigned from the Senate on 1 February ; and was elected to the House of Representatives at a by - election on 24 February . Jump up ^ Gorton retired from the House of Representatives at the double dissolution of 11 November 1975 , and stood for an Australian Capital Territory Senate seat as an independent at the general election of 13 December 1975 , but was unsuccessful . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Heads of State , Government and Ministers for Foreign Affairs '' ( PDF ) . UN . United Nations Foreign and Protocol Service . Jump up ^ Australia 's Constitution : With Overview and Notes by the Australian Government Solicitor ( Pocket ed. ed . ) . Canberra : Parliamentary Education Office and Australian Government Solicitor. 2010 . p. v. ISBN 9781742293431 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 9 - Motions '' . House of Representatives Practice , 6th Ed -- HTML version . Parliament of Australia . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Australia 's Constitution : With Overview and Notes by the Australian Government Solicitor ( Pocket ed. ed . ) . Canberra : Parliamentary Education Office and Australian Government Solicitor. 2010 . p. v. ISBN 9781742293431 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Pearce , Sir George Foster ( 1870 -- 1952 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Australian National University . 2006 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Farr , Malcolm ( 20 February 2018 ) . `` Senator Mathias Cormann named Acting PM as top ranks head out of the country '' . news.com.au . Jump up ^ `` Malcolm Turnbull sworn in as Australia 's 29th Prime Minister '' . ABC News . 15 September 2015 . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` No. 14 - Ministers in the Senate '' . Senate Briefs . Parliament of Australia . December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ParlInfo -- Part 6 -- Historical information on the Australian Parliament : Ministries and Cabinets '' . aph.gov.au . Jump up ^ `` Administrative Arrangements Order '' ( PDF ) . Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . Commonwealth of Australia . 1 September 2016 . Retrieved 11 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Kerr , John . `` Statement from John Kerr ( dated 11 November 1975 ) explaining his decisions '' . WhitlamDismissal.com . Retrieved 11 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and MPs in line to get a 3 % pay rise '' . Jump up ^ Hudson , Phillip ( 25 August 2010 ) . `` Politicians awarded secret pay rise '' . Herald Sun . Australia . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 13 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Tony Abbott defends increase in MP salary , saying he 's working hard for every Australian '' . Herald Sun . 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Peatling , Stephanie ( 14 June 2013 ) . `` PM 's salary tops $500,000 '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ Mannheim , Markus ( 10 December 2015 ) . `` Politicians , judges and top public servants to gain 2 % pay rise after wage freeze '' . Canberra Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Politicians under fire for pay increases while penalty rates cut , One Nation wants to reject rise '' . 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Metherell , Mark ( 19 February 2008 ) . `` Rudds ' staff extends to a child carer at the Lodge '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ CarAdvice.com.au ( 6 April 2009 ) . `` 25 % of government car fleet foreign made '' . Car Advice . Retrieved 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Dictionary of Biography -- William Alexander Watt '' . ADB ANU . Retrieved 21 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Dictionary of Biography -- Sir George Foster Pearce '' . ADB ANU . Retrieved 21 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Cox , Lisa . `` The ' special moment ' seven surviving Prime Ministers were photographed together '' . Jump up ^ `` After office '' . naa.gov.au . Jump up ^ `` Prime Minister of Australia '' . Australian Policy Online . Archived from the original on 17 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nairn , Bede ( 1990 ) . `` Watson , John Christian ( 1867 -- 1941 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Canberra : Australian National University . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Radi , Heather ( 1979 ) . `` Bruce , Stanley Melbourne ( Viscount Bruce ) ( 1883 -- 1967 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Canberra : Australian National University . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , A.W. `` Menzies , Sir Robert Gordon ( Bob ) ( 1894 -- 1978 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Canberra : Australian National University . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` McEwen , Sir John ( 1900 -- 1980 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Jump up ^ `` McMahon , Sir William ( Billy ) ( 1908 -- 1988 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . ^ Jump up to : Cribb , Margaret Bridson . `` Fadden , Sir Arthur William ( 1894 -- 1973 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Canberra : Australian National University . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Rutledge , Martha . `` Barton , Sir Edmund ( 1849 -- 1920 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Australian National University . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Norris , R. ( 1981 ) . `` Deakin , Alfred ( 1856 -- 1919 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Canberra : Australian National University . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ McMinn , W.G. `` Reid , Sir George Houstoun ( 1845 -- 1918 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Australian National University . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Murphy , D.J. `` Fisher , Andrew ( 1862 -- 1928 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Australian National University . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Crowley , F.K. `` Cook , Sir Joseph ( 1860 -- 1947 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Australian National University . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Fitzhardinge , L.F. `` Hughes , William Morris ( Billy ) ( 1862 -- 1952 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Australian National University . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Robertson , J.R. ( 1988 ) . `` Scullin , James Henry ( 1876 -- 1953 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Canberra : Australian National University . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Hart , P.R. ( 1986 ) . `` Lyons , Joseph Aloysius ( 1879 -- 1939 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Canberra : Australian National University . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Bridge , Carl . `` Page , Sir Earle Christmas Grafton ( 1880 -- 1961 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Canberra : Australian National University . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 21 . Further reading ( edit ) Strangio , Paul ; t'Hart , Paul & Walter , James ( 2016 ) . Settling the Office : The Australian Prime Ministership from Federation to Reconstruction . Melbourne : Melbourne University Press . ISBN 9780522868722 . Strangio , Paul ; t'Hart , Paul & Walter , James ( 2017 ) . The Pivot of Power : Australian Prime Ministers and Political Leadership , 1949 - 2016 . Melbourne : Melbourne University Press . ISBN 9780522868746 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prime Minister of Australia . Library resources about Prime Minister of Australia Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Official website of the Prime Minister of Australia Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet Australia 's Prime Ministers -- National Archives of Australia reference site and research portal Biographies of Australia 's Prime Ministers / National Museum of Australia Classroom resources on Australian Prime Ministers Prime Ministers of Australia ( list ) Barton Deakin Watson Reid Deakin Fisher Deakin Fisher Cook Fisher Hughes Bruce Scullin Lyons Page Menzies Fadden Curtin Forde Chifley Menzies Holt McEwen Gorton McMahon Whitlam Fraser Hawke Keating Howard Rudd Gillard Rudd Abbott Turnbull Lists of Prime Ministers of Australia By order Order of service Service ( graphical ) Statehood Historical rankings Military service Time in office Age By professional life Political affiliation Spouses Prime Minister 's spouse Parliament of Australia Components Queen ( represented by the Governor - General ) Senate House of Representatives Parliamentary officers Senate President of the Senate Clerk Leader of the Government in the Senate Manager of Government Business Leader of the Opposition in the Senate Manager of Opposition Business Whips ( list ) House of Representatives Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives Clerk Prime Minister Leader of the House Leader of the Opposition Manager of Opposition Business Whips ( list ) Members Served in both houses Represented multiple states 30 + years Father of the Parliament Senate Current ( previous ) Appointees Women Father of the Senate House of Representatives Current ( previous ) Women Father of the House Parliaments Chronology of Australian federal parliaments 44th 45th Parliament of Australia Procedure Speech from the throne Joint meetings Question time Matter of public importance Readings of bills Queen 's Consent Royal assent List of Acts of the Parliament of Australia Committees : Senate House of Reps Elections Last Next List Double dissolution Senate : Single transferable vote House of Representatives : Instant - 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Country Music Hall of Fame and museum - wikipedia Country Music Hall of Fame and museum Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum Established 1961 ( 1961 ) Location 222 5th Ave S Nashville , Tennessee 37203 Type Hall of fame Visitors 1.1 million in 2015 Director Kyle Young Website www.countrymusichalloffame.org The Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum in Nashville , Tennessee , is one of the world 's largest museums and research centers dedicated to the preservation and interpretation of American vernacular music . Chartered in 1964 , the museum has amassed one of the world 's most extensive musical collections . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the museum 2 Current museum 3 The Country Music Hall of Fame 4 The Museum collection 5 Architecture and design 6 Timeline 7 Senior leadership 8 See also 9 Further reading 10 References 11 External links History of the museum ( edit ) The Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum is one of the world 's largest and most active popular music research centers and the world 's largest repository of country music artifacts . Early in the 1960s , as the Country Music Association 's campaign to publicize country music was accelerating , CMA leaders determined that a new organization was needed to operate a country music museum and to carry out research and education activities beyond CMA 's scope as a trade organization . Toward this end , the nonprofit Country Music Foundation ( CMF ) was chartered by the state of Tennessee in 1964 to collect , preserve , and publicize information and artifacts relating to the history of country music . Through CMF , industry leaders raised money to build the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum , which opened on April 1 , 1967 . Located at the head of Music Row , the museum was erected on the site of a small Nashville city park . At this point , artifacts began to be displayed and a small library was begun in a loft above one of the museum 's galleries . Early in the 1970s the basement of the museum building was partially complete , and library expansion began , embracing not only recordings but also books and periodicals , sheet music and songbooks , photographs , business documents , and other materials . At the outset , CMA staff had run the museum , but by 1972 the museum ( already governed by its own independent board of directors ) acquired its own small staff , which has steadily increased to over 150 full - time professionals . Building expansion took place in 1974 , 1977 , and 1984 to store and display the museum 's growing collection of costumes , films , historic cars , musical instruments , and other artifacts . An education department was created to conduct ongoing programs with Middle Tennessee schools , an oral history program was begun , and a publications department was launched to handle books , as well as the Journal of Country Music . Current museum ( edit ) To become more accessible , in May 2001 the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum moved to a new , 130,000 - square - foot ( 12,000 m ) facility in the heart of downtown Nashville 's arts and entertainment district . In 2014 , the museum unveiled a $100 million expansion , doubling its size to 350,000 square feet of galleries , archival storage , education classrooms , retail stores , and special event space . In the museum 's core exhibition , Sing Me Back Home : A Journey Through Country Music , visitors are immersed in the history and sounds of country music , its origins and traditions , and the stories and voices of many of its architects . The story is revealed through artifacts , photographs , and text panels , recorded sound , vintage video , and interactive touchscreens . Sing Me Back Home is enhanced by numerous , rotating limited - engagement exhibits . The new ACM Gallery and the Dinah and Fred Gretsch Family Gallery offer visitors a hands - on immersion into today 's country music with artifacts from today 's country stars and a series of technology - enhanced activities . In addition to the galleries , the museum has the 776 - seat CMA Theater , the Taylor Swift Education Center , and multi-purpose event rental spaces . Other historic properties of the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum include the letterpress operation Hatch Show Print ( located inside the museum ) and Historic RCA Studio B ( located on Music Row ) , Nashville 's oldest surviving recording studio , where recordings by Elvis Presley , Dolly Parton , Waylon Jennings , and many others were made . The Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum has developed multiple platforms to make its collection accessible to a wider audience . From weekly instrument demonstrations to its flagship songwriting program for schools , Words & Music , the museum offers an aggressive schedule of educational programs . The museum also operates CMF Records , a Grammy - winning re-issue label ( The Complete Hank Williams and Night Train to Nashville : Music City Rhythm & Blues , 1945 - 1970 ) ; and CMF Press , a book publishing arm that releases exhibit - related books in cooperation with Vanderbilt University Press and other major trade publishing houses . The Country Music Hall of Fame ( edit ) Membership in the Country Music Hall of Fame , the highest honor a country music professional can receive , is extended to performers , songwriters , broadcasters , musicians , and executives in recognition of their contributions to the development of country music . The Country Music Hall of Fame honor was created in 1961 by the Country Music Association ( CMA ) ; the first inductees were Hank Williams , Jimmie Rodgers , and Fred Rose . Roy Acuff , the first living artist to join the Hall of Fame , was elected in 1962 . The most recent inductees ( class of 2017 ) are Jerry Reed , Don Schlitz and Alan Jackson . Over the Hall of Fame 's history , the number of new members inducted each year has varied from one to twelve ( no nominee was inducted in 1963 , no candidate having received sufficient votes ) . The election procedure is as follows : A small CMA nominating committee drafts slates of candidates from each category ; categories have been defined variously over the years . Award recipients are determined through a two - stage balloting process ; the first round of voting narrows each category to five candidates ; the second round selects winners . The large select committee of electors that votes on Hall of Fame membership is composed of CMA members who have participated in the country music industry for at least ten years . New Hall of Fame members receive special recognition in ceremonies at the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum . Bas - relief portraits cast in bronze honoring each Hall of Fame member were originally displayed at the Tennessee State Museum in downtown Nashville until the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum opened its own building in April 1967 ; in this barn - roofed facility at the head of Music Row , the bronze plaques comprised a special exhibit . Today the plaques are displayed in a seventy - foot - high rotunda at the museum 's enlarged downtown Nashville facility . The museum collection ( edit ) The museum 's archival and library storage , allows for the cultivation of the museum 's collection and includes more than 2.5 million artifacts . Nearly 200,000 sound recordings , including an estimated 98 % of all pre-World War II country recordings released commercially Approximately 500,000 photographs More than 30,000 moving images on film , video and digital formats , including Glen Campbell narrating the history of country music ; rare documentary footage of a father and son buck - dancing at the 1932 Old - time Fiddlers ' Convention in Star , North Carolina ; and archival footage featuring Hall of Fame members the Jordanaires , the Louvin Brothers , Patsy Montana , Webb Pierce , Marty Robbins , Jimmie Rodgers , and Carl Smith . Hundreds of historic musical instruments , featuring Mother Maybelle Carter 's Gibson L - 5 , Earl Scruggs 's banjo , Bob Wills 's fiddle , and Bill Monroe 's mandolin . Thousands of items of clothing worn by country artists , including Hank Snow 's `` Golden Rocket '' Nudie suit , Jim Reeves 's tuxedo jacket , Gram Parsons 's Nudie suit , Patsy Cline 's cocktail dress , Hank Williams 's Nudie suit , Johnny Cash 's black suit from The Johnny Cash Show , and the dress Carrie Underwood wore when she won American Idol . Oral histories , scrapbooks , correspondence , fan club newsletters , sheet music , periodicals and books . Iconic Vehicles : Elvis Presley 's 1960 `` Solid Gold '' Cadillac limousine , Webb Pierce 's 1962 Pontiac Bonneville convertible , and Jerry Reed 's 1980 Pontiac Trans Am from Smokey and the Bandit II . Architecture and design ( edit ) When viewed from the air , the building forms a massive bass clef . The point on the sweeping arch of the building suggests the tailfin of a 1959 Cadillac sedan . The building 's front windows resemble piano keys . The tower on top of the Rotunda that extends down the Hall of Fame is a replica of the distinctive diamond - shaped WSM radio tower , which was originally built in 1932 just south of Nashville and is still in operation . The Rotunda itself is replete with symbolic architectural elements . For example , the exterior of this cylindrical structure can be viewed variously as a drum kit , a rural water tower , or grain silo . The four disc tiers of the Rotunda 's roof evoke the evolution of recording technology -- the 78 , the vinyl LP , the 45 , and the CD . Stone bars on the Rotunda 's outside wall symbolize the notes of the Carter Family 's classic song `` Will the Circle Be Unbroken , '' while the title of the song rings the interior of the structure . The Hall of Fame member 's plaques housed within the Rotunda are reminiscent of notes on a musical staff . Solid , earthy materials native to the Mid-South -- wood , concrete , steel , and stone -- were used in the building 's construction as a reminder of the music 's strong roots in the lives of working Americans . Georgia yellow pine adorns the floors of the Conservatory and is also found in the Hall of Fame Rotunda the Ford Theater . Crab Orchard Stone from the East Tennessee mountains lend a homey , rustic touch to the Conservatory 's `` front porch '' atmosphere and is also found on the Rotunda 's walls . The large steel beams supporting the Conservatory 's glass ceiling and walls conjure up images of rural railroad bridges . In another transportation metaphor , the cascading water along the Grand Staircase calls to mind the mighty rivers that have inspired so much of our nation 's music and have physically connected musicians in various regions of the nations . Musical symbolism continues within the museum galleries . Hardwood floors , curtain - like exhibit - case fronts , and low hanging lights suspended by cables create the backstage atmosphere of the Third Floor . Similarly , modular exhibit stations and vinyl floors evoke a recording studio environment on the Second Floor . Architect : Tuck - Hinton Architects , PLC Exhibit Designer : Ralph Appelbaum Associates Inc . Timeline ( edit ) 1961 : Country Music Association established the Country Music Hall of Fame 1964 : CMA chartered the not - for - profit Country Music Foundation ( CMF ) , which operates the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum 1967 : Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum opened on Music Row 1987 : Museum earned accreditation from the American Alliance of Museums 2000 : December 31 , museum closed its doors on Music Row 2001 : May 17 , museum opened in downtown Nashville 2013 : October 12 , Hatch Show Print opened to the public 2014 : New expansion opened , more than doubling the size of the building 2015 : For the first time , the museum had more than one million visitors in a calendar year Senior leadership ( edit ) Kyle Young , CEO Sharon Brawner , Senior Vice President of Marketing and Sales Carolyn Tate , Senior Vice President of Museum Services Nina Burghard , Senior Vice President of Financial Services and Operations Lisa Purcell , Vice President of Development See also ( edit ) Country music portal List of Country Music Hall of Fame inductees Further reading ( edit ) The Country Music Hall of Fame & Museum . Nashville , Tenn. : Country Music Foundation , 1990 . N.B. : The structure as described in this document is the original one which had opened in 1967 ; the book ( amply ill . in b&w and col . ) describes the work , collections , etc. of the center 's Hall of Fame , Museum ( which includes a library ) , and recording studio , and also gives an account of the development and various aspects of the country music industry . ISBN 0 - 915608 - 12 - X References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About '' . Country Music Hall of Fame . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCall , Michael ( 2012 ) . The Encyclopedia of Country Music Second Edition . Oxford University Press . pp. 105 -- 106 . ISBN 0195395638 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Studio B. Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Country Music Hall of Fame promotes four to VP roles '' . Nashville Post . February 17 , 2015 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum . Official website ( hide ) Nashville landmarks Existing AT&T Building Belmont Mansion Bicentennial Capitol Mall State Park Bluebird Café Bridgestone Arena Centennial Park Cheekwood Country Music Hall of Fame First Tennessee Park Fort Nashborough Fort Negley Frist Center for the Visual Arts Gaylord Opryland Resort Grand Ole Opry Greer Stadium The Hermitage Life & Casualty Tower Memorial Gymnasium Music City Center Nashville City Cemetery Nashville International Airport Nashville Zoo at Grassmere Nissan Stadium Parthenon Ryman Auditorium Schermerhorn Symphony Center John Seigenthaler Pedestrian Bridge Tennessee Performing Arts Center Tennessee State Capitol Tennessee State Museum Tennessee Tower Union Station Vanderbilt Stadium Former Opryland USA Starwood Amphitheatre Sulphur Dell Coordinates : 36 ° 09 ′ 29.80 '' N 86 ° 46 ′ 34.18 '' W  /  36.1582778 ° N 86.7761611 ° W  / 36.1582778 ; - 86.7761611 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Country_Music_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum&oldid=817101743 '' Categories : American country music American music awards Music halls of fame Halls of fame in Tennessee Music museums in Tennessee Museums in Nashville , Tennessee Institutions accredited by the American Alliance of Museums Organizations established in 1964 Museums established in 1967 1961 establishments in Tennessee Country Music Hall of Fame inductees Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Русский Simple English Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 04 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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8 Mile ( film ) - wikipedia 8 Mile ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search 8 Mile Theatrical release poster Directed by Curtis Hanson Produced by Curtis Hanson Brian Grazer Jimmy Iovine Written by Scott Silver Starring Eminem Kim Basinger Brittany Murphy Mekhi Phifer Music by Eminem Cinematography Rodrigo Prieto Edited by Jay Rabinowitz Production company Imagine Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date November 8 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 08 ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $41 million Box office $242.9 million 8 Mile is a 2002 American hip hop drama film written by Scott Silver , directed by Curtis Hanson , and starring Eminem , Mekhi Phifer , Brittany Murphy , Michael Shannon , and Kim Basinger . The film is based loosely on Eminem 's actual upbringing , and follows white rapper B - Rabbit ( Eminem ) and his attempt to launch a career in a genre dominated by African - Americans . The title is derived from 8 Mile Road , the highway between the predominantly black city of Detroit and Wayne County and the predominantly White Oakland County and Macomb County suburbs . It was filmed mostly on location . 8 Mile was a critical and commercial success . Eminem won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for `` Lose Yourself . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 4.3 Top lists 4.4 Awards and honors 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1995 in Detroit , Jimmy `` B - Rabbit '' Smith Jr. is a blue - collar worker from a poor family . He has moved back north of 8 Mile Road to the run - down trailer home in Warren , Michigan of his alcoholic mother Stephanie , his little sister Lily , and Stephanie 's abusive live - in boyfriend Greg . Although encouraged by his friends , Jimmy worries about his potential as a rapper . He falters during a rap battle one night at a local venue , the Shelter , and he leaves the stage humiliated . Jimmy works at a car factory . When he asks for extra shifts , his supervisor laughs and dismisses his request on account of his habitual lateness . Jimmy befriends a woman named Alex . Over time , Jimmy begins to take more responsibility for the direction of his life . When he exhibits an improved attitude and performance at work , his supervisor grants him the extra shifts he requested . Stephanie receives a notice evicting her and the family as she can not pay rent . Despite Stephanie 's best attempts to keep the eviction notice a secret , Greg finds out about it . A fight ensues between him and Jimmy , and Greg leaves Stephanie for good . Jimmy 's friendship with Wink , a radio DJ with ties to a record label promoter , becomes strained after he discovers that Wink does promotional work for Jimmy 's rivals , a rap group known as the `` Leaders of the Free World . '' At one point , Jimmy and his friends get into a violent brawl with the Leaders , which is disrupted when Jimmy 's friend Cheddar Bob pulls out a gun and accidentally shoots himself in the leg ; he survives but is confined to crutches . At work one day when on lunch break , Jimmy witnesses a rap battle in which an employee insults a gay co-worker , Paul . Jimmy joins the battle and defends Paul . Alex is impressed by Jimmy 's actions ; they have sex in the factory . Wink arranges for Jimmy to meet with producers at a recording studio , but Jimmy finds Wink and Alex engaging in intercourse . Enraged , Jimmy attacks Wink as Alex tries to break up their altercation . In retaliation , Wink and the Leaders of the Free World assault Jimmy outside his mother 's trailer . The leader of the gang , Papa Doc , holds Jimmy at gunpoint , threatening to kill him before being dissuaded by Wink . Jimmy 's best friend and battle host , Future , pushes him to get revenge by competing against the Leaders of the Free World at the next rap battle . However , Jimmy 's late - night shift conflicts with the timing of the next battle tournament . A goodbye visit from Alex , who is moving to New York , changes his mind about competing , and Paul agrees to cover his shift at work as a favor while Jimmy goes to the battle . In all rounds of the rap battle , Jimmy has to compete against one member of `` the Leaders . '' After winning the first two rounds , he has to challenge Papa Doc . He wins by exposing his opponent 's weaknesses as well as his own . With nothing to say in rebuttal , Papa Doc hands the microphone back to Future , embarrassed . After being congratulated by Alex and his friends , Jimmy is offered a position by Future , hosting battles at The Shelter . Jimmy declines , saying he has to get back to work and to find success his own way . Cast ( edit ) Eminem as Jimmy `` B - Rabbit '' Smith , Jr . Mekhi Phifer as Future , Jimmy 's closest friend and the rap battle host Brittany Murphy as Alex Latourno , Jimmy 's love interest Kim Basinger as Stephanie , Jimmy and Lily 's mother Anthony Mackie as Papa Doc Michael Shannon as Greg Buehl , Stephanie 's boyfriend Eugene Byrd as Wink Evan Jones as Cheddar Bob , Jimmy 's friend Omar Benson Miller as Sol George , Jimmy 's friend and Iz 's brother De'Angelo Wilson as DJ Iz , Jimmy 's friend and Sol 's brother Taryn Manning as Janeane , Jimmy 's ex-girlfriend Proof as Lil ' Tic Xzibit as Mike ( Male Lunch Truck Rapper ) Craig Chandler as Paul Obie Trice as Male parking lot rapper Chloe Greenfield as Lily , Jimmy 's sister John Singleton as Bouncer Miz Korona as Vanessa ( Female Lunch Truck Rapper ) Brandon T. Jackson ( uncredited ) as a Chin Tiki club - foe Music ( edit ) Main article : Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture 8 Mile Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture 8 Mile is the soundtrack to 8 Mile . Eminem features on five tracks from the album . It was released under the Shady / Interscope label and spawned Eminem 's first number 1 US single `` Lose Yourself '' . The album debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 Albums Chart that year with over 702,000 copies sold and 507,000 sold in the second week also finishing the year as the fifth best - selling album of 2002 with US sales of 3.2 million , despite only two months of release . It also reached # 1 on the UK Compilations Chart and the Australian ARIAnet Albums Chart . It also spawned a follow up soundtrack , More Music from 8 Mile , consisting of songs that appear in 8 Mile that were current singles during the film 's time setting of 1995 . The album was also made in a clean edition removing most of the strong profanity and violent content . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) 8 Mile opened at # 1 with $51,240,555 in its opening weekend , the then second highest opening for an R - rated movie in the U.S. The film would go on to gross $116,750,901 domestically , and $126,124,177 overseas for a total of $242,875,078 worldwide . The film 's final domestic gross would hold the film at # 3 in Box Office Mojo 's `` Pop Star Debuts '' list , behind Austin Powers in Goldmember ( Beyoncé ) and The Bodyguard ( Whitney Houston ) . The 8 Mile DVD , which was released on March 18 , 2003 , generated $75 million in sales and rentals in its first week , making it the biggest DVD debut ever for an R - rated movie and putting it in the all - time Top 10 for first week home video sales for a movie . A VHS version was also released on the same date . Critical reception ( edit ) 8 Mile received positive reviews , with critics praising the music and Eminem 's performance . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports the film is `` Certified Fresh '' , with 76 % of 206 professional critics giving the film a positive review and a rating average of 7.0 out of 10 . The site 's consensus is that `` Even though the story is overly familiar , there 's enough here for an engaging ride . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 reviews from film critics , the film has rating score of 77 based on 38 reviews , which indicates `` generally favorable reviews '' . CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend revealed the average grade cinemagoers gave 8 Mile was B+ on an A+ to F scale , with the core under - 21 demographics giving it an A . Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars . He said that we `` are hardly started in 8 Mile , and already we see that this movie stands aside from routine debut films by pop stars '' and that it is `` a faithful reflection of his myth '' . He said that Eminem , as an actor , is `` convincing without being too electric '' and `` survives the X-ray truth - telling of the movie camera '' In the At the Movies with Ebert and Roeper review , both Ebert and Richard Roeper gave the film a thumbs up ; Roeper said that Eminem has a `` winning screen presence '' and `` raw magic '' to him . He was happy with Rabbit 's `` tender side '' presented through his relationship with the `` adorable '' Greenfield as his sister , but felt that Basinger was `` really miscast '' . Roeper said : `` 8 Mile probably wo n't win converts to rap , but it should thrill Eminem fans . '' Peter Travers gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars . He said that 8 Mile `` is a real movie , not a fast - buck package to exploit the fan base of a rap nonentity '' that `` qualifies as a cinematic event by tapping into the roots of Eminem and the fury and feeling that inform his rap . '' He praised Hanson 's directing and the performances , and compared the final battle with Papa Doc to the fight between Rocky Balboa and Apollo Creed in Rocky . Top lists ( edit ) 8 Mile has been named in various year - end and all - time top lists : 2nd -- Billboard ( Erika Ramirez ) : Top 10 Best Hip - Hop Movies Ever 7th -- The New York Observer ( Andrew Sarris ) : The 10 Best English - Language Films of 2002 9th -- Time ( Richard Schickel ) : Top 10 Movies of 2002 10th -- Rolling Stone ( Peter Travers ) : The Best Movies of 2002 N / A -- The Daily Californian : Best Films of 2002 Awards and honors ( edit ) In 2003 , Eminem won the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 75th Academy Awards , for his single `` Lose Yourself '' from the soundtrack of 8 Mile . Thus he became the first hip hop artist ever to win an Academy Award . He was not present at the ceremony , but musician Luis Resto accepted the award . The film has been nominated for 32 awards , winning 11 . ( show ) List of awards and nominations Year Award Result Recipient 2003 Academy Award Best Original Song -- Lose Yourself Won Eminem , Luis Resto and Jeff Bass Black Reel Awards Best Original Soundtrack Nominated 8 Mile BMI Film Award for Music Won Eminem Most Performed Song from a Film -- Lose Yourself Won Eminem Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards Critics Choice Award for Best Song -- Lose Yourself Won Eminem CNOMA Awards Best Make - Up Artist for a Feature Film Nominated Donald Mowat Chicago Film Critics Association Awards Most Promising Performer Nominated Eminem European Film Awards Screen International Award Nominated Curtis Hanson Golden Globe Award Best Original Song -- Lose Yourself Nominated Eminem Golden Trailer Awards Best Music Nominated 8 Mile Best of Show Nominated 8 Mile Most Original Nominated 8 Mile Golden Reel Award Best Sound Editing in a Feature - Music - Musical Nominated Carlton Kaller Hollywood Makeup Artist and Hair Stylist Guild Awards Best Contemporary Makeup - Feature Nominated Donald Mowat , Ronnie Specter , Matiki Anoff MTV Movie Awards Best Movie Nominated 8 Mile Best Male Performance Won Eminem Breakthrough Male Performance Won Eminem Online Film Critics Society Awards Best Breakthrough Performance Nominated Eminem Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards Best Original Song -- Lose Yourself Nominated Eminem Satellite Awards Best Original Song -- Lose Yourself Nominated Eminem Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Drama Nominated 8 Mile Choice Movie Actor : Drama Won Eminem Choice Movie : Male Breakout Star Won Eminem Choice Crossover Artist Nominated Eminem Choice Movie : Liplock Nominated Eminem and Brittany Murphy World Soundtrack Awards Best Original Song Written for a Film -- Lose Yourself Nominated Eminem ASCAP Awards Most Performed Song from a Motion Picture -- Lose Yourself Won Eminem Grammy Award Grammy Award for Record of the Year -- Lose Yourself Nominated Eminem Grammy Award for Song of the Year -- Lose Yourself Nominated Jeff Bass , Eminem & Luis Resto Grammy Award for Best Rap Song -- Lose Yourself Won Jeff Bass , Eminem & Luis Resto Grammy Award for Best Male Rap Solo Performance -- Lose Yourself Won Eminem Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media -- Lose Yourself Nominated Jeff Bass , Eminem & Luis Resto The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2004 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Lose Yourself '' -- # 93 2006 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 8 Mile '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : 8 Mile at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` Eminem . '' Encyclopedia of Popular Music , 4th ed . Ed . Colin Larkin . Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press . Web . 27 Sep. 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem movie tops at US box office '' . RTÉ. 2002 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Hettrick , Scott ( 2003 - 03 - 24 ) . `` ' 8 Mile ' DVD 's going far '' . Variety . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem Stars in ' 8 MILE ' Coming to DVD and VHS March 18 , 2003 '' . PR Newswire. 2003 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 8 Mile Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 8 Mile '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Prophets : Box Office Report for November 8 - 10 , 2002 '' . Box Office Prophets . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 8 Mile '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ http://apps.tvplex.go.com/ebertandthemovies/audioplayer.cgi?file=021111_8_mile Jump up ^ `` 8 Mile '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Erika ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Top 10 Best Hip - Hop Movies Ever '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sarris , Andrew ( January 13 , 2003 ) . `` The Best Films of 2002 , And a Few Honorable Mentions '' . The New York Observer . The New York Observer , LLC . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schickel , Richard ( December 12 , 2002 ) . `` Top 10 Everything 2002 : Movies ( Schickel ) '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( December 26 , 2002 ) . `` The Best and Worst Movies of 2002 '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media , LLC . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best Films of 2002 '' . The Daily Californian . Independent Berkeley Students Publishing Company , Inc . January 21 , 2003 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 75th Academy Awards ( 2003 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The 60th Annual Golden Globe Awards ( 2003 ) '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Bozza 2003 , p. 174 Jump up ^ `` 8 Mile '' . IMDB. 8 November 2002 . Retrieved 15 September 2016 -- via IMDb . Jump up ^ `` The 60th Annual Golden Globe Awards ( 2003 ) '' . GoldenGlobes.com . HFPA. 2003 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Winners and Nominees for the 4th Annual Golden Trailer Awards '' . GoldenTrailer.com. 2003 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2014 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 MTV Movie Awards '' . MTV . Viacom Media Networks . 2003 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners '' . GRAMMY.com . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . 2003 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Detroit portal Film portal 2000s portal Hip hop portal Eminem portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : 8 Mile Official website 8 Mile on IMDb 8 Mile at AllMovie 8 Mile at Box Office Mojo 8 Mile at Rotten Tomatoes 8 Mile at Metacritic Films directed by Curtis Hanson Sweet Kill ( 1973 ) The Little Dragons ( 1979 ) Losin ' It ( 1983 ) The Children of Times Square ( 1986 ) The Bedroom Window ( 1987 ) Bad Influence ( 1990 ) The Hand That Rocks the Cradle ( 1992 ) The River Wild ( 1994 ) L.A. Confidential ( 1997 ) Wonder Boys ( 2000 ) 8 Mile ( 2002 ) In Her Shoes ( 2005 ) Lucky You ( 2007 ) Too Big to Fail ( 2011 ) Chasing Mavericks ( 2012 ) Brian Grazer Films produced Night Shift ( 1982 ) Splash ( 1984 ) Real Genius ( 1985 ) Spies Like Us ( 1985 ) Armed and Dangerous ( 1986 ) Like Father Like Son ( 1987 ) Parenthood ( 1989 ) Kindergarten Cop ( 1990 ) Closet Land ( 1991 ) My Girl ( 1991 ) Far and Away ( 1992 ) Housesitter ( 1992 ) Boomerang ( 1992 ) For Love or Money ( 1993 ) My Girl 2 ( 1994 ) Greedy ( 1994 ) The Paper ( 1994 ) The Cowboy Way ( 1994 ) Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) Sgt . Bilko ( 1996 ) Fear ( 1996 ) The Nutty Professor ( 1996 ) The Chamber ( 1996 ) Ransom ( 1996 ) Liar Liar ( 1997 ) Inventing the Abbotts ( 1997 ) Mercury Rising ( 1998 ) Psycho ( 1998 ) Edtv ( 1999 ) Life ( 1999 ) Bowfinger ( 1999 ) Beyond the Mat ( 2000 ) Nutty Professor II : The Klumps ( 2000 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Undercover Brother ( 2002 ) Blue Crush ( 2002 ) 8 Mile ( 2002 ) Intolerable Cruelty ( 2003 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) The Missing ( 2003 ) Friday Night Lights ( 2004 ) Inside Deep Throat ( 2005 ) Cinderella Man ( 2005 ) Flightplan ( 2005 ) Fun with Dick and Jane ( 2005 ) Inside Man ( 2006 ) The Da Vinci Code ( 2006 ) American Gangster ( 2007 ) Changeling ( 2008 ) Frost / Nixon ( 2008 ) Angels & Demons ( 2009 ) Robin Hood ( 2010 ) The Dilemma ( 2011 ) Restless ( 2011 ) Cowboys & Aliens ( 2011 ) J. Edgar ( 2011 ) Tower Heist ( 2011 ) Katy Perry : Part of Me ( 2012 ) Rush ( 2013 ) In the Heart of the Sea ( 2015 ) Inferno ( 2016 ) Lowriders ( 2016 ) American Made ( 2017 ) TV series created Shadow Chasers Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You ( Disney song ) '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` Remember Me '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8_Mile_(film)&oldid=838520894 '' Categories : 2002 films English - language films 2000s drama films 2000s musical films American films American coming - of - age films American musical drama films Films produced by Brian Grazer Films directed by Curtis Hanson Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award Films about dysfunctional families Films about music and musicians Films about race and ethnicity Films shot in Michigan Films set in the 1990s Films set in 1995 Films set in Detroit Hip hop films Hood films Imagine Entertainment films Universal Pictures films African - American films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kurdî Кыргызча Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 15 : 04 . 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8 Mile ( film ) - wikipedia

India 's next Superstars - Wikipedia India 's next Superstars Jump to : navigation , search This article may require copy editing for MOS issues ( Capitalization , bold , etc . ) . You can assist by editing it . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) India 's Next Superstars Genre Reality Based on Acting Presented by Rithvik Dhanjani Karan Wahi Judges INS Judges : Rohit Shetty Karan Johar INS Pathshala Judges : Mukesh Chhabra Mahesh Bhatt Country of origin India No. of seasons No. of episodes INS : 25 ( as of 7 April 2018 ) INS Pathshala : 60 ( as of 6 April 2018 ) Production Running time 1 hr 30 mins Production company ( s ) Dharma Productions Endemol Shine India Distributor Star India Release Original network STAR Plus Picture format 720p SDTV 1080p HDTV Original release 13 January ( 2018 - 01 - 13 ) -- 8 April 2018 External links Hotstar India 's Next Superstars is a talent - searcher Indian reality show , which premiered on Star Plus and is streamed on Hotstar . Karan Johar and Rohit Shetty are the judges for the show . Aman Gandotra and Natasha Bharadwaj are declared winners of 2018 season , alongside Shruti Sharma who won a ' Special Mention ' award . Runners up in the male category were Aashish Mehrotra and Harshvardhan Deo and in the female category were Naina Singh and Shruti Sharma . Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept 2 Contestants 3 Guest appearance 4 Scoring chart 5 Synopsis of Episodes 6 Lights Camera Superstar cocktails 7 Superstars Ki Paathshaala 8 References 9 External links Concept ( edit ) The new talent hunt show of Karan Johar and Rohit Shetty is concerned , ten males and ten females will be living under one roof , and every day they will be assigned for tasks and will be judged on the basis of their performances . Additionally , two more males and females , will join the competition as Wild - Cards . The two winners will be rewarded with a three - film deal with Dharma Productions house . Contestants ( edit ) BOYS Names Notes Aashish Mehrotra RUNNER UP Ahmed Masih ELIMINATED ON 25 FEBRUARY 2018 Aman Gandotra WINNER Ansh Bagri SEMIFINALIST ; ELIMINATED ON 1 APRIL 2018 Harshvardhan Ahlawat ELIMINATED ON 18 FEBRUARY 2018 Harshvardhan Deo WILD - CARD ENTRY ON 3 MARCH 2018 AND 2ND RUNNER UP Jash Bahl ELIMINATED ON 4 FEBRUARY 2018 Karan Taluja ELIMINATED ON 4 MARCH 2018 Karanraj Sharma ELIMINATED ON 21 JANUARY 2018 Shariq Nanda ELIMINATED ON 18 MARCH 2018 Shivank Choudhary ELIMINATED ON 28 JANUARY 2018 Tapan Singh WILD - CARD ENTRY ON 3 MARCH 2018 ; ELIMINATED ON 11 MARCH 2018 GIRLS Names Notes Angela Krislinzki ELIMINATED ON 4 MARCH 2018 Elisha Mayor WILD - CARD ENTRY ON 3 MARCH 2018 ; ELIMINATED ON 18 MARCH 2018 Heli Vyas ELIMINATED ON 4 FEBRUARY 2018 Kanikka Kapur ELIMINATED ON 25 FEBRUARY 2018 Laveena Keswani ELIMINATED ON 21 JANUARY 2018 Lekha Prajapati SEMIFINALIST ; ELIMINATED ON 1 APRIL 2018 Naina Singh RUNNER UP Natasha Bharadwaj WINNER Pranati Rai Prakash ELIMINATED ON 18 FEBRUARY 2018 Sahiba Bhasin ELIMINATED ON 28 JANUARY 2018 Simran Choudhary WILD - CARD ENTRY ON 3 MARCH 2018 ; ELIMINATED ON 11 MARCH 2018 Shruti Sharma 2nd Winner Guest appearance ( edit ) Episode 1 & 2 - Priyanka Chopra Episode 3 & 4 - Sidharth Malhotra Episode 5 & 6 - Kangana Ranaut Episode 9 & 10 - Kartik Aaryan , Nushrat Bharucha & Sunny Singh Episode 13 & 14 - Sonakshi Sinha Episode 18 - Urvashi Rautela Episode 19 - Shreyas Talpade Episode 22 - Tiger Shroff Finale - Badshah According to various outlets , Rani Mukherjee who was supposed to make an appearance on the show , to promote her latest film `` Hichki '' , was forced to cancel shooting of the 7th and 8th episode , after shooting some portions . She could not continue due to excruciating back pain and a high fever . Thus , there was no guest appearance in Episode 7 and 8 . Scoring chart ( edit ) Place Actor / Actress Episodes Finals Total score ( 175 ) 3 - 4 5 - 6 7 - 8 9 - 10 11 - 12 13 - 14 15 - 16 17 - 18 19 - 20 21 - 22 23 - 24 25 - 26 Aman Gandotra 8 12 14 14 7 + 3 = 10 9 + 3 = 12 10 + 3 = 13 10 + 4 = 14 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 4 = 14 Winner 141 Natasha Bharadwaj 9 18 14 15 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 5 = 15 Winner 166 2 / 3 Finalists Aashish Mehrotra 8 16 18 20 8 + 4 = 12 10 + 4 = 14 8 + 4 = 12 10 + 4 = 14 10 + 5 = 15 8 + 5 = 13 10 + 4 = 14 Runner up 156 Shruti Sharma 9 18 19 18 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 4 = 14 10 + 4 = 14 10 + 4 = 14 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 5 = 15 Runner up 166 Harshvardhan Deo NOT IN COMPETITION Debut 8 + 4 = 12 10 + 4 = 14 10 + 4 = 14 10 + 4 = 14 Runner up 54 Naina Singh 7 15 15 18 10 + 4 = 14 7 + 3 = 10 8 + 4 = 12 10 + 4 = 14 8 + 5 = 13 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 4 = 14 Runner up 147 Semifinalists Ansh Bagri 10 19 18 17 10 + 4 = 14 7 + 4 = 11 8 + 4 = 12 8 + 4 = 12 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 5 = 15 8 + 4 = 12 ELIMINATED 155 Lekha Prajapati 7 16 16 16 8 + 4 = 12 8 + 4 = 12 8 + 4 = 12 9 + 4 = 13 10 + 4 = 14 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 4 = 14 ELIMINATED 147 5 Shariq Nanda 9 16 14 14 10 + 3 = 13 8 + 4 = 12 8 + 3 = 11 10 + 4 = 14 8 + 5 = 13 ELIMINATED 116 Elisha Mayor NOT IN COMPETITION Debut 8 + 4 = 12 8 + 5 = 13 ELIMINATED 25 6 Tapan Singh NOT IN COMPETITION Debut 6 + 3 = 9 ELIMINATED 9 Simran Choudhary NOT IN COMPETITION Debut 8 + 4 = 12 ELIMINATED 12 7 Karan Taluja 7 17 16 16 6 + 3 = 9 8 + 4 = 12 6 + 3 = 9 ELIMINATED 86 Angela Krislinzki 9 18 20 16 8 + 5 = 13 6 + 3 = 9 6 + 3 = 9 ELIMINATED 97 8 Ahmed Masih 8 14 16 18 6 + 3 = 9 6 + 4 = 10 ELIMINATED 75 Kanikka Kapur 10 19 19 19 6 + 3 = 9 6 + 3 = 9 ELIMINATED 97 9 Harshvardhan Ahlawat 7 14 12 13 6 + 3 = 9 ELIMINATED 55 Pranati Rai Prakash 7 13 17 14 6 + 3 = 9 ELIMINATED 60 10 Jash Bahl 10 14 12 ELIMINATED 36 Heli Vyas 6 12 12 ELIMINATED 30 11 Shivank Chaudhary 6 12 ELIMINATED 18 Sahiba Bhasin 7 12 ELIMINATED 19 12 Karanraj Sharma 6 ELIMINATED 6 Laveena Keswani 6 ELIMINATED 6 Indicates the contestant as a boy . Indicates the contestant as a girl . Indicates the contestant was immune that week . Indicates the contestant was eliminated that week . Indicates the contestant was in the bottom that week . The contestant was in a non-elimination bottom . Indicates the contestant is the runner up . Indicates the contestant won the competition . In Episode 3 - 4 , the contestants were judged on 10 points . In Episode 11 - 12 onwards , the contestants were judged on 10 points on their acting and 5 points on their dance performance . In Episode 15 - 16 there were 4 wild - card entries introduced , Harshvardhan Deo , Tapan Singh , Elisha Mayor , and Simran Choudhary . The wild - card entries were not given scores but the other contestants were . The wild - card entries introduced themselves in front of the judges and did a debut acting performance , they did n't have to do dance performances . In episode 21 - 22 , there was no elimination . Ashish Mehrotra and Naina Singh were to be eliminated but the judges announced them safe by declaring Week 11 as a Non-Elimination week . Ashish Mehrotra was also advised by Judge Rohit Shetty on how to curb his feelings and not let them overpower his performances In episode 23 - 24 Ansh Bagri and Lekha Prajapati got eliminated . Ansh had a low score of 12 and Lekha had a score of 14 . Synopsis of episodes ( edit ) Episode 1 The show was first aired on 13 Jan 2018 and Priyanka Chopra appeared as the special guest to motivate the contestants . Ace director and producer Karan Johar along with Rohit Shetty who is known for directing blockbuster movies started the show with a bang . The hosts of the show were two popular faces of the entertainment industry Karan Wahi and Rithvik Dhanjani . Priyanka enters the stage citing a short poem ( Shayari ) Urdu Poetry -- ' ' Jo desh ka guroor ban jaye , andhere mein noor ban jaye , jiski kasmein khakar mar mite janta , wohi hota hai ek asli superstar . ' ' It can be translated as - ' ' Anyone who aspires to be a superstar becomes a pride of the nation and a shining light in the darkness . S / he reaches a stage of respect when the common man starts worshipping him / her . ' ' And then she performed a sizzling number ' ' Desi Girl ' ' from her super hit movie Dostana . She lovingly tells that Karan Johar 's Dharma ( religion ) and Karma ( work ) , both are films , and Rohit Shetty 's name has ' ' hit ' ' hidden in it . Entry of Johar too was magical when he states in a filmy style that ' ' Supertars are not born , they are created by the KJo Magic ' ' and he dances to the tunes of ' ' Dil Chori Saada Ho Gaya . ' ' Shetty enters with a bang on a prototype of a car and shouts ' ' Lights , camera , action ' ' and both of them state that history will be created with this show . They also state that from Monday , the 20 contestants will enter the ' ' Superstars Academy ' ' where they will receive training in voice modulation , acting , choreography , dancing and various other aspects of a film which will make them a complete superstar . They will also have to face challenges every day , and between Mondays to Fridays , they will be in the academy preparing themselves for the gala performances to be presented on Saturdays and Sundays . Wahi and Dhanjani added to the fun quotient of the show and introduced themselves as BKBs ( Bollywood ke Bhawre - Bees of Bollywood ) . The theme of this episode is ' ' Picture Abhi Baaki Hai ' ' ( The movie is still remaining ) . The acts will try to explore the further possibilities of the plots of some super hit movies . The first performance was presented by Ansh Bagri and Kanikka Kapur and they explored the life after the marriage of Badri and Vaidehi in the movie Badrinath Ki Dulhania . This comedy act was appreciated by Johar and he stated that his performance has the mixture of many heroes whom he has been idolizing . He wanted Bagri to stop imitating and urged him to come up with his own style . The dance moves were very romantic and Chopra stated that she will root for him . Johar stated that he liked the confidence of Kapur and her smiling face . Shetty wanted to wait for Kapur to perform as a full - fledged actress in the forthcoming days . Bagri told Chopra that he had performed in the chorus along with other dancers in the song ' ' Desi Girl ' ' and requested her to dance with him . The next performance was by Natasha Bharadwaj and Shariq Nanda and they explored the life after the marriage for Suri ji and Tani ji in the Sharukh Khan Blockbuster movie Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi . The melodramatic performance of the act was appreciated by Shetty and Johar . The honesty and sincerity of both the actors was evident and Johar wished Nanda luck that one day his name will appear in the initial credits of a blockbuster film . Natasha 's mother who was present in the audience broke down with pride after watching her daughter perform . Chopra complimented them stating that this act was her favorite performance of the evening . The third performance of the evening was of Karan Taluja and Jash Bahl and they based their act on the patriotic film Border . The emotional performance of Bahl when he died at the end of the act , was immensely appreciated by Johar . The judges mentioned that they would clap for Bahl when he receives his first filmfare award . Chopra loved the fact that the audience gave this act a standing ovation . The fourth performance of the evening was given by Harshvardhan Ahlawat and Sahiba Bhasin . Their act was based on the after story of the blockbuster film of Sanjay Leela Bhansali Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam . They aerial dance performance was appreciated by Chopra . The comedy entertained the audience and Johar , Shetty and Chopra gave acting tips to the actors . The judges and hosts played dumb charades with some popular songs like ' ' Sarkai Leyo khatiya ' ' and entertained the audience . The entire episode had the introductions of all the performers which were presented as audio visual clips in the background . Episode 2 The second episode of this show was aired on 14 Jan 2018 ( Sunday ) and the remaining pairs performed today on the same theme as of episode 1 . The first performance of this evening was presented by Pranati Rai Prakash and Karan Sharma . Their act was based on Aditya Chopra 's blockbuster film Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge . The act showed the married life of Raj ( played by Shahrukh Khan ) and Simran ( played by Kajol ) . This romantic act was filled with the memoirs of the original film and the sudden tragic end of the act left the audience dumbfounded . Prakash 's confidence was appreciated by Johar and Sharma 's screen presence was appreciated by Chopra . Since Sharma did not tell his parents about his dreams of becoming an actor , the judges insisted him to make a phone call to his mom immediately . Chopra insisted that the clipping of Johar 's performance as the character of Raj 's friend in DDLJ should be shown and after that the judges entertained the audience by enacting that scene on stage . The second act based on the movie Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani was performed by Aashish Mehrotra and Heli Vyas . The sweet romantic act of the honeymoon of Bunny ( played by Ranbir Kapoor ) and Naina ( played by Deepika Padukone ) took a thriller turn at the end and the audience loved the act . Mehrotra talked about his personal experience of casting couch in the industry and Shetty condemned it . The judges gave acting tips to the actors . Singham Returns inspired the plot for the fourth performance and Ahmad Masih Vali and Lekha Prajapati played the roles of a cop and his demanding wife . This comedy act was loved by Shetty . Vali was completely smitten by the presence of Chopra . She advised the actors to take the academy seriously and make the most of it . Naina Singh from Moradabad made a great entry along with Shruti Sharma to present the sequel of Bhansali 's blockbuster movie Devdas which had done a business of close to 1000 million rupees . The comic punches made even the judges smile . The fifth act for the evening was quite a success due to the sizzling performance of both the talented actresses . Aman Gandotra played the role Rehan ( Played by Aamir Khan ) and Angela Krislinzki played the role of Zooni ( Played by Kajol ) in the remake of the 1.05 billion rupees grossing movie Fanaa . The unusual ending left the audience mesmerized and the judges were quite impressed by the dancing and acting abilities of this duo . Both the judges gave some tips to them to make their performances better in the upcoming episodes , and Johar stated that only good looks and screen presence does not transform a performer into a superstar . Shivank Choudhary who belongs to a family of doctors came on the stage to play the role of Ghajini 's son in the final act for this evening . Sweet looking Laveena Keswani played the role of his wife in the conceptualized sequel of 2008 blockbuster movie . This comedy act was enjoyed by the audience and other contestants alike . However , the judges were not very impressed by the act and gave some constructive feedback . Wahi and Dhanjani entertained the judges by acting as posters of some popular movies and Chopra too added her oomph by being Kashibai for the poster of Bajirao Mastani . With the good wishes to all the contestants , Chopra left the show with this positive note that , she too has come from a non-filmy background and has made it big in the industry and has done some work in the US too . The contestants are very lucky that they have got this platform where such great talents will be honing their skills . The introductions of all the performers which were presented as audio visual clips in the background continued in this episode too . Episode 3 This episode which was aired on 20 Jan 2018 ( Saturday ) started with a bang as the scoring for the contestants started from today . Also the eliminations started from this episode . Sidharth Malhotra visited the show to promote his upcoming movie Aiyaary . Since Johar had created the debut of Malhotra in his blockbuster movie Student of the Year , he was quite proud of the moment that his career graph is growing . The theme of this episode was ' ' Khichdi ' ' ( mixture ) which meant that essence of two Bollywood movies were mixed and presented in a completely different manner . To add to the humor , the distorted face of Dhanjani was later fixed by Shetty . The first performance saw the mixture of Dabangg and Don . Vali played the role of Don ( originally played by Shahrukh Khan ) and Nanda played the role of Chulbul Pandey ( originally played by Salman Khan in Dabangg . The comedy act became funnier when some elements of Karan Arjun were mixed with it . Vali got a score of eight and Nanda got nine from the judges . Choudhary played the role of Babubhai from Hera Pheri which was originally played by Paresh Rawal . Prajapati played the role of Sulu from the latest movie Tumhari Sulu . The judges were not very impressed with Chaudhary 's performance as they felt that he could not bring out the body language and expressions of the character . Johar mentioned that Chaudhary ( Final score six - lowest in the episode ) is very talented , and if he took the feedback seriously , then he will do very well . However , they were fairly impressed by Prajapati 's sizzling dance moves and gave her a score of seven . However , the audiences enjoyed the performance a lot and there was a lot of hooting and whistling . Even Johar and Shetty were laughing in the middle of the act . And audio visual clip from the pathshala was shown and Choudhary was seen roaming around like a zombie and he confessed that he does not get proper sleep at nights . Johar called him ' ' Bhatke huye aatma ' ' ( lost spirit ) . The spotlight challenge winner Kapur came in to portray the life and career of the famous tennis player Sania Mirza . This performance was hugely appreciated by Shetty and Johar and she managed to get the perfect score of ten . Even though the mike had fallen in the middle of the act , she did not let anything distract her . Shetty stated that this was a teaser for her forthcoming career which seems very bright . Kapur 's grandparents graced the stage and showed their togetherness which has spanned over five decades . The next performance was presented by Bhasin , who played the role of Piku ( originally played by Deepika Padukone ) in the movie with the same name . Bagri played the role of chachi Lakshmi Godbole , from the movie Chachi 420 . Gandotra played the role of Piku 's father ( originally played by Amitabh Bacchan ) and this comic act was appreciated by the judges . Johar stated that he has never seen such a quirky act on Indian TV . Gandotra scooped up a high score of eight and Bagri scored a perfect ten . Bhasin managed to get seven for this act . Bagri 's mother talked about the hardships their family had faced when her husband was detected with cancer . She also talked about how hard Bagri works , and plays the role of a perfect son . It was an emotional moment when Bagri 's eyes became moist . The hosts played Bollywood related games with the judges and entertained the audience and Malhotra impressed everyone with his presence of mind . The last act for the evening brought out the essence of 1987 blockbuster film Mr. India and 2004 super hit film Main Hoon Na . Taluja played the role of Arun ( Originally played by Anil Kapoor ) and Vyas played the role of the sensuous chemistry teacher Chandni ( originally played by Sushmita Sen ) . This comic act with some great dance moves portrayed the love between the teacher and the student Arun . The iconic song ' ' Kaate Nahin Kat - te yeh din yeh raat ' ' got the audience go crazy . Taluja got a score of seven and Vyas scored quite low ( six marks ) . Johar advised Vyas to work on her pitch and other finer aspects of acting . Episode 4 This episode which was aired on 21 Jan 2018 ( Sunday ) continued the same theme as of episode 3 . The first act of the evening started with a bang , with the performance of Mehrotra and Bharadwaj . They mixed the essence of Baghban where the offspring of the family fail to take care of their ageing parents along with the essence of English Vinglish , wherein the kids of the family make fun of their mother due to her inability to speak in English . Bharadwaj played the role of the mother ( originally played by Sridevi ) and Mehrotra played the role of the father ( originally played by Amitabh Bacchan . The brilliance of their acting moved the audience and Mehrotra scored a high eight and Bharadwaj scored a high nine . Johar loved their performance and stated that he felt that this was an excerpt from a Hrishikesh Mukherjee film . The judges were made to inhale helium gas and blurt out famous dialogues . This sporting act of the judges entertained the audience and the contestants . Malhotra had given this challenge which turned out into a comedy act . The second act was performed by Krislinzki and Ahlawat . Krislinzki played the role of Chameli ( Originally played by Kareena Kapoor ) from the famous movie with the same name . Ahlawat played the role of the villain ( originally played by Sidharth Malhotra ) . This soulful performance won the hearts of the judges and Krislinzki was awarded nine points for the same . Ahlawat got some tips from the judges to improve his acting skills , and he was given seven points . Malhotra was overwhelmed to see that other actors are working on the scripts of his movie and he wished that a sequel can be made based on this story . Wahi and Ahlawat went shirtless and an opinion poll was taken from the ladies to judge them on their macho factor . Ahlawat 's love for eggs was revealed in a funny way and the audience was truly entertained by the comedies done by the hosts . Next act brought two blockbuster movies Dirty Picture and Maine Pyar Kiya together . Singh performed as Silk Smitha ( originally played by Vidya Balan ) and Keswani performed as Suman ( originally played by Bhagyashree ) . This comedy act had its highs and lows , and awarded seven to Singh and six ( lowest score ) to Keswani . The fourth act of the evening brought the essence of girl power through a combination of two super hit movies Jab We Met and Bunty aur Babli . The bubbly Prakash played the role of Geet ( originally played by Kareena Kapoor and the talented Shruti Sharma played the role of Babli ( originally played by Rani Mukherjee . They garnered the scores of seven and nine respectively . Shetty was upset with Prakash for her arrogance which she had shown in the academy . Later he mellowed her down with a bowl full of curd . Next , the audience saw the extraterrestrial oomph presented by Karanraj Sharma as PK ( originally played by Aamir Khan and the cute innocence of Bahl as Rohit Mehra ( originally played by Hrithik Roshan . The act had some fun elements and made the contestants laugh a lot . Bahl scored a perfect ten ; however , Sharma unfortunately scored the lowest ( six ) and was eliminated later . The lowest scorers were Choudhary and Karanraj Sharma among the male contestants and Vyas and Keswani among the female contestants . Finally with tears in their eyes , Keswani and Sharma had to leave the show as they were eliminated . Episode 5 This episode which was aired on 27 Jan 2018 ( Saturday ) had the theme of Republic Day which projected the emotions of Indians . Kangana Ranaut appeared on the show on the tunes of her popular song ' ' Banno tera sweater ' ' from her award - winning film Tanu Weds Manu Returns as a special guest . It seemed that the personal differences between her and Johar are getting dissolved and both are again exploring the opportunities of strengthening their friendship . In Johar 's show Koffee with Karan , Ranaut had put allegations pertaining to nepotism and giving break only to the offspring of stalwarts from the film fraternity . Ranaut stated during the show that Johar brings in the glamour quotient to any show . Johar took it sportingly and stated that he is a fan of Ranaut 's work . Shetty stated that it 's surprising that they have not yet worked together , however she is a brilliant performer . In the first act for the evening was loosely based on the theme of Eklavya from Mahabharat . Bharadwaj played the role of an aspiring boxer Amrita , and Ahlawat was portrayed as the boxing Guru who urges her to lose her final fight so that his disciple can win . However , there was a twist at the end , and Ahlawat 's character realizes that he is disgracing his role as a coach , and urges her to win . Johar advised Ahlawat to create a connect with the co-actor while performing . Ranaut was very moved with the performance , and stated that she was choking with emotions by the time the act ended . Alhawat scored fourteen out of twenty and Bharadwaj got a high eighteen . The judges entertained the audience by throwing dialogues in a sensuous way . Johar stated that there is a big dirty picture inside him , and urged Shetty to bare his naughty side . The audience roared with laughter with the funny side of the judges , hosts and Ranaut . Mehrotra and Prajapati presented the emotion of the sanctity of Indian matrimony which believes that God creates the same couples for seven lifetimes , in the second act for the evening . The act had glimpses the TV commercial of Manyaver Mohey done by Anushka Sharma and Virat Kohli . This slice of life act had some good comic moments and the dance sequence with contemporary dance moves was amazing . Mehrotra got sixteen and Prajapati got the same score for the act . The third act of the evening was presented by Bahl and Prakash . The essence of the act of ' ' Atithi Devo Bhavo ' ' ( Guests are God ) was portrayed very nicely by the actors . Bahl reminded the audience of Aamir Khan from his iconic film Ghulam when he personified a rowdy of Mumbai donning the profession of an auto rickshaw driver . Bahl got a score of fourteen and Prakash got thirteen with a strong feedback to work on her acting skills . Shetty stated that her portrayal of an NRI girl looked quite caricaturish . Obsessive passion was the essence of the fourth act for the evening . It was presented by Taluja and Sharma . The negative shades of the character of Taluja reminded the audiences of many movies like Raavan and his courage to play the role of an antagonist was appreciated by the judges . Sharma 's performance had the undertone of Sita 's character from Ramayan and her strong dance on the popular song ' ' Rakth Charit ' ' mesmerized the audience . Taluja got a high score of seventeen and Sharma got eighteen . Sharma 's mom was overwhelmed with her daughter 's performance . Sharma thanked Ranaut for being an inspiration for actors like her . The next act brought the feelings of a girl next door , ( played by Vyas ) who is waiting for her boyfriend ( Gandotra ) to propose to her . Prakash and Mehrotra played the supporting roles of the friends of this duo . Unfortunately Gandotra got the lowest score of twelve for this act and Vyas managed to get the same score . Johar was not impressed with the act and stated that the actors were copying the moves and acting styles of the existing stars . The various aspects of the lives of all the performers were presented as audio visual clips in the background . Episode 6 This episode was aired on 28 Jan 2018 ( Sunday ) and the same theme from episode 5 continued . Krislinzki and Mehrotra had won immunity , and they were safe from the sword of elimination . The first act of the evening had the essence of mom 's unconditional love . Krislinzki 's character played the role of the mother and Bagri 's character played the role of the son . It beautifully depicted that in today 's busy life , we often forget to take care of our ageing parents , however , they should mean the world to us , especially when they are old and need our support . This moving performance was loved by the judges and Krislinzki scored a high eighteen and Bagri got nineteen . Bagri shared some excerpts from his personal life , and the hardships his own mother had gone through . The hosts played a game and glass bottles were broken on their heads when the judges failed to answer to any question . The audience loved all the funny acts done by the hosts throughout the show . The second act of the evening was presented by Singh and Choudhary wherein Choudhary played the role of an old gentleman , and Singh played that of a young girl . The sweet relationship which neighbors normally share in India was depicted in the act ; however , the judges did not like the performance of Choudhary and gave him twelve which lead to his elimination that week . Singh got a moderate score of fifteen . Bhasin played the role of a married housewife , and Nanda played the role of a frustrated husband in the third act of the evening . The couple did not get much privacy at home , as they lived in a joint family and the comedy in the act made the audience rolling with laughter . The judges gave some constructive comments to both the actors , and gave a score of sixteen to Nanda and the lowest score of twelve to Bhasin which later led to her elimination from the academy . The fourth act of the evening had the strong message of inter-caste marriages , and how they are perceived in India . Delhi 's baby doll Kapur played the role of a Muslim girl , and Vali that of a Hindu boy . Both of them were in love ; however , their families did not approve of it . The soulful performance moved the audience and judges alike and Johar stated that it 's difficult to give comments immediately after such intense acts . Vali scored fourteen and Kapur scored a high nineteen . The hosts played a weird game of ' ' yes / no ' ' with the judges and special guest Ranaut and Johar confessed that he has stolen toiletries from hotel rooms . He also confessed that once he had stolen a pillow too . Ranaut was asked about her plans of marriage to which she stated that everyone will get to know about it , as everything about her personal life comes up on the newspapers . Ranaut left the contestants with some motivating words , and stated that she would like to meet them again soon . Choudhary and Bhasin were eliminated from the academy . Choudhary stated that he is unable to believe that he is out of the academy so soon . He also mentioned that everyone worked hard , he too had worked hard , maybe something was left out , however , he is happy and contended that he at least got a chance to showcase his talent . Bhasin stated that she believes in her own skills and she will go very far in this industry . The various aspects of the lives of all the performers were presented as audio visual clips in the background . Episode 7 This episode which was aired on 03 Feb 2018 ( Saturday ) had the theme of this evening was nine emotions ( Nav Ras ) . The evening started with a dance performance by all the contestants and they gave a tribute to Shetty . Songs from his hit films Singham , Chennai Express , Dilwale were chosen for this performance . Johar and Shetty too shook a leg with the contestants . Bagri and Vali 's performance was based on ' ' roudra ras ' ' ( Anger ) . Bagri played the role of a kidnapper and Vali that of the kidnapped ( Son of the judge who had given a jail sentence to Bagri twelve years ago ) . This soulful performance moved the audience and the judges alike when Vali at the end lies to save Bagri from imprisonment . Bagri garnered a high score of eighteen . Vali too was close to him in scores with sixteen points . The choreography on the song from the film Kaminey was enacted very well by the actors . Sharma and Bahl 's performance was based on ' ' hasya ras ' ' ( comedy ) . It had glimpse of the movie Nagina ( Originally played by Sridevi ) . Johar appreciated Sharma 's performance and gave her a high nineteen , however , Bahl scored only twelve , and later he was eliminated from the show . After the act , Johar wore a humorous cloak and asked the contestants , that like the act was based on cobras , and cobras are known for their poison , who in the academy is the most poisonous person ? Many contestants took the name of Bagri and the mood was lightened . Johar danced to the tune of ' ' Dafliwale ' ' from the famous film Sargam and the audience went gaga over the performance . Nanda , Vali , Prakash and Sharma were called on stage to drink shots of lemon juice , bitter gourd juice and many other stuffs and then deliver some dialogues . The audience loved this light - hearted moment and the comedy associated with it . Mehrotra who had won the spotlight performance presented a short biopic on Sanjay Dutt . He was able to emote the body language of the superstar and danced on his famous song ' ' Main Nayak Nahin ' ' from his blockbuster movie Khalnayak . Different phases of his life like when he was jailed in Yerwada Pune , or the death of his mother Nargis was portrayed well by Mehrotra . The judges loved the performance and gave him a high score of eighteen . Mehrotra shared a moment from his personal life , when he had met Dutt for the first time . He also expressed his desire to work with him someday , and said that maybe , his strong desire to do something for his icon gave him this opportunity to work on an act which showcased his life . ' ' Shringar ras ' ' ( Compassion ) was the theme of the next act . Singh played the role of the female lead who donated her eyes to the character of Ahlawat ( Visually challenged ) after her death . This emotional act brought tears in the eyes of the audience and gave a score of fifteen to Singh and a low score of twelve to Ahlawat . Johar stated that Ahlawat has a very good personality , and he is extremely good looking , however , he needs to work on his expressions and acting skills . Singh talked about her sadness as she is tagged as a bad omen in the academy . The contestants think that if they are paired - up with her , then they are eliminated in that week . Johar and Shetty condemned this kind of negativity and advised Singh to concentrate on her skill - building journey . The various aspects of the lives of all the performers were presented as audio visual clips in the background . Episode 8 This episode was aired on 04 Feb 2018 ( Sunday ) and the same theme from episode 7 was continued . The first act of the evening was presented by Prajapati and Kapur . This act was based on the theme ' ' Irshya ' ' ( Jealousy ) . The performance reminded everyone of the movie Heroine . Johar was impressed with the performance and he stated that he felt that two commercial film actresses were performing . They sizzled on stage on the famous song ' ' Main Heroine Hoon . ' ' Prajapati scored sixteen and Kapur scored a high nineteen . The second performance of the evening brought Nanda , Vyas and Bharadwaj together . They presented shringar ras ( Love ) and the essence of sacrifice . The act reminded us of the movies like Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam and Kuch Kuch Hota Hai . The plot of love triangle is an age - old formula which worked here too , however the judges had expected more from the contestants . Nanda scored fourteen , Vyas scored twelve which later created her exit from the show and Bharadwaj scored fourteen . Krislinzki and Gandotra 's performance was based on ' ' bhayanak ras ' ' ( Horror ) . Krislinzki played the role of a possessed woman and at the end Johar too was scared with her performance . Gandotra played the role of her husband who tried to help his wife and tried to get rid of the spirit which had possessed her . However , the judges felt that even though this duo had performed in the first week together , and had developed a good rapport , however , in this act , there was no chemistry between them . It looked like they had rehearsed separately . Gandotra scored fourteen and Krislinzki scored perfect twenty . Taluja and Prakash 's performance was based on ' ' vatsalya ras ' ' ( maternal or paternal love ) . Taluja played the role of a Kinnar ( transgender ) who takes care of an abandoned girl child ( Played by Prakash ) . When the child grew up , she first refused to accept this relationship , and later realized her mistake and thanked her foster mother for taking care of her . This act reminded the viewers of a path - breaking film Daayraa where actor Nirmal Pandey had left the audience spellbound with his performance as a transgender . There are quite a few movies in Hollywood and Bollywood and ad films which have explored similar themes in the past . Prakash scored seventeen and Taluja scored sixteen for this act . The hosts and the judges played a game based on Bollywood songs . The judges made fun of the suit which Wahi was wearing which had watermelon stickers all - over . They also played another game where the body parts will exchange the names and the heart will become the bum . Songs which had the word ' ' Dil ' ' ( heart ) will be replaced with bum . The audience laughed aloud for all the fun which was created on the show . Bahl and Ahlawat were the lowest scorers for this episode . Unfortunately , Bahl and Vyas were eliminated from the academy . Episode 9 This episode was aired on 10 Feb 2018 ( Saturday ) and the theme of this evening was presenting acts based on some famous dialogues of Bollywood cinema . Johar started the evening with a famous dialogue from his own movie Ae Dil Hai Mushkil . The contestants had prepared a special ' Karan Johar style ' performance as part of the upcoming Valentine 's Day week . They danced on the tunes of some famous numbers from the iconic films of Johar like Kuch Kuch Hota Hai , Ae Dil Hai Mushkil , Student of the Year . Johar was positively moved by this gesture . ' ' Hum ek baar jeete hain , hum ek baar marte hain ' ' ( We live once , die once ) which was initially delivered by Shahrukh Khan in Kuch Kuch Hota Hai was the first dialogue for the evening . Bagri and Kapur performed in the first act for the evening which was based on the nuances of a deadly disease Alzheimer 's disease . Shetty stated that this act reminded him of a famous movie by Ajay Devgan and Kajol - U Me Aur Hum . The story spans over a few decades and the actors had portrayed the changeover quite well . Bagri scored seventeen and Kapur scored nineteen for this performance . ' ' Waise aaj khush to bahut hoge tum ' ' ( Today you will be very happy ) was the dialogue for the second act which was originally delivered by the mega star Amitabh Bacchan . Prajapati and Gandotra played the roles of devotee and Lord Krishna in this act . The judges loved the comic timing of Gandotra and gave him fourteen points . They gave Prajapati sixteen points . This act reminded the audience of the movie OMG -- Oh My God ! . In the academy there was a hashtag contest , and Prajapati had got the title of # tubelight . She was upset with the tag and as a result of which Vali and Prajapati were asked to pair up together for a romantic act . The contestants and judges were asked about their definition of love . Prakash , Singh and Bharadwaj were called on stage by Shetty and they were asked to choose three guys . Gandotra , Ahlawat and Vali were asked to pair up with the ladies and dance with a prop ( Orange ) . This was a close dance and Singh and Gandotra won the contest . The fun quotient was enjoyed by the rest of the contestants a lot . Sharma was the spotlight winner of this week and she portrayed the life of warrior queen Rani Lakshmibai . This power packed performance was loved by everyone . Shetty stated that he felt that he is watching a play on the stage . The difficulties of holding a baby and doing a sword fight was narrated by Sharma . She got a score of nineteen . It was also informed that she was the captain in the academy and she handled the ' ' Roudra Ras ' ' ( anger ) very well . ' ' Ek tarfa pyar ki taaqat hi kuch aur hoti hai ' ' ( One sided love has a lot of power ) was the dialogue for the third act . This dialogue was delivered by Ranbir Kapoor in Ae Dil Hai Mushkil . The story revolves around Prakash who is an obsessive lover and her performance reminded the viewers of Urmila Matondkar in Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya . Ahlawant played the role of a model and Prakash 's love interest in the act . This intense act was appreciated by the judges from a storyline and choreography perspective , however the feedback for the duo was not very positive in terms of their acting skills . However , they appreciated the efforts put in by the actors . Shetty stated that this was the most difficult act for the evening , and since they chose such a difficult act , they should be appreciated for their courage . Prakash managed to score fourteen and Ahlawat thirteen . Episode 10 This episode was aired on 11 Feb 2018 ( Sunday ) and the same theme from episode 9 continued . ' ' Ek chutki sindoor ki keemat ' ' ( The value of one pinch of vermillion ) was the dialogue for the first act for the evening . It was originally delivered by Deepika Padukone in Om Shanti Om . Vali played the role of a frustrated husband who turned into a thief to meet the demands of his wife and Taluja played the role of a cop . This comic act had its moments and was appreciated by the judges . Taluja scored sixteen and Vali scored a high eighteen . Johar and Shetty were impressed by the growth of Vali . ' ' Main kisi ki zaroorat nahin , khwaish banna chati hoon ' ' ( I do n't want to be someone 's necessity , I want to be his desire ) was the dialogue for the second act of the evening . Nanda played the role of a gangster Narayan Mhatre and Bharadwaj supported him brilliantly with the role of a lady , who had come to take her revenge . The act was appreciated by the audience and Nanda scored fourteen and Bharadwaj scored fifteen respectively . Bharadwaj brought her mother on stage , and proposed to her as her valentine , and thanked her for everything . ' ' Mere paas bangla hai , gadi hai , tere paas kya hai ' ' Today I own bungalows , cars , what do you own ? ) was the dialogue for the third act for the evening . It was presented in a very different twist than the original one from Deewar . Krislinzki played the role of a high - society mother - in - law and Singh played the role of her daughter - in - law who came from lower strata of the society . The funny punches of this act were enjoyed by all and Krislinzki scored sixteen and Singh scored eighteen for their respective performances . ' ' Ek baar jo maine commitment kar di , to main apni bhi nahin suntan hoon ' ' ( Once I give a commitment , then I live up to it ) was the dialogue for the fourth act for the evening . Mehrotra played the role of Tara Singh and Sharma played the role of his wife Sakina . The audience was reminded of the brilliant performance of Sunny Deol in Gadar : Ek Prem Katha . The comic timing of Mehrotra was appreciated by both the judges , and Johar said that this is his finest performance so far . Mehrotra scored a perfect twenty . Sharma was just supporting Mehrotra in this act . Mehrotra talked about a tragic incident of his life when his father was jailed . He talked about the fact that his father has taught him loyalty , and he is very inspired by him . He also talked about the fact that he took five years to prepare himself before he presents himself in front of Shetty and Johar . Shetty appreciated his passion and hard work , and promised that if he ever comes to his office , he will stand up for him . The hosts played a game with the contestants and the judges . They had translated the famous dialogues in English , and had urged the contestants to decipher the dialogues . The audience enjoyed all the small acts of the hosts which they presented in between the acts . The judges initially declared there will be four eliminations tonight . Gandotra , Bharadwaj , Nanda , Ahlawat , Prakash and were initially called on the stage . However , later the judges mentioned that this was just to shake them up , and there will be no eliminations tonight . However , they need to pull up their socks , and start preparing at a next level . Gandotra 's eyes were filled with tears , and he could n't rejoice even when it was announced that there are no eliminations . Episode 11 This episode was aired on 17 Feb 2018 ( Saturday ) and the theme of this evening was , presenting the versatility of Indian culture through its various festivals and celebrations . From this week onwards , another challenge was introduced for scoring and along with the regular act ; the actors will have to present a separate dancing act . They will be scored on a scale of five . Mehrotra and Bharadwaj donned the hats of secret agents and killed the notorious people in a New Year 's party . Their dance moves had the groove of jazz and salsa and they looked very elegant as a couple . Johar found a resemblance of Bharadwaj with Anushka Sharma . Mehrotra scored eight points and Bharadwaj scored a perfect ten . Since the actors have not been able to talk to their respective families for a long time , the judges insisted Aashish to call his parents . It was an emotional moment for everyone . Vali and Prajapati brought the colors of Dandiya Raas on stage and this sweet romantic act had all the ingredients of a mushy performance . This blind date act had its funny moments . The actors along with a group danced on the tunes of the popular song ' Udi Udi jaye . ' ' Vali scored six ( Lowest ) and Prajapati scored eight . Then all the girls came up with a sizzling dance performance on popular Bollywood item numbers . Prajapati scored four , Singh scored four , Bharadwaj scored five , Sharma scored five , Prakash scored three , Kapur scored three and Krislinzki scored five respectively . Sharma was the winner of the spotlight challenge and she depicted the life of the famous choreographer and director Farah Khan . The act was appreciated by Johar who is a very good friend of Khan . She scored a perfect ten for this act . Sharma 's father appeared on stage to bless her . He narrated the hardships he has gone through in the entertainment industry . He mentioned that now he wants his daughter to achieve what he could not achieve . The cast of Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety Kartik Aaryan , Sunny Singh and Nushrat Bharucha appeared to wish the contestants of the show . They stated that the contestants are really lucky , as they have got such a big platform and the stalwarts of the industry like Shetty and Johar are training them . The hosts urged the judges and the contestants to utter the tongue twister name of the movie five times and some other tongue twisters . The audience found these tit bits very funny . Gandotra played the role of a Mumbai thief who stole the purse of Prakash . Finally the bad boy turned into a good boy , and came to the house of Prakash to give some gifts on Diwali and apologize for his mistakes . Gandotra 's performance was appreciated by the judges and he scored seven points . Johar mentioned that he danced very well , however , he needs to improve his acting skills further . Prakash scored six which later created her elimination . The hosts asked the judges that according to them which couple has the best chemistry . Shetty named Mehrotra and Bharadwaj and Johar mentioned Vali and Prajapati . They were called on stage to participate on ' ' Close Paas Aao ' ' challenge and their dance act was enjoyed by the audience and other contestants . Finally Mehrotra and Bharadwaj won the challenge . Episode 12 This episode was aired on 18 Feb 2018 ( Sunday ) and the same theme from episode 11 was continued . Nanda and Singh portrayed a very touching scene from the blockbuster movie Sholay which was originally enacted by Amitabh Bacchan and Jaya Bacchan . It showed the appalling condition of widows in India and gave a social message of accepting them in the society and allowing them to live a normal life . Johar was very impressed with Nanda 's performance , and mentioned that this was his finest performance till now . Shetty appreciated the writers for such a beautiful script . He also stated that Singh is a born actor like Kajol . Nanda scored a perfect ten for this performance and Singh scored a perfect ten too . Taluja and Krislinzki performed the roles of husband and his wife . Krislinzki got a chance to play double role in the act and the essence of Ganeshotsav was evident in the act that virtue always defeats evil . Krislinzki scored eight and Taluja scored six . The judges appreciated the acting prowess of Krislinzki and gave tips to Taluja to improve his expressions and acting skills . The boys performed on some popular Bollywood numbers and set the stage on fire . Mehrotra scored four , Gandotra scored three , Bagri scored four , Nanda scored four , Taluja scored three and Vali scored three respectively . The judges stated that they liked the performance of the girls more than that of the boys . Bagri who was the winner of the spotlight challenge depicted the life of ace cricketer Yuvraj Singh very successfully on stage . The roars and clapping from the audience clearly showed how much they appreciated this act . The tragic portion of the act when Singh was battling with cancer brought tears to the eyes of many . Shetty was very impressed with the performance , and mentioned that it 's good that he did n't try to copy Singh , it would have looked comic . Bagri talked about the battle his father had to fight when he was detected with cancer . The final score for this act was a perfect ten . Kapur and Ahlawat presented a sweet act based on Karva Chauth . The judges liked the way Ahlawat picked up the Hariyanvi dialect and gave him a score of six . They pointed out the areas of improvement for him . This was the lowest score for the evening which later created Ahlawat 's exit . Kapur scored six for the act too . Vali , Taluja and Ahlawat and were the lowest scorers among the male contestants . Kapur and Prakash and were the lowest scorers among the female contestants . Finally Ahlawat and Prakash were eliminated . Prakash stated that she feels good now , as she has realized that she needs to work on her skills . Ahlawat kept it short by saying that he will keep on learning and improving all throughout his life . Episode 13 This episode was aired on 24 Feb 2018 ( Saturday ) and the theme of this evening was ' ' bachpan special ' ' ( Childhood days ) . Child actors performed along with the contestants in this episode . The episode started with two child actors Vansh Maheshwari ( Ro Sir ) and Nihaar Gite ( KJo ) sitting on the chairs of Shetty and Johar and mimicking them . They asked quite a few questions to the renowned directors pointing out the flaws in their films . The contestants entered the show dancing on the popular song ' ' Swag se karenge sabka swagat ' ' from Tiger Zinda Hai along with the participant kids . In the first act of the evening , Gandotra played the role of Salim Jahangir , and Bharadwaj played the role of Anarkali . The child actor Kartikey Raj played the role of Salim 's father Akbar . The comic timing of all the actors made the act great and the dance ' ' chod chad ke apne Salim ki gali , anarkali disco chali ' ' added extra fun to the act . Shetty was very happy with the performance and stated that Gandotra involved the rest of the contestants and audience in this act . Both the judges agreed that he was the heart of the act . Gandotra scored a high nine and Bharadwaj scored perfect ten . The second act the evening was presented by Taluja and Prajapati and the child actor who supported them was Twinkle Sharma . This sweet love story of guy next door was pretty much liked by all . Johar liked the improvement shown by Taluja , and Shetty mentioned that this was his best act so far . Taluja shared the story from his personal life , that he used to be a shy kid , and he was sent to an acting school by his parents so that he starts opening up . In the last episode , the judges had invited Taluja 's family , and his father graced the stage . He was thankful to both the directors for being a part of their family , and appreciating Taluja only for his hard work and talent . Taluja scored eight and Prajapati scored the same . The boys performed on some popular Bollywood numbers and their improvement was evident . Mehrotra scored four , Gandotra scored three , Bagri scored four , Nanda scored four , Taluja scored four respectively . The hosts were very excited with the performance and said that it was outstanding . Johar said , ' ' the boys killed it . ' ' Sonakshi Sinha came as a special guest and enjoyed a lot with the kids in the house . She entered the show with the kids as the kids wanted a royal entry in the show . Dhananjay welcomed the Dabangg famed actress with a shayari , ' ' Teri muskurahat mein agar noor na hota , to mera yeh dil majboor na hota , roz tere dar pe ate , kambakht bas tere dar pe khamosh ka board na hota ' ' ( I would have come to your house every day , if there would n't have been a ' ' shut up ' ' board on your door ) . Sonakshi also replied in a shayari and the audience loved this little leg pulling activity . She asked everyone to watch her movie ' ' Welcome to New York . ' ' Sharma emoted the iconic Charlie Chaplin along with the child actor Arushi . The entire act was without any dialogues and the performance brought tears of joy in the eyes of the viewers . The judges and Sinha gave a standing ovation . Johar was very impressed with her performance and mentioned that after Sridevi in Mr. India ( 1987 Film ) this was the finest performance given by a female actor donning the character of Chaplin . Shetty thanked the choreography and technical teams for coming up with this unique act . He mentioned that Chaplin is not about comedy alone , there is pathos in his acts and this act brought out that essence . Sharma thanked all the choreographers , and they were brought on the stage and respect was paid to them . She got a score of perfect ten . The last performance of the day was given by Kapur and child artist Vansh . He was dressed up as little Krishna and Kapur was his disciple . Taluja played the role of her father . The judges were not impressed by Kapur 's performance and told her that her level of performance was declining . She got a low score of six which created her exit later . All the kids got very good comments from the judges . Episode 14 This episode was aired on 25 Feb 2018 ( Sunday ) and the same theme from episode 13 was continued . Spotlight challenge winner Mehrotra depicted the mythological character of Karna . His stance , posture , style and dialogue delivery was appreciated by the judges and Mehrotra scored a perfect ten for this act . This was his third spotlight performance . Bharadwaj played the role of his mother Kunti . The act appeared larger than life on the screen with the sheer brilliance of Mehrotra 's skills . Shetty stated that even after the act is over ; it is giving him goosebumps due to the war kind of environment . The audience , judges and Sinha gave standing ovation . Sinha said that she felt that she is watching a magnum opus and the act was too short . She wanted to see it for a long time . Singh played the role of a school teacher and Bagri played the iconic role of Circuit from the blockbuster movie Munna Bhai M.B.B.S ( Originally played by Arshad Warsi ) . The child actor Nihaar Gite played the role of Circuit 's son , ' ' short circuit . ' ' This comedy act made everyone laugh and Singh got a score of seven and Bagri got seven too . Bagri stated that he has worked with Sinha in a shoot . He also requested Sinha to perform a little with him , and she was happy to oblige . Nanda played the role of Yama ( Hinduism ) and Prajapati played the role of granny named Imarti . The child artist Preetjyot Singh played the role of her grandson . This funny act was quite entertaining and gave Nanda a score of eight . Shetty stated that Nanda 's entry on a cycle with a prototype of bull ( Yama 's vehicle ) was amazing on the music of Dhoom . After the guys , it was time for the girls to compete against each other in a dance - off . Prajapati scored four , Singh scored four , Bharadwaj scored five , Sharma scored four , Kapur scored three and Krislinzki scored three respectively . The judges gave constructive feedback and Johar stated that the girls were looking very glamourous and from now on they will be stricter with their scoring parameters . Johar said that Bhardwaj 's performance was outstanding and her posture was amazing . The guys also danced with Sonakshi Sinha on stage on her popular song ' ' Tere mast mast do nain . ' ' Sonakshi brought in singer Dhwani Bhanushali on the show from her movie Welcome to Newyork . The fairytale of Jasmine ( Played by Krislinzki ) and Aladdin ( Played by Vali ) created a wow factor with an aerial dance on the popular song ' ' Yeh haseen wadiyan ' ' from the movie Roja . The child artist Raj Ostwal played the role of a genie . However , the judges were expecting more from Krislinzski and gave her only six points ( Lowest ) . Vali too got six points and later was eliminated from the show . So guess , the appearance of the genie was not that lucky for them . The actors were asked what wishes they have which the genie can fulfill . Prajapati 's wish was fulfilled and her mother gave a surprise visit and made the environment a little emotional . All the kids got very good comments from the judges . Vali was the lowest scorer among the male contestants . Kapur and Krislinzki were the lowest scorers among the female contestants . Finally Vali and Kapur were eliminated . Vali stated that he feels relaxed now . He shared his story that last year he had gone for an audition for Johar 's movie ' ' Student of the Year part 2 ' ' and he thought he was good , and was expecting to bag the role . Now after spending so many days in the academy , he has realized his areas of improvements . Also he managed to steal 35 minutes of Johar 's time while presenting his acts . Johar invited him to come and have a cup of coffee with him in his office . He thanked Shetty for inspiring him . Kapur stated that when you try and fail , you fall forward , not backward . Episode 15 This episode which was aired on 03 Mar 2018 ( Saturday ) and the theme of this evening was ' ' Costume Drama ' ' . The episode started with some blockbuster songs of Sridevi . Her recent death had caused a huge vacuum in the industry . There were four wild card entries today - Harshvardhan Deo , Elisha Mayor , Tapan Singh , Simran Choudhary . Top ten finalists for this show performed in this episode and episode 16 . Gandotra and Sharma presented another comedy act based on ghosts . The audience loved the performance and Shetty stated that Gandotra 's comic timing is great . Gandotra mentioned that he was not aware of his talents as a good comedian . Shetty had given the tag of Lady Govinda and today she has again proven him right . They danced to the tunes of the popular song ' ' Party with the Bhootnath ' ' and it was extremely hilarious . He scored perfect ten and Sharma scored the same for this act . Sharma had gone to her hometown Lucknow , and she received a grand welcome from the residents there . She had got sweets for everyone on the set . The hosts asked the contestants about their experience when the wild card entries came in the pathshala . Mayor mentioned that she thinks Sharma is a great performer , and Bharadwaj 's great dance moves has inspired her . ' ' She is a trained katthak dancer , and I am a Bharatnatyam dancer . ' ' In Dance pe chance round , the ladies performed on the block buster numbers from Madhuri Dixit 's movies . Prajapati scored four , Singh scored four , Bharadwaj scored five , Sharma scored four , and Krislinzki scored three respectively . The judges loved this tribute and appreciated the screen presence of all the leading ladies . Bharadwaj was the spotlight performance winner for the first time and she depicted the life of iconic dancer Helen ( actress ) . She scored eight points . Johar talked about his personal relationship with the iconic actress Helen , and he felt that Bharadwaj did justice to the biopic . Mayor played the role of mythological character Mahishasura Mardini Durga and Deo played the role of Mahishasura . The brilliance of the performances made it a power packed act and Johar stated that this was a finale worthy performance . Mayor 's brilliance as a trained dancer too was visible . This was a debut week for the wild card entries and hence they were not scored for their performances . Mehrotra played the role of Majnu and Krislinzki played the role of Laila . This age old love story was loved by the audience . However , the judges found their act a little slow and did not find the growth curve of Krislinzki showing an upward trend . Mehrotra scored eight and Krislinzki scored six which created her exit later . Johar stated that his intensity when he broke down on the song ' ' Tadap tadap ' ' is worth mentioning . Mehrotra 's biggest fan came up on to the stage and brought him a special gift . Audio visual clippings for the new wild card entries were shown in the background to give more inputs about them . Episode 16 This episode was aired on 04 Mar 2018 ( Sunday ) and the same theme from episode 15 was continued . Bagri and Prajapati 's act reminded us of the iconic movie of Raj Kapoor Mera Naam Joker . The sheer brilliance of their performance brought tears to everyone 's eyes . Bagri played the role of the joker and Prajapati his daughter . This heart - wrenching performance based on a joker 's life left everyone teary - eyed . Johar appreciated Bagri 's performance and praised Prajapati 's growth on the show. Bagri scored eight and Prajapati scored the same . The next performance was based on the friendship between Maharana Pratap and Bhamashah played by Taluja and Nanda . The judges felt that they failed to create the awe which such historical acts should create . Taluja scored six which created his exit later and Nanda scored eight . The judges also came up with a fun Bollywood game for the contestants Nanda and Gandotra . They asked them a few questions about Bollywood films and advised them to improve their knowledge about the movies by watching the iconic ones . The boys were given the challenge of dancing on Salman Khan 's super hit songs in the dance relay round . Mehrotra scored four , Gandotra scored three , Bagri scored four , Nanda scored three , Taluja scored three respectively . Johar was impressed by the improvement shown by the guys . Singh delivered a performance as Sita in her captive days in Lanka for her first spotlight challenge . Her acting skills were appreciated by the judges and she scored eight . Johar stated that she has multiple personalities within her , and she has brought out the essence of this character in a very dignified manner . Wild card entries Choudhary and Tapan Singh performed on a sweet fairytale act when the prince reached to the expensive gem stone ( parasmani ) in order to get the love of his life . The judges and audience liked the act . Their dance on the popular song ' ' Bin pooche mera naam aur pata , bas char kadam chal do na saath mere ' ' too created a romantic environment on the screen . This was a debut week for the wild card entries and hence they were not scored for their performances . Taluja was the lowest scorer among the male contestants . Krislinzki was the lowest scorer among the female contestants . Taluja and Krislinkzki were finally eliminated . Johar wished Krislinzki and mentioned that she has a great journey ahead . He also mentioned that he would like to meet her soon . He told Taluja that he is now a renowned face in the industry . Taluja and Krislinzki both thanked everyone and left with a positive note . Audio visual clippings for the new wild card entries were shown in the background to give more inputs about them . Episode 17 This episode which was aired on 10 Mar 2018 ( Saturday ) and the theme of this evening was women 's day . The tribute to Sridevi continued . Her contribution to Bollywood cinema in her career spanning over five decades was remembered with respect . The dance performances were done on her songs to express that gratitude . In this special tribute to late actress Sridevi the contestants chose to showcase her colorful dance moves onstage . Prajapati scored four , Singh scored four , Bharadwaj scored five , Sharma scored four , Mayor scored four and Choudhary scored four respectively . Singh 's sizzling performance on the iconic song ' ' Kaate nahin katte ' ' was a show stopper . After the performances , judge Karan Johar talked about his memories with Sridevi . Shetty stated that she was truly a superstar . In an era of movies which starred only male actors as superstars , she came up with movies like Chaalbaaz , Nagina , Chandni etc. which were based on female protagonists . She had the caliber to carry the film on her shoulders . The first performance for the day was given by Nanda and Gandotra . They presented a hilarious take on growing old and enjoying life which reminded the audience of the 1982 movie Shaukeen and 2014 comedy movie The Shaukeens . Johar added that he thought their act was crazy but he thoroughly enjoyed it and the dance move of the duo was loved by all . Both of them got perfect ten for this comic act . Shetty talked about the compatibility of the actors in specially a comic act . Nanda and Gandotra are good friends and their chemistry was evident on the screen . The hosts made them play a game to see how good their chemistry is and the entire set was rolling with laughter . In between the hosts made the audience laugh , and Shetty made fun of Dhanjani 's attire which resembled a track suit . In the next segment , Bharadwaj teamed up with wild card contestant Deo where both played the roles of a budding and veteran choreographers respectively . They give a dance - based performance with hints of love , ego and jealousy between the husband and wife which reminded the audience of the iconic movie Abhimaan ( Originally starring Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan . The judges called their performance sensible and mature . The theme of women 's day was evident in the form of supporting the careers of women . Bharadwaj and Deo scored eight each for this emotional act . Bharadwaj 's experience of working with Deo was asked by the hosts and Deo tried to woo her with a song . The hosts pulled Mehrotra 's leg and said , ' ' You concentrate on spotlight , and Harsh will take away the girl . ' ' To celebrate the occasion of Women 's Day , Singh gave her second spotlight solo performance as Laxmi , an acid attack survivor . She later invited Laxmi to the stage to share her story . Everybody was moved by the performance and applauded Singh 's brave act . This social message was conveyed beautifully and comments on social media later talks how much the audience loved it . Shetty called Laxmi a real life fighter and thanked her for inspiring many others . Singh got a perfect ten from the judges . Portraying the beautiful relationship between a brother and sister , Bagri delivered a performance with last week 's wildcard entry , Choudhary . This act too gives tribute to women by empowering women through education . The judges called their act sweet and simple . Shetty stated that Choudhary has a good command over the language and advised her to keep working hard . Bagri and Choudhary both scored eight points , however this performance was the last one for Choudhary in this show . Episode 18 This episode was aired on 11 Mar 2018 ( Sunday ) and the same theme from episode 17 was continued . In the latest episode of India 's Next Superstar , Prajapati and Sharma teamed up to portray the real life struggles of a housewife with her maid . The act left the judges rolling in laughter . They applauded the chemistry between the two . Sharma got a perfect ten again and Prajapati scored nine . After all women 's day needs to pay attention to this real life problem of modern working women . Sharma was asked to use her Bhojpuri accent and give comments on Dhanjani 's outfit . Johar calls his attire ' ' Fashionale Fungus . ' ' Next Mehrotra who was the spotlight performer ( Fourth ) for the week , gave an amazing performance as a freedom fighter Bhagat Singh . Johar called Mehrotra an excellent actor and felt his performance was pitch perfect . He appreciated Sharma 's help in helping him to prepare this act . She also had played the role of Bharat Mata . He also thanked Bhardwaj 's mom for helping him prepare for the act . He got a perfect score of ten . Shetty motivated the rest of the contstants and asked them to win spotlight . Shetty promised that he will come to the academy to help anyone who wins spotlight the next time . Next up was the dance relay between all the guys . Mehrotra scored four , Gandotra scored four , Bagri scored four , Nanda scored four , Deo scored four and Singh scored three respectively . They danced on the popular number ' ' Khali Bali Ho gaya hai Dil ' ' from the blockbuster Padmaavat They all got a standing ovation from the audience while Rohit and Karan told them to work on their expressions and energy level . Shetty mentioned that the guys have improved , however still the girls were better . Karan Wahi joined his co-star Urvashi Rautela from the film Hate Story 4 and they danced to the popular song ' ' Aashiq banaya . ' ' The duo promoted their film , and Shetty mentioned that from now on , he too has become a superstar . Dhanjani got nostalgic talking about Wahi 's journey and called him his true friend . They have performed together in many awards functions , hosted many shows together . They both have been participants / host in dance reality show Nach Baliye They both got emotional . Mayor and Tapan Singh were the next pair to perform on stage based on the theme of love and revenge . Mayor played the role of a woman whose husband ( played by Bagri ) was killed by Singh . At the end she got to know the truth and regretted her decision to kill Singh . The judges advised Singh to concentrate on his voice modulation . Their dance on ' ' Tumhe apna banana ka junoon ' ' was quite romantic . Mayor scored four , and Singh scored the lowest three which later forced him to leave the show . The contestants indulged in a little trivia game to give tribute to Sridevi . The judges and the contestants were asked some questions on the life and work of the late superstar . After the performances , it was time for the leaderboard and elimination . Choudhary , Mayor and Tapan Singh were the lowest performers for the day . As per the judges ' decision Choudhary and Singh were eliminated . Choudhary stated that she is from Hyderabad , and she never knew that she will get a chance to perform in front of such great directors . Singh thanked the academy and the learnings from his co contestants and principal Mahesh Bhatt . Episode 19 This episode which was aired on 17 Mar 2018 ( Saturday ) and the theme of this evening was performing on famous Hindi idioms . From this week , the contestants have to give a duo dance performance , not a riley group dance as earlier . They will be judged on a ten pointer scale for their acting skills , and five pointer scale for their dancing skills . Also from this episode , the judges will judge the performance as ' ' Clap - worthy ' ' and give a clapstick along with a perfect ten . ' ' Aasmaan se gire , aur khajoor pe atke ' ' ( To get stuck in a tough situation ) was the first idiom . Gandotra did a complete makeover by playing the role of a sexy lady and his acting skills were highly appreciated by the judges . This act got him a perfect ten . Bagri , who played the role of a Haryanvi Cop , Inspector Dourkar , made the audience go in splits with his hilarious punches . There were usage of more idioms in between like ' ' Baal bal bachne ki koshish ' ' ( Try to safeguard one 's self ) made the audience laugh a lot . He too scored a perfect ten . To entertain the audience , Wahi tries to woo the female version of Gandotra and create an extremely comic situation on the sets . There were loads of lipstick marks on his face after they were supposedly in a lip lock . Nanda and Singh give a soulful contemporary dance performance which showed the problems of urban couples who do not have time for each other . Johar mentioned that he could relate to the story and they got perfect five each for their dance performance . The judges appreciated the choreography team for their brilliant work . ' ' Ghar ki murgi daal barabar ' ' ( One does not value what s / he has ) was the next idiom . Bharadwaj played the role of a Bharatnatyam dancer who is paralyzed now . Mayor who played the role of her daughter did not want to become a dancer and took up a banking job . The act portrayed the relationship of a mother and a daughter and the difference in thought processes between two generations . Bharadwaj scored eight and Mayor too scored the same . Shetty mentioned that now since Bharadwaj has spent a lot of time in the show , his expectations are much higher from her . Each dancer gave a Bharatnatyam performance which talked aloud about their base as classical dancers . In ' ' Dance pe chance ' ' challenge , Sharma played the role of Raja Babu which was originally played by great comedian Govinda . Mehrotra took the role of Nandu , which was originally played by Shakti Kapoor . Their funny dance moves entertained the judges and audience and both got great comments . Mehrotra scored a perfect five and Sharma followed suit . This dancing act had all the elements of a perfect comedy act . Shetty mentioned that this was a commercial cinema performance . Mehrotra 's comic timings were highly appreciated by Shetty . Mehrotra won his fifth spotlight challenge and explored the emotions of a lady by being a female dancer . The act shows the atrocities trans genders and the people of the LGBT community have to go through in India . Johar appreciated the effort and talked about his personal journey , when as a child he was labelled as panzy . He scored a perfect ten and clapboard along with it . Mehrotra talked about his struggles when he came to Mumbai . He became very emotional when he got so much appreciation for so many weeks . Bharadwaj supported him portraying the role of his wife . Shetty again reminded the rest of the contestants that they will have to win spotlight challenge . Gandotra and Bagri stated that they were shortlisted for spotlight challenge , but missed it by a little margin . Bagri took the challenge and mentioned that he will win spotlight for sure . Prajapati and Deo did a dance performance together and the act reminded everyone of the song ' ' Ae jaate huye lamhon ' ' from the movie Border , when a solider had to leave his newly married wife and go to the war front . This dancing act had a twist and instead of the man , the lady in the act goes to the war front at the end which again gave a strong message of women power and men supporting such spouses . Both the dancers scored four each . Director - producer Rohit Shetty , who turned 45 on 14 March , rang in his birthday early on the sets of the show . The team of INS had planned a surprise cake cutting for him and also invited his dear friend Shreyas Talpade to join the celebration . Overwhelmed with the gesture , Shetty mentioned that he is n't too fond of celebrating birthdays and had last a party as a teenager . The contestants participated in the celebrations and had a good time . Co-judge , Johar along with the entire unit ensured that Shetty broke his diet and eat a piece of cake . Episode 20 This episode was aired on 18 Mar 2018 ( Sunday ) and the same theme from episode 17 was continued . The dancing act of Gandotra as addiction and Bagri as the man who was trying to get rid of the addiction was extremely appreciated by the judges . This contemporary dance was played on the iconic song ' ' Is Lamhe ka ras nichod loon . ' ' Gandotra scored five for the first time in dancing and Bagri too scored five for the first time . Shetty appreciated Gandotra 's graph and the fact that he had prepared the comic act where he took the character of a lady , and this dance act was a serious one . Gandotra 's parents came to give confidence to their son . He danced on stage with his graceful mother . Indian sweet ( Kaju katli ) was distributed to everyone which his parents had got . Prajapati played the role of a politician named Asha Pradhan and Deo played the role of his secretary . Deo tried to stop Pradhan from opening more sugar mills , however , she did not listen to him . As a result , Deo entered politics to improve the state of affairs . Johar mentioned that this was the first time a political act was presented on the show . Johar appreciated the natural tone and right paced performance of Prajapati . Shetty talked about Deo 's performance and his body language of an honest man was appreciated . Prajapati scored a perfect ten for the first time and Deo followed suit . Sharma gave the performance as Meera bai , and made the judges spellbound with her performance . This spotlight performance ( Third time ) got her perfect ten and she shared the difficulties she faced while practicing for this act . Deo supported this act by playing the role of Ranaji . Shetty stated that every time he sees a performance of Sharma , he gets the feeling that it 's a different person altogether . ' ' Nehle pe dehla ' ' ( Turn tables ) was the next idiom . Nanda and Singh gave a sweet slice of life act which had some elements of comedy . It was a satire which had an underlying message of taking care of your ageing parents . Bagri who supported the act by playing the role of Nanda 's father taught a lesson to his son and daughter in law , who were planning to send him to an old age home . Both the actors scored eight each and got some constructive feedback from the judges to pull up their socks . Mayor and Bharadwaj gave a Broadway style performance which had the mixture of jazz and lyrical hip hop . Johar was extremely impressed by this all girls performance and he felt that this dance performance was at an international level . Both scored a perfect five . Mehrotra and Bharadwaj play a ' ' Close up paas aao challenge ' ' and show their chemistry , however Nanda and Singh win the challenge . After the performances , it was time for the leaderboard and elimination . Mehrotra was the highest scorer with fifteen points and the clapboard . Nanda , Mayor , Singh , and Bharadwaj were the lowest performers for the day . Nanda and Mayor had to leave for their home today . Nanda had tears in his eyes , and stated that even though this was his last performance on this show , but he will be thankful to this show for giving him such a platform . With the last lines from Johar 's film , ' ' Junoon hai mera , banu main tere kaabil , tere bina guzara , ai dil hai mushkil ' ' he signed off . Mayor mentioned that this was a sweet and short journey , and she is leaving the show as a star . Episode 21 This episode which was aired on 24 Mar 2018 ( Saturday ) . In this episode of India 's Next Superstars , hosts Dhanjiani and Wahi showed off their dance moves with the remaining eight contestants on the show . In the song , the performers were appreciated for their skills and consistency . Singh and Prajapati paired up for the first performance dressed up as fisherwomen . They impressed the judges with their dance moves and Johar found Singh 's dance as a complete item number material . He also applauded their comic timing and energy . They scored a perfect five each from the judges . Gandotra added to the comedy in a supporting role . In the next performance , Bharadwajand Deo teamed up to show a story focused around a murder . This act reminded the audience of the movie Ittefaq where there were multiple versions of the same story . Deo gave an incredible performance as a psychotic killer , however , later it was revealed that Bharadwaj had killed him . The judges appreciated their performance and called it well - structured and interesting . Deo received amazing reviews for his negative role and during the act the judges were talking to each other about his acting prowess . Both the actors got ten points and a clap board . Singh played a supporting role of a police inspector . Deo was asked , whom does he think to be his biggest competitor and he named Gandotra . Bharadwaj stated that since the age of six she had a dream to work in Dharma productions and she will live this dream now . Bagri and Sharma teamed up for the next dance performance and they performed a classic contemporary dance on the song ' ' Main rahoon ya na rahoon , tum mujhme baki rehna . ' ' At the end when it was revealed that the couple who were happily dancing on their anniversary have a sad truth . The man was dead and his wife was day dreaming about him . The performance moved the judges and both scored a perfect five . Sharma thought Bharadwaj is her biggest competitor . Bagri took Gandotra 's name and he was surprised to hear his name for the second time . Sharma also gave a solo spotlight ( Fourth time ) performance as a police inspector for which she received special guidance from Shetty . She impressed the judges with her performance and got the clapstick for the first time along with the perfect ten score . It was a power packed performance which again showed the core strength of women . Deo supported the act by playing the role of a convict and Bagri played the role of her husband . The audience hooted and cheered throughout the performance and gave a standing ovation . Shetty came on stage to give the clapstick and all her co-contestants gave her a standing ovation . Johar gave a stash of Miss . Consistency . Mehrotra and comedian number one Gandotra paired up in the next dance - based challenge , and acted as siblings . Mehrotra played the role of a gangster brother who wanted his younger brother to study in an American University . However , his sins became the reason for his death , and at the end when he committed suicide , the audience had tears in their eyes . Johar appreciated the choreography team and the concept of the entire act . He also presented a clapper for the choreographers who had conceptualized this act . Both got a perfect five score . Gandotra shared his journey about how he improved himself , and mentioned that now he is confident that he can win the contract . Episode 22 This episode was aired on 25 Mar 2018 ( Sunday ) . In the latest episode of India 's Next Superstars , Tiger Shroff joined in as the guest promoting his film Baaghi 2 . He later danced with all the contestants . Spotlight ( second ) winner Bagri gave the first performance of the day depicting the struggles of a stuntman in the industry . Shetty gave his inputs and had coached him before the performance as he had promised earlier . The brilliance of his performance mesmerized the audience and the judges gave him a perfect ten . Sharma played the role of his wife , and Gandotra his friend . Real life stuntman of Shetty 's movies , the sixty nine year old Shankar Kotian was called on the stage and respect was given to him . Shroff mentioned that stuntmen in the industry do not get any recognition . All the credit goes to the hero , even though all the risk is taken by these bold people . He truly wants to do something for them in the near future . Shroff came up on the stage to show some of his action moves . They made the hosts as their targets and the audience enjoyed this light moment a lot . Deo and Bharadwaj teamed up for the next dance based challenge . Deo played the role of an unpopular student of the college who loved the character of Bharadwaj and wanted to go to the prom night with her . The contemporary dance moves got five points for Bharadwaj and four for Deo . While the judges appreciated Dharadwaj 's dancing skills , they asked Deo to practice more . Bagri and Mehrotra played two supporting casts in this act . In the next act , Gandotra and Mehrotra came together to stage a comic act based on a hospital setting . Mehrotra played the role of a doctor and Gandotra played the role of the lover of the nurse ( Played by Prajapati ) . Shetty appreciated Gandotra for his comic timing but was unhappy with Mehrotra 's performance . After a long time , Mehrotra scored anything less than ten ( eight ) and Gandotra scored a perfect ten . Prajapati and Singh gave a touching performance on the taboo surrounding abortion and pregnancy of an unwed mother . Singh played the role of an unwed mother , and Prajapati that of an unborn daughter . The judges called their performance unique , difficult and well presented . Shetty said , it looked like two bodies and one soul . Each of them scored a perfect ten for their act . This emotional act left many spell bound . Bharadwaj thought Singh was her biggest competitor . Singh thought Sharma is her biggest competitor and she felt very proud of her . If she had a choice to nominate someone else other than herself for a contract , then it will be her . Singh also talked about her journey in INS . She stated that today she played the role of a mother . In the last so many weeks she has played various roles ( Sita , acid attack victim etc . ) and she is progressing towards becoming a complete actor . After all the performances ended , the elimination round took place based on the leaderboard rating . Mehrotra was the lowest scorers of the day ( Thirteen ) . All the ladies had scored fifteen , however since Sharma had got a clapboard , she was safe . Then the judges gave a surprise ruling and declared that nobody was to be eliminated . However , Shetty mentioned that even though they are great actors , they should not relax at this stage as anything can happen anytime . They just did this to shake them up . Shetty promised that he will come to the academy to guide all the contestants . Episode 23 This episode was aired on 31 Mar 2018 ( Saturday ) . This was the semi-finale weekend . The contestants were mentored by judge Shetty and all the contestants were very happy . Their performance appeared a notch above their previous ones . Johar and Shetty introduced all the eight semi-finalists and took a grand entry with them . Sharma and Bharadwaj started the show with a traditional Ghoomar dance performance from the famous movie Padmaavat . The judges appreciated their performance and mentioned that it looked like two Deepika Padukone are dancing on the stage . This dance form is very difficult to perform with a pot on the head , and brass plates in hand . The mixed another dance form using elastics giving the feel of dolls dancing with strings ( Kathputli ) . It had some moves of robotics . Both scored a perfect five . Even when Sharma 's plate fell off , she still maintained her composure . Later Deo and Gandotra were given the task of doing the same dance after balancing the pots on their head . The comedy made everyone laugh . Portraying the turbulent father - son relationship , Deo and Gandotra teamed up for the next emotional performance . Gandotra portrayed his versatility through this act who had become an established comedian by now . Johar appreciated Deo for giving such a matured performance . He appreciated the growth graph of Gandotra and both scored a perfect ten . He also mentioned that drama is the heart of Bollywood movies and Shetty is the most successful director in that genre . Since the act was directed by him , that element came out every well and made the audience remain glued to their seats . Deo dedicated this act to his father who is an IPS officer . Prajapati played the role of Deo 's business partner . The contestants also got some challenges from TV actors - Zain Imam ( Naamkarann ) , Surbhi Chandna ( Ishqbaaaz ) and Karanvir Bohra . Mehrotra and Bagri danced on the hook steps of some famous movies . The audience rolled out laughing and their co-contestants enjoyed a lot . Shetty loved Bagri 's performance . Prajapati was challenged by Surbhi to perform a blindfolded act with Dhanjani and everyone enjoyed the prank . Vohra asked Bharadwaj and Singh to put rosogollas in their mouth and do romantic scenes . Bagri and Prajapati were the next performers and they gave a disco - themed performance . They covered the entire stage on multiple songs including ' ' Disco deewane ' ' from Johar 's film Student of the Year . Shetty called their act a little weak but entertaining , nonetheless . Both the dancers scored four points each . Mehrotra gave a thrilling solo spotlight performance ( Sixth ) as a psychotic killer in his act . This act reminded the audience of the common man from the movie A Wednesday ! played by veteran actor Naseeruddin Shah . The act had a great social message that no one should take the law in his or her hands . Johar talked about the recent film of Rani Mukerji Hichki , where she has used her heart and head in a very balanced way . Shetty mentioned that Mehrotra 's intense acts might be taking a monotonous turn . So he had helped him to improvise a bit . After receiving criticism in the last episode , he thanked the mentors for guiding him . This intense act was appreciated by the judges and audience alike and he scored a perfect ten again . Deo supported the role by playing a cop . Episode 24 This episode was aired on 01 Apr 2018 ( Sunday ) . This was the semi-finale weekend . In this episode Mehrotra and Singh gave the first dance performance of the day , dedicating it to Shetty . The did a freestyle Bollywood dance on the tune of Shetty 's super hit song ' ' Golmaal . ' ' The dance had a lot of moves from South Indian movies . Shetty loved the performance , and he complimented stating that it looked like a Rohit Shetty film . However , he also felt that the dancers were hurrying the steps . Both scored four points each . The auto rickshaw which the dancers used in this act was later used by both the judges for a little bit of fun . The audience really enjoyed this fun part . In the next act , Sharma and Bharadwaj teamed up to showcase the cracks in the relationship between two sisters . The strong feelings of hatred and jealousy were portrayed very well by both the sisters and later Sharma 's character makes her younger sister realise the virtue of love and compassion . Age old hatred which Bharadwaj 's character had accumulated for so many years melted and the sisters united as a family . Johar called their performance convincing and emotionally moving . He found it high - drama , volatile and emotional and both the actors maintained the picth very well . Both the actors scored a perfect ten . In the dance off , Deo and Gandotra paired up and performed using a complicated prop of play structure . The judges felt that the act was good , however , the energy levels could have been better . Both scored four points each . Karan Tacker gave a very interesting challenge to judge Johar . Johar had to cast a buffalo in his movie and had to do an act with it ( Played by Wahi ) . This act left everyone in splits . Singh presented her spotlight ( Third ) performance playing the role of a rape victim Damini . Her performance moved the judges who called the script relevant and important . This act had a very strong social message , when the rape victim is treated like an outcaste , and the society makes her feel that it was her fault . She is asked to cover her face , and asked not to talk about the incident . The law often releases criminals due to a lack of evidence , and the victim has to pay for it throughout her life . She got a perfect ten for her act . Prajapati played the role of a sister and Sharma supported the act playing the role of a paralysed sister . Bagri played the role of Prajapati 's husband who had tried to rape and murder Sharma 's character . This was a dramatic high voltage story with a grey character on stage . Bagri scored eight , and Prajapati scored a perfect ten . Later Bagri and Prajapati were eliminated from the show . At the end of all the performances , it was time for the judges to award one contestant the clapper which would take them to the finale directly . The judges gave the clap worthy performance award to Mehrotra . As per the results , Mehrotra and Sharma were the top scorers in this round while Bagri , Singh and Prajapati found themselves at the bottom . At the end , Bagri and Prajapati were sent home while Singh was given another chance . Prajapati said , this was a wonderful opportunity for her as she got to work with a stalwart like Shetty . Bagri said , when he initially came , he thought he wo n't stay more than two weeks , as he might be eliminated . However , after two weeks were over , when he could manage to continue , he thanked God every week . Now , when he will go out , he can tell everyone that Shetty and Johar know him personally , and they have appreciated him a lot . Episode 25 This episode was aired on 07 Apr 2018 ( Saturday ) . The format of this episode was changed a bit . The contestants were scored on a forty pointer scale ( ten marks for acting and ten marks for dancing by each judge ) and the scores were put in a secret ballot to be revealed at the end of the show . Shetty declared that along with the movie contract with Dharma Productions , the contestants will win a cash prize of ten lakh rupees each and a gift hamper from close up . Also the contestants will have to perform today along with an established actor in the industry . The trophy for the contest was presented to the audience and Johar talked about the importance of the first award . He talked about the special bond he shares with his first filmfare award . There were audio visual clippings shown in the background where the contestants talked about their first day in the academy , and how they are feeling now while leaving it . They talked about the rehearsals , the friendship they shared , the fights they had and all other nostalgic moments . This was the finale weekend and all the contestants entered the stage while dancing on the iconic number ' ' Tama Tama Loge ' ' from the film Badrinath Ki Dulhaniya which was originally performed by Madhuri Dixit and Sanjay Dutt in 1990 blockbuster movie Thanedaar . The first act was between Bharadwaj and Priyank Sharma . It was a romantic act which had some elements of pathos in the form of Bharadwaj 's uncle ( played by Deo ) . He used to make her do all the household work in lieu of the money he was spending for her upbringing . Bharadwaj did a dancing act on roller skates which was appreciated by the judges and the audience . There was a romantic dance between the duo , which too had held the attention of the audience . Shetty complimented her by saying that she is looking like a Dharma Productions heroine today , and Bharadwaj thanked her mom for giving her everything in life . The second act of the evening was a dance number between Gandotra and Sharma . Gandotra entered the stage like a hero and Shetty later mentioned that it reminded him of his first performance . He appreciated his growth a lot . Shetty told Sharma , that she does not give him any chance of finding any flaws in her performances . The third act of the evening was a sizzling performance between Singh and Deo on the sensuous number ' ' Tumhe apna banana ka . ' ' The performance melted into another iconic number by Raveena Tandon ' ' tip tip barsa paani ' ' and the duo danced in water . Both the judges appreciated the performance a lot . Singh 's mother told that she came from a very orthodox background and she had to go through a lot of hardships in order to allow her daughter to pursue her dreams . Shetty mentioned that Singh has become an inspiration for thousands of such girls in India who do not get an opportunity to rise and shine . Her mom came on stage to take the first autograph of her daughter . The fourth performance of the evening was between Sharma , Dhanjani and celebrity guest Asha Negi . Bagri played the role of a judge in the comedy act which entertained the judges and audience alike . Sharma thanked her father , and promised that she will fulfill his dreams . Negi complained that her husband Dhanjani does not spend time with her anymore , and is giving more attention to Wahi these days . A game was played to check who knew Dhanjani better , and Wahi won it hands - down . This light moment was enjoyed by the audience a lot . The fifth performance of the evening was between Mehrotra and celebrity actor Sanaya Irani . This thriller act was supported by Taluja , who played the role of a cop . The crime was narrated by the couple in a very convincing manner , and it ended as a mystery . Johar liked the concept of mystery ending and appreciated the performances of the actors . He talked about the restrained acting of Mehrotra . The judges thanked all the guest celebrities for gracing the occasion and helping out the contestants . They also appreciated their acting prowess and screen presence . Episode 26 This episode was aired on 08 Apr 2018 ( Sunday ) . This was the finale weekend and the same format of episode 25 was followed . The air was grim with anticipation , as the names of the winners will be announced in this episode . The episode started with the dance performance by Shetty ( as Mr. Mutthu ) and Johar ( as Mr. Khanna ) . Their siblings wanted to get married ( played by Taluja and Prajapati ) , but the elders of the family were not ready for it due to the cultural differences between the North Indians and South Indians . Dhanjani and Wahi finally convinced them and the power packed dance and comedy performance set the mood for the finale . The first performance of the evening was presented by Deo as the younger brother , who became a cop , and the celebrity Karanvir Bohra . Bohra played the role of a corrupt businessman who took to the inroads of crime in order to bring up his younger brother . The intense drama and tragedy in the act moved the judges a lot . The next performance of the evening was a sizzling dance duet by Mehrotra and Bharadwaj which turned out to be a favorite pair during the season . They used the contemporary dance style on the popular tunes of ' ' Aashiq banaya ' ' and set the stage on fire . Johar was very impressed with Bharadwaj 's performance , and mentioned that the chemistry was like ' ' kambakht ishq . ' ' Mehrotra 's parents came on stage and the judges thanked them for coming to the show for the first time . The next performance was by Gandotra who played the role of a groom who had to marry a buffalo as he had some problems in his horoscope ( Manglik ) . Celebrity Adaa Khan played the role of a ghost . The storyline was inspired by the movie Phillauri ( film ) . The serial dance acts were loved by the audience and the hooting and cheering from them proved , how much they loved this comedy act . Shetty asked Khan , how was her experience working with Gandotra . And she talked about his dedication and his journey in the show . Badshah ( rapper ) graced the stage along with Aastha Gill . Later Priyank Sharma came to the stage to dance along with the rappers . They talked about their upcoming song ' ' Buzz . ' ' They started with their popular songs like ' ' Dj wale babu ' ' . Lights camera superstar cocktails ( edit ) Fresher 's Party - Episode 1 This is not a weekend performance and this episode which was telecast on 16 Jan 2018 ( Tuesday ) was basically a Fresher 's party to welcome all the contestants into the academy of India 's Next Superstars . The contestants will live in this facility till they are not eliminated , and compete with each other for the coveted prize of the winner . Dhanjani welcomed all the contestants and told everyone that getting a foothold in this industry is very difficult and urged the contestants to learn and absorb as much as possible from the who 's - who of the industry . All the contestants who look ravishing in their evening gowns and dinner jackets were asked to introduce themselves in Bollywood style . Mehrotra stated that he is from Delhi and states , ' ' Dil ki baat zuban par lane ke liye log waqt laga dete hain , usi waqt mein hum itihass bana dete hain ' ' ( Nornal people take time just to express their opinions , and people like me make history in that time . ) Prakash , the next contestant states that she loves ' ' Lights , Camera and Action ' ' and she wants to start and end her life in Bollywood . Next came Bagri , who stated ' ' Zero se Hero banne aaya hoon ' ' ( I have come to become a hero from zero ) is from Delhi and he is looking forward to leave his mark in the industry . Next came Gandotra , who stated that he does not like to talk about his capabilities , he just wants to mesmerize everyone with his killing look . He is from Jaipur and the rest of the contestants were truly impressed with his introduction . Taluja , the fifth contestant stated ' ' Dil mein junoon , aankhon mein sapne liye , aaya hoon main yahan , banane ek mukaam apne liye , dilli se hoon , apke dilon mein basna chahta hoon , naam hai mera Karan Taluja , bas ab is naam ki ek pehchan banana chahta hoon . ' ' It means that , ' ' I have come from Delhi with a lot of dreams in my eyes and I want to leave a mark in your hearts . ' ' Krislinzki looked smoking hot in a scarlet evening gown and introduced herself as a Mumbaikar . She mentioned that she has worked in some South Indian movies and ad films and now has come here to become a superstar . She ended her introduction with the famous dialogue of Dabangg , ' ' Swagat nahin karoge hamara ? ' ' ( Wo n't you welcome me ? ) Dhanjani was quite impressed with her introduction , and helped her come down the stage by lifting her up . Singh gave a sweet and short introduction stating that her first name Naina has been used in many famous movies of Bollywood , and she would like to remain in the eyes of her audience , just like the meaning of her name . Dhanjani at this point stopped her and made her and Gandotra play a small game ' ' Nain Matakka ' ' ( ' ' Who bats the eyelid first . ' ' ) Singh won the game and the hearts of many in the academy . Sharma gave her introduction in the DDLJ way ' ' who ladki main deewani si ' ' ( I am that passionate girl ) and talked about her determination of carving her niche in Bollywood . She went on by saying , ' ' Hai mehnat se parhez nahin , shohrat ka utna craze nahin , dilon mein basne ki tamanna meri , isse age mere paas koi phrase nahin . ' ' ( I am not afraid to work hard and I want to live in the hearts of everyone . ) The video clip of Remo D'Souza welcomed everyone to the academy and he advised everyone to ' ' work hard and party harder . ' ' And then the participants started dancing to the tunes of ' ' abhi to party shuru hui hai . ' ' Dhanjani stated after the dance party that the contestants now should get used to these parties as there will be more in the tow - like the launch parties of their films , award functions parties etc . Then Dhanjani announced the Mr. and Miss Fresher selection criteria . Roses were distributed among the boys and girls and the highest collector of roses will be the winner . All the contestants showed their skills of wooing the opposite sex , and they had loads of fun when they saw some untold love stories forming . There was a tie among the male contestants : Vali , Nanda and Alhawat as all of them had received two roses each . Nanda gave balloons to the ladies to win their hearts , Alhawat did push - ups and Vali bribed them with some eatables . Finally with popularity poll from the ladies , Vali was declared as the winner . Bharadwaj won the Miss Fresher 's award among the ladies as she had the highest number of roses . Then cake cutting completed the party . Episode 2 This episode was telecast on 09 Feb 2018 ( Friday ) on hotstar . Karan Wahi entered blurting the dialogue from the famous movie Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani ' ' Battamizi ek aisi virus hai hai jo waqt ke saath dheere dheere budhape mein badal jati hai , to kyon na thodi si badtameezi kar lein ? ' ' ( Beingh naughy is fun ) . He shows clipping from the academy where the contestants are going to spend another three months . Ahmed was seen taking massage all over his body with Naina 's massager . Harshvardhan was seen hiding eggs . Aman and Angela were seen getting cozy with each other . Natasha was seen giving massage to Aashish and vice versa . Karan praised the caliber of Aashish who appeared to be more from Bangkok than Delhi , as he was seen giving and taking massages . But looks like Canadian Ahmed was not so lucky , and he had to manage with the body massage equipment . Then they showed a funny clipping wherein Aman complains that he has not received his laundry bag , and he does not have enough underwear and regular clothes to wear . ' ' Chaddi ' ' ( underwear ) becomes the favorite topic of discussion in the academy . Then Karan invited Aman , Aashish and Naina to get a better understanding of what 's going on . The leg pulling continued . He asked Aman why is he so attached to his underwear . Aman clarified that he had eight underwear and he had given seven of them for wash , but did not get them back . Aashish gave him an idea to wash the underwear while taking a bath . Karan asked Aashish why did n't he share his underwear with Aman . Aashish gave a name to Aman 's underwear ' ' chaddu . ' ' Naina said that she has nicknamed Aashish as ' ' gyancho ' ' ( knowledgeable ) as he has a solution to every problem . Then Aashish gave the idea to Aman to get the underwear dried using a hair dryer . Aman talked about his embarrassing experience of drying his underwear . They showed clippings of Aman and Angela getting close and spending a lot of time in the loo together . They showed the intervention of Shivank and his attempt to scare them by weird stories of cheetah etc . Then he called in Shivank to get some more inputs . He stated that he has seen Aman and Angela were always visible in the cafeteria , in the dormitory and all other areas in the academy . That day since they were not visible , he went to the bathroom to look out for them and found them there . There was a funny suggestive joke that , they were busy with creating their own movie there . Then he called Natasha and Shariq in ' ' Klasses with Karan . ' ' They stated that they were expecting Karan Johar , but are shocked to see Karan Wahi there . Then Karan asked them , ' ' how many times have you won spotlight ? ' ' Natasha stated that twice she was very close to winning it . Then Karan mentioned that the ones who miss spotlight get to meet Karan Wahi , not Johar . Karan asked Natasha if she owned a massage parlor . Natasha clarified that since the actors get stressed out after such a hectic day , she tries to help them . Then they played a game , ' ' has mat pagle , haar jayega ' ' . Basically both try to make each other laugh by making facial expressions in the mirror . Shariq lost the game . Natasha got a gift hamper and ' ' Torchlight award . ' ' And then she gave a post award speech . Episode 3 This episode was telecast on 16 Feb 2018 ( Friday ) on hotstar . Rithvik Dhanjani entered the set with many toy cars and started playing with them telling that it is just like a block - buster Rohit Shetty film . Then he talked about the inferiority complex which the people in the industry suffer from . And he also mentioned that in the academy , Angela has changed more colors than the cars of Rohit Shetty films . She took up a ' ' Weirdo Avatar ' ' and acted in a weird fashion in the academy . Then she took up a ' ' cutie poochie avatar ' ' and made sounds of puppies . She played a game with Lekha in that avatar . Then she took up ' ' desperate sleeping beauty avatar ' ' and slept during the rehearsals . Then she donned her favorite ' ' Daayan avatar ' ' and the rest of the inmates got scared . Then Rithvik showed the clippings of Ansh playing the role of an uncle ( phufaji ) and consoling everyone in the academy . He was seen motivating all the actors and solving their problems . Then Shariq , Pranati and Ansh were called in to talk about their experiences . Shariq welcomed Ansh with a garland and green coconut . Pranati and Shariq mentioned that they like the ' ' phufaji ' ' in Ansh and if they want to have a dose of laughter , they reach out to him . Then Ansh would tell a lot of stories and make them laugh . Then Ansh said ' ' Agar Rithvik hi na ho , to kaise chalega show ' ' ( the show can not run without Rithvik ) . Pranati mentioned that ' ' Phufaji ' ' is like a matchstick , he reaches out to any corner of the academy , where there is some tension between the co-contestants , and he would end up giving his expert opinion . They pull each other 's legs and crack funny one liners . Then Ansh mentioned that Shariq performed with Sahiba , and she was eliminated in the third week . In the fourth week he performed with Heli and Natasha and Heli was eliminated . Natasha , who was the top performer of the academy , started scoring poorly . They had some fun and then Rithvik mentioned that to impress your girlfriend , you always should keep chocolates in your pockets . It seemed Aashish was the smartest in that department and always ended up impressing Natasha . Then Rithvik gave another tip to impress your girl , and that is to teach her a few exercises and she will think that you really care for her . Also keep on reminding her , how much you care for her and destiny has brought them together . Then Rithvik mentioned that he has learnt romance from Rohit Shetty 's films . Since Shetty makes mostly action or comedy films , this punch was quite funny . Then Rithvik called Angela and Lekha for a chat and mentioned that he is writing the story for ' ' Golmaal 5 ' ' and he has the full authority to select any actress for the lead role . He took the help of Lekha and Angela and created a completely weird script . Shetty got angry with this later . Finally Lekha won the ' ' torchlight ' ' challenge for helping Rithvik with the story . She was asked to enact in the style which Tusshar Kapoor adopts in his films . This was quite a funny act which Lekha presented . Episode 4 This episode was telecast on 23 Feb 2018 ( Friday ) on hotstar . Karan Wahi came on the set and he was asked about his POA ( Plan of Action ) for the day which he misunderstood as POK ( Pakistan Occupied Kashmir ) . Then Karan Wahi called in his GFFs ( Gossip Friends Forever ) to get all the buzz that happened in the academy . Chocolaty Naina and ghostly Angela graced the show with their presence and pulled Karan 's leg . Karan mentioned that this is a ' ' Classy show , not a massy show . ' ' Karan welcomed them to his show ' ' cutting with Karan . ' ' Naina told about her dream of attending Koffee with Karan since her childhood . The ladies mentioned that they are AKTs ( Academy ki titliyan - butterflies of the academy ) . They named this as ' ' Aao babes gossip karen ' ' ( Babes , let 's gossip ) . Angela complained that whenever she goes to Naina with some hot gossip , she does not give any expressions . She just gives a blank face and hence , she calls her a stone . Then Angela mentioned that lately Wahi is closer to Dhanjani , and he is seen kissing men , not women . What is the reason behind this transformation ? They also blamed Ahmed for being very strict while he is made the captain of the academy . There were clips shown from the academy days trying to prove her point . Naina was so upset with him , that she suggested that Ahmed should get five punishments for being a bad captain . They gave some sassy answers during a rapid fire round . When Angela was asked kill , hook up , marry , Angela replied , ' ' I would like to kill Aman , hookup with Harsh and marry Ansh . ' ' When Angela was asked to rate the actors as per their acting skills , her answer was , ' ' Ansh , Karan Taluja , Shariq , Aashish , Harsh and Aman . ' ' Naina wanted to kill Aashish , hook up with Ahmed , and marry Shariq . She said that if there would have been an auto biography in the name of Angela , she would name it as ' ' Ek aur daayan ' ' ( one more witch ) . Angela won the rapid fire round and got a Close up hamper . Then Aashish and Aman came to the show . He invited them to ' ' Cutting with Karan . ' ' He made them play faceket ball . Finally Aashish won the torchlight award . He gave a mind - blowing impromptu performance as Sholay 's Gabbar who did n't have hands . Episode 5 This episode was telecast on 02 Mar 2018 ( Friday ) on hotstar . The episode opened with Rithvik answering to the reporters , and later a video message from Rohit Shetty was shown condemning his script writing skills ( In Ep. 3 what he did with Lekha and Angela ) . Then he was given the script for the day which again had the mention of Rohit Shetty films , and Rithvik got angry with it . He said from now on he will not talk about cars , look at the cars or do anything with the cars . And then a lot of punches continued with that . Then he welcomed Karan Taluja , Phufaji ( Ansh ) and Shruti . Then they talked about the episode when the child actors had come to the academy to act with the contestants . All the contestants stated that initially they were very happy when the kids came . But later they realized that they are extremely naughty . They had hit everyone with pillows , done make up for the guys , and had smeared them with cakes etc . Then the contestants talked about the naughty things they had done when they were children . Karan had urinated in his teacher 's helmet . Shruti sat with other kids on the rim of a well which was quite dangerous . Ansh had played a prank which was quite serious . He had covered a sleeping man with flowers etc. and made people think that he is dead . Rithvik talked about his incidents when he was a kid . His gang had burst crackers which had entered the clothes of a gentleman , and then later they had spoilt the outer painting of his house too . Then Rithvik taught some funny yoga moves which he called ' ' Brawasan ' ' ( Movement of eyes ) and ' ' winkasan ' ' ( winking at someone ) . The contestants had a lot of fun . Then Aman and Shariq were called in as guests and they played a game with Rithvik ' ' bechke to dekho ' ' ( Show your selling skills ) . This was the most hilarious game ever played . They were asked to sell a commodity without knowing what it is . Aman had to sell a banana and Shariq had to sell ' ' aman ka chaddu . ' ' All the punches had a lot of double meaning , and it was funny for the viewers to watch . Shariq won the close up gift hamper . Episode 6 This episode was telecast on 09 Mar 2018 ( Friday ) on hotstar . After Rohit sir got upset with Rithvik , he did a lot of study on the scripts of Rohit sir 's films . His head was full of those stories and there was a chemical ' ' locha ' ' ( imbalance ) due to that in his brain . Aashish , Shariq and Naina were called in as the first set of guests today . They talked about their experience with the new wild card entrants , and Naina mentioned that they are lucky for her , as she has been winning spotlights after they have come . Shariq mentioned that Harshvardhan drinks eight to ten cups of coffee , and surprisingly even after that he sleeps a lot . They were asked about their first experience of watching a blue film ( adult film ) . They shared their embarrassing experiences and how they behaved when they were adolescent . Then even Rithvik too shared his experience . The next set of guests was Tapan ( Wild card entry ) and Ansh . Tapan mentioned that he was very upset last week that his acting partner Angela had to leave the academy . However , he was very happy that she gave him the rights to sleep on the bed on which she used to sleep in . Then Rithvik played a game with both of them ' ' eat of wear . ' ' They had to pick up chits after giving a wrong answer , and eat / drink ( weird foods which were on display ) and wear weird stuffs which were kept there . It was quite funny to look at them till the end of the show . Finally Ansh won the gift hamper . Episode 7 This episode was telecast on 16 Mar 2018 ( Friday ) on hotstar . In the beginning of the act when Rithvik was getting ready for shooting today 's episode , he got a call from a casting director Viola from Hollywood . She wanted to cast Rithvik in a Hollywood film and requested him to send some of his profile pictures . He presented the entire episode in a weird American accent . He changed his name to Wick D. And he announced that this is his last episode . In the academy he showed how Harshvardhan was trying to impress everyone by serving coffee . Then he welcomed Naina and Lekha as his first set of guests . Later Harshvardhan served coffee to the ladies . Then the chit chat started with how Tapan 's mosquito net T - shirts looked funny . And then the ladies talked about Aashish and his constant habit of passing unsolicited comments . Then he invited Shariq and Shruti and played the last game in the show , as he was leaving for Hollywood . The game was called ' ' Blow your mind ' ' which he played with both of them . The riddles sounded very double meaning ones . Shruti won the competition and the gift hamper . Episode 8 This episode was telecast on 23 Mar 2018 ( Friday ) on hotstar . Karan Wahi became and RJ and he called himself ' ' Wahiyaat Wahi . ' ' ( Weird Wahi ) . He took the calls from the callers and answers to their weird questions . He called Aman , Ansh and Shariq in his studio , and asked how they were doing . He mentioned that he observed that a string bond has formed between the three of them . He asked Aman , if there is a scarcity of girls in the academy , and why has he chosen to hang around with guys now . And then they pulled Aman 's leg a lot . Then they showed the clipping of the evening when Urvashi Rautela had come to the show to promote their film Hate Story 4 and how Karan used to play ludo on the sets . The double meaning conversation made Rohit Shetty and Kjo laugh a lot . The leg pulling continued with Aman . Aman keeps on borrowing things from everyone in the academy . Ansh talked about the most embarrassing moment of his life . At the end Karan played a game with Elisha and Naina ' ' Blow me if you can - dle . ' ' They were asked to blow the candles while wearing stockings on their face . The leg pulling and double meaning one liners made the game funny . Elisha won the game and won the close up hamper . Episode 9 This episode was telecast on 30 Mar 2018 ( Friday ) on hotstar . In the beginning of the episode , they showed that there was an article in the newspaper which talked about people becoming famous by copying KJo . Wahi 's girlfriend called in , and mentioned that she is upset with the newspaper article which is based on Karan Wahi . He needs to do something original . KJo became an anchor , Wahi followed suit , KJo became an RJ , Wahi also tried his hands in that department in the last episode . KJo tried his hands in acting in Bombay Velvet , and Wahi played a meaty role in Hate Story 4 . She wanted to leave him as she was known as ' ' Cheater Cock 's ' ' girlfriend . Looking for something new , in this episode , Karan Wahi tried his hand at politics and started hiring people for his party named as KLPD ( Karan Liberal Pure Democracy ) party . The double meanings of the punches were funny . Harshvardhan suggested that the name should be APDP ( Akhand Prachand , Dhakkan Party . ) Shruti suggested that it should be named as FUCK ( Future , Under Construction Kendra ) party . Finally this name was finalized . Ansh came up with the name MCBC ( Meri Country Badi Country ) party . Shruti suggested that the symbol of the party should be commode and brush which signifies cleansing of the system . Harshvardhan suggested that a buffalo 's tail will be the best symbol for the party because this is a very popular phrase in the Hindi speaking regions of India . Ansh suggested that condom should be the party symbol as people will wear it , and remember their party . Then they did some gossiping , and Ansh took Lekha 's name when he was asked about who behaves like a politician in the academy . Then after some leg pulling , the next set of guests was called in - ' ' Gyancho ' ' baba Aashish and Natasha . Natasha was handcuffed and blind - folded , and then Karan and Aashish touched her with ice cubes , chocolate sauce , brush , balloon and other stuffs . Then was the turn of Aashish . Both of them sang item songs like ' ' Oo la la , ' ' ' ' baby doll main sone di , ' ' kaate nahin katte yeh din yeh raat ' ' to make the game seductive . Finally Aashish won the gift hamper . Episode 10 This episode was telecast on 06 Apr 2018 ( Friday ) on hotstar . The finale episode started with KJo and Rohit Shetty speculating about the possibilities of different winners of this show . All the technicians were sad because the show was ending and they did n't have the next project in hand . First set of guests were Harshvardhan , Natasha and Shruti . Karan Wahi showed the superstars their past and future via a Time Machine which was created by him . He made Harshvardhan sit on it first , and his future will be that of a milkman who makes women drink coffee . Natasha will open an English speaking training academy . Shruti will sell all her spotlights and open a shop of them . Then Aashish and Lekha came to the show . Aashish will open ' ' Gyancho university . ' ' Lekha will open a gum manufacturing unit . Ansh will become a gossip columnist . Naina will open LOL ( Like only laughing ) classes . Aman will be the stamp man of every post office as he was known for sticking out his tongue a lot . There was a lot of leg pulling and laughter followed . Then Aman and Naina were called in . Naina did not like Aman much initially , because her bff Angela had some issues with Aman . Karan gave an impromptu romantic act to them to perform on a situation . The name of the game was ' ' honth hai khule khule , aur ashiqui ki baat karte ho . ' ' They were made to wear dentures and enact the situation . It was quite funny to watch them enacting , and finally Naina got the gift hamper . Then all the contestants came to make Karan taste his own broth . BDSM , chaddu and everything what he had used to make fun of the contestants , was given back to him . The last episode ended with cake cutting and all the contestants took pictures to freeze these happy moments in their memories . Superstars ki paathshaala ( edit ) Episode 1 On Jan 15 ( Monday ) , the episode which was telecast at 22 : 30 on star plus had the theme of ' ' Gender Bender . ' ' Casting director Mukesh Chhabra had given this challenge to the actors and they had to shed off their inhibitions and act like a woman . Deepak Singh was introduced as the head choreographer for the academy and Punit Pathak was introduced as the chief choreographer for this show . Gandotra 's closeness to Krislinzki was caught by the hidden cameras . She even shared the bunk bed with Gandotra . They had been paired up together for the first performance . Initially Gandotra had confessed that Krislinzki appeared very arrogant to him . Krislinzki stated that she has been facing this issue for a long time , and people think that she is very haughty and arrogant , but deep inside , she likes to make friends . They shared a good chemistry initially and played basketball together . However later when Gandotra became closer to Kapur , Krislinzki was upset with it and there was a spat between her and Gandotra . Prakash was not able to accept the fact that she is a bottom performer , and tried to give her explanation to Chhabra . Wahi was upset with Prakash 's attitude and tried to pacify her . Johar and Shetty came on the TV screen to advise the candidates in the academy that they are luckier than Amitabh Bacchan , Shahrukh Khan and Akshay Kumar as they have got this platform and will not have to go through the series of struggle which they had to go through . Shetty advised the candidates to leave their mobile phones and concentrate on their acts . Chhabra and Singh appeared as judges , and the guys were quite nervous before their respective acts . Chhabra stated that even though this is the first challenge , he will not be lenient . He will look at the posture , eye contact , grace and other elements of a sizzling dance performance . He also advised the contestants to shed their inhibitions . The first act was presented as mannequins of hot actresses . Bagri was excited with this and finally the iconic costume donned by Alia Bhatt in the movie Student of the Year was worn by Ahlawat and Nanda . Ahlawat 's strong muscles looked very abrupt in the performance as Bhatt , and his long skirt ( Ghaghra ) too created problems during the performance . Chhabra appreciated Nanda 's performance as he was able to emote the right expressions . In the end he was selected amongst the winners . Bahl and Gadotra tried to show their oomph factor by donning the famous costume of Vidya Balan from the movie Dirty Picture . Gandotra 's moves with split leg was liked by the contestants and Chhabra , and brought the ' ' Oo la la ' ' moment for all . Krislinzki who had prepared Gandotra for the performance was very impressed with his moves and stated that Aman had set the stage on fire . Sharma and Vali wore the sensuous costume of Shilpa Shetty for the song ' ' Shut up and Bounce ' ' from the movie Dostana . Singh liked his grace , pout and the feminine oomph in this performance . Chhabra told Sharma that he needs to work on his confidence levels and needs to come out of his shell for such performances . Taluja and Bagri were seen performing on the sensuous song ' ' Main Lovely Ho Gayi Yaar ' ' ( Originally performed by Deepika Padukone ) in the movie Happy New Year . Singh told Bagri that he was out of sync in the performance . Chaudhary and Mehrotra 's strong biceps were visible while performing on the sensuous number of Raveena Tandon ' ' Tip Tip Barsa Pani . ' ' Chaudhary , Sharma , Bahl , Ahlawat and Bagri could not clear the challenge and the rest of the boys Mehrotra , Vali , Gandotra , Nanda and Taluja were declared as the winners of this challenge . The winners were named as ' ' Team Heroes ' ' and ' ' Team Villains ' ' respectively . The girls got the privilege of choosing their respective teams . Finally , Prajapati , Bhasin , Singh , Vyas , Krislinzki chose ' ' Team Heroes . ' ' Kapur and Prakash chose ' ' Team Villains ' ' and Bharadwaj , Sharma and Keswani had to go to this team later . The girls helped the guys with the dance moves and make up . Within two hours they guys had to prepare for this act . Gandotra looked very cute due to his boyish charm . The guys experienced the pain of waxing on their arms and legs . Prakash realized the pain which the stylists have to go through , when they have to do the tedious task of waxing . Gandotra was impressed with the wigs and the earrings which were given to them along with the costumes to make their acts look perfect . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Karan Johar , Rohit Shetty to judge a new talent show '' . DNA . Chaya Unnikrishnan . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Masaba Gupta designs Karan Johar 's outfits for India 's Next Superstars '' . Firstpost . IANS . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Aman Gandotra , Natasha Bharadwaj and Shruti Sharma were declared winners of India 's Next Superstars '' . The Indian Express . 2018 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . 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who has won india's next super star

Aman Gandotra

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History of Nintendo - wikipedia History of Nintendo Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2006 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The history of Nintendo traces back to 1889 , when it was founded to produce handmade hanafuda cards . Nintendo Co. , Ltd. ( 任天堂 株式 会社 , Nintendō kabushikigaisha ) is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics company headquartered in Kyoto , Japan . It eventually became one of the most prominent figures in today 's video game industry , being the world 's largest video game company by revenue . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 1889 -- 1965 : As a card company 3 1966 -- 1972 : Toy company and new ventures 4 1972 -- present : Electronic games 4.1 Color TV - Game 6 4.2 Game & Watch and Nintendo Entertainment System 4.3 Game Boy and Super NES 4.4 Nintendo 64 and Game Boy Color 4.5 Game Boy Advance and GameCube 4.6 Nintendo DS and Wii 4.7 Nintendo 3DS , Wii U , and Nintendo Switch 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Origin ( edit ) Nintendo poster from late Meiji Era Nintendo started out as a small Japanese company , founded by Fusajiro Yamauchi on September 23 , 1889 , as Nintendo Koppai . Based in Kyoto , Japan , the business produced and marketed Hanafuda cards . The name `` Nintendo '' is commonly assumed to mean `` leave luck to heaven '' , but there are no historical records to validate this assumption . The cards , which were all handmade , soon began to gain in popularity , and Yamauchi had to hire assistants to mass - produce cards to keep up with the demand . Fusajiro Yamauchi did not have a son to take over the family business . Following common Japanese tradition , he adopted his son - in - law , Sekiryo Yamauchi , ( after the wife ) . In 1929 , Yamauchi retired from the company and allowed Sekiryo Yamauchi to take over the company as president . In 1933 , Sekiryo Yamauchi established a joint venture with another company and renamed the company Yamauchi Nintendo & Co . In 1947 , Sekiryo established a distribution company , Marufuku Co. , Ltd. , to distribute the Hanafuda cards , as well as several other brands of cards that had been introduced by Nintendo . Sekiryo Yamauchi also had only daughters , so again his son - in - law ( Shikanojo Inaba , renamed Shikanojo Yamauchi ) was adopted into the family . Shikanojo never became president because he abandoned his family . Subsequently , his son Hiroshi was brought up by his grandparents . He later took over the company instead of his father . 1889 -- 1965 : as a card company ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1949 , Hiroshi Yamauchi was attending Waseda University in Tokyo , however , after his grandfather died he left to take office as the president of Nintendo . In 1951 , he renamed `` Marufuku Co. Ltd . '' to `` Nintendo Playing Card Co. , Ltd . '' In 1953 , Nintendo became the first company in Japan to produce playing cards from plastic . In 1956 , Yamauchi visited the U.S. , to engage in talks with the United States Playing Card Company , the dominant playing card manufacturer in the United States . He was shocked to find that the world 's biggest company in his business was relegated to using a small office . This was a turning point for Yamauchi , who then realized the limitations of the playing card business . In 1959 , Nintendo struck a deal with Disney to allow the use Disney 's characters on Nintendo 's playing cards . Previously , Western playing cards were regarded as something similar to hanafuda and mahjong : a device for gambling . By tying playing cards to Disney and selling books explaining the different games one could play with the cards , Nintendo could sell the product to Japanese households . The tie - in was a success and the company sold at least 600,000 card packs in a single year . Due to this success , in 1962 , Yamauchi took Nintendo public , listing the company in Osaka Stock Exchange Second division . Following the aforementioned success , in 1963 Nintendo Playing Card Co. , Ltd. was renamed to Nintendo by Yamauchi . Nintendo now began to experiment in other areas of business using the newly injected capital . During the period of time between 1963 and 1968 , Nintendo set up a taxi company , `` love hotel '' chain , food company ( trying to sell instant rice , similar to instant noodles ) and several other things ( including a vacuum cleaner , Chiritory , which later appeared as a two - player game in WarioWare , Inc. : Mega Microgame $ in 2003 ) . All these ventures eventually failed , except toymaking , where they had some earlier experience from selling playing cards . In 1964 , while Japan was experiencing an economic boom due to the Tokyo Olympics , the playing card business reached its saturation point . Japanese households stopped buying playing cards , and the price of Nintendo stock fell from 900 yen to 60 yen . In 1965 , Nintendo hired Gunpei Yokoi as a maintenance engineer for the assembly line . However , Yokoi soon became famous for much more than his ability to repair conveyor belts . 1966 -- 1972 : toy company and new ventures ( edit ) Nintendo struggled to survive in the Japanese toy industry ; it was still small at this point , and dominated by already well - established companies such as Bandai and Tomy . Because of the generally short product life cycle of toys , the company always had to come up with new products . This was the beginning of a major new era for Nintendo . In 1966 , Yamauchi was observing a hanafuda factory . He noticed an extending arm , which was made by one of their maintenance engineers , Gunpei Yokoi , for his own amusement . Yamauchi ordered Yokoi to develop it as a proper product for the Christmas rush . Released as the `` Ultra Hand '' , it would become one of Nintendo 's earliest toy blockbusters , selling over a million units . Seeing that Yokoi had promise , Yamauchi pulled him off assembly line work . Yokoi was soon moved from maintenance duty to product development . Due to his electrical engineering background , it soon become apparent that Yokoi was quite adept at developing electronic toys . These devices had a much higher novelty value than traditional toys , allowing Nintendo to charge a higher price margin for each product . Yokoi went on to develop many other toys , including the Ten Billion Barrel puzzle , a baseball throwing machine called the Ultra Machine , and a Love Tester . Another invention of his , in collaboration with Masayuki Uemura from Sharp , was the Nintendo Beam Gun Game , the precursor to the NES Zapper ( which was used in games like Duck Hunt . ) . Nintendo released the first solar - powered light gun , the Nintendo Beam Gun , in 1970 ; this was the first commercially available light - gun for home use , produced in partnership with Sharp . In 1972 , Nintendo released the Ele - Conga , one of the first programmable drum machines . It could play pre-programmed rhythms from disc - shaped punch cards , which could be altered or programmed by the user , to play different patterns . 1972 -- present : electronic games ( edit ) In 1972 , the first commercially available video game console , the Magnavox Odyssey , had a light gun accessory , the Shooting Gallery . This was the first involvement of Nintendo in video games . According to Martin Picard in the International Journal of Computer Game Research : `` in 1971 , Nintendo had -- even before the marketing of the first home console in the United States -- an alliance with the American pioneer Magnavox to develop and produce optoelectronic guns for the Odyssey ( released in 1972 ) , since it was similar to what Nintendo was able to offer in the Japanese toy market in 1970s '' . In 1973 , its focus shifted to family entertainment venues with the Laser Clay Shooting System , using the same light gun technology used in Nintendo 's Kousenjuu series of toys , and set up in abandoned bowling alleys . Following some success , Nintendo developed several more light gun machines for the emerging arcade scene . While the Laser Clay Shooting System ranges had to be shut down following excessive costs , Nintendo had found a new market . In 1974 , Nintendo secured the rights to distribute the Magnavox Odyssey video game console in Japan . Color TV - game 6 ( edit ) Main article : Color TV Game Nintendo 's first video game system , the Color TV Game 6 Nintendo at this time saw how successful video games were and began to dabble in them . Their first step in that field was to secure the rights to distribute the Magnavox Odyssey in Japan in 1975 . At the time , home video game consoles were extremely rare -- even the seminal Atari Pong console had yet to be produced . After experiencing reasonable success at this , Nintendo began developing its own video games , both for home and for arcades . In the 1970s , Mitsubishi Electric proposed joint development of `` Color TV Game Machine '' . In 1977 , they released `` Color TV Game 6 '' and `` Color TV Game 15 '' ( 6 and 15 indicates the number of games ) . Their first video arcade game was 1975 's EVR Race ; a handful of others followed in the next several years , Radar Scope and Donkey Kong being among the most famous of these . The early 1980s saw Nintendo 's video game division ( led by Yokoi ) creating some of its most famous arcade titles . The massively popular Donkey Kong was created in 1981 , with Shigeru Miyamoto as its mastermind , and released in the arcades and on the Atari 2600 , Intellivision , and ColecoVision video game systems ( although Nintendo themselves generally had no involvement with these early console ports ) . This release method would be used on several later Nintendo arcade games of this same period , including the original Mario Bros. ( not to be confused with the later Super Mario Bros . ) In addition to this arcade and dedicated console game activity , Nintendo was testing the consumer handheld video game waters with the Game & Watch . Game & Watch and Nintendo Entertainment system ( edit ) Main articles : Game & Watch , Nintendo Entertainment System , and History of the Nintendo Entertainment System Game & Watch or G&W is a line of handheld electronic games produced by Nintendo from 1980 to 1991 . Created by game designer Gunpei Yokoi , each Game & Watch features a single game to be played on an LCD screen in addition to a clock and / or an alarm . It was the earliest Nintendo product to garner major success , with 43.4 million units sold worldwide . In 1982 , Nintendo developed a prototype system dubbed the `` Advanced Video System '' ( or AVS for short ) and had controllers much like the NES . There were accessories such as a tape drive , a joystick and a lightgun , and along with all of that , the system was made of a computer , much like the Atari 400 , Commodore Vic - 20 and Commodore 64 . It was never released and is on display at the Nintendo World Store in New York . In July 1983 , Nintendo released the Famicom ( Family Computer ) system in Japan , which was its first attempt at a cartridge - based video game console . The system sold over 500,000 units within two months at a price around $100 USD . However , after a few months of favorable sales , Nintendo received complaints that some Famicom consoles would freeze when the player attempted to play certain games . The fault was found in a malfunctioning chip and Nintendo decided to recall all Famicom units that were currently on store shelves , which ultimately cost them approximately half a million USD . During this period , Nintendo rekindled their desire to release the Famicom ( Or Nintendo Entertainment System ) in the US . Since the company had very little experience with the US market , they had previously attempted to contract with Atari for the system 's distribution in 1983 . However , a fiasco involving Coleco and Donkey Kong soured the relationship between the two during the negotiations , and Atari refused to back Nintendo 's console . In 1983 - 1985 , a large scale recession in video game sales hit the market which amounted to a 97 % decrease primarily in the North American area . The recession known as the `` video game crash of 1983 '' was caused by a few main factors including the flooding of the console market , competition of home computers , inflation , and loss of publishing control . The video game crash of 1983 soon took out not only Atari , but the vast majority of the American market itself . Over time , dominance in the market shifted from America to Japan . Nintendo began exporting to America and had virtually only one major competitor in the market , Sega , which was another Japanese company . The Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) , released in 1985 , is one of the most popular consoles of all time . Nintendo was determined not to make the same mistakes in the US that Atari had . Because of massive influxes of games that were regarded as some of the worst ever created , gaming had almost completely died out in America . Nintendo decided that to avoid facing the same problems , they would only allow games that received their `` Seal of Quality '' to be sold for the Famicom . In 1985 , Nintendo announced that they were releasing the Famicom worldwide with a different design under the name the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) . They used a creative tactic to counter the bad view that the media was giving on video games , and released the NES with R.O.B. units that connected to the console and were synchronised to the games . To ensure the localization of the highest - quality games by third - party developers , Nintendo of America limited the number of game titles third - party developers could release in a single year to five . Konami , the first third - party company that was allowed to make cartridges for the Famicom , would later circumvent this rule by creating a spinoff company , Ultra Games , to release additional games in a single year . Other manufacturers soon employed the same tactic . Also in 1985 , Super Mario Bros. was released for the Famicom in Japan and became a large success . Nintendo test marketed the Nintendo Entertainment System in the New York area on October 18 , 1985 . They expanded the test to Los Angeles in February 1986 , followed by tests in Chicago and San Francisco . They would go national by the end of 1986 , along with 15 games , sold separately . In the US and Canada , it outsold its competitors by a wide margin . This was also the year that Metroid and Super Mario Bros. 2 ( the Japanese version ) were released . In 1987 , The Legend of Zelda was released to much critical acclaim . In 1988 , Nintendo of America unveiled Nintendo Power , a monthly news and strategy magazine from Nintendo that served to advertise new games . The first issue published was the July / August edition , which spotlighted the NES game Super Mario Bros. 2 . Nintendo Power has since ceased publication with its December 2012 edition . Game Boy and Super NES ( edit ) Main articles : Game Boy and Super Nintendo Entertainment System The original Game Boy In 1989 , Nintendo ( which had seen a large amount of success from the Game & Watch ) released the Game Boy ( both created by Gunpei Yokoi ) , along with the accompanying game Tetris . Due to the price , the game and its durability ( unlike the prior Microvision from Milton Bradley Company , which was prone to static and screen rot ) , the Game Boy line sold extremely well , eventually amassing sales of 118 million units . Later , Super Mario Land was also released for the Game Boy , which sold 14 million copies worldwide . 1989 was also the year that Nintendo announced a sequel to the Famicom , to be called the Super Famicom . The last major first - party game for the NES , Super Mario Bros. 3 , was released in early 1990 , and went on to sell over 18 million units . It was followed by a licensed television adaption named The Super Mario Bros. Super Show ! , which was released by DIC Entertainment and Viacom Enterprises in that year to capitalise on the game 's immense popularity . The Super Famicom was released in Japan on November 21 , 1990 . The system 's launch was widely successful , and the Super Famicom was sold out across Japan within three days , selling 1.6 million units by June 1991 . In August 1991 , the Super Famicom was launched in the US under the name `` Super Nintendo Entertainment System '' ( SNES ) , followed by Europe in 1992 . The Super Nintendo Entertainment System followed in the steps of its predecessor , with high technical specifications for its era . The controller of the SNES had also improved over that of the NES , as it now had rounded edges and four new buttons , a standard which is evident on many modern controllers today . The original North American SNES , c. 1991 Nintendo had also begun development on a CD - ROM attachment for the SNES / Super Famicom . Their first partner in this project was Sony , whom Nintendo had worked with before to provide the SNES with its SPC sound chip . Development on the Nintendo PlayStation CD - ROM add - on and SNES / SFC standalone hybrid console began . However , at the last minute Nintendo decided to pull out of the partnership and instead go with Philips , and while no CD - ROM add - on was produced , several Nintendo properties ( namely The Legend of Zelda ) appeared on the Philips CD - i media console . Upon learning this , Sony decided to continue developing the technology they had into the PlayStation . The exact reason Nintendo left its partnership with Sony has been the subject of speculation over the years , but the most common theory is that Sony either wanted too much of the profits for the machine or the rights to the CD - ROM attachment itself . In Japan , the Super Famicom easily took control of the gaming market . In the US , due to a late start and an aggressive marketing campaign by Sega ( Headed by the Sega Company 's new mascot , Sonic The Hedgehog , their answer to Nintendo 's Super Mario ) , Nintendo saw its market share take a precipitous plunge from 90 - 95 % with the NES to a low of approximately 35 % against the Sega Genesis . Over the course of several years , the SNES in North America eventually overtook the Genesis , thanks to franchise titles such as Super Mario World , The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past , Street Fighter II , and the Final Fantasy series . Total worldwide sales of the SNES reached 49.10 million units , eclipsing the estimated 40 million unit sales of the Genesis . As the SNES battled the Sega Genesis , Nintendo was running into problems on another front caused by their own aggressive marketing behavior . In 1991 , Nintendo agreed to a settlement regarding price - fixing allegations brought by the Federal Trade Commission and attorneys general in New York and Maryland . Nintendo had been accused of threatening to cut off shipments of the NES to retailers who discounted the price of the system . The estimated cost of the settlement was just under $30 million . In 1992 , Gunpei Yokoi and the rest of R&D 1 began planning on a new virtual reality console to be called the Virtual Boy . Hiroshi Yamauchi also bought majority shares of the Seattle Mariners in 1992 . By May 1993 , Nintendo had reportedly become one of the top ten leading companies in the world . In 1993 , Nintendo announced plans to develop a new 64 - bit console codenamed Project Reality that would be capable of rendering fully 3D environments and characters . In 1994 , Nintendo also claimed that Project Reality would be renamed Ultra 64 in the US . The Ultra 64 moniker was unveiled in arcades on the Nintendo branded fighting game Killer Instinct and the racing game Cruisin ' USA . Killer Instinct was later released on the SNES . Soon after , Nintendo realized they had mistakenly chosen a name for their new console that the Konami corporation owned the rights to . Specifically , only Konami would have the rights to release games for the new system called Ultra Football , Ultra Tennis , etc . Therefore , in 1995 Nintendo changed the final name of the system to the Nintendo 64 , and announced that it would be released in 1996 . They later showed previews of the system and several games , including Super Mario 64 , to the media and public . 1995 is also the year that Nintendo purchased part of Rare . In 1994 , after many years of Nintendo 's products being distributed in Australia by Mattel since the NES in 1985 , Nintendo opened its Australian headquarters and its first Managing Directors were Graham Kerry , who moved along from Mattel Australia as Managing Director and Susumu Tanaka of Nintendo UK Ltd . In 1995 , Nintendo released the Virtual Boy in Japan . The console sold poorly , but Nintendo still said they had hope for it and continued to release several other games and attempted a release in the US , which was another disaster . Also in 1995 , Nintendo found themselves in a competitive situation . Competitor Sega introduced their 32 - bit Saturn , while newcomer Sony introduced the 32 - bit PlayStation . Sony 's fierce marketing campaigns ensued , and it started to cut into Nintendo and Sega 's market share . Nintendo 64 and game Boy Color ( edit ) Main articles : Nintendo 64 and Game Boy Color Nintendo 64 black console with blank game cartridge and grey controller On June 23 , 1996 , the Nintendo 64 ( N64 ) was released in Japan , selling over 500,000 units on the first day of its release . On September 29 , 1996 , Nintendo released the Nintendo 64 in North America , selling out the initial shipment of 350,000 . Many feel that the advertising onslaught by Sony at this time did not truly begin to take effect until many of the consumers who held out for the N64 became frustrated at the lack of software following the first few months after the system 's release . What also greatly contributed to the extremely competitive climate that Nintendo was entrenched in was the fact that many third - party companies immediately began developing and releasing many of their leading games for Nintendo 's competing consoles . Many of those third party companies cited cheaper development and manufacturing costs for the CD format , versus the cartridge format . On December 1 , 1999 , Nintendo released an add - on to the Nintendo 64 in Japan , titled the Nintendo 64DD , although it was never released elsewhere . Nintendo followed with the release of the Game Boy Pocket , a smaller version of the original Game Boy , designed by Gunpei Yokoi as a parting gift . A week after the release of the Game Boy Pocket , Gunpei resigned from his position at Nintendo . Gunpei helped in the creation of a competitor system named the WonderSwan , using the skills he gained in the creation of the Game Boy . In 1996 , Pocket Monsters ( known internationally as `` Pokémon '' ) was released in Japan to a huge following . The Pokémon franchise , created by Satoshi Tajiri , was proving so popular in America , Europe , and Japan , that for a brief time , Nintendo took back their place as the supreme power in the games industry . In 1997 , Game Boy and Metroid creator Gunpei Yokoi died in a car accident at the age of 56 . On October 13 , 1998 , the Game Boy Color was released in Japan , with releases in North America and Europe a month later . Game Boy Advance and GameCube ( edit ) Main articles : Game Boy Advance and GameCube GameCube with controller and 251 - block memory card Nintendo released the Game Boy Advance in Japan on March 21 , 2001 , followed by the North American launch on June 11 and the European launch on June 22 . Nintendo released the GameCube home video game console on September 14 , 2001 , in Japan . It was released in North America on November 18 , 2001 , Europe on May 3 , 2002 , and Australia on May 17 , 2002 . In January 2002 , Minoru Arakawa resigned as president of Nintendo of America , and Nintendo named Tatsumi Kimishima as his successor . In May 2002 , Hiroshi Yamauchi stepped down as the president of Nintendo and named Satoru Iwata his successor . During the same year , Nintendo and Chinese - American scientist Dr Wei Yen co-founded iQue to manufacture and distribute official Nintendo consoles and games for the mainland Chinese market under the iQue brand . Nintendo 's aggressive business tactics in Europe would catch up to them . The European Commission determined that Nintendo had engaged in anticompetitive price - fixing business practices dating at least as far back as the early 1990s . This resulted in a heavy fine being laid against the company -- € 149 million , one of the largest antitrust fines applied in the history of the commission . Nintendo DS and Wii ( edit ) Main articles : Nintendo DS , Nintendo DS Lite , Nintendo DSi , Nintendo DSi XL , and Wii Nintendo DS Lite in its opened position In May 2004 , Nintendo announced plans to release a new brand of handheld , unrelated to the Game Boy , featuring two screens , one of which was touch - sensitive . The Nintendo DS , released on November 21 , 2004 , received over three million pre-orders . In addition to the touch screen , the DS can also create three - dimensional graphics , similar to those of the Nintendo 64 , although its lack of hardware support for texture filtering results in more pixelated graphics than on the Nintendo 64 . President Satoru Iwata reassigned all of Nintendo 's software designers under new managers and different division ; most of the resources were allocated to Shigeru Miyamoto and Takashi Tezuka and the Nintendo EAD division . On May 14 , 2005 , Nintendo opened its first retail store accessible to the general public , Nintendo World Store , at the Rockefeller Center in New York City . It consists of two stories , and contains many kiosks of GameCube , Game Boy Advance , and Nintendo DS games . There are also display cases filled with things from Nintendo 's past , including Hanafuda playing cards , Nintendo 's first product . They celebrated the opening with a block party at Rockefeller Plaza . At E3 in May 2005 , Nintendo displayed the first prototype for their `` next - generation '' system , codenamed the Nintendo Revolution ( now known as the Wii ) , its controller revealed at the Tokyo Game Show later that year . On January 26 , 2006 , Nintendo announced a new version of their Nintendo DS handheld , the Nintendo DS Lite , designed to be smaller and lighter , with a brighter screen . It was launched in Japan on March 2 , 2006 , and three months later in North America and Europe on June 11 and June 23 , 2006 , respectively . On May 25 , 2006 , Reggie Fils - Aimé was promoted to President and COO of Nintendo of America , Inc . The former President , Tatsumi Kimishima , was promoted to Chairman of the Board and CEO . On July 7 , 2006 , Nintendo officially established a South Korean subsidiary , Nintendo Korea , in the country 's capital , Seoul , which replaced Daewon Media as the official distributor of Nintendo products in South Korea . Original Wii console with Wii Remote In early August 2006 , it was revealed that Nintendo , along with Microsoft , was made the target of a patent - infringement lawsuit . Leveled by the Anascape Ltd. , the suit claimed that Nintendo 's use of analog technology in their game controllers constitutes a violation of their patents . The lawsuit sought to recover damages from both corporations and possibly force them to stop selling controllers with the violating technology . Microsoft settled with Anasacape , while Nintendo went to trial , initially losing and being ordered to pay US $ 21 million in damages . Nintendo appealed , and on April 23 , 2010 the Federal Circuit reversed the ruling . In November 2010 , Anascape 's appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States was denied . In mid-September 2006 , during press conferences held in Tokyo , New York , and London on 13 , 14 and 15 September , respectively , Nintendo announced launch details for its Wii console , as well as demonstrated features of the `` Wii Menu '' GUI . The system was first released on November 19 , 2006 in the US , followed by the Japanese launch on December 2 , the Australian launch on December 6 , and the European launch on December 8 . The console sold fast and was a big breakthrough for Nintendo , picking up the pace lost from their last console , the GameCube . The success of the Wii has been attributed to the intended market of the product ; while at the time most competitors were focusing on more adult and fan - based games , Nintendo decided to release a console for a larger demographic , one including casual gamers , children and those who would n't ordinarily play video games . Since no other major gaming console was marketing for this image , these other companies were caught mostly unprepared by the success of the Wii system , and it was n't until 2010 that Sony and Microsoft released consoles targeting the same demographic as the Wii . On September 17 , 2007 , Nintendo of America closed its official forums , the NSider Forums , indefinitely due to a major overhaul of their site . For months prior , cutbacks in Nintendo of America 's online department led to the trimming back of NSider 's chat hours and the replacement of their annual Camp Hyrule event -- held during August -- with a sweepstakes . In the meantime , Nintendo encouraged fans to run their own forums . Nintendo - Europe 's forum section of their site was also officially closed down a week later due to a site revamp , however it had been offline citing `` security issues '' since June of that year . On December 19 , 2007 , Nintendo opened a forum for technical support only . In October 2007 , Nintendo announced Nintendo Australia 's new Managing Director , Rose Lappin . She is Nintendo 's first female head of one of its subsidiaries and worked for Nintendo before it started in Australia as Director of Sales and Marketing for Mattel and had that role until she was announced Managing Director . On November 1 , 2008 , Nintendo released an updated version of the Nintendo DS Lite in Japan ; the Nintendo DSi . It includes all features of the Nintendo DS Lite , but it includes a camera on the inside and outside of the system , and newer features . It is the first handheld game system manufactured by Nintendo that allows downloadable gaming content to the system . The Nintendo DSi was released April 2 , 2009 , in Australia and Asia , April 3 , 2009 , in Europe , and April 5 , 2009 , in North America . Nintendo 3DS , Wii U , and Nintendo Switch ( edit ) Main articles : Nintendo 3DS , Nintendo 3DS XL , Nintendo 2DS , New Nintendo 3DS , Wii U , and Nintendo Switch The Wii U console with Wii U GamePad On February 26 , 2011 , the Nintendo 3DS was released in Japan . It was released on March 25 and 27 to Europe and the US , respectively . The 3DS was part of a large wave of 3D technologies being released at the time ; unlike most of these , the 3DS did not use 3D glasses for its 3D effect , and instead used parallax barrier autostereoscopy . On April 25 , 2011 , Nintendo confirmed that they were making a new console to be released in 2012 . On June 7 , 2011 , the console was announced as being named the Wii U . The Wii U is Nintendo 's first console to be able to play video games in 1080p HD . During the Electronics Entertainment Expo in 2011 , Nintendo 's press conference put a great amount of stress on the abilities and innovations of the new controller , a unit resembling a tablet . Many gamers were confused after the press conference about whether the Wii U is an entirely new system or just a new controller for the Wii . The Wii U was , however , a whole new home console system developed by Nintendo . The system was released on November 18 , 2012 in North America , November 30 , 2012 in Europe and Australia , and on December 8 , 2012 in Japan . It featured a new controller with a 6.2 inch touchscreen , two thumb pads , four shoulder buttons , a directional pad , and four lettered buttons . It also featured an accelerometer , gyroscope , camera , Near - field communications ( NFC ) , and built - in microphone , similar those in the Nintendo 3DS . The Nintendo Switch Console in the Dock with Red and Blue Joy - Con controllers . On July 11 , 2015 , Satoru Iwata died from a bile duct tumor at the age of 55 . Following his death , Shigeru Miyamoto and Genyo Takeda jointly led the company on an interim basis until Tatsumi Kimishima 's appointment as Iwata 's successor on September 16 , 2015 . In addition to the appointment , Miyamoto was named `` Creative Fellow '' while Takeda was named `` Technology Fellow '' . In October 2016 , Nintendo revealed a new system called the Nintendo Switch , which was released on March 3 , 2017 . It is a hybrid video game console with detachable controllers with an emphasize on portability and on the go multiplayer in contrast of the then competitors PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . In the year the Switch was released Nintendo put out The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild and Super Mario Odyssey , both games with critical acclaim that helped sell millions of units in the first year of the new console , eventually culminating with the Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild being named Game of the Year 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` Yamauchi Buys Mariners As A Public Service '' . The Spokesman - Review . Associated Press . 1992 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19930508&id=y85OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xRMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1164,1994865 Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Of America President Retires , Replaced By Pokemon USA Exec '' . Gamasutra. 8 January 2002 . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Walker , Trey ( 24 May 2002 ) . `` E3 2002 : Yamauchi steps down '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo to Enter China 's Video - Game Market With a New Console '' . Bloomberg.com. 25 September 2003 . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo fined for price fixing '' . BBC News . 2002 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Dobson , Jason ( 2006 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Nintendo Of America 's Fils - Aime Promoted to President / COO '' . Gamasutra . Think Services . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , David ( 30 June 2006 ) . `` Nintendo Establishes Subsidiary In South Korea '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo , Microsoft Face Patent Lawsuit - DS News at IGN '' . Web.archive.org. 2009 - 01 - 26 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Ricker , Thomas ( 15 May 2008 ) . `` Nintendo ordered to pay $21 million to patent troll '' . Engadget . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Kapur , Rajit ( 4 April 2010 ) . `` Case Update : Anascape , Ltd. v. Nintendo of America Inc . '' Patent Arcade . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Greenspan , Jesse ( 1 November 2010 ) . `` Anascape Bid To Reclaim $21 M Dashed By High Court '' . Law360.com . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wii European launch details announced '' . GamesIndustry.biz. 15 September 2006 . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Internet Archive Wayback Machine Jump up ^ Gaudiosi , John ( 25 April 2007 ) . `` The untold story of how the Wii beat the Xbox , PlayStation '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Stan Schroeder , Mashable ( 25 April 2011 ) . `` Nintendo confirms Wii successor for 2012 '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Wii U confirmed for Europe this year '' . Metro . Jump up ^ `` WiiU Price and Release Date Announced '' . WiiU News . 2012 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Network @ E3 2011 - Introducing Wii U '' . Web.archive.org. 2011 - 06 - 15 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Takashi Amano ( July 12 , 2015 ) . `` Satoru Iwata , Nintendo President Who Introduced Wii , Dies '' . Bloomberg News . Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved July 14 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Notice Regarding Personnel Change of a Representative Director and Role Changes of Directors '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo . September 14 , 2015 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Awards - The Game Awards '' . The Game Awards . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . Further reading ( edit ) Sheff , David ( 1993 ) . Game Over : How Nintendo Zapped an American Industry , Captured Your Dollars , and Enslaved Your Children . New York , New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 7881 - 6320 - 5 . Gorges , Florent ; Isao Yamazaki ( 2010 ) . The History of Nintendo : 1889 - 1980 From playing - cards to Game & Watch . Paris , France : pix'n love publishing . ISBN 2 - 918272 - 15 - 9 . 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List of Fairy Tail episodes ( season 6 ) - wikipedia List of Fairy Tail episodes ( season 6 ) Jump to : navigation , search Fairy Tail ( season 6 ) Cover of the forty - forth and last DVD volume of the first series of Fairy Tail released by Pony Canyon in Japan on September 4 , 2013 , featuring Lucy Heartfilia and Natsu Dragneel . Country of origin Japan No. of episodes 25 Release Original network TV Tokyo Original release October 6 , 2012 -- March 30 , 2013 Season chronology ← Previous Fairy Tail ( season 5 ) Next → Fairy Tail ( season 7 ) The sixth season of the Fairy Tail anime series was directed by Shinji Ishihira and produced by A-1 Pictures and Satelight . Like the rest of the series , it follows the adventures of Natsu Dragneel and Lucy Heartfilia of the fictional guild , Fairy Tail . It contains a single story arc , titled `` Dai Matō Enbu '' ( 大 魔 闘 演武 , lit `` Grand Magic Games '' ) , which adapts material from the beginning of the 31st through the ending of the 35th volumes of Hiro Mashima 's Fairy Tail manga over 24 episodes . Focusing on Natsu and the others who were frozen in time for seven years on Tenrou Island , the members return to Magnolia and discover that Saber Tooth is the strongest guild in the Fiore Kingdom . Having become the weakest guild during the absence of its core members , Fairy Tail decides to enter the Grand Magic Games , an annual competition to decide Fiore 's strongest guild . The season began airing on October 6 , 2012 on TV Tokyo in Japan and concluded its run on March 30 , 2013 . The first DVD compilation , containing the last two episodes of the fifth season and the first two episodes of the sixth season , was released by Pony Canyon on March 6 , 2013 . The subsequent episodes of the sixth season were later included in five DVD compilations , each containing four episodes , which were also released by Pony Canyon between April 3 , 2013 and August 7 , 2013 , and the final DVD compilation containing the last three episodes of the season was released on September 4 , 2013 . It was licensed for a dubbed broadcast in English by Animax Asia , which aired from March 6 to April 9 , 2014 . Four pieces of theme music are used during the season . The first opening theme , titled `` Break Through '' and performed by Going Under Ground , was used for the first sixteen episodes of the season . The second opening theme , used for the remainder of the season , is `` Fairy Tail : Yakusoku no Hi '' ( フェアリー テイル ~ 约束 の 日 ~ , `` Fairy Tail : The Promised Day '' ) , performed by Chihiro Yonekura . The ending themes respectively used with the opening themes are `` Kimi ga Kureta Mono '' ( キミ が くれ た もの , `` What You Gave Me '' ) , performed by Shizuka Kudō , and `` We 're the Stars '' , performed by Aimi . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episode list 2 Notes 3 References Episode list ( edit ) No . Official English title Original Japanese title Original air date English air date 151 `` Sabertooth '' `` Seibātūsu '' ( 剣 咬 の 虎 ( セイバー トゥース ) ) October 6 , 2012 November 17 , 2015 The Legion Platoon is tasked by Zentopia 's archbishop to retrieve the missing pieces of the Infinity Clock and seal them again . Before embarking on their mission , they visit Fairy Tail and make amends with the guild for their previous hostility against them . It is later discovered that Fairy Tail has lost their title as the strongest guild in Fiore to the Saber Tooth guild over the past seven years . Two of the strongest wizards in the guild include a pair of Dragon Slayers named Sting and Rogue , who are obsessed with fighting Natsu and Gajeel , respectively . Meanwhile , Makarov brings Gildarts to their abandoned guildhall and shows him Lumen Histoire , a light that Makarov says is Fairy Tail 's greatest secret . Makarov then tells Gildarts that he has been chosen to become the next master of Fairy Tail . 152 `` And So We Aim for the Top '' `` Soshite Ore - tachi wa Chōjō o Mezasu '' ( そして オレ たち は 顶 上 を 目指す ) October 13 , 2012 November 24 , 2015 Natsu and his friends discover that a power gap has developed between them and the rest of the guild members who were not on Tenrou Island . The group meets with Poluchka for medicine to strengthen their magic , but are unsuccessful . Wendy recognizes Poluchka 's voice and scent as those of Grandine , the dragon who raised her . Poluchka reveals herself as the Edolas counterpart of Grandine , and gives Wendy written instructions for two advanced spells that Grandine failed to teach her . Meanwhile , Makarov announces Gildarts ' succession as master to the rest of the guild , only to find he has gone on a journey , leaving a letter of resignation behind . In the letter , Gildarts reinstates Laxus into the guild , returns mastership to Makarov , and tells him to make Fairy Tail the strongest guild in Fiore again . Romeo suggests they participate in the Grand Magic Games , an annual festival designed to determine the guild rankings in Fiore . 153 `` Song of the Stars '' `` Hoshiboshi no Uta '' ( 星々 の 歌 ) October 20 , 2012 December 1 , 2015 With the Grand Magic Games occurring in three months time , Natsu and his friends train at a beach resort . On their second day of training , Virgo appears and tells the wizards that the Celestial Spirit World is in danger of destruction . When the wizards arrive , they instead find a surprise party held by the Celestial Spirit King celebrating their return from Sirius Island after seven years . They spend the day in the spirit world partying with the spirits . Before they leave , however , Virgo informs them that one day in the spirit world equals three months in the human world , and they find the Grand Magic Games are upon them . 154 `` For All the Time We Missed Each Other '' `` Surechigatta Jikan no Bun dake '' ( すれ 违 っ た 时间 の 分 だけ ) October 27 , 2012 December 8 , 2015 While mulling over their lost training time , the Fairy Tail wizards receive a message via carrier pigeon requesting a private meeting in the forest nearby . There they meet a runaway Jellal , Ultear , and Merudy , who have formed their own guild , Crime Sorcière , to defeat Zeref and any dark guilds that try to use his power . The three ask Fairy Tail for their help in determining the source of a magical anomaly similar to Zeref 's magic that they have sensed around the Grand Magic Games arena , Domus Flau . In exchange , Ultear uses her magic to invoke their Second Origin in order to double their magic power . As the others undergo the painful process of awakening their Second Origin , Erza talks with Jellal over his regained memories . The two nearly kiss , but Jellal decides that he and Erza can not be together and lies to her that he has a fiancée . Erza quickly picks up on this and respects his decision , seeing Crime Sorcière off as they leave . 155 `` Crocus , the Flower - Blooming Capital '' `` Hanasaku Miyako : Kurokkasu '' ( 花 笑 く 都 ・ クロッカス ) November 3 , 2012 December 15 , 2015 Natsu , Lucy , Gray , Erza , and Wendy are chosen to represent their guild in the Grand Magic Games , which are to be held in Fiore 's capital , Crocus . As they tour the city , Natsu and Happy encounter the twin dragon slayers , Sting and Rogue , who mock Natsu for not being able to kill Acnologia , and boast of becoming true dragon slayers by killing the dragons who raised them . At midnight , Fairy Tail and the other participating guilds are put through a preliminary event -- a race through a massive floating labyrinth -- designed to narrow the number of participating guilds down to eight teams . 156 `` Sky Labyrinth '' `` Sukai Rabirinsu '' ( 空中 迷宮 ( スカイ ラビリンス ) ) November 10 , 2012 December 22 , 2015 Natsu 's team notices that Wendy has gone missing , so Elfman replaces her to keep them from being eliminated . As they make their way through the enchanted labyrinth , the five encounter various other guilds and steal the maps made by the other guilds to better navigate the maze . They manage to reach the end of the maze and pass the elimination round , confident they have arrived first , only to discover they have barely taken last place . Meanwhile , Happy , Lisanna , and the rest of the guild search for Wendy and Carla . They eventually find the two in the garden of the king 's palace , Mercurius , with their magic power depleted . 157 `` New Guild '' `` Shinki Girudo '' ( 新 规 ギルド ) November 17 , 2012 December 29 , 2015 Wendy 's body is weakened as a result of losing her magic power . As Poluchka helps her recover , she formally requests Elfman to take her place in the Grand Magic Games . Fairy Tail steps into the arena with a negative audience reception , but they are bolstered by their guild mates and the spirit of Mavis , whom only the Fairy Tail guild members can see . The next four participating teams are revealed to be Quatro Cerberus , Mermaid Heel , Blue Pegasus , and Lamia Scale . Following them is Raven Tail , a former dark guild led by Makarov 's son Ivan , who confess to attacking Wendy and Carla . To everyone 's shock , the next team is revealed to be a second team from Fairy Tail composed of Gajeel , Juvia , Mirajane , Laxus , and Jellal ( disguised as Mystogan to help investigate the arena ) . The final guild to be announced is Saber Tooth , much to the joy of the audience . With all eight teams announced , they each send out one member to participate in the first contest of the games , with Gray and Juvia representing their teams . 158 `` Night of Shooting Stars '' `` Hoshi Furu Yoru ni '' ( 星 降 ル 夜 ニ ) November 24 , 2012 January 5 , 2016 The games ' first contest , `` Hidden '' , requires the eight participants to score points by finding and attacking each other in a virtual city filled with copies of themselves . Raven Tail member Nalpudding repeatedly targets Gray , who scores last place in the contest while Saber Tooth 's Rufus scores first by using his Memory - Make magic to attack all the other participants at once . Humiliated , Gray swears revenge against Raven Tail and Saber Tooth . Afterwards , Lucy is chosen to fight Raven Tail member Flare in the tournament 's first battle round . 159 `` Lucy vs. Flare '' `` Rūshii vs. Furea '' ( ルーシィ vs. フレア ) December 1 , 2012 January 12 , 2016 Lucy displays tremendous skill in her battle against Flare by being able to summon two spirits simultaneously . As Lucy gains the upper hand , Flare cheats by using her magic hair to hold Alzack and Bisca 's daughter Asuka as a hostage , blackmailing Lucy into not fighting back to keep her from harming Asuka . As Lucy tearfully speaks of Asuka 's danger , Natsu is able to hear it and rushes to Asuka to incinerate Flare 's hair , allowing Lucy to counterattack with her Urano Metoria spell in combination with Gemini . However , before the spell fully activates , Flare 's teammate Obra nullifies Lucy 's magic , causing her to collapse and lose the match . 160 `` Portent '' `` Kyōzui '' ( 凶 瑞 ) December 8 , 2012 January 19 , 2016 Blue Pegasus ' Ren defeats Mermaid Heel 's Araña during the games ' second match , while Saber Tooth 's Orga effortlessly defeats Quatro Cerberus ' War Cry in the third match . For the day 's fourth and final match , Jellal is pitted against Lamia Scale 's Jura , intending to avenge the humiliated Fairy Tail members . He mimics Mystogan 's magic to keep up his disguise , but he finds it ineffective to use against Jura and is forced to use his own magic instead . Before he can cast a spell that will expose his true identity , Ultear uses Merudy 's sensory to force Jellal into submission . Meanwhile , the hospitalized Carla awakens after having a troubling premonition of the future . 161 `` Chariots '' `` Chariotto '' ( 战 车 ( チャリオット ) ) December 15 , 2012 January 26 , 2016 Fairy Tail is undaunted by their poor performance on the first day . As the guild celebrates , they are visited and taunted by Bacchus , Erza 's rival from Quatro Cerberus , who has come to replace War Cry . Carla relays her premonition to Poluchka , saying that she saw Mercurius collapsing around what appeared to be a tearfully singing Lucy . The second day of the tournament begins with a footrace atop a train of moving chariots , causing the participants Natsu , Gajeel , and Sting to suffer from motion sickness as a side effect of their Dragon Slayer magic . As Natsu and Gajeel force themselves forward , Sting inquires about their determination to which Natsu responds that it is as a result of the strength of Fairy Tail 's bonds . Sting eventually throws the race while Natsu and Gajeel manage to finish as sixth and seventh placers , respectively , earning Fairy Tail the audience 's respect . 162 `` Elfman vs. Bacchus '' `` Erufuman vs. Bakkasu '' ( エルフマン vs. バッカス ) December 22 , 2012 September 1 , 2015 Due to a miscomunnication between the king and his knight Arcadios , Elfman is chosen as Bacchus ' opponent instead of Erza . Before the match commences , the two opponents make a wager : if Bacchus wins , he will court Elfman 's sisters , and if Elfman wins , Bacchus ' team name will be changed to `` Quatro Puppy '' for the rest of the games . Bacchus ruthlessly attacks Elfman with his bare palms , who manages to damage Bacchus with his defensive Lizardman transformation . Elfman manages to outlast Bacchus as he exhausts himself , winning the match and forcing Bacchus ' team to be renamed . Meanwhile , Natsu finds Wendy , Carla , and Poluchka being kidnapped by a group of masked men . Upon being caught , the men claim they were hired to kidnap Lucy by Raven Tail . They are soon revealed to have actually been sent by Arcadios , who intends to sow discord between the guilds as he plots to use Lucy for his `` Eclipse Project '' . 163 `` Mirajane vs. Jenny '' `` Mirajēn vs. Jenī '' ( ミラ ジェーン vs. ジェニー ) January 5 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 The second day of the Grand Magic Games continues , with Mirajane of Fairy Tail Team B fighting against Jenny Realight of Team Blue Pegasus . Since the two competitors are well - known for being magazine models , their battle consists almost entirely of a fashion showdown , much to the pleasure of the audience . Eventually as the showdown becomes redundant , Jenny proposes a wager : the loser must pose nude for the Sorcerer Magazine , which Mirajane accepts . Jenny then transforms into her battle armor while Mirajane shifts into her Satan Soul `` Sitri '' form and easily defeats Jenny . The final match of the day is announced , with Kagura Mikazuchi of Mermaid Heel pitted against Yukino Aguria of Saber Tooth . Yukino proposes to Kagura that they wager their lives on their battle . Meanwhile , Arcadios is confronted by Darton , the kingdom 's defense minister , about his `` Eclipse Project '' . 164 `` Kagura vs. Yukino '' `` Kagura vs. Yukino '' ( カグラ vs. ユキノ ) January 12 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 Yukino is revealed to be a celestial spirit wizard when she summons Libra and Pisces to attack Kagura . Using her gravity - altering magic , Kagura defeats the two spirits , thus forcing Yukino to use a Gatekey that summons Ophiuchus , which is regarded as the strongest among the Celestial Spirits . However , Kagura slays Ophiuchus with her sword still sheathed and easily defeats Yukino . Later , Jellal discusses the fact that he has not sensed the evil power similar to Zeref 's even though the second day of the Grand Magic Games has ended . Erza reunites with Milliana , who is revealed to be a member of Mermaid Heel . Meanwhile , Saber Tooth 's master Jiemma is dissatisfied with his guild 's performance . Though Sting is given another chance , Jiemma humiliates Yukino for her failure . 165 `` Hatred at Nightfall '' `` Urami wa Yoru no Tobari ni Tsutsumarete '' ( 怨み は 夜 の 帐 に 包 まれ て ) January 19 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 After Yukino is expelled from Saber Tooth , she offers her two golden Gatekeys to Lucy to complete the latter 's collection of the Zodiac Gatekeys , stating that when the twelve Zodiac Gatekeys are all gathered , a gateway that changes the world will open ; however , Lucy turns down the offer . Meanwhile , Milliana tells Erza that Kagura 's sword , Archenemy , is intended to kill Jellal , and that she and Kagura share the same resentment towards Jellal . Natsu and Happy run after Yukino in an attempt to apologize ; however , Natsu realizes that Yukino had been expelled , and infiltrates the Crocus Garden to fight Jiemma . 166 `` Pandemonium '' `` Pandemoniumu '' ( 伏魔殿 ( パンデモニウム ) ) January 26 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 After Natsu punches out Dobengal , the guild member summoned to fight him , he and Jiemma engage in a duel . However , the guild master 's daughter Minerva appears , ends their duel and , taking Happy hostage , convinces Natsu to settle their dispute in the Grand Magic Games . As Natsu leaves , he states that Saber Tooth will never surpass Fairy Tail because they care for their friends , words that are echoed by Rogue , while Sting is left in awe at Natsu 's strength . The following day as the Grand Magic Games continue , an event called `` Pandemonium '' begins . It involves the participants entering a magical citadel filled with 100 monsters of varying strengths and individually doing battle with any number of monsters they choose . Representing Fairy Tail Team A , Erza requests the 100 monsters as her opponents . 167 `` 100 Against 1 '' `` Hyaku tai Ichi '' ( 100 対 1 ) February 2 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 Erza kills the 100 monsters using various types of armor to match their strength and weaknesses . As a result , the crowd praises Fairy Tail , and the guild is awarded with 10 points . Moreover , the game officials decided to determine the ranks of the remaining participants by means of a device called `` Magic Power Finder '' ( sometimes abbreviated as MPF ) . Using this tool , participants must attack it with their magic power , which will , in turn , calculate and display their equivalent scores depending on the extent of power used . In the end , Cana of Fairy Tail Team B dominates the event by using the Fairy Glitter spell lent to her by Mavis , much to Makarov 's surprise . With Cana 's victory , Fairy Tail Team B receives 8 points , and the audience began to burst once more into a resounding swarm of cheers and claps due to the finish of the two Fairy Tail teams . Meanwhile , the Raven Tail team somehow managed to get an insider information regarding the battle matchups for the day , so the masked leader Alexei tells his subordinates Flare , Obra , Nalpudding , and Kurohebi that it 's about time to proceed with their true mission . 168 `` Laxus vs. Alexei '' `` Rakusasu vs. Arekusei '' ( ラクサス vs. アレクセイ ) February 9 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 In the battle portion of the Grand Magic Games ' third day , Milliana of Mermaid Heel beats Semmes of Quatro Puppy while Saber Tooth 's Rufus swiftly defeats Blue Pegasus ' Eve . For the third match , Laxus of Fairy Tail Team B is chosen to battle against Alexei of Team Raven Tail . Since the opponent is from a suspicious guild , the Fairy Tail members take extra precautions by watching the actions of Ivan Dreyar as well as the other four Raven Tail members . However , as the match commences , the spectators are shocked to see Laxus being beaten by Alexei , although no cautious movements can be seen from the Raven Tail team . It turns out that the two dueling people are just illusions created by Alexei in order for him to have a talk with Laxus . Also , the other Raven Tail members being monitored by Fairy Tail are just lifelike illusions , for in reality they are with Alexei in the battlefield . Alexei reveals himself to be Ivan Dreyar . Unable to interrogate Laxus of the Lumen Histoire 's location , Ivan and the Raven Tail members are forced to fight him . Before their battle begins , Ivan declares that Raven Tail is an anti-Fairy Tail guild . 169 `` Wendy vs. Shelia '' `` Wendi vs. Sheria '' ( ウェンディ vs. シェリア ) February 16 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 After Laxus defeats Ivan and the four Raven Tail elite members , Ivan 's illusions disappear to the shock of everyone in the stadium . The game officials declare Laxus the victor , and Ivan tells him that Lumen Histoire is Fairy Tail 's ' darkness ' . Due to the infraction of the rules , the Raven Tail team is disqualified for the remainder of the Games , and its members are captured by the soldiers . Later , Wendy of Fairy Tail Team A and Sherria Blendy of Team Lamia Scale face off to compete for the final match of the day . As the two exchange attacks , gusts of wind surround the arena since Sherria is revealed to be a Sky God Slayer . Wendy employs an advanced Sky Dragon Slayer attack much to Poluchka 's astonishment , causing Sherria to fall on the ground . Wendy is about to be announced as the winner of the bout when Sherria suddenly stands up with her wounds fully healed . Meanwhile , the Crime Sorcière guild senses the nefarious aura , and Jellal proceeds to the Domus Flau audience , oblivious that he bumped into Doranbolt , who , in turn , wonders what is Mystogan doing in Earthland . 170 `` Small Fists '' `` Chiisana Kobushi '' ( 小さな 拳 ) February 23 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 With Cheria being fully healed and Wendy being almost depleted of magic power , their battle continues , with the former casting a high - level spell towards the latter . However , it seems that Wendy enhances Cheria 's physical strength , causing the attack to gain much force and thus missing Wendy . The two competitors then engage in a hand - to - hand combat , but due to the time limit and neither side is giving up , their battle resulted in a draw , giving both teams with 5 points . Meanwhile , Jellal manages to track the sinister aura among the crowd in the form of a mysterious , hooded person . Jellal is about to confront the aura source , but he is abruptly cornered by Doranbolt , Lahar , and other Rune Knights . Doranbalt then interrogates Jellal , and as his cover was blown , the Rune Knights , as well as Kagura and Milliana glancing nearby , are startled to see the true identity of Mystogan . Yajima convinces the Rune Knights that Mystogan is Jellal 's Edolas counterpart , prompting Lahar to release the fugitive . Meanwhile , Laxus and Makarov have a small conversation regarding Lumen Histoire when Mavis appears and explains that Lumen Histoire is the ' light ' of Fairy Tail . 171 `` Naval Battle '' `` Nabaru Batoru '' ( 海战 ( ナバルバトル ) ) March 2 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 As the jubilant Fairy Tail members celebrate their victories , the other people , such as Sting , Kagura , and Milliana , are contemplating on their own concerns , while Yukino is enlisted as a sergeant under Arcadios ' command . Meanwhile , the fourth day of the competitions comes to a start with an event , `` Naval Battle '' , which involves the participants swimming in a giant water sphere and knocking the other competitors out . After the other participants fall out of the aquatic sphere , a five - minute battle between Lucy and Minerva ensues . However , Minerva quickly attacks Lucy , and she manages to steal the keys of the Celestial Spirit mage . Regardless of this , Lucy refuses to surrender . After hearing Lucy 's intentions , Minerva stops from attacking up to the extent that the five - minute mark was reached . However , Minerva resumes attacking Lucy until the game officials decide to halt the match . The Fairy Tail members snap , and Minerva dangles Lucy out of the sphere while the others rush to her aid . 172 `` A Parfum for You '' `` Kimi ni Sasageru Parufamu '' ( 君 に 捧げる 香り ( パルファム ) ) March 9 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 While Lucy is hospitalized and taken to the infirmary , the Fairy Tail members warn Saber Tooth that they have angered the worst possible guild to do so . Later , Makarov announces that the two Fairy Tail teams must merge as a result of the disqualification of Raven Tail and to compensate for the odd number of teams for the battle round . He also reveals that the new team will have the former Team A 's 35 points to start with . The new Fairy Tail team , consisting of Natsu , Gray , Erza , Gajeel , and Laxus , are well - received as they enter the field . The second part of the tournament begins with a tag battle between Blue Pegasus ' Ichiya and `` Rabbit '' and Quatro Puppy 's Rocker and Bacchus . To everyone 's shock , it is revealed that `` Rabbit '' is actually Nichiya in disguise , and after the Exceed is punched by Bacchus , Ichiya bulks up to defeat the Quatro Puppy opponents , awarding Blue Pegasus with 10 points . 173 `` Battle of Dragon Slayers ! '' `` Batoru obu Doragon Sureiyā '' ( バトル ・ オブ ・ ドラゴン スレイヤー ) March 16 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 Mermaid Heel 's Kagura and Milliana and Lamia Scale 's Lyon and Yuka face off for the second tag battle of the games . The two teams struggle to earn a victory , only to have their battle ending in a draw due to the time limit . For the third and final match of the day , the spectators look on in silence as Natsu and Gajeel of Team Fairy Tail and Sting and Rogue of Team Saber Tooth enter the field . As the battle commences , Sting and Rogue were about to take the initiative when they were suddenly attacked by Natsu and Gajeel . The four mages then exchange attacks ; however , the audience watches in shock as the Fairy Tail Dragon Slayers overpower the Saber Tooth Dragon Slayers . Unable to keep themselves on par with their adversaries , Sting activates ' White Drive ' while Rogue powers up using ' Shadow Drive ' . 174 `` Four Dragons '' `` Yonin no Doragon '' ( 四 人 の 竜 ( ドラゴン ) ) March 23 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 The tag battle continues , with Sting and Rogue beginning to attack Natsu and Gajeel with their powers being increased . After receiving heavy blows from the Saber Tooth Dragon Slayers , Natsu and Gajeel manages to hold them off , thus forcing Sting and Rogue to activate `` Dragon Force '' on their own will , to the shock of the Fairy Tail audience . Sting decides to finish the Fairy Tail Dragon Slayers alone , for he held a promise to his Exceed friend Lector many years ago . As the three mages fight , the tide turns in favor of Sting as he unleashes a powerful attack on Natsu and Gajeel , resulting in the collapse of the arena floor , and after a hand - to - hand combat underground , Sting was seemingly the victor of the match . However , the Fairy Tail duo stands up , comments on Sting 's strength , and argues about his position while attacking , thereby causing Natsu to drag Gajeel on a mining cart and send it away . While Gajeel is left incapacitated due to motion sickness , Natsu challenges the Twin Dragons of Saber Tooth alone , in retribution to what Sting did earlier on them . 175 `` Natsu vs. the Twin Dragons '' `` Natsu vs. Sōryū '' ( ナツ vs. 双竜 ) March 30 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 The tag battle of the Dragon Slayers comes to a close , with Natsu overpowering the combined attacks of Sting and Rogue . The Saber Tooth members watch in dismay , while Jiemma seethes in anger over the defeat of the Twin Dragons , frightening the nearby spectators away . The rest of Fairy Tail celebrates in joy as its team receives 10 points , finally surpassing Team Saber Tooth by a single point . Meanwhile , Gajeel , back to his senses after being dragged by Natsu into a cart earlier , stumbles upon a cave full of dragon skeletons . During that night , Jellal manages to corner the source of the dark aura , standing in disbelief at the identity of the mysterious , hooded person . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from Funimation . Jump up ^ Date the episode originally aired on TV Tokyo . Jump up ^ Date the episode first aired on the Funimation Channel in an English dub . References ( edit ) General `` Episodes 151 - 162 '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2013 . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . `` Episodes 163 - 175 '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2013 . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Specific Jump up ^ `` あにてれ : FAIRY TAIL '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fairy Tail Anime 's TV Run to End on March 30 '' . Anime News Network . March 2 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ポニーキャニ オン - FAIRY TAIL ( 38 ) : DVD '' . Pony Canyon . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ポニーキャニ オン - FAIRY TAIL ( 39 ) : DVD '' . Pony Canyon . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ポニーキャニ オン - FAIRY TAIL ( 43 ) : DVD '' . Pony Canyon . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ポニーキャニ オン - FAIRY TAIL ( 44 ) : DVD '' . Pony Canyon . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fairy Tail ( Season 4 ) '' . Animax Asia . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . ( hide ) Works by Hiro Mashima Fairy Tail Media Volumes 1 -- 15 16 -- 30 31 -- 45 46 -- 63 Spin - offs Fairy Tail Zero Episodes Season 1 6 7 Zero Characters Films Phoenix Priestess Dragon Cry Rave Master Chapters Episodes Characters Other series Monster Soul Monster Hunter Orage Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Fairy_Tail_episodes_(season_6)&oldid=816989088 '' Categories : Fairy Tail episode lists 2012 Japanese television seasons 2013 Japanese television seasons Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 25 December 2017 , at 07 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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when do the grand magic games start in fairy tail

Crocus, the Flower-Blooming Capital

beginning of the 31st through the ending of the 35th volumes of Hiro Mashima's Fairy Tail manga over 24 episodes.

Blood Type distribution by Country - wikipedia Blood Type distribution by Country Jump to : navigation , search Contents ( hide ) 1 ABO and distribution by country 2 Maps of allele ABO among native populations 3 References 4 See also ABO and distribution by Country ( edit ) This section 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on Talk : Blood type distribution by country . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ABO and Rh blood type distribution by country ( population averages ) Country Population O+ A+ B+ AB+ O − A − B − AB − Argentina 44,270,440 45.4 % 34.26 % 8.59 % 2.64 % 8.4 % 0.44 % 0.21 % 0.06 % Armenia 2,931,568 29.0 % 46.3 % 12.0 % 5.6 % 2.0 % 3.7 % 1.0 % 0.4 % Australia 24,642,693 40.0 % 31.0 % 8.0 % 2.0 % 9.0 % 7.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Austria 8,592,470 30.0 % 33.0 % 12.0 % 6.0 % 7.0 % 8.0 % 3.0 % 1.0 % Bahrain 1,418,695 48.48 % 19.35 % 22.61 % 3.67 % 3.27 % 1.33 % 1.04 % 0.25 % Bangladesh 164,833,667 31.18 % 21.44 % 34.58 % 8.85 % 1.39 % 0.96 % 0.96 % 0.64 % Belgium 11,444,053 38.0 % 34.0 % 8.6 % 4.1 % 7.0 % 6.0 % 1.5 % 0.8 % Bolivia 11,053,376 51.53 % 29.45 % 10.11 % 1.15 % 4.39 % 2.73 % 0.54 % 0.1 % Bosnia and Herzegovina 3,792,730 31.0 % 36.0 % 12.0 % 6.0 % 5.0 % 7.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Brazil 211,248,418 36.0 % 34.0 % 8.0 % 2.5 % 9.0 % 8.0 % 2.0 % 0.5 % Bulgaria 7,045,097 28.0 % 37.0 % 13.0 % 7.0 % 5.0 % 7.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Cambodia 16,077,172 46.7 % 27.2 % 18.5 % 4.9 % 1.3 % 0.8 % 0.5 % 0.1 % Cameroon 24,515,533 42.8 % 38.8 % 12.0 % 3.3 % 1.4 % 1.2 % 0.4 % 0.1 % Canada 36,627,140 39.0 % 36.0 % 7.6 % 2.5 % 7.0 % 6.0 % 1.4 % 0.5 % Chile 18,314,060 85.5 % 8.7 % 3.35 % 1.0 % 1.2 % 0.1 % 0.05 % 0.1 % China 1,388,251,023 47.7 % 27.8 % 18.9 % 5.0 % 0.28 % 0.19 % 0.1 % 0.03 % Colombia 49,069,267 61.3 % 26.11 % 2.28 % 1.47 % 5.13 % 2.7 % 0.7 % 0.31 % Côte d'Ivoire 23,869,656 46.5 % 22.5 % 22.5 % 4.3 % 2.0 % 1.0 % 1.0 % 0.2 % Croatia 4,207,355 29.0 % 36.0 % 15.0 % 5.0 % 5.0 % 6.0 % 3.0 % 1.0 % Cuba 11,486,750 45.8 % 33.5 % 10.2 % 2.9 % 3.6 % 2.8 % 1.0 % 0.2 % Cyprus 1,189,395 35.22 % 40.35 % 11.11 % 4.72 % 3.85 % 3.48 % 0.87 % 0.40 % Czech Republic 10,555,152 27.0 % 36.0 % 15.0 % 7.0 % 5.0 % 6.0 % 3.0 % 1.0 % Denmark 5,711,902 35.0 % 37.0 % 8.0 % 4.0 % 6.0 % 7.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Dominican Republic 10,766,932 46.2 % 26.4 % 16.9 % 3.1 % 3.7 % 2.1 % 1.4 % 0.2 % Ecuador 16,665,756 75.0 % 14.0 % 7.1 % 0.5 % 2.38 % 0.7 % 0.3 % 0.02 % Egypt 95,220,838 52.0 % 24.0 % 12.4 % 3.8 % 5.0 % 2.0 % 0.6 % 0.2 % El Salvador 6,171,483 62.0 % 23.0 % 11.0 % 1.0 % 1.0 % 1.0 % 0.7 % 0.3 % Estonia 1,305,745 29.5 % 30.8 % 20.7 % 6.3 % 4.3 % 4.5 % 3.0 % 0.9 % Ethiopia 104,352,727 39.0 % 28.0 % 21.0 % 5.0 % 3.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % 1.0 % Finland 5,541,328 27.0 % 38.0 % 15.0 % 7.0 % 4.0 % 6.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % France 64,939,560 36.0 % 37.0 % 9.0 % 3.0 % 6.0 % 7.0 % 1.0 % 1.0 % Germany 80,635,980 35.0 % 37.0 % 9.0 % 4.0 % 6.0 % 6.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Greece 10,892,849 37.4 % 32.9 % 11.0 % 3.7 % 7.0 % 5.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Guinea 13,291,741 46.88 % 21.64 % 22.86 % 4.52 % 2.0 % 0.9 % 1.0 % 0.2 % Honduras 9,348,898 57.5 % 27.0 % 7.8 % 2.5 % 2.7 % 1.7 % 0.6 % 0.2 % Hong Kong 7,402,115 41.5 % 26.13 % 25.34 % 6.35 % 0.32 % 0.17 % 0.14 % 0.05 % Hungary 9,787,801 27.0 % 33.0 % 16.0 % 8.0 % 5.0 % 7.0 % 3.0 % 1.0 % Iceland 334,311 47.6 % 26.4 % 9.3 % 1.6 % 8.4 % 4.6 % 1.7 % 0.4 % India 1,342,561,902 27.85 % 20.8 % 38.14 % 8.93 % 1.43 % 0.57 % 1.79 % 0.49 % Indonesia 263,519,317 36.82 % 25.87 % 28.85 % 7.96 % 0.18 % 0.13 % 0.15 % 0.04 % Iran 80,982,137 33.5 % 27.0 % 22.2 % 7.0 % 4.0 % 3.0 % 2.5 % 0.8 % Iraq 38,657,787 32.1 % 25.0 % 25.6 % 7.4 % 3.6 % 2.7 % 2.7 % 0.9 % Ireland 4,749,263 47.0 % 26.0 % 9.0 % 2.0 % 8.0 % 5.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Israel 8,323,659 32.0 % 34.0 % 17.0 % 7.0 % 3.0 % 4.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Italy 59,797,969 39.0 % 36.0 % 7.5 % 2.5 % 7.0 % 6.0 % 1.5 % 0.5 % Jamaica 2,813,316 47.0 % 23.0 % 20.0 % 3.0 % 3.5 % 2.0 % 1.0 % 0.5 % Japan 126,044,340 29.9 % 39.8 % 19.9 % 9.9 % 0.15 % 0.2 % 0.1 % 0.05 % Kenya 48,470,780 45.6 % 25.2 % 21.28 % 4.2 % 1.8 % 1.0 % 0.9 % 0.02 % Latvia 1,944,122 30.6 % 31.0 % 17.0 % 6.0 % 5.4 % 6.0 % 3.0 % 1.0 % Lebanon 6,039,438 38.4 % 32.3 % 9.5 % 3.2 % 7.7 % 6.5 % 1.7 % 0.7 % Libya 6,408,990 42.64 % 28.86 % 11.19 % 4.5 % 6.26 % 4.24 % 1.64 % 0.67 % Lithuania 2,827,573 36.0 % 33.0 % 11.0 % 4.0 % 7.0 % 6.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Luxemburg 587,297 35.0 % 37.0 % 9.0 % 4.0 % 6.0 % 6.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Macao 606,413 41.5 % 26.1 % 25.4 % 6.3 % 0.33 % 0.17 % 0.15 % 0.05 % Macedonia 2,083,690 30.0 % 34.0 % 15.0 % 6.0 % 5.0 % 6.0 % 3.0 % 1.0 % Malaysia 31,165,480 34.32 % 30.35 % 27.37 % 7.46 % 0.17 % 0.15 % 0.14 % 0.04 % Mauritania 4,266,765 46.3 % 26.68 % 17.47 % 3.85 % 2.8 % 1.6 % 1.1 % 0.2 % Mauritius 1,267,303 38.3 % 26.0 % 25.0 % 6.7 % 1.7 % 1.0 % 1.0 % 0.3 % Mexico 130,227,836 55.79 % 29.9 % 8.0 % 1.63 % 2.7 % 1.5 % 0.4 % 0.08 % Mongolia 3,052,044 55.4 % 27.7 % 10.9 % 4.96 % 0.6 % 0.3 % 0.1 % 0.04 % Myanmar 53,507,932 35.7 % 23.8 % 32.7 % 6.95 % 0.3 % 0.2 % 0.3 % 0.05 % Nepal 29,188,100 35.2 % 28.3 % 27.1 % 8.6 % 0.3 % 0.2 % 0.2 % 0.1 % Netherlands 17,033,012 39.5 % 35.0 % 6.7 % 2.5 % 7.5 % 7.0 % 1.3 % 0.5 % New Zealand 4,604,996 38.0 % 32.0 % 9.0 % 3.0 % 9.0 % 6.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Nigeria 191,851,411 51.3 % 22.4 % 20.7 % 2.6 % 1.6 % 0.7 % 0.6 % 0.1 % Norway 5,330,986 33.0 % 41.5 % 6.8 % 3.4 % 6.0 % 7.5 % 1.2 % 0.6 % North Korea 25,432,033 27.15 % 31.08 % 30.15 % 11.32 % 0.08 % 0.1 % 0.1 % 0.03 % Pakistan 180,440,005 24.63 % 20.6 % 34.40 % 9.52 % 4.17 % 2.66 % 3.57 % 0.45 % Papua New Guinea 7,952,511 48.0 % 37.2 % 9.6 % 2.8 % 1.0 % 0.8 % 0.4 % 0.2 % Peru 32,167,717 70.0 % 18.4 % 7.8 % 1.6 % 1.4 % 0.5 % 0.28 % 0.02 % Philippines 103,801,747 36.9 % 28.9 % 26.9 % 6.97 % 0.1 % 0.1 % 0.1 % 0.03 % Poland 38,563,480 31.0 % 32.0 % 15.0 % 7.0 % 6.0 % 6.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Portugal 10,264,672 36.3 % 40.0 % 6.6 % 2.9 % 6.0 % 6.6 % 1.1 % 0.5 % Republic of Moldova 4,043,722 28.5 % 31.8 % 17.6 % 7.0 % 5.0 % 6.0 % 3.0 % 1.1 % Romania 19,237,087 28.0 % 37.0 % 14.0 % 7.0 % 5.0 % 6.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Russia 143,374,801 28.0 % 30.0 % 20.0 % 7.0 % 4.9 % 5.8 % 3.2 % 1.1 % Saudi Arabia 32,744,532 47.8 % 23.9 % 17.0 % 4.0 % 4.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % 0.3 % Serbia 8,776,827 31.92 % 35.28 % 12.6 % 4.2 % 6.08 % 6.72 % 2.4 % 0.8 % Singapore 5,784,819 43.6 % 23.9 % 24.4 % 6.0 % 0.9 % 0.7 % 0.4 % 0.1 % Slovakia 5,432,265 27.2 % 35.7 % 15.3 % 6.8 % 4.8 % 6.3 % 2.7 % 1.2 % Slovenia 2,071,258 31.0 % 33.0 % 12.0 % 6.0 % 7.0 % 7.0 % 3.0 % 1.0 % South Africa 55,437,815 39.0 % 32.0 % 12.0 % 3.0 % 6.0 % 5.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % South Korea 50,748,307 27.9 % 33.87 % 26.92 % 10.98 % 0.1 % 0.13 % 0.08 % 0.02 % Spain 46,070,163 36.0 % 34.0 % 8.0 % 2.5 % 9.0 % 8.0 % 2.0 % 0.5 % Sudan 40,827,975 48.0 % 27.7 % 15.2 % 2.8 % 3.5 % 1.8 % 0.8 % 0.2 % Sweden 9,920,843 32.0 % 37.0 % 10.0 % 5.0 % 6.0 % 7.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Switzerland 8,454,321 35.0 % 40.0 % 7.0 % 3.0 % 6.0 % 7.0 % 1.0 % 1.0 % Syria 18,920,698 43.0 % 30.0 % 14.0 % 3.7 % 5.0 % 3.0 % 1.0 % 0.3 % Taiwan 23,234,936 43.9 % 25.9 % 23.9 % 6.0 % 0.17 % 0.1 % 0.01 % 0.02 % Thailand 68,298,027 40.8 % 16.9 % 36.8 % 4.97 % 0.2 % 0.1 % 0.2 % 0.03 % Turkey 80,420,065 29.8 % 37.8 % 14.2 % 7.2 % 3.9 % 4.7 % 1.6 % 0.8 % Uganda 43,276,492 43.7 % 39.0 % 10.7 % 3.9 % 1.3 % 1.0 % 0.3 % 0.1 % Ukraine 44,404,078 32.0 % 34.0 % 15.0 % 5.0 % 5.0 % 6.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % United Arab Emirates 3,398,017 44.1 % 21.9 % 20.9 % 4.3 % 4.3 % 2.1 % 2.0 % 0.4 % United Kingdom 65,512,375 37.0 % 35.0 % 8.0 % 3.0 % 7.0 % 7.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % United States 326,481,533 37.4 % 35.7 % 8.5 % 3.4 % 6.6 % 6.3 % 1.5 % 0.6 % Venezuela 32,011,082 58.5 % 28.3 % 5.3 % 1.8 % 3.5 % 1.7 % 0.7 % 0.2 % Vietnam 95,414,640 41.7 % 21.9 % 30.8 % 4.98 % 0.3 % 0.1 % 0.2 % 0.02 % Zimbabwe 16,642,880 63.3 % 18.5 % 14.6 % 0.99 % 1.7 % 0.5 % 0.4 % 0.01 % World 6,635,281,257 38.67 % 27.42 % 22.02 % 5.88 % 2.55 % 1.99 % 1.11 % 0.36 % 50.0 % and above 40.0 -- 49.9 % 30.0 -- 39.9 % 20.0 -- 29.9 % 10.0 -- 19.9 % 5.0 -- 9.9 % ( show ) Ethnic distribution of ABO ( without Rh ) blood types ( This table has more entries than the table above but does not distinguish between Rh types . ) People group O ( % ) A ( % ) B ( % ) AB ( % ) Aboriginal people 61 39 0 0 Abyssinians 43 27 25 5 Ainu ( Japan ) 17 32 32 18 Albanians 38 43 13 6 Grand Andamanese 9 60 23 9 Arabs 34 31 29 6 Armenians 31 50 13 6 Asian Americans 40 28 27 5 Austrians 36 44 13 6 Bantus 46 30 19 5 Basques 51 44 Belgians 47 42 8 Bororo ( Brazil ) 100 0 0 0 Brazilians 47 41 9 Bulgarians 32 44 15 8 Burmese 36 24 33 7 Buryats ( Siberia ) 33 21 38 8 Bushmen 56 34 9 Chinese - Canton 46 23 25 6 Chinese - Peking 29 27 32 13 Chuvash 30 29 33 7 Croats 42 34 17 7 Czechs 30 44 18 9 Danes 41 44 11 Dutch 45 43 9 Egyptians 33 36 24 8 English 47 42 9 Inuit ( Alaska ) 38 44 13 5 Inuit ( Greenland ) 54 36 23 8 Estonians 34 36 23 8 Fijians 44 34 17 6 Finns 34 41 18 7 French 43 47 7 Georgians 46 37 12 Germans 41 43 11 5 Greeks 40 42 14 5 Romani people ( Hungary ) 29 27 35 10 Hawaiians 37 61 Hindus ( Bombay ) 29 25 35 11 Hungarians 36 43 16 5 Icelanders 56 32 10 Indians ( India ) 29 21 40 9 Native Americans 79 16 Irish 52 35 10 Italians ( Milan ) 46 41 11 Japanese 30 38 22 10 Jews ( Germany ) 42 41 12 5 Jews ( Poland ) 33 41 18 8 Kalmuks 26 23 41 11 Kikuyu ( Kenya ) 60 19 20 Koreans 28 32 31 10 Sami people 29 63 Latvians 32 37 24 7 Lithuanians 40 34 20 6 Malays 62 18 20 0 Māori 46 54 0 Mayans 98 Moros 64 16 20 0 Navajo Indians 73 27 0 0 Nicobarese 74 9 15 Norwegians 39 50 8 Papuans ( New Guinea ) 41 27 23 9 Persians 38 33 22 7 Peruvian Indians 100 0 0 0 Filipinos 45 22 27 6 Poles 33 39 20 9 Portuguese 35 53 8 Romanians 33 43 16 8 Russians 33 36 23 8 Sardinians 50 26 19 5 Scots 51 34 12 Serbians 38 42 16 5 Shompen Nicobarese 100 0 0 0 Slovaks 42 37 16 5 South Africans 45 40 11 Spanish 38 47 10 5 Sudanese 62 16 21 0 Swedish 38 47 10 5 Swiss 40 50 7 Tatars 28 30 29 13 Thais 37 22 33 8 Turks 43 34 18 6 Ukrainians 37 40 18 6 Black Americans 49 27 20 White Americans 45 40 11 Vietnamese 42 22 30 5 Mean 43.91 34.80 16.55 5.14 Standard deviation 16.87 13.80 9.97 3.41 Blood group B has its highest frequency in South Asia where it ranks first as the largest share of the earth 's population . In Southeast Asia the share of the population is high , especially in Thailand and Indonesia , then in East Asia , Northern Asia and neighboring Central Asia , and its incidence diminishes both towards the east and the west , falling to single digit percentages in Netherlands , Norway , Portugal and Switzerland . It is believed to have been entirely absent from Native American and Australian Aboriginal populations prior to the arrival of Europeans in those areas . Blood group A is associated with high frequencies in Europe , especially in Scandinavia and Central Europe , although its highest frequencies occur in some Australian Aboriginal populations and the Blackfoot Indians of Montana , the US . Maps of allele ABO among native populations ( edit ) Map of allele A among native populations Map of allele B among native populations Map of allele O among native populations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ CIA World Factbook Jump up ^ `` Study of Blood Immunogenetical Markers in Armenian Population '' ( PDF ) . 1989 . Jump up ^ Blood Types - What Are They ? , Australian Red Cross Jump up ^ `` Austrian Red Cross - Blood Donor Information '' . Old.roteskreuz.at. 2006 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Rode Kruis Wielsbeke - Blood Donor information material '' . Rodekruiswielsbeke.be . Archived from the original on 26 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Tipos Sanguíneos Archived 9 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Canadian Blood Services - Société canadienne du sang . `` Types & Rh System , Canadian Blood Services '' . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ - ΚENTΡΟ ΑΙΜΑΤΟΣ Jump up ^ Czech Red Cross . `` Podíl krevních skupin v populaci České republiky '' . Archived from the original on 24 June 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Frequency of major blood groups in the Danish population . Jump up ^ `` ¿ Por qué donar Sangre ? ¡ Para Salvar Vidas ! '' ( Why donate blood ? to save lives ! ) . Cruz Roja Salvadoreña ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Veregruppidest '' ( Blood groups ) . verekeskus.ee ( in Estonian ) . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Suomalaisten veriryhmäjakauma '' ( in Finnish ) . 2009 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Les groupes sanguins ( système ABO ) '' . Centre Hospitalier Princesse GRACE - Monaco ( in French ) . C.H.P.G. MONACO. 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Blóðflokkar '' ( in Icelandic ) ... landspitali.is . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Blood Type Frequencies by Country including the Rh Factor '' . Jump up ^ `` Irish Blood Transfusion Service - Irish Blood Group Type Frequency Distribution '' . Irish Blood Transfusion Service . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The national rescue service in Israel '' ( in Hebrew ) . Mdais.org . Archived from the original on 26 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Blood Types in Jamaica '' . National Blood Transfusion Service . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 血液 の 知識 '' . Japanese Red Cross Society . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Croix Rouge '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Voorraad Erytrocytenconcentraten Bij Sanquin '' ( in Dutch ) . Archived from the original on 26 June 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` What are Blood Groups ? '' . NZ Blood . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Hva er en blodtype ? '' ( What is a blood type ? ) ( in Norwegian ) . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Philippine Red Cross '' . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Regionalne Centrum Krwiodawstwa i Krwiolecznictwa we Wroclawiu '' ( in Polish ) . Rckik.wroclaw.pl. 2010 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguese Blood Institute '' ( in Portuguese ) . ( assuming Rh and AB antigens are independent ) Jump up ^ Sanguina Jump up ^ BASHAWRI , Layla A. ; AL - MULHIMiz , Abdul Az ; AHMAD , Malik S. ( 2001 ) . `` Frequency of ABO blood groups in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia '' . Saudi Medical Journal . 22 ( 11 ) : 1008 -- 1101 . ISSN 0379 - 5284 . PMID 11744976 . Jump up ^ `` Najčastejšie otázky '' ( Frequently Asked Questions ) ( in Slovak ) . Národná transfúzna služba SR . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` What 's Your Type ? '' . South African National Blood Service . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Federación Nacional de Donantes de Sangre / La sangre / Grupos '' . Donantesdesangre.net . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Frequency of major blood groups in the Swedish population '' . Geblod.nu. 2007 - 10 - 02 . Archived from the original on 24 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ - BLUTSPENDE https://www.blutspende.ch/fr/don_de_sang/sanguin_groupe/groupe_sanguin - BLUTSPENDE Check url = value ( help ) . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Turkey Blood Group Site '' . Kangrubu.com . Archived from the original on 29 May 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Blood Group Basics '' . Blood.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Blood Types in the U.S '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` preguntas - frecuentes '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Racial and ethnic distribution of ABO blood types '' . Bloodbook.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Blood Transfusion Division , United States Army Medical Research Laboratory ( 1971 ) . Selected contributions to the literature of blood groups and immunology. 1971 v. 4 . United States Army Medical Research Laboratory , Fort Knox , Kentucky ... In northern India , in Southern and Central China and in the neighboring Central Asiatic areas , we find the highest known frequencies of B. If we leave this center , the frequency of the B gene decreases almost everywhere ... ^ Jump up to : Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2002 ) . The New Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . ISBN 0 - 85229 - 787 - 4 ... The maximum frequency of the B gene occurs in Central Asia and northern India . The B gene was probably absent from Native Americans and Australian Aboriginal people before racial admixture occurred with the coming of the white man ... Jump up ^ Carol R. Ember , Melvin Ember ( 1973 ) . Anthropology . Appleton - Century - Crofts ... Blood type B is completely absent in most North and South American Indians ... Jump up ^ Dean 2005 , 2.1. 4 : Blood Type A : Central and Eastern Europe Type A is common in Central and Eastern Europe . In countries such as Austria , Denmark , Norway , and Switzerland , about 45 -- 50 % of the population have this blood type , whereas about 40 % of Poles and Ukrainians do so . The highest frequencies are found in small , unrelated populations . For example , about 80 % of the Blackfoot Indians of Montana have blood type A ... Jump up ^ Technical Monograph No. 2 : The ABO Blood Group System and ABO Subgroups ( PDF ) . Biotec . March 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 February 2007 ... The frequency of blood group A is quite high ( 25 -- 55 % ) in Europe , especially in Scandinavia and parts of central Europe . High group A frequency is also found in the Aboriginal people of South Australia ( up to 45 % ) and in certain American Indian tribes where the frequency reaches 35 % ... See also ( edit ) Blood type ABO blood group system Human genetics Sub-topics Evolutionary genetics Genetic engineering Genetic variation Race and genetics Human genome Timeline Genetic genealogy Genealogical DNA test Surname DNA project Blood type distribution by country Population genetics by region Americas Europe British Isles African admixture Iberia Italy Near East North Africa Egypt Morocco South Asia Population genetics Albanians Arabs Azerbaijanis Basques Bosniaks Bulgarians Croats Gujaratis Hutu and Tutsi Jews Romanians Russians Sami Serbs Sinhalese Sri Lankan Tamils Turks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_type_distribution_by_country&oldid=838494717 '' Categories : Blood Human genetics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Estonian - language sources ( et ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 Hebrew - language sources ( he ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Slovak - language sources ( sk ) Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages with URL errors CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Accuracy disputes from April 2012 All accuracy disputes Use dmy dates from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 11 : 33 . 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what is the most common blood type in sweden

AB+

ABO

Bad Boys ( Inner Circle song ) - wikipedia Bad Boys ( Inner Circle song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Bad Boys '' Swedish single picture sleeve , 1990 Single by Inner Circle from the album One Way and Bad Boys / Bad to the Bone B - side `` Sweat ( A La La La La Long ) '' Released 1991 , 1993 Format 7 - inch single Genre Reggae Length 3 : 52 Label Island Songwriter ( s ) Ian Lewis Audio sample file help `` Bad Boys '' is a 1987 song by the Jamaican reggae band Inner Circle , which obtained high popularity in the United States after its re-release in 1993 , peaking at number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 7 on the Top 40 Mainstream . It is well known as the opening theme to the U.S. TV show Cops . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 In popular culture 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The song was originally released in 1987 on the album One Way and obtained minor airplay and poor sales . However , in 1992 , it was also included on the Bad to the Bone album , and the song was released as a single in 1993 , after the unexpected success of their previous international hit single `` Sweat ( A La La La La Long ) '' . `` Bad Boys '' reached number 52 in the United Kingdom and number 8 in the United States ; in the latter territory , it was certified Gold and sold 600,000 copies . The song was also released as B - side on Inner Circle 's 1992 single `` Sweat ( A La La La La Long ) '' . The song was also released as a single in mid-1991 in Norway ; it peaked at number one for three weeks . This song makes references to `` Sheriff John Brown '' , who was the sheriff killed in Bob Marley 's song `` I Shot the Sheriff '' . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Year Chart Peak position 1991 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Australia ( ARIA ) 25 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 21 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 19 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 35 Ireland ( IRMA ) 26 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 52 US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Billboard Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales 15 US Billboard Hot R&B Singles 58 US Billboard Rhythmic Top 40 27 US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream 7 2006 US Billboard Hot Ringtones 10 2007 US Billboard Hot Ringtones 20 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Rank New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 15 US Billboard Hot 100 69 In popular culture ( edit ) `` Bad Boys '' was selected as the theme song to Cops because a field producer for the show happened to be a fan of Inner Circle . The song , which was very popular during the 1990s , was also used in the Will Smith and Martin Lawrence action / comedy film Bad Boys and the sequel Bad Boys II ( some of the lyrics are sung by Smith and Lawrence in both films ) . See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles of 1991 ( Finland ) List of number - one songs in Norway References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Inner Circle -- Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Inner Circle : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum -- Inner Circle -- Bad Boys '' . RIAA . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Records of 1993 '' . Billboard . Vol. 106 no . 3 . 15 January 1994 . p. 73 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` cdBBQ : Inner Circle '' . Cdbbq.com . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ ( in Finnish ) Nyman , Jake ( 2005 ) . Suomi soi 4 : Suuri suomalainen listakirja ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 951 - 31 - 2503 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Inner Circle -- Bad Boys '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Inner Circle -- Bad Boys '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Inner Circle -- Bad Boys '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Inner Circle -- Bad Boys '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 0993 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Inner Circle -- Bad Boys '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Inner Circle '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Inner Circle -- Bad Boys '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1993 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1993 '' . The Longbored Surfer . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Gil ( 2 July 1994 ) . `` Inner Circle 's Sphere of Influence - Big Beat / Atlantic Set Follows ' Bad ' Breakthrough '' . Billboard . Vol. 106 no . 27 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Inner Circle Biography '' . Bad Boys of Reggae . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Walker , Klive ( 2005 ) . Dubwise : reasoning from the reggae underground . Insomniac Press . p. 203 . ISBN 1 - 894663 - 96 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Inner Circle Ian Lewis Roger Lewis Bernard `` Touter '' Harvey Michael Sterling Lancelot Hall Trevor `` Skatta '' Bonnick Michael `` Ibo '' Cooper Stephen `` Cat '' Coore William Stewart William `` Bunny Rugs '' Clarke Irvin `` Carrot '' Jarrett Milton `` Prilly '' Hamilton Charles Farquharson Calvin McKenzie Funky Brown Jacob Miller Lester Adderley Norman Grant Rick Hunt Calton Coffie Dave Gonzales Kris Bentley Jr . Jazz Albums Bad to the Bone ( 1992 ) Singles `` Bad Boys '' `` Sweat ( A La La La La Long ) '' `` Games People Play '' Related Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bad_Boys_(Inner_Circle_song)&oldid=838510420 '' Categories : 1987 songs 1993 singles Inner Circle ( band ) songs Number - one singles in Finland Number - one singles in Norway Songs about crime Songs written for films Television theme songs Hidden categories : Articles with Finnish - language external links Use dmy dates from January 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UKchartarchive Singlechart making named ref Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 13 : 42 . 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who sings the theme song for the tv show cops

Inner Circle

U.S.

Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. season 1 ) - wikipedia Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. season 1 ) Jump to : navigation , search Dancing with the Stars ( season 1 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 8 Release Original network ABC Original release June 1 -- July 6 , 2005 Additional information Celebrity winner Kelly Monaco Professional winner Alec Mazo Season chronology Next → Season 2 The first season of Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. ) debuted on ABC on June 1 , 2005 . Six celebrities were paired with six professional ballroom dancers . Tom Bergeron and Lisa Canning were the hosts for this season . The judges were Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman , and Bruno Tonioli . The premiere drew over 13 million viewers , the second biggest summer debut ever for an American reality series after Survivor . The second week climbed to 15 million viewers , and the show climbed to No. 1 in the summer 2005 TV season ratings , where it remained for the remainder of the season . The season finale aired July 6 , 2005 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Couples 2 Scoring chart 2.1 Average chart 2.2 Pro 's average chart 3 Highest and lowest scoring performances 4 Couples ' highest and lowest scoring performances 5 Weekly scores and songs 5.1 Week 1 5.2 Week 2 5.3 Week 3 5.4 Week 4 5.5 Week 5 5.6 Week 6 : Finale 5.7 Dance off 6 Dance chart 7 References 8 External links Couples ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The six professionals and celebrities that competed were : Celebrity Notability ( known for ) Professional partner Status Trista Sutter Reality television star Louis Van Amstel Eliminated 1st on June 8 , 2005 Evander Holyfield Professional boxer Edyta Sliwinska Eliminated 2nd on June 15 , 2005 Rachel Hunter Supermodel & actress Jonathan Roberts Eliminated 3rd on June 22 , 2005 Joey McIntyre New Kids on the Block singer Ashly DelGrosso Third place on June 29 , 2005 John O'Hurley Actor & game show host Charlotte Jorgensen Runner - up on July 6 , 2005 Kelly Monaco Actress Alec Mazo Winner on July 6 , 2005 † Kelly Monaco returned for the All - Stars season , where this time she was paired with Valentin Chmerkovskiy . They finished third . Scoring chart ( edit ) Couple Place 1 + 2 5 6 Kelly & Alec 13 17 30 21 26 22 + 25 = 47 25 + 30 = 55 John & Charlotte 20 26 46 24 21 27 + 27 = 54 27 + 27 = 54 Joey & Ashly 20 21 41 22 20 20 + 25 = 45 Rachel & Jonathan 20 24 44 26 25 Evander & Edyta 5 18 14 32 13 Trista & Louis 6 18 19 37 indicates the eliminated couple that week indicates the returning couple that was last to be called safe indicates the winning couple indicates the runner - up couple indicates the third place couple Red numbers indicate the couples with the lowest score for each week Green numbers indicate the couples with the highest score for each week Average chart ( edit ) This table only counts for dances scored on a traditional 30 - point scale . Rank by average Place Couple Total Number of dances Average John & Charlotte 199 8 24.9 Rachel & Jonathan 95 23.8 Kelly & Alec 179 8 22.4 Joey & Ashly 128 6 21.3 5 6 Trista & Louis 37 18.5 6 5 Evander & Edyta 45 15.0 Pro 's average chart ( edit ) Rank by average Place Couple Average Charlotte Jorgensen 24.9 6 Louis van Amstel 21.8 Alec Mazo 20.6 Jonathan Roberts 19.4 5 5 Edyta Sliwinska 19.1 6 Ashly DelGrosso 16.7 Highest and lowest scoring performances ( edit ) Dance Celebrity Highest score Celebrity Lowest score Cha - cha - cha John O'Hurley Joey McIntyre 20 Evander Holyfield 18 Waltz Rachel Hunter 20 Kelly Monaco 13 Rumba Rachel Hunter 24 Kelly Monaco 17 Quickstep John O'Hurley 27 Evander Holyfield 14 Jive Joey McIntyre 22 Evander Holyfield 13 Tango Rachel Hunter 26 John O'Hurley 24 Samba Kelly Monaco 26 Joey McIntyre 20 Paso doble John O'Hurley 27 Kelly Monaco Joey McIntyre 25 Foxtrot John O'Hurley 27 Joey McIntyre 20 Freestyle Kelly Monaco 30 John O'Hurley 27 Trista Sutter is the only star to not land on this list Couples ' highest and lowest scoring performances ( edit ) According to the traditional 30 - point scale . Couples Highest Scoring Dances Lowest Scoring Dances Kelly & Alec Freestyle ( 30 ) Waltz ( 13 ) John & Charlotte Foxtrot , Paso doble , Quickstep & Freestyle ( 27 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 20 ) Joey & Ashly Paso doble ( 25 ) Cha - cha - cha , Samba and Foxtrot ( 20 ) Rachel & Jonathan Tango ( 26 ) Waltz ( 20 ) Evander & Edyta Cha - cha - cha ( 18 ) Jive ( 13 ) Trista & Louis Rumba ( 19 ) Waltz ( 18 ) Weekly scores and songs ( edit ) Unless indicated otherwise , individual judges scores given in the charts below ( given in parentheses ) are listed in this order from left to right : Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman , Bruno Tonioli . Week 1 ( edit ) Running order Couple Score Dance Music Joey & Ashly 20 ( 7 , 7 , 6 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Crazy in Love '' -- Beyoncé Rachel & Jonathan 20 ( 7 , 6 , 7 ) Waltz `` Three Times A Lady '' -- Lionel Richie Evander & Edyta 18 ( 5 , 7 , 6 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Respect '' -- Aretha Franklin Kelly & Alec 13 ( 5 , 4 , 4 ) Waltz `` I Have Nothing '' -- Whitney Houston John & Charlotte 20 ( 7 , 7 , 6 ) Cha - cha - cha `` September '' -- Earth , Wind & Fire Trista & Louis 18 ( 6 , 6 , 6 ) Waltz `` Come Away with Me '' -- Norah Jones Week 2 ( edit ) Running order Couple Score Dance Music Result Rachel & Jonathan 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Rumba `` I Do n't Wanna Miss a Thing '' -- Aerosmith from Armageddon Bottom two Joey & Ashly 21 ( 8 , 7 , 6 ) Quickstep `` You 're The One That I Want '' -- John Travolta and Olivia Newton - John Safe Trista & Louis 19 ( 6 , 7 , 6 ) Rumba `` Endless Love '' -- Diana Ross and Lionel Richie Eliminated John & Charlotte 26 ( 8 , 9 , 9 ) Quickstep `` Let 's Face The Music and Dance '' -- Irving Berlin Safe Kelly & Alec 17 ( 5 , 6 , 6 ) Rumba `` Hero '' -- Enrique Iglesias Safe Evander & Edyta 14 ( 5 , 4 , 5 ) Quickstep `` It Do n't Mean a Thing '' -- Duke Ellington Safe Week 3 ( edit ) Running order Couple Score Dance Music Result Evander & Edyta 13 ( 5 , 4 , 4 ) Jive `` Reet Petite '' -- Jackie Wilson Eliminated Rachel & Jonathan 26 ( 8 , 9 , 9 ) Tango `` Toxic '' -- Britney Spears Safe Kelly & Alec 21 ( 6 , 7 , 8 ) Jive `` Footloose '' -- Kenny Loggins Safe John & Charlotte 24 ( 9 , 8 , 7 ) Tango `` Dance with Me '' -- Debelah Morgan Safe Joey & Ashly 22 ( 7 , 7 , 8 ) Jive `` I 'm Still Standing '' -- Elton John Bottom two Week 4 ( edit ) Running order Couple Score Dance Music Result Joey & Ashly 20 ( 7 , 6 , 7 ) Samba `` Tequila '' -- The Champs Safe Rachel & Jonathan 25 ( 7 , 9 , 9 ) Samba `` Soul Bossa Nova '' -- Quincy Jones Eliminated John & Charlotte 21 ( 7 , 8 , 6 ) Samba `` Just The Two of Us '' -- Grover Washington , Jr. and Bill Withers Bottom two Kelly & Alec 26 ( 9 , 9 , 8 ) Samba `` Bailamos '' -- Enrique Iglesias Safe John & Charlotte Rachel & Jonathan Kelly & Alec Joey & Ashly N / A Viennese Waltz `` I Got You Babe '' -- Sonny & Cher Week 5 ( edit ) Running order Couple Score Dance Music Result John & Charlotte 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Foxtrot `` Let There Be Love '' -- Nat King Cole Safe 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Paso doble `` España cañí '' -- Mexicana Aleque la - Band Kelly & Alec 22 ( 8 , 7 , 7 ) Foxtrot `` Do n't Know Why '' -- Norah Jones Bottom two 25 ( 9 , 8 , 8 ) Paso doble `` Bamboleo '' -- Gipsy Kings Joey & Ashly 20 ( 8 , 6 , 6 ) Foxtrot `` Big Spender '' -- Shirley Bassey from Sweet Charity Third place 25 ( 9 , 8 , 8 ) Paso doble `` Eye of the Tiger '' -- Survivor Week 6 : Finale ( edit ) Running order Couple Score Dance Music Result John & Charlotte 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Quickstep `` Let 's Face The Music and Dance '' -- Irving Berlin Runner - up 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Freestyle `` I 'm So Excited '' -- The Pointer Sisters Kelly & Alec 25 ( 7 , 9 , 9 ) Samba `` Bailamos '' -- Enrique Iglesias Winner 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Freestyle `` Let 's Get Loud '' -- Jennifer Lopez Dance off ( edit ) Running order Couple Score Style Music Result Kelly & Alec 25 ( 7 , 9 , 9 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Lady Marmalade '' -- All Saints Runner - up 24 ( 9 , 7 , 8 ) Quickstep `` Diamonds are a Girl 's Best Friend '' -- Marilyn Monroe 25 ( 8 , 8 , 9 ) Freestyle `` Get The Party Started '' -- Pink John & Charlotte 22 ( 7 , 8 , 7 ) Rumba `` The Look of Love '' -- Anita Baker Winner 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Waltz `` You Light Up My Life '' -- Whitney Houston 25 ( 8 , 8 , 9 ) Freestyle `` I Am What I Am '' -- Gloria Gaynor Dance chart ( edit ) Highest scoring dance Lowest scoring dance Couple 5 6 Kelly and Alec Waltz Rumba Jive Samba Viennese Waltz Foxtrot Paso doble Samba Freestyle John and Charlotte Cha - cha - cha Quickstep Tango Samba Viennese Waltz Foxtrot Paso doble Quickstep Freestyle Joey and Ashly Cha - cha - cha Quickstep Jive Samba Viennese Waltz Foxtrot Paso doble Rachel and Jonathan Waltz Rumba Tango Samba Viennese Waltz Evander and Edyta Cha - cha - cha Quickstep Jive Trista and Louis Waltz Rumba References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 2005 - 06 - 08 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' Debuts in 2nd Place '' . FoxNews . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Maynard , John ( 2005 - 07 - 13 ) . `` ABC Cuts In : ' Dancing ' Racks Up No. 1 Summer Ratings '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20050521021850/http://abc.go.com/primetime/dancing/bios/cast.html Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars : Episode 101 '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars : Episode 102 '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars : Episode 103 '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars : Episode 104 '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars : Episode 105 '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars : Episode 106 '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Participants List of competitors Winners Celebrity Kelly Monaco Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Apolo Anton Ohno Hélio Castroneves Kristi Yamaguchi Brooke Burke Shawn Johnson Donny Osmond Nicole Scherzinger Jennifer Grey Hines Ward J.R. Martinez Donald Driver Melissa Rycroft Kellie Pickler Amber Riley Meryl Davis Alfonso Ribeiro Rumer Willis Bindi Irwin Nyle DiMarco Laurie Hernandez Rashad Jennings Jordan Fisher Professional Alec Mazo Cheryl Burke Julianne Hough Mark Ballas Derek Hough Kym Johnson Karina Smirnoff Peta Murgatroyd Tony Dovolani Maksim Chmerkovskiy Witney Carson Valentin Chmerkovskiy Emma Slater Lindsay Arnold Spin - off Dancing with the Stars Junior Games Dancing with the Stars We Dance ! Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dancing_with_the_Stars_(U.S._season_1)&oldid=809378398 '' Categories : Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) 2005 American television seasons Hidden categories : Television season articles that use custom fields Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Articles needing additional references from August 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 18 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who was on the first season of dwts

Trista Sutter

Tom Bergeron

2005 World Series - wikipedia 2005 World Series Jump to : navigation , search 2005 World Series Team ( Wins ) Manager ( s ) Season Chicago White Sox ( 4 ) Ozzie Guillén 99 -- 63 , . 611 , GA : 6 Houston Astros ( 0 ) Phil Garner 89 -- 73 , . 549 , GB : 11 Dates October 22 -- 26 MVP Jermaine Dye ( Chicago ) Umpires Joe West ( crew chief ) , Jeff Nelson , Jerry Layne , Derryl Cousins , Gary Cederstrom , Ángel Hernández Hall of Famers White Sox : Tim Raines ( 1B Coach ) , Frank Thomas ( DNP ) Astros : Jeff Bagwell , Craig Biggio ALCS Chicago White Sox defeated Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim , 4 -- 1 NLCS Houston Astros defeated St. Louis Cardinals , 4 -- 2 Broadcast Television Fox TV announcers Joe Buck and Tim McCarver Radio ESPN WMVP ( White Sox ) KTRH ( Astros ) Radio announcers Jon Miller and Joe Morgan ( ESPN ) John Rooney and Ed Farmer ( White Sox ) Milo Hamilton and Alan Ashby ( Astros ) ← 2004 World Series 2006 → The 2005 World Series was the 101st edition of Major League Baseball 's championship series , a best - of - seven playoff between the American League ( AL ) champions Chicago White Sox and the National League ( NL ) champions Houston Astros . The White Sox swept the Astros four games to none in the series , played between October 22 to 26 , winning their third World Series championship and their first in 88 seasons . Although the series was a sweep , all four games were quite close , being decided by two runs or fewer . Home - field advantage was awarded to Chicago by virtue of the American League 's 7 -- 5 victory over the National League in the Major League Baseball All - Star Game . The Astros were attempting to become the fourth consecutive wild card team to win the Series , following the Anaheim Angels ( 2002 ) , Florida Marlins ( 2003 ) and Boston Red Sox ( 2004 ) . Both teams were attempting to overcome decades of disappointment , with a combined 132 years between the two teams without a title . The Astros were making their first Series appearance in 44 years of play , while the White Sox had waited exactly twice as long for a title , having last won the Series in 1917 , and had not been in the Series since 1959 , three years before the Astros ' inaugural season . Like the 1982 World Series between the St. Louis Cardinals and the Milwaukee Brewers , the 2005 World Series is one of only two World Series in the modern era ( 1903 -- present ) with no possibility for a rematch between the two opponents , because the Astros moved to the American League in 2013 . However , the Brewers did meet the Cardinals in the 2011 National League Championship Series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Chicago White Sox 1.2 Houston Astros 2 Matchups 2.1 Game 1 2.2 Game 2 2.3 Game 3 2.4 Game 4 3 Series statistics 4 Media 5 Ratings 6 Aftermath 7 Notes 8 External links Background ( edit ) Chicago White Sox ( edit ) Main article : 2005 Chicago White Sox season The Chicago White Sox finished the regular season with the best record in the American League at 99 -- 63 . After starting the season on a tear , the White Sox began to fade in August , when a ​ 15 ⁄ game lead fell all the way to ​ 1 ⁄ . However , the Sox were able to hold off the Cleveland Indians to win the American League Central Division by six games , sweeping Cleveland in three games on the season 's final weekend . In the Division Series , the White Sox swept the defending champion Boston Red Sox . The League Championship Series began with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim winning Game 1 , but a controversial uncaught third strike in Game 2 helped the Sox start a run and win Games 2 -- 5 , all on complete games pitched by starters Mark Buehrle , Jon Garland , Freddy García , and José Contreras , clinching their first American League pennant in 46 years . Frank Thomas throws out the ceremonial first pitch of the 2005 ALDS between the White Sox and Red Sox . Manager Ozzie Guillén then led the White Sox to a World Series victory , their first in 88 years . Slugger Frank Thomas was not on the post-season roster because he was injured , but the team honored his perennial contributions to the franchise during Game 1 of the Division Series against the Boston Red Sox when he was chosen to throw out the ceremonial first pitch . `` What a feeling , '' Thomas said . `` Standing O all around the place . People really cheering me . I had tears in my eyes . To really know the fans cared that much about me -- it was a great feeling . One of my proudest moments in the game . '' Houston Astros ( edit ) Main article : 2005 Houston Astros season The Houston Astros won the Wild Card for the second straight year , once again clinching it on the final day of the season . The Astros embarked on a memorable Division Series rematch against the Atlanta Braves . With the Astros in the lead two games to one , the teams played an eighteen - inning marathon in Game 4 , which was the longest ( in both time and innings played ) postseason game in history . In this game , Roger Clemens made only the second relief appearance of his career , and the first in postseason play . Chris Burke 's walk - off home run ended the game in the bottom of the eighteenth . For the second straight year , the Astros played the St. Louis Cardinals in the League Championship Series . Like the White Sox , the Astros dropped Game 1 , but were able to regroup and win Games 2 -- 4 . With the Astros on the verge of clinching their first ever National League pennant in Game 5 , Albert Pujols hit a mammoth three - run home run off Brad Lidge in the top of the ninth inning to take the lead , and subsequently stave off elimination . However , behind NLCS MVP Roy Oswalt , the Astros were able to defeat the Cards 5 -- 1 in Game 6 and earned a trip to the World Series . This was the Astros ' first World Series appearance in franchise history . Matchups ( edit ) Game 1 ( edit ) Saturday , October 22 , 2005 7 : 05 pm ( CDT ) at U.S. Cellular Field in Chicago , Illinois Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Chicago 0 0 0 0 X 5 10 0 WP : José Contreras ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Wandy Rodríguez ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Bobby Jenks ( 1 ) Home runs : HOU : Mike Lamb ( 1 ) CWS : Jermaine Dye ( 1 ) , Joe Crede ( 1 ) The teams on the field before Game 1 . Playing in their first World Series home game since 1959 , the White Sox took an early lead with a home run from Jermaine Dye in the first inning . After Mike Lamb 's home run tied the game in the second , the Sox scored two more in the second when Juan Uribe doubled in A.J. Pierzynski after Carl Everett had already scored on a ground - out earlier in the inning . The Astros responded in the next inning when Lance Berkman hit a double , driving in Adam Everett and Craig Biggio . In the White Sox half of the fourth , Joe Crede hit what turned out to be the game - winning home run . In the bottom of the eighth , Scott Podsednik hit a triple with Pierzynski on second off of Russ Springer for an insurance run . Roger Clemens recorded his shortest World Series start , leaving after the second inning with 53 pitches , including 35 for strikes , due to a sore hamstring that he had previously injured ( which had caused him to also miss his last regular season start ) as the loss went to Wandy Rodríguez . José Contreras pitched seven innings , allowing three runs on six hits for the win . Before exiting , Contreras allowed a leadoff double by Willie Taveras with no outs . Neal Cotts entered the game in the top of the eighth inning . It marked the first time in five games that the White Sox had gone to their bullpen . Cotts pitched ​ ⁄ innings before Bobby Jenks was called upon by manager Ozzie Guillén to relieve him . Guillen signaled for the large pitcher by holding his arms out wide and then up high . In the postgame conference , the Sox manager joked that he wanted to be clear he was asking for `` The Big Boy . '' Jenks returned in the ninth to earn the save , giving the White Sox a 1 -- 0 lead in the series . Game 2 ( edit ) Sunday , October 23 , 2005 7 : 16 pm ( CDT ) at U.S. Cellular Field in Chicago , Illinois Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 6 9 0 Chicago 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 12 0 WP : Neal Cotts ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Brad Lidge ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : HOU : Morgan Ensberg ( 1 ) CWS : Paul Konerko ( 1 ) , Scott Podsednik ( 1 ) On a miserably cold ( 51 ° F ( 11 ° C ) ) and rainy evening , Morgan Ensberg 's first - pitch home run off starter Mark Buehrle put the Astros on top in the second inning . The White Sox answered in the bottom of the second with two runs off Andy Pettitte on Joe Crede 's RBI single with two on and Juan Uribe 's sacrifice fly . Houston 's Lance Berkman tied the game on a sacrifice fly in the third after a one - out triple , then hit a two - run double in the fifth to give the Astros a 4 -- 2 lead . In the seventh , Dan Wheeler loaded the bases with a double by Juan Uribe , a walk to Tadahito Iguchi , and plate umpire Jeff Nelson 's ruling that Jermaine Dye was hit by a pitched ball . The Astros brought in Chad Qualls , who promptly served up a grand slam to Paul Konerko on his first pitch , the 18th grand slam in the annals of the Fall Classic . In the top of the ninth , Sox closer Bobby Jenks blew the save on a game - tying pinch - hit single by José Vizcaíno . In the bottom of the ninth , Astros closer Brad Lidge gave up a one - out , walk - off home run -- the 14th in Series history -- to Scott Podsednik , giving Lidge his second loss in as many post-season appearances ( his previous appearance was in Game 5 of 2005 National League Championship Series ) . Podsednik had not hit a single homer in the regular season , but this was his second of the post-season . This was the second time in World Series history where a grand slam and a walk - off home run were hit in the same game . The Oakland A 's Jose Canseco ( grand slam ) and the Los Angeles Dodgers ' Kirk Gibson ( walk - off ) in Game 1 of the 1988 World Series were the first to do it . Never before had a World Series grand slam and a World Series walk - off home run been hit by the same team in the same game . Game 3 ( edit ) Tuesday , October 25 , 2005 7 : 39 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Chicago 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 14 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 8 WP : Dámaso Marte ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Ezequiel Astacio ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Mark Buehrle ( 1 ) Home runs : CWS : Joe Crede ( 2 ) , Geoff Blum ( 1 ) HOU : Jason Lane ( 1 ) Game 3 was the first World Series game played in the state of Texas . Before the game , it was ruled by Commissioner Bud Selig that the retractable roof would be open at Minute Maid Park , weather permitting . The Astros objected , citing that their record in games with the roof closed was better than with the retractable roof open . Selig 's office claimed that the ruling was based on the rules established by Houston and were consistent with how the Astros organization treated the situation all year long , as well as the weather forecasts for that period of time . The game would become the longest World Series game in length of time ( 5 hours and 41 minutes ) and tied for the longest in number of innings ( 14 , tied with Game 2 of the 1916 World Series and Game 1 of the 2015 World Series ) . Houston struck early on a Lance Berkman single after a Craig Biggio lead - off double in the bottom of the first off Chicago starter Jon Garland . A White Sox rally was snuffed in the second inning ; after Paul Konerko hit a leadoff double and A.J. Pierzynski walked , Aaron Rowand lined out into a double play . Houston scored in the third ; Adam Everett walked , was caught in a rundown and got hit by the ball on a Juan Uribe throwing error , then scored on a Roy Oswalt sacrifice bunt and a Biggio single . Two batters later , Morgan Ensberg singled Biggio home . Jason Lane led off the Astros ' fourth with a home run to left - center field . It was later shown in replays that the ball should not have been ruled a home run , hitting to the left of the yellow line on the unusual wall in left - center field . The White Sox rallied in the top of the fifth , true to their `` Win Or Die Trying '' mantra of 2005 , starting with a Joe Crede lead - off homer . Uribe , on first after hitting a single , scored on a Tadahito Iguchi base hit with one out , followed by Scott Podsednik coming home on a single by Jermaine Dye . Pierzynski hit a two - out double to Tal 's Hill , driving in two runs , scoring Iguchi and Dye giving the Sox the lead . The Astros rallied in the last of the eighth with two outs when Lane 's double scored Ensberg with the tying run after back - to - back walks by Ensberg and Mike Lamb , giving Dustin Hermanson a blown save . Houston tried to rally to win in the ninth , but stranded Chris Burke at third , after he had walked , reached second on an error and stolen third . The Astros tried again in the 10th as well as in the 11th , but failed each time . In the top of the 14th , after the Sox hit into a spectacular double play started by Ensberg , Geoff Blum ( a former Astro and the Astros ' television color analyst as of 2015 ) , who had entered the game in the 13th , homered to right with two outs off Ezequiel Astacio . Infield singles by Rowand and Crede were followed by walks to Uribe and Chris Widger . Trailing 7 - 5 , Houston tried to rally with the tying runs on first and third and two outs after a Uribe error . Game 2 starter Mark Buehrle earned the save for winning pitcher Dámaso Marte when Everett popped out , bringing Chicago one game closer to its first championship in 88 years . Buehrle became the first pitcher to start a game in the Series and save the next one since Bob Turley of the Yankees in the 1958 World Series . Many records were set or tied besides time and innings : The teams combined to use 17 pitchers ( nine for the White Sox , eight for the Astros ) , throwing a total of 482 pitches , and walking 21 batters ( a dozen by Chicago , nine by Houston ) ; 43 players were used ( the White Sox used 22 and the Astros used 21 ) , and 30 men were left on base ( 15 for each team ) , all new high - water marks in Fall Classic history . Scott Podsednik set a new all - time record with eight official at - bats in this game . One tied record was total double plays , with six ( four by the Astros , two by the White Sox ) . Game 4 ( edit ) Wednesday , October 26 , 2005 7 : 41 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas Team 5 6 7 8 9 Chicago 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 WP : Freddy García ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Brad Lidge ( 0 -- 2 ) Sv : Bobby Jenks ( 2 ) Before the game , Major League Baseball unveiled its Latino Legends Team . The fourth game was the pitchers ' duel that had been promised throughout the series . Both Houston starter Brandon Backe and Chicago starter Freddy García put zeros on the scoreboard through seven innings , the longest Series scoreless stretch since Game 7 of the 1991 World Series . Scott Podsednik had a two - out triple in the top of the third , but a Tadahito Iguchi groundout ended that threat . The Astros wasted a chance in the sixth , Jason Lane striking out with the bases loaded . The White Sox in the top of the seventh put runners at second and third , but shortstop Juan Uribe struck out to end the inning . Chicago broke through in the next inning against embattled Houston closer Brad Lidge . Willie Harris hit a pinch - hit single . Podsednik advanced him with a sacrifice bunt . Carl Everett pinch - hit for Iguchi and grounded out to the right side to allow Harris to move to third . Jermaine Dye , the Most Valuable Player of the series , had the game - winning single , driving in Harris . Things got a little sticky for the Sox in the Astros half of the eighth when reliever Cliff Politte hit Willy Taveras , threw a wild pitch , sending Taveras to second , and walked Lance Berkman . After Morgan Ensberg flew out to center , the White Sox manager Ozzie Guillén brought in Neal Cotts to finish the inning . Cotts induced pinch - hitter José Vizcaíno into a ground out to Uribe . Bobby Jenks , the 24 - year - old fireballer , started the ninth inning . He allowed a single to Jason Lane and a sacrifice bunt to Brad Ausmus . Chris Burke came in to pinch - hit ; he fouled one off to the left side , but Uribe made an amazing catch in the stands to retire Burke . The game ended when Orlando Palmeiro grounded to Uribe . It was a bang - bang play as Paul Konerko caught the ball from Uribe at 11 : 01 pm CDT to begin the biggest celebration in Chicago since the sixth NBA championship by the Bulls , co-owned with the White Sox , in 1998 . As a result , Jerry Reinsdorf , owner of both teams , had won seven championships overall . This game would be the last playoff game for the Astros as a member of the NL , as they would move to the AL in 2013 , and not appear in a playoff game until the 2015 American League Wild Card Game . The last two Series games technically ended on the same day , Game 3 having concluded after midnight , Houston time . The 1 -- 0 shutout was the first game with a total of one run scored to end a World Series since the 1995 World Series , in which Game 6 was won by the Atlanta Braves over the Cleveland Indians , and the first 1 -- 0 game in any Series game since Game 5 of the 1996 World Series when the New York Yankees shut - out the Braves in the last game ever played at Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium . The 2005 White Sox joined the 1995 Atlanta Braves and 1999 New York Yankees as the only teams to win a World Series after losing no more than one game combined in the Division Series and Championship Series . This was the second consecutive World Series to be won by a team that has the word `` Sox '' in its nickname , after the Boston Red Sox won the 2004 World Series against the St. Louis Cardinals . This also happened in 1917 and 1918 . Furthermore , it was the second year in a row in which the Series champions broke a long - lived `` curse . '' In one of those ways that patterns appear to emerge in sporting events , the White Sox World Series win in 2005 , along with the Boston Red Sox win in 2004 , symmetrically bookended the two teams ' previous World Series winners and the long gaps between , with the Red Sox and White Sox last Series wins having come in 1918 and 1917 , respectively . Series statistics ( edit ) Victorious White Sox players being honored at the White House by President George W. Bush . Chicago skyline during the World Series supporting the White Sox AL Chicago White Sox ( 4 ) vs. NL Houston Astros ( 0 ) Game Date Score Location Time Attendance October 22 Houston Astros -- 3 , Chicago White Sox -- 5 U.S. Cellular Field 3 : 13 41,206 October 23 Houston Astros -- 6 , Chicago White Sox -- 7 U.S. Cellular Field 3 : 11 41,432 October 25 Chicago White Sox -- 7 , Houston Astros -- 5 ( 14 innings ) Minute Maid Park 5 : 41 42,848 October 26 Chicago White Sox -- 1 , Houston Astros -- 0 Minute Maid Park 3 : 20 42,936 2005 World Series ( 4 -- 0 ) : Chicago White Sox ( A.L. ) over Houston Astros ( N.L. ) Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Chicago White Sox 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 20 44 Houston Astros 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 29 Total attendance : 168,422 Average attendance : 42,106 Winning player 's share : $324,533 Losing player 's share : $191,985 U.S. Cellular Field Media ( edit ) As per their contract , Fox Sports carried the World Series on United States television . Joe Buck provided play - by - play for his eighth World Series while analyst Tim McCarver worked his sixteenth . ESPN Radio was the nationwide radio broadcaster , as it had been since 1998 . Jon Miller and Joe Morgan provided the play - by - play and analysis . Locally , KTRH - AM and WMVP were the primary carriers for the World Series in the Houston and Chicago markets . For KTRH long time Astros voice Milo Hamilton provided play - by - play while John Rooney called the games for the White Sox . Game 4 was Rooney 's last call after seventeen years as the radio voice of the White Sox , as he left to take the same position with the St. Louis Cardinals . The Cardinals proceeded to win the 2006 World Series , making Rooney the first home announcer to call back - to - back World Series wins for two different teams . That the teams were in two different leagues makes the feat even more unusual . Ratings ( edit ) The ratings for the 2005 World Series were considered weak . With an overall average of 11.1 , 2005 set a record for the lowest rated World Series of all - time . The prior lowest was 11.9 , set by the 2002 World Series between the San Francisco Giants and the Anaheim Angels ( importantly , this series went 7 games , and the 2005 Series went 4 ) . Following the 2005 World Series , however , every subsequent Series through 2013 except for 2009 produced lower ratings . The record - low 2012 World Series , another four - game sweep , averaged 7.6 ( 3.5 points lower than 2005 's rating ) and 12.7 million viewers ( 4.4 million fewer viewers than 2005 ) . Game Ratings ( households ) Share ( households ) American audience ( in millions ) 9.5 17 15.0 11.1 17 17.19 11.0 21 16.65 13.0 21 19.98 Aftermath ( edit ) Neither team advanced to the post-season in 2006 , but the 2006 World Series again featured teams from the American League Central and National League Central divisions , this time represented by the Detroit Tigers and the St. Louis Cardinals , respectively . The Cardinals won the World Series in five games , in which manager Tony La Russa became the second manager to win the World Series in both American and National leagues , previously managing the Oakland Athletics to the 1989 World Series championship . Both the White Sox and the Astros were in the Wild Card race until the final weeks of the season , with the White Sox finishing with 90 wins , the Astros with 82 wins . The White Sox made their first post-2005 playoff appearance in 2008 , while the Astros would not return to the postseason until 2015 , their third season as an American League team and would not return to the World Series until 2017 , their fifth season as an American League team . October 28 , 2005 Parade This was the city of Chicago 's first professional sports championship since the Chicago Fire won MLS Cup ' 98 ( which came four months after the Chicago Bulls ' sixth NBA championship that year ) . The next major Chicago sports championship came in 2010 , when the NHL 's Chicago Blackhawks ended a 49 - year Stanley Cup title drought . With the Chicago Bears ' win in Super Bowl XX and the Chicago Cubs ' own World Series championship in 2016 , all Chicago sports teams have won at least one major championship since 1985 . Meanwhile , the Astros themselves made it back to the World Series in 2017 , but this time as an AL team , where they defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games , resulting in Houston 's first professional sports championship since the 2006 -- 07 Houston Dynamo won their back - to - back MLS Championships . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2005 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN -- Big Hurt is far from forgotten -- MLB '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2005 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Singer , Tom ( October 27 , 2005 ) . `` No fear : Uribe goes head over heels '' . MLB . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` White Sox end 88 - year drought , sweep Astros to win World Series '' . ESPN . 26 October 2005 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 World Series Game 1 -- Houston Astros vs. Chicago White Sox '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 World Series Game 2 -- Houston Astros vs. Chicago White Sox '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 World Series Game 3 -- Chicago White Sox vs. Houston Astros '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 World Series Game 4 -- Chicago White Sox vs. Houston Astros '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Series Gate Receipts and Player Shares '' . Baseball Almanac . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2009 . Retrieved June 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ World Series television ratings External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2005 World Series . Wikinews has related news : Chicago White Sox win 2005 World Series baseball championship 2005 World Series at WorldSeries.com ( MLB.com ) 2005 World Series at Baseball Almanac 2005 World Series at Baseball-Reference.com The 2005 Post-Season Games ( box scores and play - by - play ) at Retrosheet History of the World Series - 2005 at The SportingNews . Archived from the original on 2008 . 2005 Postseason Schedule at MLB.com 2005 Major League Baseball postseason World Series American League Championship Series National League Championship Series American League Division Series National League Division Series American League teams Boston Red Sox Chicago White Sox Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim New York Yankees National League teams Atlanta Braves Houston Astros St. Louis Cardinals San Diego Padres World Series No World Series was held in 1904 because the NL champions refused to participate ; no World Series was held in 1994 due to a players ' strike . 1900s -- 1910s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s -- 1930s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s -- 1950s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s -- 1970s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s -- 1990s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s -- 2010s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 See also Pre-World Series champions World Series champions Most Valuable Players Starting pitchers Babe Ruth Award Commissioner 's Trophy World Series ring Appearances Streaks Droughts Series ( by franchise ) Broadcasters TV ratings ALCS NLCS ALDS NLDS ALWC NLWC Game 7 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Dauvray Cup Temple Cup Chronicle - Telegraph Cup Book : World Series Category : World Series Chicago White Sox Based in Chicago , Illinois Franchise History Seasons Owners and executives Managers Players Opening Day starting pitchers first - round draft picks Broadcasters Team records Award winners No - hitters Ballparks South Side Park Comiskey Park Guaranteed Rate Field Spring training : * Recreation Park Palm Springs Stadium Plant Field Al Lopez Field Payne Park Ed Smith Stadium Tucson Electric Park Camelback Ranch Culture and lore 1994 bat burglary 2008 Blackout Game Andy the Clown Armour Square / Bridgeport Black Sox Scandal Curse of the Black Sox Eight Men Out Field of Dreams Shoeless Joe ( novel ) Captain Stubby and the Buccaneers Disco Demolition Night `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' Gene Honda The Hitless Wonders `` Let 's Go , Go - Go White Sox '' `` Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye '' Nancy Faust Nicknames Only The Lonely Perfect games Charlie Robertson Mark Buehrle Philip Humber Ribbie and Roobarb The Sodfather Southpaw South Side Hitmen Sox -- 35th The Stratton Story `` Sweet Home Chicago '' `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' Turn Back the Clock Winning Ugly White Flag Trade Rivalries Chicago Cubs Key personnel Chairman : Jerry Reinsdorf Vice Chairman : Eddie Einhorn Executive Vice President : Ken Williams General Manager : Rick Hahn Special Assistant to the GM : Jim Thome Manager : Rick Renteria World Series championships ( 3 ) 1906 1917 2005 American League championships ( 6 ) 1901 1906 1917 1919 1959 2005 Division championships ( 5 ) West : 1983 1993 Central : 2000 2005 2008 Minor league affiliates Charlotte Knights ( AAA ) Birmingham Barons ( AA ) Winston - Salem Dash ( A Adv . ) Kannapolis Intimidators ( A ) Great Falls Voyagers ( Rookie Adv . ) AZL White Sox ( Rookie ) DSL White Sox ( Rookie ) Media NBC Sports Chicago WGN Sports ( WGN9 / CW50 ) 89 WLS ESPN Deportes 1220 AM White Sox Radio Network Seasons ( 118 ) 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Houston Astros Formerly the Houston Colt . 45s Based in Houston , Texas Franchise Expansion Draft History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Managers Owners and executives First - round draft picks Opening Day starting pitchers All articles Ballparks Colt Stadium Houston Astrodome Minute Maid Park Spring training : Geronimo Park Cocoa Expo Stadium Osceola County Stadium The Ballpark of the Palm Beaches Lore 1980 NL West tie - breaker game Killer B 's 2015 AL Wild Card Game Houston Strong Culture AstroTurf Orbit Crawford Boxes Tal 's Hill Continental League Houston Buffs Houston College Classic Ball Four ( Jim Bouton book ) The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training Murder at the World Series Night Game `` The Hot Tub '' ( Seinfeld episode ) Boyhood `` Holy Toledo ! '' Sunshine Kids Darryl Kile Award Key personnel Owner : Jim Crane President : Reid Ryan General Manager : Jeff Luhnow Manager : A.J. Hinch World Series Championships ( 1 ) 2017 League pennants ( 2 ) National League : 2005 American League : 2017 Division titles ( 8 ) NL West : 1980 1981 1986 NL Central : 1997 1998 1999 2001 AL West : 2017 Wild card titles ( 3 ) NL : 2004 2005 AL : 2015 Minors AAA : Fresno Grizzlies AA : Corpus Christi Hooks A Adv. : Buies Creek Astros A : Quad Cities River Bandits Short A : Tri-City ValleyCats Rookie : GCL Astros Rivalries Texas Rangers Media TV AT&T SportsNet Southwest Radio Houston Astros Radio Network Announcers Todd Kalas Geoff Blum Seasons ( 57 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Chicago White Sox 2005 World Series champions 1 Willie Harris 5 Juan Uribe 7 Timo Pérez 8 Carl Everett 12 A.J. Pierzynski 14 Paul Konerko ( ALCS MVP ) 15 Tadahito Iguchi 18 Cliff Politte 20 Jon Garland 22 Scott Podsednik 23 Jermaine Dye ( World Series MVP ) 24 Joe Crede 26 Orlando Hernández 27 Geoff Blum 32 Dustin Hermanson 33 Aaron Rowand 34 Freddy García 36 Chris Widger 38 Pablo Ozuna 43 Dámaso Marte 45 Bobby Jenks 46 Neal Cotts 51 Luis Vizcaíno 52 José Contreras 56 Mark Buehrle Manager 13 Ozzie Guillén Bench Coach 3 Harold Baines First Base Coach 30 Tim Raines Third Base Coach 28 Joey Cora Pitching Coach 21 Don Cooper Hitting Coach 29 Greg Walker Bullpen Coach 53 Art Kusnyer Bullpen Catcher 59 Man - soo Lee General Manager Kenny Williams Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series 2005 MLB season by team AL East Baltimore Boston New York Tampa Bay Toronto AL Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Kansas City Minnesota AL West Los Angeles Oakland Seattle Texas NL East Atlanta Florida New York Philadelphia Washington NL Central Chicago Cincinnati Houston Milwaukee Pittsburgh St. Louis NL West Arizona Colorado Los Angeles San Diego San Francisco 2005 All - Star Game 2005 World Series Fox Major League Baseball Related programs The Cheap Seats ( 2010 -- 2011 ) MLB Whiparound Major League Baseball Game of the Week Thursday Night Baseball ( 1997 -- 2001 ) This Week in Baseball ( 2000 -- 2011 ) Related articles DirecTV N3D FoxBox FoxTrax Scooter Television contracts ( cable ) MLB Network World Series television ratings National coverage Fox ( 1996 -- present ) FS1 ( 2014 -- present ) FS2 ( 2014 -- present ) Fox Deportes ( 2012 -- present ) Fox Family Channel ( 2001 ) Fox Sports Net ( 1997 -- 1999 ) FX ( 1997 ) FSN affiliates Arizona ( Arizona Diamondbacks ) Detroit ( Detroit Tigers ) Florida ( Miami Marlins & Tampa Bay Rays ) Kansas City ( Kansas City Royals ) Midwest ( St. Louis Cardinals ) North ( Minnesota Twins ) Ohio ( Cincinnati Reds ) San Diego ( San Diego Padres ) South ( Atlanta Braves ) Southeast ( Atlanta Braves ) Southwest ( Texas Rangers ) West ( Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ) Wisconsin ( Milwaukee Brewers ) Sun ( Miami Marlins & Tampa Bay Rays ) SportsTime Ohio ( Cleveland Indians ) YES Network ( New York Yankees ) Former FSN affiliates Bay Area ( Oakland Athletics & San Francisco Giants ; 1998 -- 2007 ) Chicago ( Chicago Cubs & Chicago White Sox , 1998 -- 2006 ) Houston ( Houston Astros , 2009 - 2012 ) New York ( New York Mets , 1998 -- 2005 ) Rocky Mountain ( Colorado Rockies , 1997 - 2010 ) Fox / MyTV O&O Stations New York City : WNYW 5 ( Yankees , 1999 -- 2001 ) , WWOR 9 ( N.Y. 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Minimum wage in the United States - wikipedia Minimum wage in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Minimum wage by U.S. state and territory , as of January 1 , 2018 . Versus the federal rate : Higher Same Lower No state minimum wage law The minimum wage in the United States is set by US labor law and a range of state and local laws . Employers generally have to pay workers the highest minimum wage prescribed by federal , state , and local law . Since July 24 , 2009 , the federal government has mandated a nationwide minimum wage of $7.25 per hour . As of January 2018 , there were 29 states with a minimum wage higher than the federal minimum . From 2017 to 2018 , eight states increased their minimum wage levels through automatic adjustments , while increases in eleven other states occurred through referendum or legislative action . Washington has the highest state minimum wage at $11.50 per hour . Using 2017 inflation - adjusted dollars , the federal minimum wage peaked at $11.53 per hour in 1968 . If the minimum wage in 1968 had kept up with labor 's productivity growth , it would have reached $19.33 in 2017 . There is a racial difference for support of a higher minimum wage with most black and Hispanic individuals supporting a $15.00 federal minimum wage , and 54 % of whites opposing it . In 2015 , about three percent of white , Asian , and Hispanic or Latino workers earned the federal minimum wage or less . Among black workers , the percentage was about four percent . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 19th Century 1.2 20th Century 1.3 21st century 1.3. 1 Legislation 1.3. 2 Living wage protests 1.3. 3 Local ordinances 1.3. 4 Union exemptions 2 Trends in purchasing power 3 Economic effects 3.1 Employment and job creation 3.2 Prices 3.3 Effects on crime 3.4 Economic growth 3.5 Income inequality 3.6 Poverty 3.7 Federal budget deficit 4 Commentary 4.1 Economists 4.2 Major political parties 5 Polls 6 List by jurisdiction 6.1 Federal 6.2 State 6.3 Territory 6.4 Federal District 7 Low - paying occupations , 2006 and 2009 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) 19th century ( edit ) No business which depends for existence on paying less than living wages to its workers has any right to continue in this country . President Franklin Delano Roosevelt , 1933 Minimum wage legislation emerged at the end of the nineteenth century from the desire to end sweated labor which had developed in the wake of industrialization . Sweatshops employed large numbers of women and young workers , paying them what were considered nonliving wages that did not allow workers to afford the necessaries of life . Besides substandard wages , sweating was also associated with long work hours and unsanitary work conditions . From the 1890s to the 1920s , during the Progressive Era , a time of social activists and political reform across the United States , progressive reformers , women 's organizations , religious figures , academics , and politicians all played an important role in getting state minimum wage laws passed throughout the United States . The first successful attempts at using minimum wage laws to ameliorate the problem of nonliving wages occurred in the Australian state of Victoria in 1896 . Factory inspector reports and newspaper reporting on the conditions of sweated labor in Melbourne , Victoria led in 1895 to the formation of the National Anti-Sweating League which pushed the government aggressively to deal legislatively with the problem of substandard wages . The government , following the recommendation of the Victorian Chief Secretary Alexander Peacock , established wage boards which were tasked with establishing minimum wages in the labor trades which suffered from nonlivable wages . During the same time period , campaigns against sweated labor were occurring in the United States and England . In the United States in 1890 , a group of concerned female reformers who wanted to improve the harsh conditions of sweated workers formed the Consumer 's League of the City of New York . The consumer group sought to improve working conditions by boycotting products which were made under sweated conditions and did not conform to a code of `` fair house '' standards drawn up by them . Similar , consumer leagues formed throughout the United States , and in 1899 , they united under the National Consumer League ( NCL ) parent organization . Consumer advocacy , however , was extremely slow at changing conditions in the sweated industries . When NCL leaders in 1908 went to an international anti-sweatshop conference in Geneva , Switzerland and were introduced to Australian minimum wage legislation , which had successfully dealt with sweated labor , they came home believers and made minimum wage legislation part of their national platform . 20th century ( edit ) In 1910 , in conjunction with advocacy work led by Florence Kelley of the National Consumer League , the Women 's Trade Union League ( WTLU ) of Massachusetts under the leadership of Elizabeth Evans took up the cause of minimum wage legislation in Massachusetts . Over the next two years , a coalition of social reform groups and labor advocates in Boston pushed for minimum wage legislation in the state . In 1912 , Massachusetts passed the first American minimum wage legislation , which established a state commission for recommending non-compulsory minimum wages for women and children . Within eight years , at least thirteen U.S. states and the District of Columbia would pass minimum wage laws , with pressure being placed on state legislatures by the National Consumers League in a coalition with other women 's voluntary associations and organized labor . The United States Supreme Court of the Lochner era consistently invalidated compulsory minimum wage laws . Advocates for these minimum wage laws hoped that they would be upheld under the precedent of Muller v. Oregon , which upheld maximum working hours laws for women on the grounds that women required special protection that men did not . However , the Court did not extend this principle to minimum wage laws , considering the latter as interfering with the ability of employers to freely negotiate wage contracts with employees . In 1933 , the Roosevelt administration made the first attempt at establishing a national minimum wage , when a $0.25 per hour standard was set as part of the National Industrial Recovery Act . However , in the 1935 court case Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States ( 295 U.S. 495 ) , the US Supreme Court declared the act unconstitutional , and the minimum wage was abolished . In 1938 , the minimum wage was re-established pursuant to the Fair Labor Standards Act , once again at $0.25 per hour ( $4.78 in 2017 dollars ) . In 1941 , the Supreme Court upheld the Fair Labor Standards Act in United States v. Darby Lumber Co. , holding that Congress had the power under the Commerce Clause to regulate employment conditions . The 1938 minimum wage law only applied to `` employees engaged in interstate commerce or in the production of goods for interstate commerce , '' but in amendments in 1961 and 1966 , the federal minimum wage was extended ( with slightly different rates ) to employees in large retail and service enterprises , local transportation and construction , state and local government employees , as well as other smaller expansions ; a grandfather clause in 1990 drew most employees into the purview of federal minimum wage policy , which now set the wage at $3.80 . 21st century ( edit ) Legislation ( edit ) Play media An opinion video from the Economic Policy Institute about working for the tipped minimum wage of $2.13 per hour . In 2006 , voters in six states ( Arizona , Colorado , Missouri , Montana , Nevada , and Ohio ) approved statewide increases in the state minimum wage . The amounts of these increases ranged from $1 to $1.70 per hour and all increases were designed to annually index to inflation . Some politicians in the United States have advocated linking the minimum wage to the Consumer Price Index , thereby increasing the wage automatically each year based on increases to the Consumer Price Index . So far , Ohio , Oregon , Missouri , Vermont and Washington have linked their minimum wages to the consumer price index . Minimum wage indexing also takes place each year in Florida , San Francisco , California , and Santa Fe , New Mexico . The federal minimum wage in the United States was reset to its current rate of $7.25 per hour in July 2009 . Some U.S. territories ( such as American Samoa ) are exempt . Some types of labor are also exempt : employers may pay tipped labor a minimum of $2.13 per hour , as long as the hour wage plus tip income equals at least the minimum wage . Persons under the age of 20 may be paid $4.25 an hour for the first 90 calendar days of employment ( sometimes known as a youth , teen , or training wage ) unless a higher state minimum exists . The 2009 increase was the last of three steps of the Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007 , which was signed into law as a rider to the U.S. Troop Readiness , Veterans ' Care , Katrina Recovery , and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act , 2007 , a bill that also contained almost $5 billion in tax cuts for small businesses . Living wage protests ( edit ) Since 2012 , a growing protest and advocacy movement called `` Fight for $15 '' , initially growing out of fast food worker strikes , has advocated for an increase in the minimum wage to a living wage . On March 27 , 2014 , Connecticut passed legislation to raise the minimum wage from $8.70 to $10.10 per hour by 2017 , making it one of about six states to aim at or above $10.00 per hour . In 2014 and 2015 , several cities , including San Francisco , Seattle , Los Angeles , and Washington passed ordinances that gradually increase the minimum wage to $15.00 per hour . In 2016 , New York and California passed legislation that would gradually raise the minimum wage to $15 per hour in each state . Living wage to cover basic needs in select U.S. cities ( 2016 ) City Living wage New Orleans $14.51 Houston $14.55 Cleveland $14.77 Atlanta $15.43 Tampa $15.78 United States $15.85 Philadelphia $15.98 Boston $17.27 Los Angeles $17.70 New York City $20.08 San Francisco $20.32 In April 2014 , the U.S. Senate debated the Minimum Wage Fairness Act ( S. 1737 ; 113th Congress ) . The bill would have amended the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 ( FLSA ) to increase the federal minimum wage for employees to $10.10 per hour over the course of a two - year period . The bill was strongly supported by President Barack Obama and many of the Democratic Senators , but strongly opposed by Republicans in the Senate and House . Later in 2014 , voters in the Republican - controlled states of Alaska , Arkansas , Nebraska and South Dakota considered ballot initiatives to raise the minimum wage above the national rate of $7.25 per hour , which were successful in all four states . The results provided evidence that raising minimum wage has support across party lines . In April 2017 , Senator Bernie Sanders and Senator Patty Murray , backed by 28 of the Senate 's Democrats , introduced new legislation which would raise the minimum wage to $15 per hour by 2024 and index it to inflation . The Raise the Wage Act of 2017 , which was simultaneously introduced in the House of Representatives with 166 Democratic cosponsors , would raise the minimum wage to $9.25 immediately , and then gradually increase it to $15 by 2024 , while simultaneously raising the minimum wage for tipped workers and phasing it out . The legislation was introduced according to Senator Bernie Sanders to make sure that every worker has at least a modest and decent standard of living . As of 2017 , recent legislation passed in multiple states that raised the minimum wage a certain amount in a certain time . California is set to raise their minimum wage to $15.00 per hour by January 1 , 2023 . Colorado is set to raise their minimum wage from $9.30 per hour to $12 per hour by January 1 , 2020 , raising $0.90 per year . Seattle passed legislation in 2015 for a raise in minimum wage . For employers of 500 or more employees without health benefits , the minimum wage rose to $15.00 per hour in 2017 . For employees with health benefits , the minimum wage will raise to $15.00 per hour by 2018 . For smaller employees , the $15.00 per hour wage takes effect at different times . Seattle is one of the first cities with a plan that after the minimum $15.00 per hour wage takes effect , they increase minimum wage by a certain percentage every year based on inflation . New York has also recently passed legislation to increase their minimum wage to $15.00 per hour over time , certain counties and larger companies are set on faster plans than others . As there have only been a few places mentioned , cities and states across the United States are putting in place certain legislation to increase the minimum wage for minimum wage workers to a livable wage . Local ordinances ( edit ) On June 2 , 2014 , the City Council of Seattle , Washington was the first city to pass a local ordinance to increase the minimum wage of the city to $15.00 per hour , which will be phased in over seven years , to be fully implemented by 2021 . Numerous cities have followed Seattle 's example since . San Francisco is expected to become the first U.S. city to reach a minimum wage of $15.00 per hour on July 1 , 2018 . New York City 's minimum wage will be $15.00 per hour by the end of 2018 . The minimum wage in Los Angeles and Washington , D.C. , will be $15.00 per hour in 2020 . A growing number of California cities have enacted local minimum wage ordinances , including Los Angeles , San Francisco , Oakland , Berkeley , Emeryville , Mountain View , Richmond , and San Jose . In September 2014 , the Los Angeles City Council approved a minimum salary for hotel workers of $15.37 per hour . In April 2016 , The Los Angeles Times reported that there is an exemption for unionised workers , and interviewed longtime workers at unionised Sheraton Universal who make $10.00 per hour , whereas non-union employees at a non-union Hilton less than 500 feet away make at least the $15.37 mandated by law for non-unionised employees . Similar exemptions have been adopted in San Francisco , San Jose , Oakland , and Santa Monica . On August 18 , 2015 , the El Cerrito City Council directed city staff to draft a local minimum wage ordinance based on a template provided by a coalition for a county - wide minimum wage effort . The details are not final , but the Council discussed an initial increase of roughly 28 -- 36 % ( $11.52 -- $12.25 or more ) by January 1 , 2016 , with annual increases that will result in a $15.00 hourly wage rate by 2018 -- 2020 . The Council did not direct staff to create small business exemptions ( or any other exemptions ) , but a slower phase - in rate may be considered for employees of small businesses . The city will have outreach for residents and business owners to discuss details of the proposed ordinance . Staff hopes to present a draft for The Council 's approval as early as October or November 2015 . Union exemptions ( edit ) As of December 2014 , unions were exempt from recent minimum wage increases in Chicago , Illinois , SeaTac , Washington , and Milwaukee County , Wisconsin , as well as the California cities of Los Angeles , San Francisco , Long Beach , San Jose , Richmond , and Oakland . In 2016 , the Washington , D.C. Council passed a minimum wage ordinance that included a union waiver , but Mayor Vincent Gray vetoed it . Later that year , the council approved an increase without the union waiver . Trends in purchasing power ( edit ) History of the federal minimum wage in real 2013 dollars and nominal dollars Since its inception the purchasing power of the minimum wage has fluctuated . The minimum wage had its highest purchasing power in 1968 , when it was $1.60 per hour ( $11.49 in 2017 dollars ) . From January 1981 to April 1990 , the minimum wage was frozen at $3.35 per hour , then a record - setting minimum wage freeze . From September 1 , 1997 through July 23 , 2007 , the federal minimum wage remained constant at $5.15 per hour , breaking the old record . From the United States Department of Labor . Employment Standards Administration . Wage and Hour Division , the source page has a clickable US map with current and projected state - by - state minimum wage rates for each state . Some government entities , such as counties and cities , observe minimum wages that are higher than the state as a whole . One notable example of this is Santa Fe , New Mexico , whose $9.50 per hour minimum wage was the highest in the nation , until San Francisco increased its minimum wage to $9.79 in 2009 . Another device to increase wages , living wage ordinances , generally apply only to businesses that are under contract to the local government itself . Since 1984 , the purchasing power of the federal minimum wage has decreased . Measured in real terms ( adjusted for inflation ) using 1984 dollars , the real minimum wage was $3.35 in 1984 , $2.33 in 1994 , $1.84 in 2004 , and $1.46 in 2014 . If the minimum wage had been raised to $10.10 in 2014 , that would have equated to $4.40 in 1984 dollars . This would have been equal to a 31 % increase in purchasing power , despite the nominal value of the minimum wage increasing by 216 % in the same time period . Economic effects ( edit ) The economic effects of raising the minimum wage are controversial . Adjusting the minimum wage may affect current and future levels of employment , prices of goods and services , economic growth , income inequality , and poverty . The interconnection of price levels , central bank policy , wage agreements , and total aggregate demand creates a situation in which conclusions drawn from macroeconomic analysis are highly influenced by the underlying assumptions of the interpreter . Employment and job creation ( edit ) Further information : Unemployment in the United States CBO table with projections of the effects of minimum wage increases on employment and income , under two scenarios In neoclassical economics , the law of demand states that -- all else being equal -- raising the price of any particular good or service reduces the quantity demanded . Therefore , neoclassical economists argue that -- all else being equal -- raising the minimum wage will have adverse effects on employment . Conceptually , if an employer does not believe a worker generates value equal to or in excess of the minimum wage , they do not hire or retain that worker . Other economists of different schools of thought argue that a limited increase in the minimum wage does not affect or increases the number of jobs available . Economist David Cooper for instance estimates that a higher minimum wage would support the creation of at least 85,000 new jobs in the United States . This divergence of thought began with empirical work on fast food workers in the 1990s which challenged the neoclassical model . In 1994 , economists David Card and Alan Krueger studied employment trends among 410 restaurants in New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania following New Jersey 's minimum wage hike ( from $4.25 to $5.05 ) in April 1992 . They found `` no indication that the rise in the minimum wage reduced employment . '' In contrast , a 1995 analysis of the evidence by David Neumark found that the increase in New Jersey 's minimum wage resulted in a 4.6 % decrease in employment . Neumark 's study relied on payroll records from a sample of large fast - food restaurant chains , whereas the Card - Krueger study relied on business surveys . A literature review conducted by David Neumark and William Wascher in 2007 ( which surveyed 101 studies related to the employment effects of minimum wages ) found that about two - thirds of peer - reviewed economic research showed a positive correlation between minimum wage hikes and increased unemployment -- especially for young and unskilled workers . Neumark 's analysis further found that , when looking at only the most credible research , 85 % of studies showed a positive correlation between minimum wage hikes and increased unemployment . Neumark was also part of a study that compared areas that have received minimum wage hikes that were in proximity to each other and areas that are farther apart and they concluded that there is always net job loss experienced . In 2005 , T.D. Stanley showed that Card and Krueger 's results could signify either publication bias or the absence of a minimum wage effect . However , using a different methodology , Stanley concluded that there is evidence of publication bias and that correction of this bias shows no relationship between the minimum wage and unemployment . In 2008 , Hristos Doucouliagos and T.D. Stanley conducted a similar meta - analysis of 64 U.S. studies on disemployment effects and concluded that Card and Krueger 's initial claim of publication bias is still correct . Moreover , they concluded , `` Once this publication selection is corrected , little or no evidence of a negative association between minimum wages and employment remains . '' In 2013 , a meta - analysis of 16 U.K. studies found that the minimum wage has no significant effects on employment . Estimated minimum wage effects on employment from a meta - study of 64 other studies showed insignificant employment effect ( both practically and statistically ) from minimum - wage raises . The most precise estimates were heavily clustered at or near zero employment effects ( elasticity = 0 ) . The Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) in 2014 estimated the theoretical effects of a federal minimum wage increase under two scenarios : an increase to $9.00 and an increase to $10.10 . According to the report , approximately 100,000 jobs would be lost under the $9.00 option , whereas 500,000 jobs would be lost under the $10.10 option ( with a wide range of possible outcomes ) . A 2013 Center for Economic and Policy Research ( CEPR ) review of multiple studies since 2000 indicated that there was `` little or no employment response to modest increases in the minimum wage . '' Another CEPR study in 2014 found that job creation within the United States is faster within states that raised their minimum wage . In 2014 , the state with the highest minimum wage in the nation , Washington , exceeded the national average for job growth in the United States . Washington had a job growth rate 0.3 % faster than the national average job growth rate . A 2012 study led by Joseph Sabia estimated that the 2004 - 6 New York State minimum wage increase ( from $5.15 to $6.75 ) resulted in a 20.2 % to 21.8 % reduction in employment for less - skilled , less - educated workers . Another study by Sabia in 2008 concluded that a 10 % increase in the minimum wage was associated with an 8.8 % reduction in employment and an 11.8 % reduction in hours for uneducated single mothers . A study led by Richard Burkhauser in 2000 concluded that minimum wage increases `` significantly reduce the employment of the most vulnerable groups in the working - age population -- young adults without a high school degree ( aged 20 - 24 ) , young black adults and teenagers ( aged 16 - 24 ) , and teenagers ( aged 16 - 19 ) . '' A 2007 study by Daniel Aaronson and Eric French concluded that a 10 % increase in the minimum wage decreased low - skill employment by 2 - 4 % and total restaurant employment by 1 - 3 % . The Economist wrote in December 2013 : `` A minimum wage , providing it is not set too high , could thus boost pay with no ill effects on jobs ... Some studies find no harm to employment from federal or state minimum wages , others see a small one , but none finds any serious damage ... High minimum wages , however , particularly in rigid labour markets , do appear to hit employment . France has the rich world 's highest wage floor , at more than 60 % of the median for adults and a far bigger fraction of the typical wage for the young . This helps explain why France also has shockingly high rates of youth unemployment : 26 % for 15 - to 24 - year - olds . '' Prices ( edit ) Conceptually , raising the minimum wage increases the cost of labor , ceteris paribus . Thus , employers may accept lower profits , raise their prices , or both . If prices increase , consumers may demand a lesser quantity of the product , substitute other products , or switch to imported products , due to the effects of price elasticity of demand . Marginal producers ( those who are barely profitable enough to survive ) may be forced out of business if they can not raise their prices sufficiently to offset the higher cost of labor . Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago research from 2007 has shown that restaurant prices rise in response to minimum wage increases . However , there are studies that show that higher prices for products due to increased labor cost are usually only by about 0.4 % of the original price . Effects on crime ( edit ) A 2016 White House report based on `` back of envelope calculations and literature review '' argued that higher hourly wages led to less crime . The study by the Council of Economic Advisers calculated that `` raising the minimum wage reduces crime by 3 to 5 percent . '' To get those numbers , the study assumed that `` such a minimum wage increase would have no employment impacts , with an employment elasticity of 0.1 the benefits would be somewhat lower . '' In contrast in a 1987 journal article , Masanori Hashimoto noted that minimum wage hikes lead to increased levels of property crime in areas affected by the minimum wage after its increase . According to the article , by decreasing employment in poor communities , total legal trade and production are curtailed . The report also argued that to compensate for the decrease in legal avenues for production and consumption , poor communities increasingly turn to illegal trade and activity . Economic growth ( edit ) Whether growth ( GDP , a measure of both income and production ) increases or decreases depends significantly on whether the income shifted from owners to workers results in an overall higher level of spending . The tendency of a consumer to spend their next dollar is referred to as the marginal propensity to consume or MPC . The transfer of income from higher income owners ( who tend to save more , meaning a lower MPC ) to lower income workers ( who tend to save less , with a higher MPC ) can actually lead to an increase in total consumption and higher demand for goods , leading to increased employment . Recent research has shown that higher wages lead to greater productivity . The CBO reported in February 2014 that income ( GDP ) overall would be marginally higher after raising the minimum wage , indicating a small net positive increase in growth . Raising the minimum wage to $10.10 and indexing it to inflation would result in a net $2 billion increase in income during the second half of 2016 , while raising it to $9.00 and not indexing it would result in a net $1 billion increase in income . Income inequality ( edit ) Further information : Income inequality in the United States Minimum wage levels in developed economies as a share of median full - time wage . The relative minimum wage ratio in the U.S. is shown in red . An increase in the minimum wage is a form of redistribution from higher - income persons ( business owners or `` capital '' ) to lower income persons ( workers or `` labor '' ) and therefore should reduce income inequality . The CBO estimated in February 2014 that raising the minimum wage under either scenario described above would improve income inequality . Families with income more than 6 times the poverty threshold would see their incomes fall ( due in part to their business profits declining with higher employee costs ) , while families with incomes below that threshold would rise . Poverty ( edit ) Among hourly - paid workers In 2016 , 701,000 earned the federal minimum wage and about 1.5 million earned wages below the minimum. Together , these 2.2 million workers represented 2.7 % of all hourly - paid workers . The CBO estimated in February 2014 that raising the minimum wage would reduce the number of persons below the poverty income threshold by 900,000 under the $10.10 option versus 300,000 under the $9.00 option . Similarly , Arindrajit Dube , professor of economics at University of Massachusetts Amherst , found in a 2017 study `` robust evidence that higher minimum wages lead to increases in incomes among families at the bottom of the income distribution and that these wages reduce the poverty rate . '' According to the study `` a 10 percent increase in the minimum wage reduces the nonelderly poverty rate by about 5 percent . '' In contrast , research conducted by David Neumark and colleagues in 2004 found that minimum wages are associated with reductions in the hours and employment of low - wage workers . A separate study by the same researchers found that minimum wages tend to increase the proportion of families with incomes below or near the poverty line . Similarly , a 2002 study led by Richard Vedder , professor of economics at Ohio University , concluded that `` The empirical evidence is strong that minimum wages have had little or no effect on poverty in the U.S. Indeed , the evidence is stronger that minimum wages occasionally increase poverty ... '' Federal budget deficit ( edit ) The CBO reported in February 2014 that `` ( T ) he net effect on the federal budget of raising the minimum wage would probably be a small decrease in budget deficits for several years but a small increase in budget deficits thereafter . It is unclear whether the effect for the coming decade as a whole would be a small increase or a small decrease in budget deficits . '' On the cost side , the report cited higher wages paid by the government to some of its employees along with higher costs for certain procured goods and services . This might be offset by fewer government benefits paid , as some workers with higher incomes would receive fewer government transfer payments . On the revenue side , some would pay higher taxes and others less . Commentary ( edit ) Economists ( edit ) Effective minimum wage adjusted for cost of living for select U.S. cities ( 2015 ) City Effective minimum wage Seattle $8.51 Denver $7.57 Houston $7.26 United States $7.25 San Francisco $7.03 Chicago $7.01 Boston $6.59 Washington , D.C. $6.53 Los Angeles $6.38 Philadelphia $6.08 New York City $3.86 According to a survey conducted by economist Greg Mankiw , 79 % of economists agreed that `` a minimum wage increases unemployment among young and unskilled workers . '' A 2015 survey conducted by the University of New Hampshire Survey Center found that a majority of economists believes raising the minimum wage to $15 per hour would have negative effects on youth employment levels ( 83 % ) , adult employment levels ( 52 % ) , and the number of jobs available ( 76 % ) . Additionally , 67 % of economists surveyed believed that a $15 minimum wage would make it harder for small businesses with less than 50 employees to stay in business . A 2006 survey conducted by economist Robert Whaples of a sample of 210 Ph. D. economists randomly selected from the American Economic Association , found that , regarding the U.S. minimum wage : 46.8 % favored eliminating it 14.3 % favored keeping it the same 1.3 % favored decreasing it 5.2 % favored increasing it by about 50 cents per hour 15.6 % favored increasing it by about $1 per hour 16.9 % favored increasing it by more than $1 per hour In 2014 , over 600 economists signed a letter in support of increasing the minimum wage to $10.10 with research suggesting that a minimum wage increase could have a small stimulative effect on the economy as low - wage workers spend their additional earnings , raising demand and job growth . Also , seven recipients of the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences were among 75 economists endorsing an increase in the minimum wage for U.S. workers and said `` the weight '' of economic research shows higher pay does n't lead to fewer jobs . According to a February 2013 survey of the University of Chicago IGM Forum , which includes approximately 40 economists : 34 % agreed with the statement that `` Raising the federal minimum wage to $9 per hour would make it noticeably harder for low - skilled workers to find employment '' , with 32 % disagreeing and 24 % uncertain 42 % agreed that `` ... raising the minimum wage to $9 per hour and indexing it to inflation ... would be a desirable policy '' , with 11 % disagreeing or strongly disagreeing and 32 % uncertain . According to a fall 2000 survey conducted by Fuller and Geide - Stevenson , 73.5 % ( 27.9 % of which agreed with provisos ) of American economists surveyed agreed that minimum wage laws increase unemployment among unskilled and young workers , while 26.5 % disagreed with the statement . Economist Paul Krugman advocated raising the minimum wage moderately in 2013 , citing several reasons , including : The minimum wage was below its 1960s purchasing power , despite a near doubling of productivity ; The great preponderance of the evidence indicates there is no negative impact on employment from moderate increases ; and A high level of public support , specifically Democrats and Republican women . Major Political parties ( edit ) Democratic candidates , elected officials , and activists support an increase in the minimum wage . In his 2013 State of the Union Address , President Barack Obama called for an increase in the federal minimum wage to $9 an hour ; several months later , Democrats Tom Harkin and George Miller proposed legislation to increase the federal minimum wage to $10.10 ; and in 2015 , congressional Democrats introduced a proposal to increase the federal minimum wage to $12 an hour . These efforts did not succeed , but increases in city and state minimum wages prompted congressional Democrats to continue fighting for an increase on the federal level . After much internal party debate , the party 's official platform adopted at the 2016 Democratic National Convention stated : `` We should raise the federal minimum wage to $15 an hour over time and index it , give all Americans the ability to join a union regardless of where they work , and create new ways for workers to have power in the economy so every worker can earn at least $15 an hour . '' Most Republican elected officials oppose action to increase the minimum wage , and have blocked Democratic efforts to increase the minimum wage . Republican leadership such as Speakers of the House John Boehner and Paul Ryan have opposed minimum wage increases . Some Republicans oppose having a minimum wage altogether , while a few , conversely , have supported minimum wage increases or indexing the minimum wage to inflation . Former President Bill Clinton advocated raising the minimum wage in 2014 : `` I think we ought to raise the minimum wage because it does n't just raise wages for the three or four million people who are directly affected by it , it bumps the wage structure everywhere ... The estimates are that 35 million Americans would get a pay raise if the federal minimum wage was raised ... If you ( raise the minimum wage ) in a phased way , it always creates jobs . Why ? Because people who make the minimum wage or near it are struggling to get by , they spend every penny they make , they turn it over in the economy , they create jobs , they create opportunity , and they take better care of their children . It 's just the right thing to do , but it 's also very good economics . '' Polls ( edit ) The Pew Center reported in January 2014 that 73 % of Americans supported raising the minimum wage from $7.25 to $10 . By party , 53 % of Republicans and 90 % of Democrats favored this action . Pew found a racial difference for support of a higher minimum wage in 2017 with most blacks and Hispanics supporting a $15.00 federal minimum wage , and 54 % of whites opposing it . A Lake Research Partners poll in February 2012 found the following : Strong support overall for raising the minimum wage , with 73 % of likely voters supporting an increase to $10 and indexing it to inflation during 2014 , including 58 % who strongly support the action ; Support crosses party lines , with support from 91 % of Democrats , 74 % of Independents , and 50 % of Republicans ; and A majority ( 56 % ) believe that raising the minimum wage will help the economy , 16 % believe it wo n't make a difference , and only 21 % felt it would hurt the economy . List by jurisdiction ( edit ) This is a list of the minimum wages ( per hour ) in each state and territory of the United States , for jobs covered by federal minimum wage laws . If the job is not subject to the federal Fair Labor Standards Act , then state , city , or other local laws may determine the minimum wage . A common exemption to the federal minimum wage is a company having revenue of less than $500,000 per year while not engaging in any interstate commerce . Under the federal law , workers who receive a portion of their salary from tips , such as waitstaff , are required only to have their total compensation , including tips , meet the minimum wage . Therefore , often , their hourly wage , before tips , is less than the minimum wage . Seven states , and Guam , do not allow for a tip credit . Additional exemptions to the minimum wage include many seasonal employees , student employees , and certain disabled employees as specified by the FLSA . In addition , some counties and cities within states may implement a higher minimum wage than the rest of their state . Sometimes this higher wage applies only to businesses that contract with the local government , while in other cases the higher minimum applies to all work . Federal ( edit ) Type Min . wage ( $ / h ) Notes Tipped $2.13 The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 has been requiring a minimum wage of $2.13 for tipped workers with the expectation that wages plus tips total no less than $7.25 per hour since September 1 , 1991 . The employer must pay the difference if total income does not add up to $7.25 per hour . Non-tipped $7.25 Per the Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007 ( FMWA ) since July 24 , 2009 . Youth $4.25 The Fair Labor Standards Act has since September 1 , 1996 allowed for persons under the age of 20 to be paid $4.25 for the first 90 calendar days of their employment . State ( edit ) The average US minimum wage per capita ( 2017 ) is $8.49 based on the population size of each state and generally represents the average minimum wage experienced by a person working in one of the fifty US states . Cities , counties , districts , and territories are not included in the calculation . As of October 2016 , there have been 29 states with a minimum wage higher than the federal minimum . From 2014 to 2015 , nine states increased their minimum wage levels through automatic adjustments , while increases in 11 other states occurred through referendum or legislative action . Beginning in January 2017 , Massachusetts and Washington state have the highest minimum wages in the country , at $11.00 per hour . New York City 's minimum wage will be $15.00 per hour by the end of 2018 . State Min . wage ( $ / h ) Tipped ( $ / h ) Youth / training ( $ / h ) Automatic indexed adjustment Notes Alabama None No Alaska $9.84 $9.84 Yes Minimum wage increased to $9.84 on January 1 , 2018 . Arizona $10.50 $7.50 Yes Voters passed Proposition 206 in 2016 to schedule a series of wage increases starting with $10.00 / hour in 2017 , $10.50 in 2018 , $11.00 in 2019 , $12.00 in 2020 and every year afterwards will be tied to inflation . Arkansas $8.50 $2.63 No Minimum wage increased to $8.50 on January 1 , 2017 . The rate applies to employers of four or more employees . California $11.00 $11.00 Yes Minimum wage increased to $11.00 for business with 26 employees or more ; $10.50 for business with 25 employees or less , effective on January 1 , 2018 and increases to $15.00 by 2022 . At least 20 California cities will have a minimum wage higher than the state minimum on January 1 , 2018 . Berkeley : $13.75 since October 1 , 2017 and increases to $15.00 by 2018 . Emeryville : $15.20 for businesses with 56 or more employees ; $14.00 for businesses with 55 employees or less , effective July 2017 . Jackson Rancheria : $10.60 since January 1 , 2014 on the Tribe 's sovereign 1,500 - acre reservation in Amador County . Oakland : $13.23 since January 1 , 2018 . Unions are exempt from Oakland 's minimum wage law . Los Angeles : $12.00 for Businesses with 26 or more employees $10.50 for businesses with 25 employees or less since July 1 , 2017 and increases to $15.00 by 2020 . Unions are exempt from Los Angeles 's minimum wage law . San Francisco : $14.00 since July 1 , 2017 and increases to $15.00 by 2018 . Unions are exempt from San Francisco 's minimum wage law . San Jose : $13.50 since January 1 , 2018 . Unions are exempt from San Jose 's minimum wage law . San Diego $11.50 since January 1 , 2017 . Colorado $10.20 $7.18 Yes On January 1 , 2018 , the minimum wage increased to $10.20 and will increase annually by $0.90 until it becomes $12 in January 2020 . Starting in 2021 , it will be adjusted by cost of living increases . The tipped wage is $3.02 less than the minimum wage Connecticut $10.10 $6.59 No On March 26 , 2014 , the state passed legislation to raise the minimum wage to $10.10 by January 1 , 2017 . Connecticut 's tipped minimum wage is 65.2 % of the state minimum wage ( tipped employees defined as $10 / wk or $2 / day in tips ) . Delaware $8.25 $2.23 No Minimum wage increased to $8.25 on June 1 , 2015 . Florida $8.25 $5.08 Yes Minimum wage is increased annually on September 30 ( effective January 1 of the following calendar year ) based upon a cost of living formula ( the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers , not seasonally adjusted , for the South Region or a successor index as calculated by the United States Department of Labor , using the rate of inflation for the 12 months prior to September 1 ) . Florida 's minimum wage increased to $8.10 and the tipped minimum wage to $5.08 on January 1 , 2017 . Georgia $5.15 $2.13 No Only applicable to employers of 6 or more employees . The state law excludes from coverage any employment that is subject to the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act when the federal rate is greater than the state rate . Hawaii $10.10 $9.35 No Minimum wage increased to $8.50 on January 1 , 2016 , and increases to $10.10 by January 1 , 2018 . Tipped employees earn 75 cents less than the current state minimum wage . Idaho $7.25 $3.35 No Illinois $8.25 $4.95 $7.75 No Employers may pay anyone under the age of 18 , or anyone for the first 90 days of employment , fifty cents less . Tipped employees earn 60 % of the minimum wage ( employers may claim credit for tips , up to 40 % of wage ) . There is a training wage for tipped employees . Chicago : $10.00 from July 1 , 2015 and increases to $13.00 by 2019 . Unions are exempt from Chicago 's minimum wage law . Indiana $7.25 $2.13 No Iowa $7.25 $4.35 No Most small retail and service establishments grossing less than $300,000 annually are not required to pay the minimum wage . A tipped employee who makes $30.00 per month or more in tips , can be paid 60 % of the minimum wage , i.e. as little as $4.35 per hour . Increased minimum wage laws in Johnson and Linn counties were nullified by the legislature . Kansas $7.25 $2.13 No Kansas had the lowest legislated , non-tipped worker , minimum wage in the U.S. , $2.65 per hour , until it was raised to $7.25 , effective January 1 , 2010 . Kentucky $7.25 $2.13 No Louisville : $8.10 from July 1 , 2015 and increases to $9.00 by 2017 . However , the Kentucky Supreme Court ruled that localities do not have authority to increase the minimum wage . Louisiana None No Maine $10.00 $5.00 Yes Tipped rate is half of the current state minimum wage . On July 6 , 2015 , the city council of Portland voted 6 - 3 to raise the city 's minimum wage to $10.10 beginning on January 1 , 2016 -- an increase of 34 % . Note : The tipped wage returns to 50 % of the regular minimum wage starting January 1 , 2018 . Minimum wage will increase to $10 in January 2018 , $11 in January 2019 , and $12 in January 2020 . Maryland $9.25 $3.63 No Minimum wage is $8.75 per hour as July 1 , 2016 ; $9.25 as of July 1 , 2017 ; and $10.10 as of July 1 , 2018 . For employees working in Prince George 's County , the minimum wage is $10.75 per hour , effective October 1 , 2016 , and increases to $11.50 on October 1 , 2017 . For employees working in Montgomery County , the minimum wage is $11.50 per hour starting July 1 , 2017 . County Council bill 12 - 16 was enacted on January 17 , 2017 to adjust the minimum wage to $15 and base future adjustments on the Consumer Price Index , but was later vetoed by the County Executive . Massachusetts $11.00 $3.75 No Minimum wage increased to $11.00 ( $3.75 for tipped workers ) on January 1 , 2017 , making it the highest minimum - wage in the country at the state level . Massachusetts is the only state in the country that mandates time - and - a-half for retail workers working on Sunday . With state minimum wage at $11 an hour the effective minimum wage for a retail worker working on Sunday is $16.50 an hour . As of 2017 , Massachusetts has the largest gap between the hourly minimum wage for tipped workers ( $3.75 ) and the general minimum wage ( $11 ) . Michigan $9.25 $3.52 $4.25 ( training ) $7.86 ( youth ) Yes Annual minimum wage increases , linked to the consumer price index , will start on February 1 , 2019 , and shall not exceed 3.5 % . There is no increase in minimum wage if the unemployment rate rises to or above 8.5 % in the previous year . Tipped workers must earn at least standard Michigan minimum wage once tips are included in their wages . Minnesota $9.65 $9.65 $7.87 ( for small employers , training , youth and J - 1 Visas ) Yes Small employers , whose annual receipts are less than $500,000 and who do not engage in interstate commerce , can pay their employees $7.25 per hour . Overtime applies after 48 hours per week . Note : For large employers , the minimum wage became $9.00 on August 1 , 2015 ; and $9.50 on August 1 , 2016 . For small employers the minimum wage became $7.25 on August 1 , 2015 ; and $7.75 on August 1 , 2016 . Beginning January 1 , 2018 , all minimum wage rates will increase by the national implicit price deflator or 2.5 % , whichever is lower . Mississippi None No Missouri $7.70 $3.85 Yes Minimum wage rate is automatically adjusted annually based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index rounded to the nearest five cents , and increased to $7.70 on January 1 , 2017 . While a city ordinance was passed in St. Louis area to increase the minimum wage was set to $8.25 in 2015 , in October 2015 the law was voided by a new statewide bill barring cities from setting their own minimum wages . The State Supreme Court ruled on 28 February 2017 that the ordinance was lawful and could go into effect , with the minimum wage rate set to rise to $11.00 an hour by 2018 in St. Louis . However , on July 5 , 2017 , another law was passed to nullify the increase and to have a statewide minimum wage of $7.70 . Montana $8.15 $8.15 Yes Minimum wage rate is automatically adjusted annually based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index , and increased to $8.15 on January 1 , 2017 . Income from tips can not offset an employee 's pay rate . The state minimum wage for business with less than $110,000 in annual sales is $4.00 . Nebraska $9.00 $2.13 No Minimum wage increased to $9.00 January 1 , 2016 . Nevada $8.25 $8.25 Yes The minimum wage has been $8.25 ( $1 higher than the federal minimum ) since July 1 , 2010 . Employers who offer health benefits can pay employees $7.25 . The rate is adjusted every July 1 , based on the federal minimum or the accumulated inflation since 2006 , whichever is higher , based on a 2006 Minimum Wage Amendment to the Nevada Constitution . New Hampshire $7.25 $3.27 No New Jersey $8.60 $2.13 Yes Minimum wage increased to $8.60 on January 1 , 2018 . New Mexico $7.50 $2.13 No Santa Fe : $10.84 since January 1 , 2015 . Albuquerque : $8.75 since January 1 , 2015 . New York $10.40 Varies Yes The minimum wage rate increased to $9.00 on December 31 , 2015 . As of July 24 , 2009 there has been a minimum for exempt employees of $543.75 per week . Tipped employee minimum ranges from $4.90 to $5.65 depending on industry . Effective December 31 , 2013 , there have been different rules for the minimum cash wage for tipped employees outside of the hospitality industry , ( e.g. , in car washes and in salons ) . For workers earning more than $1.95 on average per hour in tips , the minimum cash wage has been $6.05 per hour ; for workers earning between $1.20 and $1.95 in tips on average per hour , the cash wage has been $6.80 . A 2016 law changed the minimum wage over the following six years . `` Large '' employers have 11 or more employees , and `` small '' have between 1 and 10 . `` Downstate '' includes Nassau , Suffolk , and Westchester Counties . NYC large employers : $11.00 , NYC small employers : $10.50 , Downstate employers : $10.00 , Upstate employers : $9.70 . As of December 31 , 2017 : NYC large employers : $13.00 ; NYC small employers : $12.00 ; Downstate employers : $11.00 ; Upstate employers : $10.40 . As of December 31 , 2018 : NYC large employers : $15.00 ; NYC small employers : $13.50 ; Downstate employers : $12.00 ; Upstate employers : $11.10 . As of December 31 , 2019 : NYC large employers : $15.00 ; NYC small employers : $15.00 ; Downstate employers : $13.00 ; Upstate employers : $12.50 . As of December 31 , 2020 : NYC large employers : $15.00 ; NYC small employers : $15.00 ; Downstate employers : $14.00 ; Upstate employers : $12.50 . As of December 31 , 2021 : NYC large employers : $15.00 ; NYC small employers : $15.00 ; Downstate employers : $15.00 ; Upstate employers : Set by Commissioner of Labor based on economic conditions , up to $15.00 . Tipped food service workers will be paid $7.50 per hour , or two - thirds of the applicable minimum wage rate rounded to the nearest $0.05 , whichever is higher . North Carolina $7.25 $2.13 No The employer may take credit for tips earned by a tipped employee and may count them as wages up to the amount permitted in section 3 ( m ) of the Fair Labor Standards Act . North Dakota $7.25 $4.86 No Tipped minimum is 67 % of the minimum wage . Ohio $8.30 $4.15 $7.25 under 16 years old Yes The rate is $7.25 for employers grossing $299,000 or less . The rate is adjusted annually on January 1 based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index Ohio 's minimum wage will increase to $8.30 ( $4.15 for tipped employees ) on January 1 , 2018 Oklahoma $7.25 $2.13 No Minimum wage for employers grossing under $100,000 and with fewer than 10 employees per location is $2.00. ( OK Statutes 40 - 197.5 ) . Oregon $10.00 ( rural counties ) $10.25 ( non-rural counties ) $11.25 ( Portland metro ) $10.00 ( rural counties ) $10.25 ( non-rural counties ) $11.25 ( Portland metro ) Yes On March 2 , 2016 , Senate Bill 1532 was signed into law , increasing minimum wage depending on the county . Beginning July 1 , 2016 the minimum wage increased to $9.75 for non-rural counties and to $9.50 for rural counties , thereafter increasing each year by fixed amounts until June 30 , 2022 when the minimum wage will be $14.75 for the Portland metro area , $13.50 for other non-rural counties , and $12.50 for rural counties . Thereafter , the minimum wage will be adjusted each year based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index . Non-rural counties are defined as Benton , Clackamas , Clatsop , Columbia , Deschutes , Hood River , Jackson , Josephine , Lane , Lincoln , Linn , Marion , Multnomah , Polk , Tillamook , Wasco , Washington , and Yamhill counties . Rural counties are defined as Baker , Coos , Crook , Curry , Douglas , Gilliam , Grant , Harney , Jefferson , Klamath , Lake , Malheur , Morrow , Sherman , Umatilla , Union , Wallowa , Wheeler counties . The Portland Metro rate ( $1.25 over the non-rural rate ) applies to employers located within the urban growth boundary ( UGB ) of the Portland metropolitan service district . Pennsylvania $7.25 $2.83 No Rhode Island $10.10 $3.39 No Minimum wage increased to $9.60 January 1 , 2016 . South Carolina None No South Dakota $8.85 $4.425 Yes Minimum wage increased to $8.85 on January 1 , 2018 , and is indexed to inflation . Tennessee None No Texas $7.25 $2.13 No Applies to all workers in the state , excluding patients of the Texas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation who have diminished production capacity and who work on behalf of the Department ; their salary is calculated at the minimum wage times a percentage of their diminished capacity . Utah $7.25 $2.13 No Vermont $10.50 $5.00 Yes Minimum wage increased to $10.00 on January 1 , 2017 , will increase to $10.50 by January 1 , 2018 , and will be indexed to inflation beginning on January 1 , 2019 . Virginia $7.25 $2.13 No Washington $11.50 $11.50 $9.78 Yes Minimum wage increases annually by a voter - approved cost - of - living adjustment based on the federal Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers ( CPI - W ) . Seattle : $11.00 for businesses less than 500 employees , $15.00 for businesses with over 500 employees , and for all businesses by 2021 . SeaTac : $15.00 for airport - related businesses . Union workshops are exempt from SeaTac 's $15 minimum wage law . West Virginia $8.75 $2.62 No Minimum wage increased to $8.75 on December 31 , 2015 . The state minimum wage is applicable to employers of six or more employees at one location not involved in interstate commerce and for tipped employees is 30 % of the federal minimum wage . Wisconsin $7.25 $2.33 No Wyoming $5.15 $2.13 No Jump up ^ Generally applies to employees who make over $30 in tips per month , unless otherwise noted . Jump up ^ Applies to persons under age 20 , for the first 90 days of employment ( per FMWA ) , unless otherwise noted . ^ Jump up to : No state minimum wage law . Federal rates apply , although some small businesses exempt from FMWA may not be covered . Territory ( edit ) Territory Min . wage ( $ / h ) Tipped ( $ / h ) Notes American Samoa $4.58 -- $5.99 $2.13 Varies by industry . On September 30 , 2010 , President Obama signed legislation that delays scheduled wage increases for 2010 and 2011 . On July 26 , 2012 , President Obama signed S. 2009 into law , postponing the minimum wage increase for 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 . Annual wage increases of $0.40 recommenced on September 30 , 2015 and will continue every three years until all rates have reached the federal minimum . Guam $8.25 $8.25 Northern Mariana Islands $7.05 $2.13 Since September 30 , 2016 . Wages are to go up $0.50 annually until reaching the federal $7.25 rate by 2018 . Bill S. 256 to delay the planned increases to the full rate until 2018 passed in Sept. 2013 . Puerto Rico $7.25 $2.13 Following the Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007 , Employers covered by the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act ( FLSA ) are subject to the federal minimum wage and all applicable regulations . Employers not covered by the FLSA will be subject to a minimum wage that is at least 70 percent of the federal minimum wage or the applicable mandatory decree rate , whichever is higher . The Secretary of Labor and Human Resources may authorize a rate based on a lower percentage for any employer who can show that implementation of the 70 percent rate would substantially curtail employment in that business . Puerto Rico also has minimum wage rates that vary according to the industry . These rates range from a minimum of $5.08 to $7.25 per hour . U.S. Virgin Islands $9.50 $3.80 The Virgin Islands ' minimum wage increased to $9.50 on June 1 , 2017 for all employees , with the exception of tourist service and restaurant employees ( or those businesses with gross annual receipts of less than $150,000 set at $4.30 ) . It is scheduled to increase to $10.50 on June 1 , 2018 . Federal District ( edit ) Federal District Min . wage ( $ / h ) Tipped ( $ / h ) Youth / training ( $ / h ) Notes District of Columbia $12.50 $3.47 None In accordance with a law signed on June 27 , 2016 , the minimum wage became $12.50 per hour as of July 1 , 2017 ; $13.25 per hour as of July 1 , 2018 ; $14.00 per hour as of July 1 , 2019 ; and $15.00 per hour as of July 1 , 2020 . As of each successive July 1 , the minimum wage will increase by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers in the Washington Metropolitan Statistical Area for the preceding twelve months . The minimum wage for tipped - employees will increase to $4.17 per hour as of July 1 , 2018 ; $4.87 per hour as of July 1 , 2019 ; and $5.55 per hour as of July 1 , 2020 . The minimum wage established by the federal government may be paid to newly hired individuals during their first 90 calendar days of employment , students employed by colleges and universities , and individuals under 18 years of age . Low - paying occupations , 2006 and 2009 ( edit ) Jobs that a minimum wage is most likely to directly affect are those that pay close to the minimum . According to the May 2006 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates , the four lowest - paid occupational sectors in May 2006 ( when the federal minimum wage was $5.15 per hour ) were the following : Sector Workers employed Median wage Mean wage Mean annual Food preparation and serving related occupations 11,029,280 $7.90 $8.86 $18,430 Farming , fishing , and forestry occupations 450,040 $8.63 $10.49 $21,810 Personal care and service occupations 3,249,760 $9.17 $11.02 $22,920 Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 4,396,250 $9.75 $10.86 $22,580 Two years later , in May 2008 , when the federal minimum wage was $5.85 per hour and was about to increase to $6.55 per hour in July 2008 , these same sectors were still the lowest - paying , but their situation ( according to Bureau of Labor Statistics data ) was : Sector Workers employed Median wage Mean wage Mean annual Food preparation and serving related occupations 11,438,550 $8.59 $9.72 $20,220 Farming , fishing , and forestry occupations 438,490 $9.34 $11.32 $23,560 Personal care and service occupations 3,437,520 $9.82 $11.59 $24,120 Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 4,429,870 $10.52 $11.72 $24,370 In 2006 , workers in the following 13 individual occupations received , on average , a median hourly wage of less than $8.00 per hour : Occupation Workers employed Median wage Mean wage Mean annual Gaming dealers 82,960 $7.08 $8.18 $17,010 Waiters and waitresses 2,312,930 $3.14 $4.27 $11,190 Combined food preparation and serving workers , including fast food 2,461,890 $7.24 $7.66 $15,930 Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers 401,790 $7.36 $7.84 $16,320 Cooks , fast food 612,020 $7.41 $7.67 $15,960 Dishwashers 502,770 $7.57 $7.78 $16,190 Ushers , lobby attendants , and ticket takers 101,530 $7.64 $8.41 $17,500 Counter attendants , cafeteria , food concession , and coffee shop 524,410 $7.76 $8.15 $16,950 Hosts and hostesses , restaurant , lounge , and coffee shop 340,390 $7.78 $8.10 $16,860 Shampooers 15,580 $7.78 $8.20 $17,050 Amusement and recreation attendants 235,670 $7.83 $8.43 $17,530 Bartenders 485,120 $7.86 $8.91 $18,540 Farmworkers and laborers , crop , nursery , and greenhouse 230,780 $7.95 $8.48 $17,630 In 2008 , only two occupations paid a median wage less than $8.00 per hour : Occupation Workers employed Median wage Mean wage Mean annual Gaming dealers 91,130 $7.84 $9.56 $19,890 Combined food preparation and serving workers , including fast food 2,708,840 $7.90 $8.36 $17,400 According to the May 2009 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates , the lowest - paid occupational sectors in May 2009 ( when the federal minimum wage was $7.25 per hour ) were the following : Sector Workers employed Median wage Mean wage Mean annual Gaming dealers 86,900 $8.19 $9.76 $20,290 Combined food preparation and serving workers , including fast food 2,695,740 $8.28 $8.71 $18,120 Waiters and waitresses 2,302,070 $8.50 $9.80 $20,380 Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers 402,020 $8.51 $9.09 $18,900 Cooks , fast food 539,520 $8.52 $8.76 $18,230 See also ( edit ) Economics portal United States portal Average worker 's wage Fair Labor Standards Act History of labor law in the United States Income inequality in the United States List of minimum wages by country Living wage Maximum wage Minimum Wage Fixing Convention , 1970 Minimum wage law United States labor law Wage slavery Wage theft Working poor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Laws in the States - Wage and Hour Division ( WHD ) - U.S. Department of Labor '' . www.dol.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ The federal minimum wage applies to states with no set minimum wage and to most workers in states with lower minimum wages . Jump up ^ United States Department of Labor , https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/wages/minimumwage . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Tracker '' . Economic Policy Institute . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Legislatures , National Conference of State . `` State Minimum Wages 2017 Minimum Wage by State '' . www.ncsl.org . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Raises from Coast to Coast in 2018 : Workers in 18 States and 19 Cities and Counties Seeing Minimum Wage Increases on January 1 - National Employment Law Project '' . National Employment Law Project . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Laws in the States - Wage and Hour Division ( WHD ) - U.S. Department of Labor '' . www.dol.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` CPI Inflation Calculator '' . www.bls.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . Feb , 1968 -- $1.60 converted to Dec , 2017 dollars = = > $11.53 Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage - Wage and Hour Division ( WHD ) - U.S. Department of Labor '' . www.dol.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Working for $7.25 an Hour : Exploring the Minimum Wage Debate '' . www.rand.org . Wenger , Jeffrey B. Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Low - wage workers will get paid more in 18 states in 2018 -- but they could earn much more if the federal minimum wage had kept up with the economy '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : 5 facts about the minimum wage Drew DeSilver , Pew Research Center , January 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Characteristics of minimum wage workers , 2015 : BLS Reports : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics '' . Bls.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Tritch , Teresa ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` F.D.R. Makes the Case for the Minimum Wage '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Broda , Rudolf ; United States . Bureau of Labor Statistics ( December 1928 ) . Minimum Wage Legislation in Various Countries : Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics , No. 467 ( PDF ) . Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics . G.P.O. p. 8 . Jump up ^ Willis J. , Nordlund ( 1997 ) . The quest for a living wage : the history of the federal minimum wage program . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press . p. 2 . ISBN 9780313264122 . OCLC 33983425 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Matthew B. ( 1913 ) . `` The Minimum Wage in Great Britain and Australia '' . The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . 48 : 26 . Jump up ^ Vivien. , Hart , ( 2001 ) . Bound by Our Constitution : Women , Workers , and the Minimum Wage . Princeton : Princeton University Press . p. 67 . ISBN 9781400821563 . OCLC 700688619 . Jump up ^ Webb , Sidney ( 1912 ) . `` The Economic Theory of a Legal Minimum Wage '' . Journal of Political Economy. 20 ( 10 ) : 973 . 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The city council in September approved a pay increase for hotel workers to $15.37 an hour . Jump up ^ Peter , Jamison ( 9 April 2016 ) . `` Outrage after big labor crafts law paying their members less than non-union workers '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . At the Sheraton Universal Hotel , a longtime union property , bellhops , waiters and banquet servers make California 's current minimum wage : $10 an hour . ( When the hotel ordinance first went into effect , the state minimum was $9 . ) Those doing the same jobs at a non-union Hilton less than 500 feet away make at least $15.37 under the city 's hotel wage law . Neither amount includes tips . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Minimum wage loophole written to help labor unions , Washington Examiner , December 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Higgins , Sean . `` Minimum wage loophole written to help labor unions '' . Washington Examiner . 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Dol.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press A higher minimum wage for millions in 2017 CBS News , December 29 , 2016 Jump up ^ Legislatures , National Conference of State . `` State Minimum Wages - 2017 Minimum Wage by State '' . Ncsl.org . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` DOL WHD : Minimum Wage Laws in the States '' . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Tracker '' . Economic Policy Institute . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Department of Labor - Wage & Hour Divisions ( WHD ) - Minimum Wages for Tipped Employees '' . www.dol.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum Wages for Tipped Employees '' . US Department of Labor . January 1 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Standard and Overtime Hours '' . labor.alaska.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Prop. 206 : Arizona voters approve $12 minimum wage '' . azcentral . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 02 . 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Jump up ^ `` LexisNexis ® Custom Solution : Georgia Code Research Tool '' . Lexisnexis.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage and Overtime '' . Hawaii Department of Labor and Industrial Relations . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Section 44 - 1502 -- Idaho State Legislature '' . Legislature.idaho.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage / Overtime FAQ '' . Illinois Department of Labor . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Lobosco , Katie ( 2 December 2015 ) . `` Chicago hikes minimum wage to $13 '' . CNN Money . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Minimum Wage Law : $7.25 per hour '' ( PDF ) . In.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wage Frequently Asked Questions '' . Iowa Workforce Development . n.d . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On Iowa Blocking All Local Minimum Wage and Employment Benefits Laws '' . Nelp.org . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . 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Jump up ^ Cousins , Christopher ; Staff , B.D.N. `` LePage signs bill into law to restore Maine tip credit '' . The Bangor Daily News . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Title 26 , § 664 : Minimum wage ; overtime rate '' . legislature.maine.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Maryland Minimum Wage and Overtime Law -- Employment Standards Service ( ESS ) . ' `` Department of Labor , Licensing & Regulation . State of Maryland . Jump up ^ Wagner , John . Maryland governor urges minimum - wage rise to $10.10 to help state 's lowest - paid workers . The Washington Post . February 11 , 2014 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maryland Minimum Wage and Overtime Law Montgomery County '' . Maryland Department of Labor , Licensing and Regulation . August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Leggett vetoes $15 minimum wage in Montgomery County '' . The Washington Post . January 23 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` State minimum - wage laws -- Labor Standards ; Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry '' . www.dli.mn.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Labor Standards -- Minnesota 's minimum - wage law '' . Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Missouri Minimum Wage '' ( PDF ) . Labor.no.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis city approves $11 minimum wage '' . FOX2now.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ ( 8 ) Jump up ^ `` Missouri Supreme Court upholds St. Louis minimum wage law ; will be $11 by 2018 '' . St. Louis Public Radio . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum wage hike set to reverse in Missouri '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Minimum Wage Increase , Initiative 425 ( 2014 ) '' . Ballotpedia.org . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Raise Passes In Four GOP States '' . Huffington Post . November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada 's minimum wage and daily overtime rates unchanged for 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Nevada Office of the Labor Commissioner . April 1 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Rate Increasing '' . Las Vegas Review Journal . June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage - Minimum Wage - NH Department of Labor '' . Nh.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : ( 9 ) NJ.com , December 2017 Jump up ^ living_wage Jump up ^ `` Albuquerque Minimum Wage Increase - 2015 -- City of Albuquerque '' . Cabq.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wages -- New York State Department of Labor '' . Labor.state.ny.us. 2013 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` New York approves $9 minimum wage '' . upi.com . UPI . March 29 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Viswanathan , Subhash ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` New York Increases Amount of Salary Necessary to Qualify Employees for Executive and Administrative Exemptions '' . New York Labor And Employment Law Report . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Tripp , Noel P. ; Jackson Lewis P.C. ( 8 Dec 2013 ) . `` New York 's New Miscellaneous Wage Order Tip Credit Provision to Impact Businesses Such As Car Washes and Salons '' . The National Law Review . Retrieved 10 Dec 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New York State Increases Minimum Wage and Enacts Paid Family Leave - JD Supra '' . Jdsupra.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : ( 10 ) Jump up ^ ( 11 ) Jump up ^ `` State Minimum Wages 2016 Minimum Wage by State '' . www.ncsl.org . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio minimum wage to go up 10 cents next week '' . Cleveland Plain Dealer . December 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Your Rights Under the Oklahoma Minimum Wage Act 40O. S. § 197.1 '' ( PDF ) . Okladot.state.ok.us . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Your Rights Under the Oklahoma Minimum Wage Act '' ( PDF ) . Oklahoma Department of Labor . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum Wage Rate Summary '' . Oregon.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Text of SB 1532 '' . Olisleg.state.or.us . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kullgren , Ian K. `` Oregon House passes minimum wage hike after turbulent debate , sending it to Kate Brown '' . The Oregonian . February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 12 ) Jump up ^ `` Employment Laws - Minimum Wage '' . dlr.sd.gov . Jump up ^ `` LABOR CODE CHAPTER 62 . MINIMUM WAGE '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vermont minimum wage increases today '' . Burlingtonfreepress.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Reid ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Vermont minimum wage will rise to $10.50 an hour '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Department of Labor and Industry '' . Doli.virginia.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum Wage '' . Washington State Department of Labor and Industries . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Employees aged 14 or 15 may be paid 85 % of the minimum wage . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage '' . Washington State Department of Labor and Industries . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle Minimum Wage Ordinance '' . Seattle Office of Civil Rights . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle City Council approves historic $15 minimum wage '' . Seattle Times . 2014 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` SeaTac : The small US town that sparked a movement against low wages '' . Guardian . 2014 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Raising the minimum wage without raising havoc , Washington Post , September 5 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` West Virginia Code '' . Legis.state.wv.us . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Virginia minimum wage Thinkprogress.org , 2014 / 04 / 03 Jump up ^ `` The Wisconsin 's 2009 Minimum Wage Rates '' . Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development . July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wage Rate in American Samoa '' ( PDF ) . Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division . Jump up ^ `` President Obama signs Minimum Wage delay into Law '' . US Dept of Labor . October 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FEDERAL MINIMUM WAGE '' ( PDF ) . Dol.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Kasperowicz , Pete ( 10 September 2013 ) . `` Dems vote with GOP to delay minimum wage hike in Northern Mariana Islands '' . Thehill.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Islands Minimum Wage Increases to $8.35 Per Hour '' . www.vidol.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Kelly . `` D.C. raises minimum wage to $15 '' . Washington Examiner . June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Aaron C. `` D.C. lawmakers approve $15 minimum wage , joining N.Y. , Calif . '' . The Washington Post . June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : DeWitt , Jeffrey S. `` Fiscal Impact Statement -- Fair Shot Minimum wage Amendment Act of 2016 '' . Office of the Chief Financial Officer . Government of the District of Columbia . June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia Minimum Wage Poster '' . Department of Employment Services . Government of the District of Columbia . 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates United States '' . US Bureau of Labor Statistics . May 2006 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates United States '' . US Bureau of Labor Statistics . May 2008 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates United States '' . US Bureau of Labor Statistics . May 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Minimum wage in the United States at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Federal Minimum Wage . United States Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division . Minimum Wages for Tipped Employees . United States Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division . History of Federal Minimum Wage United States Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division . U.S. Minimum Wage History . Oregon State University -- Wealth and Poverty ( Anth 484 ) . Last updated December 26 , 2012 . 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Kruger National Park - Wikipedia Kruger National Park Jump to : navigation , search Kruger National reserve IUCN category II ( national park ) Burchell 's zebra in a Kruger landscape Location of the park ( red area ) in South Africa Location Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces , South Africa Nearest city Nelspruit ( southern ) Phalaborwa ( central ) Coordinates 24 ° 0 ′ 41 '' S 31 ° 29 ′ 7 '' E  /  24.01139 ° S 31.48528 ° E  / - 24.01139 ; 31.48528 Coordinates : 24 ° 0 ′ 41 '' S 31 ° 29 ′ 7 '' E  /  24.01139 ° S 31.48528 ° E  / - 24.01139 ; 31.48528 Area 19,485 km ( 7,523 sq mi ) Established 31 May 1926 ( 1898 ) Visitors 1,336,981 ( in 2004 ) Governing body South African National Parks www.sanparks.org/parks/kruger/ Kruger National Park is one of the largest game reserves in Africa . It covers an area of 19,485 square kilometres ( 7,523 sq mi ) in the provinces of Limpopo and Mpumalanga in northeastern South Africa , and extends 360 kilometres ( 220 mi ) from north to south and 65 kilometres ( 40 mi ) from east to west . The administrative headquarters are in Skukuza . Areas of the park were first protected by the government of the South African Republic in 1898 , and it became South Africa 's first national park in 1926 . To the west and south of the Kruger National Park are the two South African provinces of Limpopo and Mpumalanga . In the north is Zimbabwe , and to the east is Mozambique . It is now part of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park , a peace park that links Kruger National Park with the Gonarezhou National Park in Zimbabwe , and with the Limpopo National Park in Mozambique . The park is part of the Kruger to Canyons Biosphere an area designated by the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) as an International Man and Biosphere Reserve ( the `` Biosphere '' ) . The park has nine main gates allowing entrance to the different camps . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Pre-Reserve ( -- 1898 ) 1.2 Sabi Game Reserve ( 1898 -- 1926 ) 1.3 Kruger National Park ( 1926 -- 1946 ) 1.4 1946 -- 1994 1.5 1994 -- present 2 Location and geography 3 Climate 4 Flora and fauna 4.1 Vegetation 4.1. 1 Thorn trees and red bush - willow veld 4.1. 2 Knob - thorn and marula veld 4.1. 3 Red bush - willow and mopane veld 4.1. 4 Shrub mopane veld 4.2 Birds 4.3 Mammals 4.4 Reptiles 4.5 Amphibians and fish 5 Anti-poaching measures 5.1 Poachers 5.2 Rhino horn 5.3 Ivory stocks 5.4 Other 6 Accommodation and facilities 6.1 Rest camps 6.2 Designated private lodges 6.3 Bushveld camps 6.4 Restaurants 7 Gates to the Kruger Park 8 Wilderness trails 9 Gallery 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Kruger National Park Pre-reserve ( -- 1898 ) ( edit ) The area that the park covers today was part of the last wild frontier in the eastern half of Transvaal before the Second Anglo - Boer War . Paul Kruger , President of the Republic of South Africa at the time , proclaimed the area , which was inhabited by the Tsonga people , a sanctuary for the protection of its wildlife . Today it is against the law to farm or hunt animals in that area . James Stevenson Hamilton noted many kraals along the Sabi River and also further north beyond the Letaba River although the north was sparsely populated compared to the south . Many of the local natives were employed by Railway companies trying to connect Pretoria and Maputo during the end of the 19th century . The proclaimed area , called Makuleke , was returned to the Tsonga people in 1998 . Since then the Kruger National Park has paid royalties to the Tsonga , which is collected as a tribal fee from tourists . Sabi game Reserve ( 1898 -- 1926 ) ( edit ) In 1895 , Jakob Louis van Wyk introduced in the Volksraad of the old South African Republic a motion to create the game reserve . The area proposed extended from the Olifants River to the Sabi River in the north . That motion , introduced together with another Volksraad member by the name of R.K. Loveday , and accepted for discussion in September 1895 by a majority of one vote , resulted in the proclamation by Paul Kruger , president of the Transvaal Republic ( South African Republic ) , on 26 March 1898 , of a `` Government Wildlife Park . '' This park would later be known as the Sabi Game Reserve . The park was initially created to control hunting and protect the diminished number of animals in the park . James Stevenson - Hamilton became the first warden of the reserve in 1902 . The reserve was located in the southern one - third of the modern park . Shingwedzi Reserve , named after the Shingwedzi River and now in northern Kruger National Park , was proclaimed in 1903 . During the following decades all the native tribes were removed from the reserve and during the 1960s the last were removed at Makuleke in the Pafuri triangle . In 1926 , Sabie Game Reserve , the adjacent Shingwedzi Game Reserve , and farms were combined to create Kruger National Park . During 1923 , the first large groups of tourists started visiting the Sabie Game Reserve , but only as part of the South African Railways ' popular `` Round in Nine '' tours . The tourist trains used the Selati railway line between Komatipoort on the Mozambican border and Tzaneen in Limpopo Province . The tour included an overnight stop at Sabie Bridge ( now Skukuza ) and a short walk , escorted by armed rangers , into the bush . It soon became a highlight of the tour and it gave valuable support for the campaign to proclaim the Sabie Game Reserve as a national park . Kruger National Park ( 1926 -- 1946 ) ( edit ) After the proclamation of the Kruger National Park in 1926 , the first three tourist cars entered the park in 1927 , jumping to 180 cars in 1928 and 850 cars in 1929 . Warden James Stevenson - Hamilton retired on 30 April 1946 , after 44 years as warden of the Kruger Park and its predecessor , the Sabi Sabi Game Reserve . 1946 -- 1994 ( edit ) Plaque in the park . Now and then people do get killed , however , this is extremely rare . Stevenson - Hamilton was replaced by Colonel J.A.B. Sandenbergh of the South African Air Force . During 1959 , work commenced to completely fence the park boundaries . Work started on the southern boundary along the Crocodile River and in 1960 the western and northern boundaries were fenced , followed by the eastern boundary with Mozambique . The purpose of the fence was to curb the spread of diseases , facilitate border patrolling and inhibit the movement of poachers . The Makuleke area in the northern part of the park was forcibly taken from the Makuleke people by the government in 1969 and about 1500 of them were relocated to land to the south so that their original tribal areas could be integrated into the greater Kruger National Park . 1994 -- present ( edit ) In 1996 the Makuleke tribe submitted a land claim for 19,842 hectares ( 198.42 km ) in the northern part of the Kruger National Park . The land was given back to the Makuleke people , however , they chose not to resettle on the land but to engage with the private sector to invest in tourism , thus resulting in the building of several game lodges . In the late 1990s , the fences between the Kruger Park and Klaserie Game Reserve , Olifants Game Reserve and Balule Game Reserve were dropped and incorporated into the Greater Kruger Park with 40 000 hectares added to the Reserve . In 2002 , Kruger National Park , Gonarezhou National Park in Zimbabwe , and Limpopo National Park in Mozambique were incorporated into a peace park , the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park . Location and geography ( edit ) Geography of the Kruger National Park Olifants River Luvuvhu and Limpopo rivers at Crookes Corner in Pafuri triangle The park lies in the north - east of South Africa , in the eastern parts of Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces . Phalaborwa , Limpopo is the only town in South Africa that borders the Kruger National Park . It is one of the largest national parks in the world , with an area of 19,485 square kilometres ( 7,523 sq mi ) . The park is approximately 360 kilometres ( 220 mi ) long , and has an average width of 65 kilometres ( 40 mi ) . At its widest point , the park is 90 kilometres ( 56 mi ) wide from east to west . To the north and south of the park two rivers , the Limpopo and the Crocodile respectively , act as its natural boundaries . To the east the Lebombo Mountains separate it from Mozambique . Its western boundary runs parallel with this range , roughly 65 kilometres ( 40 mi ) distant . The park varies in altitude between 200 metres ( 660 ft ) in the east and 840 metres ( 2,760 ft ) in the south - west near Berg - en - Dal . The highest point in the park is here , a hill called Khandzalive . Several rivers run through the park from west to east , including the Sabie , Olifants , Crocodile , Letaba , Luvuvhu and Limpopo Rivers . See also : Makuleke and Lanner Gorge Climate ( edit ) Skukuza Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 94 33 21 96 32 20 66 31 19 38 29 15 14 28 10 11 26 6 11 26 6 8 27 9 28 29 13 40 30 16 63 31 18 92 32 20 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Source : SAWS ( show ) Imperial conversion J J J O 3.7 91 70 3.8 90 68 2.6 88 66 1.5 84 59 0.6 82 50 0.4 79 43 0.4 79 43 0.3 81 48 1.1 84 55 1.6 86 61 2.5 88 64 3.6 90 68 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches The climate of the Kruger National Park and Lowveld is subtropical . Summer days are humid and hot . The rainy season is from September until May . The Kruger National Park website lists September and October as the driest periods , culminating in rains late in October . The dry winter season is the ideal time to visit this region for various reasons . There is less chance of contracting malaria and the days are milder . Viewing wildlife is more rewarding as the vegetation is more sparse and animals are drawn to the waterholes to drink every morning and evening . Flora and Fauna ( edit ) Vegetation ( edit ) Plants life in the park consists of four main areas : Natural landscape for much of the Park Thorn trees and red bush - willow veld ( edit ) This area lies between the western boundary and roughly the centre of the park south of the Olifants River . Combretums , such as the red bush - willow ( Combretum apiculatum ) , and Acacia species predominate while there are a great number of marula trees ( Sclerocarya caffra ) . The Acacias are dominant along the rivers and streams , the very dense Nwatimhiri bush along the Sabie River between Skukuza and Lower Sabie being a very good example . Knob - thorn and marula veld ( edit ) South of the Olifants River in the eastern half of the park , this area provides the most important grazing - land . Species such as red grass ( Themeda triandra ) and buffalo grass ( Panicum maximum ) predominate while the knob - thorn ( Acacia nigrescens ) , leadwood ( Combretum imberbe ) and marula ( Sclerocarya caffra ) are the main tree species . Red bush - willow and mopane veld ( edit ) This area lies in the western half of the park , north of the Olifants River . The two most prominent species here are the red bush - willow ( Combretum apiculatum ) and the mopane tree ( Colophospermum mopane ) . Shrub mopane veld ( edit ) Shrub mopane covers almost the entire north - eastern part of the park . There are a number of smaller areas in the park which carry distinctive vegetation such as Pretoriuskop where the sickle bush and the silver cluster - leaf ( Terminalia sericea ) are prominent . The sandveld communities near Punda Maria are equally definitive , with a wide variety of unique species . Birds ( edit ) Out of the 517 species of birds found at Kruger , 253 are residents , 117 non-breeding migrants , and 147 nomads . Some of the larger birds require large territories or are sensitive to habitat degradation . Six of these species , which are by and large restricted to Kruger and other extensive conservation areas , have been assigned to a fanciful grouping called the `` Big Six Birds '' . They are the lappet - faced vulture , martial eagle , saddle - billed stork , kori bustard , ground hornbill and the reclusive Pel 's fishing owl , which is localized and seldom seen . There are between 25 and 30 breeding pairs of saddle - billed storks in the park , besides a handful of non-breeding individuals . In 2012 178 family groups of ground hornbills roamed the park and 78 nests were known , of which 50 % were active . Mammals ( edit ) Mammals A male Southern African lion Elephant crossing a road Leopard A cheetah at Kruger National Park . All the Big Five game animals are found at Kruger National Park , which has more species of large mammals than any other African game reserve ( at 147 species ) . There are webcams set up to observe the wildlife . The park stopped culling elephants in 1994 and tried translocating them , but by 2004 the population had increased to 11,670 elephants , by 2006 to approximately 13,500 , by 2009 to 11,672 , and by 2012 to 16,900 . The park 's habitats can only sustain about 8,000 elephants . The park started an attempt at using contraception in 1995 , but has stopped that due to problems with delivering the contraceptives and upsetting the herds . Kruger supports packs of the endangered African wild dog , of which there are thought to be only about 400 in the whole of South Africa . Wildlife Population As of 2009 Species Count ( 2009 ) Count ( 2010 ) Black Rhinoceros 350 590 - 660 Blue Wildebeest 9,612 11,500 Burchell 's zebra 17,797 26,500 Bushbuck 500 500 Cape buffalo 27,000 37,500 Eland 300 460 Elephant 11,672 13,700 Giraffe 5,114 9,000 Greater Kudu 5,798 9,500 Hippopotamus 3,000 3,100 Impala 150,000 120,000 Lichtenstein 's Hartebeest 50 Mountain Reedbuck 150 Nyala 300 Roan Antelope 90 Sable Antelope 290 Warthog 3,500 Waterbuck 5,000 5,500 White Rhinoceros 7,000 to 12,000 10,500 African wild dog 150 Cheetah 120 120 Crocodile 4,420 Leopard 2,000 1,000 Lion 2,800 1,600 Spotted hyena 2,000 3,500 Pride of lions in Kruger National Park Reptiles ( edit ) Kruger houses 114 species of reptile , including black mamba , african rock pythons , and 3000 crocodiles . Amphibians and fish ( edit ) Thirty - three species of amphibians are found in the Park , as well as 50 fish species . A Zambesi shark , Carcharhinus leucas , also known as the bull shark , was caught at the confluence of the Limpopo and Luvuvhu Rivers in July 1950 . Zambezi sharks tolerate fresh water and can travel far up rivers like the Limpopo . Anti-poaching measures ( edit ) Kruger is not exempt from the threat of poaching that many other African countries have faced . Many poachers are in search of ivory from rhino and elephant tusks . The park 's anti-poaching unit consists of 650 SANParks game rangers , assisted by the SAPS and the SANDF ( including the SAAF ) . As of 2013 , the park is equipped with two drones borrowed from Denel and two Aérospatiale Gazelle helicopters , donated by the RAF to augment its air space presence . Automated movement sensors relay intrusions along the Mozambique border to a control center , and a specialist dog unit has been introduced . Buffer zones have been established along the border with Mozambique , from where many poachers have infiltrated the park , as an alternative to costly new fences . The original 150 km long fences were dropped in 2002 to establish the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park . The national anti-poaching committee oversees all activities and coordinates interested parties . Poachers ( edit ) Kruger 's big game poachers operate with night vision instruments and large caliber rifles , fitted with suppressors and sophisticated telescopic sights . They are mostly Mozambique citizens that initiate their carefully planned incursions from the Mozambique border region . In 2012 some 200 poachers were apprehended , while about 30 were killed in skirmishes . In July 2012 , a Kruger game ranger and policeman were the first to die in an anti-poaching operation , while other employees reported intimidation by poachers . A Kruger personnel strike affected some anti-poaching operations , and a few employees have been directly implicated . Rangers in and around the park have been pressured or blackmailed by poaching syndicates to provide intelligence on the whereabouts of rhinos and anti-poaching operations . In December 2012 , Kruger started using a Seeker II drone against rhino poachers . The drone was loaned to the South African National Parks authority by its manufacturer Denel Dynamics , South Africa . In February 2018 , a head belonging to a suspected poacher appeared in Kruger National Park near Hoedspruit , with the body dragged off and eaten by lions , it is assumed . Officials had assumed at first that it was the head of a park employee that had gone missing days before , but it was later determined the man was , in fact , a suspected poacher after the park employee had been found alive . The head belonging to the suspected poacher had been found in an area highly trafficked by lions , along with a loaded hunting rifle . Rhino horn ( edit ) Poachers mostly operate at or near full moon and make no distinction between white and black rhinos . Losses of black rhino are however low due to their reclusive and aggressive nature . With rhino horn fetching around $66,000 ( and up to $82,000 ) per kilogram , the CITES ban on the trade in rhino horn has proved largely ineffectual . The second horn is sometimes hacked from the skull to obtain about 100 ml of moisture that is sold locally as traditional medicine . Poaching related to rhino horn escalated in the 21st century with 949 rhinos killed in Kruger in the first twelve years ( 2001 to 2012 ) , and over 520 in 2013 alone . A planned memorandum of agreement between South Africa and Vietnam , in addition to the one with China , are seen as necessary milestones in stemming the tide , while negotiations with Thailand have not yet started . The amount of rhino horn held in storage is not publicly known . Since 2009 some Kruger rhinos have been fitted with invisible tracing devices in their bodies and horns which enable officials to locate their carcasses and to track the smuggled horns by satellite . South Africa 's 22,000 white and black rhinos , of which 12,000 are found in Kruger , represent some 93 % of these species ' world population . Ivory stocks ( edit ) Kruger experienced significant elephant poaching in the 1980s , which has since abated . It holds over 48 tons of ivory in storage . According to Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna ( CITES ) , it is allowed to sell 30 tons . Following approval by CITES , 47 metric tons of stockpiled ivory from Kruger were auctioned on 6 November 2008 . The sale fetched approximately US $6.7 million which will be used towards increasing anti-poaching activity . The average price for the 63 lots on auction was US $142 / kg . Other ( edit ) It is foreseen that the placement of wire traps to procure meat would eventually become the most challenging form of poaching . A scheme has been proposed to reward adjacent communities with the proceeds of game sales in return for their cooperation in game preservation . The larger communities include Bosbokrand , Acornhoek , Hazyview , Hoedspruit , Komatipoort , Malelane , Marloth Park , Nelspruit and Phalaborwa . Accommodation and facilities ( edit ) The Kruger National Park has 21 rest camps , as well as two private lodge concessions , and 15 designated private safari lodges . The concessions are parcels of land operated by private companies in partnership with communities , who outsource the operation of private lodges . Camping in the park has become popular with tourists and backpackers because it is much less expensive , and open to anyone , requiring no special permission to partake . Rest camps ( edit ) Mopani 's view over Pioneer Dam . Orpen Rest Camp . A tent in Tamboti Tented Camp . Bateleur Bushveld Camp Berg - en - Dal Camp Biyamiti Bushveld Camp Boulders Bush Camp Balule Camp , near Olifants Camp Crocodile Bridge Camp Letaba Camp Lower Sabie Camp Malelane Camp Maroela Camp , near Orpen Mopani Camp Olifants Camp Orpen Camp Pretoriuskop Camp Punda Maria Camp Roodewal Bush Lodge Satara Camp Shimuwini Bushveld Camp Shingwedzi Camp Sirheni Bushveld Camp Skukuza Camp Talamati Bushveld Camp Tamboti Tented Camp , near Orpen Tsendze Rustic Camp Designated private lodges ( edit ) Camp Shawu near Crocodile Bridge Gate Camp Shonga near Crocodile Bridge Gate Hamiltons Tented Camp Hoyo Hoyo Tsonga Lodge Imbali Safari Lodge Jocks Safari Lodge & Spa Lukimbi Safari Lodge Pafuri Camp , near Pafuri Gate Plains Camp Rhino Post Camp Shishangeni Lodge near Crocodile Bridge Gate Singita Lebombo Lodge Singita Sweni Lodge The Outpost Lodge , near Pafuri Gate Tinga Game Lodges Bushveld camps ( edit ) See also : Bushveld Bateleur Bushveld Camp Biyamiti Bushveld Camp Shimuwini Bushveld Camp Sirheni Bushveld Camp Talamati Bushveld Camp Restaurants ( edit ) On 30 October 2013 , South African National Parks ( SANParks ) announced the establishment of franchise restaurants in several rest camps . Mugg & Bean restaurants have been established at Lower Sabie , Olifants and Letaba rest camps . Wimpy restaurants have been established at Pretoriuskop and Satara rest camps . Skukuza 's Selati Station Grill House has been replaced by Ciao ! and Skukuza 's main camp restaurant and take away will be run by Cattle Baron and Bistro . This decision was controversial , with some people welcoming the improvement in food services , and others viewing the introduction of franchises as detracting from the purpose of the Kruger Park . Gates to the Kruger Park ( edit ) North & South Gates Kruger National Park Pafuri Gate ( northernmost entrance to the park ) Crocodile Bridge ( a southern entrance to the park ) A signpost in the park The Kruger Park has the following gates : Name Road From Town Coordinates Crocodile Bridge Gate on the extension of Rissikstreet from Komatipoort 25 ° 21 ′ 30 '' S 31 ° 53 ′ 37 '' E  /  25.35833 ° S 31.89361 ° E  / - 25.35833 ; 31.89361  ( Crocodile Bridge Gate ) Malelane Gate on the R570 off the N4 near Malelane 25 ° 27 ′ 43 '' S 31 ° 31 ′ 59 '' E  /  25.46194 ° S 31.53306 ° E  / - 25.46194 ; 31.53306  ( Malelane Gate ) Numbi Gate on the R569 road from Hazyview 25 ° 9 ′ 19 '' S 31 ° 11 ′ 51 '' E  /  25.15528 ° S 31.19750 ° E  / - 25.15528 ; 31.19750  ( Numbi Gate ) Phabeni Gate on the road off the R536 from Hazyview 25 ° 01 ′ 30 '' S 31 ° 14 ′ 29 '' E  /  25.02500 ° S 31.24139 ° E  / - 25.02500 ; 31.24139  ( Phabeni Gate ) Paul Kruger Gate on the R536 road from Hazyview 24 ° 58 ′ 53 '' S 31 ° 29 ′ 7 '' E  /  24.98139 ° S 31.48528 ° E  / - 24.98139 ; 31.48528  ( Paul Kruger Gate ) Orpen Gate on the R531 road from Klaserie 24 ° 28 ′ 33 '' S 31 ° 23 ′ 27 '' E  /  24.47583 ° S 31.39083 ° E  / - 24.47583 ; 31.39083  ( Orpen Gate ) Phalaborwa Gate on the R71 road from Phalaborwa 23 ° 56 ′ 44 '' S 31 ° 9 ′ 54 '' E  /  23.94556 ° S 31.16500 ° E  / - 23.94556 ; 31.16500  ( Phalaborwa Gate ) Punda Maria Gate on the R524 road from Thohoyandou 22 ° 44 ′ 18 '' S 31 ° 0 ′ 33 '' E  /  22.73833 ° S 31.00917 ° E  / - 22.73833 ; 31.00917  ( Punda Maria Gate ) Pafuri Gate on the R525 road from Musina 22 ° 24 ′ 1 '' S 31 ° 2 ′ 29 '' E  /  22.40028 ° S 31.04139 ° E  / - 22.40028 ; 31.04139  ( Pafuri Gate ) Wilderness trails ( edit ) Nine different trails are on offer in the Kruger National Park . Some are overnight and they last several days in areas of wilderness virtually untouched by humans . There are no set trails in the wilderness areas ; a visitor walks along paths made by animals or seeks out new routes through the bush . Gallery ( edit ) Elephant family at an artificial water hole Male giraffes necking Two lionesses having a break after an unsuccessful hunt A greater kudu bull See also ( edit ) South Africa portal Kruger to Canyons Biosphere Abel Chapman Battle at Kruger Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park Lower Sabie Makuleke Protected areas of South Africa Skukuza Kruger National Park in the 1960s ( a timeline of events ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rob East , ed. ( 1989 ) . `` Chapter 10 : South Africa '' . Antelopes : Southern and South - Central Africa Pt. 2 : Global Survey and Regional Action Plans . International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources , roughly the Size of Wales . Antelope Specialist Group . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 88032 - 970 - 9 . Jump up ^ Merriam Webster 's Collegiate Encyclopedia . Merriam - Webster . January 2001 . p. 902 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87779 - 017 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` The Official SADC Trade , Industry and Investment Review 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Southern African Development Community . 2006 . p. 217 . Retrieved 23 July 2011 . Jump up ^ House of Assembly Debates , cols 4366 - 81 , 31 May 1926 . ^ Jump up to : Stevenson - Hamilton , James . ( 1937 ) . South African Eden : The Kruger National Park 1902 - 1946 . Struik Publishers , 1993 . Jump up ^ UNESCO - Biosphere Reserve Information Jump up ^ Stevenson - Hamilton , James ( 1939 ) . South African Eden . London . ^ Jump up to : Kruger National Park Archived 31 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , Lonely Planet , page 467 . ^ Jump up to : Foxcroft , Llewellyn C. ; Richardson , DM ; Wilson , JR ( 2008 ) . `` Ornamental Plants as Invasive Aliens : Problems and Solutions in Kruger National Park , South Africa '' . Environmental Management . 41 ( 1 ) : 32 -- 51 . doi : 10.1007 / s00267 - 007 - 9027 - 9 . PMID 17943344 . Jump up ^ McNeely , Jeffrey A. , International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources , 2001 , The Great Reshuffling , IUCN , ISBN 2 - 8317 - 0602 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Kruger National Park Archived 31 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , Lonely Planet , page 468 . ^ Jump up to : Bulpin , T.V. , Treasury of Travel Series : Kruger National Park , Creda Press , 1974 . Jump up ^ Pienaar , U. de V. , Neem uit die Verlede , Sigma Pers , 1990 . Jump up ^ Steenkamp , C. ( 2000 ) . `` The Makuleke Land Claim '' ( PDF ) . IIED Evaluating Eden Programme . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Kruger National Park ( 2007 ) . `` Kruger History '' . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` COMMISSION ON THE RESTITUTION OF LAND RIGHTS MEDIA STATEMENT ON A CLAIM BY THE MAKULEKE TRIBE ON A PORTION OF THE KRUGER NATIONAL PARK AND OTHER AREAS '' . South African Commission on Restitution of Land Rights . 6 August 1996 . Archived from the original on 4 June 2011 . Retrieved 9 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Siyabona Africa ( 2007 ) . `` Pafuri Camp '' . Kruger Park . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Siyabona Africa ( 2007 ) . `` Outpost '' . Kruger Park . Jump up ^ `` Climate data for Skukuza '' . South African Weather Service . Archived from the original on 23 August 2011 . Retrieved 7 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Engelbrecht , Derek . `` Kruger National Park 's Big 6 Birds '' . Birders . Sanparks . Retrieved 9 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Neels ( 27 December 2012 ) . `` Wildtuin help sy bromvoëls só '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 9 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Kruger National Park webcams Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan . 2009 . Painted Hunting Dog : Lycaon pictus , GlobalTwitcher.com , ed . N. Stromberg Archived 9 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Kruger Statistics & Animal Numbers '' Big 5 , Kruger National Park '' Dreamfields Guesthouse `` . dreamfieldsguesthouse.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Response from SANParks to Misleading Reports and Claims about Rhino Sales and Hunting in National Parks '' . 15 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 21 January 2010 . Retrieved 16 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Pienaar , Passmore & Carruthers , Die Paddas van die Nasionale Krugerwildtuin . Sigma Press , 1976 Jump up ^ Pienaar , U. de V. , The Freshwater Fishes of the Kruger National Park , Koedoe Vol 11 , No 1 ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ `` Elephant Poachers Take Aim at South Africa 's Famed Refuge '' . 2015 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kruger - heining terug ? : Regering wil renosterstropers só uit wildtuin hou '' . Beeld. 17 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Viljoen , Buks ( 14 December 2012 ) . `` Stropers : R100 000 vir inligting '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Tempelhoff , Elise ( 7 November 2012 ) . `` Oë in die lug teen park se stropers '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Tempelhoff , Elise ( 11 November 2012 ) . `` ' Wildtuin is slagveld ' '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Viljoen , Buks ( 24 October 2012 ) . `` Honde deel van stryd teen stropers '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Tempelhoff , Elise ( 26 June 2012 ) . `` Kruger : Staat sê ja vir 2 buffers : Sones sal ook help om stropery te keer '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tempelhoff , Elise ( 30 March 2012 ) . `` Nee vir draad tussen wildtuin , buurland '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Heining kan skans bied teen stropers '' . Beeld. 18 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Jani Meyer , Jani Meyer ( 25 September 2012 ) . `` Dragtige koei , nog 7 renosters gestroop '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Elise Tempelhoff , Elise Tempelhoff ( 27 June 2012 ) . `` Stropery : Minister moet bedank , eis groep '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Buks Viljoen , Buks Viljoen ( 15 February 2012 ) . `` Stropers raak ál beter , meer waaghalsig '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Tempelhoff , Elise ( 22 December 2012 ) . `` Stropers slaan veral híér toe : Gebied van SANParke loop meeste deur '' . Volksblad . Archived from the original on 29 April 2015 . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Viljoen , Buks ( 29 November 2012 ) . `` SANW gryp báie meer aan grens '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Viljoen , Buks ( 12 January 2011 ) . `` 5 renosterstropers in Krugerwildtuin doodgeskiet '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Tempelhoff , Elise ( 1 November 2012 ) . `` Twee doodgeskiet wat glo wil stroop '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Viljoen , Buks ( 13 January 2012 ) . `` 2 stropers doodgeskiet '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 19 February 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Tempelhoff , Elise ( 9 October 2012 ) . `` Stroper geskiet in wildtuin , 1 gewond '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Tempelhoff , Elise ( 25 July 2012 ) . `` Skietery in Kruger eis twee : Wildtuin is ' n ' oorlogsone ' '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Viljoen , Buks ( 28 March 2012 ) . `` ' Verkeerslid help met stropery ' : Hof hoor hoe vier beplan '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : South Africa 's 18,780 white and 1,916 black rhinos were still increasing in 2012 , see : Otto , Hanti ( 5 April 2012 ) . `` Minister is ' optimisties ' oor stropery '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Viljoen , Buks ( 5 April 2012 ) . `` Veldwag met dood gedreig in 4 se saak '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Viljoen , Buks ( 14 April 2012 ) . `` Horings : Vroue vas oor hulle dreig '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Viljoen , Buks ( 9 February 2012 ) . `` Afgetredes ingeroep om te help in wildtuin '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Viljoen , Buks ( 1 March 2012 ) . `` Vier van Kruger vas oor stropery : Voertuie uitgesnuffel '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 19 February 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Viljoen , Buks ( 2 March 2012 ) . `` Vier bly in Skukuza - selle '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Viljoen , Buks , Jody Nel ( 27 July 2011 ) . `` Wildtuin - veldwagter vas weens renosterstropery '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Viljoen , Buks ( 5 December 2006 ) . `` Húlle slaan nié bokke dood , sê drie van wildtuin '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Groenewald , Yolandi ( 23 August 2016 ) . `` Poaching syndicates target Kruger rangers '' . Oxpeckers . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Conway - Smith , Erin ( 11 January 2013 ) South Africa sics drones on rhino poachers Global Post , Retrieved 19 March 2013 Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Fay ( 16 March 2013 ) . `` Animal activists to use drones in fight against illegal hunting '' . The Times . p. 17 . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Louw - Carstens , Marietie ( 10 April 2012 ) . `` Hy hoor stropers se byle : Nr. 164 by haar kalf geskiet , gestroop '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Carnie , Tony ( 22 January 2014 ) . `` 11 poachers killed in rhino war '' . iol news . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Otto , Hanti ( 25 April 2012 ) . `` Hy kyk renoster in oë '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Viljoen , Buks ( 4 December 2012 ) . `` Toeriste kry gestroopte swartrenoster in Kruger '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hoeders van die horing '' . Beeld. 19 May 2012 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Tempelhoff , Elise ( 23 August 2013 ) . `` Kommentaar en ontleding : Stroop vir terreur - geld '' . Beeld . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Tempelhoff , Elise ( 13 June 2012 ) . `` 245 renosters al vanjaar gestroop ; 161 in arres '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cilliers , Susan ( 13 August 2012 ) . `` 5 gestroop in één park : Nuwe plan nodig vir renosters , sê kenners '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 4 rhino poachers killed , 17 arrested in Kruger Park '' . City Press . SAPA. 23 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 27 November 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ More than 476 Kruger rhinos poached in 2013 . See : De Sakutin , Stephane ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` Over 100 rhinos poached in S. Africa in past month '' . Yahoo ! News , South Africa . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SA , Viëtnam teken gou oor renosters '' . Beeld. 23 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Zwecker , Wolfram ( 11 November 2012 ) . `` Hof waarsku smokkelaars met vonnis : ' Bly weg uit SA ! ' '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Elise Tempelhoff , Elise Tempelhoff ( 9 April 2012 ) . `` Interpol se hulp ingeroep teen renosterstropery '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Tempelhoff , Elise ( 30 March 2012 ) . `` Nee vir draad tussen wildtuin , buurland '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Coetzee , Cobus ( 28 November 2009 ) . `` ' Aanslag ' op renosters in Krugerwildtuin se visier : Elektroniese skyfies in lyf en horings ingespan teen wilddiefstal '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Swart , Magda ( 13 November 2012 ) . `` Radikale reddingsplan '' . Beeld . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kruger National Park Camping '' . Kruger National Park Camping . Retrieved 9 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kruger National Park Rest Areas '' . Kruger National Park Rest Areas . Retrieved 9 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kruger Park Accommodations '' . Kruger National Park Accommodations . Retrieved 9 January 2013 . Jump up ^ https://exploreknp.wordpress.com/tag/mugg-and-bean/ Jump up ^ http://www.news24.com/Travel/MyTravels/Kruger-mall-water-park-and-a-cinema-next-20131101 Jump up ^ http://www.fin24.com/Companies/TravelAndLeisure/Kruger-Park-closes-as-eateries-move-in-20131216 External links ( edit ) Find more aboutKruger National Parkat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Travel guide from Wikivoyage Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX Kruger National Park official website Webcams in the Kruger National parks of South Africa Addo Elephant Agulhas ǀAi - ǀAis / Richtersveld Augrabies Bontebok Camdeboo Garden Route Golden Gate Highlands Karoo Kgalagadi Kruger Mapungubwe Marakele Mokala Mountain Zebra Namaqua Table Mountain Tankwa Karoo Tsitsikamma West Coast VIAF : 151887382 ISNI : 0000 0001 2186 0681 GND : 4098727 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kruger_National_Park&oldid=837962811 '' Categories : IUCN Category II Protected areas established in 1926 Kruger National Park National parks of South Africa Protected areas of Limpopo Protected areas of Mpumalanga Border barriers 1926 establishments in South Africa Paul Kruger Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Use dmy dates from July 2012 Use South African English from July 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in South African English Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 02 : 22 . 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where is kruger national park in south africa

in the north-east of South Africa,[9] in the eastern parts of Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces

South African National Parks

Captain America : Civil War - Wikipedia Captain America : Civil War Jump to : navigation , search Captain America : Civil War Theatrical release poster Directed by Anthony Russo Joe Russo Produced by Kevin Feige Screenplay by Christopher Markus Stephen McFeely Based on Captain America by Joe Simon Jack Kirby Starring Chris Evans Robert Downey Jr . Scarlett Johansson Sebastian Stan Anthony Mackie Don Cheadle Jeremy Renner Chadwick Boseman Paul Bettany Elizabeth Olsen Paul Rudd Emily VanCamp Tom Holland Frank Grillo William Hurt Daniel Brühl Music by Henry Jackman Cinematography Trent Opaloch Edited by Jeffrey Ford Matthew Schmidt Production company Marvel Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date April 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 12 ) ( Dolby Theatre ) May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) ( United States ) Running time 147 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $250 million Box office $1.153 billion Captain America : Civil War is a 2016 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Captain America , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the sequel to 2011 's Captain America : The First Avenger and 2014 's Captain America : The Winter Soldier , and the thirteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film is directed by Anthony and Joe Russo , with a screenplay by Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely , and features an ensemble cast , including Chris Evans , Robert Downey Jr. , Scarlett Johansson , Sebastian Stan , Anthony Mackie , Don Cheadle , Jeremy Renner , Chadwick Boseman , Paul Bettany , Elizabeth Olsen , Paul Rudd , Emily VanCamp , Tom Holland , Frank Grillo , William Hurt , and Daniel Brühl . In Captain America : Civil War , disagreement over international oversight of the Avengers fractures them into opposing factions -- one led by Steve Rogers and the other by Tony Stark . Development of Civil War began in late 2013 when Markus and McFeely began writing the screenplay , which borrows concepts from the 2006 comic book storyline `` Civil War '' , while also focusing on story and character elements from the previous Captain America films to conclude the trilogy . Following positive reactions to test screenings of The Winter Soldier , the Russo brothers were brought back to direct in early 2014 . The film 's title and premise were revealed in October 2014 , along with Downey 's casting ; additional cast members joined in the following months . Principal photography began in April 2015 at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County , Georgia , and continued in the Metro Atlanta area before concluding in Germany in August 2015 , with the film being the first to use IMAX 's digital 2D cameras ( for the film 's central airport fight sequence ) . Visual effects were provided by nearly 20 different studios during the post-production process . Captain America : Civil War held its world premiere in Los Angeles on April 12 , 2016 , and was released in the United States on May 6 , 2016 , in 3D and IMAX 3D . The film became a critical and commercial success , grossing over $1.1 billion worldwide , making it the highest - grossing film of 2016 and , at the time , the 12th - highest - grossing film ever . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 3.4. 1 Visual effects 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.1. 1 Merchandise 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 United States and Canada 6.1. 2 Other territories 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Future 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1991 , the brainwashed super-soldier James `` Bucky '' Barnes is dispatched from a Hydra base in Siberia to intercept an automobile carrying a case of super-soldier serum . In the present day , approximately one year after Ultron 's defeat in the nation of Sokovia at the hands of the Avengers , Steve Rogers , Natasha Romanoff , Sam Wilson , and Wanda Maximoff stop Brock Rumlow from stealing a biological weapon from a lab in Lagos . Rumlow blows himself up , hoping to kill Rogers . When Maximoff throws the explosion into the sky with telekinesis , it damages a nearby building , killing several Wakandan humanitarian workers . U.S. Secretary of State Thaddeus Ross informs the Avengers that the United Nations ( UN ) is preparing to pass the Sokovia Accords , which will establish a UN panel to oversee and control the team . The Avengers are divided : Tony Stark supports oversight because of his role in Ultron 's creation and Sokovia 's devastation , while Rogers has more faith in his own judgment than that of a government . Helmut Zemo tracks down and kills Barnes ' old Hydra handler , stealing a book containing the trigger words that activate Barnes ' brainwashing . At a conference in Vienna where the Accords are to be ratified , a bomb kills King T'Chaka of Wakanda . Security footage indicates the bomber is Barnes , whom T'Chaka's son , T'Challa , vows to kill . Informed by Sharon Carter of Barnes ' whereabouts and the authorities ' intentions to kill him , Rogers decides to try to bring in Barnes -- his childhood friend and war comrade -- himself . Rogers and Wilson track Barnes to Bucharest and attempt to protect him from T'Challa and the authorities , but all four , including T'Challa , are apprehended . Impersonating a psychiatrist sent to interview Barnes , Zemo recites the words to make Barnes obey him . He questions Barnes , then sends him on a rampage to cover his own escape . Rogers stops Barnes and sneaks him away . When Barnes regains his senses , he explains that Zemo is the real Vienna bomber and wanted the location of the Siberian Hydra base , where other brainwashed `` Winter Soldiers '' are kept in cryogenic stasis . Unwilling to wait for authorization to apprehend Zemo , Rogers and Wilson go rogue , and recruit Maximoff , Clint Barton , and Scott Lang to their cause . With Ross 's permission , Stark assembles a team composed of Romanoff , T'Challa , James Rhodes , Vision , and Peter Parker to capture the renegades . Stark 's team intercepts Rogers ' group at Leipzig / Halle Airport , where they fight until Romanoff allows Rogers and Barnes to escape . The rest of Rogers ' team is captured and detained at the Raft prison , while Rhodes is partially paralyzed after being inadvertently shot down by Vision , and Romanoff goes into exile . Stark discovers evidence that Barnes was framed by Zemo and convinces Wilson to give him Rogers ' destination . Without informing Ross , Stark goes to the Siberian Hydra facility and reconciles with Rogers and Barnes , unaware that they were secretly followed by T'Challa . They find that the other super-soldiers have been killed by Zemo , who then shows them footage that reveals that the automobile Barnes had intercepted in 1991 contained Stark 's parents , whom Barnes subsequently killed . Enraged and vengeful against that Rogers kept this from him , Stark engages them both in a fight , blasting Barnes ' metal arm off and almost killing Rogers . But finally , Rogers uses his shield to damage Stark 's armor by destroying the powersource and departs with Barnes , leaving his shield behind . Satisfied that he got Stark and Rogers to fight each other , Zemo attempts suicide , but T'Challa stops him and takes him to the authorities . In the aftermath , Stark provides Rhodes with exoskeletal leg braces that allow him to walk again , while Rogers breaks his allies out of the Raft . In a mid-credits scene , Barnes , granted asylum in Wakanda , chooses to return to cryogenic sleep until a cure for his brainwashing is found . In a post-credits scene , Parker tests a new gadget built by Stark . Cast ( edit ) ( L-R ) Nate Moore , Kevin Feige , the Russo brothers , Paul Bettany , Daniel Brühl , Robert Downey , Jr. , Chris Evans , Tom Holland , Paul Rudd , Elizabeth Olsen , Jeremy Renner , Anthony Mackie , Sebastian Stan , and Emily VanCamp at the London premiere Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America : The leader of a faction of Avengers against regulation ; a World War II veteran who was enhanced to the peak of human physicality and frozen in suspended animation , before waking up in the modern world . Director Anthony Russo described Captain America 's character arc in the film as taking `` him from the most ra - ra company man '' to someone who is `` a somewhat willing propagandist '' to `` an insurgent '' at the end of the film . Unlike the comics ' Civil War , the film was never going to kill Rogers , as the directors thought that was `` an easy ending ... The more difficult and more interesting place to leave a family fight is : can these important relationships ever be repaired ? Is this family broken permanently ? '' Evans ' training regimen to get in shape for the role included weight lifting , which consisted of `` the classic bodyweight and bodybuilding stuff '' , gymnastics and plyometrics , while staying away from cardio - based exercises , along with a high - protein diet . His costume in the film received `` subtle changes to all the details and cut '' as well as its color , becoming a combination of the stealth suit from Winter Soldier and the Avengers : Age of Ultron suit . Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man : The leader of a faction of Avengers in support of regulation ; a self - described genius , billionaire , playboy , and philanthropist with electromechanical suits of armor of his own invention . Anthony Russo said that Stark 's egomania allowed the writers `` to bring him to a point in his life where he was willing to submit to an authority , where he felt it was the right thing to do . '' Joe Russo added that because of the visions Stark saw in Age of Ultron , he now has a guilt complex which `` drives him to make very specific decisions , '' calling his emotional arc `` very complicated '' . Downey 's personal trainer Eric Oram stated that the trick to pitting Rogers against Stark , `` is to show Iron Man using the ' minimum force ' necessary to win the fight '' . Marvel initially wanted Downey 's part to be smaller , but `` Downey wanted Stark to have a more substantial role in the film 's plot . '' Variety noted that Downey would receive $40 million plus backend for his participation , as well as an additional payout if the film outperformed The Winter Soldier , as Marvel would attribute that success to Downey 's presence . Scarlett Johansson as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow : An Avenger allied with Stark ; formerly a highly trained S.H.I.E.L.D. spy . Anthony Russo noted her torn allegiances in the film , saying `` her head is with Tony 's side of things , but her heart is with Cap in a lot of ways . '' Johansson added that Romanoff is `` looking to strategize her position , putting herself in a place where she is able to let the powers that be fight it out '' in order for her to `` have a better perspective of what 's really going on . '' Describing her character 's situation after the events of Avengers : Age of Ultron , Johansson said , `` I think that the Widow 's past will always haunt her . She 's trying to move forward , she 's trying to pick up the pieces of her life . '' She also said that Romanoff is at a point in her life where she can make choices herself , without having others have a hand in the decision process . On the continuation of the relationship between Romanoff and Rogers from The Winter Soldier , Joe Russo said that they wanted to `` test it '' by having Romanoff point out to Rogers the mistakes the team have made and convince him `` that it might not be as black and white as he sees it '' and that the Avengers must `` find a way to work within the system so that ( they ) are n't disbanded . '' Sebastian Stan as Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier : A physically enhanced brainwashed assassin allied with Rogers ; his best friend who reemerged after being thought killed in action during World War II . This portrayal is an amalgam of Barnes and the Winter Soldier , with Stan saying , `` here 's the guy when you merge the two . This is what came out . To me , he 's never really going to be Bucky Barnes again . There 's going to be recognizable things about him , but his path through the ( experiences of ) Winter Soldier is always going to be there , haunting him . '' Because of this , the character has more lines in the film than in Winter Soldier . Anthony Mackie as Sam Wilson / Falcon : An Avenger allied with Rogers ; a former pararescueman trained by the military in aerial combat using a specially designed wing pack . Wilson is aided by a robotic drone named Redwing . Discussing the relationship between Wilson and Rogers , Mackie said , `` With Falcon and Cap , what 's so great is there 's a mutual respect . There 's a soldier respect . What 's great about ... ( Captain America : Civil War ) is you get to see their relationship grow , '' adding , `` He respects and admires Cap because Cap earned his rank as opposed to sitting in an office and just delegating orders . '' Joe Russo stated that the inclusion of Barnes to Rogers ' side forces Wilson to question the dynamic and relationship he has with Rogers going forward . Don Cheadle as James `` Rhodey '' Rhodes / War Machine : A close personal friend of Tony Stark 's and an Avenger allied with Stark ; an officer in the U.S. Air Force who operates the War Machine armor . Cheadle called Rhodes ' appearance in the film a `` bit more intense and pivotal '' compared to his previous appearances . Jeremy Renner as Clint Barton / Hawkeye : A master archer allied with Rogers ; a retired Avenger and S.H.I.E.L.D. agent . On Barton 's reasons for joining Rogers ' side , Renner said , `` Cap was the first guy who called . Let 's just get the job done so I can get home to the family , '' along with feeling an obligation to side with Scarlet Witch , since her brother , Pietro Maximoff / Quicksilver , sacrificed himself to save Barton in Avengers : Age of Ultron . On how he and Barton fit into the Marvel Cinematic Universe , Renner said , `` I 'm happy to be the ensemble . I 'm not scratching or clawing to do a solo movie by any means ... I think ( Barton 's ) a utility guy that can bounce around into other people 's universes a little bit '' . Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther : The prince of the African nation of Wakanda allied with Stark , who gains enhanced strength by ingesting the Heart - Shaped Herb . Producer Kevin Feige explained that the character was included `` because we needed a third party . We needed fresh eyes who was n't embedded with the Avengers and who has a very different point of view than either Tony or Steve . '' T'Challa is in the `` beginning phases of taking on '' the Black Panther mantle , and appears in more than a cameo , with a full arc and character journey with `` his own conflict and his own people that he 's looking out for . '' Boseman did not audition for the role , instead having a `` discussion about what ( Marvel ) wanted to do and how I saw it and what I wanted to do . '' T'Challa is torn between needing to live up to traditions and the legacy of his father and Wakanda , and how things need to happen in the present . Boseman developed the Wakandan accent himself , and used it during the entire production `` whether he was on camera or not '' , while the Wakandan language was based on the Xhosa language , which Boseman was taught by John Kani ( who plays T'Challa's father T'Chaka ) . The Black Panther costume is a combination of a practical costume and visual effects , featuring a vibranium mesh weave similar to chainmail . Costume designer Judianna Makovsky called the Black Panther costume `` difficult '' since `` you needed sort of a feline body , but it 's hard and practical at the same time . You needed a feeling of some sort of ethnicity in there , but of a world ( Wakanda ) we were n't really creating yet , so you did n't want to go too far and say too much about that world . '' Additionally , Makovsky felt creating T'Challa's royal look was `` a bit of a challenge '' , avoiding African robes after learning actual African royalty are generally `` educated in the West ( and ) get dressed in Savile Row . '' Boseman has a five picture deal with Marvel . Paul Bettany as Vision : An android and Avenger allied with Stark ; created using the artificial intelligence J.A.R.V.I.S. and the Mind Stone . Because the Vision was only created in the previous film , Age of Ultron , Bettany said , `` you see my character get born ... He must be both omnipotent and yet totally naive at the same time . And experiencing the world in real time and his place in it . Is he going to be a force of good or a force of evil ? '' Bettany also said he was interested in exploring `` what it means to be human and what love is '' with the character , as `` The only way one can guarantee one 's loyalty is love . '' This is exhibited in the connection Vision begins to form with Wanda Maximoff , with Bettany commenting , `` They both have these new burgeoning powers that they do n't understand ... I think he 's worried that they 're both dangerous . So he feels this real connection with her . '' As the Vision has the ability to create a projected disguise , he chooses to dress similarly to Howard Stark 's attache , Edwin Jarvis . Elizabeth Olsen as Wanda Maximoff / Scarlet Witch : An Avenger allied with Rogers ; she can engage in hypnosis and telekinesis . According to Olsen , the character is `` coming into her own and starting to understand and have conflict with how she wants to use her abilities . '' As such , Maximoff 's costume was `` relatively casual '' and `` more clothes - based than superhero - based '' according to Makovsky , since the Russos believed Maximoff was not a full - fledged Avenger yet . When asked about the relationship between her character and the Vision compared to the comics , Olsen said , `` You learn a little bit more about what connects ( Scarlet and Vision ) in this film . And I think there 's some really sweet moments between Paul and I , and it 's more about how they relate to one another and their similarities just based on their superpowers . '' Paul Rudd as Scott Lang / Ant - Man : A former petty criminal allied with Rogers ; he acquired a suit that allows him to shrink or grow in scale while also increasing in strength . Rudd 's suit `` is streamlined and more high - tech '' from the one seen in Ant - Man . Ant - Man director Peyton Reed had discussed the character and the way that the Ant - Man production had shot certain sequences with the Russo brothers , saying , `` As we were doing ( Ant - Man ) and we were in post and they were getting ready to head out to Atlanta to do Civil War , we had a lot of conversations ... It 's important because there 's this continuity that has to happen in this universe . '' On the decision to have Lang grow in size to become Giant - Man in the airport battle , Feige said , `` It was just a great idea to turn the tide of the battle in a huge , shocking , unexpected way . We have a lot of ideas for ( Ant - Man and the Wasp ) , none of which are contingent upon revealing Giant - Man , so we thought this would be the fun , unbelievable unexpected way to do that . '' Anthony Russo added that the transformation was the continuation of Lang 's character arc from Ant - Man , saying `` He 's just really impressed with Captain America , he just wants to deliver and he figures out a way to deliver where he might actually tear himself in half but he 's willing to do it and it works . '' Emily VanCamp as Sharon Carter : A former agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. and Peggy Carter 's niece , who now works for the CIA and supports Rogers . VanCamp stated that her character sides with Rogers because they both have `` similar moral compasses '' . On a potential relationship between Rogers and Carter as in the comics , Evans said , `` he 's certainly open to it . Sharon is obviously relevant , but ... we do n't have to tie it up in one movie . So they have time . '' VanCamp added , `` We get to explore ... I ca n't say we are going to that extent of it , but they are certainly getting to know each other . '' Tom Holland as Peter Parker / Spider - Man : A teenager allied with Stark ; he received spider - like abilities after being bitten by a genetically altered spider . Feige said that Parker would be torn between superhero ideologies , saying , `` Does he want to be like these other characters ? Does he want nothing to do with these other characters ? How does that impact his experience , being this grounded but super powerful hero ? Those are all the things that Stan Lee and Steve Ditko played with in the first 10 years of his comics , and that now we can play with for the first time in a movie . '' On aligning with Stark , Anthony Russo said that , despite entering the conflict after the two factions have formed and not having much political investment , Parker 's choice comes from `` a very personal relationship '' he develops with Stark . The Russos hoped `` to take a very logical and realistic and naturalistic approach to the character '' compared to the previous film portrayals . Anthony Russo added that the character 's introduction had to fit `` that specific tonal stylistic world '' of the MCU , as well as the tone established by the directors in Winter Soldier , saying , `` It 's a little more grounded and a little more hard - core contemporary . '' That was `` coloring our choices a lot '' with Parker . On the Spider - Man suit , Joe Russo described it as `` a slightly more traditional , Steve Ditko influenced suit , '' and that the film would explore the way the suit operates , particularly the mechanical eyes . Holland chose not to read the whole Civil War script in order to avoid potentially leaking plot information publicly . He is signed on for at least three films , not including his Civil War appearance . Holland later expanded , saying he was signed for `` three Spider - Man movies and three solo movies '' . Frank Grillo as Brock Rumlow / Crossbones : Former commander of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's counter-terrorism S.T.R.I.K.E. team , who was revealed to be an agent of Hydra . On returning to the character , Grillo said `` He 's a badass . He is just vicious . I like the idea that it 's no holds barred . I was 15 pounds bigger when I did Cap 2 , and I 'll put another 15 pounds on to do Cap 3 . '' However , he cautioned that `` This movie is such a big movie with a lot of people in it , so you do n't get as much of the time that you 'd like to have . '' Grillo stated that Rumlow 's main objective in the film is to seek revenge -- `` Whatever Rumlow was feeling as far as being torn between which side he should be on , which I think he was , is gone now . '' William Hurt as Thaddeus `` Thunderbolt '' Ross : The United States Secretary of State and former U.S. Army general dedicated to capturing the Hulk . Hurt , on returning to the MCU after appearing in The Incredible Hulk , said , `` I do n't think it 's a reprise , I think it 's a new iteration completely , '' adding , `` what ( the writers have ) done is they 've taken a character ... and made a new version ... a more modernized style . '' Joe Russo added that Ross was the perfect character to use because he has `` a fanatical anti-superhero point of view '' and has `` become much savvier and more political and has put himself in a position of power , not unlike a Colin Powell . He 's cornering the Avengers politically now , he 's out - maneuvering them . '' Joe also added that Ross was included because the Russos felt it was important to make The Incredible Hulk `` relevant again within the ( MCU ) '' since it `` may have been forgotten about a little bit '' . Daniel Brühl as Helmut Zemo : A Sokovian colonel - turned - terrorist who is obsessed with defeating the Avengers . Zemo , who goes by multiple names in the film , does not wear his signature mask from the comics . Brühl said the version appearing in the film is `` loosely connected '' to the character from the comics and that was a reason he liked Marvel , as `` some of the characters and things they 're dealing with always reference to current events so my character is from a different area than you would think . '' Feige described the character as `` very much a product of the ( Marvel ) Cinematic Universe and all that has occurred within that universe up to this point '' , while Anthony Russo called him `` an everyman . His approach was : I 've seen these guys fight enough to know I ca n't win . But what I can do is figure out ways to undermine them . He 's emotionally driven and he finds a weak spot . '' Brühl , who was cast due to his German accent , did not feel the role was a stereotype , saying , `` It 's not a guy who 's mean and sinister , but he 's actually very clever -- a very smart guy who does everything out of a very understandable reason and motivation . '' Brühl also stated that Zemo may re-appear in future MCU films , with Moore adding that , while Zemo has a purpose in this film , it is more to set up a future film . Additionally , John Slattery and Kerry Condon reprise their roles as Howard Stark and the voice of F.R.I.D.A.Y. from previous MCU films . Martin Freeman is introduced as Everett K. Ross , a member of the CIA 's Joint Counter Terrorism Center and a character associated with Black Panther in the comics . Freeman described Ross as someone who `` works for the American government ... ( and ) works in conjunction with the superheroes , and certain agencies that help to tame the superheroes ' power '' . Feige added that Ross would appear briefly in the film , with the intent being to expand on the character 's role in future films . Marisa Tomei appears as May Parker , Peter Parker 's aunt ; John Kani appears as T'Chaka , father of T'Challa and ruler of Wakanda ; Hope Davis appears as Maria Stark , Tony Stark 's mother ; Gene Farber appears as Vasily Karpov , the Hydra official who oversaw the Winter Soldier program ; and Florence Kasumba portrays Ayo , a member of T'Challa's Dora Milaje . Alfre Woodard , who portrays Mariah Dillard in the MCU TV series Luke Cage , briefly appears in the film as Miriam Sharpe , the mother of an American citizen killed in the battle of Sokovia . Woodard was suggested for the role by Downey before Marvel Studios learned of her casting in Luke Cage . Jim Rash appears as a faculty member at MIT , while Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance as a FedEx deliveryman , and co-director Joe Russo cameos as Theo Broussard , a psychiatrist murdered by Zemo . Damion Poitier , who appeared as Thanos in The Avengers before Josh Brolin was cast in that role for subsequent films , appears as one of Crossbones ' mercenaries . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) This is the Civil War of the Cinematic Universe , which will be greatly inspired by the `` Civil War '' of the comic universe , but we have a very different continuity going on ... It 's not about the secret identity thing , as much as it is about , overall , who reports to who , and who can agree to ( an ) oversight committee . Because as of now , in ( Age of Ultron ) , there is no more security council , there is no S.H.I.E.L.D. , obviously . Stark is paying for ( the Avengers ) , Captain America is running it , and things occur that will make governments begin to question . -- Kevin Feige , President of Marvel Studios In March 2014 , Anthony and Joe Russo confirmed that they had signed on to return as directors for a third Captain America film , along with Chris Evans as Captain America , Kevin Feige as producer , and Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely as screenwriters . Markus and McFeely had been working on the screenplay since late 2013 , while the Russo brothers began work in February 2014 . The re-hiring of the directors , three months before the release of Captain America : The Winter Soldier , came as a result of Marvel executives being impressed with test screenings of that film . In an April 2014 interview , Joe Russo described the project as a continuation of the story from Captain America : The Winter Soldier : `` What 's nice about the film is that ... it 's a two - parter . There 's a journey that the Winter Soldier goes on that is n't complete yet . '' That month , Marvel announced a release date of May 6 , 2016 , and Trent Opaloch , who was the cinematographer on The Winter Soldier , said he would return for the sequel . In July , Markus and McFeely stated that they were midway through a first draft for the film , on which principal photography was expected to begin in April 2015 . The following month , they stated that they were looking to make the tone of the film `` an amalgam '' of The First Avenger and The Winter Soldier , with the Russos likening it to a psychological thriller , citing Seven , Fargo , and The Godfather as influences , along with westerns and Brian De Palma 's films . The Russos also stated that `` a good portion of ( Civil War is ) actually funnier than Winter Soldier '' with a more comedic tone and lighter moments throughout . In August 2014 , the Russos stated that the film would be set `` a couple years '' after The Winter Soldier , and would continue to focus on Steve Rogers ' relationship with Bucky Barnes as well as the political themes related to Captain America . Anthony stated , `` The character was invented for an explicitly political purpose . So it 's hard to get away from that nature . '' The Russos also said that they would be `` bringing some new elements to the table that will give us a twist on Winter Soldier '' , and indicated that filming was scheduled to begin in Atlanta . They described themselves as `` ecstatic '' with a first draft of the screenplay submitted by Markus and McFeely , and also stated that the film 's title would be announced `` in a month or so at most '' , and that the concept and title for the film came from Feige , who had it `` for a while '' . In September , Joe expanded by saying the film would have another `` big idea that alters the universe as a whole in some way '' similar to S.H.I.E.L.D. falling in The Winter Soldier . The rest of the film , such as the characters , story , and tone , would be left open to the Russos ' and writers ' interpretations . Pre-production ( edit ) By October 2014 , Robert Downey Jr. had entered final negotiations to reprise his role as Tony Stark / Iron Man in the film . Downey was added in order for the film to adapt the 2006 -- 07 `` Civil War '' comic book storyline written by Mark Millar , which pitted Iron Man against Captain America . At the end of the month , it was confirmed that Sebastian Stan would return as Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier . A few days later , Marvel revealed that the film would be titled Captain America : Civil War , confirming Downey 's appearance and announcing that Chadwick Boseman would appear in the film as Black Panther ahead of his own solo film . Feige also confirmed that the film would be the first in the MCU 's Phase Three slate of films . Anthony Russo stated that adapting the `` Civil War '' storyline was not always the intended storyline and direction for the film when the brothers initially signed on to return as directors . Markus expanded on this , saying the original concept for a third Captain America film `` never got to draft '' , with Feige at some point telling the writing team to begin adapting `` Civil War '' around their original ideas . McFeely also added that , despite the shift in direction for the film , `` The central theme , even the way Zemo is operating , are from that ( early ) iteration . '' The Russos revealed that , had negotiations with Downey to appear in the film failed , they would have used the Madbomb storyline from the Captain America comics , which was eventually used as a plot point in the first season of the Agent Carter TV series . The premise for the film would have centered on Zemo detonating the Madbomb , which would `` turn hordes of people into berserkers '' to present a physical threat to Captain America , while still pitting heroes against each other , as some would be zombified due to the Madbomb , to satisfy an `` emotional component '' for the film . McFeely said that the idea of basing a film on `` Civil War '' had `` been on and off the table for a while '' at Marvel Studios , explaining , `` it 's a challenge to do it and make sure that all the characters that we 've established , and everyone 's established in the MCU are serviced and sound correct . Because there 's a difference between the characters in `` Civil War '' , which was written in 2006 , 2007 . The MCU does n't exist ( when it was written ) . There is n't a Robert Downey , Jr. or Chris Evans who has helped create the character ( s ) so we need to make sure that that template gets adjusted `` . Joe Russo added that the `` essence '' of `` Civil War '' was used , such as `` the concept of registration , the notion that heroes need to be either monitored or controlled because their power can be scary '' being applicable . Anthony Russo expanded , `` in a lot of ways ( superhero registration ) can be a political issue , and we did n't want the conflict of the movie to solely exist on that level . We wanted to figure out very personal reasons why everyone 's relationship to this idea of registration is going to become complicated . That 's what the relationship between Steve and Bucky allowed us to do , to get very personal in terms of why people would lean one way or the other . '' Executive producer Nate Moore added that `` it felt like it was kind of the right time '' to adapt `` Civil War '' given The Avengers , plus many of the Phase Two films ( Thor : The Dark World , The Winter Soldier , and Avengers : Age of Ultron ) , all dealt with `` world - ending experiences . We felt like we had to tell the next step in that story , which is ... what is the world 's reaction ? '' In November 2014 , Daniel Brühl joined the cast in an unspecified role , while Anthony Mackie and Frank Grillo were confirmed to return as Sam Wilson / Falcon and Brock Rumlow / Crossbones , respectively . Following the November 2014 hacking of Sony Pictures ' computers , emails between Sony Pictures Entertainment co-chairman Amy Pascal and president Doug Belgrad were released stating that Marvel wanted to include Spider - Man ( whose film rights are licensed to Sony ) in the film , but talks between the studios concerning this were believed to have broken down . However , in February 2015 , Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios reached a licensing deal for the use of Spider - Man in an MCU film , and reports indicated that the character would indeed appear in Civil War . The Russos stated they were lobbying for months to include the character in the film . In January 2015 , Mackie revealed that , in addition to Atlanta , filming locations would include Puerto Rico and Berlin , while the Russo brothers confirmed that Scarlett Johansson would return in the film as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow . Editor Jeffrey Ford , who worked on The Winter Soldier , also signed on for Civil War . In March 2015 , Jeremy Renner was revealed to be reprising his role as Clint Barton / Hawkeye . The next month , it was revealed that the film would be converted to 3D in post-production , and that Brühl would be playing Helmut Zemo . Additionally , Elizabeth Olsen revealed she would reprise her role in the film as Wanda Maximoff / Scarlet Witch . Filming ( edit ) Film set for Captain America : Civil War in Downtown Atlanta Principal photography began on April 27 , 2015 , in Fayette County , Georgia at Pinewood Atlanta Studios , under the working title Sputnik . Other filming locations in the Atlanta metropolitan area included the Buckhead district of Atlanta ; the Peachtree Christian Church in Midtown Atlanta ; Downtown Atlanta , including an area near Philips Arena known as The Gulch , which served as the market in Lagos ; Norcross , Georgia ; Porsche 's headquarters in Atlanta at Aerotropolis Atlanta , which served as the Avengers ' headquarters in the film ; and the Atlanta Civic Center , which served as the IFID ( Institute for Infectious Diseases ) laboratory in Lagos ; the latter 's interiors doubled as MIT , and a third part was used for a Berlin location . Trent Opaloch served as director of photography , while Chad Stahelski , David Leitch , and Spiro Razatos were second unit directors . In early May , Marvel announced that Martin Freeman was cast in an unspecified role , while also reprising roles in the film would be Paul Bettany as Vision , Don Cheadle as James Rhodes / War Machine , Paul Rudd as Scott Lang / Ant - Man , Emily VanCamp as Sharon Carter , and William Hurt as Thaddeus `` Thunderbolt '' Ross , respectively . Samuel L. Jackson , who appeared as Nick Fury in the two previous Captain America films , said he was `` surprised '' to discover that he would not be in Captain America : Civil War , after `` the Russo Brothers told ( him he ) was . '' Moore stated that Fury was not included `` because he did n't add anything to the Civil War story they were telling '' , while Markus stated that they did not want him to choose any particular side because `` that 's not his place in the universe '' . On each of the character 's ties to the plot , Anthony Russo said that each character was examined on a personal level to see how they would respond to the idea of registration . On the portrayal of each character , Joe Russo said that he and his brother had strong `` emotional '' and `` psychological connection ( s ) to ( these ) characters '' as children , adding , `` We want to reach into that and understand what elementally motivated you to love the character . That 's what we try to bring out in the characters now . '' He also mentioned that they were `` trying to honor the feeling of naturalism and to honor the feeling of reality ( with the film ) . '' After the reveal of the film 's full cast , many outlets and fans began referring to the film as `` Avengers 2.5 `` , given the variety and ensemble nature of the cast , usually reserved for the Avengers films , and the fact that the film no longer felt like a Captain America - centric one , as with The Winter Soldier . In response to this , Feige said , `` What 's fun about Civil War though is , as you know from the comics , it 's a very simple story . And it really has to be , to accommodate that many players . It 's very much a Captain America movie and it 's very much a sequel to the Winter Soldier in ways I do n't think people ( will expect ) ... It 's a very simple structure that allows you to have these amazing character interactions in a way that I do n't think becomes overwhelming . '' Feige also revealed that Hope van Dyne / Wasp was in an original draft of the film , after receiving the Wasp costume at the end of Ant - Man , but was cut because `` there are so many characters in Civil War that we did n't want to do her a disservice , '' saying Marvel was `` saving '' the character for a better environment to reveal van Dyne in the Wasp costume for the first time and see `` her dynamic with Scott ( Lang ) in a way it could play out '' . At the end of May , the Russo brothers , along with Feige and Pascal , held a screen test in Atlanta for six teenage actors that were being eyed for the role of Peter Parker / Spider - Man , with the actors testing against Downey and Evans for `` chemistry '' ; Tom Holland was cast as the character the next month , to also appear in a solo film . The Russos `` were pretty vocal about who we wanted for the part '' , pushing to cast an actor close to the age of Peter Parker in the comics , in order to differentiate from the previous portrayals . They also praised Holland for having a dancing and gymnastics background . At the time , Marvel did not confirm his involvement in Civil War , due to being contractually obligated not to talk about his inclusion publicly . The Russos discussed this , saying that the various business deals and agreements stemming from the sharing of the character rights , such as on a promotional and commercial level , `` were always lagging slightly behind how we were using the character . We were always in danger of upsetting the deal -- there were still sensitive issues going on between the two studios that they needed to agree on . '' Holland was confirmed to appear in the film in July 2015 , by Jonathan M. Goldstein , one of the writers of the solo Spider - Man film , and later by Entertainment Weekly from a set visit . Jon Watts , director of Spider - Man : Homecoming , was on set for the filming of Spider - Man 's scenes , in order to `` see what they were doing with it , and that informed where we eventually took it , '' and provide `` ideas about this and that '' , such as what Parker 's wardrobe and bedroom should look like , `` to make sure we were all on the same page so that ( Homecoming ) transitions seamlessly with theirs . '' Anthony Russo stated that , despite Marvel telling them to have a `` plan B '' should the deal with Sony fail , the Russos never created one because `` it was very important to us to reintroduce '' Spider - Man in the film , adding , `` We only have envisioned the movie with Spider - Man . '' By the end of June , filming reached the halfway mark , with production moving to Germany in early August . Filming locations in Germany included the Olympic Stadium in Berlin , and the Leipzig / Halle Airport in Schkeuditz . Additional filming also took place in Puerto Rico and Norway , and was scheduled to in Iceland . Principal photography wrapped on August 22 , 2015 . Captain America : Civil War was the first film to use IMAX 's digital 2D cameras , made in partnership with Arri , which was a customized version of the Arri Alexa 65 . According to Joe Russo , approximately fifteen minutes of the film , the sequence where the two factions fight at Leipzig / Halle Airport , which was described as having `` incredible scale to it '' and referred to by the directors as the `` splash panel '' , were shot with the cameras . Opaloch noted that there were discussions late in pre-production to shoot the entire film with the Alexa 65 cameras . However , because of how close it was to the start of shooting as well as the idea being `` such a large - scale undertaking '' , it was decided to only use them for the airport sequence , with the rest of film being shot on Arri Alexa XT digital cameras . For the airport sequence , Opaloch rigged the Alexa 65s to a Technocrane , a Steadicam , a dolly as well as a drone for flyover shots , which had its own dedicated team operating it . Because of the amount of resolution the Aleax 65s offered , Opaloch chose to use medium close - ups instead of close - ups , and for his wide shots , hold the shot a bit longer , `` maybe with a slight camera move that allows the viewer to take it all in . '' Post-production ( edit ) In September 2015 , Mark Ruffalo , who plays Bruce Banner / Hulk in the MCU films , stated that his character was originally in the Civil War script , but was removed due to the end of Age of Ultron , as Marvel did not `` want to reveal where ( he is ) and why '' in this film . Markus added that as soon as the Hulk joined a side , the fight would be quickly over , saying , `` You 've got to kind of choose your roster ( of characters ) depending on what kind of fight you want to have . '' He later explained that he contemplated having the Hulk appear at the very end of the film , but decided against it , feeling that he was over-stuffing the film with characters , adding , `` ( The Hulk ) has clearly gone somewhere at the end of ( Age of ) Ultron , and that 's a story . Do n't blow it off and put it in a little tiny chunk just to put in a little extra filigree on our movie . '' Additionally , Ross ' alter ego , Red Hulk , was also considered for inclusion , but the Russos felt that part of the character would need a proper backstory which they could not afford to give in the already crowded film . They felt that Ross `` was there sort of as the government 's agenda and not to add another complicated super powered character to the mix . '' Spider - Man 's Iron Spider suit was also considered . That November , Joe Russo stated that the theme of the film was betrayal , calling it `` extremely emotional . ( The film ) hinges on that emotion , and on a very personal level we did n't want ( it ) to become about politics and people arguing about platitudes . The third act is built around a very personal moment between ( Captain America and Iron Man ) . '' The Russos spent a great deal of time with Markus , McFeely , and Moore to ensure each character 's emotional arc tracked through the entire film correctly , though realized that at some point `` you have to sacrifice logic for expediency '' . Speaking about the post-production process in January 2016 , the Russo brothers said , `` This has been the easiest post process we 've ever had on a film . We 're very happy with how the movie was . Everyone is very happy with where the movie was . For us , the tricky thing is the effects because it 's a very complicated movie and there are some really big sequences in the film . The effects are on a much larger scale than the work we did on Winter Soldier . That 's the part that becomes really difficult because you do n't have a lot of time and everyone has very high standards . So everyone starts killing themselves at this point ... we 'll be done with the movie in two and a half months . '' They also stated that the film would be doing `` a few reshoots '' in mid-to - late January . In February , Freeman 's character was revealed to be Everett K. Ross , and Gwyneth Paltrow was reported to have joined the film for the January reshoots , reprising her role as Pepper Potts ; however , in April 2016 , it was revealed that Paltrow does not appear in the film , with Anthony Russo explaining that Paltrow 's contract with Marvel had ended after Iron Man 3 , and `` we decided early on that we could make Pepper 's break - up ( with Tony Stark ) have an emotional impact without actually having a scene with her . '' On March 16 , 2016 , the Russo stated the film was `` about a week and a half away from '' completion , with Joe adding that the film would have a post-credits scene , with the possibility for two or three total . The film was completed on April 4 , 2016 . Later in April , Alfre Woodard and Jim Rash were revealed to be cast in the film , while Feige explained that Black Panther director Ryan Coogler contributed some dialogue for Black Panther in several scenes during reshoots . At the film 's premiere , it was revealed that Marisa Tomei appears in the film as May Parker , Peter Parker 's aunt . Visual effects ( edit ) Original ( top ) and postvisualization ( bottom ) shots of the fight scene at Leipzig / Halle Airport Nearly 20 visual effects studios worked on Captain America : Civil War including Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) , Lola VFX , Method Studios , Luma Pictures , Dneg , Image Engine , Trixter , Cinesite , and The Third Floor amongst others . Lola VFX de-aged Downey Jr. in a scene that involved a younger holographic version of himself . Lola VFX 's visual effects supervisor , Trent Claus said , `` In this case , we analyzed footage of Mr. Downey at the approximate age that we wanted to target , which was around the time of the film Less Than Zero ( when Downey was in his early 20s ) . '' He also noted the difficulty of the scene , due to it being close to 4,000 frames , and the fact that Downey was moving his head from side to side multiple times . Lola also worked on visual effects for the Vision . The Third Floor extensively previsualized the film including the fight scene at Leipzig / Halle Airport . Gerardo Ramirez , the Previs and Postvis Supervisor for The Third Floor said : We visualized most of the major scenes in the film , some that were more story driven and some that were more action and story driven . The Russos used various methods for planning and they used each department for what it does best . The early edits were a combination of storyboards , previs and stunt performance clips . Stunts would choreograph the hand - to - hand action while the storyboards would be used for character story moments and previs was used for the big action scenes that involved many digital characters . Method Studios , which worked on 440 shots , was responsible for the helicopter sequence in the middle of the film and the climatic fight between Iron Man , Bucky , and Captain America . The original intent for the helicopter sequence was to place the scene next to the Paul - Löbe - Haus , where the Bundestag meets ; however , the location was not allowed to be shown in the film , resulting in Method needing to create a full CGI background . For the climatic fight , one of the challenges for Method was getting the color of Iron Man 's suit correct , opting to go with a more `` classic Iron Man look versus the really glossy car paint look '' that Iron Man had in the previous Avengers films . ILM was primarily responsible for the visual effects during the large - scale fight sequence at the airport , along with creating the digital assets for all of the characters . VFX supervisor Russell Earl , stated that the 20 minute scene grew to be an almost fully digital sequence explaining , `` We ultimately ended up replacing 99 % of everything that was shot with the actors being lifted from the background . Originally both Spider - Man and Black Panther were planned to be photographed elements but we ended up almost completely replacing them . '' Luma Pictures , who also worked on Winter Soldier , was assigned with completing shots of Bucky 's arm and his metal brainwashing chair . They also worked on Bucky 's escape from the task force lobby and designed Iron Man 's new hybrid nanotechnology armor , which was an homage to the character 's Bleeding Edge armor from the comics . Their work totaled approximately 200 shots . Design firm Sarofsky once again worked on the film 's main - on - end title sequence , having done the same for Winter Soldier . The sequence used `` muted and mottled , burnt umber and steel blue and cold grey '' colors , which were stark contrasts to the sequences for Winter Soldier and The First Avenger ( the later created by Method Design ) which were `` a minimalist graphic approach , reducing the key players to silhouettes and paring the palette down to three colors '' and `` vibrant and iconic propaganda art comes to life , enticing the viewer to join the fray '' , respectively . Creative director Erin Sarofsky noted one of the challenges for Civil War 's sequence was `` to make it feel like a Captain America title sequence and not an Avengers sequence '' given the number of characters in the film . Music ( edit ) Main articles : Captain America : Civil War ( soundtrack ) and Music of the Marvel Cinematic Universe Henry Jackman returned from Winter Soldier to score the sequel . He found the movie to be tonally different from the previous one , which necessitated a much more symphonic and orchestral score . This culminates in the final fight between Captain America , Winter Soldier , and Iron Man , the music for which Jackman described as `` somewhat operatic and ... almost classical in its style '' . Though Jackman reprised and developed his themes for Captain America and the Winter Soldier from the previous film , and introduced motifs for the new characters Spider - Man , Black Panther , and Zemo , he was wary of pushing the audience to one side of the central conflict or the other by using character - specific music ; Jackman composed a new main theme for the film to represent the Civil War , `` a generic theme to balance everything out '' , `` toward which all the characters can gravitate . It wrapped them all up and it helped to bind the movie together rather than do endless disparate themes . '' Jackman also wrote a thriller theme that appears whenever the mystery surrounding Zemo 's plan is explored . This was inspired by the works of Jerry Goldsmith . The score was released on a soundtrack album by Hollywood Records on May 6 , 2016 . Release ( edit ) Premiere of Captain America : Civil War at the Marina Bay Sands in Singapore Captain America : Civil War premiered at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood on April 12 , 2016 , and was screened at CinemaCon 2016 on April 13 . The film 's Southeast Asia premiere was held on April 21 at the Marina Bay Sands resort in Singapore , while the European premiere took place at Vue Cinemas in Westfield London on April 26 . The film was released internationally starting from April 27 , releasing in 61 countries its first weekend , including the United Kingdom on April 29 . The North America release on May 6 , took place in over 4,200 theaters , of which 3,300 were in 3D , along with 378 IMAX theaters , 480 premium large - format , and 161 D - Box locations . Internationally , the film opened in 955 IMAX theaters , while South Korea saw Civil War open in an `` unprecedented '' 1,989 theaters . In September 2014 , TNT acquired the cable broadcast rights for Captain America : Civil War to air two years after its theatrical release . Marketing ( edit ) In early July 2015 , Marvel began a viral marketing campaign for Ant - Man featuring Leslie Bibb , reprising her role from the Iron Man films as journalist Christine Everhart , reporting for the faux news program , WHIH Newsfront . In one program , Everhart discusses events leading to Captain America : Civil War . The post-credits scene for Ant - Man featured footage shot by the Russo brothers for Captain America : Civil War , showing Wilson and Rogers with Barnes in their custody , and unable to contact Stark because of `` the accords '' ; Wilson mentions that he `` know ( s ) a guy '' , implying Lang . Feige explained that when the post-credit sequence appears in Civil War it may appear with `` different takes ... different angles . '' Stan said the scene was shot in early May 2015 , and would appear in the middle of Civil War . The first footage of the film debuted in August 2015 at the D23 Expo . Additional footage was shown in September 2015 at the Asia Pop Comic Convention . The footage shown at the D23 Expo and 2015 Asia Pop Comic Convention received an overwhelmingly positive response from the audiences . The first trailer for the film debuted on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on November 25 , 2015 , and within hours became the number one trending topic on Twitter . The trailer was viewed 61 million times in the first 24 hours of release , surpassing the 34 million views of Avengers : Age of Ultron 's in 2014 . Scott Mendelson of Forbes called the trailer a `` doozy '' and noted that the early debut ahead of the release of Star Wars : The Force Awakens was a `` good show '' on behalf of Disney as it was `` a way to not get lost amid the 8,000 other trailers debuting with Star Wars '' . Mendelson also noted that based on the trailer 's content , the film was being `` sold as Captain America 3 , as opposed to Avengers 2.5 or Iron Man 4 , '' which could help keep the film 's box office expectations in check . On February 4 , 2016 , Marvel released their own version of the Facebook `` # FriendsDay '' video for Captain America . The video mirrors those created by Facebook for users to celebrate the anniversary of Facebook 's founding , and features images of Captain America 's `` friends '' the Winter Soldier , Thor , Falcon and Hawkeye . The video concludes with an image of Captain America and Iron Man being torn in half . Jennifer Konerman of The Hollywood Reporter called the video `` timely '' and its contents `` especially relevant considering the storyline '' of Civil War . Three days later , a teaser debuted during Super Bowl 50 , which received the most social media activity out of all the film trailers released that day . Anthony Breznican of Entertainment Weekly said the footage `` actually feels a little more like a teaser ( than a full trailer ) , since it shows some new shots , but really does n't reveal much more about the story . '' Additionally , he felt the chanting `` unseen voices calling out , ' United ... We ... Stand ' and ' Divided ... We ... Fall ' '' had `` a football stadium vibe '' , complimenting it appearing during the Super Bowl . Mendelson added that Marvel did not need to follow the model used for The Winter Soldier during Super Bowl XLVIII of showing a longer trailer after the teaser since Civil War was `` frankly ( a ) higher - profile sequel . '' Overall , Mendelson felt the spot was `` only a little less low - key and small ( er ) - scale as the trailer that debuted in '' November 2015 , and sold the `` real world '' aspect `` with character drama and mostly real - world action between would - be superheroes . '' Four days later , on Valentine 's Day , the Facebook campaign was continued , with Marvel creating a `` faux - status update '' for Captain America , showing his relationship status had changed to `` In a Complicated Relationship with Iron Man '' . At The Walt Disney Company 's annual shareholder meeting in the Auditorium Theatre in March , CEO Bob Iger presented a clip from the film to `` generous applause '' . From March 7 to March 10 , Marvel released individual posters for characters in the film , continued its Facebook campaign with two teaser videos showcasing the participants on `` Team Cap '' and `` Team Iron Man '' , and released a second trailer . The trailer was viewed close to 95 million times within the first 24 hours of release , surpassing the views achieved by the first trailer . In addition , 240,000 social media posts across Twitter , Tumblr , Instagram , and Facebook , among others , were made related to the trailer , surpassing the 81,000 the Age of Ultron trailer received in 2014 . According to internet analytics firm ZEFR , the trailer was viewed over 62 million times from YouTube and Facebook over four days , making it the second most viewed trailer at the time , behind the 64.6 million views for the first Star Wars : The Force Awakens trailer . It also became the top trailer in 2016 through March 13 , 2016 , according to research firm ListenFirst , for receiving the most likes , retweets and other engagement on Twitter . The trailer continued to be the top viewed trailer on YouTube and Facebook for three straight weeks according to ZEFR , receiving more than 96 million total views since its release . Mendelson called the trailer `` a textbook case for unnecessary second pitches ... Is there anyone out there who watched that first teaser back in December and said ' Hmm , it looks good and all , but I need more evidence ' ? '' He added that he was `` a little disappointed by the big Spider - Man reveal , '' having previously wondered , after a Spider - Man character poster was not released with the others , if Marvel would have the `` courage '' to not include the character in any marketing materials before the film 's release , letting the `` Peter Parker scenes the film has to offer be something that is a surprise for theatrical moviegoers and / or something that drives post-opening weekend buzz '' . Mendelson 's colleague at Forbes Mark Hughes felt differently , noting that the trailer was targeting the general audience rather than just fans by giving `` us more explanation ( and context ) of why a clearly major battle is raging between Captain America and Iron Man '' , and by including Spider - Man since `` there are plenty of surprises in these movies , and since we all already know Spider - Man is in Civil War , refusing to let us see him would frankly be a bit weird and pointless ... it 's common for average filmgoers to hear some final bit of information or see some final image and feel compelled , inspired , or otherwise driven to go out to the movies that day . There are any number of factors that can come into play ... and the world needed to see ( Spider - Man ) because it 's the sort of value - added element that can make ( a ) difference '' . Graeme McMillan of The Hollywood Reporter felt that the Spider - Man reveal `` alone makes the trailer '' , describing it as feeling `` like the comic book character come to life . That awkward , voice - cracking , ' hey everyone ' was as humble , playing - it - cool and cocky as he should be . '' With the film seemingly continuing plot threads first introduced in Age of Ultron , Mendelson wondered `` to what extent the whole ' Consequences galore ! ' narrative of Civil War will improve Age of Ultron . As much great stuff as that movie has ... ( it ultimately shows ) the main hero foolishly / recklessly ( bring ) a world - killing threat to Earth and lots of really bad stuff goes down and yet no one seems to care at the end ... What does it mean if Civil War does retroactively improve Age of Ultron ? Will we be at a point where we really ca n't judge a franchise installment on its own merits because a future installment may well fix the flaws a couple years down the line ? '' McMillan continued some of Mendelson 's thinking , feeling that Marvel was `` in an awkward place with Civil War '' regarding superhero destruction moving forward . He wondered how superhero oversight would `` actually prevent the kind of destruction that it 's meant to stop ... unless the bad guys all agree to play by the new rules '' as well . `` Worse still ... the destruction caused by superhero fights ( should now be ) foremost in viewers ' heads ... the audience wo n't be able to enjoy the sight of the Hulk smashing a random minion through a wall without thinking of the property damage and / or whoever was standing on the other side of that wall . After Civil War , can Marvel go back to pretending that everyone is okay after any large scale event ever again ? '' Also in March , Marvel , in partnership with the National Academy of Sciences Science & Entertainment Exchange , Dolby Laboratories , Broadcom , and Synchrony Bank , announced the `` Girls Reforming the Future Challenge '' , aimed at females aged 15 through 18 in STEM ( Science , Technology , Engineering , and Mathematics education ) fields , to submit projects they feel can change the world and have far - reaching effects . Five winners would attend the world premiere at the Dolby Theatre , and receive a tour of Walt Disney Studios and a $500 saving account from Synchrony Bank , with one grand prize winner receiving an internship at Marvel Studios . On April 10 , Evans debuted an exclusive clip of the film during the 2016 MTV Movie Awards . Throughout the month , the Russo brothers and the cast promoted the film in Paris , Beijing , Singapore , Berlin and London . At the end of the month , Marvel released additional viral marketing videos of WHIH Newsfront , featuring Bibb once again reprising her role as Everhart . In the program , Everhart discusses with `` political analyst '' Will Adams , portrayed by Al Madrigal , the cost the Avengers bring for saving the world , and if they should have regulation from the government . Additional Newsfront segments saw William Sadler reprise his role as President Matthew Ellis , including an `` exclusive '' interview and his reaction to the incident involving the Avengers in Lagos . On May 2 , 2016 , Evans , Renner , and executives from Marvel rang the opening bell of the New York Stock Exchange in honor of the film 's theatrical release . Merchandise ( edit ) At the 2015 Licensing International Expo , Disney Consumer Products announced that they would partner with licensees including Hasbro , Lego , Funko , Hot Wheels , Rubies , Mad Engine , C - Life , Jay Franco , Global Brand Group , Kellogg 's , Hallmark and American Greetings to sell merchandise related to the film ; Coca - Cola , Google , Samsung , Wrigley , Harley Davidson , Audi , Synchrony Financial , Pringles , Keebler , Pizza Hut , Pop Secret , Mouser Electronics , and Vivo , among other brands , were also licensees for the film . Paul Gitter , senior VP of licensing for Marvel at Disney Consumer Products said that they will build off the success of licensed products for Avengers : Age of Ultron , including a focus on a celebration of Captain America 's 75th anniversary , female apparel , healthy living and travel , and on marketing newer characters such as War Machine , Falcon , Vision , Black Widow and Black Panther . `` The Avengers team is both aspirational and hugely merchandisable , made up of multiple , unique heroes coming together with amazing skills , cool vehicles and a high tech headquarters , '' said Gitter . `` Captain America : Civil War not only gives us new storytelling for our favorite superheroes , but also introduces new ones allowing us to expand product lines for kids and fans . '' As part of the $200 million marketing effort for the film , Harley Davidson created two customized motorcycles for the film , Audi debuted a commercial directed by the Russos featuring unreleased scenes from the film , while Pizza Hut debuted collectible boxes and Kellogg 's , Pringles , and Keebler products featured virtual reality experiences . The lead - up to the film 's release culminated in a massive online vote across Google , YouTube , and Twitter for either Team Captain America or Team Iron Man . Marvel Comics released a four - issue comic prelude by writer Will Corona Pilgrim and artist Szymon Kudranski , beginning in December 2015 , that adapted the events of Iron Man 3 and Captain America : The Winter Soldier . On February 10 , Marvel Comics released another comic prelude , a single - issue infinite comic set between The Winter Soldier and Civil War . Written again by Pilgrim , the comic is told from the perspectives of Barnes , Rumlow , and Rogers , showing how each ended up where they begin Civil War . Art for each character 's perspective is provided by Lee Ferguson , Goran Sudžuka , and Guillermo Mogorron , respectively . Home media ( edit ) Captain America : Civil War was released on digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on September 2 , 2016 , and on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D and DVD on September 13 , 2016 . The digital and Blu - ray releases include behind - the - scenes featurettes , audio commentary , deleted scenes , a blooper reel , and an exclusive preview of Doctor Strange . The digital release comes with an exclusive `` mockumentary '' short film , Team Thor , directed by Thor : Ragnarok director Taika Waititi , which was originally screened at San Diego Comic Con 2016 and showed what Thor was doing during the events of Civil War . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Captain America : Civil War grossed $408.1 million in the U.S. and Canada and $745.2 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $1.153 billion . By May 10 , 2016 , the film had grossed $737.8 million , surpassing the entire theatrical gross of its predecessor , Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( $714.4 million ) . It became the highest - grossing film of 2016 , the fourth - highest - grossing superhero film of all time , and the third - highest - grossing film in the U.S. and Canada of 2016 , behind Rogue One and Finding Dory . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $193.4 million , when factoring together `` production budgets , P&A , talent participations and other costs , with box office grosses and ancillary revenues from VOD to DVD and TV , '' placing it eighth on their list of 2016 's `` Most Valuable Blockbusters '' . United States and Canada ( edit ) Two weeks ahead of its release , Fandango announced that the film outsold all previous Marvel Cinematic Universe films at the same point in the sales cycle , and by its opening week , had reached the highest advance sales for a superhero film , representing 90 % of the site 's weekend ticket sales . Captain America : Civil War earned $75.5 million on its opening day . The film 's Friday gross included $25 million from Thursday previews , the second - highest Thursday preview gross among Marvel films , with $3.1 million of the $25 million coming from IMAX theaters , a new Marvel record . The film went on to earn $61.2 million on Saturday and $42.4 million on Sunday , for a total opening weekend gross of $179.1 million , the third - highest for a Marvel film and fifth - highest of all time . Of the $179.1 million , $16 million was from IMAX , the second best for an MCU film . Initial projections for Captain America : Civil War had it earning between $175 -- 200 million on its opening weekend , with the projection being revised to $172 -- 178 million after Friday . BoxOffice called it `` the safest box office bet '' since Star Wars : The Force Awakens . The film remained at number one in its second weekend , and fell to second in its third , behind The Angry Birds Movie . In its fourth weekend , Captain America : Civil War became the highest - grossing film of 2016 in North America , and by June 17 , 2016 , became the first film of 2016 to surpass $400 million . Other territories ( edit ) Captain America : Civil War 's opening in 15 countries on April 27 , 2016 , earned $14.9 million , followed by $23.8 million the next day from 15 more countries , and $45.3 million two days later from 8 additional countries , for a three - day total of $84 million . Its first weekend brought a total of $200.4 million , after being projected to earn anywhere between $180 -- 250 million , with $9.4 million coming from IMAX . The film debuted at number one in all countries except Japan . The film stayed at number one in its second weekend , earning $217 million , with existing territories seeing a 55 % decline in earnings , while surpassing the entire international earnings of previous Captain America films , along with other MCU films . For IMAX in its second weekend , Captain America : Civil War earned $31 million , a new record for a day - and - date opening for a Marvel film . By its third weekend , the film remained at number one in some territories , being overtaken by The Angry Birds Movie in others , and became the top film of 2016 and fourth - highest - grossing superhero film outside of North America . It set records for the largest opening day in Mexico ( $7.3 million ) , opening day of 2016 in France ( $2.4 million ) , the second - largest opening day in Brazil ( $2.7 million ) and the United Arab Emirates , the largest superhero opening day in the Netherlands , and the largest superhero opening in Turkey and Ukraine . It set opening weekend records in Brazil ( $12.9 million ) , Mexico ( $20.4 million ) , and the Philippines ( $7.7 million ) , and was the second - largest opening weekend in Hong Kong ( $6.9 million ) and Thailand ( $9.4 million ) . In the United Kingdom , the film earned the second - largest opening day and weekend of 2016 with $20.5 million , while France had the top 2016 opening weekend with $10.1 million . Germany had the best four - day opening of 2016 with $8.1 million , and Spain had the second - largest three - day opening of 2016 with $4.2 million . For South Korea , the film was the largest non-Korean opening and largest Marvel opening in history . China had the second best IMAX opening ( $9.5 million ) , as well as the second - largest opening weekend for a Hollywood film ( $95.6 million ) , with the film eventually becoming the third - highest Disney release in the country after 10 days , and the second largest superhero film . Japan saw the film open third with $4.2 million , behind Detective Conan : The Darkest Nightmare ( $5.3 million ) and Zootopia ( $4.8 million ) . The film 's largest markets were China ( $190.4 million ) , South Korea ( $62.8 million ) , and the United Kingdom ( $53.2 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 91 % approval rating based on 358 reviews , with an average rating of 7.6 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Captain America : Civil War begins the next wave of Marvel movies with an action - packed superhero blockbuster boasting a decidedly non-cartoonish plot and the courage to explore thought - provoking themes . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 75 out of 100 based on 52 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an `` A '' grade on a scale of A+ to F . Justin Chang of Variety called it `` the most mature and substantive picture to have yet emerged from the Marvel Cinematic Universe . '' Sheri Linden of The Hollywood Reporter said , `` Call it ' civil war ' or call it brand extension ; call it a ' cinematic universe ' or a corporate behemoth -- the latest Marvel extravaganza furthers the studio 's cross-pollination of action franchises in a way that 's sure to satisfy devotees . '' Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph wrote , `` This is the cinematic superhero showdown you 've dreamt of since childhood , precisely because that 's everything -- and all -- it wants to be . '' Catherine Shoard of The Guardian called it , `` a huge aspartame rush of a film : a giant irresistible snack , not nutritious , but very tasty . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times wrote , `` Kudos to co-directors Anthony and Joe Russo and the team of writers for juggling more than a dozen comic - book characters and nearly that many plot lines , and only occasionally getting us ( and by us I mean me ) lost in the geek weeds . '' Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said , `` If you live and breathe Marvel , this is one of the MCU 's stronger offerings . If you are a spy coming in from the cold , the answer is not so clear . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times wrote , `` Captain America : Civil War does not in any way transcend the conventions of the genre . On the contrary : It succeeds because it does n't really try . '' Conversely , Stephen Whitty of the New York Daily News said , `` Although it 's called Captain America : Civil War , the latest Marvel movie is actually a supersized Avengers picture -- overstuffed to bursting . And sometimes during its two and a half hour running time , it just goes bust . '' Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said , `` As a work of thought , Civil War is compromised , but at least there are thoughts to compromise . As an action film , it has its moments , but aside from the big opening sequence -- the action scenes are a bit flat . '' Andrew O'Hehir writing for Salon said , `` Much of Captain America : Civil War is just the laborious working - out of leftover dangling plot elements from Captain America : The Winter Soldier two summers ago . '' While Nicholas Barber of BBC gave the film a generally favorable review , praising both its visuals and action sequences , he criticized the fact that there was `` no cogent reason for any of ( the Avengers ) to be on one side or the other , which is why their inevitable dust - up feels like a game of dodgeball in a school playground . '' Mark Millar , writer of the `` Civil War '' comic storyline on which the film was based , felt the film `` had a good opening twenty ( minutes ) , but then I honestly ca n't remember what the movie was about . '' He also felt the film lacked levity , especially considering the Russo brothers ' background in comedy . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Captain America : Civil War Won Choice Movie Actor : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Chris Evans Won Robert Downey Jr . Nominated Choice Movie Actress : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Scarlett Johansson Nominated Choice Movie : Chemistry Robert Downey Jr. , Scarlett Johansson , Don Cheadle , Paul Bettany , and Chadwick Boseman Nominated Chris Evans , Sebastian Stan , Anthony Mackie , Elizabeth Olsen , and Jeremy Renner Nominated Choice Movie : Liplock Chris Evans and Emily VanCamp Nominated Choice Movie : Villain Daniel Brühl Nominated Choice Movie : Scene Stealer Chadwick Boseman Nominated Tom Holland Nominated Critics ' Choice Awards Best Action Movie Captain America : Civil War Nominated Best Actor in an Action Movie Chris Evans Nominated Best Actress in an Action Movie Scarlett Johansson Nominated 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Captain America : Civil War Nominated Favorite Action Movie Captain America : Civil War Nominated Favorite Movie Actor Robert Downey Jr . Nominated Favorite Movie Actress Scarlett Johansson Nominated Favorite Action Movie Actor Chris Evans Nominated Robert Downey Jr . Won Favorite Action Movie Actress Scarlett Johansson Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture Captain America : Civil War Nominated Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Character Animation in a Live Action Production Captain America : Civil War - Spider - Man - Steve Rawlins , Ebrahim Jahromi , Cedric Lo , Stephen King , and Yair Gutierrez Nominated NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture Chadwick Boseman Nominated Outstanding Directing in a Motion Picture Anthony and Joe Russo Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Captain America : Civil War Nominated Favorite Movie Actor Robert Downey Jr . Nominated Chris Evans Nominated Favorite Movie Actress Scarlett Johansson Nominated Favorite Butt - Kicker Chris Evans Won Scarlett Johansson Nominated Favorite Frenemies Chris Evans & Robert Downey Jr . Nominated # SQUAD Chris Evans , Robert Downey Jr. , Scarlett Johansson , Sebastian Stan , Anthony Mackie , Don Cheadle , Jeremy Renner , Chadwick Boseman Nominated Empire Awards Best Male Newcomer Tom Holland Nominated Best Thriller Captain America : Civil War Nominated Best Costume Design Captain America : Civil War Nominated Best Visual Effects Captain America : Civil War Nominated Saturn Awards Best Comic - to - Film Motion Picture Captain America : Civil War Nominated Best Director Anthony and Joe Russo Nominated Best Actor Chris Evans Nominated Best Supporting Actor Chadwick Boseman Nominated Best Supporting Actress Scarlett Johansson Nominated Best Performance by a Younger Actor Tom Holland Won Best Editing Jeffrey Ford and Matthew Schmidt Nominated Best Production Design Owen Paterson Nominated Future ( edit ) According to Feige , Civil War is the conclusion of the Captain America trilogy that began with The First Avenger . While it is the final standalone Captain America film in Evans ' contract with Marvel Studios , Evans stated in September 2015 that he was open to extending his contract past Avengers : Infinity War and its sequel , the final films on his contract at the time . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ As depicted in the 2015 film Avengers : Age of Ultron . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Captain America : Civil War ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . April 18 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMillian , Graeme ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Will Be the Longest Marvel Studios Film to Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2016 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Russo Brothers Explain Where Captain America : Civil War Starts '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( August 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Concept Art Shows Where Each Avenger 's Loyalties Lie '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Erik ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Set Visit : `` This Is the ' Godfather ' of Superhero Movies '' `` . Fandango.com . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Toro , Gabe ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` Chris Evans Says ' Captain America ' Sequel Might Not Arrive Until 2014 '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America 3 ′ Takes Shape at Marvel ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hewitt , Chris ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Captain America : Civil War trailer breakdown '' . Empire . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2015 . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nugent , John ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` 12 secrets from Captain America : Civil War '' . Empire . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Power , Matthew ; Jacobs , Aundre ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Captain America 's Training Plan '' . Bodybuilding.com . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Official Bios , Costume Upgrades and Hi - Res Behind - The - Scenes Photos '' . Stitch Kingdom . April 11 , 2016 . 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Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Arrant , Chris ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` Captain America : Civil War Directors : Black Widow Will Be Back , More '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2015 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Captain America : Civil War star Scarlett Johansson on the scrutiny of Black Widow '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2015 . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : Civil War -- Scarlett Johansson Teases Her Role In Captain America : Civil War '' . IGN. April 21 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Captain America : Civil War star Scarlett Johansson on the scrutiny of Black Widow '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2015 . 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Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Zach ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Elizabeth Olsen Will Star in Captain America : Civil War ! '' . E !. Archived from the original on April 23 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( October 3 , 2015 ) . `` Elizabeth Olsen has big plans for Scarlet Witch '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2015 . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Scarlet Witch Is n't Technically A ' Superhero ' In Captain America : Civil War '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Desiree ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Elizabeth Olsen Teases What Will Happen Between Scarlet Witch and Vision in ' Captain America : Civil War ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . 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Retrieved August 3 , 2015 ... die US - Stars in das Szene - Hotel Soho House zurück , wo sie für die Zeit der Filmarbeiten untergebracht worden sind . / ... the US stars returned to the scene - hotel Soho House , where they have been housed for the duration of filming . Jump up ^ Hewett , Emily ( August 9 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Evans spotted filming Captain America : Civil War at desolate Olympic Stadium in Berlin '' . Daily Mail . UK . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2015 . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beilke , Doreen ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Captain America ' - Dreh Mit Chris Evans Und Daniel Brühl Am Flughafen Hollywood in Leipzig gelandet / `` Captain America '' with Chris Evans and Daniel Brühl at the Airport : Hollywood Landed in Leipzig `` . Bild ( in German ) . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2015 . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Seymour , Mike ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Captain America : a very civil war '' . FX Guide . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2016 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( August 22 , 2015 ) . `` See the Captain America : Civil War cast celebrate wrapping production '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2015 . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( August 22 , 2015 ) . `` Captain America : Civil War Wraps Principal Photography '' . Superhero Hype ! . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` How the ' Captain America : Civil War ' Airport Battle Was Filmed and Why It 's a Prelude to ' Avengers : Infinity War ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( September 3 , 2015 ) . `` Mark Ruffalo Reveals The Hulk Was in Captain America : Civil War But Marvel is Saving Him '' . Superhero Hype ! . 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Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Minow , Nell . `` Interview : Henry Jackman , Composer for `` Captain America : Civil War '' `` . beliefnet . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Records to Release ' Captain America : Civil War ' Soundtrack '' . Film Music Reporter . March 12 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Marvel launches program for girl scientists '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Spider - Man Rumored To Debut In New Captain America : Civil War Trailer '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2016 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Captain America : Civil War -- Southeast Asia Blue Carpet & Premiere ! '' . Marina Bay Sands . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marvel UK & Ireland ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` The European premiere of Captain America : Civil War is set for April 26 at @ vuecinemas in @ westfieldlondon ! '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mendelson , Scott ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Gets An Unnecessary ( But Awesome ) Second Trailer '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Blasts Off With $14.9 M On Day One Overseas '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Babbage , Rachel ( March 21 , 2015 ) . `` Captain America : Civil War to start shooting in two weeks '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' To Break Out In The U.S. ; Looks To Defeat ' Ultron 's $191 M+ Debut -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( April 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Grabs $200.4 M In Debut ; ' Jungle Book ' A Beast , And With ' Zootopia ' Disney Has $1.24 B From Three Titles -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kil , Sonia ( May 1 , 2016 ) . `` Korea Box Office : Unprecedented Opening Gives ' Civil War ' $29 Million Win '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( September 17 , 2014 ) . `` TNT Locks Down Next Five Marvel Movies Starting With ' The Avengers : Age of Ultron ' '' . Variety . 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Jump up ^ Ansis , JC ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Never - seen scenes of ' Captain America : Civil War ' to be shown at AsiaPop Comicon Manila '' . CNN Philippines . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Walker , Alice ( September 19 , 2015 ) . `` New Captain America : Civil War Trailer Descriptions Released '' . screenrant.com . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2015 . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Trailer Debuts '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2015 . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Captain America : Civil War ' Trailer Shatters World Record '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2015 . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Medelson , Scott ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Trailer Pits Avenger Against Avenger '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2015 . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Konerman , Jennifer ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Captain America Celebrates Facebook 's # FriendsDay '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Super Bowl Trailer Dominates Social Media '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Super Bowl : ' Bourne ' Explodes On Social Media But Is n't The ' Captain ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 7 , 2016 ) . `` Here 's the ( brief ) new Captain America : Civil War Super Bowl trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( February 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Super Bowl Ad Forces The Avengers To Choose A Side '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay ( February 14 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel Changes Captain America & Iron Man 's Relationship To `` Complicated '' `` . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Daniel ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' footage turns America 's hero into a wanted man '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mendelson , Scott ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Still No Spider - Man In ' Captain America : Civil War ' Posters '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Captain America : Civil War Teases Second Trailer '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Captain America : Civil War trailer nears 100 million views in 24 hours '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Andy ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Spiderman Trailer Gets Huge Start '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Trailer Dominates Twitter '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Andy ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Trailer Report : ' Captain America ' Holds No. 1 Spot For Third Straight Week '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Trailer Reveals Spider - Man ( As It Should ) '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Trailer Reveals Spider - Man ( As It Should ) '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McMillian , Graeme ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' and the Diminishing Returns of Mass Destruction '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Towers , Andrea ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` Chris Evans to present Captain America : Civil War sneak peek at MTV Movie Awards '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` See the Cast & Crew of Marvel 's ' Captain America ' Travel the Globe '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2016 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` WHIH News Returns for Civil War Viral Video ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` WHIH Sits Down With Marvel Cinematic Universe President Ellis '' . SuperHeroHype.com . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Arrant , Chris ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` MARVEL 's U.S. President Addresses Nation After Nigerian Incident Relating to CIVIL WAR '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Chris Evans & Jeremy Renner Ring the Opening Bell at the New York Stock Exchange '' . Marvel.com . May 2 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2016 . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , David ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel Unveils ' Captain America : Civil War ' Licensees ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2015 . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schultz , E.J. ( February 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Strategy Behind Coke 's Marvel Super Bowl Ad '' . Ad Age . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Galuppo , Mia ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` From Pizza Boxes to Motorcycles : Marvel Reveals $200 Million in ' Civil War ' Brand Partnerships '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MARVEL COMICS January 2016 Solicitations '' . Newsarama . October 20 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Captain America : Civil War Prelude Infinite Comic ( 2016 ) # 1 '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2016 . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pilgrim , Will Corona ( w ) , Ferguson , Lee and Sudzuka , Goran and Mogorron , Guillermo ( p ) , Rosenberg , Rachelle ( i ) . Marvel 's Captain America : Civil War Prelude Infinite Comic 1 ( February 10 , 2016 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Captain America : Civil War Blu - Ray and Digital Release Coming in September '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( August 28 , 2016 ) . `` Watch the ' Thor ' Mockumentary Showing What the Avenger Was Doing During ' Civil War ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2016 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Crosses $200 M Stateside And Passes ' Winter Soldier ' Globally ; ' Jungle Book ' On Verge Of Crossing $300 M Domestic , $500 M Int'l '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Becomes Biggest Movie of the Year Worldwide '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' Dawns With $101.5 M ; ' Angry Birds ' Sings With $55.5 M , ' Zootopia ' # 4 Animated Pic Ever Worldwide -- Intl Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Busch , Anita ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Is 2016 's Second - Highest Grosser As Box Office Soars To Est . $11.36 B - Sunday AM '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` No. 8 ' Captain America : Civil War ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Verhoeven , Beatrice ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Outselling Every Marvel Movie on Fandango '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Sets Fandango Record for Advance Ticket Sales for Superhero Title '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Why ' Captain America : Civil War ' Is Poised To Be This Summer 's Top - Grossing Live - Action Film : B.O. Postmortem '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Eyes Massive $175 Million - Plus Debut '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela McClintock ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Tracking for Massive $175 M - Plus Opening '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Forecast : ' Captain America : Civil War ' '' . BoxOffice . May 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America ' To Cross $300 M Today As ' Money Monster ' Cashes $14.7 M & ' The Darkness ' Finds $4.9 M -- Monday B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Busch , Anita ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Angry Birds ' Takes Flight With $38 M No. 1 Debut , ' Sorority ' Rushes $21.7 M , ' Nice Guys ' Finish Last With $11.2 M -- Final B.O '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` Captain America : Civil War Passes Deadpool To Become Highest - Grossing Move Of 2016 At Domestic Box Office '' . IGN . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' : First 2016 Title To Charge Past $400 M At Domestic B.O '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( April 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Shoots To $84 M In 3 Days At Offshore Box Office -- Saturday Update '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' To Plant $200 M - $230 M Flag In Overseas Opening -- Intl Box Office Preview '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Rages Offshore With $217 M 2nd Frame , $494 M Cume ; ' Zootopia ' Crosses $950 M WW -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Angry Birds Movie ' Takes Off With $43 M ; ' Captain America : Civil War ' Hits $647 M Offshore , $943 M WW -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blair , Gavin J. ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Captain America : Civil War ' Opens at No. 3 With $7.1 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' TMNT 2 ' Powers Up $33 M In Debut ; ' Warcraft ' Jumps To $69.6 M Cume ; ' X-Men ' Crosses $400 M WW -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : Civil War '' . Metacritic ( CBS Interactive ) . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' Captain America : Civil War ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Linden , Sheri ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` Captain America : Civil War is Marvel 's best film so far -- review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Linden , Sheri ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Captain America : Civil War review -- an aspartame rush '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' review : Choose your own avenger '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' may split audience between true believers and puzzled newbies '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Review : In ' Captain America : Civil War , ' Super-Bro Against Super-Bro '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitty , Stephen ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War , ' starring Chris Evans and Robert Downey Jr. , has too many super heroes fighting for screen time '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2016 . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' -- a blockbuster with ideas '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Hehir , Andrew ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Our juvenile American fantasies : Comic - book fascism , the rise of Trump and Captain America : Civil War '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barber , Nicholas ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Film review : Captain America - Civil War is n't Marvel - ous '' . BBC . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gonzales , Umberto ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel ' Civil War ' Comic Book Writer Rips Russo Bros . ' Movie Adaptation '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations Announced : See the `` First Wave '' of Potential Winners `` . E !. Archived from the original on May 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 -- Captain America : Civil War Leads Second Wave of Nominations '' . E ! Online . June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land , ' ' Arrival , ' ' Moonlight ' Top Critics ' Choice Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees 2017 -- Full List '' . Deadline . November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Award Nominations 2017 : The Complete List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 14 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 44th Annie Award Nominees '' . International Animated Film Society . November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kinane , Ruth ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Beyonce leads the pack of 2017 NAACP Image Award Nominees '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Levy , Dany ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Timberlake and Kevin Hart Lead Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dyer , James ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 Three Empire Awards Nominations Announced '' . Empire . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenfield , Kat ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Civil War ' Is The Final Act Of The Captain America Trilogy '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth Reveals the 3 Marvel Movies Left on His Contract '' . Collider . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Evans on Extending His Marvel Contract : `` If They Want Me , They Got Me '' `` . Collider.com . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Captain America : Civil War . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Captain America : Civil War Official website Captain America : Civil War on IMDb Official press kit with cast / crew credits and additional information . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2016 . Captain America : Civil War Captain America Joe Simon Jack Kirby Alter egos Steve Rogers Isaiah Bradley William Nasland Jeffrey Mace William Burnside John Walker James Buchanan Barnes Sam Wilson Supporting characters Rikki Barnes Battlestar Black Widow Bucky Peggy Carter Sharon Carter Demolition Man ( D - Man ) Diamondback Falcon Jack Flag Free Spirit Golden Girl Howling Commandos Invaders Nuke Redwing Rick Jones Nomad Jack Monroe Enemies A.I.M. 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approximately one year after Ultron's defeat in the nation of Sokovia at the hands of the Avengers

2016 - 04 - 12 )

Regina Spektor - wikipedia Regina Spektor Jump to : navigation , search This name uses Eastern Slavic naming customs ; the patronymic is Ilyinichna and the family name is Spektor . Regina Spektor Spektor in 2012 Background information Birth name Regina Ilyinichna Spektor ( 1980 - 02 - 18 ) February 18 , 1980 ( age 37 ) Moscow , Russian SFSR , Soviet Union Origin New York City , United States Genres Anti-folk indie pop Occupation ( s ) Singer - songwriter , record producer Instruments Vocals , piano , guitar Years active 2001 -- present Labels Sire , Warner Bros . Associated acts Only Son , Sondre Lerche , Nurse With Wound , Ben Folds , Kill Kenada , The Strokes , Dufus Website reginaspektor.com Regina Ilyinichna Spektor ( / rɪˈdʒiːnə ˈspɛktər / , Russian : Реги́нa Ильи́нична Спе́ктор , IPA : ( rjɪˈɡjinə ˈspjɛktər ) ; born February 18 , 1980 ) is a Russian - born American singer - songwriter and pianist . She was born in Moscow ( former Soviet Union , now Russia ) , and began classical training on the piano at the age of six . When she was nine years old , her family emigrated from the Soviet Union to the United States , where she continued her classical training into her teenage years ; she began to write original songs shortly thereafter . After self - releasing her first three records and gaining popularity in New York City 's independent music scenes , particularly the anti-folk scene centered on New York City 's East Village , Spektor signed with Sire Records in 2004 and began achieving greater mainstream recognition . After giving her third album a major label re-release , Sire released her fourth album , Begin to Hope , which would go on to achieve a Gold certification by the RIAA . Her following two albums , Far and What We Saw from the Cheap Seats , each debuted at number 3 on the Billboard 200 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and musical beginnings 2 Career 2.1 2001 -- 06 : Career beginnings 2.2 2006 -- 09 : Begin to Hope 2.3 2009 -- 12 : Far 2.4 2012 -- 16 : What We Saw from the Cheap Seats 2.5 2016 -- present : Remember Us to Life 3 Voice and style 4 Appearances in the media 5 Personal life 6 Philanthropy 7 Discography 8 Awards and nominations 9 References 10 External links Early Life and musical beginnings ( edit ) Spektor was born in 1980 in Moscow , Soviet Union , to a musical Russian Jewish family . Her father , Ilya Spektor , is a photographer and amateur violinist . Her mother , Bella Spektor , was a music professor in a Soviet college of music and teaches at a public elementary school in Mount Vernon , New York . She has a brother Boruch ( also known as Bear ) , who was featured in track 7 , `` * * * '' , or `` Whisper '' , of her 2004 album , Soviet Kitsch . Growing up in Moscow , Regina learned how to play the piano by practising on a Petrof upright that her grandfather gave her mother . She grew up listening to classical music and famous Russian bards like Vladimir Vysotsky and Bulat Okudzhava . Her father , who obtained recordings in Eastern Europe and traded cassettes with friends in the Soviet Union , also exposed her to rock and roll bands such as the Beatles , Queen , and the Moody Blues . The family left the Soviet Union in 1989 , when Regina was nine and a half , during the period of Perestroika , when Soviet citizens were permitted to emigrate . Regina had to leave her piano behind . The seriousness of her piano studies led her parents to consider not leaving the Soviet Union , but they finally decided to emigrate , due to the racial , ethnic , and political discrimination that Jews faced . Traveling first to Austria and then Italy , the Spektor family was admitted to the United States as refugees with the assistance of HIAS ( the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society ) . They settled in the Bronx , where Spektor graduated from the SAR Academy , a Jewish day middle school in the Riverdale section of the Bronx . Since the family had been unable to bring their piano from Moscow , Spektor practiced on tabletops and other hard surfaces until she found a piano on which to play in the basement of her synagogue . In New York City , Spektor studied classical piano with Sonia Vargas , a professor at the Manhattan School of Music , until she was 17 ; Spektor 's father had met Vargas through Vargas ' husband , violinist Samuel Marder . Spektor attended high school for two years at the Frisch School , a yeshiva in Paramus , New Jersey , but transferred to a public school , Fair Lawn High School , in Fair Lawn , New Jersey , where she finished the last two years of her high school education . Spektor was originally interested in classical music only , but later became interested in hip hop , rock , and punk as well . Although she had always made up songs around the house , she first became interested in more formal songwriting during a visit to Israel with the Nesiya Institute in her teenage years when she attracted attention from the other children on the trip for the songs she made up while hiking . Following this trip , she was exposed to the works of Joni Mitchell , Ani DiFranco , and other singer - songwriters , which encouraged her belief that she could create her own songs . She wrote her first a cappella songs around the age of 16 and her first songs for voice and piano when she was nearly 18 . Spektor completed the four - year studio composition program of the Conservatory of Music at Purchase College within three years , graduating with honors in 2001 . Around this time , she also worked briefly at a butterfly farm in Luck , Wisconsin , and studied in Tottenham ( in North London ) for one term . Career ( edit ) 2001 -- 06 : career beginnings ( edit ) Spektor gradually achieved recognition through performances in the anti-folk scene in downtown New York City , most prominently at the East Village 's SideWalk Cafe . She also performed at local colleges ( such as Sarah Lawrence College ) with other musicians , including the Trachtenburg Family Slideshow Players . She sold self - published CDs at her performances during this period : 11 : 11 ( 2001 ) and Songs ( 2002 ) . Spektor 's first nationwide tour was accompanying The Strokes as the opening act on their 2003 -- 2004 Room on Fire tour which included performances at The Theater at Madison Square Garden . While on the tour , she and the band performed and recorded `` Modern Girls & Old Fashion Men '' . After the tour , Kings of Leon who were the second opening act on the tour , invited Spektor to open for them on their own European tour . In 2004 , Spektor signed a contract with Warner Brothers ' record label Sire Records to publish and distribute her third album Soviet Kitsch , originally self - released in 2003 . In 2005 , she began making her first TV appearances including guest spots on various late - night talk shows . In June 2005 , Spektor was the opening act for the English piano rock band Keane on their North American tour , during which she performed at Radio City Music Hall on June 7 , 2005 . 2006 -- 09 : Begin to Hope ( edit ) Spektor went on to release the album Begin to Hope on June 13 , 2006 . The album debuted at number 70 on the Billboard 200 , but due to the popularity of the single `` Fidelity '' , it went on to peak at number 20 , and was certified Gold by the RIAA . Spektor received increased attention when her video for `` Fidelity '' was viewed over 200,000 times in two days on YouTube . Spektor 's 2006 headlining tour in support of the Begin to Hope album included back - to - back hometown shows at Town Hall Theater in New York City on September 27 and September 28 , 2006 . This tour was Spektor 's first to feature a full backing band . Spektor performing in Brighton on October 26 , 2006 Listeners of Sirius Radio 's Left of Center channel voted her single `` Fidelity '' as the No. 1 song of 2006 . Towards the end of 2006 , VH1 showcased her as part of their `` You Oughta Know : Artists on the Rise '' featurettes , playing clips from the `` Fidelity '' music video and showing parts of an interview with Spektor during commercial breaks on the channel . Spektor 's video for `` Fidelity '' reached No. 3 on VH1 's Top 20 Countdown . Spektor reached No. 33 on Blender magazine 's top 100 of 2006 and was also listed as one of the `` Hottest Women of ... Rock ! '' . On January 21 , 2007 , she was given an extensive feature on CBS News Sunday Morning which showcased her musical beginnings and growing popularity . In 2007 , Spektor began performing at several major music festivals including Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival , Bonnaroo Music Festival , Lollapalooza , Virgin Festival and Austin City Limits Music Festival . On October 1 , 2007 , her video for `` Better '' was released on VH1 and YouTube , where it was viewed more than 100,000 times within the first 24 hours . Spektor performed acoustic at Neil Young 's Bridge School Benefit at Shoreline Amphitheatre on October 27 , 2007 . On November 14 , 2007 , at her concert at Ryman Auditorium in Nashville , Spektor collapsed during the sound check and was taken to a local emergency room . According to the statement given to the audience , Spektor was fine , but doctors said that she could not perform that night . It was later reported that the cause of the collapse was an inner ear infection which caused intense vertigo . The show was initially rescheduled for December 6 , 2007 , but the date was once again rescheduled , and the concert finally occurred on February 29 , 2008 . After her initial collapse in Nashville , she was able to perform in concerts at Mountain Stage , in West Virginia , on November 18 , 2007 ( the concert was aired in September 2008 ) , and at Duke University on November 19 , 2007 . Spektor wrote the song `` The Call '' for the 2008 film The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian , which appeared prominently in the film 's finale sequence . She then appeared as a guest vocalist on `` You Do n't Know Me '' , a single from Ben Folds ' 2008 album , `` Way to Normal '' . In promotion for the single , the duo performed the song together on several late - night talk shows . 2009 -- 12 : Far ( edit ) Spektor 's fifth album Far was released June 23 , 2009 . For the record she worked with four producers : David Kahne ( who had previously worked with Spektor on Begin to Hope ) , Mike Elizondo , Jacknife Lee and Jeff Lynne . The record sold 50,000 copies in its first week , entering the US Billboard 200 at number three ; the record remained on the chart for 19 weeks . The album peaked at number 30 and 16 in the UK and Canada , respectively . She then headlined at Serpentine Sessions , a series of concerts at London 's Hyde Park on June 29 , 2009 . Other European performances in 2009 include Glastonbury Festival , Hultsfred Festival , Oxegen 2009 , T in the Park , Paradiso , Latitude Festival , and Rock Werchter . Spektor invited Brooklyn - based rock band Jupiter One to open concerts on her 2009 North American tour . As a part of that tour , on October 14 , 2009 , Spektor headlined a concert at the Radio City Music Hall in NYC . On September 16 , 2009 , it was announced that Spektor would write the music for the musical Beauty , a modern adaptation of the fairy tale Sleeping Beauty , which was initially set to open during the 2011 -- 12 Broadway season . Regina made her Saturday Night Live debut on October 10 , 2009 , performing `` Eet '' and `` The Calculation '' off of Far . In May 2010 , Spektor performed for President Obama and his wife Michelle along with hundreds of other guests at the White House reception in honor of Jewish Heritage Month . She performed `` Us '' and `` The Sword & the Pen '' . 2012 -- 16 : What We Saw from the Cheap Seats ( edit ) Spektor 's sixth album , What We Saw from the Cheap Seats was released May 29 , 2012 . Like her previous album , it debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 . Promotional appearances for the record included Spektor appearing on the June 7 , 2012 episode of The Colbert Report where she performed `` Small Town Moon '' as well as `` Ballad of a Politician '' as online bonus content . Her world tour in support of What We Saw from the Cheap Seats included a performance in Moscow ; Spektor had not yet returned since fleeing with her family in 1989 . In 2012 , Spektor was christened an official `` Steinway Artist '' ; she plays Steinway & Sons pianos almost exclusively . Spektor wrote and recorded the main title theme song , `` You 've Got Time '' , for the Netflix Original series Orange Is the New Black , which premiered in July 2013 . It was nominated in the Best Song Written for Visual Media category at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards . 2016 -- present : Remember Us to Life ( edit ) Spektor announced her seventh album , Remember Us to Life on July 21 , 2016 through her email newsletter . The album was released on September 30 , 2016 . The first single , `` Bleeding Heart '' , was released July 22 , 2016 . The follow - up single , `` Small Bill $ '' , was released August 11 , 2016 . Regina Spektor performed George Harrison 's `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' , released August 5 , 2016 , for the film Kubo and the Two Strings . In 2016 , Spektor was one of the artists featured on The Hamilton Mixtape ; she sings a remix of `` Dear Theodosia '' with Ben Folds . In 2017 , Spektor was featured as a guest singer on the title track to Gypsy - punk band Gogol Bordello 's studio album , Seekers and Finders . Voice and style ( edit ) Spektor in concert , February 2006 Spektor 's primary instrument is the piano though she plays the guitar as a secondary instrument , primarily playing on a seafoam Epiphone Wildkat archtop hollow - body electric guitar for live performances . Spektor has said that she has created a great number of songs but rarely writes any of them down . Spektor 's songs are not usually autobiographical but are based on scenarios and characters drawn from her imagination . Her songs show influences from folk , punk , rock , Jewish , Russian , hip hop , jazz , and classical music . Spektor has said that she works hard to ensure that each of her songs has its own musical style , rather than trying to develop a distinctive style for her music as a whole : `` It does n't feel natural for me to write some diary type song . I want to write a classic like Yesterday but weird songs about meatballs in refrigerators come into my head -- I ca n't help it . '' Spektor performs using a broad vocal range , with a falsetto extension , but without any apparent break . She explores a variety of different and somewhat unorthodox vocal techniques , such as verses composed entirely of buzzing noises made with the lips and beatbox - style flourishes in the middle of ballads , and also makes use of such unusual musical techniques as using a drum stick to tap rhythms on the body of a chair . Part of her style also results from the exaggeration of certain aspects of vocalization , most notably the glottal stop , prominent in the single `` Fidelity '' . She also uses a strong New York accent on some words , which she has said is due to her love of New York and its culture . Her lyrics are equally eclectic , often taking the form of abstract narratives or first - person character studies , similar to short stories or vignettes put to song . Spektor usually sings in English , though she sometimes includes a few words or verses of Latin , Russian , French , and other languages in her songs . She also plays with pronunciations , which she said on a NPR interview to be a remnant of her early years when she listened to pop in English without understanding the lyrics . Some of Spektor 's lyrics include literary allusions , such as : F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway in `` Poor Little Rich Boy '' ; The Little Prince in `` Baobabs '' ; Virginia Woolf and Margaret Atwood in `` Paris '' ; Ezra Pound and William Shakespeare in `` Pound of Flesh '' , Boris Pasternak in `` Après Moi '' ; Samson and Delilah in `` Samson '' ; Oedipus Rex in `` Oedipus '' ; Edith Wharton 's Ethan Frome in `` 2.99 ¢ Blues '' . Recurring themes and topics in Spektor 's lyrics include love , death , religion ( particularly Biblical and Jewish references ) , city life ( particularly New York references ) , and certain key phrases which recur in different songs , such as references to gravediggers , the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil and the name `` Mary Ann '' . Spektor 's use of satire is evident in `` Wasteside '' , which refers to The Twelve Chairs , the classic satirical novel by the Soviet authors Ilf and Petrov , and describes the town in which people are born , get their hair cut , and then are sent to the cemetery . Spektor 's first , self - released album , 11 : 11 , was recorded and self - released while she was still in college . The album differs from Spektor 's later releases as she was heavily influenced by blues and jazz at the time of its recording . Her second album , Songs , was recorded on Christmas Day , 2001 . Each song was recorded with just one take and is entirely acoustic . The session from which the album was derived was not originally intended as an album recording session . Her third album , Soviet Kitsch , featured strings on several songs and was her first to feature a full rock band . Upon signing with a major label which in turn provided a bigger budget for production and studio time , Spektor 's albums began to put more emphasis into song production and feature more prominent use of traditional pop and rock instruments . Spektor says the records that most impact her are those of `` bands whose music is really involved '' , specifically naming the Beatles , Bob Dylan , Billie Holiday , Radiohead , Tom Waits , and Frédéric Chopin as primary influences . Appearances in the Media ( edit ) Spektor performing at the Hammerstein Ballroom on October 16 , 2007 Spektor performing in the West London Synagogue , February 2007 Since 2005 , Spektor 's music has been used in various television programs and commercials . In late 2005 , `` Us '' ( from Soviet Kitsch ) was used in a commercial as part of the What Do You Want To Watch ? series for the United Kingdom 's British Sky Broadcasting , and in the summer of 2006 , a clip from the same song was used for the teaser website for Microsoft 's Zune project at ComingZune.com , as well as for a promotional campaign for MtvU , and by Dutch telecom company KPN in a commercial . `` Somedays '' was used in a 2005 episode of CSI : NY and `` Samson '' was used in a 2006 episode of the same series . `` On the Radio '' was used in an episode of ABC 's Grey 's Anatomy . `` Field Below '' was used in a 2006 episode ( titled `` The Last Word '' ) of CBS 's Criminal Minds , and `` Music Box '' has been used in a commercial for JC Penney . `` Fidelity '' has been used in an episode of Grey 's Anatomy ( titled `` Six Days , Part 2 '' ) , on Veronica Mars ( `` Wichita Linebacker '' ) , on Brothers & Sisters , in the trailer for the 2007 film 27 Dresses , in the Brazilian telenovela A Favorita , and during the end credits of Love & Other Drugs ( 2010 ) . `` Fidelity '' was also used in a 2007 Yahoo ! Xtra television commercial in New Zealand and , also in 2007 , the mobile phone company Vodafone used her lyric , `` Come into my world ... '' from the track , `` Hotel Song '' in an extensive TV advertising campaign in the UK and Ireland.It also was used in ITV 's Secret Diary of a Call Girl - Series 1 Episode 4 `` Better '' was used in a commercial for XM Satellite Radio , an episode of How I Met Your Mother , the series finale of The Good Wife , and the 2009 film My Sister 's Keeper . Spektor also sang the title song `` Little Boxes '' of Showtime 's television series Weeds in the episode `` Mile Deep and a Foot Wide '' ( 2006 ) and her `` Ghost of Corporate Future '' was used both at the beginning and end of the episode . A section of `` That Time '' was featured in the 2008 film In Bruges . `` Us '' and `` Hero '' are both featured on the soundtrack for the 2009 film ( 500 ) Days of Summer . In August 2009 , the song `` Two Birds '' was used in the 2009 Fall Campaign of the Polish TV station TVN . `` Eet '' debuted on the show 90210 in April 2010 . On his 2010 release Scratch My Back , Peter Gabriel recorded a version of the song `` Après Moi '' from Begin to Hope . The song `` Human of the Year '' featured prominently in the trailer and first episode of the 2011 HBO series Enlightened , and `` Hotel Song '' was featured in the opening of the 2011 movie Friends with Kids . The title of the song `` Do n't Leave Me ( Ne Me Quitte Pas ) '' and the cover of What We Saw from the Cheap Seats was featured on the display of the 5th generation iPod Touch in promotional content from Apple in late 2012 . `` Do n't Leave Me ( Ne Me Quitte Pas ) '' was used at the end of the episode `` Five Miles From Yetzer Hara '' from the eighth season of Weeds . The Consequence of Sound website takes its name from the Spektor song , `` Consequence of Sounds '' . `` All the Rowboats '' was featured on The CW 's Ringer in March 2012 . The song `` Your Honor '' was used in the Season 2 premiere of HBO 's series Girls on January 13 , 2013 , and the song `` Laughing With '' was featured on BBC drama The Crash in March 2013 as well as in HBO 's The Leftovers in November 2015 . Regina wrote and recorded `` You 've Got Time '' to be the theme song for the Netflix Original Series Orange is the New Black which premiered in 2013 . Spektor was approached by the show 's creator , Jenji Kohan , to create the opening number . Her cover of `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps , '' performed on a shamisen , was featured on the soundtrack of the 2016 animated film Kubo and the Two Strings . A cover of Us is performed in the 2017 film Something Like Summer . Personal Life ( edit ) Spektor is fluent in Russian and reads Hebrew . She has paid tribute to her Russian heritage , quoting the poem `` February '' by the Russian poet Boris Pasternak in her song `` Après Moi '' , and stating , `` I 'm very connected to the language and the culture . '' Spektor and her family did not return home to Moscow until July 2012 , when she toured through Russia in support of her sixth album , What We Saw from the Cheap Seats . She has stated that she used to be vegetarian , though stopped this after touring with The Strokes , who frequently dined on steak . Spektor is a former smoker . Spektor married singer - songwriter Jack Dishel in 2011 . Formerly a guitarist with the band the Moldy Peaches , Dishel is a member of the band Only Son and duets with Spektor in the song `` Call Them Brothers '' . On January 23 , 2014 , Spektor announced her pregnancy on Facebook . The couple announced the birth of a son in March 2014 . In a 2016 interview on NPR , `` Regina Spektor : ' I see my family ... In Everybody ' '' , Spektor discusses the experiences and struggles as an immigrant youth in New York have had in contributing to the recent album Remember Us to Life . Philanthropy ( edit ) In 2007 , Spektor covered John Lennon 's `` Real Love '' for Instant Karma : The Amnesty International Campaign to Save Darfur . The following year , she participated in Songs for Tibet , an initiative in support of human rights in Tibet and the 14th Dalai Lama . The album was issued on August 5 , 2008 , via iTunes and on August 19 in music stores around the world . On January 22 , 2009 , Spektor performed at the third annual Roe on the Rocks gig at the Bowery Ballroom to raise money for Planned Parenthood New York City . Also , continuing with her support for Tibet , Regina Spektor played for Tibet House 's annual concert at Carnegie Hall on February 26 , 2010 . Less than one month later , on March 23 , 2010 , Spektor gave a concert at the Fillmore at Irving Plaza in New York City to raise funds for the work of Médecins Sans Frontières in Haiti . Also , on April 27 , she released a cover of Radiohead 's song `` No Surprises '' , for which all proceeds went to Médecins Sans Frontières to help earthquake victims in Haiti and Chile . In February 2012 , Spektor did a benefit concert at Rose Hall for HIAS ( a beneficiary agency of UJA - Federation of New York ) , an organization that helped a young Spektor and her family emigrate from the Soviet Union . Spektor also has taken part in several memorial and benefit concerts for the family of Dan Cho , her former cellist who died while on tour with her in 2010 . Discography ( edit ) Main article : Regina Spektor discography Studio albums 11 : 11 ( 2001 ) Songs ( 2002 ) Soviet Kitsch ( 2004 ) Begin to Hope ( 2006 ) Far ( 2009 ) What We Saw from the Cheap Seats ( 2012 ) Remember Us to Life ( 2016 ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) MVPA Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2006 `` Us '' Best Director of New Artist Nominated Best Directional Debut Nominated Best Animated Video Nominated 2007 `` Fidelity '' Best Director of a Female Artist Nominated Best Adult Contemporary Video Nominated 2008 `` Better '' Best Alternative Video Nominated Other Awards Year Association Nominated work Result 2005 Antville Music Video Awards Best Video `` Us '' Nominated 2006 Shortlist Music Prize Shortlist Music Prize Begin to Hope Nominated 2012 MTV Video Music Awards Best Art Direction `` All the Rowboats '' Nominated 2014 Grammy Award Best Song Written for Visual Media `` You 've Got Time '' Nominated 2015 Broadcast Music , Inc . BMI Streaming Media Awards Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Regina Spektor Biography , News , Photos and Videos '' . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Regina Spektor : On Growing Up A ' Soviet Kid ' '' . NPR.org. 27 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : stewart A.T stewdio DO. T org . `` Tweed - Regina Spektor : Soviet Kitsch '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Soundcheck ( 2004 - 11 - 18 ) `` Hot Hot Hot '' `` . New York Public Radio . Jump up ^ `` Regina Spektor -- Refugee from Soviet kitsch '' . The Independent . 2009 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Regina Spektor : On Growing Up A ' Soviet Kid ' '' . Fresh Air with Terry Gross . NPR . August 27 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Aizlewood , John ( 2006 - 08 - 24 ) . `` Regina Spektor : A Triumph That Began With Hope '' . thislondon.co.uk . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Soundcheck interview ( 2005 - 09 - 13 ) `` From Russia with Love '' Archived March 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... New York Public Radio . Jump up ^ Roeschlein , Shane . `` Regina Spektor : The Red Princess '' . themusicedge.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Versatile Regina Spektor floats among her song stories , Wisconsin State Journal ( Madison , WI ) , October 12 , 2006 ^ Jump up to : `` Regina Spektor : ' Art comes from a different place ' '' , 12 May 2012 , The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Regina Spektor Tells a Guy To Fuck Off '' . Music Snobbery . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2015 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Regina Spektor @ Town Hall : Moscow on the Hudson '' . Music Snobbery . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2007 . Retrieved 23 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Music Artists Info on You Oughta Know , Rising New Artists , See Photos & Watch Videos Online '' . VH1 . Jump up ^ `` Hottest Women of ... Rock ! '' . Blender . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Orloff , Brian ( 2007 - 10 - 21 ) . `` Regina Spektor 's Boundless Talent '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ Friskics - Warren , Bill ( 2007 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Spektor rushed to the hospital before Ryman show '' . The Tennessean . Jump up ^ `` Ryman Auditorium Nashville , TN Music Venue , Concerts , Events '' . Ryman.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Mountain Stage Archives : September 19 , 2008 , Regina Spektor '' . West Virginia Public Broadcasting . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2009 . Includes link to Playlist for Week after September 19 , 2008 , indicating that the original show date was November 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Regina Spektor on Mountain Stage '' . NPR Music . September 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Christopher ( November 20 , 2007 ) . `` Regina Spektor Collapses '' . American Songwriter . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Call - Regina Spektor on Pandora Internet Radio - Listen Free '' . Pandora.com. 2016 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Regina Spektor Will Pen Music for Landau 's Grimm - Inspired Beauty Musical '' . Playbill . September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Watch : Regina Spektor On The Colbert Report '' . Prefix Magazine . prefixmag.com . June 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Soviet - Born Star Regina Spektor Returns to Moscow - Arts and Ideas '' . The Moscow Times . Jump up ^ `` Singer Songwriter Regina Spektor Joins Steinway Artist Roster - Steinway & Sons '' . Jump up ^ Pirnia , Garin ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Regina Spektor : My ' Orange Is the New Black ' Theme ' Really Fits ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` First - Time GRAMMY Nominee : Regina Spektor '' . The GRAMMYs . Jump up ^ `` Remember Us To Life '' . Warner Music . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Hear Regina Spektor 's Haunting ' While My Guitar Gently Weeps ' Cover '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Gerard , Jeremy ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hamilton ' World Dominance Continues With Questlove , Regina Spektor ' Mixtape ' Launch '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaye , Ben ( 2017 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Gogol Bordello share new single `` Walking on the Burning Coal '' : Stream `` . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine - A-Female - Singer - Songwriter - For - The - Strokes - Generation '' . Retrieved 23 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Orloff , Brian . `` Regina Spektor 's Got New `` Hope '' `` . Rolling Stone . ^ Jump up to : Alonzo , Rod . `` Making Stuff Up : An Interview With Regina Spektor '' . WOMANROCK.com . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , John . `` Regina Spektor -- Mary Ann Meets The Gravediggers ( review ) '' . musicOMH . Archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bridge , Colette ( July 2006 ) . `` Nottingham Music : Paolo Nutini / Peaches / Regina Spektor : Tis the period of the singer / songwriter '' . BBC -- Nottingham . Jump up ^ Holub , Annie ( 2006 - 11 - 02 ) . `` Spectral Musings : Six lines that will make you fall in love with Regina Spektor '' . Tucson Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Regina Spektor in Concert '' . NPR . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone magazine issue 694 , September 2009 . `` New York Screwball Pop Queen '' by Jenny Eliscu , page18 . ^ Jump up to : Block , Melissa . `` Stories in Song : Regina Spektor 's Begin to Hope '' . National Public Radio -- All Things Considered . Jump up ^ `` Carátula Interior Frontal de Regina Spektor - 11 : 11 - Portada '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Regina Spektor : Interviewed by Noel Murray '' . The A.V. Club . June 21 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Visakowitz , Susan ( January 13 , 2007 ) . `` Spectacular Spektor : Slow - Building Promo Campaign Driving Sire Disc '' . Billboard.biz . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 27 Dresses Movie Trailer '' . Slash Film . 2007 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Music from the hit series , Weeds '' . Showtime . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` How Regina Spektor Wrote The `` Orange Is The New Black '' Theme Song `` . BuzzFeed . Jump up ^ `` Regina Spektor - Begin to Hope - New York Magazine Music Review '' . Nymag.com. 2006 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Caspar Llewellyn Smith . `` Regina Spektor : ' Art comes from a different place ' '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 23 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Regina Spektor '' . Facebook . Jump up ^ Michaud , Sarah ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` Regina Spektor welcomes a son '' . People . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Regina Spektor : ' I See My Family ... In Everybody ' '' . NPR. 2016 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ E-Online ( July 22 , 2008 ) Sting , Matthews , Mayer Gamer for Tibet Than Beijing Archived July 24 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Regina Spektor to play Planned Parenthood benefit '' . NME . nme.com . November 17 , 2008 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` HIAS Announces Benefit Concert Featuring Regina Spektor at Frederick P. Rose Hall , Home of Jazz at Lincoln Center '' . HIAS . January 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2013 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Belkin , Lisa ( August 19 , 2010 ) . `` Helping a Toddler Grieve '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Regina Spektor breaks down on stage . YouTube . 10 July 2010 . Retrieved 23 August 2015 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutRegina Spektorat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Regina Spektor at DMOZ Regina Spektor on IMDb `` Stories in Song : Regina Spektor 's ' Begin to Hope ' '' . Interview on All Things Considered , NPR , 28 June 2006 `` Regina Spektor '' , by Katie Cook ( Strangers Almanac column , Volume 27 ) , Glide Magazine , 1 July 2009 `` Regina Spektor Still Does n't Write Anything Down '' . Interview on All Things Considered , NPR , 24 May 2012 ( hide ) Regina Spektor Studio albums 11 : 11 ( 2001 ) Songs ( 2002 ) Soviet Kitsch ( 2004 ) Begin to Hope ( 2006 ) Far ( 2009 ) What We Saw from the Cheap Seats ( 2012 ) Remember Us to Life ( 2016 ) Live albums Live at Bull Moose Live in California 2006 EP iTunes Live from SoHo Live in London Live on Soundstage Compilation albums Mary Ann Meets the Gravediggers and Other Short Stories Songs `` Carbon Monoxide '' `` Your Honor / The Flowers '' `` Us '' `` On the Radio '' `` Fidelity '' `` Samson '' `` Better '' `` Summer in the City '' `` Edit '' `` Laughing With '' `` Eet '' `` No Surprises '' `` All the Rowboats '' `` Do n't Leave Me ( Ne Me Quitte Pas ) '' `` How '' `` You 've Got Time '' Related articles List of songs recorded by Regina Spektor Discography Jack Dishel / Only Son VIAF : 24890961 LCCN : no2005044355 ISNI : 0000 0001 1489 0612 GND : 135457416 SUDOC : 159184606 BNF : cb15074206w ( data ) MusicBrainz : fbb375f9 - 48bb - 4635 - 824e - 4120273b3ba7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regina_Spektor&oldid=804587824 '' Categories : 1980 births Living people 21st - century American singers American female guitarists American female singer - songwriters American mezzo - sopranos American people of Russian - Jewish descent American pianists American singer - songwriters Female rock singers Jewish American musicians Jewish singers Musicians from Moscow People from the Bronx People from Fair Lawn , New Jersey Russian emigrants to the United States Russian female musicians Singers from New York City Sire Records artists Soviet emigrants to the United States Soviet Jews State University of New York at Purchase alumni Russian Jews Russian expatriates in Austria Russian expatriates in Italy Jewish anti-folk musicians Jewish jazz musicians 21st - century American guitarists LGBT rights activists from the United States LGBT rights activists from Russia Songwriters from New Jersey Songwriters from New York ( state ) Activists from New York ( state ) American folk - pop singers Guitarists from New Jersey Guitarists from New York City Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Articles containing Russian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Edit Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 23 : 31 . 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who sings theme tune to orange is the new black

Spektor

Regina Spektor

Regulatory Reform ( Fire Safety ) Order 2005 - wikipedia Regulatory Reform ( Fire Safety ) Order 2005 Jump to : navigation , search The Regulatory Reform ( Fire Safety ) Order 2005 ( officially listed as The Regulatory Reform ( Fire Safety ) Order 2005 S.I. 2005 No. 1541 ) is a statutory instrument , applicable only in England and Wales . The Order places the responsibility on individuals within an organisation to carry out risk assessments to identify , manage and reduce the risk of fire . The Order was made into law on 7 June 2005 and came into force on 1 October 2006 . Guidance for Businesses and Organisation is available in the form of 16 Government Published documents , with general guidance , a 5 - Step Checklist and 12 documents pertaining specifically to a particular type of business premises . It does not normally apply to domestic premises . Contents ( hide ) 1 Guides 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Guides ( edit ) The guides available are Do you have paying guests ? Fire safety risk assessment : animal premises and stables Fire safety risk assessment : means of escape for disabled people Fire safety risk assessment : open - air events and venues Fire safety risk assessment : transport premises and facilities Fire safety risk assessment : healthcare premises Fire safety risk assessment : residential care premises Fire safety risk assessment : theatres , cinemas and similar premises Making your premises safe from fire Fire safety risk assessment : 5 - step checklist Fire safety risk assessment : factories and warehouses Fire safety risk assessment : large places of assembly Fire safety risk assessment : small and medium places of assembly Fire safety risk assessment : educational premises Fire safety risk assessment : sleeping accommodation Fire safety risk assessment : offices and shops See also ( edit ) Fire services in the United Kingdom References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Regulatory Reform ( Fire Safety ) Order 2005 , England & Wales Retrieved on 20 March 2014 Jump up ^ The Regulatory Reform ( Fire Safety ) Order 2005 , England & Wales Retrieved on 20 march 2014 Jump up ^ Fire safety law and guidance documents for business Retrieved on 20 march 2014 External links ( edit ) The Regulatory Reform ( Fire Safety ) Order 2005 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_Reform_(Fire_Safety)_Order_2005&oldid=636696481 '' Categories : Fire and rescue in the United Kingdom Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom 2005 in British law Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 December 2014 , at 01 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when did the the regulatory reform (fire safety) order 2005 first come into effect

1 October 2006

1 October 2006

Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( book series ) - Wikipedia Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( book series ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 22 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( series ) '' redirects here . For the film series , see Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( film series ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid The logo of the series , appearing on the book covers , blogs , web comic , and the films . Diary of a Wimpy Kid Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Last Straw Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Ugly Truth Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Cabin Fever Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Third Wheel Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Hard Luck Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Old School Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Double Down Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Getaway Author Jeff Kinney Country United States Language English Genre Realistic fiction Publisher Scholastic Publishing / Amulet Books / Puffin Books Published April 1 , 2007 -- present Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) Audiobook E-book Diary of a Wimpy Kid is a series of fiction books written by the American author and cartoonist Jeff Kinney . All the main books are the journals of the main character , Greg Heffley . Befitting a teen 's diary , the books are filled with hand - written notes and simple drawings of Greg 's daily adventures . Since the release of the online version in May 2004 , most of the books have garnered positive reviews and commercial success . As of February 2008 , it has been purchased one million times . The first , second , fourth , and ninth installments have been adapted into films by 20th Century Fox . The website Poptropica released islands in the theme of Diary of a Wimpy Kid called Wimpy Wonderland and Wimpy Boardwalk , both of which credit Kinney in an ambiguous contributor 's role . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Chronology 2.1 Supplementary books 2.2 Toys and games 2.3 Audiobooks 3 Characters 4 Achievements 4.1 Awards and honors 4.2 Commercial success 5 Films 6 Musical 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) In January 1998 , Diary of a Wimpy Kid officially began , when Kinney brought up an idea about a middle - school weakling named Greg Heffley , who wrote about his personal life . In May 2004 , FunBrain and Kinney released an online version of Diary of a Wimpy Kid . The website made daily entries until June 2005 . He worked on his book for almost eight years , before showing it to a publisher in New York . In February 2006 , during the New York Comic Con , Jeff signed a multi book deal with publisher Harry N. Abrams , Inc. , to turn Diary of a Wimpy Kid into a print series . The book became an instant hit , and the online version received about 20 million views as of 2009 ; many online readers requested a printed version . Kinney had agreed , and in April 2007 , Diary of a Wimpy Kid was published . To date , twelve Wimpy Kid books have been released , plus one do - it - yourself book and two movie diaries . In April 2009 , TIME named Kinney one of The World 's Most Influential People . Chronology ( edit ) # Title Date ISBN Diary of a Wimpy Kid April 1 , 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 9313 - 6 The introduction to the series introduces the protagonist , Greg Heffley , his best friend Rowley , his middle school problems , Halloween , and the Cheese Touch . Rodrick Rules February 1 , 2008 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 9473 - 7 Greg must stop Rodrick from revealing the secrets that had happened last summer . The Last Straw January 13 , 2009 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 7068 - 7 When Greg 's father threatens to send Greg to a military academy , Greg must find a way to prevent this from happening . Dog Days October 12 , 2009 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 8391 - 5 Summer is here , but when the family has not that much money to go to the beach ( money is tight at that time ) , it might not be the best summer ever . 5 The Ugly Truth November 9 , 2010 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 8491 - 2 Greg is growing up , and he will have to face the challenges of this period ( like changing dentists , and a school lock - in ) . 6 Cabin Fever November 15 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4197 - 0223 - 5 The family is stranded in the house as snow begins to fall . 7 The Third Wheel November 13 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4197 - 0584 - 7 The Valentine 's Day dance is coming up , and Greg has no one go with . But when Michael Sampson ( Abigail 's date ) will not be going , things turn around . 8 Hard Luck November 5 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4197 - 1132 - 9 Greg 's friend count is dropping as Rowley now has a girlfriend , named Abigail ( continuing the last book ) . 9 The Long Haul November 4 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4197 - 1189 - 3 This is the family 's second summer trip , but instead , it 's a road trip . But with the Heffleys , you know what to expect from this disaster . 10 Old School November 3 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4197 - 1701 - 7 The neighborhood is going to cut electricity for the weekend , and as the family 's car has a fender bender , it forces Greg to go to the farm trip . Will Greg survive the electricity - free days ? 11 Double Down November 1 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4197 - 2344 - 5 Greg 's mom wants him to do something else than video games , so he makes a movie in collaboration with Rowley and joins the music program . 12 The Getaway November 7 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4197 - 2545 - 6 Instead of celebrating the holidays at home , Greg and his family head on a tropical vacation to a resort . But what first starts as an relaxing trip , later turns into a Christmas nightmare . Will Greg be able to turn this vacation around ? Supplementary books ( edit ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid Do - It - Yourself Book ( published between Rodrick Rules and The Last Straw ) is an activity book that features a blank section encouraging readers to keep their own journal in the style of the books . The Wimpy Kid Do - It - Yourself Book : Extended Edition ( published after Wimpy Kid Movie Diary 2 and before Cabin Fever ) is the same book as the first Do - It - Yourself Book , but with extra 60 pages and 16 more full - color comics . The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary is a book about the making of the first film , which features stills and brand - new illustrations . Jeff Kinney dedicated the book to the film 's main stars , Zachary Gordon and Robert Capron . The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary 2 : Rodrick Rules is an updated version of the first book , now featuring stills from the second film Rodrick Rules , more new illustrations , and information on how the second film was made . The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary 3 : Dog Days is the second updated version of the first book , now adding stills from the third film Dog Days , and information on how this film was made . The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary : The Next Chapter covers how the film The Long Haul was made . It is dedicated to Jason Drucker , the actor who played Greg in that movie . Toys and games ( edit ) Action figures included a minifigure pack ( with Greg , Rowley , and Fregley ) , a 6 - inch Greg Heffley figure , a 6 - inch holiday figure based on Cabin Fever , and a Greg and Rodrick plush doll . Audiobooks ( edit ) Twelve audiobooks have been released for the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series . The first six are read by Ramon de Ocampo and Dan Russell from number seven . They are presented by Recorded Books and distributed by Audible Inc . Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( April 1 , 2007 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules ( February 1 , 2008 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Last Straw ( January 13 , 2009 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days ( October 12 , 2009 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Ugly Truth ( November 9 , 2010 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Cabin Fever ( November 15 , 2011 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Third Wheel ( November 13 , 2012 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Hard Luck ( November 5 , 2013 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul ( November 4 , 2014 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Old School ( November 3 , 2015 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Double Down ( November 1 , 2016 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Getaway ( November 7 , 2017 ) Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Diary of a Wimpy Kid characters Greg Heffley is a wimpy student , who is the main character and narrator of the series . Rowley Jefferson is Greg 's childish best friend . Rodrick Heffley is Greg and Manny 's older brother , who is rude , and the drummer in his self - titled band , Löded Diper . He usually is noted for playing tricks on Greg . Manny Heffley is Greg and Rodrick 's spoiled younger brother , who is known to be a tattletale . Susan Heffley is Greg 's mother . She often embarrasses Greg . Frank Heffley is Greg 's father . He always wants Greg to do sports and `` to become a man , '' and does n't like giving up . Gramma is Greg 's grandmother on his mother 's side . Fregley is Greg 's weird neighbor and classmate . Chirag Gupta is one of Greg 's friends whom he once played a trick on , pretending Chirag to have been invisible , then later pretended he was going deaf . Holly Hills is Greg 's crush , who once thought he was `` Fregley . '' Heather Hills is Holly 's sister , and was Greg and Rodrick 's crush . Sweetheart otherwise known as Sweetie is the name given to the Heffleys ' dog who Greg 's dad buys in Dog Days . Later on , they give him to Greg 's grandmother who spoils him and when he appears in later books , he is said to be very overweight . The Heffleys ' Pig was won by Manny in The Long Haul . The pig displays high intelligence , and walks upright in a reference to Animal Farm . Abigail Brown is Rowley 's girlfriend in The Third Wheel and in Hard Luck for the majority of pages , however it is later revealed that Abigail only did it to make her previous boyfriend feel bad . Meemaw is Greg 's great - grandmother on his mother 's side ( only in Hard Luck ) . Gammie is Greg 's great - grandmother on his father 's side . Vice Principal Roy The Vice Principal at Greg 's school . He conducts most of the disciplinary action at his school . Peepaw is Greg 's great grandpa on his mother 's side ( only in Hard Luck ) . Achievements ( edit ) Awards and honors ( edit ) Award Category Result # 1 New York Times Best Seller ( 114 weeks ) Won 2008 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Book 2009 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Nominated ALA Notable Book Won 2010 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Book 2010 Most Favorite Book Around the World 2011 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Book 2012 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards 2013 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Nominated 2014 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Won 2015 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards 2016 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Commercial success ( edit ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid was well received from The Princeton Review , Gold Card Association , The Dallas News , The TRR Editors , The NW Press , and The JJ Printing Company . The New York Times , which ranks children 's serials collectively on a `` Series Books '' bestseller list , has included the Wimpy Kid series for 64 weeks as of August 10 , 2015 . USA Today , which ranks best sellers based on sales alone regardless of genre or intended audience , has listed Diary of a Wimpy Kid in its top 150 , peaking at number 8 , for 141 weeks as of April 4 , 2010 . As of the same date , Rodrick Rules has been on the list for 117 weeks ( peaking at number 4 ) , The Last Straw has been on the list for 65 weeks ( peaking at number 1 ) , Dog Days has been on the list for all 25 weeks of its publication ( peaking at number 1 ) , and The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary has been listed for all three weeks of its publication , peaking at number 2 . The series has sold over 194 million books in more than 30 countries . The series has also generated over $500 million in revenue . Films ( edit ) Main article : Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( film series ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2017 ) Jeff Kinney announced that a film based on the first book would be produced by 20th Century Fox . The film was released on March 19 , 2010 , moved up from an April 2 release date . It was directed by Thor Freudenthal , who also directed Hotel for Dogs . The film starred Zachary Gordon as Greg , Robert Capron as Rowley ( Greg 's best friend ) , Steve Zahn as Frank ( Greg 's father ) , Rachael Harris as Susan ( Greg 's mother ) , Devon Bostick as Rodrick ( Greg 's older brother ) , Connor and Owen Fielding as Manny ( Greg 's younger brother ) , Chloë Grace Moretz as a new character named Angie , and Grayson Russell as Fregley . There is a second film in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series that was released on March 25 , 2011 , which was based on the second book Rodrick Rules , with Zachary Gordon returning as Greg Heffley . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules was also filmed in Vancouver , BC , Canada . The film also contains some scenes from The Last Straw . The third film combines the third and fourth books The Last Straw and Dog Days , taking stories from both , but mainly from Dog Days , from which it took its title . The decision to blend the two films was made to keep up with the ages of the actors . The film was released on August 3 , 2012 . The likelihood of a fourth live action film was slim . Kinney has announced the possibility for an animated film to be based on Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Cabin Fever as the next installment . In an interview for the latest book Hard Luck , Jeff Kinney stated he was working with Fox on a half - hour special of Cabin Fever , which was to be aired in late 2014 , but has since been delayed . In September 2016 , Jeff Kinney announced officially the production of a fourth film , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul , on his Twitter account . Musical ( edit ) A musical titled Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Musical is being produced by the Children 's Theatre Company . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Browne , David ( March 20 , 2011 ) . `` All about Jeff Kinney '' . Parade . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ten years ago , Jeff Kinney created a new kind of comic hero '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Abrams Books said the 12th book , coming November 7 , will be called `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Getaway . '' Jump up ^ Kinney , Jeff ( April 2007 ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Greg Heffley 's journal . Diary of a Wimpy Kid . Amulet Books . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 9313 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( 2010 ) '' on `` . Comingsoon.net . March 19 , 2010 . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid '' . FunBrain . Family Education Network . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` WIMPY 2 LAST '' . 3 November 2015 . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . Jump up ^ The 2009 TIME 100 : Jeff Kinney Time magazine 's 2009 list of The World 's Most Influential People Jump up ^ Kinney , Jeff . `` The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary : The Next Chapter '' . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards , Nick.com Jump up ^ Dixler , Elsa . `` The New York Times Best Sellers : Children 's Books '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USA Today : Best - Selling Books Database '' . USA Today . April 21 , 2011 . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Read the new Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Getaway before anyone else '' . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid author Jeff Kinney is coming to Bath and tickets are on sale today '' . Jump up ^ `` THE GETAWAY TAKES OFF ON NOVEMBER 7 , 2017 '' . Jump up ^ `` Release Date Revealed for Wimpy Kid No. 5 '' . Publishers Weekly . May 20 , 2010 . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Andy ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` Inside ' Diary of a Wimpy Kid 's ' $500 Million Franchise '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules -- On Double DVD and Blu - ray Now '' . Diaryofawimpykidmovie.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( 2010 ) '' on IMDb.com Jump up ^ ' Diary of a Wimpy Kid ' Sequel to Bow Next March . Moviefone . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline . Retrieved August 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hard Luck and Big Dreams : SLJ Chats with `` Wimpy Kid '' Creator Jeff Kinney `` . School Library Journal . Retrieved 11 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Minzesheimer , Bob ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Narrator hits ' Hard Luck ' in eighth Wimpy Kid book '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kinney , Jeff ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` OK , this is really happening ! Filming starts next week in Atlanta ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wimpy Kid # 11 to Hit Shelves This November '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Official website Online book on FunBrain Official blog Official movie site ( hide ) The Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney Novels Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules The Last Straw Dog Days The Ugly Truth Cabin Fever The Third Wheel Hard Luck The Long Haul Old School Double Down The Getaway Characters Greg Heffley Film series Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules Dog Days The Long Haul Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diary_of_a_Wimpy_Kid_(book_series)&oldid=837751639 '' Categories : Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( series ) Series of children 's books Abrams Books books Novels set in Massachusetts Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use mdy dates from December 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska اردو Tiếng Việt 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 20 : 30 . 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how many books are in the diary of a whimpy kid series

twelve Wimpy Kid books have been released, plus one do-it-yourself book and two movie diaries

one million

Lord Have Mercy on the Working Man - wikipedia Lord Have Mercy on the Working Man Jump to : navigation , search `` Lord Have Mercy on the Working Man '' Single by Travis Tritt from the album T-R-O-U-B-L-E B - side `` Lord Have Mercy on the Working Man '' ( album version ) Released August 10 , 1992 Format CD single Genre Country Length 4 : 55 ( album version ) Label Warner Bros. Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Kostas Producer ( s ) Gregg Brown Travis Tritt singles chronology `` Nothing Short of Dying '' ( 1992 ) `` Lord Have Mercy on the Working Man '' ( 1992 ) `` Can I Trust You with My Heart '' ( 1992 ) `` Nothing Short of Dying '' ( 1992 ) ' `` Lord Have Mercy on the Working Man '' ' ( 1992 ) `` Can I Trust You with My Heart '' ( 1992 ) `` Lord Have Mercy on the Working Man '' is a song written by Kostas and recorded by American country music singer Travis Tritt . It was released in August 1992 as the first of five singles from his third studio album , T-R-O-U-B-L-E . The song became Tritt 's tenth entry on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) charts , where it peaked at number 5 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Critical reception 3 Music video 4 Chart performance 5 References 6 External links Content ( edit ) `` Lord Have Mercy on the Working Man '' is a moderate up - tempo whose lyrics centralize on a theme of economic injustice towards blue collar workers . The instrumentation features various forms of percussion from Sam Bacco , including crotales , wobble board , spoons and a broom . Richard Bennett and Wendell Cox play guitar solos before the third verse , and Brooks & Dunn , T. Graham Brown , George Jones , Little Texas , Dana McVicker , Tanya Tucker and Porter Wagoner all sing background vocals on the final chorus . Critical reception ( edit ) Teresa M. Walker , in her review for the Gainesville Sun , said that with the assistance from superstars on the final chorus , the song `` should shoot up the charts . '' Dave Larsen of the Dayton Daily News cited it as one of the stronger tracks on the album , saying that the album `` works best when Tritt sticks with the populist approach . '' Alanna Nash of Entertainment Weekly said of the song , `` Tritt finds a solid image for his laborer 's lament ( ... ) But the melody is so slight that he resorts to an acoustic arrangement that evokes Jimmie Rodgers and the young Roy Acuff . '' Deborah Evans Price , of Billboard magazine gave the song a mixed review , saying that while the final chorus of song features famous country artists , it was too bad that the entire song is n't as strong as the last verse . Music video ( edit ) Jack Cole directed the song 's music video . In the book Country Music Culture : From Hard Times to Heaven , Curtis W. Ellison wrote that the song 's music video `` confronted a litany of personal oppressions attributed to government policy '' that coincided with Bill Clinton 's presidential campaign . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Lord Have Mercy on the Working Man '' spent 20 weeks on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) charts in 1992 , peaking at number 5 . The song also reached number 10 on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks charts . Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 10 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 5 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : T-R-O-U-B-L-E ( cassette insert ) . Travis Tritt . Warner Bros. Records . 1992 . 45048 . Jump up ^ Hurst , Jack ( 13 August 1992 ) . `` Satellite show Travis Tritt to launch new album from Park West '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 28 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2006 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Country Hits ( 2 ed . ) . Billboard Books . p. 353 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 8291 - 1 . Jump up ^ Walker , Teresa M. ( 4 September 1992 ) . `` Travis Tritt 's rockin ' country '' . Gainesville Sun . Archived from the original on 12 July 2012 . Retrieved 28 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Larsen , Dave ( 18 September 1992 ) . `` Recordings on review '' . Dayton Daily News . Retrieved 28 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Nash , Alanna ( 4 September 1992 ) . `` T-R-O-U-B-L-E in mind '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 28 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Billboard , August 15 , 1992 Jump up ^ Ellison , Curtis W. ( 1995 ) . Country Music Culture : From Hard Times to Heaven . Univ . Press of Mississippi . p. 233 . ISBN 0 - 87805 - 722 - 6 . Retrieved 28 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 1864 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . November 28 , 1992 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Travis Tritt Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Travis Tritt singles Country Club `` Country Club '' `` Help Me Hold On '' `` I 'm Gonna Be Somebody '' `` Put Some Drive in Your Country '' `` Drift Off to Dream '' It 's All About to Change `` Here 's a Quarter ( Call Someone Who Cares ) '' `` Anymore '' `` The Whiskey Ai n't Workin ' '' ( With Marty Stuart ) `` Nothing Short of Dying '' T-R-O-U-B-L-E `` Lord Have Mercy on the Working Man '' `` Can I Trust You with My Heart '' `` T-R-O-U-B-L-E '' `` Looking Out for Number One '' `` Worth Every Mile '' Ten Feet Tall and Bulletproof `` Foolish Pride '' `` Ten Feet Tall and Bulletproof '' `` Between an Old Memory and Me '' `` Tell Me I Was Dreaming '' Greatest Hits : From the Beginning `` Sometimes She Forgets '' `` Only You ( And You Alone ) '' The Restless Kind `` More Than You 'll Ever Know '' `` Where Corn Do n't Grow '' `` She 's Going Home with Me '' `` Helping Me Get Over You '' ( With Lari White ) `` Still in Love with You '' No More Looking over My Shoulder `` If I Lost You '' `` No More Looking Over My Shoulder '' `` Start the Car '' Down the Road I Go `` Best of Intentions '' `` It 's a Great Day to Be Alive '' `` Love of a Woman '' `` Modern Day Bonnie and Clyde '' Strong Enough `` Strong Enough to Be Your Man '' `` Country Ai n't Country '' My Honky Tonk History `` The Girl 's Gone Wild '' `` What Say You '' ( with John Mellencamp ) `` I See Me '' The Storm `` You Never Take Me Dancing '' `` Something Stronger Than Me '' The Calm After ... `` Sometimes Love Just Ai n't Enough '' ( With Tyler Reese ) Other songs `` This One 's Gonna Hurt You ( For a Long , Long Time ) '' ( with Marty Stuart ) `` Take It Easy '' `` The Devil Comes Back to Georgia '' ( With Mark O'Connor , Charlie Daniels , Johnny Cash , and Marty Stuart ) `` Honky Tonkin 's What I Do Best '' ( With Marty Stuart ) `` Hope '' `` Here 's Your Sign ( Get the Picture ) '' ( With Bill Engvall ) `` Same Old Train '' `` Out of Control Raging Fire '' ( with Patty Loveless ) `` Southern Boy '' ( with Charlie Daniels ) `` Bible Belt '' ( with Little Feat ) `` Move It On Over '' `` Lonesome , On'ry and Mean '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Have_Mercy_on_the_Working_Man&oldid=789364103 '' Categories : 1992 singles Travis Tritt songs Songs written by Kostas ( songwriter ) Warner Bros. Records singles 1992 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 July 2017 , at 22 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who wrote lord have mercy on the working man

Kostas

Travis Tritt

List of United States federal legislation - wikipedia List of United States federal legislation Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Category : United States federal legislation This is a chronological , but still incomplete , list of United States federal legislation . Congress has enacted approximately 200 -- 600 statutes during each of its 115 biennial terms , so that more than 20,000 statutes have been enacted since 1789 . At the federal level in the United States , legislation ( i.e. , `` statutes '' or `` statutory law '' ) consists exclusively of Acts passed by the Congress of the United States and its predecessor , the Continental Congress , that were either signed into law by the President or passed by Congress after a presidential veto . Legislation is not the only source of regulations with the force of law . However , most executive branch and Judicial Branch regulations must originate in a congressional grant of power . See also : Executive orders of the President ; regulations of Executive branch departments and administrative agencies ; and the procedural rules of the federal courts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication of the law 1.1 Statutes at Large ( Stat . ) 1.2 Sessions ( Sess . ) and Chapters ( ch . ) 1.3 Public laws 1.4 Examples 2 Congress of the Confederation 3 United States Congress 3.1 1789 to 1901 : 1st through 56th Congresses 3.2 1901 to 2001 : 57th through 106th Congresses 3.3 2001 to present : 107th and subsequent Congresses 4 See also 5 Sources 6 References Publication of the law ( edit ) Statutes at Large ( Stat. . ) ( edit ) Acts of Congress are published in the United States Statutes at Large . Volumes 1 through 18 , which have all the statutes passed from 1789 to 1875 , are available on - line at the Library of Congress , here . In the list below , statutes are listed by X Stat . Y , where X is the volume of the Statutes at Large and Y is the page number , as well as either the chapter or Public Law number . See examples below . Sessions ( Sess. . ) and Chapters ( ch. . ) ( edit ) Each Congress has two to four sessions . Under the numbering system used from 1789 until 1957 , the Acts in each session are numbered sequentially as Chapters . This numbering included both laws applicable to the general public and laws relating to specific individuals , e.g. , to grant pensions to disabled veterans . Public laws ( edit ) Since 1957 , Acts of Congress related to the general public have been designated in the form : Public Law X-Y where X is the number of the ordinal Congress and Y is the number of the chronological order of the public Act in that Congress . This numbering is continuous across sessions of Congress and does not include acts relating to individuals , which are analogously given Private Law X-Y designations . ( From 1901 to 1957 , the Statutes at Large listed both a chapter and a Public / Private number for each act ) See examples below. There are many laws . Examples ( edit ) The Militia Act of 1862 of July 17 , 1862 , Sess. 2 , ch. 201 , was the 201st Act of the second session of the 37th Congress . The National Banking Act of February 25 , 1863 , Sess. 3 , ch. 58 , was the 58th Act of the third session of the 37th Congress . The Global Anti-Semitism Review Act of 2004 of October 16 , 2004 , Pub. L. 108 -- 332 , 118 Stat. 1282 , was the 332nd Act of Congress ( statute ) passed in the 108th Congress . It can be found in volume 118 of the U.S. Statutes at Large , starting at page 1282 . The Help America Vote Act of October 29 , 2002 , Pub. L. 107 -- 252 , 116 Stat. 1666 , was the 252nd Act of the 107th Congress . It can be found in volume 116 of the U.S. Statutes at Large , starting at page 1666 . Congress of the Confederation ( edit ) Main article : Congress of the Confederation September 22 , 1783 : Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783 April 23 , 1784 : Land Ordinance of 1784 May 21 , 1785 : Land Ordinance of 1785 July 13 , 1787 : Ordinance of 1787 : The Northwest Territorial Government ( `` Northwest Ordinance '' ) United States Congress ( edit ) 1789 to 1901 : 1st through 56th Congresses ( edit ) Main article : List of United States federal legislation , 1789 - 1901 1901 to 2001 : 57th through 106th Congresses ( edit ) Main article : List of United States federal legislation , 1901 - 2001 2001 to present : 107th and subsequent Congresses ( edit ) Main article : List of United States federal legislation , 2001 - present See also ( edit ) Authorization bill Appropriations bill ( United States ) List of sources of law in the United States List of Uniform Acts ( United States ) Lists by subject Agriculture : United States Department of Agriculture # Related legislation Civil Rights : Civil Rights Act ( disambiguation ) Defense : United States Department of Defense # Related legislation Drugs : Office of National Drug Control Policy # Legislation and executive orders Energy : United States Department of Energy # Related legislation and Energy law # Federal laws Health and Human Services : United States Department of Health and Human Services # Related legislation Judiciary : Judiciary Act ( disambiguation ) Labor : United States Department of Labor # Related legislation Slavery : Slave Trade Acts Social Security : List of Social Security legislation ( United States ) Taxation : List of tariffs , Template : US tax acts , and Category : United States federal taxation legislation Transportation : United States Department of Transportation # Related legislation Veterans Affairs : United States Department of Veterans Affairs # Related legislation Water Resources , Navigation , Environmental Regulation : United States Army Corps of Engineers # Public Laws affecting the Corps of Engineers ( partial ) Sources ( edit ) Acts listed by popular name , via Cornell University Statutes at Large Volumes 1 through 18 , 1789 -- 1875 , via Library of Congress Volumes 19 through 64 , 1875 - 1950 , via Library of Congress Volumes 65 through 125 , 1951 - 2011 , via Government Publishing Office Public laws 93rd Congress through current Congress , via Congress.gov U.S. Code U.S. Code , via Law Revision Counsel of the U.S. House of Representatives U.S. Code , via Cornell University U.S. Code , via the U.S. Government Publishing Office U.S. Code , via FindLaw.com Brian K. Landsberg ( ed ) , Major Acts of Congress . MacMillan Reference Books ( December 2003 ) ISBN 0 - 02 - 865749 - 7 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Act of Aug. 11 , 1790 , ch. 44 , 6 Stat. 3 Jump up ^ About Bills , Resolutions , and Laws United States Congress House of Representatives Senate ( 114th ← 115th → 116th ) Lists of congressional lists Members and leaders Members Current By length of service Freshmen Youngest members Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico Delegates Senate Current by seniority Dean of the Senate Former U.S. Senators living Earliest serving Earliest living Expelled or censured Classes Born outside the U.S. House Current by seniority Dean of the House Former U.S. Representatives living Oldest living Earliest serving Expelled , censured , and reprimanded Leaders Senate President ( list ) President pro tempore ( list ) Majority and minority leaders Assistant party leaders Democratic Caucus ( Chair Secretary Policy Committee Chair ) Republican Conference ( Chair Vice-Chair Policy Committee Chair ) House Speaker Leaders Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Districts List Apportionment Caucuses , women and minorities Congressional caucus African Americans in the House Congressional Black Caucus African Americans in the Senate Arab and Middle - Eastern members Asian Pacific American members Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus Hispanic and Latino members Congressional Hispanic Caucus Congressional Hispanic Conference Jewish members LGBT members LGBT Equality Caucus Native American members Women in the House Congressional Caucus for Women 's Issues Women in the Senate Related By length of service historically Powers , privileges , procedure , committees , history , and media Powers Article I Copyright Commerce ( Dormant ) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Naturalization `` Necessary and Proper '' Power of enforcement Taxing / spending Privileges and benefits Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress ( list ) Appropriation bill Blue slip Budget resolution Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear colleague letter Discharge petition Engrossed bill Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session ( list ) Lame - duck session Majority of the majority ( Hastert Rule ) Multiple referral Procedures ( House ) Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line - item veto Pocket veto Veto override Senate - specific Advice and consent Classes Executive communication Executive session Filibuster Jefferson 's Manual Senate Journal Morning business Nuclear option Presiding Officer Recess appointment Reconciliation Riddick 's Senate Procedure Senate hold Senatorial courtesy Seniority Standing Rules Tie - breaking votes Traditions Treaty Clause Committees Chairman and ranking member Of the Whole Conference Discharge petition Hearings Markup Oversight List ( Joint ) List ( House ) List ( Senate ) Select and special Standing Subcommittees Items Gavels Mace of the House Seal of the Senate History Biographical Directory Divided government House Gerrymandering Party control Senate Senate election disputes Senatorial memoirs Representative memoirs Media C - SPAN Congressional Quarterly The Hill Politico Roll Call Offices , employees , services , and the Capitol Complex Legislative offices Congressional staff Government Accountability Office ( Comptroller General ) Architect of the Capitol Capitol Police ( Capitol Police Board ) Capitol Guide Service ( Capitol Guide Board ) Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) Compliance Library of Congress Government Publishing Office ( GPO ) Technology Assessment Offices Senate Curator Historical Library House Congressional Ethics Emergency Planning , Preparedness , and Operations Interparliamentary Affairs Legislative Counsel Law Revision Counsel Library Employees Senate Secretary Chaplain Curator Inspector General Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper House Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages ( Page Board ) Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Library of Congress Congressional Research Service ( reports ) Copyright Office ( Register of Copyrights ) Law Library Poet Laureate THOMAS Adams Building Jefferson Building Madison Building Government Publishing Office Public Printer Congressional Pictorial Directory Congressional Record Official Congressional Directory United States Government Manual Serial Set Statutes at Large United States Code Capitol Brumidi Corridors Congressional Prayer Room Crypt Dome Statue of Freedom Rotunda Hall of Columns Statuary Hall Visitor Center The Apotheosis of Washington Statue of Freedom Declaration of Independence painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Apotheosis of Democracy First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis Revolutionary War Door Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice President 's Room Vice Presidential Bust Collection Office buildings Senate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Other facilities Botanic Garden Health and Fitness Facility House Recording Studio Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber Power Plant Webster Page Residence Subway Websites House of Representatives Senate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_federal_legislation&oldid=817694035 '' Categories : United States federal legislation History of the United States government Lists of United States legislation United States history timelines Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from April 2016 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 00 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

a legislative act passed by congress is an example of

statutory law

a presidential veto.

Large denominations of United States currency - wikipedia Large denominations of United States currency Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Large denominations of United States currency greater than $100 were circulated by the United States Treasury until 1969 . Since then , U.S. dollar banknotes have only been issued in seven denominations : $1 , $2 , $5 , $10 , $20 , $50 , and $100 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview and history 2 Public versus institutional use 3 Passive retirement 4 In popular culture 5 High - denomination ( HD ) banknote issuing data 6 High - denomination United States banknotes 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Footnotes 8.2 Notes 8.3 Bibliography 9 External links Overview and history ( edit ) Large - denomination currency ( i.e. , banknotes with a face value of $500 or higher ) had been used in the United States since the late 18th century . The first $500 note was issued by the Province of North Carolina , authorized by legislation dated May 10 , 1780 . Virginia quickly followed suit and authorized the printing of $500 and $1,000 notes on October 16 , 1780 and $2,000 notes on May 7 , 1781 . High - denomination treasury notes were issued , for example during the War of 1812 ( $1,000 notes authorized by an act dated June 30 , 1812 ) . During the American Civil War Confederate currency included $500 and $1,000 notes . During the Federal banknote issuing period ( 1861 to present ) , the earliest high - denomination notes included three - year Interest - bearing notes of $500 , $1,000 , and $5,000 , authorized by Congress on July 17 , 1861 . In total , 11 different types of U.S. currency were issued in high - denomination notes across nearly 20 different series dates . The obverse of United States banknotes generally depict either historical figures , allegorical figures symbolizing significant concepts ( e.g. , liberty , justice ) , or a combination of both . The reverse designs range from abstract scroll - work with ornate denomination identifiers to reproductions of historical art works . Public versus institutional use ( edit ) Series 1934 gold certificates ( $100 , $1,000 , $10,000 and $100,000 ) were issued after the gold standard was repealed and gold was compulsorily confiscated by order of President Franklin Roosevelt on March 9 , 1933 ( see United States Executive Order 6102 ) . Thus the series 1934 notes were used only for intragovernmental ( i.e. , Federal Reserve Bank ) transactions and were not issued to the public . This series was discontinued in 1940 . The series 1928 gold certificate reverse was printed in black and green . See history of the United States dollar . Passive retirement ( edit ) Although they are still legal tender in the United States , high - denomination bills were last printed on December 27 , 1945 , and officially discontinued on July 14 , 1969 , by the Federal Reserve System , due to ' lack of use ' . The $5,000 and $10,000 effectively disappeared well before then . The Federal Reserve began taking high - denomination currency out of circulation ( destroying large bills received by banks ) in 1969 . As of May 30 , 2009 , only 336 $10,000 bills were known to exist ; 342 remaining $5,000 bills ; and 165,372 remaining $1,000 bills . Due to their rarity , collectors often pay considerably more than the face value of the bills to acquire them . Some are in museums in other parts of the world . For the most part , these bills were used by banks and the Federal government for large financial transactions . This was especially true for gold certificates from 1865 to 1934 . However , for the most part , the introduction of an electronic money system has made large - scale cash transactions obsolete . When combined with concerns about counterfeiting and the use of cash in unlawful activities such as the illegal drug trade and money laundering , it is unlikely that the U.S. government will re-issue large denomination currency in the near future , despite the amount of inflation that has occurred since 1969 ( a $500 bill is now worth less , in real terms , than a $100 bill was worth in 1969 ) . According to the U.S. Department of Treasury website , `` The present denominations of our currency in production are $1 , $2 , $5 , $10 , $20 , $50 and $100 . The purpose of the United States currency system is to serve the needs of the public and these denominations meet that goal . Neither the Department of the Treasury nor the Federal Reserve System has any plans to change the denominations in use today . '' In popular culture ( edit ) Before they were ' retired ' , host Monty Hall regularly tempted or teased contestants on Let 's Make a Deal with a $1,000 bill featuring Grover Cleveland . High - denomination ( HD ) banknote issuing data ( edit ) Key to high denomination banknote type abbreviations Abbr Type Size Series dates High denomination series date Comments $500 $1,000 $5,000 $10,000 $100,000 LT Legal tender Large 1862 -- 1923 1862 1863 1869 1874 1875 1878 1880 1862 1863 1869 1878 1880 1878 1878 -- CITN Compound interest treasury note Exception 1863 -- 1864 1863 1864 1864 -- -- -- IBN Interest bearing note Exception 1861 -- 1865 1861 1863 1864 1865 1861 1863 1864 1865 1861 1863 1864 1865 -- -- SC Silver certificate Large 1878 -- 1923 1878 1880 1878 1880 1891 -- -- -- TN Treasury note Large 1890 -- 1891 1891 1890 1891 -- -- -- NBN National bank note Large 1865 -- 1875 1865 1875 1865 1875 -- -- -- FRN Federal reserve note Large 1914 -- 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 -- NGBN National gold bank note Large 1870 -- 1883 1870 -- -- -- -- GC Gold certificate Large 1865 -- 1922 1865 1870 1875 1882 1922 1865 1870 1875 1882 1907 1922 1865 1870 1882 1888 1865 1870 1875 1882 1888 1900 -- FRN Federal reserve note Small 1928 -- present 1928 1934 1928 1934 1928 1934 1928 1934 -- GC Gold certificate Small 1928 -- 1934 1928 1928 1934 1928 1928 1934 1934 High - denomination United States banknotes ( edit ) The National Numismatic Collection at the Smithsonian Institution contains ( among other things ) the Bureau of Engraving and Printing ( BEP ) certified proofs and the Treasury Department collection of United States currency . Using a combination of proofs and issued notes , a nearly complete type set of high - denomination currency was compiled . Notably missing are several types of Compound and Interest Bearing Notes . Printed during the early to mid-1860s on very thin paper , these high - denomination notes are virtually non-existent . Their issuance ( 1861 -- 65 ) pre-dates the BEP 's responsibility for U.S. Currency ( 1870s ) , so it is fortunate that any proofs exist in the current archives . High denomination United States banknotes Value Type Series Fr . Image Portrait / engraving Comments 000500 $500 LT 1862 -- 63 Fr. 183c Gallatin - Albert Albert Gallatin 4 known ( variety ) 7 known ( type ) 000500 $500 LT 1869 Fr. 184 Adams - John - Quincy John Quincy Adams ( Charles Burt ) Justice ( Stephen A. Schoff ) 4 known ( only one privately ) 000500 $500 LT 1874 -- 78 Fr. 185b Mansfield - Joseph Joseph Mansfield ( Charles Burt ) Victory ( Charles Burt ) 000500 $500 LT 1880 Fr. 185l Mansfield - Joseph Joseph Mansfield ( Charles Burt ) Victory ( Charles Burt ) 5 known ( variety ) 000500 $500 CITN 1864 Fr. 194a Proof zStandard Bearer - New Ironsides Standard Bearer ( left ) ( George D. Baldwin ) New Ironsides ( right ) ( James Smillie ) Unknown 000500 $500 SC 1878 Fr. 345a Sumner - Charles Charles Sumner ( Charles Burt ) Unique ( variety and type ) 000500 $500 SC 1880 Fr. 345c Sumner - Charles Charles Sumner ( Charles Burt ) 5 known ( variety ) 7 known ( type ) 000500 $500 TN 1891 Fr. 379 Proof Sherman - William William Tecumseh Sherman None issued 000500 $500 NBN 1865 -- 75 Fr. 464 zCivilization - Sirius - Burgoyne Civilization ( left ) ( James D. Smillie ) Sirius arriving in New York ( right ) Surrender of General Burgoyne ( rev ) ( Frederick Girsch ) 2 known ( variety ) 3 known ( type ) 000500 $500 FRN 1918 Fr. 1132d Marshall - John John Marshall ( Charles Schlecht ) de Soto discovering the Mississippi ( rev ) ( Frederick Girsch ) 000500 $500 GC 1863 Fr. 1166d Proof zEagle - shield Eagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum ( Charles Skinner ) Unknown 000500 $500 GC 1870 -- 75 Fr. 1166i Lincoln - Abraham Abraham Lincoln ( Charles Burt ) Unique 000500 $500 GC 1882 -- 1922 Fr. 1216a Lincoln - Abraham Abraham Lincoln ( Charles Burt ) 000500 $500 FRN 1928 -- 34 Fr. 2200g McKinley - William William McKinley ( John Eissler ) 000500 $500 GC 1928 Fr. 2407 McKinley - William William McKinley ( John Eissler ) 001000 $1,000 LT 1862 -- 63 Fr. 186e Morris - Robert Robert Morris ( Charles Schlecht ) Unique ( variety ) 5 known ( type ) 001000 $1,000 LT 1869 Fr. 186f Proof Clinton - DeWitt DeWitt Clinton 2 known 001000 $1,000 LT 1878 Fr. 187a Clinton - DeWitt DeWitt Clinton Columbus in his study ( Henry Gugler ) 001000 $1,000 LT 1880 Fr. 187k Clinton - DeWitt DeWitt Clinton Columbus in his study ( Henry Gugler ) 4 known ( variety ) ~ 20 -- 25 known ( type ) 001000 $1,000 IBN 1863 Fr. 201 Proof zJustice - Liberty Justice ( left ) ; Liberty ( right ) Unknown 001000 $1,000 IBN 1863 Fr. 206 Proof zShips Guerriere and the Constitution ( left ) and Discovery of the Mississippi by De Soto ( right ) Unknown 001000 $1,000 SC 1878 Fr. 346a Proof Marcy - William William Marcy ( Charles Schlecht ) Unknown 001000 $1,000 SC 1880 Fr. 346d Marcy - William William Marcy ( Charles Schlecht ) 5 known ( variety ) 5 known ( type ) 001000 $1,000 SC 1891 Fr. 346e Marcy - William William Marcy ( Charles Schlecht ) Liberty ( Charles Burt ) 2 known 001000 $1,000 TN 1890 Fr. 379a Meade - George George Meade ( Charles Burt ) 5 known ( variety ) 7 known ( type ) 001000 $1,000 TN 1891 Fr. 379c Meade - George George Meade ( Charles Burt ) 2 known ( variety ) 3 known ( type ) 001000 $1,000 NBN 1865 -- 75 Fr. 465 Proof zScott - Winfield - Washington - George Scott entering City of Mexico ( left ) ( Alfred Jones ) United States Capitol ( right ) ( James Smillie ) Washington resigning his commission ( rev ) ( Frederick Girsch ) Unknown 001000 $1,000 FRN 1918 Fr. 1133d Hamilton - Alexander Alexander Hamilton ( G.F.C. Smillie ) Eagle ( rev ) ( Marcus W. Baldwin ) 001000 $1,000 GC 1863 Fr. 1166e Proof zEagle - shield - Justice - scales Eagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum ( Charles Skinner ) Justice with scales Unique 001000 $1,000 GC 1870 -- 75 Fr. 1166o Proof Hamilton - Alexander Alexander Hamilton ( Charles Burt ) Unique 001000 $1,000 GC 1882 Fr. 1218g Hamilton - Alexander Alexander Hamilton ( G.F.C. Smillie ) 001000 $1,000 GC 1907 -- 22 Fr. 1219 Hamilton - Alexander Alexander Hamilton 001000 $1,000 FRN 1928 -- 34 Fr. 2210g Cleveland - Grover Grover Cleveland ( John Eissler ) 001000 $1,000 GC 1928 Fr. 2408 Cleveland - Grover Grover Cleveland ( John Eissler ) 001000 $1,000 GC 1934 Fr. 2409 Cleveland - Grover Grover Cleveland ( John Eissler ) 005000 $5,000 LT 1878 Fr. 188 Proof Madison - James James Madison ( Alfred Sealey ) Eagle ( William Chorlton ) All notes have been redeemed , none outstanding 005000 $5,000 IBN 1863 Fr. 202 Proof zAltar - of - Liberty The Altar of Liberty ( Louis Delnoce ) Unknown 005000 $5,000 IBN 1865 Fr. 212h Proof zJustice - New Ironsides Justice ( left ) New Ironsides ( center ) ( James Smillie ) 005000 $5,000 FRN 1918 Fr. 1134d Madison - James James Madison ( Alfred Sealey ) Washington resigning his commission ( rev ) ( Louis Delnoce ) Unique ( variety ) 5 known ( type ) 005000 $5,000 GC 1863 Fr. 1166f Proof zEagle - Shield - Female Eagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum ( Charles Skinner ) Female Unique 005000 $5,000 GC 1870 -- 75 Fr. 1166k Proof Madison - James James Madison ( Alfred Sealey ) Unknown 005000 $5,000 GC 1882 Fr. 1221a Proof Madison - James James Madison ( Alfred Sealey ) Two known 005000 $5,000 FRN 1928 -- 34 Fr. 2220g Madison - James James Madison ( Alfred Sealey ) 005000 $5,000 GC 1928 Fr. 2410 Madison - James James Madison 010000 $10,000 LT 1878 Fr. 189 Proof Jackson - Andrew Andrew Jackson ( Alfred Sealey ) All notes have been redeemed , none outstanding 010000 $10,000 FRN 1918 Fr. 1135d Chase - Salmon Salmon Chase ; Embarkation of the Pilgrims ( rev ) Unique ( variety ) 5 known ( type ) 010000 $10,000 GC 1863 Fr. 1166g Proof zEagle - Shield Eagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum ( Charles Skinner ) Unknown 010000 $10,000 GC 1870 -- 75 Fr. 1166l Proof Jackson - Andrew Andrew Jackson Unique 010000 $10,000 GC 1882 Fr. 1223a Proof Jackson - Andrew Andrew Jackson ( Alfred Sealey ) Two known 010000 $10,000 GC 1900 Fr. 1225 Jackson - Andrew Andrew Jackson ( Alfred Sealey ) 010000 $10,000 FRN 1928 -- 34 Fr. 2230b Chase - Salmon Salmon P. Chase 010000 $10,000 GC 1928 Fr. 2411 Chase - Salmon Salmon P. Chase 010000 $10,000 GC 1934 Fr. 2412 Chase - Salmon Salmon P. Chase 100000 $100,000 GC 1934 Fr. 2413 Wilson - Woodrow Woodrow Wilson ( G.F.C. Smillie ) Reverse ( Frederick Pauling ) See also ( edit ) Numismatics portal Currency of the United States Gold certificate Fake denominations Silver certificate ( United States ) Silver standard Treasury Note ( 1890 -- 91 ) References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ One hundred $10,000 bills were on display for many years by Benny Binion at Binion 's Horseshoe casino in Las Vegas , Nevada , where they were encased in acrylic . The display has since been dismantled and the bills sold to private collectors . Jump up ^ The following types of United States banknotes were not issued in high denominations and are not included in the list below : Demand notes , Federal Reserve bank notes ( large or small size ) , legal tender ( small size ) , silver certificates ( small size ) , National Bank Notes ( small size ) The table sections are sorted by their appearance in the Friedberg reference book . Jump up ^ Large size notes represent the earlier types or series of U.S. banknotes . Their `` average '' dimension is ​ 7 ⁄ × ​ 3 ⁄ inches ( 187 × 79 mm ) . Small size notes ( described as such due to their size relative to the earlier large size notes ) are an `` average '' ​ 6 ⁄ × ​ 2 ⁄ ( 156 × 67 mm ) , the size of modern U.S. currency . `` Each measurement is ± 0.08 inches ( 2 mm ) to account for margins and cutting '' . Exceptions to the large versus small categories are the CITN , IBN , and RC , all slightly larger than the large size note dimensions . Jump up ^ All Series 1878 $5,000 and $10,000 notes have been redeemed . Jump up ^ Issued HD IBN are virtually unknown . There may be one $500 and 2 -- 3 $1,000 known from all issue dates . Jump up ^ A $500 Series 1891 Treasury Note was authorized and a certified proof was prepared , but the note was never issued . Jump up ^ Three banks issued $500 NBGN . None are reported , only four notes have not been redeemed . Jump up ^ The Kidder National Gold Bank of Boston received two - note $500 -- $1,000 sheets from the Treasury . The bank returned the shipment intact . Jump up ^ No issued notes or proofs exist of either $500 or $1,000 NGBN Jump up ^ Despite the authorizing act date of 3 March 1863 , Gold certificates were not issued until 1865 . Jump up ^ Series 1934 Gold certificates were never intended for public circulation . Jump up ^ The table is sorted by denomination and then by Friedberg number . Jump up ^ When the information is available , the engraver 's name has been added in parentheses . Column sorting is based on the individual depicted in the portrait . Jump up ^ Variety is the Friedberg number , or specific combination of signatures and seal type ; type represents all the varieties that exist for a given denomination and design , it is the total number of note known for the entire design type . Jump up ^ Of the 5 known notes , 4 are in institutional collections . Jump up ^ Of the 4 known notes , 2 are in institutional collections . Jump up ^ None exist outside of institutional collections . Jump up ^ None exist outside of institutional collections . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , pp. 232 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Newman , 2008 , p. 326 . Jump up ^ Newman , 2008 , p. 454 . Jump up ^ Newman , 2008 , p. 455 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Fricke , 2014 , p. 122 & 124 . Jump up ^ United States Congress . Act of July , 17 1861 Chapter V. Washington D.C. : 1861 Jump up ^ `` Large denominations '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing / Treasury Website . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2014 . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Brian ( July 24 , 2009 ) . `` Somebody Call Officer Crumb ! : How much cash can a corrupt politician cram into a cereal box ? '' . Slate.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . As to `` cereal boxes '' as a repository for ill - gotten bribes compare `` Little Tin Box '' in the musical Fiorello ! . Jump up ^ our Treasury -- FAQs : Denominations of Currency . Jump up ^ refer to video transcripts Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , generally . Jump up ^ Friedberg , p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 54 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , pp. 71 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 2004 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 2004 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : `` Heritage Auctions ( # 3521 ) 2013 January 9 -- 14 FUN Signature Auction '' . HA.com . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 1993 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 1993 , p. 290 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 265 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 2004 , p. 216 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 57 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 145 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 66 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , pp. 89 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 2004 , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 1993 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 110 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 1993 , p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 2004 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 2004 , p. 39 Jump up ^ Hessler , 1993 , p. 83 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 2004 , p. 200 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 159 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 2004 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 2004 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 1993 , p. 237 . Bibliography ( edit ) Fricke , Pierre ( 2014 ) . Collecting Confederate Paper Money . Pierre Fricke . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9844534 - 9 - 8 . Friedberg , Arthur L. ; Friedberg , Ira S. ( 2013 ) . Paper Money of the United States : A Complete Illustrated Guide With Valuations ( 20th ed . ) . Coin & Currency Institute . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87184 - 520 - 7 . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Hessler , Gene ( 1993 ) . The Engraver 's Line -- An Encyclopedia of Paper Money & Postage Stamp Art . BNR Press . ISBN 0 - 931960 - 36 - 3 . Hessler , Gene ( 2004 ) . U.S. Essay , Proof and Specimen Notes ( 2 ed . ) . BNR Press . ISBN 0 - 931960 - 62 - 2 . Huntoon , Peter W. ( 1995 ) . United States Large Size National Bank Notes . Society of Paper Money Collectors , Inc . ISBN 0 - 9648774 - 1 - 4 . Newman , Eric P. ( 2008 ) . The Early Paper Money of America ( 5 ed . ) . Krause Publications . ISBN 0 - 89689 - 326 - X . Schwartz , John ; Lindquist , Scott ( 2011 ) . Standard Guide to Small - Size U.S. Paper Money -- 1928 to Date . Krause Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4402 - 1703 - 6 . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Money of the United States by denomination at Wikimedia Commons Large Denominations from the Bureau of Engraving and Printing U.S. Department of the Treasury United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S. dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle American Palladium Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token ( hide ) Obsolete United States currency and coinage Topics United States coinage United States dollar History of the United States dollar Coins Half cent ( 1793 -- 1857 ) Fugio Cent ( 1787 ) Large cent ( 1793 -- 1857 ; 1868 ) Two - cent piece ( 1836 ; 1864 -- 1873 ) Three - cent nickel ( 1865 -- 1889 ) Three - cent silver ( 1851 -- 1873 ) Half dime ( 1792 -- 1873 ) Twenty - cent piece ( 1875 -- 1878 ) Gold coins Gold dollar ( 1849 -- 1889 ) Quarter eagle ( 1796 -- 1929 ) Three - dollar piece ( 1854 -- 1889 ) Half eagle ( 1795 -- 1929 ) Eagle ( 1795 -- 1933 ) Double eagle ( 1850 -- 1933 ) Half - union ( 1877 , 1915 ) Patterns Two - cent billon ( 1836 ) Three - cent bronze ( 1863 ) Stella ( 1879 -- 1880 ) Currency Discontinued denominations Fractional currency Large denominations of currency Discontinued currency types Early American currency Compound interest treasury note Demand Note Federal Reserve Bank Note Gold certificate Interest bearing note National Bank Note National gold bank note Refunding Certificate Silver certificate Treasury or Coin Note Treasury Note ( 19th century ) United States Note United States postal notes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Large_denominations_of_United_States_currency&oldid=834172209 '' Categories : Paper money of the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Use mdy dates from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Polski Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 09 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what is the largest bill in american money

$100

wikipedia

Pseudounipolar neuron - wikipedia Pseudounipolar neuron Jump to : navigation , search Pseudounipolar neuron 1 : Pseudounipolar neuron , 2 : Bipolar neuron Details System Nervous system Identifiers Latin neuron pseudounipolare TH H2. 00.06. 1.00047 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) A pseudounipolar neuron ( pseudo -- false , uni -- one ) is a kind of sensory neuron in the peripheral nervous system . This neuron contains an axon that has split into two branches ; one branch runs to the periphery and the other to the spinal cord . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 In the dorsal root ganglia 1.2 In the sensory ganglia of cranial nerves 2 Function 2.1 Signal pathway 3 See also 4 References Structure ( edit ) By definition , a pseudounipolar neuron has one axon with two branches : central and peripheral . These axonal branches should not be confused with dendrites . These sensory neurons are an exception to the typical neuron , in that they do not have separate dendrites and an axonal process , but rather one branched process that serves both functions . The axon has a peripheral branch ( from the cell body to the periphery : skin , joint and muscle ) and a central branch ( from the cell body to spinal cord ) . In the dorsal root ganglia ( edit ) The soma ( cell body ) of each pseudounipolar neuron is located within a dorsal root ganglion . The axon leaves the cell body ( and out of the dorsal root ganglion ) into the dorsal root , where it splits into two branches . The central branch goes to the posterior ( dorsal ) horn of the spinal cord , where it forms synapses with other neurons . The peripheral branch travels through the distal dorsal root into the spinal nerve all the way until skin , joint , and muscle . In the sensory ganglia of cranial nerves ( edit ) Pseudounipolar neurons are also found in the sensory ganglia of cranial nerves V , VII , IX and X , all mixed - cranial nerves . The vestibulocochlear nerve , has the bipolar neuron type in both the spiral ganglion as well as Scarpa 's ganglion . Function ( edit ) Signal pathway ( edit ) These neurons have sensory receptors on skin , joints , muscles , and other parts of the body . The area of the axon that is closest to the receptor is the trigger zone for the neuron . The signal is conducted through the axon to the dorsal root ganglion 's cell body , then through the axon and ending at the sensory nuclei in the posterior horn of the spinal cord . See also ( edit ) Bipolar neuron Multipolar neuron Unipolar neuron References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kandel , Eric R. ; Schwartz , James H. ; Mack , Thomas M. Jessell ( 2000 ) . Principles of neural Science ( 4th ed . ) . Cambridge : McGrawHill . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0838577011 . ^ Jump up to : MacCallum , Don . `` Peripheral Nervous System '' . Histology and Virtual Microscopy Learning Resources . University of Michigan Medical School . Archived from the original on 7 July 2014 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Miller 's Anatomy of the Dog , By Howard E. Evans , Alexander de Lahunta , 4th ed , pp 565 ( hide ) Nervous tissue CNS Tissue Types Grey matter White matter Projection fibers Association fiber Commissural fiber Lemniscus Funiculus Fasciculus Nerve tract Decussation Commissure Neuropil Meninges Cell Types Neuronal Pyramidal Purkinje Granule Glial insulating : Myelination : Oligodendrocyte other Astrocyte Radial glial cell Ependymal cells Tanycyte Microglia PNS General Dorsal Root Ganglion Ramus Ventral Root Ramus Ramus communicans Gray White Autonomic ganglion ( Preganglionic nerve fibers Postganglionic nerve fibers ) Connective tissues Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium Nerve fascicle Neuroglia Myelination : Schwann cell Neurilemma Myelin incisure Node of Ranvier Internodal segment Satellite glial cell Neurons / nerve fibers Parts Soma Axon hillock Axon Telodendron Axon terminals Axoplasm Axolemma Neurofibril / neurofilament Dendrite Nissl body Dendritic spine Apical dendrite / Basal dendrite Types Bipolar Unipolar Pseudounipolar Multipolar Interneuron Renshaw Afferent nerve fiber / Sensory neuron GSA GVA SSA SVA fibers Ia or Aα Ib or Golgi or Aα II or Aβ and Aγ III or Aδ or fast pain IV or C or slow pain Efferent nerve fiber / Motor neuron GSE GVE SVE Upper motor neuron Lower motor neuron α motorneuron β motorneuron γ motorneuron Termination Synapse Electrical synapse / Gap junction Chemical synapse Synaptic vesicle Active zone Postsynaptic density Autapse Ribbon synapse Neuromuscular junction Sensory receptors Meissner 's corpuscle Merkel nerve ending Pacinian corpuscle Ruffini ending Muscle spindle Free nerve ending Nociceptor Olfactory receptor neuron Photoreceptor cell Hair cell Taste bud Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudounipolar_neuron&oldid=833952921 '' Categories : Afferent neurons Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français Italiano Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 05 : 01 . 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where are unipolar neurons found in spinal cord

the distal dorsal root

in the peripheral nervous system

Domain name - wikipedia Domain name Jump to : navigation , search This article is about domain names in the Internet . For other uses , see Domain . The hierarchy of labels in a fully qualified domain name . A domain name is an identification string that defines a realm of administrative autonomy , authority or control within the Internet . Domain names are formed by the rules and procedures of the Domain Name System ( DNS ) . Any name registered in the DNS is a domain name . Domain names are used in various networking contexts and for application - specific naming and addressing purposes . In general , a domain name represents an Internet Protocol ( IP ) resource , such as a personal computer used to access the Internet , a server computer hosting a web site , or the web site itself or any other service communicated via the Internet . In 2017 , 330.6 million domain names had been registered . Domain names are organized in subordinate levels ( subdomains ) of the DNS root domain , which is nameless . The first - level set of domain names are the top - level domains ( TLDs ) , including the generic top - level domains ( gTLDs ) , such as the prominent domains com , info , net , edu , and org , and the country code top - level domains ( ccTLDs ) . Below these top - level domains in the DNS hierarchy are the second - level and third - level domain names that are typically open for reservation by end - users who wish to connect local area networks to the Internet , create other publicly accessible Internet resources or run web sites . The registration of these domain names is usually administered by domain name registrars who sell their services to the public . A fully qualified domain name ( FQDN ) is a domain name that is completely specified with all labels in the hierarchy of the DNS , having no parts omitted . Labels in the Domain Name System are case - insensitive , and may therefore be written in any desired capitalization method , but most commonly domain names are written in lowercase in technical contexts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Purpose 2 History 3 Domain name space 3.1 Domain name syntax 3.2 Top - level domains 3.3 Second - level and lower level domains 3.4 Internationalized domain names 4 Domain name registration 4.1 History 4.2 Administration 4.3 Technical requirements and process 4.4 Business models 5 Resale of domain names 6 Domain name confusion 7 Use in web site hosting 8 Abuse and regulation 8.1 Truth in Domain Names Act 8.2 Seizures 8.3 Suspensions 9 Fictitious domain name 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Purpose Domain names serve to identify Internet resources , such as computers , networks , and services , with a text - based label that is easier to memorize than the numerical addresses used in the Internet protocols . A domain name may represent entire collections of such resources or individual instances . Individual Internet host computers use domain names as host identifiers , also called host names . The term host name is also used for the leaf labels in the domain name system , usually without further subordinate domain name space . Host names appear as a component in Uniform Resource Locators ( URLs ) for Internet resources such as web sites ( e.g. , en.wikipedia.org ) . Domain names are also used as simple identification labels to indicate ownership or control of a resource . Such examples are the realm identifiers used in the Session Initiation Protocol ( SIP ) , the Domain Keys used to verify DNS domains in e-mail systems , and in many other Uniform Resource Identifiers ( URIs ) . An important function of domain names is to provide easily recognizable and memorizable names to numerically addressed Internet resources . This abstraction allows any resource to be moved to a different physical location in the address topology of the network , globally or locally in an intranet . Such a move usually requires changing the IP address of a resource and the corresponding translation of this IP address to and from its domain name . Domain names are used to establish a unique identity . Organizations can choose a domain name that corresponds to their name , helping Internet users to reach them easily . A generic domain is a name that defines a general category , rather than a specific or personal instance , for example , the name of an industry , rather than a company name . Some examples of generic names are books.com , music.com , and travel.info . Companies have created brands based on generic names , and such generic domain names may be valuable . Domain names are often simply referred to as domains and domain name registrants are frequently referred to as domain owners , although domain name registration with a registrar does not confer any legal ownership of the domain name , only an exclusive right of use for a particular duration of time . The use of domain names in commerce may subject them to trademark law . History The practice of using a simple memorable abstraction of a host 's numerical address on a computer network dates back to the ARPANET era , before the advent of today 's commercial Internet . In the early network , each computer on the network retrieved the hosts file ( host. txt ) from a computer at SRI ( now SRI International ) , which mapped computer host names to numerical addresses . The rapid growth of the network made it impossible to maintain a centrally organized hostname registry and in 1983 the Domain Name System was introduced on the ARPANET and published by the Internet Engineering Task Force as RFC 882 and RFC 883 . Domain name space Today , the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) manages the top - level development and architecture of the Internet domain name space . It authorizes domain name registrars , through which domain names may be registered and reassigned . The hierarchical domain name system , organized into zones , each served by domain name servers . The domain name space consists of a tree of domain names . Each node in the tree holds information associated with the domain name . The tree sub-divides into zones beginning at the DNS root zone . Domain name syntax A domain name consists of one or more parts , technically called labels , that are conventionally concatenated , and delimited by dots , such as example.com . The right-most label conveys the top - level domain ; for example , the domain name www.example.com belongs to the top - level domain com . The hierarchy of domains descends from the right to the left label in the name ; each label to the left specifies a subdivision , or subdomain of the domain to the right . For example : the label example specifies a node example.com as a subdomain of the com domain , and www is a label to create www.example.com , a subdomain of example.com . Each label may contain from 1 to 63 octets . The empty label is reserved for the root node and when fully qualified is expressed as the empty label terminated by a dot . The full domain name may not exceed a total length of 253 ASCII characters in its textual representation . Thus , when using a single character per label , the limit is 127 levels : 127 characters plus 126 dots have a total length of 253 . In practice , some domain registries may have shorter limits . A hostname is a domain name that has at least one associated IP address . For example , the domain names www.example.com and example.com are also hostnames , whereas the com domain is not . However , other top - level domains , particularly country code top - level domains , may indeed have an IP address , and if so , they are also hostnames . Hostnames impose restrictions on the characters allowed in the corresponding domain name . A valid hostname is also a valid domain name , but a valid domain name may not necessarily be valid as a hostname . Top - level domains The top - level domains ( TLDs ) such as com , net and org are the highest level of domain names of the Internet . Top - level domains form the DNS root zone of the hierarchical Domain Name System . Every domain name ends with a top - level domain label . When the Domain Name System was devised in the 1980s , the domain name space was divided into two main groups of domains . The country code top - level domains ( ccTLD ) were primarily based on the two - character territory codes of ISO - 3166 country abbreviations . In addition , a group of seven generic top - level domains ( gTLD ) was implemented which represented a set of categories of names and multi-organizations . These were the domains gov , edu , com , mil , org , net , and int . During the growth of the Internet , it became desirable to create additional generic top - level domains . As of October 2009 , 21 generic top - level domains and 250 two - letter country - code top - level domains existed . In addition , the ARPA domain serves technical purposes in the infrastructure of the Domain Name System . During the 32nd International Public ICANN Meeting in Paris in 2008 , ICANN started a new process of TLD naming policy to take a `` significant step forward on the introduction of new generic top - level domains . '' This program envisions the availability of many new or already proposed domains , as well as a new application and implementation process . Observers believed that the new rules could result in hundreds of new top - level domains to be registered . In 2012 , the program commenced , and received 1930 applications . By 2016 , the milestone of 1000 live gTLD was reached . The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA ) maintains an annotated list of top - level domains in the DNS root zone database . For special purposes , such as network testing , documentation , and other applications , IANA also reserves a set of special - use domain names . This list contains domain names such as example , local , localhost , and test . Other top - level domain names containing trade marks are registered for corporate use . Cases include brands such as BMW , Google , and Canon . Second - level and lower level domains Below the top - level domains in the domain name hierarchy are the second - level domain ( SLD ) names . These are the names directly to the left of . com , . net , and the other top - level domains . As an example , in the domain example.co.uk , co is the second - level domain . Next are third - level domains , which are written immediately to the left of a second - level domain . There can be fourth - and fifth - level domains , and so on , with virtually no limitation . An example of an operational domain name with four levels of domain labels is sos.state.oh.us . Each label is separated by a full stop ( dot ) . ' sos ' is said to be a sub-domain of ' state.oh.us ' , and ' state ' a sub-domain of ' oh.us ' , etc . In general , subdomains are domains subordinate to their parent domain . An example of very deep levels of subdomain ordering are the IPv6 reverse resolution DNS zones , e.g. , 1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa , which is the reverse DNS resolution domain name for the IP address of a loopback interface , or the localhost name . Second - level ( or lower - level , depending on the established parent hierarchy ) domain names are often created based on the name of a company ( e.g. , bbc.co.uk ) , product or service ( e.g. hotmail.com ) . Below these levels , the next domain name component has been used to designate a particular host server . Therefore , ftp.example.com might be an FTP server , www.example.com would be a World Wide Web server , and mail.example.com could be an email server , each intended to perform only the implied function . Modern technology allows multiple physical servers with either different ( cf . load balancing ) or even identical addresses ( cf . anycast ) to serve a single hostname or domain name , or multiple domain names to be served by a single computer . The latter is very popular in Web hosting service centers , where service providers host the websites of many organizations on just a few servers . The hierarchical DNS labels or components of domain names are separated in a fully qualified name by the full stop ( dot , . ) . Internationalized domain names Main article : Internationalized domain name The character set allowed in the Domain Name System is based on ASCII and does not allow the representation of names and words of many languages in their native scripts or alphabets . ICANN approved the Internationalized domain name ( IDNA ) system , which maps Unicode strings used in application user interfaces into the valid DNS character set by an encoding called Punycode . For example , københavn.eu is mapped to xn -- kbenhavn-54a.eu . Many registries have adopted IDNA . Domain name registration History The first commercial Internet domain name , in the TLD com , was registered on 15 March 1985 in the name symbolics.com by Symbolics Inc. , a computer systems firm in Cambridge , Massachusetts . By 1992 , fewer than 15,000 com domains had been registered . In the first quarter of 2015 , 294 million domain names had been registered . A large fraction of them are in the com TLD , which as of December 21 , 2014 , had 115.6 million domain names , including 11.9 million online business and e-commerce sites , 4.3 million entertainment sites , 3.1 million finance related sites , and 1.8 million sports sites . As of July 2012 the com TLD had more registrations than all of the ccTLDs combined . Administration The right to use a domain name is delegated by domain name registrars , which are accredited by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) , the organization charged with overseeing the name and number systems of the Internet . In addition to ICANN , each top - level domain ( TLD ) is maintained and serviced technically by an administrative organization operating a registry . A registry is responsible for maintaining the database of names registered within the TLD it administers . The registry receives registration information from each domain name registrar authorized to assign names in the corresponding TLD and publishes the information using a special service , the WHOIS protocol . Registries and registrars usually charge an annual fee for the service of delegating a domain name to a user and providing a default set of name servers . Often , this transaction is termed a sale or lease of the domain name , and the registrant may sometimes be called an `` owner '' , but no such legal relationship is actually associated with the transaction , only the exclusive right to use the domain name . More correctly , authorized users are known as `` registrants '' or as `` domain holders '' . ICANN publishes the complete list of TLD registries and domain name registrars . Registrant information associated with domain names is maintained in an online database accessible with the WHOIS protocol . For most of the 250 country code top - level domains ( ccTLDs ) , the domain registries maintain the WHOIS ( Registrant , name servers , expiration dates , etc . ) information . Some domain name registries , often called network information centers ( NIC ) , also function as registrars to end - users . The major generic top - level domain registries , such as for the com , net , org , info domains and others , use a registry - registrar model consisting of hundreds of domain name registrars ( see lists at ICANN or VeriSign ) . In this method of management , the registry only manages the domain name database and the relationship with the registrars . The registrants ( users of a domain name ) are customers of the registrar , in some cases through additional layers of resellers . Technical requirements and process In the process of registering a domain name and maintaining authority over the new name space created , registrars use several key pieces of information connected with a domain : Administrative contact . A registrant usually designates an administrative contact to manage the domain name . The administrative contact usually has the highest level of control over a domain . Management functions delegated to the administrative contacts may include management of all business information , such as name of record , postal address , and contact information of the official registrant of the domain and the obligation to conform to the requirements of the domain registry in order to retain the right to use a domain name . Furthermore , the administrative contact installs additional contact information for technical and billing functions . Technical contact . The technical contact manages the name servers of a domain name . The functions of a technical contact include assuring conformance of the configurations of the domain name with the requirements of the domain registry , maintaining the domain zone records , and providing continuous functionality of the name servers ( that leads to the accessibility of the domain name ) . Billing contact . The party responsible for receiving billing invoices from the domain name registrar and paying applicable fees . Name servers . Most registrars provide two or more name servers as part of the registration service . However , a registrant may specify its own authoritative name servers to host a domain 's resource records . The registrar 's policies govern the number of servers and the type of server information required . Some providers require a hostname and the corresponding IP address or just the hostname , which must be resolvable either in the new domain , or exist elsewhere . Based on traditional requirements ( RFC 1034 ) , typically a minimum of two servers is required . Domain names may be formed from the set of alphanumeric ASCII characters ( a-z , A-Z , 0 - 9 ) , but characters are case - insensitive . In addition the hyphen ( U + 002D ) is permitted if it is surrounded by characters , digits or hyphens , although it is not to start or end a label . Labels are always separated by the full stop ( period ) character in the textual name representation . Business models Domain names are often seen in analogy to real estate in that domain names are foundations on which a website can be built , and the highest quality domain names , like sought - after real estate , tend to carry significant value , usually due to their online brand - building potential , use in advertising , search engine optimization , and many other criteria . A few companies have offered low - cost , below - cost or even free domain registration with a variety of models adopted to recoup the costs to the provider . These usually require that domains be hosted on their website within a framework or portal that includes advertising wrapped around the domain holder 's content , revenue from which allows the provider to recoup the costs . Domain registrations were free of charge when the DNS was new . A domain holder may provide infinite number of subdomains in their domain . For example , the owner of example.org could provide subdomains such as foo.example.org and foo.bar.example.org to interested parties . Many desirable domain names are already assigned and users must search for other acceptable names , using Web - based search features , or WHOIS and dig operating system tools . Many registrars have implemented domain name suggestion tools which search domain name databases and suggest available alternative domain names related to keywords provided by the user . Resale of domain names Main article : List of most expensive domain names The business of resale of registered domain names is known as the domain aftermarket . Various factors influence the perceived value or market value of a domain name . Most of the high - prize domain sales are carried out privately . Domain name confusion Intercapping is often used to emphasize the meaning of a domain name . However , DNS names are not case - sensitive , and some names may be misinterpreted in certain uses of capitalization . For example : Who Represents , a database of artists and agents , chose whorepresents.com , which can be misread as whore presents . Similarly , a therapists ' network is named therapistfinder.com . In such situations , the proper meaning may be clarified by use of hyphens in the domain name . For instance , Experts Exchange , a programmers ' discussion site , for a long time used expertsexchange.com , but ultimately changed the name to experts-exchange.com . Use in web site hosting The domain name is a component of a uniform resource locator ( URL ) used to access web sites , for example : URL : http://www.example.net/index.html Top - level domain : net Second - level domain : example Host name : www A domain name may point to multiple IP addresses to provide server redundancy for the services offered , a feature that is used to manage the traffic of large , popular web sites . Web hosting services , on the other hand , run servers that are typically assigned only one or a few addresses while serving websites for many domains , a technique referred to as virtual web hosting . Such IP address overloading requires that each request identifies the domain name being referenced , for instance by using the HTTP request header field Host : , or Server Name Indication . Abuse and regulation Critics often claim abuse of administrative power over domain names . Particularly noteworthy was the VeriSign Site Finder system which redirected all unregistered . com and . net domains to a VeriSign webpage . For example , at a public meeting with VeriSign to air technical concerns about SiteFinder , numerous people , active in the IETF and other technical bodies , explained how they were surprised by VeriSign 's changing the fundamental behavior of a major component of Internet infrastructure , not having obtained the customary consensus . SiteFinder , at first , assumed every Internet query was for a website , and it monetized queries for incorrect domain names , taking the user to VeriSign 's search site . Unfortunately , other applications , such as many implementations of email , treat a lack of response to a domain name query as an indication that the domain does not exist , and that the message can be treated as undeliverable . The original VeriSign implementation broke this assumption for mail , because it would always resolve an erroneous domain name to that of SiteFinder . While VeriSign later changed SiteFinder 's behaviour with regard to email , there was still widespread protest about VeriSign 's action being more in its financial interest than in the interest of the Internet infrastructure component for which VeriSign was the steward . Despite widespread criticism , VeriSign only reluctantly removed it after the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) threatened to revoke its contract to administer the root name servers . ICANN published the extensive set of letters exchanged , committee reports , and ICANN decisions . There is also significant disquiet regarding the United States ' political influence over ICANN . This was a significant issue in the attempt to create a . xxx top - level domain and sparked greater interest in alternative DNS roots that would be beyond the control of any single country . Additionally , there are numerous accusations of domain name front running , whereby registrars , when given whois queries , automatically register the domain name for themselves . Network Solutions has been accused of this . Truth in domain names Act In the United States , the Truth in Domain Names Act of 2003 , in combination with the PROTECT Act of 2003 , forbids the use of a misleading domain name with the intention of attracting Internet users into visiting Internet pornography sites . The Truth in Domain Names Act follows the more general Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act passed in 1999 aimed at preventing typosquatting and deceptive use of names and trademarks in domain names . Seizures Seizure notices absolutepoker.com channelsurfing.net libertyreserve.com In the early 21st century , the US Department of Justice ( DOJ ) pursued the seizure of domain names , based on the legal theory that domain names constitute property used to engage in criminal activity , and thus are subject to forfeiture . For example , in the seizure of the domain name of a gambling website , the DOJ referenced 18 U.S.C. § 981 and 18 U.S.C. § 1955 ( d ). ( 1 ) In 2013 the US government seized Liberty Reserve , citing 18 U.S.C. § 982 ( a ) ( 1 ) . The U.S. Congress passed the Combating Online Infringement and Counterfeits Act in 2010 . Consumer Electronics Association vice president Michael Petricone was worried that seizure was a blunt instrument that could harm legitimate businesses . After a joint operation in February 15 , 2011 , the DOJ and the Department of Homeland Security claimed to have seized ten domains of websites involved in advertising and distributing child pornography , but also mistakenly seized the domain name of a large DNS provider , temporarily replacing 84,000 websites with seizure notices . In the United Kingdom , the Police Intellectual Property Crime Unit has been attempting to seize domain names from registrars without court orders . Suspensions PIPCU and other UK law enforcement organisations make domain suspension requests to Nominet which they process on the basis of breach of terms and conditions . Around 16,000 domains are suspended annually , and about 80 % of the requests originate from PIPCU . Fictitious domain name A fictitious domain name is a domain name used in a work of fiction or popular culture to refer to a domain that does not actually exist , often with invalid or unofficial top - level domains such as ``. web '' , a usage exactly analogous to the dummy 555 telephone number prefix used in film and other media . The canonical fictitious domain name is `` example.com '' , specifically set aside by IANA in RFC 2606 for such use , along with the . example TLD . Domain names used in works of fiction have often been registered in the DNS , either by their creators or by cybersquatters attempting to profit from it . This phenomenon prompted NBC to purchase the domain name Hornymanatee.com after talk - show host Conan O'Brien spoke the name while ad - libbing on his show . O'Brien subsequently created a website based on the concept and used it as a running gag on the show . See also Domain hack Domain hijacking Domain name warehousing Domain registration Domain tasting Domain transfer Domaining Geodomain List of Internet top - level domains Reverse domain name hijacking Reverse domain name notation References Jump up ^ ANI ( 2017 - 07 - 27 ) . `` Internet grows , 330.6 mil domain name registrations in Q1 : VeriSign '' . Business Standard India . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` RFC 4034 - Resource Records for the DNS Security Extensions '' . ietf.org . Jump up ^ RFC 3467 , Role of the Domain Name System ( DNS ) , J.C. Klensin , J. Klensin ( February 2003 ) Jump up ^ Cricket Liu , Paul Albitz ( 2006 ) . DNS and BIND ( 5th ed . ) . O'Reilly . p. 3 . Jump up ^ RFC 1035 , Domain names -- Implementation and specification , P. Mockapetris ( Nov 1987 ) Jump up ^ `` Introduction to Top - Level Domains ( gTLDs ) '' . Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers . Jump up ^ RFC 920 , Domain Requirements , J. Postel , J. Reynolds , The Internet Society ( October 1984 ) Jump up ^ `` New gTLD Program '' , ICANN , October 2009 Jump up ^ `` 32nd International Public ICANN Meeting '' . ICANN. 2008 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` New gTLS Program '' . ICANN . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ ICANN Board Approves Sweeping Overhaul of Top - level Domains , CircleID , 26 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` About the Program - ICANN New gTLDs '' . Jump up ^ `` IANA -- Root Zone Database '' . iana.org . Jump up ^ Cheshire , S. , Krochmal M. `` RFC6761 - Special - Use Domain Names '' . Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Summary - dot brand observatory '' . Jump up ^ Internet Grows to 294 Million Domain Names in the First Quarter of 2015 , Jun 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thirty years of . COM domains - and the numbers are up '' . Geekzone . Mar 13 , 2015 . Retrieved Mar 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evangelista , Benny. 2010 . `` 25 years of . com names . '' San Francisco Chronicle . March 15 , p. 1 Jump up ^ `` Domain domination : The com TLD larger than all ccTLDs combined '' . Royal.pingdom.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` ICANN - ICANN - Accredited Registrars '' . icann.org . Jump up ^ `` Choose A Top Domain Registrar Of Your Choice Using Our Search Tool - Verisign '' . verisign.com . Jump up ^ McCullagh , Declan ( 2003 - 10 - 03 ) . `` VeriSign fends off critics at ICANN confab '' . CNET News.com . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) . `` Verisign 's Wildcard Service Deployment '' . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Mueller , M ( March 2004 ) . Ruling the Root . MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 63298 - 5 . Jump up ^ Slashdot.org , NSI Registers Every Domain Checked Jump up ^ FBI / DOJ ( 15 April 2011 ) . `` Warning '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Dia , Miaz ( 4 February 2010 ) . `` website laten maken '' . Kmowebdiensten . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Declan McCullagh ( 18 November 2010 ) . `` Senate panel approves domain name seizure bill '' . CNET . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Sarah Jerome ( 6 April 2011 ) . `` Tech industry wary of domain name seizures '' . thehill.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Government Shuts Down 84,000 Websites , ' By Mistake ' '' . Jump up ^ Jeftovic , Mark . `` Whatever Happened to `` Due Process '' ? `` . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Tackling online criminal activity , 1 November 2016 -- 31 October 2017 , Nominet Jump up ^ `` So This Manatee Walks Into the Internet '' , New York Times , December 12 , 2006 . Accessed April 12 , 2008 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Domain name system . ( domain bias in web search ) a research by microsoft Domain Names at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Icann New gTLD Program Factsheet - October 2009 ( PDF ) IANA Two letter Country Code TLD ICANN - Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers Internic.net , public information regarding Internet domain name registration services Internet Domain Names : Background and Policy Issues Congressional Research Service RFC 1034 , Domain Names -- Concepts and Facilities , an Internet Protocol Standard RFC 1035 , Domain Names -- Implementation and Specification , an Internet Protocol Standard UDRP , Uniform Domain - Name Dispute - Resolution Policy Special use domain names ( hide ) Website management Concepts Overselling Web document Web content Web content lifecycle Web hosting service Web server Webmaster Website governance Web hosting control panels ( comparison ) AlternC cPanel DirectAdmin Domain Technologie Control GNUPanel H - Sphere i - MSCP InterWorx ISPConfig Kloxo Plesk Usermin Webmin Top - level domain registries Afilias CentralNic CIRA Donuts Neustar OVH Public Interest Registry Uniregistry Verisign Domain name managers and registrars AusRegistry CZ. 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John Carpenter ( game show contestant ) - wikipedia John Carpenter ( game show contestant ) Jump to : navigation , search John Carpenter 1968 ( age 48 -- 49 ) Education Rutgers University Occupation IRS agent Known for First top prize winner on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Home town Northampton , Massachusetts John Carpenter ( born c. 1968 ) is an American game show contestant and IRS agent . He is best known for becoming the first top prize winner on the United States version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . He held the record for the largest single win in United States game show history , until it was broken by Rahim Oberholtzer who won $1.12 million on another U.S. quiz show , Twenty One . Carpenter was also the first top prize winner among all international versions of the Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? series . On the November 19 , 1999 , episode of Millionaire , Carpenter proceeded to advance to the million - dollar question without using any lifelines . He then used his Phone - A-Friend to call his father not for help , but rather to tell him he was going to win the game . Carpenter answered the question correctly and became the show 's first millionaire . His win gave him national recognition and led to multiple talk show appearances , as well as reappearances on Millionaire itself . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career and family 2 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire 3 Later work 3.1 Other game show appearances 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Career and family ( edit ) Carpenter is from Northampton , Massachusetts . His father , Tom , worked as a computer program analyst for the Department of Veterans Affairs , while his mother , Gail , served as an administrative assistant for the Massachusetts Audubon Society . In 1986 , he enrolled at Rutgers University and graduated in 1990 with a degree in economics . In January 1991 , he joined the Internal Revenue Service after completing government exams and tests . In November 1996 , Carpenter met his future wife , Deborah , who was studying for a master 's degree at Southern Connecticut State University and worked as a manager of a Fleet Bank branch in New Haven . They married in August 1998 . At the time of his appearance on Millionaire , he was 31 years old . When he revealed his profession as an IRS officer on Millionaire , Carpenter was playfully booed by the audience . Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( edit ) $1 million ( 15 of 15 ) - no time limit Which of these U.S. Presidents appeared on the television series `` Laugh - In '' ? A : Lyndon Johnson B : Richard Nixon C : Jimmy Carter D: Gerald Ford Carpenter was originally uninterested in Millionaire but eventually tuned in one night after dinner while having friends over at his house . When he found the show 's higher - tier questions to not be , in his words , `` any more difficult '' than the lower - tier ones , he decided to call in to the show 's hotline for a chance to become a contestant . Carpenter answered all of the hotline questions correctly and was on the show within two days . Host Regis Philbin described Carpenter as having `` cruised right through those first fourteen questions , '' he had proceeded to reach the final question without using any of his lifelines . The $1 million question was , `` Which of these U.S. Presidents appeared on the television series ' Laugh - In ' ? '' , with the choices being A ) Lyndon Johnson , B) Richard Nixon , C ) Jimmy Carter , and D ) Gerald Ford . Carpenter used his Phone - A-Friend lifeline to call his father not for help , but rather to inform him that he knew the answer . Carpenter later explained , `` I thought I 'd look so cocky if I did n't use any lifelines , so I faked it . '' With his win , Carpenter became the first contestant in the worldwide Millionaire franchise to win the show 's top prize . He said that the only question that had flustered him was one which asked for the location of the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral . Carpenter eventually remembered that the film Tombstone included the gunfight , and he replied correctly with the answer ' Tombstone , Arizona ' . While taking a vacation after his win , Carpenter considered quitting his job with the IRS , but eventually decided against it . He explained to Kiplinger 's Personal Finance that `` after the taxes , it 's not change - your - life kind of money if you want to eat every day . '' Carpenter also described the fame as having a bigger impact on his life than the money , later stating : `` The money does n't change your life . What happens afterwards might . '' Later work ( edit ) Shortly after winning on Millionaire , Carpenter played himself in a Saturday Night Live skit . Donald Trump , played by Darrell Hammond , announced that Carpenter would be his running - mate in the presidential election . Afterward , Carpenter pretended to call his father , then shouted , `` Live from New York , it 's Saturday Night ! '' Carpenter also appeared on Good Morning America , Oprah Winfrey Show , Live with Regis and Kathie Lee , and Late Show with David Letterman . Carpenter appeared as himself in the second half of the fourth season of Oz . He plays a contestant in a fictional TV game show called Up Your Ante that the prisoners in Em City are watching . The show within the show is hosted by Gordon Elliott , with Eartha Kitt and Didi Conn appearing as celebrity participants . With Rod L. Evans , Carpenter co-authored a trivia book titled Matching Wits With the Million - Dollar Mind : The World 's Hardest Trivia Quizzes From America 's First Quiz Show Millionaire . The book was published by Berkley Books in 2002 . Other game show appearances ( edit ) In 2000 , Carpenter appeared in the Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Champions Edition , in which previous contestants who won $250,000 -- $1,000,000 played again , with half of their additional winnings from the Champions Edition going to a charity of their choice . Carpenter won $250,000 , bringing his total Millionaire winnings to $1,250,000 . In 2004 , Carpenter participated in Super Millionaire , as one of the `` Three Wise Men '' on the episode during which Robert `` Bob - O '' Essig won $1,000,000 . He later participated as part of the Mob on NBC 's 1 vs. 100 on October 27 , 2006 , and as a contestant on the Game Show Network game show Grand Slam . Carpenter appeared on the August 16 , 2009 episode of Millionaire in prime time for its tenth anniversary . In the audience with him were his father , his wife , and his son . Additionally , he was also the first expert in the `` Ask the Expert '' lifeline for the eighth season of the syndicated series . See also ( edit ) Biography portal List of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? top prize winners References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Millionaire Makeovers ! '' . People . Vol. 54 no . 20 . Time Inc . November 13 , 2000 . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2015 . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petrozello , Donna ( February 3 , 2000 ) . `` Million - plu $ reply an educated guess '' . New York Daily News . p. 101 . ^ Jump up to : Jerome , Jim ( December 6 , 1999 ) . `` Many Happy Returns '' . People . Vol. 52 no . 22 . Time Inc . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Phil ( November 20 , 1999 ) . `` Contestant wins $1 million '' . Chicago Sun Times . p. 30 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Frances Grandy ( November 20 , 1999 ) . `` Final answer ? Quiz show : a million to 1 taxman '' . Hartford Courant . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Bianculli , David ( November 22 , 1999 ) . `` Cool million makes red - hot TV '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2009 . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . Gameshow Hall of Fame . GSN . January 21 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Vigoda , Arlene ( November 22 , 1999 ) . `` Million - dollar winner untaxed by celebrity '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . p. 1D . Jump up ^ `` Taxman scoops a million '' . BBC News . November 21 , 1999 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Davis , Kristin ( November 2000 ) . `` I 'm Rich ! ( Now what ? ) '' . Kiplinger 's Personal Finance . pp. 93 -- 94 . ^ Jump up to : Duca , Lauren ( August 15 , 2014 ) . `` The Final Answer On Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? , 15 Years After It Premiered '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( November 23 , 1999 ) . `` Drab ' Millionaire ' Winner Emerges as a Media Animal '' . The Washington Post . p . C07 . Jump up ^ Moore , Frazier ( January 6 , 2001 ) . `` Wizard of ' Oz ' lives with permanent reminder of gritty show '' . The San Diego Union Tribune . p . E6 . Jump up ^ `` Matching Wits with the Million - Dollar Mind : The World ; s Hardest Trivia Quizzes from America 's First Quiz Show Millionaire '' . The Book Depository . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Deggans , Eric ( May 12 , 2000 ) . `` Miami ' Millionaire ' gets 2nd shot at final answer '' . St. Petersburg Times . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2008 . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bracht , Mel ( May 26 , 2000 ) . `` Money is n't the root of happiness : Tulsan has more fun in 2nd Millionaire gig '' . NewsOK . Oklahoma Publishing Company . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Super Millionaire . Season 1 . Episode 2 . February 23 , 2004 . ABC . Jump up ^ 1 vs. 100 . Season 1 . Episode 3 . October 27 , 2006 . NBC . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( August 2 , 2007 ) . `` Dennis Miller rallies around game show all - stars '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . p . WE - 33 . Jump up ^ Grosvenor , Carrie ( July 27 , 2009 ) . `` Millionaire Experts , Former Contestants Announced '' . About.com . About Entertainment . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2009 . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : 10th Anniversary Celebration . Episode 6 . August 16 , 2009 . ABC . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . Season 8 . Episode 1 . September 7 , 2009 . Syndicated . External links ( edit ) John Carpenter on IMDb Honorary titles Preceded by First Millionaire Top prize winner on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( U.S. ) November 19 , 1999 Succeeded by Dan Blonsky Preceded by Michael Shutterly All - time American game show winnings leader 1999 -- 2000 Succeeded by Rahim Oberholtzer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Carpenter_(game_show_contestant)&oldid=803603697 '' Categories : 1960s births Contestants on American game shows Living people People from Hamden , Connecticut Rutgers University alumni Southern Connecticut State University alumni Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Internal Revenue Service people Hidden categories : Good articles Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Հայերեն Hrvatski Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 14 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Villanova Wildcats - wikipedia Villanova Wildcats Jump to : navigation , search Villanova Wildcats University Villanova University Conference Big East Conference CAA ( football & women 's rowing ) NCAA Division I / FCS Athletic director Mark Jackson Location Villanova , Pennsylvania Varsity teams 24 Football stadium Villanova Stadium Basketball arena William B. Finneran Pavilion ( on campus ) Wells Fargo Center ( high - attendance games ) Baseball stadium Villanova Ballpark at Plymouth Soccer stadium Higgins Soccer Complex Mascot Will D. Cat Nickname Wildcats Fight song `` V for Villanova '' Colors Navy Blue and White Website www.villanova.com The Villanova Wildcats are the athletic teams of Villanova University . They compete in the Big East ( NCAA Division I ) for every sport except football and women 's rowing , where they compete in the Colonial Athletic Association ( Football Championship Subdivision , formerly Division I - AA , for football only ) . On December 15 , 2012 , Villanova and the other six Catholic , non-FBS schools announced that they were departing the Big East for a new conference . This conference assumed the Big East name on July 1 , 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Teams 1.1 Men 's basketball 1.2 Women 's basketball 1.3 Football 1.4 Men 's lacrosse 1.5 Track and field 1.6 Cross country 1.7 Swimming and diving 2 NCAA team championships 3 Conference realignment 4 Notable non varsity sports 4.1 Rugby 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Teams ( edit ) Men 's sports Women 's sports Baseball Basketball Basketball Cross country Cross country Field hockey Football Lacrosse Golf Rowing Lacrosse Soccer Soccer Softball Swimming & diving Swimming & diving Tennis Tennis Track & field Track & field Volleyball Waterpolo † -- Track and field includes both indoor and outdoor . Men 's Basketball ( edit ) Main article : Villanova Wildcats men 's basketball The Villanova Wildcats compete in the Big East Conference and are coached by Jay Wright . The team has traditionally divides its home schedule between its on - campus arena , the William B. Finneran Pavilion , and the Wells Fargo Center in South Philadelphia , for larger draws . During the 2017 - 18 season , the team played its entire home schedule that season at the Wells Fargo Center following the reconstruction of the Pavilion scheduled to be completed in time for the 2018 - 19 school year . Wright has taken the Wildcats to 12 postseason appearances including 7 consecutive trips ( 2005 -- 2011 ) and 5 consecutive trips ( 2013 - 2017 ) to the NCAA Tournament . The 2011 - 12 team struggled and missed postseason but Coach Wright brought a surprising young team back to the 2013 NCAA Tournament . Villanova has appeared in the NIT 17 times , winning in 1994 , and won the Big East Tournament in 1995 , 2015 and 2017 . The Wildcats have appeared in the NCAA Men 's Tournament 37 times , the 8th highest total in NCAA history have reached the Elite Eight 13 times . They have been to the Final Four of the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament on five occasions . The 1939 team coached by Al Severance reached the inaugural NCAA Final Four played at the Palestra for the 1939 NCAA Basketball Tournament . All - American Howard Porter led a Wildcat team coached by Jack Kraft to Final Four of the 1971 NCAA University Division Basketball Tournament . Coach Rollie Massimino took Villanova to a surprising 1985 National Championship . Current Coach Jay Wright reached the Final Four at the 2009 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament behind Dante Cunningham and Scottie Reynolds . The team most recently won the 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament for their third National Championship . Villanova won the 1985 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament with a historic 66 - 64 win over top - seeded Georgetown . The eighth - seeded Wildcats ( unranked in the final AP poll ) beat Dayton ( at Dayton ) , top - seeded Michigan , Maryland and second - seeded North Carolina to win the Southeast Regional en route to the Final Four in Lexington , Kentucky . After defeating 2 - seed Memphis State ( now known as Memphis ) in the national semifinals , Villanova met defending champion and ten - point - favorite Georgetown , led by Patrick Ewing , in the title game on April 1 , 1985 . The Wildcat squad remains the lowest overall seed in tournament history to win the championship , and their overall team shooting percentage of 78.6 % remains an NCAA tournament record for a single game . This Championship Game is often cited among the greatest upsets in college basketball history . Ed Pinckney , who shot 5 - of - 7 and had 16 points in the game , was named the NCAA Tournament 's Most Outstanding Player . On April 4 , 2016 , the Wildcats won their second NCAA Championship in Men 's Basketball , the first time in 31 years . They beat the North Carolina Tar Heels 77 - 74 off a buzzer - beater shot by Kris Jenkins with 0.5 seconds remaining in regulation . Two years later , on April 2 , 2018 , Villanova earned its third national championship beating the Michigan Wolverines 79 - 62 . Women 's Basketball ( edit ) Main article : Villanova Wildcats women 's basketball 600th win The Villanova Wildcats women 's basketball team are coached by Harry Perretta , now serving his 34th year as head coach of the team . For the 2017 -- 18 season , they will play their home games at Jake Nevin Field House on the Villanova campus while the future Finneran Pavilion is undergoing renovations . The Women 's basketball program started in 1969 and played under CIAW and AIAW through 1981 - 82 season before moving to NCAA Division I. In the 81 - 82 season , the Wildcats posted an outstanding 29 - 4 record and reached the Final Four of the 1982 AIAW Women 's Basketball Tournament before losing to eventual National Champion , Rutgers . Through the 2009 - 10 season , the Villanova Women have a 669 - 413 alltime record since the program started in 1969 . Previous head coaches include Liz Cawley ( 1969 -- 70 ) , Jane Sefranek - Stoltz ( 1970 -- 75 ) and Joan King ( 1975 -- 78 ) . The 1982 - 83 season was the initial season for Villanova Women 's basketball to play NCAA Division I and they joined the Big East Conference that same season . Villanova was the Big East regular season and tournament champions in both 1985 - 86 and 1986 - 87 behind All - American Shelly Pennefather . During the 2008 - 09 season , Coach Perretta led the Wildcats to the NCAA Tournament for the ninth time in his Villanova career . This marked the ninth postseason appearance in the previous 10 years for the Wildcats . After playing in the 2000 WNIT , Villanova went to four consecutive NCAA Tournaments from 2001 to 2004 before playing in the WNIT in 2005 , 2006 and 2008 . The 2002 - 03 season was a special one for the Wildcats . In addition to an impressive 28 - 6 overall record and a 12 - 4 Big East Conference mark , the Wildcats won their third Big East Conference Tournament championship and first since 1987 with an improbable 52 - 48 upset over previously unbeaten Connecticut . The win snapped Connecticut 's then NCAA Division I women 's basketball record of 70 - straight victories and ended Connecticut 's streak of nine - straight conference tournament championships . The dean of the Big East and Big 5 coaches , Harry Perretta has brought the Wildcats national respect and success during his tenure at Villanova which began in 1978 at the age of 22 . Coach Perretta reached a coaching milestone on November 12 , 2011 with a win over Iona , representing the 600th win of his career . He is the 35th coach in the history of women 's basketball at any level to reach the 600 win plateau , including the 22nd to accomplish the feat at the Division I level . Perretta is only the seventh NCAA Division I coaches to have 600 victories all at one school . On February 8 , 2012 , Perretta reached another milestone as he became the seventh coach across all NCAA divisions to coach 1,000 games at the same institution . Perretta was named the 2009 Big East Conference Co-Coach of the Year . That was the third time in his career that he has garnered Big East Coach of the Year distinction . He has led the Wildcats to fourteen seasons of 20 wins or more . Since joining the Big East in 1982 , Perretta has compiled a 200 - 175 conference record through 2010 . Shelly Pennefather , was recognized in 1987 as the nation 's top women 's college basketball player , winning the Margaret Wade Trophy and earning Kodak All - America honors . Pennefather was the first 3 - time winner of the Big East Conference Women 's Basketball Player of the Year . She is the all - time leading scorer in the history of Villanova basketball with 2408 points . Pennefather was named the best Colorado Girls High school player of all - time and led Bishop Machebeuf Catholic High School to a 96 - 0 record and 3 State Championships . Football ( edit ) Main article : Villanova Wildcats football The Wildcats compete in the Colonial Athletic Association and are coached by Andy Talley who is the winningest football coach in school history with a 190 - 117 - 1 (. 617 ) record . Since moving to I - AA , Villanova has made 9 appearances in the I - AA / FCS playoffs making trips to the NCAA Semifinal in 2002 and 2010 and winning the 2009 FCS National Championship . The Wildcats played in the NCAA Division I Football Championship game on December 18 , 2009 against the Montana Grizzlies . The Wildcats beat the Grizzlies 23 -- 21 to win their first NCAA Division I - AA National Championship . Villanova played in bowl games following the 1936 , 1947 , 1948 , 1961 , and 1962 college football seasons . After 87 seasons , the Board of Trustees voted to drop Football in April 1981 due to financial losses and poor attendance . In April , 1984 , the Board of Trustees agreed to reinstate Football at a lower level as a non-scholarship program ( Division I schools could field a non-scholarship Division III program at the time ) and named Andy Talley as the head coach , with first Division III practice that fall and first . The program began competing in Division I - AA ( now Division I FCS ) level during the 1988 season . Villanova football has sent 36 players to the NFL over the years including Hall of Fame defensive end Howie Long , formerly of the Oakland Raiders and All - Pro running back Brian Westbrook of the Philadelphia Eagles . Villanova plays the Delaware Fightin ' Blue Hens in the `` Battle of the Blue '' . Villanova leads the all - time series which was first played in 1895 by the margin of 23 - 21 - 1 . The Wildcats have a current four - year series where they will play the Temple Owls for the Philadelphia `` Mayor 's Cup '' . Villanova won the inaugural game in September 2009 but dropped the next two games to the FBS school . Villanova still leads the all - time series that started in 1928 by the margin of 16 - 14 - 2 . The Wildcats also play the Penn Quakers in most recent seasons with many of the games held at historic Franklin Field . The series was first played in 1905 and Villanova has an 11 - 5 lead . There has been some discussion regarding a potential promotion to the Football Bowl Subdivision and into the Big East in which they already participate for all other Sports . In September 2010 , the Big East informally spoke with Villanova about joining for football . The school conducted several feasibility studies but a scheduled April 12 , 2011 Board of Trustees vote was never taken after several Big East Football ( now the American Athletic Conference ) schools objected to their use of Talen Energy Stadium , then known as PPL Park , as an unacceptable venue for future games . The stadium currently holds only 18,500 but is expandable at the discretion of the Philadelphia Union soccer organization . Men 's Lacrosse ( edit ) Main article : Villanova Wildcats men 's lacrosse The Villanova Wildcats men 's lacrosse team represents Villanova University in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I men 's lacrosse . Villanova currently competes as a member of the Big East Conference and plays their home games at Villanova Stadium in Villanova , Pennsylvania . Coach Michael Corrado has taken the team to its only two NCAA appearances in history during his 6 - year tenure and the school is poised for greater success in upcoming seasons . Villanova rose as high as # 7 ranking and qualified for an at - large bid in the 2011 NCAA Tournament where they lost to the University of Denver in the first round . During the regular season , the Wildcats drew over 6500 fans to a Big East match - up with Syracuse setting a new on - campus record for Lacrosse . Brian Karalunas became the first USILA First Team All - American in Villanova history . Through 2009 , Villanova men 's lacrosse was a member of the Colonial Athletic Association and won the CAA tournament for their first title in 2009 . The fourth - seeded Wildcats were the lowest - seeded championship team in conference history . That season , Villanova also made their first NCAA tournament appearance , where they were routed in the first round by first - seeded Virginia , 18 -- 6 . The 2004 team finished 13 - 3 playing against the stiff competition of the CAA . Track and field ( edit ) Villanova University 's Track and field team has a history of athletic success that has spanned from championships in both incarnations of the Big East Conference to NCAA championships . The men 's team has produced 69 NCAA championships , 36 indoor and 33 outdoor . The team has had 8 NCAA team championships -- 4 cross country , 3 indoor ( ' 68 , ' 71 , ' 79 ) , 1 outdoor ( ' 57 ) . Prior to NCAA sponsoring Indoor T&F in 1965 , Villanova won 6 ICAAAA Indoor T&F Championships ( ' 57 , ' 58 , ' 60 , ' 62 , ' 63 , ' 64 ) . Villanova has produced 28 athletes who have made appearances in the Olympics , 10 of whom have medaled ( 7 Gold medals , 3 Silver medals ) . The men 's team has also won 112 Penn Relays Championships , which stands as the most wins by any school . The men 's current coaches include head coach , Marcus O'Sullivan , and assistant head coach , Anthony Williams . The women 's team has also had a multitude of success , producing 10 Big East team Championships and 7 NCAA team Championships . They have also produced 7 Olympians including Vicki Huber , Sonia O'Sullivan , Kim Certain , Kate Fonshell , Jen Rhines , Carmen Douma , and Carrie Tollefson . The Women 's team has won 28 Penn Relays Championships , which is the most wins by any women 's program . The current women 's coaches include head coach , Gina Procaccio , and assistant head coach , Anthony Williams . At least one Villanova athlete has competed in every Summer Olympics since 1948 , winning a total of 13 medals ( 9 gold , 4 silver ) . Cross Country ( edit ) Villanova Men 's and Women 's Cross Country teams have a successful history of Big East and NCAA National Championships . Villanova won both the Men 's and Women 's Big East Cross Country Team Titles in 2011 . The 2011 women 's Cross Country team finished as national runner - up led by Sheila Reid individual title . In 2010 and 2009 , the women 's cross country team won the NCAA Women 's Cross Country Championship under Coach Gina Procaccio . The 2010 victory was led by individual national champion Sheila Reid of Villanova who repeated her NCAA individual crown in 2011 . The Wildcats hold the NCAA Division I record for the most NCAA Team and Individual Women 's Cross Country Champions with 9 NCAA Team Championships ( ' 89 , ' 90 , ' 91 , ' 92 , ' 93 , ' 94 , ' 98 , ' 09 , ' 10 ) and 9 NCAA individual champions , 7 of which coincided . NCAA Individual Cross Country Champions Vicki Huber 1989 Sonia O'Sullivan 1990 , 1991 Carole Zajac 1992 , 1993 Jennifer Rhines 1994 Carrie Tollefson 1997 Sheila Reid 2010 , 2011 The 2011 Villanova Men 's Cross Country team finished 13th in the Team competition at NCAA meet . Villanova has won 4 NCAA Men 's Cross Country Team Championships covering 1966 , 1967 , 1968 and 1970 . NCAA Individual Cross Country Champions Victor Zwolak 1963 Patrick Tiernan 2016 Swimming and Diving ( edit ) Main article : Villanova Swimming and Diving In its history , Villanova Swimming and Diving has produced several Olympians . Most recently Maddy Crippen competed in the 400m individual medley at the 2000 Olympics . At the 2008 Olympics , Villanova was represented by Kristina Lennox - Silva . Lennox competed for Puerto Rico and swam the 400m freestyle and 200m butterfly . NCAA team Championships ( edit ) Villanova has 21 NCAA team national championships . Men 's ( 12 ) Basketball ( 3 ) : 1985 , 2016 , 2018 Cross Country ( 4 ) : 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1970 Football ( 1 ) : 2009 Indoor Track & Field ( 3 ) : 1968 , 1971 , 1979 Outdoor Track & Field ( 1 ) : 1957 Women 's ( 9 ) Cross Country ( 9 ) : 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1998 , 2009 , 2010 see also : Big East Conference NCAA team championships List of NCAA schools with the most NCAA Division I championships Conference realignment ( edit ) In December 2012 the presidents of seven Big East schools which do not sponsor FBS football ( also sometimes referred to as the `` Catholic 7 '' ) , including Villanova , voted unanimously to leave the Big East and form a new conference . The new conference , which kept the Big East name , officially began on July 1 , 2013 . Notable non varsity Sports ( edit ) Rugby ( edit ) Villanova Ruby Football Club University Villanova University Association USA Rugby Conference Keystone Conference The Villanova Rugby Football Club regained its official sanctioning by the University in 2010 , after losing this status and being classified as a recreational sport during the 1990s . The college rugby team has been able to develop a roster of over 50 players , due in part to the growing popularity of rugby at the high school level , and the Wildcats are supported by a network of rugby alumni that contribute towards the cost of the rugby program . The Wildcats are led by head coach Jack Foley , a former Villanova RFC athlete , USA 7 's player , and a head coach at various programs since 1998 . Recently , the Wildcats played at the 2013 Collegiate Rugby Championship , the highest profile competition in college rugby , which was broadcast live on NBC from PPL Park in Philadelphia . Currently , Villanova competes in the D1 - AA Keystone Conference for both 15 's and 7 's rugby . The team also schedules out of conference games , such as its preseaon wins over Columbia , UPenn , and Lehigh in the fall of 2016 . Following its regular spring sevens schedule , the team also competes in the annual Philadelphia Cup at PPL Park which runs concurrent with the CRC . Winning the Philadelphia Cup guarantees the Wildcats a spot in the CRC for the next year . See also ( edit ) Sports in Philadelphia # Collegiate sports References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Villanova Athletics Identity Standards Guide ( PDF ) . June 26 , 2012 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seven basketball - only schools leaving the Big East to start new conference '' . NCAA.com . National Collegiate Athletic Association . Associated Press . December 17 , 2012 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seven schools leaving Big East '' . ESPN . December 15 , 2012 . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Villanova.com Harry Perretta Bio - Official Athletic Site Official Athletic Site - Women 's Basketball '' . Jump up ^ `` Harry Perreta '' . Villanova University . Jump up ^ 2009 Villanova Men 's Lacrosse Quick Facts ( PDF ) , Villanova University , retrieved May 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Villanova claims first CAA title with 10 - 9 win over Towson Archived May 6 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Inside Lacrosse , May 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Villanova Secures First CAA Men 's Lacrosse Title , National Collegiate Athletic Association , May 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Virginia crushes Villanova , 18 -- 6 , faces Hopkins in next round , The Baltimore Sun , May 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` RUNNOVA '' . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Villanova magazine , Summer 2008 , `` Villanovans have won 20 Olympic Medals '' Jump up ^ `` 2011 DI mens team cross country results '' . NCAA.com . Jump up ^ http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/champs_records_book/Overall.pdf ^ Jump up to : The Villanovan , University restores club charter to men 's rugby Sep. 22 , 2010 Jump up ^ Philly.com , Orphaned Rugby Club Wins On The Main Line Without Villanova , Dec. 24 , 1997 , http://articles.philly.com/1997-12-24/sports/25553859_1_screening-athletes-usa-rugby-football-union-rugby-injury Jump up ^ `` Villanova Rugby '' . Villanova University Rugby Football Club . External links ( edit ) Official website Villanova University Academics School of Business School of Law Campus Arboretum Villanova St. Thomas of Villanova Church Villanova , PA People Alumni List of Presidents Fr . Peter Donohue ( President ) Order of Saint Augustine ( O.S.A. ) Media The Villanovan WXVU Athletics Villanova Wildcats Holy War Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Men 's lacrosse Football ( Battle of the Blue ) The Pavilion Villanova Stadium Jake Nevin Field House Catholicism portal Links to related articles Big East Conference Full members Butler Bulldogs Creighton Bluejays DePaul Blue Demons Georgetown Hoyas Marquette Golden Eagles Providence Friars St. John 's Red Storm Seton Hall Pirates Villanova Wildcats Xavier Musketeers Associate members Cincinnati Bearcats ( women 's lacrosse ; leaving in 2018 ) Connecticut Huskies ( field hockey , women 's lacrosse ; lacrosse leaving in 2018 ) Denver Pioneers ( men 's lacrosse , women 's lacrosse ) Florida Gators ( women 's lacrosse ; leaving in 2018 ) Liberty Lady Flames ( field hockey ) Old Dominion Monarchs ( field hockey ; women 's lacrosse joining in 2018 ) Quinnipiac Bobcats ( field hockey ) Temple Owls ( field hockey , women 's lacrosse ; lacrosse leaving in 2018 ) Vanderbilt Commodores ( women 's lacrosse ; leaving in 2018 ) History Big East Conference ( 1979 -- 2013 ) 2010 -- 13 Big East realignment Colonial Athletic Association Full members Charleston Cougars Delaware Fightin ' Blue Hens Drexel Dragons Elon Phoenix Hofstra Pride James Madison Dukes Northeastern Huskies Towson Tigers UNC Wilmington Seahawks William & Mary Tribe Football - only members Albany Great Danes Maine Black Bears New Hampshire Wildcats Rhode Island Rams Richmond Spiders Stony Brook Seawolves Villanova Wildcats Lacrosse - only members Fairfield Stags Massachusetts Minutemen Other associate members Eastern Michigan Eagles ( women 's rowing ) Villanova Wildcats ( football and women 's rowing ) History 2010 -- 13 Colonial Athletic Association realignment Sports teams based in and around Philadelphia Baseball MLB Philadelphia Phillies IL Lehigh Valley IronPigs EL Reading Fightin Phils Trenton Thunder CL Wilmington Blue Rocks Basketball NBA Philadelphia 76ers G League Delaware Blue Coats Football NFL Philadelphia Eagles AFL Philadelphia Soul NAL Lehigh Valley Steelhawks WFA Philadelphia Phantomz IWFL Philadelphia Firebirds Hockey NHL Philadelphia Flyers AHL Lehigh Valley Phantoms ECHL Reading Royals NAHL Philadelphia Rebels EHL Philadelphia Little Flyers Philadelphia Junior Flyers Philadelphia Revolution Rugby league USARL Bucks County Sharks Delaware Black Foxes Philadelphia Fight Roller derby WFTDA Diamond State Roller Girls Philly Roller Derby Soccer MLS Philadelphia Union USL Bethlehem Steel FC NPSL Junior Lone Star FC PDL Lehigh Valley United Sonic Reading United A.C. ASL Philadelphia Fury Tennis WTT Philadelphia Freedoms Lacrosse NLL Philadelphia Wings College athletics ( NCAA Div . I ) Drexel University Dragons La Salle University Explorers Saint Joseph 's University Hawks Temple University Owls University of Pennsylvania Quakers Villanova University Wildcats Lafayette College Leopards Lehigh University Mountain Hawks Rider University Broncs University of Delaware Blue Hens Princeton University Tigers See also : Philadelphia Big 5 and City 6 College athletics ( NCAA Div. II ) Philadelphia University Rams University of the Sciences Devils West Chester University Golden Rams Wilmington University Wildcats Currently defunct teams Further information : Template : Defunct Philadelphia sports teams Main article : Sports in Philadelphia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villanova_Wildcats&oldid=835350602 '' Categories : Villanova Wildcats Philadelphia Big 5 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 04 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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Transformer types - wikipedia Transformer types Jump to : navigation , search Circuit symbols Transformer with two windings and iron core . Transformer with three windings . The dots show the relative configuration of the windings . Transformer with electrostatic screen preventing capacitive coupling between the windings . An electric arc furnace the transformer has heavy copper bus for the low voltage winding , which can be rated for tens of thousands of amperes . They are immersed in oil for cooling and insulation , and are designed to survive frequent short circuits . A variety of types of electrical transformer are made for different purposes . Despite their design differences , the various types employ the same basic principle as discovered in 1831 by Michael Faraday , and share several key functional parts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Power transformers 1.1 Laminated core 1.2 Toroidal 1.3 Autotransformer 1.4 Variable autotransformer 1.5 Induction regulator 1.6 Polyphase transformer 1.7 Grounding transformer 1.8 Phase - shifting transformer 1.9 Variable - frequency transformer 1.10 Leakage or stray field transformers 1.10. 1 Uses 1.11 Resonant transformer 1.11. 1 Constant voltage transformer 1.12 Ferrite core 1.12. 1 Planar transformer 1.13 Oil cooled transformer 1.14 Cast resin transformer 1.15 Isolating transformer 2 Instrument transformer 2.1 Current transformer 2.2 Voltage transformer or potential transformer 2.3 Combined instrument transformer 3 Pulse transformer 4 RF transformer 4.1 Air - core transformer 4.2 Ferrite - core transformer 4.3 Transmission - line transformer 4.4 Balun 5 IF transformer 6 Audio transformer 6.1 Loudspeaker transformer 6.2 Output transformer 6.3 Small signal transformer 6.4 Interstage and coupling transformers 7 Other types 7.1 Transactor 7.2 Hedgehog 7.3 Variometer and variocoupler 7.4 Rotary transformer 7.5 Variable differential transformer 7.6 Resolver and synchro 8 See also 9 References Power transformers ( edit ) Laminated core ( edit ) Laminated core transformer This is the most common type of transformer , widely used in electric power transmission and appliances to convert mains voltage to low voltage to power electronic devices . They are available in power ratings ranging from mW to MW . The insulated laminations minimizes eddy current losses in the iron core . Small appliance and electronic transformers may use a split bobbin , giving a high level of insulation between the windings . The rectangular cores are made up of stampings , often in E-I shape pairs , but other shapes are sometimes used . Shields between primary and secondary may be fitted to reduce EMI ( electromagnetic interference ) , or a screen winding is occasionally used . Small appliance and electronics transformers may have a thermal cut - out built into the winding , to shut - off power at high temperatures to prevent further overheating . Toroidal ( edit ) Toroidal transformer Doughnut shaped toroidal transformers save space compared to E-I cores , and may reduce external magnetic field . These use a ring shaped core , copper windings wrapped round this ring ( and thus threaded through the ring during winding ) , and tape for insulation . Toroidal transformers have a lower external magnetic field compared to rectangular transformers , and can be smaller for a given power rating . However , they cost more to make , as winding requires more complex and slower equipment . They can be mounted by a bolt through the center , using washers and rubber pads or by potting in resin . Autotransformer ( edit ) Main article : Autotransformer An autotransformer has one winding that is tapped at some point along the winding . Voltage is applied across a portion of the winding , and a higher ( or lower ) voltage is produced across another portion of the same winding . The equivalent power rating of the autotransfomer is lower than the actual load power rating . It is calculated by : load VA × ( Vin -- Vout ) / Vin . For example , an auto transformer that adapts a 1000 VA load rated at 120 Volts to a 240 Volt supply has an equivalent rating of at least : 1,000 VA × ( 240V -- 120V ) / 240V = 500VA . However , the actual rating ( shown on the tally plate ) must be at least 1000 VA . For voltage ratios that do n't exceed about 3 : 1 , an autotransformer is cheaper , lighter , smaller , and more efficient than an isolating ( two - winding ) transformer of the same rating . Large three - phase autotransformers are used in electric power distribution systems , for example , to interconnect 33 kV and 66 kV sub-transmission networks . Variable autotransformer ( edit ) Variable autotransformer Main article : Autotransformer § Variable autotransformers By exposing part of the winding coils of an autotransformer , and making the secondary connection through a sliding carbon brush , an autotransformer with a near - continuously variable turns ratio can be obtained , allowing for wide voltage adjustment in very small increments . Induction regulator ( edit ) Main article : Induction regulator The induction regulator is similar in design to a wound - rotor induction motor but it is essentially a transformer whose output voltage is varied by rotating its secondary relative to the primary -- i.e. , rotating the angular position of the rotor . It can be seen as a power transformer exploiting rotating magnetic fields . The major advantage of the induction regulator is that unlike variacs , they are practical for transformers over 5 kVA . Hence , such regulators find widespread use in high - voltage laboratories . Polyphase transformer ( edit ) A high - voltage transformer being dismantled Cutaway view of a polyphase transformer For polyphase systems , multiple single - phase transformers can be used , or all phases can be connected to a single polyphase transformer . For a three phase transformer , the three primary windings are connected together and the three secondary windings are connected together . Examples of connections are wye - delta , delta - wye , delta - delta and wye - wye . A vector group indicates the configuration of the windings and the phase angle difference between them . If a winding is connected to earth ( grounded ) , the earth connection point is usually the center point of a wye winding . If the secondary is a delta winding , the ground may be connected to a center tap on one winding ( high leg delta ) or one phase may be grounded ( corner grounded delta ) . A special purpose polyphase transformer is the zigzag transformer . There are many possible configurations that may involve more or fewer than six windings and various tap connections . Three - phase transformers 380kV / 110kV and 110kV / 20kV Grounding transformer ( edit ) Main article : Earthing transformer Grounding or earthing transformers let three wire ( delta ) polyphase system supplies accommodate phase to neutral loads by providing a return path for current to a neutral . Grounding transformers most commonly incorporate a single winding transformer with a zigzag winding configuration but may also be created with a wye - delta isolated winding transformer connection . Phase - shifting transformer ( edit ) Main article : Quadrature booster This is a specialized type of transformer which can be configured to adjust the phase relationship between input and output . This allows power flow in an electric grid to be controlled , e.g. to steer power flows away from a shorter ( but overloaded ) link to a longer path with excess capacity . Variable - frequency transformer ( edit ) Main article : Variable - frequency transformer A variable - frequency transformer is a specialized three - phase power transformer which allows the phase relationship between the input and output windings to be continuously adjusted by rotating one half . They are used to interconnect electrical grids with the same nominal frequency but without synchronous phase coordination . Leakage or stray field transformers ( edit ) Leakage transformer A leakage transformer , also called a stray - field transformer , has a significantly higher leakage inductance than other transformers , sometimes increased by a magnetic bypass or shunt in its core between primary and secondary , which is sometimes adjustable with a set screw . This provides a transformer with an inherent current limitation due to the loose coupling between its primary and the secondary windings . In this case , it is short - circuit inductance which is actually acting as a current limiting parameter . The output and input currents are low enough to prevent thermal overload under all load conditions -- even if the secondary is shorted . Uses ( edit ) Leakage transformers are used for arc welding and high voltage discharge lamps ( neon lights and cold cathode fluorescent lamps , which are series connected up to 7.5 kV AC ) . It acts then both as a voltage transformer and as a magnetic ballast . Other applications are short - circuit - proof extra-low voltage transformers for toys or doorbell installations . Resonant transformer ( edit ) Further information : Resonant inductive coupling Further information : Tesla coil § Resonant transformer A resonant transformer is a transformer in which one or both windings has a capacitor across it and functions as a tuned circuit . Used at radio frequencies , resonant transformers can function as high Q factor bandpass filters . The transformer windings have either air or ferrite cores and the bandwidth can be adjusted by varying the coupling ( mutual inductance ) . One common form is the IF ( intermediate frequency ) transformer , used in superheterodyne radio receivers . They are also used in radio transmitters . Resonant transformers are also used in electronic ballasts for gas discharge lamps , and high voltage power supplies . They are also used in some types of switching power supplies . Here the short - circuit inductance value is an important parameter that determines the resonance frequency of the resonant transformer . Often only secondary winding has a resonant capacitor ( or stray capacitance ) and acts as a serial resonant tank circuit . When the short - circuit inductance of the secondary side of the transformer is L and the resonant capacitor ( or stray capacitance ) of the secondary side is C , The resonance frequency ω of 1 ' is as follows ω s = 1 L s c C r = 1 ( 1 − k 2 ) L s C r ( \ displaystyle \ omega _ ( s ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( L_ ( sc ) C_ ( r ) ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( ( 1 - k ^ ( 2 ) ) L_ ( s ) C_ ( r ) ) ) ) ) The transformer is driven by a pulse or square wave for efficiency , generated by an electronic oscillator circuit . Each pulse serves to drive resonant sinusoidal oscillations in the tuned winding , and due to resonance a high voltage can be developed across the secondary . Applications : Intermediate frequency ( IF ) transformer in superheterodyne radio receiver Tank transformers in radio transmitters Tesla coil CCFL inverter Oudin coil ( or Oudin resonator ; named after its inventor Paul Oudin ) D'Arsonval apparatus Ignition coil or induction coil used in the ignition system of a petrol engine Electrical breakdown and insulation testing of high voltage equipment and cables . In the latter case , the transformer 's secondary is resonated with the cable 's capacitance . Constant voltage transformer ( edit ) See also : Voltage regulator § Constant - voltage transformer By arranging particular magnetic properties of a transformer core , and installing a ferro - resonant tank circuit ( a capacitor and an additional winding ) , a transformer can be arranged to automatically keep the secondary winding voltage relatively constant for varying primary supply without additional circuitry or manual adjustment . Ferro - resonant transformers run hotter than standard power transformers , because regulating action depends on core saturation , which reduces efficiency . The output waveform is heavily distorted unless careful measures are taken to prevent this . Saturating transformers provide a simple rugged method to stabilize an AC power supply . Ferrite core ( edit ) Ferrite core power transformers are widely used in switched - mode power supplies ( SMPSs ) . The powder core enables high - frequency operation , and hence much smaller size - to - power ratio than laminated - iron transformers . Ferrite transformers are not used as power transformers at mains frequency since laminated iron cores cost less than an equivalent ferrite core . Planar transformer ( edit ) A planar transformer Exploded view : the spiral primary `` winding '' on one side of the PCB ( the spiral secondary `` winding '' is on the other side of the PCB ) Manufacturers etch spiral patterns on a printed circuit board to form the `` windings '' of a planar transformer , replacing the turns of wire used to make other types . Some planar transformers are commercially sold as discrete components . Other planar transformers are one of many components on a printed circuit board . A planar transformer can be thinner than other transformers , which is useful for low - profile applications or when several printed circuit boards are stacked . Almost all planar transformers use a ferrite planar core . Oil cooled transformer ( edit ) Large transformers used in power distribution or electrical substations have their core and coils immersed in oil , which cools and insulates . Oil circulates through ducts in the coil and around the coil and core assembly , moved by convection . The oil is cooled by the outside of the tank in small ratings , and by an air - cooled radiator in larger ratings . Where a higher rating is required , or where the transformer is in a building or underground , oil pumps circulate the oil , and an oil - to - water heat exchanger may also be used . Some transformers may contain PCBs where or when its use was permitted . For example , until 1979 in South Africa . substitute fire - resistant liquids such as silicone oils are now used instead . Cast resin transformer ( edit ) Cast - resin power transformers encase the windings in epoxy resin . These transformers simplify installation since they are dry , without cooling oil , and so require no fire - proof vault for indoor installations . The epoxy protects the windings from dust and corrosive atmospheres . However , because the molds for casting the coils are only available in fixed sizes , the design of the transformers is less flexible , which may make them more costly if customized features ( voltage , turns ratio , taps ) are required . Isolating transformer ( edit ) An isolation transformer links two circuits magnetically , but provides no metallic conductive path between the circuits . An example application would be in the power supply for medical equipment , when it is necessary to prevent any leakage from the AC power system into devices connected to a patient . Special purpose isolation transformers may include shielding to prevent coupling of electromagnetic noise between circuits , or may have reinforced insulation to withstand thousands of volts of potential difference between primary and secondary circuits . Instrument transformer ( edit ) Main article : Instrument transformer Instrument transformers Instrument transformers are typically used to operate instruments from high voltage lines or high current circuits , safely isolating measurement and control circuitry from the high voltages or currents . The primary winding of the transformer is connected to the high voltage or high current circuit , and the meter or relay is connected to the secondary circuit . Instrument transformers may also be used as an isolation transformer so that secondary quantities may be used without affecting the primary circuitry . Terminal identifications ( either alphanumeric such as H , X , Y , etc. or a colored spot or dot impressed in the case ) indicate one end of each winding , indicating the same instantaneous polarity and phase between windings . This applies to both types of instrument transformers . Correct identification of terminals and wiring is essential for proper operation of metering and protective relay instrumentation . Current transformer ( edit ) Main article : Current transformer Current transformers used in metering equipment for three - phase 400 ampere electricity supply A current transformer ( CT ) is a series connected measurement device designed to provide a current in its secondary coil proportional to the current flowing in its primary . Current transformers are commonly used in metering and protective relays in the electrical power industry . Current transformers are often constructed by passing a single primary turn ( either an insulated cable or an uninsulated bus bar ) through a well - insulated toroidal core wrapped with many turns of wire . The CT is typically described by its current ratio from primary to secondary . For example , a 1000 : 1 CT provides an output current of 1 amperes when 1000 amperes flow through the primary winding . Standard secondary current ratings are 5 amperes or 1 ampere , compatible with standard measuring instruments . The secondary winding can be single ratio or have several tap points to provide a range of ratios . Care must be taken to make sure the secondary winding is not disconnected from its low - impedance load while current flows in the primary , as this may produce a dangerously high voltage across the open secondary and may permanently affect the accuracy of the transformer . Specially constructed wideband CTs are also used , usually with an oscilloscope , to measure high frequency waveforms or pulsed currents within pulsed power systems . One type provides a voltage output that is proportional to the measured current . Another , called a Rogowski coil , requires an external integrator in order to provide a proportional output . A current clamp uses a current transformer with a split core that can be easily wrapped around a conductor in a circuit . This is a common method used in portable current measuring instruments but permanent installations use more economical types of current transformer . Voltage transformer or potential transformer ( edit ) Voltage transformers ( VT ) , also called potential transformers ( PT ) , are a parallel connected type of instrument transformer , used for metering and protection in high - voltage circuits or phasor phase shift isolation . They are designed to present negligible load to the supply being measured and to have an accurate voltage ratio to enable accurate metering . A potential transformer may have several secondary windings on the same core as a primary winding , for use in different metering or protection circuits . The primary may be connected phase to ground or phase to phase . The secondary is usually grounded on one terminal . There are three primary types of voltage transformers ( VT ) : electromagnetic , capacitor , and optical . The electromagnetic voltage transformer is a wire - wound transformer . The capacitor voltage transformer uses a capacitance potential divider and is used at higher voltages due to a lower cost than an electromagnetic VT . An optical voltage transformer exploits the electrical properties of optical materials . Measurement of high voltages is possible by the potential transformers . Combined instrument transformer ( edit ) Combined instrument transformer A combined instrument transformer encloses a current transformer and a voltage transformer in the same transformer . There are two main combined current and voltage transformer designs : oil - paper insulated and SF insulated . One advantage of applying this solution is reduced substation footprint , due to reduced number of transformers in a bay , supporting structures and connections as well as lower costs for civil works , transportation and installation . Pulse transformer ( edit ) Bothhand TS6121A pulse transformer A pulse transformer is a transformer that is optimised for transmitting rectangular electrical pulses ( that is , pulses with fast rise and fall times and a relatively constant amplitude ) . Small versions called signal types are used in digital logic and telecommunications circuits , often for matching logic drivers to transmission lines . Medium - sized power versions are used in power - control circuits such as camera flash controllers . Larger power versions are used in the electrical power distribution industry to interface low - voltage control circuitry to the high - voltage gates of power semiconductors . Special high voltage pulse transformers are also used to generate high power pulses for radar , particle accelerators , or other high energy pulsed power applications . To minimize distortion of the pulse shape , a pulse transformer needs to have low values of leakage inductance and distributed capacitance , and a high open - circuit inductance . In power - type pulse transformers , a low coupling capacitance ( between the primary and secondary ) is important to protect the circuitry on the primary side from high - powered transients created by the load . For the same reason , high insulation resistance and high breakdown voltage are required . A good transient response is necessary to maintain the rectangular pulse shape at the secondary , because a pulse with slow edges would create switching losses in the power semiconductors . The product of the peak pulse voltage and the duration of the pulse ( or more accurately , the voltage - time integral ) is often used to characterise pulse transformers . Generally speaking , the larger this product , the larger and more expensive the transformer . Pulse transformers by definition have a duty cycle of less than 0.5 ; whatever energy stored in the coil during the pulse must be `` dumped '' out before the pulse is fired again . RF transformer ( edit ) There are several types of transformer used in radio frequency ( RF ) work . Laminated steel is not suitable for RF . Air - core transformer ( edit ) These are used for high frequency work . The lack of a core means very low inductance . All current excites current and induces secondary voltage which is proportional to the mutual inductance . Such transformers may be nothing more than a few turns of wire soldered onto a printed circuit board . Ferrite - core transformer ( edit ) Ferrite - core transformers are widely used in impedance matching transformers for RF , especially for baluns ( see below ) for TV and radio antennas . Many only have one or two turns . Transmission - line transformer ( edit ) For radio frequency use , transformers are sometimes made from configurations of transmission line , sometimes bifilar or coaxial cable , wound around ferrite or other types of core . This style of transformer gives an extremely wide bandwidth but only a limited number of ratios ( such as 1 : 9 , 1 : 4 or 1 : 2 ) can be achieved with this technique . The core material increases the inductance dramatically , thereby raising its Q factor . The cores of such transformers help improve performance at the lower frequency end of the band . RF transformers sometimes used a third coil ( called a tickler winding ) to inject feedback into an earlier ( detector ) stage in antique regenerative radio receivers . In RF and microwave systems , a quarter - wave impedance transformer provides a way of matching impedances between circuits over a limited range of frequencies , using only a length of transmission line . The line may be coaxial cable , waveguide , stripline or microstripline . Balun ( edit ) Main article : Balun Baluns are transformers designed specifically to connect between balanced ( non-grounded ) and unbalanced ( grounded ) circuits . These are sometimes made from configurations of transmission line and sometimes bifilar or coaxial cable and are similar to transmission line transformers in construction and operation . Baluns can be designed to not only interface between balanced and unbalanced loads , but to additionally provide impedance matching between those load types . IF transformer ( edit ) Ferrite - core transformers are widely used in ( intermediate frequency ) ( IF ) stages in superheterodyne radio receivers . They are mostly tuned transformers , containing a threaded ferrite slug that is screwed in or out to adjust IF tuning . The transformers are usually canned ( shielded ) for stability and to reduce interference . Audio transformer ( edit ) Two speaker - level audio transformers in a tube amplifier are seen on the left . The power supply toroidal transformer is on right Five audio transformers for various line level purposes . The two black boxes on the left contain 1 : 1 transformers for splitting signals , balancing unbalanced signals , or isolating two different AC ground systems to eliminate buzz and hum . The two cylindrical metal cases fit into octal sockets ; each one contains a 1 : 1 line transformer , the first is rated at 600 ohms , the second is rated at 15,000 ohms . On the far right is a DI unit ; its 12 : 1 transformer ( with yellow insulation ) changes a high impedance unbalanced input to a low impedance balanced output . Audio transformers are those specifically designed for use in audio circuits to carry audio signal . They can be used to block radio frequency interference or the DC component of an audio signal , to split or combine audio signals , or to provide impedance matching between high impedance and low impedance circuits , such as between a high impedance tube ( valve ) amplifier output and a low impedance loudspeaker , or between a high impedance instrument output and the low impedance input of a mixing console . Audio transformers that operate with loudspeaker voltages and current are larger than those that operate at microphone or line level , which carry much less power . Bridge transformers connect 2 - wire and 4 - wire communication circuits . Being magnetic devices , audio transformers are susceptible to external magnetic fields such as those generated by AC current - carrying conductors . `` Hum '' is a term commonly used to describe unwanted signals originating from the `` mains '' power supply ( typically 50 or 60 Hz ) . Audio transformers used for low - level signals , such as those from microphones , often include magnetic shielding to protect against extraneous magnetically coupled signals . Audio transformers were originally designed to connect different telephone systems to one another while keeping their respective power supplies isolated , and are still commonly used to interconnect professional audio systems or system components , to eliminate buzz and hum . Such transformers typically have a 1 : 1 ratio between the primary and the secondary . These can also be used for splitting signals , balancing unbalanced signals , or feeding a balanced signal to unbalanced equipment . Transformers are also used in DI boxes to convert high - impedance instrument signals ( e.g. , bass guitar ) to low impedance signals to enable them to connect to a microphone input on the mixing console . A particularly critical component is the output transformer of a valve amplifier . Valve circuits for quality reproduction have long been produced with no other ( inter-stage ) audio transformers , but an output transformer is needed to couple the relatively high impedance ( up to a few hundred ohms depending upon configuration ) of the output valve ( s ) to the low impedance of a loudspeaker . ( The valves can deliver a low current at a high voltage ; the speakers require high current at low voltage . ) Most solid - state power amplifiers need no output transformer at all . Audio transformers affect the sound quality because they are non-linear . Harmonic distortion is added to the original signal , especially odd - order harmonics with an emphasis on third - order harmonics . When the incoming signal amplitude is very low there is not enough level to energize the magnetic core ( see coercivity and magnetic hysteresis ) . When the incoming signal amplitude is very high the transformer saturates and adds ringing harmonics . Another non-linearity comes from limited frequency response . For good low - frequency response a relatively large magnetic core is required ; high power handling increases the required core size . Good high - frequency response requires carefully designed and implemented windings without excessive leakage inductance or stray capacitance . All this makes for an expensive component . Early transistor audio power amplifiers often had output transformers , but they were eliminated as advances in semiconductors allowed the design of amplifiers with sufficiently low output impedance to drive a loudspeaker directly . Loudspeaker transformer ( edit ) Loudspeaker transformer in old radio In the same way that transformers create high voltage power transmission circuits that minimize transmission losses , loudspeaker transformers can power many individual loudspeakers from a single audio circuit operated at higher than normal loudspeaker voltages . This application is common in public address applications . Such circuits are commonly referred to as constant - voltage speaker systems . Such systems are also known by the nominal voltage of the loudspeaker line , such as 25 - , 70 - and 100 - volt speaker systems ( the voltage corresponding to the power rating of a speaker or amplifier ) . A transformer steps up the output of the system 's amplifer to the distribution voltage . At the distant loudspeaker locations , a step - down transformer matches the speaker to the rated voltage of the line , so the speaker produces rated nominal output when the line is at nominal voltage . Loudspeaker transformers commonly have multiple primary taps to adjust the volume at each speaker in steps . Output transformer ( edit ) Valve ( tube ) amplifiers almost always use an output transformer to match the high load impedance requirement of the valves ( several kilohms ) to a low impedance speaker Small signal transformer ( edit ) Moving coil phonograph cartridges produce a very small voltage . For this to be amplified with a reasonable signal - noise ratio usually requires a transformer to convert the voltage to the range of the more common moving - magnet cartridges . Microphones may also be matched to their load with a small transformer , which is mumetal shielded to minimise noise pickup . These transformers are less widely used today , as transistorized buffers are now cheaper . Interstage and coupling transformers ( edit ) In a push -- pull amplifier , an inverted signal is required and can be obtained from a transformer with a center - tapped winding , used to drive two active devices in opposite phase . These phase splitting transformers are not much used today . Other types ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Transactor ( edit ) A transactor is a combination of a transformer and a reactor . A transactor has an iron core with an air - gap , which limits the coupling between windings . Hedgehog ( edit ) Hedgehog transformers are occasionally encountered in homemade 1920s radios . They are homemade audio interstage coupling transformers . Enamelled copper wire is wound round the central half of the length of a bundle of insulated iron wire ( e.g. , florists ' wire ) , to make the windings . The ends of the iron wires are then bent around the electrical winding to complete the magnetic circuit , and the whole is wrapped with tape or string to hold it together . Variometer and variocoupler ( edit ) Variometer used in 1920s radio receiver A variometer is a type of continuously variable air - core RF inductor with two windings . One common form consisted of a coil wound on a short hollow cylindrical form , with a second smaller coil inside , mounted on a shaft so its magnetic axis can be rotated with respect to the outer coil . The two coils are connected in series . When the two coils are collinear , with their magnetic fields pointed in the same direction , the two magnetic fields add , and the inductance is maximum . If the inner coil is rotated so its axis is at an angle to the outer coil , the magnetic fields do not add and the inductance is less . If the inner coil is rotated so it is collinear with the outer coil but their magnetic fields point in opposite directions , the fields cancel each other out and the inductance is very small or zero . The advantage of the variometer is that inductance can be adjusted continuously , over a wide range . Variometers were widely used in 1920s radio receivers . One of their main uses today is as antenna matching coils to match longwave radio transmitters to their antennas . The vario - coupler was a device with similar construction , but the two coils were not connected but attached to separate circuits . So it functioned as an air - core RF transformer with variable coupling . The inner coil could be rotated from 0 ° to 90 ° angle with the outer , reducing the mutual inductance from maximum to near zero . The pancake coil variometer was another common construction used in both 1920s receivers and transmitters . It consists of two flat spiral coils suspended vertically facing each other , hinged at one side so one could swing away from the other to an angle of 90 ° to reduce the coupling . The flat spiral design served to reduce parasitic capacitance and losses at radio frequencies . Pancake or `` honeycomb '' coil vario - couplers were used in the 1920s in the common Armstrong or `` tickler '' regenerative radio receivers . One coil was connected to the detector tube 's grid circuit . The other coil , the `` tickler '' coil was connected to the tube 's plate ( output ) circuit . It fed back some of the signal from the plate circuit into the input again , and this positive feedback increased the tube 's gain and selectivity . Rotary transformer ( edit ) Main article : Rotary transformer A rotary ( rotatory ) transformer is a specialized transformer that couples electrical signals between two parts that rotate in relation to each other -- as an alternative to slip rings , which are prone to wear and contact noise . They are commonly used in helical scan magnetic tape applications . Variable differential transformer ( edit ) Main articles : Linear variable differential transformer and rotary variable differential transformer A variable differential transformer is a rugged non-contact position sensor . It has two oppositely - phased primaries which nominally produce zero output in the secondary , but any movement of the core changes the coupling to produce a signal . Resolver and synchro ( edit ) Main articles : Resolver ( electrical ) and synchro The two - phase resolver and related three - phase synchro are rotary position sensors which work over a full 360 ° . The primary is rotated within two or three secondaries at different angles , and the amplitudes of the secondary signals can be decoded into an angle . Unlike variable differential transformers , the coils , and not just the core , move relative to each other , so slip rings are required to connect the primary . Resolvers produce in - phase and quadrature components which are useful for computation . Synchros produce three - phase signals which can be connected to other synchros to rotate them in a generator / motor configuration . See also ( edit ) Three - phase Three - phase electric power Buck -- boost transformer Tap changer Transformer Motor - generator References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The basics of autotransformers '' . ECMwebs . Jump up ^ Donald G. Fink & H. Wayne Beatty. ( 1978 ) . Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers , 11th Edition . McGraw Hill , ISBN 0 - 07 - 020974 - X pp. 10 -- 44 and 10 -- 45 . Jump up ^ T.J. Gallagher and A.J. Pearmain ( 1983 ) : `` High Voltage - Measurement , Testing and Design '' , ISBN 0 - 471 - 90096 - 6 Jump up ^ `` 3 - Phase Step - Up Transformer '' , Agile Magnetics , Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Philips PM3311 Oscilloscope service manual Section 6.2. 16 ( describing the switch mode power supply ) , `` The unregulated d.c. voltage is applied in the form of pulses to a resonant transformer T1602 ... '' Jump up ^ `` Planar Transformer on a PCB '' Jump up ^ ANSI IEEE Standard C57. 12.00 General Requirements for Liquid - Immersed Distribution , Power and Regulating Transformers , 2000 Jump up ^ page 9 Jump up ^ UNEP Chemicals ( 1999 ) . Guidelines for the Identification of PCBs and Materials Containing PCBs ( PDF ) . United Nations Environment Programme . p. 2 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Measurement Canada Standard Dwg . No. 3400 D3 Delta Connected CTs '' ( PDF ) . MEASUREMENT CANADA . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Network Protection & Automation , AREVA 2002 Jump up ^ `` The combined transformer - an optimal solution för HV substations , p. 1 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 9 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Combined instrument transformer , PVA 123 , p. 2 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 9 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Khanchandani , M.D. Singh , K.B. ( 2008 ) . Power electronics ( 2nd ed . ) . New Delhi : Tata McGraw - Hill . p. 76 . ISBN 9780070583894 . Jump up ^ `` Air Core Transformers '' , Virtual Institute of Applied Science , Retrieved June 8 , 2016 Jump up ^ Rumsey , Francis ; McCormick , Tim ( 2009 ) . Sound and recording ( 6th ed . ) . Oxford , UK : Focal Press . p. 356 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 240 - 52163 - 3 . Jump up ^ Robjohns , Hugh ( February 2010 ) . `` Analogue Warmth -- The Sound Of Tubes , Tape & Transformers '' . Sound On Sound . Jump up ^ The Institution of Engineering and Technology ( 1995 ) . Power system protection . London : Institution of Electrical Engineers . ISBN 0852968361 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Alan ( 1995 ) . Radio manufacturers of the 1920 's . Chandler , Ariz. : Sonoran Pub . p. 76 . ISBN 9781886606005 . ( hide ) Transformer Types Amorphous metal transformer Austin transformer Autotransformer Buck -- boost transformer Capacitor voltage transformer Current transformer Distribution transformer Delta - wye transformer Energy efficient transformer Flyback transformer Grounding transformer Instrument transformer Isolation transformer Dry Isolation transformer Linear variable differential transformer Modulation transformer Neon - sign transformer Padmount transformer Paraformer Planar transformers Rotary transformer Rotary variable differential transformer Scott - T transformer Trigger transformer Variable - frequency transformer Zigzag transformer Coils Hybrid coil Induction coil Oudin coil Polyphase coil Repeating coil Tesla coil Trembler coil Topics Agbioeletric Balun Buchholz relay Bushing Center tap Circle diagram Condition monitoring of transformers Copper loss Dissolved gas analysis Electrical insulation paper Growler High - leg delta Induction regulator Leakage inductance Magnet wire Metadyne Open - circuit test Polarity Polychlorinated biphenyl Prolec GE Quadrature booster Resolver Resonant inductive coupling Severity factor Short - circuit test Stacking factor Synchro Tap changer Toroidal inductors and transformers Transformer oil Transformer oil testing Transformer utilization factor Vector group Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transformer_types&oldid=838140333 '' Categories : Electric transformers Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 05 : 06 . 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two examples where low voltage transformers are used

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Sahara - wikipedia Sahara Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Sahara ( disambiguation ) . Sahara The Great Desert Desert A satellite image of the Sahara by NASA World Wind Countries Algeria , Chad , Egypt , Libya , Mali , Mauritania , Morocco , Niger , Sudan , Tunisia Highest point Emi Koussi 3,415 m ( 11,204 ft ) - coordinates 19 ° 47 ′ 36 '' N 18 ° 33 ′ 6 '' E  /  19.79333 ° N 18.55167 ° E  / 19.79333 ; 18.55167 Lowest point Qattara Depression − 133 m ( − 436 ft ) - coordinates 30 ° 0 ′ 0 '' N 27 ° 5 ′ 0 '' E  /  30.00000 ° N 27.08333 ° E  / 30.00000 ; 27.08333 Length 4,800 km ( 2,983 mi ) , E / W Width 1,800 km ( 1,118 mi ) , N / S Area 9,200,000 km ( 3,552,140 sq mi ) Biome Desert This article contains Arabic text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . Play media This video over the Sahara and the Middle East was taken by the crew of Expedition 29 on board the International Space Station . Tadrart Acacus desert in western Libya , part of the Sahara . The top image shows the Safsaf Oasis on the surface of the Sahara . The bottom ( using radar ) is the rock layer underneath , revealing black channels cut by the meandering of an ancient river that once fed the oasis . The Sahara ( Arabic : الصحراء الكبرى ‎ , aṣ - ṣaḥrāʼ al - kubrá , ' the Great Desert ' ) is the largest hot desert and the third largest desert in the world after Antarctica and the Arctic . Its area of 9,200,000 square kilometres ( 3,600,000 sq mi ) is comparable to the area of China or the United States . The name ' Sahara ' is derived from dialectal Arabic word for `` desert '' , ṣaḥra ( صحرا / ˈsʕaħra / ) . The desert comprises much of North Africa , excluding the fertile region on the Mediterranean Sea coast , the Atlas Mountains of the Maghreb , and the Nile Valley in Egypt and Sudan . It stretches from the Red Sea in the east and the Mediterranean in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the west , where the landscape gradually changes from desert to coastal plains . To the south , it is bounded by the Sahel , a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna around the Niger River valley and the Sudan Region of Sub-Saharan Africa . The Sahara can be divided into several regions including : the western Sahara , the central Ahaggar Mountains , the Tibesti Mountains , the Aïr Mountains , the Ténéré desert , and the Libyan Desert . For several hundred thousand years , the Sahara has alternated between desert and savanna grassland in a 41,000 year cycle caused by changes ( `` precession '' ) in the Earth 's axis as it rotates around the sun , which change the location of the North African Monsoon . It is next expected to become green in about 15,000 years ( 17,000 AD ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Climate 2.1 Temperature 2.2 Precipitation 2.3 Desertification and prehistoric climate 2.3. 1 Evidence for cycles 3 Ecoregions 4 Flora and fauna 5 History 5.1 Kiffians 5.2 Tenerians 5.3 Tashwinat Mummy 5.4 Nubians 5.5 Egyptians 5.6 Phoenicians 5.7 Greeks 5.8 Urban civilization 5.9 Berbers 5.10 Islamic expansion 5.11 Ottoman Turkish era 5.12 European colonialism 5.13 Breakup of the empires and afterwards 6 People and languages 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Geography A geographical map of Africa , showing the ecological break that defines the Saharan area . An oasis in the Ahaggar Mountains . Oases support some life forms in extremely arid deserts . An intense Saharan dust storm sent a massive dust plume northwestward over the Atlantic Ocean on 2 March 2003 Butte naturally sculpted by the wind The Sahara covers large parts of Algeria , Chad , Egypt , Libya , Mali , Mauritania , Niger , Western Sahara , Sudan and Tunisia . It covers 9 million square kilometres ( 3,500,000 sq mi ) , amounting to 31 % of Africa . If all areas with a mean annual precipitation of less than 250 mm were included , the Sahara would be 11 million square kilometres ( 4,200,000 sq mi ) . It is one of three distinct physiographic provinces of the African massive physiographic division . The Sahara is mainly rocky hamada ( stone plateaus ) , Ergs ( sand seas - large areas covered with sand dunes ) form only a minor part , but many of the sand dunes are over 180 metres ( 590 ft ) high . Wind or rare rainfall shape the desert features : sand dunes , dune fields , sand seas , stone plateaus , gravel plains ( reg ) , dry valleys ( wadi ) , dry lakes ( oued ) , and salt flats ( shatt or chott ) . Unusual landforms include the Richat Structure in Mauritania . Several deeply dissected mountains , many volcanic , rise from the desert , including the Aïr Mountains , Ahaggar Mountains , Saharan Atlas , Tibesti Mountains , Adrar des Iforas , and the Red Sea hills . The highest peak in the Sahara is Emi Koussi , a shield volcano in the Tibesti range of northern Chad . The central Sahara is hyperarid , with sparse vegetation . The northern and southern reaches of the desert , along with the highlands , have areas of sparse grassland and desert shrub , with trees and taller shrubs in wadis , where moisture collects . In the central , hyperarid region , there are many subdivisions of the great desert : Tanezrouft , the Ténéré , the Libyan Desert , the Eastern Desert , the Nubian Desert and others . These extremely arid areas often receive no rain for years . To the north , the Sahara skirts the Mediterranean Sea in Egypt and portions of Libya , but in Cyrenaica and the Maghreb , the Sahara borders the Mediterranean forest , woodland , and scrub eco-regions of northern Africa , all of which have a Mediterranean climate characterized by hot summers and cool and rainy winters . According to the botanical criteria of Frank White and geographer Robert Capot - Rey , the northern limit of the Sahara corresponds to the northern limit of date palm cultivation and the southern limit of the range of esparto , a grass typical of the Mediterranean climate portion of the Maghreb and Iberia . The northern limit also corresponds to the 100 mm ( 3.9 in ) isohyet of annual precipitation . To the south , the Sahara is bounded by the Sahel , a belt of dry tropical savanna with a summer rainy season that extends across Africa from east to west . The southern limit of the Sahara is indicated botanically by the southern limit of Cornulaca monacantha ( a drought - tolerant member of the Chenopodiaceae ) , or northern limit of Cenchrus biflorus , a grass typical of the Sahel . According to climatic criteria , the southern limit of the Sahara corresponds to the 150 mm ( 5.9 in ) isohyet of annual precipitation ( this is a long - term average , since precipitation varies annually ) . Important cities located in the Sahara include Nouakchott , the capital of Mauritania ; Tamanrasset , Ouargla , Béchar , Hassi Messaoud , Ghardaïa , and El Oued in Algeria ; Timbuktu in Mali ; Agadez in Niger ; Ghat in Libya ; and Faya - Largeau in Chad . Climate The Sahara is the world 's largest low - latitude hot desert . The area is located in the horse latitudes under the subtropical ridge , a significant belt of semi-permanent subtropical warm - core high pressure where the air from upper levels of the troposphere tends to sink towards the ground . This steady descending airflow causes a warming and a drying effect in the upper troposphere . The sinking air prevents evaporating water from rising and , therefore , prevents the adiabatic cooling , which makes cloud formation extremely difficult to nearly impossible . The permanent dissolution of clouds allows unhindered light and thermal radiation . The stability of the atmosphere above the desert prevents any convective overturning , thus making rainfall virtually non-existent . As a consequence , the weather tends to be sunny , dry and stable with a minimal risk of rainfall . Subsiding , diverging , dry air masses associated with subtropical high - pressure systems are extremely unfavorable for the development of convectional showers . The subtropical ridge is the predominant factor that explains the hot desert climate ( Köppen climate classification BWh ) of this vast region . The lowering of air is the strongest and the most effective over the eastern part of the Great Desert , in the Libyan Desert which is the sunniest , driest and the most nearly `` rain-less '' place on the planet rivaling the Atacama Desert , lying in Chile and Peru . The rainfall inhibition and the dissipation of cloud cover are most accentuated over the eastern section of the Sahara rather than the western . The prevailing air mass lying above the Sahara is the continental tropical ( cT ) air mass , which is hot and dry . Hot , dry air masses primarily form over the North - African desert from the heating of the vast continental land area , and it affects the whole desert during most of the year . Because of this extreme heating process , a thermal low is usually noticed near the surface , and is the strongest and the most developed during the summertime . The Sahara High represents the eastern continental extension of the Azores High , centered over the North Atlantic Ocean . The subsidence of the Sahara High nearly reaches the ground during the coolest part of the year while it is confined to the upper troposphere during the hottest periods . The effects of local surface low pressure are extremely limited because upper - level subsidence still continues to block any form of air ascent . Also , to be protected against rain - bearing weather systems by the atmospheric circulation itself , the desert is made even drier by his geographical configuration and location . Indeed , the extreme aridity of the Sahara can not be only explained by the subtropical high pressure . The Atlas Mountains , found in Algeria , Morocco and Tunisia also help to enhance the aridity of the northern part of the desert . These major mountain ranges act as a barrier causing a strong rain shadow effect on the leeward side by dropping much of the humidity brought by atmospheric disturbances along the polar front which affects the surrounding Mediterranean climates . The primary source of rain in the Sahara is the Intertropical Convergence Zone , a continuous belt of low - pressure systems near the equator which bring the brief , short and irregular rainy season to the Sahel and southern Sahara . Rainfall in this giant desert has to overcome the physical and atmospheric barriers that normally prevent the production of precipitation . The harsh climate of the Sahara is characterized by : extremely low , unreliable , highly erratic rainfall ; extremely high sunshine duration values ; high temperatures year - round ; negligible rates of relative humidity ; a significant diurnal temperature variation ; and extremely high levels of potential evaporation which are the highest recorded worldwide . Temperature The sky is usually clear above the desert and the sunshine duration is extremely high everywhere in the Sahara . Most of the desert enjoys more than 3,600 h of bright sunshine annually or over 82 % of the time , and a wide area in the eastern part experiences in excess of 4,000 h of bright sunshine a year or over 91 % of the time . The highest values are very close to the theoretical maximum value . A value of 4,300 h or 98 % of the time would be recorded in Upper Egypt ( Aswan , Luxor ) and in the Nubian Desert ( Wadi Halfa ) . The annual average direct solar irradiation is around 2,800 kWh / ( m year ) in the Great Desert . The Sahara has a huge potential for solar energy production . Sahara desert The constantly high position of the sun , the extremely low relative humidity , and the lack of vegetation and rainfall make the Great Desert the hottest continuously large area worldwide , and the hottest place on Earth during summer in some spots . The average high temperature exceeds 38 to 40 ° C or 100.4 to 104.0 ° F during the hottest month nearly everywhere in the desert except at very high altitudes . The highest officially recorded average high temperature was 47 ° C or 116.6 ° F in a remote desert town in the Algerian Desert called Bou Bernous with an elevation of 378 metres ( 1,240 ft ) meters above sea level . It is the world 's highest recorded average high temperature and only Death Valley , California rivals it . Other hot spots in Algeria such as Adrar , Timimoun , In Salah , Ouallene , Aoulef , Reggane with an elevation between 200 and 400 metres ( 660 and 1,310 ft ) above sea level get slightly lower summer average highs around 46 ° C or 114.8 ° F during the hottest months of the year . Salah , well known in Algeria for its extreme heat , has average high temperatures of 43.8 ° C or 110.8 ° F , 46.4 ° C or 115.5 ° F , 45.5 ° C or 113.9 ° F and 41.9 ° C or 107.4 ° F in June , July , August and September respectively . There are even hotter spots in the Sahara , but they are located in extremely remote areas , especially in the Azalai , lying in northern Mali . The major part of the desert experiences around three to five months when the average high strictly exceeds 40 ° C or 104 ° F. The southern central part of the desert experiences up to six or seven months when the average high temperature strictly exceeds 40 ° C or 104 ° F which shows the constancy and the length of the really hot season in the Sahara . Some examples of this are : Bilma , Niger and Faya - Largeau , Chad . The annual average daily temperature exceeds 20 ° C or 68 ° F everywhere and can approach 30 ° C or 86 ° F in the hottest regions year - round . However , most of the desert has a value in excess of 25 ° C or 77 ° F . Sand and ground temperatures are even more extreme . During daytime , the sand temperature is extremely high as it can easily reach 80 ° C or 176 ° F or more . A sand temperature of 83.5 ° C ( 182.3 ° F ) has been recorded in Port Sudan . Ground temperatures of 72 ° C or 161.6 ° F have been recorded in the Adrar of Mauritania and a value of 75 ° C ( 167 ° F ) has been measured in Borkou , northern Chad . Due to lack of cloud cover and very low humidity , the desert usually features high diurnal temperature variations between days and nights . However , it is a myth that the nights are cold after extremely hot days in the Sahara . The average diurnal temperature range is typically between 13 and 20 ° C or 23.4 and 36.0 ° F. The lowest values are found along the coastal regions due to high humidity and are often even lower than 10 ° C or 18 ° F , while the highest values are found in inland desert areas where the humidity is the lowest , mainly in the southern Sahara . Still , it is true that winter nights can be cold as it can drop to the freezing point and even below , especially in high - elevation areas . The frequency of subfreezing winter nights in the Sahara is strongly influenced by the North Atlantic Oscillation ( NAO ) , with warmer winter temperatures during negative NAO events and cooler winters with more frosts when the NAO is positive . This is because the weaker clockwise flow around the eastern side of the subtropical anticyclone during negative NAO winters , although too dry to produce more than negligible precipitation , does reduce the flow of dry , cold air from higher latitudes of Eurasia into the Sahara significantly . Precipitation The average annual rainfall ranges from very low in the northern and southern fringes of the desert to nearly non-existent over the central and the eastern part . The thin northern fringe of the desert receives more winter cloudiness and rainfall due to the arrival of low pressure systems over the Mediterranean Sea along the polar front , although very attenuated by the rain shadow effects of the mountains and the annual average rainfall ranges from 100 millimetres ( 4 in ) to 250 millimetres ( 10 in ) . For example , Biskra , Algeria and Ouarzazate , Morocco are found in this zone . The southern fringe of the desert along the border with the Sahel receives summer cloudiness and rainfall due to the arrival of the Intertropical Convergence Zone from the south and the annual average rainfall ranges from 100 millimetres ( 4 in ) to 250 millimetres ( 10 in ) . For example , Timbuktu , Mali and Agadez , Niger are found in this zone . The vast central hyper - arid core of the desert is virtually never affected by northerly or southerly atmospheric disturbances and permanently remains under the influence of the strongest anticyclonic weather regime , and the annual average rainfall can drop to less than 1 millimetre ( 0.04 in ) . In fact , most of the Sahara receives less than 20 millimetres ( 0.8 in ) . Of the 9,000,000 square kilometres ( 3,500,000 sq mi ) of desert land in the Sahara , an area of about 2,800,000 square kilometres ( 1,100,000 sq mi ) ( about 31 % of the total area ) receives an annual average rainfall amount of 10 millimetres ( 0.4 in ) or less , while some 1,500,000 square kilometres ( 580,000 sq mi ) ( about 17 % of the total area ) receives an average of 5 millimetres ( 0.2 in ) or less . The annual average rainfall is virtually zero over a wide area of some 1,000,000 square kilometres ( 390,000 sq mi ) in the eastern Sahara comprising deserts of : Libya , Egypt and Sudan ( Tazirbu , Kufra , Dakhla , Kharga , Farafra , Siwa , Asyut , Sohag , Luxor , Aswan , Abu Simbel , Wadi Halfa ) where the long - term mean approximates 0.5 millimetres ( 0.02 in ) per year . Rainfall is very unreliable and erratic in the Sahara as it may vary considerably year by year . In full contrast to the negligible annual rainfall amounts , the annual rates of potential evaporation are extraordinarily high , roughly ranging from 2,500 millimetres ( 100 in ) per year to more than 6,000 millimetres ( 240 in ) per year in the whole desert . Nowhere else on Earth has air been found as dry and evaporative as in the Sahara region . However , at least two instances of snowfall have been recorded in Sahara , in February 1979 and December 2016 , both in the town of Ain Sefra . Desertification and prehistoric climate Main articles : Sahara pump theory , Green Sahara , Prehistoric North Africa , and North African climate cycles The climate of the Sahara has undergone enormous variations between wet and dry over the last few hundred thousand years , believed to be caused by long - term changes in the North African climate cycle that alters the path of the North African Monsoon - usually southward . The cycle is caused by a 41000 - year cycle in which the tilt of the earth changes between 22 ° and 24.5 ° . At present ( 2000 AD ) , we are in a dry period , but it is expected that the Sahara will become green again in 15000 years ( 17000 AD ) . When the North African monsoon is at its strongest annual precipitation and subsequent vegetation in the Sahara region increase , resulting in conditions commonly referred to as the `` green Sahara '' . For a relatively weak North African monsoon , the opposite is true , with decreased annual precipitation and less vegetation resulting in a phase of the Sahara climate cycle known as the `` desert Sahara '' . The idea that changes in insolation ( solar heating ) caused by long - term changes in the Earth 's orbit are a controlling factor for the long - term variations in the strength of monsoon patterns across the globe was first suggested by Rudolf Spitaler in the late nineteenth century , The hypothesis was later formally proposed and tested by the meteorologist John Kutzbach in 1981 . Kutzbach 's ideas about the impacts of insolation on global monsoonal patterns have become widely accepted today as the underlying driver of long term monsoonal cycles . Kutzbach never formally named his hypothesis and as such it is referred to here as the `` Orbital Monsoon Hypothesis '' as suggested by Ruddiman in 2001 . During the last glacial period , the Sahara was much larger than it is today , extending south beyond its current boundaries . The end of the glacial period brought more rain to the Sahara , from about 8000 BC to 6000 BC , perhaps because of low pressure areas over the collapsing ice sheets to the north . Once the ice sheets were gone , the northern Sahara dried out . In the southern Sahara , the drying trend was initially counteracted by the monsoon , which brought rain further north than it does today . By around 4200 BC , however , the monsoon retreated south to approximately where it is today , leading to the gradual desertification of the Sahara . The Sahara is now as dry as it was about 13,000 years ago . The Sahara pump theory describes this cycle . During periods of a wet or `` Green Sahara '' , the Sahara becomes a savanna grassland and various flora and fauna become more common . Following inter-pluvial arid periods , the Sahara area then reverts to desert conditions and the flora and fauna are forced to retreat northwards to the Atlas Mountains , southwards into West Africa , or eastwards into the Nile Valley . This separates populations of some of the species in areas with different climates , forcing them to adapt , possibly giving rise to allopatric speciation . It is also proposed that humans accelerated the drying out period from 6,000 -- 2,500 BC by pastoralists overgrazing available grassland . Evidence for cycles The growth of speleothems ( which requires rainwater ) was detected in Hol - Zakh , Ashalim , Even - Sid , Ma'ale - ha - Meyshar , Ktora Cracks , Nagev Tzavoa Cave , and elsewhere , and has allowing tracking of prehistoric rainfall . The Red Sea coastal route was extremely arid before 140 and after 115 kya . Slightly wetter conditions appear at 90 -- 87 kya , but it still was just one tenth the rainfall around 125 kya . In the southern Negev Desert speleothems did not grow between 185 -- 140 kya ( MIS 6 ) , 110 -- 90 ( MIS 5.4 -- 5.2 ) , nor after 85 kya nor during most of the interglacial period ( MIS 5.1 ) , the glacial period and Holocene . This suggests that the southern Negev was arid to hyper - arid in these periods . During the Last Glacial Maximum ( LGM ) the Sahara desert was more extensive than it is now with the extent of the tropical forests being greatly reduced , and the lower temperatures reduced the strength of the Hadley Cell . This is a climate cell which causes rising tropical air of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) to bring rain to the tropics , while dry descending air , at about 20 degrees north , flows back to the equator and brings desert conditions to this region . It is associated with high rates of wind - blown mineral dust , and these dust levels are found as expected in marine cores from the north tropical Atlantic . But around 12,500 BC the amount of dust in the cores in the Bølling / Allerød phase suddenly plummets and shows a period of much wetter conditions in the Sahara , indicating a Dansgaard - Oeschger ( DO ) event ( a sudden warming followed by a slower cooling of the climate ) . The moister Saharan conditions had begun about 12,500 BC , with the extension of the ITCZ northward in the northern hemisphere summer , bringing moist wet conditions and a savanna climate to the Sahara , which ( apart from a short dry spell associated with the Younger Dryas ) peaked during the Holocene thermal maximum climatic phase at 4000 BC when mid-latitude temperatures seem to have been between 2 and 3 degrees warmer than in the recent past . Analysis of Nile River deposited sediments in the delta also shows this period had a higher proportion of sediments coming from the Blue Nile , suggesting higher rainfall also in the Ethiopian Highlands . This was caused principally by a stronger monsoonal circulation throughout the sub-tropical regions , affecting India , Arabia and the Sahara . Lake Victoria only recently became the source of the White Nile and dried out almost completely around 15 kya . The sudden subsequent movement of the ITCZ southwards with a Heinrich event ( a sudden cooling followed by a slower warming ) , linked to changes with the El Niño - Southern Oscillation cycle , led to a rapid drying out of the Saharan and Arabian regions , which quickly became desert . This is linked to a marked decline in the scale of the Nile floods between 2700 and 2100 BC . Ecoregions The major topographic features of the Saharan region . The Sahara comprises several distinct ecoregions . With their variations in temperature , rainfall , elevation , and soil , these regions harbor distinct communities of plants and animals . The Atlantic coastal desert is a narrow strip along the Atlantic coast where fog generated offshore by the cool Canary Current provides sufficient moisture to sustain a variety of lichens , succulents , and shrubs . It covers an area of 39,900 square kilometers ( 15,400 sq mi ) in the south of Morocco and Mauritania . The North Saharan steppe and woodlands is along the northern desert , next to the Mediterranean forests , woodlands , and scrub ecoregions of the northern Maghreb and Cyrenaica . Winter rains sustain shrublands and dry woodlands that form a transition between the Mediterranean climate regions to the north and the hyper - arid Sahara proper to the south . It covers 1,675,300 square kilometers ( 646,840 sq mi ) in Algeria , Egypt , Libya , Mauritania , Morocco , and Tunisia . The Sahara Desert ecoregion covers the hyper - arid central portion of the Sahara where rainfall is minimal and sporadic . Vegetation is rare , and this ecoregion consists mostly of sand dunes ( erg , chech , raoui ) , stone plateaus ( hamadas ) , gravel plains ( reg ) , dry valleys ( wadis ) , and salt flats . It covers 4,639,900 square kilometres ( 1,791,500 sq mi ) of : Algeria , Chad , Egypt , Libya , Mali , Mauritania , Niger , and Sudan . The South Saharan steppe and woodlands ecoregion is a narrow band running east and west between the hyper - arid Sahara and the Sahel savannas to the south . Movements of the equatorial Intertropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) bring summer rains during July and August which average 100 to 200 mm ( 4 to 8 in ) but vary greatly from year to year . These rains sustain summer pastures of grasses and herbs , with dry woodlands and shrublands along seasonal watercourses . This ecoregion covers 1,101,700 square kilometres ( 425,400 sq mi ) in Algeria , Chad , Mali , Mauritania , and Sudan . In the West Saharan montane xeric woodlands , several volcanic highlands provide a cooler , moister environment that supports Saharo - Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands . The ecoregion covers 258,100 square kilometres ( 99,650 sq mi ) , mostly in the Tassili n'Ajjer of Algeria , with smaller enclaves in the Aïr of Niger , the Dhar Adrar of Mauritania , and the Adrar des Iforas of Mali and Algeria . The Tibesti - Jebel Uweinat montane xeric woodlands ecoregion consists of the Tibesti and Jebel Uweinat highlands . Higher and more regular rainfall and cooler temperatures support woodlands and shrublands of Date palm , acacias , myrtle , oleander , tamarix , and several rare and endemic plants . The ecoregion covers 82,200 square kilometres ( 31,700 sq mi ) in the Tibesti of Chad and Libya , and Jebel Uweinat on the border of Egypt , Libya , and Sudan . The Saharan halophytics is an area of seasonally flooded saline depressions which is home to halophytic ( salt - adapted ) plant communities . The Saharan halophytics cover 54,000 square kilometres ( 21,000 sq mi ) including : the Qattara and Siwa depressions in northern Egypt , the Tunisian salt lakes of central Tunisia , Chott Melghir in Algeria , and smaller areas of Algeria , Mauritania , and the southern part of Morocco . The Tanezrouft is one of the harshest regions on Earth as well as one of the hottest and driest parts of the Sahara , with no vegetation and very little life . It is along the borders of Algeria , Niger ) ) and Mali , west of the Hoggar mountains . Flora and fauna The flora of the Sahara is highly diversified based on the bio-geographical characteristics of this vast desert . Floristically , the Sahara has three zones based on the amount of rainfall received -- the Northern ( Mediterranean ) , Central and Southern Zones . There are two transitional zones -- the Mediterranean - Sahara transition and the Sahel transition zone . The Saharan flora comprises around 2800 species of vascular plants . Approximately a quarter of these are endemic . About half of these species are common to the flora of the Arabian deserts . The central Sahara is estimated to include five hundred species of plants , which is extremely low considering the huge extent of the area . Plants such as acacia trees , palms , succulents , spiny shrubs , and grasses have adapted to the arid conditions , by growing lower to avoid water loss by strong winds , by storing water in their thick stems to use it in dry periods , by having long roots that travel horizontally to reach the maximum area of water and to find any surface moisture , and by having small thick leaves or needles to prevent water loss by evapotranspiration . Plant leaves may dry out totally and then recover . Camels in the Guelta d'Archei , in north - eastern Chad . Several species of fox live in the Sahara including : the fennec fox , pale fox and Rüppell 's fox . The addax , a large white antelope , can go nearly a year in the desert without drinking . The dorcas gazelle is a north African gazelle that can also go for a long time without water . Other notable gazelles include the rhim gazelle and dama gazelle . The Saharan cheetah ( northwest African cheetah ) lives in Algeria , Togo , Niger , Mali , Benin , and Burkina Faso . There remain fewer than 250 mature cheetahs , which are very cautious , fleeing any human presence . The cheetah avoids the sun from April to October , seeking the shelter of shrubs such as balanites and acacias . They are unusually pale . The other cheetah subspecies ( northeast African cheetah ) lives in Chad , Sudan and the eastern region of Niger . However , it is currently extinct in the wild in Egypt and Libya . There are approximately 2000 mature individuals left in the wild . An Idehan Ubari oasis lake , with native grasses and date palms Other animals include the monitor lizards , hyrax , sand vipers , and small populations of African wild dog , in perhaps only 14 countries and red - necked ostrich . Other animals exist in the Sahara ( birds in particular ) such as African silverbill and black - faced firefinch , among others . There are also small desert crocodiles in Mauritania and the Ennedi Plateau of Chad . The deathstalker scorpion can be 10 cm ( 3.9 in ) long . Its venom contains large amounts of agitoxin and scyllatoxin and is very dangerous ; however , a sting from this scorpion rarely kills a healthy adult . The Saharan silver ant is unique in that due to the extreme high temperatures of their habitat , and the threat of predators , the ants are active outside their nest for only about ten minutes per day . Dromedary camels and goats are the domesticated animals most commonly found in the Sahara . Because of its qualities of endurance and speed , the dromedary is the favourite animal used by nomads . Human activities are more likely to affect the habitat in areas of permanent water ( oases ) or where water comes close to the surface . Here , the local pressure on natural resources can be intense . The remaining populations of large mammals have been greatly reduced by hunting for food and recreation . In recent years development projects have started in the deserts of Algeria and Tunisia using irrigated water pumped from underground aquifers . These schemes often lead to soil degradation and salinization . Researchers from Hacettepe University ( Yücekutlu , N. et al. , 2011 ) have reported that Saharan soil may have bio-available iron and also some essential macro and micro nutrient elements suitable for use as fertilizer for growing wheat . History People lived on the edge of the desert thousands of years ago since the end of the last glacial period . The Sahara was then a much wetter place than it is today . Over 30,000 petroglyphs of river animals such as crocodiles survive , with half found in the Tassili n'Ajjer in southeast Algeria . Fossils of dinosaurs , including Afrovenator , Jobaria and Ouranosaurus , have also been found here . The modern Sahara , though , is not lush in vegetation , except in the Nile Valley , at a few oases , and in the northern highlands , where Mediterranean plants such as the olive tree are found to grow . It was long believed that the region had been this way since about 1600 BCE , after shifts in the Earth 's axis increased temperatures and decreased precipitation , which led to the abrupt desertification of North Africa about 5,400 years ago . However , this theory has recently been called into dispute , when samples taken from several 7 million year old sand deposits led scientists to reconsider the timeline for desertification . Kiffians The Kiffian culture is a prehistoric industry , or domain , that existed between 10,000 and 8,000 years ago in the Sahara , during the Neolithic Subpluvial . Human remains from this culture were found in 2000 at a site known as Gobero , located in Niger in the Ténéré Desert . The site is known as the largest and earliest grave of Stone Age people in the Sahara desert . The Kiffians were skilled hunters . Bones of many large savannah animals that were discovered in the same area suggest that they lived on the shores of a lake that was present during the Holocene Wet Phase , a period when the Sahara was verdant and wet . The Kiffian people were tall , standing over six feet in height . Craniometric analysis indicates that this early Holocene population was closely related to the Late Pleistocene Iberomaurusians and early Holocene Capsians of the Maghreb , as well as mid-Holocene Mechta groups . Traces of the Kiffian culture do not exist after 8,000 years ago , as the Sahara went through a dry period for the next thousand years . After this time , the Tenerian culture colonized the area . Tenerians Gobero was discovered in 2000 during an archaeological expedition led by Paul Sereno , which sought dinosaur remains . Two distinct prehistoric cultures were discovered at the site : the early Holocene Kiffian culture , and the middle Holocene Tenerian culture . The Kiffians were a prehistoric people who preceded the Tenerians and vanished approximately 8000 years ago , when the desert became very dry . The desiccation lasted until around 4600 BC , when the earliest artefacts associated with the Tenerians have been dated to . Some 200 skeletons have been discovered at Gobero . The Tenerians were considerably shorter in height and less robust than the earlier Kiffians . Craniometric analysis also indicates that they were osteologically distinct . The Kiffian skulls are akin to those of the Late Pleistocene Iberomaurusians , early Holocene Capsians , and mid-Holocene Mechta groups , whereas the Tenerian crania are more like those of Mediterranean groups . Graves show that the Tenerians observed spiritual traditions , as they were buried with artifacts such as jewelry made of hippo tusks and clay pots . The most interesting find is a triple burial , dated to 5300 years ago , of an adult female and two children , estimated through their teeth as being five and eight years old , hugging each other . Pollen residue indicates they were buried on a bed of flowers . The three are assumed to have died within 24 hours of each other , but as their skeletons hold no apparent trauma ( they did not die violently ) and they have been buried so elaborately - unlikely if they had died of a plague - the cause of their deaths is a mystery . Tashwinat mummy Uan Muhuggiag appears to have been inhabited from at least the 6th millennium BC to about 2700 BC , although not necessarily continuously . The most noteworthy find at Uan Muhuggiag is the well - preserved mummy of a young boy of approximately 2 1 / 2 years old . The child was in a fetal position , then embalmed , then placed in a sack made of antelope skin , which was insulated by a layer of leaves . The boy 's organs were removed , as evidenced by incisions in his stomach and thorax , and an organic preservative was inserted to stop his body from decomposing . An ostrich eggshell necklace was also found around his neck . Radiocarbon dating determined the age of the mummy to be approximately 5600 years old , which makes it about 1000 years older than the earliest previously recorded mummy in ancient Egypt . In 1958 - 1959 , an archaeological expedition led by Antonio Ascenzi conducted anthropological , radiological , histological and chemical analyses on the Uan Muhuggiag mummy . The specimen was determined to be that of a 30 - month old child of uncertain sex , who possessed Negroid features . A long incision on the specimen 's abdominal wall also indicated that the body had been initially mummified by evisceration and later underwent natural desiccation . One other individual , an adult , was found at Uan Muhuggiag , buried in a crouched position . However , the body showed no evidence of evisceration or any other method of preservation . The body was estimated to date from about 7500 BP . Nubians Further information : Sahara pump theory and Neolithic Subpluvial Beni Isguen , a holy city surrounded by thick walls in the Algerian Sahara . During the Neolithic Era , before the onset of desertification around 9500 BCE , the central Sudan had been a rich environment supporting a large population ranging across what is now barren desert , like the Wadi el - Qa'ab . By the 5th millennium BCE , the people who inhabited what is now called Nubia , were full participants in the `` agricultural revolution '' , living a settled lifestyle with domesticated plants and animals . Saharan rock art of cattle and herdsmen suggests the presence of a cattle cult like those found in Sudan and other pastoral societies in Africa today . Megaliths found at Nabta Playa are overt examples of probably the world 's first known archaeoastronomy devices , predating Stonehenge by some 2,000 years . This complexity , as observed at Nabta Playa , and as expressed by different levels of authority within the society there , likely formed the basis for the structure of both the Neolithic society at Nabta and the Old Kingdom of Egypt . Egyptians By 6000 BCE predynastic Egyptians in the southwestern corner of Egypt were herding cattle and constructing large buildings . Subsistence in organized and permanent settlements in predynastic Egypt by the middle of the 6th millennium BCE centered predominantly on cereal and animal agriculture : cattle , goats , pigs and sheep . Metal objects replaced prior ones of stone . Tanning of animal skins , pottery and weaving were commonplace in this era also . There are indications of seasonal or only temporary occupation of the Al Fayyum in the 6th millennium BCE , with food activities centering on fishing , hunting and food - gathering . Stone arrowheads , knives and scrapers from the era are commonly found . Burial items included pottery , jewelry , farming and hunting equipment , and assorted foods including dried meat and fruit . Burial in desert environments appears to enhance Egyptian preservation rites , and the dead were buried facing due west . By 3400 BCE , the Sahara was as dry as it is today , due to reduced precipitation and higher temperatures resulting from a shift in the Earth 's orbit . As a result of this aridification , it became a largely impenetrable barrier to humans , with the remaining settlements mainly being concentrated around the numerous oases that dot the landscape . Little trade or commerce is known to have passed through the interior in subsequent periods , the only major exception being the Nile Valley . The Nile , however , was impassable at several cataracts , making trade and contact by boat difficult . Phoenicians Further information : History of Western Sahara The people of Phoenicia , who flourished from 1200 -- 800 BCE , created a confederation of kingdoms across the entire Sahara to Egypt . They generally settled along the Mediterranean coast , as well as the Sahara , among the people of ancient Libya , who were the ancestors of people who speak Berber languages in North Africa and the Sahara today , including the Tuareg of the central Sahara . Azalai salt caravan . The French reported that the 1906 caravan numbered 20,000 camels . The Phoenician alphabet seems to have been adopted by the ancient Libyans of north Africa , and Tifinagh is still used today by Berber - speaking Tuareg camel herders of the central Sahara . Sometime between 633 BCE and 530 BCE , Hanno the Navigator either established or reinforced Phoenician colonies in Western Sahara , but all ancient remains have vanished with virtually no trace . Greeks By 500 BCE , Greeks arrived in the desert . Greek traders spread along the eastern coast of the desert , establishing trading colonies along the Red Sea . The Carthaginians explored the Atlantic coast of the desert , but the turbulence of the waters and the lack of markets caused a lack of presence further south than modern Morocco . Centralized states thus surrounded the desert on the north and east ; it remained outside the control of these states . Raids from the nomadic Berber people of the desert were of constant concern to those living on the edge of the desert . Urban civilization Market on the main square of Ghardaïa ( 1971 ) An urban civilization , the Garamantes , arose around 500 BCE in the heart of the Sahara , in a valley that is now called the Wadi al - Ajal in Fezzan , Libya . The Garamantes achieved this development by digging tunnels far into the mountains flanking the valley to tap fossil water and bring it to their fields . The Garamantes grew populous and strong , conquering their neighbors and capturing many slaves ( who were put to work extending the tunnels ) . The ancient Greeks and the Romans knew of the Garamantes and regarded them as uncivilized nomads . However , they traded with them , and a Roman bath has been found in the Garamantes ' capital of Garama . Archaeologists have found eight major towns and many other important settlements in the Garamantes ' territory . The Garamantes ' civilization eventually collapsed after they had depleted available water in the aquifers and could no longer sustain the effort to extend the tunnels further into the mountains . Berbers Zawiya at the entrance of Taghit , Algeria The Berber people occupied ( and still occupy ) much of the Sahara . The Garamantes Berbers built a prosperous empire in the heart of the desert . The Tuareg nomads continue to inhabit and move across wide Sahara surfaces to the present day . Islamic expansion Main articles : Trans - Saharan trade and Islamization of Sudan The Byzantine Empire ruled the northern shores of the Sahara from the 5th to the 7th centuries . After the Muslim conquest of Arabia , specifically the Arabian peninsula , the Muslim conquest of North Africa began in the mid-7th to early 8th centuries and Islamic influence expanded rapidly on the Sahara . By the end of 641 all of Egypt was in Muslim hands . Trade across the desert intensified , and a significant slave trade crossed the desert . It has been estimated that from the 10th to 19th centuries some 6,000 to 7,000 slaves were transported north each year . The Tuareg once controlled the central Sahara and its trade . Ottoman turkish era In the 16th century the northern fringe of the Sahara , such as coastal regencies in present - day Algeria and Tunisia , as well as some parts of present - day Libya , together with the semi-autonomous kingdom of Egypt , were occupied by the Ottoman Empire . From 1517 Egypt was a valued part of the Ottoman Empire , ownership of which provided the Ottomans with control over the Nile Valley , the east Mediterranean and North Africa . The benefit of the Ottoman Empire was the freedom of movement for citizens and goods . Traders exploited the Ottoman land routes to handle the spices , gold and silk from the East , manufactured goods from Europe , and the slave and gold traffic from Africa . Arabic continued as the local language and Islamic culture was much reinforced . The Sahel and southern Sahara regions were home to several independent states or to roaming Tuareg clans . European colonialism European colonialism in the Sahara began in the 19th century . France conquered the regency of Algiers from the Ottomans in 1830 , and French rule spread south from Algeria and eastwards from Senegal into the upper Niger to include present - day Algeria , Chad , Mali then French Sudan including Timbuktu , Mauritania , Morocco ( 1912 ) , Niger , and Tunisia ( 1881 ) . By the beginning of the 20th century , the trans - Saharan trade had clearly declined because goods were moved through more modern and efficient means , such as airplanes , rather than across the desert . The French Colonial Empire was the dominant presence in the Sahara . It established regular air links from Toulouse ( HQ of famed Aéropostale ) , to Oran and over the Hoggar to Timbuktu and West to Bamako and Dakar , as well as trans - Sahara bus services run by La Companie Transsaharienne ( est. 1927 ) . A remarkable film shot by famous aviator Captain René Wauthier documents the first crossing by a large truck convoy from Algiers to Tchad , across the Sahara . Egypt , under Muhammad Ali and his successors , conquered Nubia in 1820 -- 22 , founded Khartoum in 1823 , and conquered Darfur in 1874 . Egypt , including the Sudan , became a British protectorate in 1882 . Egypt and Britain lost control of the Sudan from 1882 to 1898 as a result of the Mahdist War . After its capture by British troops in 1898 , the Sudan became an Anglo - Egyptian condominium . Spain captured present - day Western Sahara after 1874 , although Rio del Oro remained largely under Sahrawi influence . In 1912 , Italy captured parts of what was to be named Libya from the Ottomans . To promote the Roman Catholic religion in the desert , Pope Pius IX appointed a delegate Apostolic of the Sahara and the Sudan in 1868 ; later in the 19th century his jurisdiction was reorganized into the Vicariate Apostolic of Sahara . Breakup of the empires and afterwards A natural rock arch in south western Libya The Sahara today Egypt became independent of Britain in 1936 , although the Anglo - Egyptian treaty of 1936 allowed Britain to keep troops in Egypt and to maintain the British - Egyptian condominium in the Sudan . British military forces were withdrawn in 1954 . Most of the Saharan states achieved independence after World War II : Libya in 1951 ; Morocco , Sudan , and Tunisia in 1956 ; Chad , Mali , Mauritania , and Niger in 1960 ; and Algeria in 1962 . Spain withdrew from Western Sahara in 1975 , and it was partitioned between Mauritania and Morocco . Mauritania withdrew in 1979 ; Morocco continues to hold the territory . In the post-World War II era , several mines and communities have developed to utilize the desert 's natural resources . These include large deposits of oil and natural gas in Algeria and Libya , and large deposits of phosphates in Morocco and Western Sahara . A number of Trans - African highways have been proposed across the Sahara , including the Cairo -- Dakar Highway along the Atlantic coast , the Trans - Sahara Highway from Algiers on the Mediterranean to Kano in Nigeria , the Tripoli -- Cape Town Highway from Tripoli in Libya to N'Djamena in Chad , and the Cairo -- Cape Town Highway which follows the Nile . Each of these highways is partially complete , with significant gaps and unpaved sections . People and languages A 19th - century engraving of an Arab slave - trading caravan transporting black African slaves across the Sahara . The people of the Sahara are of various origins . Among them the Amaziɣ including the Turūq , various Arabized Amaziɣ groups such as the Hassaniya - speaking Sahrawis , whose populations include the Znaga , a tribe whose name is a remnant of the pre-historic Zenaga language . Other major groups of people include the : Toubou , Nubians , Zaghawa , Kanuri , Hausa , Songhai , Beja , and Fula / Fulani ( French : Peul ; Fula : Fulɓe ) . Arabic dialects are the most widely spoken languages in the Sahara . Arabic , Berber and its variants now regrouped under the term Amazigh ( which includes the Guanche language spoken by the original Berber inhabitants of the Canary Islands ) and Beja languages are part of the Afro - Asiatic or Hamito - Semitic family . Unlike neighboring West Africa and the central governments of the states that comprise the Sahara , the French language bears little relevance to inter-personal discourse and commerce within the region , its people retaining staunch ethnic and political affiliations with Tuareg and Berber leaders and culture . The legacy of the French colonial era administration is primarily manifested in the territorial reorganization enacted by the Third and Fourth republics , which engendered artificial political divisions within a hitherto isolated and porous region . Diplomacy with local clients was conducted primarily in Arabic , which was the traditional language of bureaucratic affairs . Mediation of disputes and inter-agency communication was served by interpreters contracted by the French government , who , according to Keenan , `` documented a space of intercultural mediation , '' contributing much to preserving the indigenous cultural identities in the region . See also Arid Lands Information Network List of deserts List of deserts by area Neolithic Subpluvial Sahara Conservation Fund Sahara Sea Saharan explorers References Jump up ^ `` Largest Desert in the World '' . Retrieved 30 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Cook , Kerry H. ; Vizy , Edward K. ( 2015 ) . `` Detection and Analysis of an Amplified Warming of the Sahara Desert '' . Journal of Climate. 28 : 6560 . doi : 10.1175 / JCLI - D - 14 - 00230.1 . Jump up ^ `` Sahara . '' Online Etymology Dictionary . Douglas Harper , Historian . Retrieved 25 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` English - Arabic online dictionary '' . Online.ectaco.co.uk. 28 December 2006 . Retrieved 12 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Wehr , Hans ( 1994 ) . A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic ( Arabic - English ) ( 4th ed . ) . Wiesbaden : Otto Harrassowitz . p. 589 . ISBN 0 - 87950 - 003 - 4 . Jump up ^ al - Ba'labakkī , Rūḥī ( 2002 ) . al - Mawrid : Qāmūs ' Arabī - Inklīzī ( in Arabic ) ( 16th ed . ) . 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Jump up ^ Foley , Jonathan A. ; Coe , Michael T. ; Scheffer , Marten ; Wang , Guiling ( 1 October 2003 ) . `` Regime Shifts in the Sahara and Sahel : Interactions between Ecological and Climatic Systems in Northern Africa '' . Ecosystems. 6 ( 6 ) : 524 -- 539 . doi : 10.1007 / s10021 - 002 - 0227 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Ruddiman , William F. ( 2001 ) . Earth 's Climate : Past and Future . New York , NY : W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 9780716737414 . Jump up ^ Kutzbach , J.E. ( 2 October 1981 ) . `` Monsoon Climate of the Early Holocene : Climate Experiment with the Earth 's Orbital Parameters for 9000 Years Ago '' . Science . 214 ( 4516 ) : 59 -- 61 . Bibcode : 1981Sci ... 214 ... 59K . doi : 10.1126 / science. 214.4516. 59 . PMID 17802573 . Jump up ^ Christopher Ehret . The Civilizations of Africa . University Press of Virginia , 2002 . Jump up ^ Fezzan Project -- Palaeoclimate and environment . Retrieved March 15 , 2006 . 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International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 6 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Borrell , Brendan ( 19 August 2009 ) . `` Endangered in South Africa : Those Doggone Conservationists '' . Slate . Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Desert - Adapted Crocs Found in Africa '' , National Geographic News , 18 June 2002 Jump up ^ Wehner , R. ; Marsh , A.C. ; Wehner , S. ( 1992 ) . `` Desert ants on a thermal tightrope '' . Nature . Nature Publishing Group . 357 ( 6379 ) : 586 -- 7 . Bibcode : 1992Natur. 357 ... 586W . doi : 10.1038 / 357586a0 . Jump up ^ Yücekutlu , Nihal ; Terzioğlu , Serpil ; Saydam , Cemal ; Bildacı , Işık ( 2011 ) . `` Organic Farming By Using Saharan Soil : Could It Be An Alternative To Fertilizers ? '' ( PDF ) . Hacettepe Journal of Biology and Chemistry . 39 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 38 . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Discover Magazine , 2006 - Oct . Jump up ^ National Geographic News , 17 June 2006 . 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( 2010 ) . `` Antonio Ascenzi ( 1915 - 2000 ) , a Pathologist devoted to Anthropology and Paleopathology '' ( PDF ) . Pathologica. 102 : 1 -- 5 . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Soukopova , J. ( 2012 ) . Round Heads : The Earliest Rock Paintings in the Sahara . Newcastle upon Tyne : Cambridge Scholars Publishing Jump up ^ `` History of Nubia '' . Anth.ucsb.edu . Retrieved 12 June 2010 . Jump up ^ The History of Astronomy . PlanetQuest Jump up ^ Wendorf , Fred ( 1998 ) Late Neolithic megalithic structures at Nabta Playa . Jump up ^ Fayum , Qarunian ( Fayum B , about 6000 -- 5000 BCE ? ) , Digital Egypt . Jump up ^ Predynastic ( 5,500 -- 3,100 BCE ) , Tour Egypt . Jump up ^ Keys , David ( 2004 ) . `` Kingdom of the Sands '' . Archaeology . Vol. 57 no . 2 . Jump up ^ Mattingly et al. ( 2003 ) . Archaeology of Fazzan , Volume 1 Jump up ^ Fage , J.D. ( 2001 ) A History of Africa . Routledge , 4th ed . 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External links Find more aboutSaharaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Travel guide from Wikivoyage About Sahara subsurface hydrology and planned usage of the aquifers World deserts Desert Desertification List of deserts List of deserts by area Africa Algerian Bayuda Blue Chalbi Danakil Djurab Eastern Ferlo Farafra ( White ) Kalahari Libyan Moçâmedes Namib Nubian Nyiri Owami Richtersveld Sahara Tanezrouft Ténéré Western Asia Ad - Dahna Akshi Arabian Aral Karakum Aralkum Badain Jaran Betpak - Dala Cholistan Dasht - e Kavir Dasht - e Khash Dasht - e Leili Dasht - e Loot Dasht - e Margo Dasht - e Naomid Gurbantünggüt Gobi Hami Indus Valley Judaean Karakum Katpana Kharan Kumtag Kyzylkum Lop Maranjab Muyunkum Nefud Negev Polond Ordos Qaidam Ramlat al - Sab'atayn Rub ' al Khali Russian Arctic Registan Saryesik - Atyrau Syrian Taklamakan Tengger Thal Thar Ustyurt Plateau Wahiba Sands Australia Gibson Great Sandy Great Victoria Little Sandy Nullarbor Plain Painted Pedirka Simpson Strzelecki Sturt 's Stony Tanami Tirari Europe Accona Bardenas Reales Błędów Cabo de Gata Deliblatska Peščara Hálendi Monegros Oleshky Oltenian Sahara Ryn Stranja Tabernas North America Alvord Amargosa Baja California Black Rock Carcross Carson Channeled scablands Chihuahuan Colorado Escalante Forty Mile Gran Desierto de Altar Great Basin Great Salt Lake Great Sandy Jornada del Muerto Kaʻū Lechuguilla Mojave North American Arctic Owyhee Painted Desert Red Desert Sevier Smoke Creek Sonoran Tonopah Desert Tule ( Arizona ) Tule ( Nevada ) Yp Yuha Yuma South America Atacama La Guajira Los Médanos de Coro Monte Patagonian Sechura Tatacoa Zealandia Rangipo Desert Polar Regions Antarctica Arctic Greenland North American Arctic Russian Arctic Project Commons Regions of Africa Central Africa Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau East Africa African Great Lakes Albertine Rift East African Rift Great Rift Valley Gregory Rift Rift Valley lakes Swahili coast Virunga Mountains Zanj Horn of Africa Afar Triangle Al - Habash Barbara Danakil Alps Danakil Desert Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Indian Ocean islands Comoros Islands North Africa Maghreb Barbary Coast Bashmur Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains Nile Valley Cataracts of the Nile Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Lower Egypt Lower Nubia Middle Egypt Nile Delta Nuba Mountains Nubia The Sudans Upper Egypt Western Sahara West Africa Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Southern Africa Madagascar Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) Northern Highlands Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta False Bay Hydra Bay Macro-regions Aethiopia Arab world Commonwealth realm East African montane forests Eastern Desert Equatorial Africa Françafrique Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East Islands of Africa List of countries where Arabic is an official language Mediterranean Basin MENA MENASA Middle East Mittelafrika Negroland Northeast Africa Portuguese - speaking African countries Sahara Sahel Sub-Saharan Africa Sudan ( region ) Sudanian Savanna Tibesti Mountains Tropical Africa Coordinates : 23 ° N 13 ° E  /  23 ° N 13 ° E  / 23 ; 13 VIAF : 235026871 GND : 4051293 - 9 BNF : cb12137606n ( data ) NDL : 00569946 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sahara&oldid=835125846 '' Categories : Arabic words and phrases Deserts and xeric shrublands Deserts of Africa Geography of North Africa Geography of the Arab League Palearctic ecozone Physiographic provinces Sahara Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors CS1 Arabic - language sources ( ar ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages with duplicate reference names Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages with broken reference names CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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Angular cheilitis - wikipedia Angular cheilitis Jump to : navigation , search Angular cheilitis Synonyms Rhagades , perlèche , cheilosis , angular cheilosis , commissural cheilitis , angular stomatitis Bilateral angular cheilitis in an elderly individual with false teeth , iron deficiency anemia and dry mouth Pronunciation / kaɪˈlaɪtɪs / Specialty Dermatology Symptoms Redness , skin breakdown and crusting at the corner of the mouth Usual onset Children , 30s to 60s Duration Days to years Causes Infection , irritation , allergies Treatment Based on cause , barrier cream Frequency 0.7 % of the population Angular cheilitis ( AC ) , is inflammation of one or both corners of the mouth . Often the corners are red with skin breakdown and crusting . It can also be itchy or painful . The condition can last for days to years . Angular cheilitis is a type of cheilitis ( inflammation of the lips ) . Angular cheilitis can be caused by infection , irritation , or allergies . Infections include by fungi such as Candida albicans and bacteria such as Staph . aureus . Irritants include poorly fitting dentures , licking the lips or drooling , mouth breathing resulting in a dry mouth , sun exposure , overclosure of the mouth , smoking , and minor trauma . Allergies may include substances like toothpaste , makeup , and food . Often a number of factors are involved . Other factors may include poor nutrition or poor immune function . Diagnosis may be helped by testing for infections and patch testing for allergies . Treatment for angular cheilitis is typically based on the underlying causes along with the use of a barrier cream . Frequently an antifungal and antibacterial cream is also tried . Angular cheilitis is a fairly common problem , with estimates that it affects 0.7 % of the population . It occurs most often in the 30s to 60s , although is also relatively common in children . In the developing world , iron and vitamin deficiencies are a common cause . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Causes 2.1 Infection 2.2 Irritation contact dermatitis 2.3 Nutritional deficiencies 2.4 Systemic disorders 2.5 Drugs 2.6 Allergic contact dermatitis 3 Diagnosis 3.1 Classification 4 Management 5 Prognosis 6 Epidemiology 7 References 8 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Angular cheilitis -- a fissure running in the corner of the mouth with reddened , irritated facial skin adjacent . A fairly mild case of angular cheilitis extending onto the facial skin in a young person ( affected area is within the black oval ) . Angular cheilitis is a fairly non specific term which describes the presence of an inflammatory lesion in a particular anatomic site ( i.e. the corner of the mouth ) . As there are different possible causes and contributing factors from one person to the next , the appearance of the lesion is somewhat variable . The lesions are more commonly symmetrically present on both sides of the mouth , but sometimes only one side may be affected . In some cases , the lesion may be confined to the mucosa of the lips , and in other cases the lesion may extend past the vermilion border ( the edge where the lining on the lips becomes the skin on the face ) onto the facial skin . Initially , the corners of the mouth develop a gray - white thickening and adjacent erythema ( redness ) . Later , the usual appearance is a roughly triangular area of erythema , edema ( swelling ) and breakdown of skin at either corner of the mouth . The mucosa of the lip may become fissured ( cracked ) , crusted , ulcerated or atrophied . There is not usually any bleeding . Where the skin is involved , there may be radiating rhagades ( linear fissures ) from the corner of the mouth . Infrequently , the dermatitis ( which may resemble eczema ) can extend from the corner of the mouth to the skin of the cheek or chin . If Staphylococcus aureus is involved , the lesion may show golden yellow crusts . In chronic angular cheilitis , there may be suppuration ( pus formation ) , exfoliation ( scaling ) and formation of granulation tissue . Sometimes contributing factors can be readily seen , such as loss of lower face height from poorly made or worn dentures , which results in mandibular overclosure ( `` collapse of jaws '' ) . If there is a nutritional deficiency underlying the condition , various other signs and symptoms such as glossitis ( swollen tongue ) may be present . In people with angular cheilitis who wear dentures , often there may be erythematous mucosa underneath the denture ( normally the upper denture ) , an appearance consistent with denture - related stomatitis . Typically the lesions give symptoms of soreness , pain , pruritus ( itching ) or burning or a raw feeling . Causes ( edit ) Angular cheilitis is thought to be multifactorial disorder of infectious origin , with many local and systemic predisposing factors . The sores in angular cheilitis are often infected with fungi ( yeasts ) , bacteria , or a combination thereof ; this may represent a secondary , opportunistic infection by these pathogens . Some studies have linked the initial onset of angular cheilitis with nutritional deficiencies , especially of the B ( B2 - riboflavin ) vitamins and iron ( which causes iron deficiency anemia ) , which in turn may be evidence of malnutrition or malabsorption . Angular cheilitis can be a manifestation of contact dermatitis , which is considered in two groups ; irritational and allergic . Infection ( edit ) The involved organisms are : Candida species alone ( usually Candida albicans ) , which accounts for about 20 % of cases , Bacterial species , either : Staphylococcus aureus alone , which accounts for about 20 % of cases , β - hemolytic streptococci alone . These types of bacteria have been detected in between 8 -- 15 % of cases of angular cheilitis , but less commonly are they present in isolation , Or a combination of the above organisms , ( a polymicrobial infection ) with about 60 % of cases involving both C. albicans and S. aureus . Candida can be detected in 93 % of angular cheilitis lesions . This organism is found in the mouths of about 40 % of healthy individuals , and it is considered by some to be normal commensal component of the oral microbiota . However , Candida shows dimorphism , namely a yeast form which is thought to be relatively harmless and a pathogenic hyphal form which is associated with invasion of host tissues . Potassium hydroxide preparation is recommended by some to help distinguish between the harmless and the pathogenic forms , and thereby highlight which cases of angular cheilitis are truly caused by Candida . The mouth may act as a reservoir of Candida that reinfects the sores at the corners of the mouth and prevents the sores from healing . A lesion caused by recurrence of a latent herpes simplex infection can occur in the corner of the mouth . This is herpes labialis ( a cold sore ) , and is sometimes termed `` angular herpes simplex '' . A cold sore at the corner of the mouth behaves similarly to elsewhere on the lips , and follows a pattern of vesicle ( blister ) formation followed by rupture leaving a crusted sore which resolves in about 7 -- 10 days , and recurs in the same spot periodically , especially during periods of stress . Rather than utilizing antifungal creams , angular herpes simplex is treated in the same way as a cold sore , with topical antiviral drugs such as aciclovir . Irritation contact dermatitis ( edit ) A famous sketch by Leonardo da Vinci in preparation to depict the face of Judas Iscariot in The Last supper . The subject shows overclosure of the jaws and loss of facial support around the mouth . Pronounced skin folds extending from the corner of the mouth . Main article : Irritant contact dermatitis 22 % of cases of angular cheilitis are due to irritants . Saliva contains digestive enzymes , which may have a degree of digestive action on tissues if they are left in contact . The corner of the mouth is normally exposed to saliva more than any other part of the lips . Reduced lower facial height ( vertical dimension or facial support ) is usually caused by edentulism ( tooth loss ) , or wearing worn down , old dentures or ones which are not designed optimally . This results in overclosure of the mandible ( collapse of the jaws ) , which extenuates the angular skin folds at the corners of the mouth , in effect creating an intertriginous skin crease . The tendency of saliva to pool in these areas is increased , constantly wetting the area , which may cause tissue maceration and favors the development of a yeast infection . As such , angular cheilitis is more commonly seen in edentulous people ( people without any teeth ) . It is by contrast uncommon in persons who retain their natural teeth . Angular cheilitis is also commonly seen in denture wearers . Angular cheilitis is present in about 30 % of people with denture - related stomatitis . It is thought that reduced vertical dimension of the lower face may be a contributing factor in up to 11 % of elderly persons with angular cheilitis and in up to 18 % of denture wearers who have angular cheilitis . Reduced vertical dimension can also be caused by tooth migration , wearing orthodontic appliances , and elastic tissue damage caused by ultraviolet light exposure and smoking . Habits or conditions that keep the corners of the mouth moist might include chronic lip licking , thumb sucking ( or sucking on other objects such as pens , pipes , lollipops ) , dental cleaning ( e.g. flossing ) , chewing gum , hypersalivation , drooling and mouth breathing . Some consider habitual lip licking or picking to be a form of nervous tic , and do not consider this to be true angular cheilitis , instead calling it perlèche ( derived from the French word pourlècher meaning `` to lick one 's lips '' ) , or `` factitious cheilitis '' is applied to this habit . The term `` cheilocandidiasis '' describes exfoliative ( flaking ) lesions of the lips and the skin around the lips , and is caused by a superficial candidal infection due to chronic lip licking . Less severe cases occur during cold , dry weather , and is a form of chapped lips . Individuals may lick their lips in an attempt to provide a temporary moment of relief , only serving to worsen the condition . The sunscreen in some types of lip balm degrades over time into an irritant . Using expired lipbalm can initiate mild angular cheilitis , and when the person applies more lipbalm to alleviate the cracking , it only aggravates it . Because of the delayed onset of contact dermatitis and the recovery period lasting days to weeks , people typically do not make the connection between the causative agent and the symptoms . Nutritional deficiencies ( edit ) Several different nutritional deficiency states of vitamins or minerals have been linked to AC . It is thought that in about 25 % of people with AC , iron deficiency or deficiency of B vitamins are involved . Nutritional deficiencies may be a more common cause of AC in Third World countries . Chronic iron deficiency may also cause koilonychia ( spoon shaped deformity of the fingernails ) and glossitis ( inflammation of the tongue ) . It is not completely understood how iron deficiency causes AC , but it is known that it causes a degree of immunocompromise ( decreased efficiency of the immune system ) which may in turn allow an opportunistic infection of candida . Vitamin B2 deficiency ( ariboflavinosis ) may also cause AC , and other conditions such as redness of mucous membranes , magenta colored glossitis ( pink inflammation of the tongue ) . Vitamin B5 deficiency may also cause AC , along with glossitis , and skin changes similar to seborrhoeic dermatitis around the eyes , nose and mouth . Vitamin B12 deficiency is sometimes responsible for AC , and commonly occurs together with folate deficiency ( a lack of folic acid ) , which also causes glossitis and megaloblastic anemia . Vitamin B3 deficiency ( pellagra ) is another possible cause , and in which other association conditions such as dermatitis , diarrhea , dementia and glossitis can occur . Biotin ( vitamin B7 ) deficiency has also been reported to cause AC , along with hair loss ( alopecia ) and dry eyes . Zinc deficiency is known to cause AC . Other symptoms may include diarrhea , alopecia and dermatitis . Acrodermatitis enteropathica is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder causing impaired absorption of zinc , and is associated with AC . In general , these nutritional disorders may be caused by malnutrition , such as may occur in alcoholism or in poorly considered diets , or by malabsorption secondary to gastrointestinal disorders ( e.g. Coeliac disease or chronic pancreatitis ) or gastrointestinal surgeries ( e.g. pernicious anemia caused by ileal resection in Crohn 's disease ) . Systemic disorders ( edit ) Some systemic disorders are involved in angular cheilitis by virtue of their association with malabsorption and the creation of nutritional deficiencies described above . Such examples include people with anorexia nervosa . Other disorders may cause lip enlargement ( e.g. orofacial granulomatosis ) , which alters the local anatomy and extenuates the skin folds at the corners of the mouth . More still may be involved because they affect the immune system , allowing normally harmless organisms like Candida to become pathogenic and cause an infection . Xerostomia ( dry mouth ) is thought to account for about 5 % of cases of AC . Xerostomia itself has many possible causes , but commonly the cause may be side effects of medications , or conditions such as Sjögren 's syndrome . Conversely , conditions which cause drooling or sialorrhoea ( excessive salivation ) can cause angular cheilitis by creating a constant wet environment in the corners of the mouth . About 25 % of people with Down syndrome appear to have AC . This is due to relative macroglossia , an apparently large tongue in a small mouth , which may constantly stick out of the mouth causing maceration of the corners of the mouth with saliva . Inflammatory bowel diseases ( such as Crohn 's disease or ulcerative colitis ) can be associated with angular cheilitis . In Crohn 's , it is likely the result of malabsorption and immunosuppressive therapy which gives rise to the sores at the corner of the mouth . Glucagonomas are rare pancreatic endocrine tumors which secrete glucagon , and cause a syndrome of dermatitis , glucose intolerance , weight loss and anemia . AC is a common feature of glucagonoma syndrome . Infrequently , angular cheilitis may be one of the manifestations of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis , and sometimes cases of oropharyngeal or esophageal candidiasis may accompany angular cheilitis . Angular cheilitis may be present in human immunodeficiency virus infection , neutropenia , or diabetes . Angular cheilitis is more common in people with eczema because their skin is more sensitive to irritants . Other conditions possibly associated include plasma cell gingivitis , Melkersson - Rosenthal syndrome , or sideropenic dysphagia ( also called Plummer - Vinson syndrome or Paterson - Brown - Kelly syndrome ) . Drugs ( edit ) Several drugs may cause AC as a side effect , by various mechanisms , such as creating drug - induced xerostomia . Various examples include isotretinoin , indinavir , and sorafenib . Isotretinoin ( Accutane ) , an analog of vitamin A , is a medication which dries the skin . Less commonly , angular cheilitis is associated with primary hypervitaminosis A , which can occur when large amounts of liver ( including cod liver oil and other fish oils ) are regularly consumed or as a result from an excess intake of vitamin A in the form of vitamin supplements . Recreational drug users may develop AC . Examples include cocaine , methamphetamines , heroin , and hallucinogens . Allergic contact dermatitis ( edit ) See also : Allergic contact cheilitis , Allergic contact dermatitis , and Allergic contact stomatitis Patch test Allergic reactions may account for about 25 -- 34 % of cases of generalized cheilitis ( i.e. , inflammation not confined to the angles of the mouth ) . It is unknown how frequently allergic reactions are responsible for cases of angular cheilitis , but any substance capable of causing generalized allergic cheilitis may present involving the corners of the mouth alone . Examples of potential allergens include substances that may be present in some types of lipstick , toothpaste , acne products , cosmetics , chewing gum , mouthwash , foods , dental appliances , and materials from dentures or mercury containing amalgam fillings . It is usually impossible to tell the difference between irritant contact dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis without a patch test . Diagnosis ( edit ) Photographic Comparison of : 1 ) a Canker Sore - inside the mouth , 2 ) Herpes , 3 ) Angular Cheilitis and 4 ) Chapped Lips . Angular chielitis is normally a diagnosis made clinically . If the sore is unilateral , rather than bilateral , this suggests a local factor ( e.g. , trauma ) or a split syphilitic papule . Angular cheilitis caused by mandibular overclosure , drooling , and other irritants is usually bilateral . The lesions are normally swabbed to detect if Candida or pathogenic bacterial species may be present . Persons with angular cheilitis who wear dentures often also will have their denture swabbed in addition . A complete blood count ( full blood count ) may be indicated , including assessment of the levels of iron , ferritin , vitamin B12 ( and possibly other B vitamins ) , and folate . Classification ( edit ) Angular cheilitis could be considered to be a type of cheilitis or stomatitis . Where Candida species are involved , angular cheilitis is classed as a type of oral candidiasis , specifically a primary ( group I ) Candida - associated lesion . This form angular cheilitis which is caused by Candida is sometimes termed `` Candida - associated angular cheilitis '' , or less commonly , `` monilial perlèche '' . Angular cheilitis can also be classified as acute ( sudden , short - lived appearance of the condition ) or chronic ( lasts a long time or keeps returning ) , or refractory ( the condition persists despite attempts to treat it ) . Management ( edit ) Angular cheilitis being treated with crystal violet tincture There are 4 aspects to the treatment of angular cheilitis . Firstly , potential reservoirs of infection inside the mouth are identified and treated . Oral candidiasis , especially denture - related stomatitis is often found to be present where there is angular cheilitis , and if it is not treated , the sores at the corners of the mouth may often recur . This involves having dentures properly fitted and disinfected . Commercial preparations are marketed for this purpose , although dentures may be left in dilute ( 1 : 10 concentration ) household bleach overnight , but only if they are entirely plastic and do not contain any metal parts , and with rinsing under clean water before use . Improved denture hygiene is often required thereafter , including not wearing the denture during sleep and cleaning it daily . For more information , see Denture - related stomatitis . Secondly , there may be a need to increase the vertical dimension of the lower face to prevent overclosure of the mouth and formation of deep skin folds . This may require the construction of a new denture with an adjusted bite . Rarely , in cases resistant to normal treatments , surgical procedures such as collagen injections ( or other facial fillers such as autologous fat or crosslinked hyaluronic acid ) are used in an attempt to restore the normal facial contour . Other measures which seek to reverse the local factors that may be contributing to the condition include improving oral hygiene , stopping smoking or other tobacco habits and use of a barrier cream ( e.g. zinc oxide paste ) at night . Thirdly , treatment of the infection and inflammation of the lesions themselves is addressed . This is usually with topical antifungal medication , such as clotrimazole , amphotericin B , ketoconazole , or nystatin cream . Some antifungal creams are combined with corticosteroids such as hydrocortisone or triamcinolone to reduce inflammation , and certain antifungals such as miconazole also have some antibacterial action . Diiodohydroxyquinoline is another topical therapy for angular cheilitis . If Staphylococcus aureus infection is demonstrated by microbiological culture to be responsible ( or suspected ) , the treatment may be changed to fusidic acid cream , an antibiotic which is effective against this type of bacteria . Aside from fusidic acid , neomycin , mupirocin , metronidazole , and chlorhexidine are alternative options in this scenario . Finally , if the condition appears resistant to treatment , investigations for underlying causes such as anemia or nutrient deficiencies or HIV infection . Identification of the underlying cause is essential for treating chronic cases . The lesions may resolve when the underlying disease is treated , e.g. with a course of oral iron or B vitamin supplements . Patch testing is recommended by some in cases which are resistant to treatment and where allergic contact dermatitis is suspected . Prognosis ( edit ) Most cases of angular cheilitis respond quickly when antifungal treatment is used . In more long standing cases , the severity of the condition often follows a relapsing and remitting course over time . The condition can be difficult to treat and can be prolonged . Epidemiology ( edit ) AC is a relatively common condition , accounting for between 0.7 -- 3.8 % of oral mucosal lesions in adults and between 0.2 -- 15.1 % in children , though overall it occurs most commonly in adults in the third to sixth decades of life . It occurs worldwide , and both males and females are affected . Angular cheilitis is the most common presentation of fungal and bacterial infections of the lips . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pindborg , Jens Jørgen ( 1973 ) . Atlas of Diseases of the Oral Mucosa . Saunders . ISBN 9780721672649 . Archived from the original on 10 September 2017 . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Angular cheilosis : The lateral lip fissures , well known among denture wearers , have been called by a variety of names , such as `` rhagades '' , `` perleche '' , `` angular cheilitis '' , and `` angular cheilosis '' . ^ Jump up to : Park , KK ; Brodell , RT ; Helms , SE ( June 2011 ) . `` Angular cheilitis , part 1 : local etiologies '' . Cutis. 87 ( 6 ) : 289 -- 95 . PMID 21838086 . ^ Jump up to : Lyons , Faye ( 2014 ) . Dermatology for the Advanced Practice Nurse . Springer Publishing Company . p. 95 . ISBN 9780826136442 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Scully , Crispian ( 2008 ) . Oral and maxillofacial medicine : the basis of diagnosis and treatment ( 2nd ed . ) . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone . pp. 147 -- 49 . ISBN 9780443068188 . ^ Jump up to : Park , KK ; Brodell RT ; Helms SE . ( July 2011 ) . `` Angular cheilitis , part 2 : nutritional , systemic , and drug - related causes and treatment '' ( PDF ) . Cutis. 88 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 32 . PMID 21877503 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Martin , Elizabeth ( 2015 ) . Concise Medical Dictionary . Oxford University Press . p. 136 . ISBN 9780199687817 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , NK ; Goaz , PW ( 1997 ) . Differential diagnosis of oral and maxillofacial lesions ( 5th ed . ) . St. Louis ( u.a. ) : Mosby . pp. 64 -- 65 , 85 . ISBN 978 - 0815194323 . ^ Jump up to : Coulthard P , Horner K , Sloan P , Theaker E ( 2008 ) . Master dentistry volume 1 , oral and maxillofacial surgery , radiology , pathology and oral medicine ( 2nd ed . ) . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . pp. 180 -- 81 . ISBN 9780443068966 . ^ Jump up to : Treister NS , Bruch JM ( 2010 ) . Clinical oral medicine and pathology . New York : Humana Press . pp. 92 -- 93 , 144 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60327 - 519 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Soames JV , Southam JC , JV ( 1999 ) . Oral pathology ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford Univ . Press . pp. 197 -- 98 . ISBN 0192628941 . ^ Jump up to : Tyldesley WR , Field A , Longman L ( 2003 ) . Tyldesley 's Oral medicine ( 5th ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 37 , 40 , 46 , 63 -- 67 . ISBN 0192631470 . Jump up ^ MedlinePlus ( 2005 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Riboflavin ( vitamin B ) deficiency ( ariboflavinosis ) '' . National Institutes of Health . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Peter C. Schalock , M.D. ; Jeffrey T.S. Hsu , M.D. ; Kenneth A. Arndt ( eds . ) . Primary Care Dermatology . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , 2010 . p. 265 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 9378 - 0 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Neville BW , Damm DD , Allen CA , Bouquot JE ( 2002 ) . Oral & maxillofacial pathology ( 2nd ed . ) . Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders . pp. 100 , 192 , 196 , 266 . ISBN 0721690033 . Jump up ^ Kerawala C ; Newlands C , eds. ( 2010 ) . Oral and maxillofacial surgery . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 446 . ISBN 9780199204830 . ^ Jump up to : Greenberg MS , Glick M ( 2003 ) . Burket 's oral medicine diagnosis & treatment ( 10th ed . ) . Hamilton , Ont. : BC Decker . pp. 97 -- 98 , 550 . ISBN 1550091867 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Lawrence E. , M.D. , `` Dry Skin '' Archived 2009 - 09 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , Mayo Clinic Jump up ^ Gaveau D , Piette F , Cortot A , Dumur V , Bergoend H ( 1987 ) . `` ( Cutaneous manifestations of zinc deficiency in ethylic cirrhosis ) '' . Ann Dermatol Venereol. 114 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 53 . PMID 3579131 . Jump up ^ Tadataka Yamada ; David Alpers ; Anthony Kalloo ; Neil Kaplowitz ; Chung Owyang ; Don Powell , eds. ( 2009 ) . Textbook of gastroenterology ( 5th ed . ) . Chichester , West Sussex : Blackwell Pub . pp. 1882 -- 83 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 6911 - 0 . Jump up ^ Kliegman : Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics , 18th ed . Jump up ^ Leyse - Wallace , Ruth ( 29 January 2013 ) . Nutrition and Mental Health . CRC Press . p. 246 . ISBN 9781439863350 . Archived from the original on 10 September 2017 . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Samaranayake , LP ( 2009 ) . Essential microbiology for dentistry ( 3rd ed . ) . Elseveier . pp. 296 -- 97 . ISBN 978 - 0702041679 . External links ( edit ) Classification V T D ICD - 10 : K13. 0 ICD - 9 - CM : 528.5 , 686.8 MeSH : D002613 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Angular cheilitis . Oral and maxillofacial pathology ( K00 -- K06 , K11 -- K14 , 520 -- 525 , 527 -- 529 ) Lips Cheilitis Actinic Angular Plasma cell Cleft lip Congenital lip pit Eclabium Herpes labialis Macrocheilia Microcheilia Nasolabial cyst Sun poisoning Trumpeter 's wart Tongue Ankyloglossia Black hairy tongue Caviar tongue Crenated tongue Cunnilingus tongue Fissured tongue Foliate papillitis Glossitis Geographic tongue Median rhomboid glossitis Transient lingual papillitis Glossoptosis Hypoglossia Lingual thyroid Macroglossia Microglossia Rhabdomyoma Palate Bednar 's aphthae Cleft palate High - arched palate Palatal cysts of the newborn Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia Stomatitis nicotina Torus palatinus Oral mucosa -- Lining of mouth Amalgam tattoo Angina bullosa haemorrhagica Behçet 's disease Bohn 's nodules Burning mouth syndrome Candidiasis Condyloma acuminatum Darier 's disease Epulis fissuratum Erythema multiforme Erythroplakia Fibroma Giant - cell Focal epithelial hyperplasia Fordyce spots Hairy leukoplakia Hand , foot and mouth disease Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis Herpangina Herpes zoster Intraoral dental sinus Leukoedema Leukoplakia Lichen planus Linea alba Lupus erythematosus Melanocytic nevus Melanocytic oral lesion Molluscum contagiosum Morsicatio buccarum Oral cancer Benign : Squamous cell papilloma Keratoacanthoma Malignant : Adenosquamous carcinoma Basaloid squamous carcinoma Mucosal melanoma Spindle cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Verrucous carcinoma Oral florid papillomatosis Oral melanosis Smoker 's melanosis Pemphigoid Benign mucous membrane Pemphigus Plasmoacanthoma Stomatitis Aphthous Denture - related Herpetic Smokeless tobacco keratosis Submucous fibrosis Ulceration Riga -- Fede disease Verruca vulgaris Verruciform xanthoma White sponge nevus Teeth ( pulp , dentin , enamel ) Amelogenesis imperfecta Ankylosis Anodontia Caries Early childhood caries Concrescence Failure of eruption of teeth Dens evaginatus Talon cusp Dentin dysplasia Dentin hypersensitivity Dentinogenesis imperfecta Dilaceration Discoloration Ectopic enamel Enamel hypocalcification Enamel hypoplasia Turner 's hypoplasia Enamel pearl Fluorosis Fusion Gemination Hyperdontia Hypodontia Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis Impaction Wisdom tooth impaction Macrodontia Meth mouth Microdontia Odontogenic tumors Keratocystic odontogenic tumour Odontoma Dens in dente Open contact Premature eruption Neonatal teeth Pulp calcification Pulp stone Pulp canal obliteration Pulp necrosis Pulp polyp Pulpitis Regional odontodysplasia Resorption Shovel - shaped incisors Supernumerary root Taurodontism Trauma Avulsion Cracked tooth syndrome Vertical root fracture Occlusal Tooth loss Edentulism Tooth wear Abrasion Abfraction Acid erosion Attrition Periodontium ( gingiva , periodontal ligament , cementum , alveolus ) -- Gums and tooth - supporting structures Cementicle Cementoblastoma Gigantiform Cementoma Eruption cyst Epulis Pyogenic granuloma Congenital epulis Gingival enlargement Gingival cyst of the adult Gingival cyst of the newborn Gingivitis Desquamative Granulomatous Plasma cell Hereditary gingival fibromatosis Hypercementosis Hypocementosis Linear gingival erythema Necrotizing periodontal diseases Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis Pericoronitis Peri-implantitis Periodontal abscess Periodontal trauma Periodontitis Aggressive As a manifestation of systemic disease Chronic Perio - endo lesion Teething Periapical , mandibular and maxillary hard tissues -- Bones of jaws Agnathia Alveolar osteitis Buccal exostosis Cherubism Idiopathic osteosclerosis Mandibular fracture Microgenia Micrognathia Intraosseous cysts Odontogenic : periapical Dentigerous Buccal bifurcation Lateral periodontal Globulomaxillary Calcifying odontogenic Glandular odontogenic Non-odontogenic : Nasopalatine duct Median mandibular Median palatal Traumatic bone Osteoma Osteomyelitis Osteonecrosis Bisphosphonate - associated Neuralgia - inducing cavitational osteonecrosis Osteoradionecrosis Osteoporotic bone marrow defect Paget 's disease of bone Periapical abscess Phoenix abscess Periapical periodontitis Stafne defect Torus mandibularis Temporomandibular joints , muscles of mastication and malocclusions -- Jaw joints , chewing muscles and bite abnormalities Bruxism Condylar resorption Mandibular dislocation Malocclusion Crossbite Open bite Overbite Overeruption Overjet Prognathia Retrognathia Scissor bite Maxillary hypoplasia Temporomandibular joint dysfunction Salivary glands Benign lymphoepithelial lesion Ectopic salivary gland tissue Frey 's syndrome HIV salivary gland disease Necrotizing sialometaplasia Mucocele Ranula Pneumoparotitis Salivary duct stricture Salivary gland aplasia Salivary gland atresia Salivary gland diverticulum Salivary gland fistula Salivary gland hyperplasia Salivary gland hypoplasia Salivary gland neoplasms Benign : Basal cell adenoma Canalicular adenoma Ductal papilloma Monomorphic adenoma Myoepithelioma Oncocytoma Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum Pleomorphic adenoma Sebaceous adenoma Malignant : Acinic cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Adenoid cystic carcinoma Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma Lymphoma Mucoepidermoid carcinoma Sclerosing polycystic adenosis Sialadenitis Parotitis Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis Sialectasis Sialocele Sialodochitis Sialosis Sialolithiasis Sjögren 's syndrome Orofacial soft tissues -- Soft tissues around the mouth Actinomycosis Angioedema Basal cell carcinoma Cutaneous sinus of dental origin Cystic hygroma Gnathophyma Ludwig 's angina Macrostomia Melkersson -- Rosenthal syndrome Microstomia Noma Oral Crohn 's disease Orofacial granulomatosis Perioral dermatitis Pyostomatitis vegetans Other Eagle syndrome Hemifacial hypertrophy Facial hemiatrophy Oral manifestations of systemic disease Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angular_cheilitis&oldid=827492133 '' Categories : Lip disorders Conditions of the mucous membranes Mycosis - 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Cape of Good Hope - Wikipedia Cape of Good Hope Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Cape of Good Hope ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Cape of Good Hope ; looking towards the west , from the coastal cliffs above Cape Point , overlooking Dias beach The Cape of Good Hope ( Afrikaans : Kaap die Goeie Hoop ( ˌkɑːp di ˌχujə ˈɦʊəp ) , Dutch : Kaap de Goede Hoop ( ˌkaːb də ˌɣudə ˈɦoːp ) ( listen ) , Portuguese : Cabo da Boa Esperança ( ˈkabu dɐ ˈboɐ ʃpɨˈɾɐ̃sɐ ) ) is a rocky headland on the Atlantic coast of the Cape Peninsula , South Africa . A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa . This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans . Contemporary scientific knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres ( 90 mi ) to the east - southeast . The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself . That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point ( about 1.2 kilometres ( 0.75 mi ) east of the Cape of Good Hope ) . When following the western side of the African coastline from the equator , however , the Cape of Good Hope marks the point where a ship begins to travel more eastward than southward . Thus , the first modern rounding of the cape in 1488 by Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias was a milestone in the attempts by the Portuguese to establish direct trade relations with the Far East ( although Herodotus mentioned a claim that the Phoenicians had done so far earlier ) . Dias called the cape Cabo das Tormentas ( `` Cape of Storms '' ; Dutch : Stormkaap ) , which was the original name of the `` Cape of Good Hope '' . As one of the great capes of the South Atlantic Ocean , the Cape of Good Hope has long been of special significance to sailors , many of whom refer to it simply as `` the Cape '' . It is a waypoint on the Cape Route and the clipper route followed by clipper ships to the Far East and Australia , and still followed by several offshore yacht races . The term Cape of Good Hope is also used in three other ways : It is a section of the Table Mountain National Park , within which the cape of the same name , as well as Cape Point , falls . Prior to its incorporation into the national park , this section constituted the Cape Point Nature Reserve . It was the name of the early Cape Colony established by the Dutch in 1652 , on the Cape Peninsula . Just before the Union of South Africa was formed , the term referred to the entire region that in 1910 was to become the Cape of Good Hope Province ( usually shortened to the Cape Province ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 3 Fauna 3.1 Chacma baboons 4 Flora 5 Legends 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Eudoxus of Cyzicus ( / ˈjuːdəksəs / ; Greek : Εὔδοξος , Eúdoxos ; fl . c. 130 BC ) was a Greek navigator for Ptolemy VIII , king of the Hellenistic Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt , who found the wreck of a ship in the Indian Ocean that appeared to have come from Gades ( today 's Cádiz in Spain ) , rounding the Cape . When Eudoxus was returning from his second voyage to India the wind forced him south of the Gulf of Aden and down the coast of Africa for some distance . Somewhere along the coast of East Africa , he found the remains of the ship . Due to its appearance and the story told by the natives , Eudoxus concluded that the ship was from Gades and had sailed anti-clockwise around Africa , passing the Cape and entering the Indian Ocean . This inspired him to repeat the voyage and attempt a circumnavigation of the continent . Organising the expedition on his own account he set sail from Gades and began to work down the African coast . The difficulties were too great , however , and he was obliged to return to Europe . After this failure he again set out to circumnavigate Africa . His eventual fate is unknown . Although some , such as Pliny , claimed that Eudoxus did achieve his goal , the most probable conclusion is that he perished on the journey . In the 1450 Fra Mauro map , the Indian Ocean is depicted as connected to the Atlantic . Fra Mauro puts the following inscription by the southern tip of Africa , which he names the `` Cape of Diab '' , describing the exploration by a ship from the East around 1420 : Detail of the Fra Mauro Map describing the construction of the junks that navigate in the Indian Ocean . `` Around 1420 a ship , or junk , from India crossed the Sea of India towards the Island of Men and the Island of Women , off Cape Diab , between the Green Islands and the shadows . It sailed for 40 days in a south - westerly direction without ever finding anything other than wind and water . According to these people themselves , the ship went some 2,000 miles ahead until - once favourable conditions came to an end - it turned round and sailed back to Cape Diab in 70 days '' . `` The ships called junks ( lit . `` Zonchi '' ) that navigate these seas carry four masts or more , some of which can be raised or lowered , and have 40 to 60 cabins for the merchants and only one tiller . They can navigate without a compass , because they have an astrologer , who stands on the side and , with an astrolabe in hand , gives orders to the navigator `` . ( Text from the Fra Mauro map , 09 - P25 . ) Fra Mauro explained that he obtained the information from `` a trustworthy source '' , who traveled with the expedition , possibly the Venetian explorer Niccolò da Conti who happened to be in Calicut , India at the time the expedition left : `` What is more , I have spoken with a person worthy of trust , who says that he sailed in an Indian ship caught in the fury of a tempest for 40 days out in the Sea of India , beyond the Cape of Soffala and the Green Islands towards west - southwest ; and according to the astrologers who act as their guides , they had advanced almost 2,000 miles . Thus one can believe and confirm what is said by both these and those , and that they had therefore sailed 4,000 miles '' . Fra Mauro also comments that the account of the expedition , together with the relation by Strabo of the travels of Eudoxus of Cyzicus from Arabia to Gibraltar through the southern Ocean in Antiquity , led him to believe that the Indian Ocean was not a closed sea and that Africa could be circumnavigated by her southern end ( Text from Fra Mauro map , 11 , G2 ) . This knowledge , together with the map depiction of the African continent , probably encouraged the Portuguese to intensify their effort to round the tip of Africa . Map showing the Cape Peninsula , illustrating the position of the Cape of Good Hope . The main mountains and their peaks , including Table Mountain , and its relation to the City of Cape Town are shown . Map of the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Agulhas the southernmost point of Africa . Main article : Cape Colony Reproduction of the Cross of Vasco da Gama at the Cape of Good Hope . In the Early Modern Era , the first European to reach the cape was the Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias on 12 March 1488 , who named it the `` Cape of Storms '' ( Cabo das Tormentas ) . It was later renamed by John II of Portugal as `` Cape of Good Hope '' ( Cabo da Boa Esperança ) because of the great optimism engendered by the opening of a sea route to India and the East . The land around the cape was home to the Khoikhoi people when the Dutch first settled there in 1652 . The Khoikhoi had arrived in these parts about fifteen hundred years before . They were called Hottentots by the Dutch , a term that has now come to be regarded as pejorative . Dutch colonial administrator Jan van Riebeeck established a resupply camp for the Dutch East India Company some 50 km north of the cape in Table Bay on 6 April 1652 and this eventually developed into Cape Town . Supplies of fresh food were vital on the long journey around Africa and Cape Town became known as `` The Tavern of the Seas '' . On 31 December 1687 a community of Huguenots -- who are Protestants -- arrived at the Cape of Good Hope from the Netherlands . They had escaped to the Netherlands from France in order to flee religious persecution there ; examples of these are Pierre Joubert who came from La Motte - d'Aigues for religious reasons . The Dutch East India Company needed skilled farmers at the Cape of Good Hope and the Dutch Government saw opportunities for the Huguenots at the Cape and sent them over . The colony gradually grew over the next 150 years or so until it stretched for hundreds of kilometres to the north and north - east . When the Dutch Republic , during the Napoleonic Wars , was occupied by the French in 1795 , henceforth becoming their vassal and enemy of the British , the United Kingdom invaded and occupied the Cape Colony that same year ; relinquished control of the territory in 1803 ; only to return and reoccupy the Cape on 19 January 1806 following the Battle of Blaauwberg . The territory was ceded to the British in the Anglo - Dutch Treaty of 1814 and was thereafter administered as the Cape Colony . It remained a British colony until being incorporated into the independent Union of South Africa in 1910 ( now known as the Republic of South Africa ) . The Portuguese government erected two navigational beacons , Dias Cross and Gama Cross , to commemorate Vasco da Gama and Bartolomeu Dias as explorers who as mentioned were the first explorers to reach the cape . When lined up , the crosses point to Whittle Rock ( 34 ° 21 ′ 24.63 '' S 18 ° 28 ′ 26.36 '' E  /  34.3568417 ° S 18.4739889 ° E  / - 34.3568417 ; 18.4739889 ) , a large , permanently submerged shipping hazard in False Bay . Two other beacons in Simon 's Town provide the intersection . Geography ( edit ) Sign at the Cape of Good Hope The Cape of Good Hope is at the southern tip of the Cape Peninsula , about 2.3 kilometres ( 1.4 mi ) west and a little south of Cape Point on the south - east corner . Cape Town is about 50 kilometres to the north of the Cape , in Table Bay at the north end of the peninsula . The peninsula forms the western boundary of False Bay . Geologically , the rocks found at the two capes , and indeed over much of the peninsula , are part of the Cape Supergroup , and are formed of the same type of sandstones as Table Mountain itself . Both the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Point offer spectacular scenery ; the whole of the southernmost portion of the Cape Peninsula is a wild , rugged , scenic and generally unspoiled national park . The term the Cape has also been used in a wider sense , to indicate the area of the European colony centred on Cape Town , and the later South African province . Since 1994 , it has been broken up into three smaller provinces : the Western Cape , Eastern Cape and Northern Cape ; parts of the province were also absorbed into the North West . Fauna ( edit ) Male ostrich at the Cape of Good Hope With its diverse habitat , ranging from rocky mountain tops to beaches and open sea , the Cape of Good Hope is home to at least 250 species of birds including one of the two mainland colonies of African penguins . `` Bush birds '' tend to be rather scarce because of the coarse , scrubby nature of fynbos vegetation . When flowering , however , proteas and ericas attract sunbirds , sugarbirds , and other species in search of nectar . For most of the year , there are more small birds in coastal thicket than in fynbos . The Cape of Good Hope section of Table Mountain National Park is home to several species of antelope . Bontebok and eland are easily seen , and red hartebeest can be seen in the grazing lawns in Smitswinkel Flats . Grey rhebok are less commonly seen and are scarce , but may be observed along the beach hills at Olifantsbos . Most visitors are unlikely to ever see either Cape grysbok or klipspringer . The Cape of Good Hope section is home to four Cape mountain zebra . They might be seen by the attentive or lucky visitor , usually in Smitswinkel Flats . There are a wealth of small animals such as lizards , snakes , tortoises and insects . Small mammals include rock hyrax , four - striped grass mouse , water mongoose , Cape clawless otter and fallow deer . The area offers excellent vantage points for whale watching . The southern right whale is the species most likely to be seen in False Bay between June and November . Other species are the humpback whale and Bryde 's whale . Seals , dusky dolphins and killer whales have also been seen . The strategic position of the Cape of Good Hope between two major ocean currents , ensures a rich diversity of marine life . There is a difference between the sea life west of Cape Point and that to the east due to the markedly differing sea temperatures . The South African Marine Living Resources Act is strictly enforced throughout the Table Mountain National Park , and especially in marine protected areas . Disturbance or removal of any marine organisms is strictly prohibited between Schusters Bay and Hoek van Bobbejaan , but is allowed in other areas during season and with relevant permits . Chacma baboons ( edit ) Chacma baboons ( Papio ursinus ) are the mammals most intimately associated with the Cape of Good Hope . Baboons inside the Cape of Good Hope section of the park are a major tourist attraction . There are 11 troops consisting of about 375 individuals throughout the entire Cape Peninsula . Six of these 11 troops either live entirely within the Cape of Good Hope section of the park , or use the section as part of their range . The Cape Point , Kanonkop , Klein Olifantsbos , and Buffels Bay troops live entirely inside the Cape of Good Hope section of the Park . The Groot Olifantsbos and Plateau Road troops range into the park . Chacma baboons are widely distributed across southern Africa and are classified as '' least concern '' in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . However , the South African Parks Department states in its publication Mountains in the Sea that the baboon population on the Cape is `` critically endangered . '' This is due to habitat loss , genetic isolation , and conflicts with humans . Cape baboons have been eliminated from the majority of their range across the Cape Peninsula , and the Cape of Good Hope section of Table Mountain National Park provides a sanctuary for the troops that live within its boundaries . It provides relative safety from nearby towns , where people have killed many baboons after the baboons raid their houses looking for food . Baboons are also frequently injured or killed outside of the park by cars and by electrocution on power lines . Inside the park , some management policies such as allowing barbecues and picnics in the baboon home ranges cause detriment to the troops , as they become embroiled in conflicts with guests to the park . Flora ( edit ) Fynbos at Cape Peninsula The Cape of Good Hope is an integral part of the Cape Floristic Kingdom , the smallest but richest of the world 's six floral kingdoms . This comprises a treasure trove of 1100 species of indigenous plants , of which a number are endemic ( occur naturally nowhere else on earth ) . The main type of fynbos ( `` fine bush '' ) vegetation at the Cape of Good Hope is Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos , an endangered vegetation type that is endemic to the Cape Peninsula . Coastal Hangklip Sand Fynbos grows on low - lying alkaline sands and , right by the sea , small patches of Cape Flats Dune Strandveld can be found . Characteristic fynbos plants include proteas , ericas ( heath ) , and restios ( reeds ) . Some of the most striking and well - known members belong to the Proteacae family , of which up to 24 species occur . These include king protea , sugarbush , tree pincushion and golden cone bush ( Leucadendron laureolum ) . Many popular horticultural plants like pelargoniums , freesias , daisies , lilies and irises also have their origins in fynbos . Legends ( edit ) The Cape of Good Hope is the legendary home of The Flying Dutchman . Crewed by tormented and damned ghostly sailors , it is doomed forever to beat its way through the adjacent waters without ever succeeding in rounding the headland . Adamastor is a Greek - type mythological character invented by the Portuguese poet Luís de Camões in his epic poem Os Lusíadas ( first printed in 1572 ) , as a symbol of the forces of nature Portuguese navigators had to overcome during their discoveries and more specifically of the dangers Portuguese sailors faced when trying to round the Cape of Storms . See also ( edit ) Cape Peninsula Cape Horn , its South American counterpart Cape Point Western Cape History of Cape Colony Simon 's Town Postage stamps and postal history of the Cape of Good Hope References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Every word in isolation ( ˌkaːp də ˌɣudə ˈɦoːp ) . Jump up ^ `` Cape of Good Hope , South Africa - 360 ° Aerial Panoramas '' . Jump up ^ The first circumnavigation of Africa . livius.org Jump up ^ Sarah Mytton Maury ( 1848 ) . Englishwoman In America . p. 33 . Jump up ^ Along the Clipper Way , Francis Chichester ; page 78 . Hodder & Stoughton , 1966 . ISBN 0 - 340 - 00191 - 7 Jump up ^ Map of the Park , showing the Cape of Good Hope section ( retrieved 27 March 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Tozer , Henry F. ( 1997 ) . History of Ancient Geography . Biblo & Tannen . pp. 189 -- 190 . ISBN 0 - 8196 - 0138 - 1 . ; online at Google Books Jump up ^ Tozer , Henry F. ( 1997 ) . History of Ancient Geography . Biblo & Tannen . pp. xxiii . ISBN 0 - 8196 - 0138 - 1 . ; online at Google Books Jump up ^ Marco Polo , p. 409 Jump up ^ Needham 1971 , p. 501 Jump up ^ Ehret , Christopher ( 2001 ) . An African Classical Age . Charlottesville , VA : University of Virginia Press . p. 219 . ISBN 0 - 8139 - 2057 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos . Cape Town Biodiversity Factsheets '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Flats Dune Strandveld . Cape Town Biodiversity Factsheets '' ( PDF ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cape of Good Hope . List of birds of the Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve , with paragraph describing each species Cape of Good Hope , Panoramic view Cape of Good Hope is a map by John Arrowsmith in 1842 Cape of Good Hope Tour Coordinates : 34 ° 21 ′ 24.63 '' S 18 ° 28 ′ 26.36 '' E  /  34.3568417 ° S 18.4739889 ° E  / - 34.3568417 ; 18.4739889  ( Cape of Good Hope ) GND : 4110003 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_of_Good_Hope&oldid=801063168 '' Categories : Headlands of the Western Cape Geography of Cape Town Maritime history of South Africa Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Use South African English from February 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in South African English Articles needing additional references from January 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Afrikaans - language text Articles containing Dutch - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles containing Greek - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 12 : 37 . 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who captained the first european ship to sail around the tip of africa

Bartolomeu Dias

Bartolomeu Dias